id
int64 -9,223,299,447,955,749,000
9,223,279,549B
| query
stringlengths 15
100
| document_text
stringlengths 677
487k
| acid
stringlengths 52
1.28k
|
|---|---|---|---|
3,361,831,517,589,221,400 |
what gene or chromosome is affected by edwards syndrome
|
Edwards syndrome - wikipedia Edwards syndrome Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Edwards syndrome Synonyms Trisomy 18 ( T18 ) , chromosome 18 duplication , trisomy E syndrome <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chromosome 18 Specialty Medical genetics , pediatrics Symptoms Small head , small jaw , clenched fists with overlapping fingers , severe intellectual disability Complications Heart defects Usual onset Present at birth Causes Third copy of chromosome 18 ( usually new mutation ) Risk factors Older mother Diagnostic method Ultrasound , amniocentesis Treatment Supportive care Prognosis 5 -- 10 % survive past a year old Frequency 1 per 5,000 births Edwards syndrome , also known as trisomy 18 , is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all , or part of a third copy of chromosome 18 . Many parts of the body are affected . Babies are often born small and have heart defects . Other features include a small head , small jaw , clenched fists with overlapping fingers , and severe intellectual disability . Most cases of Edwards syndrome occur due to problems during the formation of the reproductive cells or during early development . The rate of disease increases with the mother 's age . Rarely cases may be inherited from a person 's parents . Occasionally not all cells have the extra chromosome , known as mosaic trisomy , and symptoms in these cases may be less severe . Ultrasound can increase suspicion for the condition , which can be confirmed by amniocentesis . Treatment is supportive . After having one child with the condition , the risk of having a second is typically around one percent . It is the second-most frequent condition due to a third chromosome at birth , after Down syndrome . Edwards syndrome occurs in around one in 5,000 live births . Some studies suggest that more babies that survive to birth are female . Many of those affected die before birth . Survival beyond a year of life is around 5 -- 10 % . It is named after John Hilton Edwards , who first described the syndrome in 1960 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Genetics 3 Prognosis 4 Epidemiology 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Clenched hand and overlapping fingers : index finger overlaps third finger and fifth finger overlaps fourth finger , characteristically seen in trisomy 18 Children born with Edwards syndrome may have some or all of these characteristics : kidney malformations , structural heart defects at birth ( i.e. , ventricular septal defect , atrial septal defect , patent ductus arteriosus ) , intestines protruding outside the body ( omphalocele ) , esophageal atresia , intellectual disability , developmental delays , growth deficiency , feeding difficulties , breathing difficulties , and arthrogryposis ( a muscle disorder that causes multiple joint contractures at birth ) . Some physical malformations associated with Edwards syndrome include small head ( microcephaly ) accompanied by a prominent back portion of the head ( occiput ) , low - set , malformed ears , abnormally small jaw ( micrognathia ) , cleft lip / cleft palate , upturned nose , narrow eyelid folds ( palpebral fissures ) , widely spaced eyes ( ocular hypertelorism ) , drooping of the upper eyelids ( ptosis ) , a short breast bone , clenched hands , choroid plexus cysts , underdeveloped thumbs and / or nails , absent radius , webbing of the second and third toes , clubfoot or rocker bottom feet , and in males , undescended testicles . In utero , the most common characteristic is cardiac anomalies , followed by central nervous system anomalies such as head shape abnormalities . The most common intracranial anomaly is the presence of choroid plexus cysts , which are pockets of fluid on the brain . These are not problematic in themselves , but their presence may be a marker for trisomy 18 . Sometimes , excess amniotic fluid or polyhydramnios is exhibited . Genetics ( edit ) Edwards syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 18th chromosome , either in whole ( trisomy 18 ) or in part ( such as due to translocations ) . The additional chromosome usually occurs before conception . The effects of the extra copy vary greatly , depending on the extent of the extra copy , genetic history , and chance . Edwards syndrome occurs in all human populations , but is more prevalent in female offspring . A healthy egg and / or sperm cell contains individual chromosomes , each of which contributes to the 23 pairs of chromosomes needed to form a normal cell with a typical human karyotype of 46 chromosomes . Numerical errors can arise at either of the two meiotic divisions and cause the failure of a chromosome to segregate into the daughter cells ( nondisjunction ) . This results in an extra chromosome , making the haploid number 24 rather than 23 . Fertilization of eggs or insemination by sperm that contain an extra chromosome results in trisomy , or three copies of a chromosome rather than two . Trisomy 18 ( 47 , XX , + 18 ) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event . With nondisjunction , a gamete ( i.e. , a sperm or egg cell ) is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 18 ; the gamete thus has 24 chromosomes . When combined with a normal gamete from the other parent , the embryo has 47 chromosomes , with three copies of chromosome 18 . A small percentage of cases occur when only some of the body 's cells have an extra copy of chromosome 18 , resulting in a mixed population of cells with a differing number of chromosomes . Such cases are sometimes called mosaic Edwards syndrome . Very rarely , a piece of chromosome 18 becomes attached to another chromosome ( translocated ) before or after conception . Affected individuals have two copies of chromosome 18 plus extra material from chromosome 18 attached to another chromosome . With a translocation , a person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 18 , and the abnormalities are often less severe than for the typical Edwards syndrome . Prognosis ( edit ) In 2008 / 2009 , 495 diagnoses of Edwards syndrome ( trisomy 18 ) were made in England and Wales , 92 % of which were made prenatally , resulting in 339 abortions , 49 stillbirths / miscarriages / fetal deaths , 72 unknown outcomes , and 35 live births . Because about 3 % of cases with unknown outcomes are likely to result in a live birth , the total number of live births is estimated to be 37 ( 2008 / 09 data are provisional ) . Major causes of death include apnea and heart abnormalities . It is impossible to predict an exact prognosis during pregnancy or the neonatal period . Half of the infants with this condition do not survive beyond the first week of life . The median lifespan is five to 15 days . About 8 - 12 % of infants survive longer than 1 year . One percent of children live to age 10 , though a retrospective Canadian study of 254 children with trisomy 18 demonstrated ten year survival of 9.8 % . Epidemiology ( edit ) Edwards syndrome occurs in about one in 5,000 live births , but more conceptions are affected by the syndrome because the majority of those diagnosed with the condition prenatally will not survive to birth . Although women in their 20s and early 30s may conceive babies with Edwards syndrome , the risk of conceiving a child with it increases with a woman 's age . The average maternal age for conceiving a child with this disorder is 321⁄2 . See also ( edit ) 18q deletion syndrome References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trisomy 18 '' . Orphanet . May 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` trisomy 18 '' . GHR . March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorde , Lynn B. ; Carey , John C. ; Bamshad , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . Medical Genetics ( 4 ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 109 . ISBN 0323075762 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards syndrome ( John Hilton Edwards ) '' . WhoNamedIt.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is Trisomy 18 ? '' . Trisomy 18 Foundation . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trisomy 18 '' . Medline . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hurt K , Sottner O , Záhumenský J , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` ( Choroid plexus cysts and risk of trisomy 18 . Modifications regarding maternal age and markers ) '' . Ceska Gynekol ( in Czech ) . 72 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 52 . PMID 17357350 . Jump up ^ Papp C , Ban Z , Szigeti Z , Csaba A , Beke A , Papp Z ( 2007 ) . `` Role of second trimester sonography in detecting trisomy 18 : a review of 70 cases '' . J Clin Ultrasound. 35 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 72 . doi : 10.1002 / jcu. 20290 . PMID 17206726 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , MD , Harold . `` Introduction to Trisomy 18 '' . EMedicine . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ For a description of human karyotype see Mittleman , A. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register Annual Reports 2008 / 09 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Trisomy 18 : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia '' . Nlm.nih.gov. 2011 - 12 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rodeck , Charles H. ; Whittle , Martin J. ( 1999 ) . Fetal Medicine : Basic Science and Clinical Practice . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 0 - 443 - 05357 - X . Jump up ^ Zoler , Mitchel L. ( March 1 , 2003 ) . `` Trisomy 13 survival can exceed 1 year '' . OB / GYN News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Trisomy 13 survival can exceed 1 year OB / GYN News '' . Find Articles. 2003 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Survival and Surgical Interventions for Children With Trisomy 13 and 18 '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence and Incidence of Edwards Syndrome '' . Diseases Center - Edwards Syndrome . Adviware Pty Ltd. 2008 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 17 . mean maternal age for this disorder is 321⁄2 External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : Q91. 0 - Q91. 3 ICD - 9 - CM : 758.2 DiseasesDB : 13378 External resources MedlinePlus : 001661 eMedicine : ped / 652 Patient UK : Edwards syndrome Orphanet : 3380 Edwards syndrome at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Perinatal Hospice Care - Preparing for birth and death '' Humpath # 5389 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Chromosome abnormalities ( Q90 -- Q99 , 758 ) Autosomal Trisomies Down syndrome 21 Edwards syndrome 18 Patau syndrome 13 Trisomy 9 Warkany syndrome 2 8 Cat eye syndrome / Trisomy 22 22 Trisomy 16 Monosomies / deletions 1q21. 1 deletion syndrome / 1q21. 1 duplication syndrome / TAR syndrome Wolf -- Hirschhorn syndrome Cri du chat / Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome 5 Williams syndrome 7 Jacobsen syndrome 11 Miller -- Dieker syndrome / Smith -- Magenis syndrome 17 DiGeorge syndrome 22 22q11. 2 distal deletion syndrome 22 22q13 deletion syndrome 22 genomic imprinting Angelman syndrome / Prader -- Willi syndrome ( 15 ) Distal 18q - / Proximal 18q - X / Y linked Monosomy Turner syndrome ( 45 , X ) Trisomy / tetrasomy , other karyotypes / mosaics Klinefelter syndrome ( 47 , XXY ) XXYY syndrome ( 48 , XXYY ) XXXY syndrome ( 48 , XXXY ) 49 , XXXYY 49 , XXXXY Triple X syndrome ( 47 , XXX ) Tetrasomy X ( 48 , XXXX ) 49 , XXXXX Jacobs syndrome ( 47 , XYY ) 48 , XYYY 49 , XYYYY 45 , X / 46 , XY Translocations Leukemia / lymphoma Lymphoid Burkitt 's lymphoma t ( 8 MYC ; 14 IGH ) Follicular lymphoma t ( 14 IGH ; 18 BCL2 ) Mantle cell lymphoma / Multiple myeloma t ( 11 CCND1 : 14 IGH ) Anaplastic large - cell lymphoma t ( 2 ALK ; 5 NPM1 ) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Myeloid Philadelphia chromosome t ( 9 ABL ; 22 BCR ) Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation t ( 8 RUNX1T1 ; 21 RUNX1 ) Acute promyelocytic leukemia t ( 15 PML , 17 RARA ) Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia t ( 1 RBM15 ; 22 MKL1 ) Other Ewing 's sarcoma t ( 11 FLI1 ; 22 EWS ) Synovial sarcoma t ( x SYT ; 18 SSX ) Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans t ( 17 COL1A1 ; 22 PDGFB ) Myxoid liposarcoma t ( 12 DDIT3 ; 16 FUS ) Desmoplastic small - round - cell tumor t ( 11 WT1 ; 22 EWS ) Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma t ( 2 PAX3 ; 13 FOXO1 ) t ( 1 PAX7 ; 13 FOXO1 ) Other Fragile X syndrome Uniparental disomy XX male syndrome / 46 , XX testicular disorders of sex development Marker chromosome Ring chromosome 6 ; 9 ; 14 ; 15 ; 18 ; 20 ; 21 , 22 GND : 1046751034 NDL : 01161959 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwards_syndrome&oldid=841797342 '' Categories : Autosomal trisomies Syndromes affecting the heart Rare diseases Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 03 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Edwards syndrome
2. Trisomy 18
3. Genetic disorder
4. Chromosome 18 duplication
5. Small head, small jaw, clenched fists with overlapping fingers
|
-5,793,348,388,716,842,000 |
who become the ceo of indian it companies 2016
|
Satya Nadella - Wikipedia Satya Nadella Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Satya Nadella <Td_colspan="2"> Nadella at LeWeb 2013 Bukkapuram Nadella Satyanarayana ( 1967 - 08 - 19 ) 19 August 1967 ( age 50 ) Citizenship United States Alma mater Manipal Institute of Technology ( B.E. ) University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee ( M.S. ) University of Chicago ( MBA ) Occupation CEO of Microsoft Corp ( 2014 - present ) Employer Microsoft ( 1992 -- present ) Salary $184.3 million ( 2018 ) Net worth $1.34 billion ( January 2018 ) Board member of Starbucks Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Spouse ( s ) Anupama Priya Nadella ( m . 1992 ) Children Website Satya Nadella - Microsoft.com Satya Narayana Nadella ( born 19 August 1967 ) is an Indian American business executive . He is the current Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) of Microsoft , succeeding Steve Ballmer in 2014 . Before becoming CEO , he was Executive Vice President of Microsoft 's cloud and enterprise group , responsible for building and running the company 's computing platforms , developer tools and cloud computing services . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Sun Microsystems 2.2 Microsoft 3 Personal life 4 Publications 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Nadella was born in Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India ( now in the state of Telangana ) . His father , Bukkapuram Nadella Yugandher , was a civil servant of the Indian Administrative Service . Nadella attended the Hyderabad Public School , Begumpet before attaining Bachelor of Engineering degree in electrical engineering from Manipal Institute of Technology ( then part of Mangalore University ) in 1988 . Nadella subsequently traveled to the U.S. to study for a Master of Science in Computer Science at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee , receiving his degree in 1990 . Later he received his MBA degree from the University of Chicago . Nadella said he `` always wanted to build things '' and that `` electrical engineering was a great way for me to go discover what turned out to become a passion . '' Career ( edit ) Sun Microsystems ( edit ) Nadella worked at Sun Microsystems as a member of its technology staff prior to joining Microsoft in 1992 . Microsoft ( edit ) At Microsoft , Nadella has led major projects that included the company 's move to cloud computing and the development of one of the largest cloud infrastructures in the world . Nadella worked as the senior vice-president of Research and Development ( R&D ) for the Online Services Division and vice-president of the Microsoft Business Division . Later , he was made the president of Microsoft 's $19 billion Server and Tools Business and led a transformation of the company 's business and technology culture from client services to cloud infrastructure and services . He has been credited for helping bring Microsoft 's database , Windows Server and developer tools to its Azure cloud . The revenue from Cloud Services grew to $20.3 billion in June 2013 from $16.6 billion when he took over in 2011 . He received $18 million in 2016 pay . Nadella 's 2013 base salary was nearly $700,000 , for a total compensation , with stock bonuses , of $7.6 million . Previous positions held by Nadella include : President of the Server & Tools Division ( 9 February 2011 -- February 2014 ) Senior Vice-President of Research and Development for the Online Services Division ( March 2007 -- February 2011 ) Vice-President of the Business Division Corporate Vice-President of Business Solutions and Search & Advertising Platform Group Executive Vice-President of Cloud and Enterprise group On 4 February 2014 , Nadella was announced as the new CEO of Microsoft , the third chief executive in the company 's history , following Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer . In October 2014 , Nadella courted controversy when he made a statement that women should not ask for a raise and should trust the system . The statement was made while he was attending an event on Women in Computing in Phoenix , AZ . Nadella was roundly criticised for the statement and he apologised later on Twitter . He later sent an email to Microsoft employees admitting he was `` Completely wrong '' Nadella changed the company 's direction after becoming CEO . His tenure has emphasized openness to working with companies and technologies with which Microsoft also competes , including Apple Inc. , Salesforce , IBM , and Dropbox . In contrast to previous Microsoft campaigns against the Linux operating system , Nadella proclaimed that `` Microsoft ♥ Linux '' , and in 2016 , Microsoft joined the Linux Foundation as a Platinum member . Under Nadella , Microsoft revised its mission statement to `` empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more '' . In comparison to founder Bill Gates 's `` a PC on every desk and in every home , running Microsoft software '' , Nadella says that it is an enduring mission , rather than a temporal goal . His key goal has been transforming Microsoft 's corporate culture into one that values continual learning and growth . He has cited the book Mindset : The New Psychology of Success by Carol Dweck as inspiration for this philosophy around a `` growth mindset '' . Nadella 's leadership of Microsoft included a series of high - profile acquisitions of other companies , to redirect Microsoft 's focus . His first major acquisition was of Mojang , a Swedish game company best known for the popular freeform computer building game Minecraft , in late 2014 , for $2.5 billion . Minecraft was notably a cross-platform game , with versions running on Apple 's iOS mobile devices , and the Sony PlayStation dedicated gaming console , as well as Microsoft 's Xbox . He followed that in 2016 by purchasing Xamarin and LinkedIn . In the years since becoming CEO , Nadella is viewed as having done well , with Microsoft stock having risen more than 130 % since he took over and achieving an all - time high. . During his leadership , stock in the company has grown at an annualized rate of 23 % . Personal life ( edit ) In 1992 , Nadella married Anupama , daughter of his father 's Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) batchmate , K.R. Venugopal . The couple has three children , a son and two daughters , and lives in Bellevue , Washington . Nadella is an avid reader of American and Indian poetry . He also has an interest in cricket ( his passion growing up ) , having played on his school team . He has mentioned having learned something about leadership and teamwork from cricket . He has a cricket bat signed by Sachin Tendulkar as his favorite personal possession . Nadella has written a book , titled Hit Refresh , that explores his life , Microsoft and how technology will shape the future . It was announced that the profits from the book would go to Microsoft Philanthropies and through that to Nonprofit organizations . Publications ( edit ) Hit Refresh : The quest to rediscover Microsoft 's soul and imagine a better future for everyone , 2017 . ISBN 9780062652508 ( audiobook ISBN 9780062694805 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Satya Nadella : 9 interesting facts about Microsoft CEO '' . Economic Times . Jump up ^ Satya Nadella makes no mention of his Indian background Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Associated Press via hindustantimes.com. 6 February 2014 Jump up ^ ( ( url = http://www1.salary.com/Satya-Nadella-Salary-Bonus-Stock-Options-for-MICROSOFT-CORP.html%7Ctitle=Compensation Information for Satya Nadella , Chief Executive Officer and Director of MICROSOFT CORP - Salary.com first = Site built by : last = Salary.com website = Salary.com accessdate = 5 November 2017 deadurl = no archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170824174320/http://www1.salary.com/Satya-Nadella-Salary-Bonus-Stock-Options-for-MICROSOFT-CORP.html%7Carchivedate=24 August 2017 df = dmy - all ) ) Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Corporation - Corporate Governance - Board of Directors '' . Starbucks . Archived from the original on 3 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Board of Trustees '' . Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ovide , Shira ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Microsoft Board Names Satya Nadella as CEO '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Board names Satya Nadella as CEO '' . Microsoft.com. 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Studious , hardworking boy has achieved his goal , ' says Satya Nadella 's dad '' . DNA India . 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Studious , hardworking boy has achieved his goal , ' says Satya Nadella 's dad Archived 5 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Daily News and Analysis . ( 5 February 2014 ) . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Satya , Nadella ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Well done Satya '' . Eenadu . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Anisha Dhiman ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` ' Satya Nadella on the Meaning of Work ' : Satya Nadella '' . Oxy . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Anisha Dhiman ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` ' Never , ever stop learning ' : Satya Nadella '' . Decan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Satya Nadella Archived 24 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... news.microsoft.com ^ Jump up to : Satya Nadella , President , Server & Tools Business , archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 09 , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 Jump up ^ `` MIT thrilled over Nadella being in race to head Microsoft '' . DNA India . Archived from the original on 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I went to the United States right when Sachin Tendulkar started to play for India so I look at it and say , wow , I missed the entire Sachin era of Indian cricket '' . Espncricinfo.com . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UWMilwaukee alum named Microsoft CEO UWM News '' . 5.uwm.edu. 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Satya Nadella education '' . 5.uwm.edu . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCracken , Harry ( 15 December 2010 ) . `` Microsoft 's New CEO Satya Nadella : 10 Things to Know '' . Time . Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Satya Nadella , the new Microsoft CEO NDTV Gadgets '' . Gadgets.ndtv.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Satya Nadella -- Microsoft 's CEO '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 8 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ' I think playing cricket taught me more about working in teams and leadership that has stayed with me throughout my career . ' Jump up ^ `` IAS officer 's son tipped to become Microsoft CEO '' . The Times of India . 1 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Satya , Nadella ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Satya Nadella CEO '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indo - American Satya Nadella in race to be Microsoft 's new CEO '' . Biharprabha News . Indo - Asian News Service . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft CEO Nadella Received $18 Million in 2016 Pay '' . Bloomberg.com. 3 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyle Nazario ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Satya Nadella biography : Everything you need to know about Microsoft 's new CEO '' . IT PRO . Jump up ^ `` Satya Nadella : Executive Profile & Biography '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Equilar Atlas '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft names Satya Nadella new CEO '' . News.cnet.com. 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ; agencies ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella : women , do n't ask for a raise '' . Theguardian.com . Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Satya Nadella ( @ satyanadella ) ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Was inarticulate re how women should ask for raise . Our industry must close gender pay gap so a raise is not needed because of a bias # GHC14 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Satya Nadella email to employees : RE : Grace Hopper Conference - News Center '' . News.microsoft.com. 9 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Chris ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella publicly debuts himself , Office for iPad '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hempel , Jesse ( February 2015 ) . `` Satya Nadella 's Got a Plan to Make You Care About Microsoft . The First Step ? Holograms '' . Wired . Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gavin ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` Big Azure ? Microsoft and IBM ink deal on business cloud '' . The Register . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bort , Julie ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Microsoft Partners With Dropbox '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Joab ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` Microsoft ( hearts ) Linux , for Azure 's sake '' . PC World . Archived from the original on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Blair Hanley ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` Microsoft doubles down on Linux love , joins foundation '' . Computerworld . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft CEO Nadella wants to help the world ' to achieve more ' '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Harry ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Satya Nadella Rewrites Microsoft 's Code - The future of business '' . Fast Company . Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ della Cava , Marco ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Microsoft 's Satya Nadella is counting on culture shock to drive growth '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bass , Dina ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` Satya Nadella on a Middle - Aged Microsoft '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Molina , Brett . `` Microsoft to acquire ' Minecraft ' maker Mojang for $2.5 B '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Matt ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Microsoft acquires Xamarin '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wingfield , Nick ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Microsoft Buys LinkedIn for $26.2 Billion , Reasserting Its Muscle '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynley , Matthew ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` The new Microsoft under Satya Nadella is still looking good on Wall Street '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` Is Satya Nadella a better Microsoft CEO than Bill Gates ? '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiegerman , Seth ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` Microsoft stock hits a new all - time high . Here 's why '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Nikhila Henry & Rohit PS , TNN . `` Nadella 's other passions : Cricket , running and pastries '' . The Times of India . ^ Jump up to : Drusch , Andrea ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` 10 things to know : Satya Nadella '' . Politico.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All for love : When Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella surrendered his Green Card for wife Anu '' . Firstpost.com . Archived from the original on 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella : How I Work '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella is writing a book called Hit Refresh '' . The Verge. 29 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella Offers A Business - Like Memoir Star2.com '' . Star2.com. 2 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ MacLellan , Lila . `` With his new book , Satya Nadella takes control of the Microsoft narrative '' . Quartz . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Satya Nadella . Microsoft bio Satya Nadella 's theCUBE Interview from Accel Stanford Symposium 2013 Appearances on C - SPAN Preceded by Steve Ballmer CEO of Microsoft 2014 -- present Succeeded by incumbent <Th_colspan="2"> Microsoft <Td_colspan="2"> History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. Stanton Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) S. Somasegar ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . NET Foundation Outercurve Foundation Estates Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft Talo Microsoft Algeria Microsoft Egypt Microsoft India Microsoft Japan Product families Operating systems Windows Software Office Servers Visual Studio Hardware HoloLens Surface Xbox Web properties Bing Channel 9 CodePlex Developer Network MSN Mixer Office.com OneDrive Outlook.com TechNet Microsoft Store Conferences Build MIX PDC TechEd WinHEC Inspire Campaigns Where do you want to go today ? ( 1994 ) Champagne ( 2002 ) Mojave Experiment ( 2006 ) I 'm a PC ( 2008 ) Scroogled ( 2012 ) Criticism Bundling of Microsoft Windows Clippy iLoo Internet Explorer Microsoft Bob _NSAKEY Windows XP Vista 10 Litigation Alcatel - Lucent v. Microsoft Apple v. Microsoft European Union Microsoft competition case Microsoft v. Lindows Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft Microsoft v. Shah United States v. Microsoft Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat : Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi LinkedIn <Td_colspan="2"> Portal VIAF : 317106370 LCCN : nb2015015253 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satya_Nadella&oldid=825812896 '' Categories : Microsoft employees 1967 births Living people Engineers from Andhra Pradesh Businesspeople in software University of Chicago alumni American businessmen of Indian descent Manipal University alumni Indian emigrants to the United States University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee alumni Businesspeople from Hyderabad , India University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni American technology chief executives American male scientists of Indian descent 20th - century Indian engineers 21st - century Indian engineers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Satya Nadella - CEO of Microsoft
2. Career at Microsoft and Sun Microsystems
3. Leadership and transformation at Microsoft
4. Acquisitions and partnerships under Nadella's leadership
5. Personal life and interests of Satya Nadella
|
6,206,003,509,781,842,000 |
sodium chloride is a chemical name of which substance
|
Sodium chloride - wikipedia Sodium chloride Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical . For in cooking and the diet , see Salt . For the medical solution , see Saline ( medicine ) . For the mineral , see Halite . `` NaCl '' redirects here . For other uses , see NaCl ( disambiguation ) . Sodium chloride <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Names <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC name Sodium chloride <Td_colspan="2"> Other names Common salt halite rock salt saline sodium chloride table salt regular salt sea salt <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers CAS Number 7647 - 14 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 3534976 ChEBI CHEBI : 26710 ChemSpider 5044 ECHA InfoCard 100.028. 726 EC Number 231 - 598 - 3 Gmelin Reference 13673 KEGG D02056 MeSH Sodium + chloride PubChem CID 5234 RTECS number VZ4725000 UNII 451W47IQ8X <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / ClH.Na/h1H ; / q ; + 1 / p - 1 Key : FAPWRFPIFSIZLT - UHFFFAOYSA - M InChI = 1 / ClH.Na/h1H ; / q ; + 1 / p - 1 Key : FAPWRFPIFSIZLT - REWHXWOFAE <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) ( Na+ ). ( Cl - ) <Th_colspan="2"> Properties Chemical formula NaCl Molar mass 58.44 g / mol Appearance Colorless crystals Odor Odorless Density 2.165 g / cm Melting point 801 ° C ( 1,474 ° F ; 1,074 K ) Boiling point 1,413 ° C ( 2,575 ° F ; 1,686 K ) Solubility in water 359 g / L Solubility in ammonia 21.5 g / L Solubility in methanol 14.9 g / L Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 30.3 10 cm / mol Refractive index ( n ) 1.5442 ( at 589 nm ) <Th_colspan="2"> Structure Crystal structure Face - centered cubic ( see text ) , cF8 Space group Fm 3m , No. 225 Lattice constant a = 564.02 pm Coordination geometry Octahedral ( Na ) octahedral ( Cl ) <Th_colspan="2"> Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 36.79 J / ( K mol ) Std molar entropy ( S ) 72.11 J / ( K mol ) Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 411.12 kJ / mol <Th_colspan="2"> Pharmacology ATC code A12CA01 ( WHO ) B05CB01 ( WHO ) , B05XA03 ( WHO ) , S01XA03 ( WHO ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hazards Safety data sheet See : data page NFPA 704 0 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 3 g / kg ( oral , rats ) <Th_colspan="2"> Related compounds Other anions Sodium fluoride sodium bromide sodium iodide sodium astatide Other cations Lithium chloride potassium chloride rubidium chloride caesium chloride francium chloride <Th_colspan="2"> Supplementary data page Structure and properties Refractive index ( n ) , Dielectric constant ( ε ) , etc . Thermodynamic data Phase behaviour solid -- liquid -- gas Spectral data UV , IR , NMR , MS <Td_colspan="2"> Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . <Td_colspan="2"> N verify ( what is ? ) <Td_colspan="2"> Infobox references Sodium chloride / ˌsoʊdiəm ˈklɔːraɪd / , also known as salt or halite , is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl , representing a 1 : 1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions . With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g / mol respectively , 100 g of NaCl contain 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl . Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms . In its edible form of table salt , it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative . Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes , and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses . A second major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Chemicals production 1.1. 1 Chlor - alkali industry 1.2 Soda - ash industry 1.3 Standard 1.4 Miscellaneous industrial uses 1.5 Water softening 1.6 Road salt 1.6. 1 Environmental effects 1.7 Food industry and agriculture 1.8 Medicine 1.9 Firefighting 1.10 Cleanser 1.11 Optical usage 2 Chemistry 2.1 Solid sodium chloride 2.2 Aqueous solutions 2.3 pH of sodium chloride solutions 2.4 Unexpected stable stoichiometric variants 3 Occurrence 4 Production 5 Biological functions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Uses ( edit ) In addition to the familiar domestic uses of salt , more dominant applications of the approximately 250 megatons per year production ( 2008 data ) include chemicals and de-icing . Chemicals production ( edit ) Salt is used , directly or indirectly , in the production of many chemicals , which consume most of the world 's production . Chlor - alkali industry ( edit ) See also : Chloralkali process It is the starting point for the chloralkali process , which provides the world with chlorine and sodium hydroxide according to the chemical equation 2 NaCl + 2 H O → Cl + H + 2 NaOH This electrolysis is conducted in either a mercury cell , a diaphragm cell , or a membrane cell . Each of those use a different method to separate the chlorine from the sodium hydroxide . Other technologies are under development due to the high energy consumption of the electrolysis , whereby small improvements in the efficiency can have large economic paybacks . Some applications of chlorine include PVC , disinfectants , and solvents . Sodium hydroxide enables industries that produce paper , soap , and aluminium . Soda - ash industry ( edit ) Sodium chloride is used in the Solvay process to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride . Sodium carbonate , in turn , is used to produce glass , sodium bicarbonate , and dyes , as well as a myriad of other chemicals . In the Mannheim process and in the Hargreaves process , sodium chloride is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid . Standard ( edit ) Sodium chloride has an international standard that is created by ASTM International . The standard is named ASTM E534 - 13 and is the standard test methods for chemical analysis of sodium chloride . These methods listed provide procedures for analyzing sodium chloride to determine whether it is suitable for its intended use and application . Miscellaneous industrial uses ( edit ) Sodium chloride is heavily used , so even relatively minor applications can consume massive quantities . In oil and gas exploration , salt is an important component of drilling fluids in well drilling . It is used to flocculate and increase the density of the drilling fluid to overcome high downwell gas pressures . Whenever a drill hits a salt formation , salt is added to the drilling fluid to saturate the solution in order to minimize the dissolution within the salt stratum . Salt is also used to increase the curing of concrete in cemented casings . In textiles and dyeing , salt is used as a brine rinse to separate organic contaminants , to promote `` salting out '' of dyestuff precipitates , and to blend with concentrated dyes to standardize them . One of its main roles is to provide the positive ion charge to promote the absorption of negatively charged ions of dyes . It is also used in processing aluminium , beryllium , copper , steel and vanadium . In the pulp and paper industry , salt is used to bleach wood pulp . It also is used to make sodium chlorate , which is added along with sulfuric acid and water to manufacture chlorine dioxide , an excellent oxygen - based bleaching chemical . The chlorine dioxide process , which originated in Germany after World War I , is becoming more popular because of environmental pressures to reduce or eliminate chlorinated bleaching compounds . In tanning and leather treatment , salt is added to animal hides to inhibit microbial activity on the underside of the hides and to attract moisture back into the hides . In rubber manufacture , salt is used to make buna , neoprene and white rubber types . Salt brine and sulfuric acid are used to coagulate an emulsified latex made from chlorinated butadiene . Salt also is added to secure the soil and to provide firmness to the foundation on which highways are built . The salt acts to minimize the effects of shifting caused in the subsurface by changes in humidity and traffic load . Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant because of its hygroscopic properties , making salting an effective method of food preservation historically ; the salt draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure , keeping it from reproducing , a major source of food spoilage . Even though more effective desiccants are available , few are safe for humans to ingest . Water softening ( edit ) Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions that interfere with action of soap and contribute to the buildup of a scale or film of alkaline mineral deposits in household and industrial equipment and pipes . Commercial and residential water - softening units use ion - exchange resins to remove the offending ions that cause the hardness . These resins are generated and regenerated using sodium chloride . Road salt ( edit ) Phase diagram of water -- NaCl mixture The second major application of salt is for de-icing and anti-icing of roads , both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles . In anticipation of snowfall , roads are optimally `` anti-iced '' with brine ( concentrated solution of salt in water ) , which prevents bonding between the snow - ice and the road surface . This procedure obviates the heavy use of salt after the snowfall . For de-icing , mixtures of brine and salt are used , sometimes with additional agents such as calcium chloride and / or magnesium chloride . The use of salt or brine becomes ineffective below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) . Mounds of road salt for use in winter Salt for de-icing in the United Kingdom predominantly comes from a single mine in Winsford in Cheshire . Prior to distribution it is mixed with < 100 ppm of sodium hexacyanoferrate ( II ) as an anti-caking agent , which enables rock salt to flow freely out of the gritting vehicles despite being stockpiled prior to use . In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt . Other additives had been used in road salt to reduce the total costs . For example , in the US , a byproduct carbohydrate solution from sugar - beet processing was mixed with rock salt and adhered to road surfaces about 40 % better than loose rock salt alone . Because it stayed on the road longer , the treatment did not have to be repeated several times , saving time and money . In the technical terms of physical chemistry , the minimum freezing point of a water - salt mixture is − 21.12 ° C ( − 6.02 ° F ) for 23.31 wt % of salt . Freezing near this concentration is however so slow that the eutectic point of − 22.4 ° C ( − 8.3 ° F ) can be reached with about 25 wt % of salt . Environmental effects ( edit ) Road salt ends up in fresh - water bodies and could harm aquatic plants and animals by disrupting their osmoregulation ability . The omnipresence of salt poses a problem in any coastal coating application , as trapped salts cause great problems in adhesion . Naval authorities and ship builders monitor the salt concentrations on surfaces during construction . Maximal salt concentrations on surfaces are dependent on the authority and application . The IMO regulation is mostly used and sets salt levels to a maximum of 50 mg / m soluble salts measured as sodium chloride . These measurements are done by means of a Bresle test . In highway de-icing , salt has been associated with corrosion of bridge decks , motor vehicles , reinforcement bar and wire , and unprotected steel structures used in road construction . Surface runoff , vehicle spraying , and windblown actions also affect soil , roadside vegetation , and local surface water and groundwater supplies . Although evidence of environmental loading of salt has been found during peak usage , the spring rains and thaws usually dilute the concentrations of sodium in the area where salt was applied . A 2009 study found that approximately 70 % of the road salt being applied in the Minneapolis - St Paul metro area is retained in the local watershed . Food industry and agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Salt Many microorganisms can not live in an overly salty environment : water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis . For this reason salt is used to preserve some foods , such as smoked bacon , fish , or cabbage . Salt is added to food , either by the food producer or by the consumer , as a flavor enhancer , preservative , binder , fermentation - control additive , texture - control agent and color developer . The salt consumption in the food industry is subdivided , in descending order of consumption , into other food processing , meat packers , canning , baking , dairy and grain mill products . Salt is added to promote color development in bacon , ham and other processed meat products . As a preservative , salt inhibits the growth of bacteria . Salt acts as a binder in sausages to form a binding gel made up of meat , fat , and moisture . Salt also acts as a flavor enhancer and as a tenderizer . In many dairy industries , salt is added to cheese as a color - , fermentation - , and texture - control agent . The dairy subsector includes companies that manufacture creamery butter , condensed and evaporated milk , frozen desserts , ice cream , natural and processed cheese , and specialty dairy products . In canning , salt is primarily added as a flavor enhancer and preservative . It also is used as a carrier for other ingredients , dehydrating agent , enzyme inhibitor and tenderizer . In baking , salt is added to control the rate of fermentation in bread dough . It also is used to strengthen the gluten ( the elastic protein - water complex in certain doughs ) and as a flavor enhancer , such as a topping on baked goods . The food - processing category also contains grain mill products . These products consist of milling flour and rice and manufacturing cereal breakfast food and blended or prepared flour . Salt is also used a seasoning agent , e.g. in potato chips , pretzels , cat and dog food . Sodium chloride is used in veterinary medicine as emesis - causing agent . It is given as warm saturated solution . Emesis can also be caused by pharyngeal placement of small amount of plain salt or salt crystals . Medicine ( edit ) Nasal spray is commonly found with a saline solution as the active ingredient . Main article : Saline ( medicine ) Sodium chloride is used together with water as one of the primary solutions for intravenous therapy . Nasal spray usually contains a saline solution . Firefighting ( edit ) A class - D fire extinguisher for various metals Sodium chloride is the principal extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers ( Met - L-X , Super D ) used on combustible metal fires such as magnesium , potassium , sodium , and NaK alloys ( Class D ) . Thermoplastic powder is added to the mixture , along with waterproofing ( metal stearates ) and anti-caking materials ( tricalcium phosphate ) to form the extinguishing agent . When it is applied to the fire , the salt acts like a heat sink , dissipating heat from the fire , and also forms an oxygen - excluding crust to smother the fire . The plastic additive melts and helps the crust maintain its integrity until the burning metal cools below its ignition temperature . This type of extinguisher was invented in the late 1940s as a cartridge - operated unit , although stored pressure versions are now popular . Common sizes are 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) portable and 350 pounds ( 160 kg ) wheeled . Cleanser ( edit ) Since at least medieval times , people have used salt as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces . It is also used in many brands of shampoo , toothpaste and popularly to de-ice driveways and patches of ice . Optical usage ( edit ) Defect - free NaCl crystals have an optical transmittance of about 90 % for infrared light , specifically between 200 nm and 20 μm . They were therefore used in optical components ( windows and prisms ) operating in that spectral range , where few non-absorbing alternatives exist and where requirements for absence of microscopic inhomogeneities are less strict than in the visible range . While inexpensive , NaCl crystals are soft and hygroscopic -- when exposed to the ambient air , they gradually cover with `` frost '' . This limits application of NaCl to dry environments , vacuum sealed assembly areas or for short - term uses such as prototyping . Nowadays materials like zinc selenide ( ZnSe ) , which are stronger mechanically and are less sensitive to moisture , are used instead of NaCl for the infrared spectral range . Chemistry ( edit ) Solid sodium chloride ( edit ) See also : Cubic crystal system In solid sodium chloride , each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite charge as expected on electrostatic grounds . The surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a regular octahedron . In the language of close - packing , the larger chloride ions are arranged in a cubic array whereas the smaller sodium ions fill all the cubic gaps ( octahedral voids ) between them . This same basic structure is found in many other compounds and is commonly known as the halite or rock - salt crystal structure . It can be represented as a face - centered cubic ( fcc ) lattice with a two - atom basis or as two interpenetrating face centered cubic lattices . The first atom is located at each lattice point , and the second atom is located halfway between lattice points along the fcc unit cell edge . Solid sodium chloride has a melting point of 801 ° C. Thermal conductivity of sodium chloride as a function of temperature has a maximum of 2.03 W / ( cm K ) at 8 K ( − 265.15 ° C ; − 445.27 ° F ) and decreases to 0.069 at 314 K ( 41 ° C ; 106 ° F ) . It also decreases with doping . Aqueous solutions ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Solubility of NaCl in various solvents ( g NaCl / 1 kg of solvent at 25 ° C , 77 ° F ) Water 360 Formamide 94 Glycerin 83 Propylene glycol 71 Formic acid 52 Liquid ammonia 30.2 Methanol 14 Ethanol 0.65 Dimethylformamide 0.4 1 - Propanol 0.124 Sulfolane 0.05 1 - Butanol 0.05 2 - Propanol 0.03 1 - Pentanol 0.018 Acetonitrile 0.003 Acetone 0.00042 The attraction between the Na and Cl ions in the solid is so strong that only highly polar solvents like water dissolve NaCl well . When dissolved in water , the sodium chloride framework disintegrates as the Na and Cl ions become surrounded by the polar water molecules . These solutions consist of metal aquo complex with the formula ( Na ( H O ) ) , with the Na -- O distance of 250 pm . The chloride ions are also strongly solvated , each being surrounded by an average of 6 molecules of water . Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from pure water . The freezing point is − 21.12 ° C ( − 6.02 ° F ) for 23.31 wt % of salt , and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is near 108.7 ° C ( 227.7 ° F ) . From cold solutions , salt crystallises as the dihydrate NaCl 2H O . View of one slab of NaCl ( H O ) ( red = O , white = H , green = Cl , purple = Na ) . PH of sodium chloride solutions ( edit ) pH of a sodium chloride solution remains ~ 7 due to the extremely weak basicity of Cl - ion , which is the conjugate base of the strong acid HCl . In other words , NaCl has no effect on system pH . Unexpected Stable stoichiometric variants ( edit ) Common salt has a well - established 1 : 1 molar ratio of sodium and chlorine . In 2013 , compounds of sodium and chloride of different stoichiometries have been discovered ; five new compounds were predicted ( e.g. , Na Cl , Na Cl , Na Cl , NaCl , and NaCl ) . The existence of some of them has been tested and experimentally confirmed : cubic and orthorhombic NaCl and two - dimensional metallic tetragonal Na Cl . This indicates that compounds violating chemical intuition are possible , in simple systems under nonambient conditions . Occurrence ( edit ) Small particles of sea salt are the dominant cloud condensation nuclei far out at sea , which allow the formation of clouds in otherwise non-polluted air . Production ( edit ) Salt is currently mass - produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from brine wells and salt lakes . Mining of rock salt is also a major source . China is the world 's main supplier of salt . In 2010 , world production was estimated at 270 million tonnes , the top five producers ( in million tonnes ) being China ( 60.0 ) , United States ( 45.0 ) , Germany ( 16.5 ) , India ( 15.8 ) and Canada ( 14.0 ) . Salt is also a byproduct of potassium mining . Modern rock salt mine near Mount Morris , New York , United States Jordanian and Israeli salt evaporation ponds at the south end of the Dead Sea . Mounds of salt , Salar de Uyuni , Bolivia . Biological functions ( edit ) See also : Health effects of salt The long held belief that a high - salt diet raises the risk of cardio - vascular disease is coming under scrutiny . More recently , dietary salt was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production . Nitric oxide ( NO ) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth , platelet aggregation , and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium . See also ( edit ) Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Salt Biosalinity Edible salt ( table salt ) Halite , the mineral form of sodium chloride Salinity Salting the earth References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Salt '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sodium chloride . nlm.nih.gov . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , pp. 143 and 755 , ISBN 9781405881180 . ^ Jump up to : Westphal , Gisbert et al. ( 2002 ) `` Sodium Chloride '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a24_317. pub4 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis S. Kostick Salt , U.S. Geological Survey , 2008 Minerals Yearbook ^ Jump up to : Elvers , B. et al. ( ed . ) ( 1991 ) Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , 5th ed . Vol . A24 , Wiley , p. 319 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 20124 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rastogi , Nina ( 16 February 2010 ) Does road salt harm the environment ? slate.com . Jump up ^ `` Most Road Salt Is Making It Into Lakes And Rivers '' . www.sciencedaily.com . University of Minnesota . 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Sirdeshmukh , Dinker B. ; Sirdeshmukh , Lalitha & Subhadra , K.G. ( 2001 ) . Alkali halides : a handbook of physical properties . Springer . pp. 65 , 68 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 42180 - 7 . Jump up ^ Burgess , J. ( 1978 ) . Metal Ions in Solution . New York : Ellis Horwood . ISBN 0 - 85312 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , S.F. ; Richens , D.T. and Sykes , A.G. ( 2003 ) `` Metal Aqua Ions '' Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II Volume 1 , pp. 515 -- 555 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 043748 - 6 / 01055 - 0 Jump up ^ Klewe , B. ; Pedersen , B. ( 1974 ) . `` The crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate '' . Acta Crystallogr . B30 : 2363 -- 2371 . doi : 10.1107 / S0567740874007138 . Jump up ^ https://www.flinnsci.com/api/library/Download/1f87f104ec4b4492a621f480797fbab1 Jump up ^ Zhang , W. ; Oganov , A.R. ; Goncharov , A.F. ; Zhu , Q. ; Boulfelfel , S.E. ; Lyakhov , A.O. ; Stavrou , E. ; Somayazulu , M. ; Prakapenka , V.B. ; Konôpková , Z. ( 2013 ) . `` Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides '' . Science . 342 ( 6165 ) : 1502 -- 1505 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1244989 . PMID 24357316 . Jump up ^ Mason , B.J. ( 2006 ) . `` The role of sea - salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei over the remote oceans '' . The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . 127 ( 576 ) : 2023 -- 32 . doi : 10.1002 / qj. 49712757609 . Jump up ^ Salt , U.S. Geological Survey Jump up ^ McCarron , David A. ( 2008 ) . `` Dietary sodium and cardiovascular and renal disease risk factors : dark horse or phantom entry ? '' . Nephrol Dial Transplant. 23 ( 7 ) : 2133 -- 7 . doi : 10.1093 / ndt / gfn312 . PMC 2441768 . PMID 18587159 . Jump up ^ Osanai T , Fujiwara N , Saitoh M , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between salt intake , nitric oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine and its relevance to patients with end - stage renal disease '' . Blood Purif. 20 ( 5 ) : 466 -- 8 . doi : 10.1159 / 000063555 . PMID 12207094 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to NaCl . Salt United States Geological Survey Statistics and Information `` Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance '' . Road Management Journal . December 1997 . Calculators : surface tensions , and densities , molarities and molalities of aqueous NaCl ( and other salts ) JtBaker MSDS <Th_colspan="2"> Sodium compounds <Td_colspan="2"> NaAlO NaBH NaBH ( CN ) NaBO NaBiO NaBr NaBrO NaBrO NaCH COO NaC H CO NaC H ( OH ) CO NaCN NaCl NaClO NaClO NaClO NaClO NaF Na FeO NaH NaHCO NaH PO NaHSO NaHSO NaI NaIO NaIO Na IO NaMnO NaN NaNH NaNO NaNO NaOCN NaO NaO NaOH NaPO H NaReO NaSCN NaSH NaTcO NaVO Na CO Na C O Na CrO Na Cr O Na GeO Na MnO Na MnO Na MoO Na MoS Na N O Na O Na O Na O ( UO ) Na PO F Na S Na SO Na SO Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na Se Na SeO Na SeO Na SiO Na Si O Na SiO Na Te Na TeO Na TeO Na Po Na Ti O Na U O NaWO Na Zn ( OH ) Na N Na P Na PO Na VO Na Fe ( CN ) Na P O Na P O <Td_colspan="2"> Chemical formulas <Th_colspan="2"> Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide Silicon naphthalocyanine Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Chemistry Category : Astrochemistry Category : Molecules Portal : Astrobiology Portal : Astronomy Portal : Chemistry Chemistry portal GND : 4352912 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_chloride&oldid=816996042 '' Categories : Alkali metal chlorides Chlorides Household chemicals Metal halides Sodium compounds Sodium minerals Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chemical articles having a data page Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Sodium chloride chemical properties
2. Uses of sodium chloride in various industries
3. Sodium chloride in food industry and agriculture
4. Sodium chloride in medicine and firefighting
5. Solid sodium chloride crystal structure
|
-6,676,381,531,098,427,000 |
where did battle of the somme take place
|
Battle of the Somme - wikipedia Battle of the Somme Jump to : navigation , search `` The Somme '' redirects here . For the region , see Somme ( department ) . For other uses , see Battle of the Somme ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of the Somme <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Western Front of World War I <Td_colspan="2"> Battle of the Somme 1 July -- 18 November 1916 <Td_colspan="2"> Date 1 July -- 18 November 1916 Location Somme River , north - central Somme and south - eastern Pas - de-Calais Départements , France 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E / 50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E / 50.017 ; 2.683 Coordinates : 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E / 50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E / 50.017 ; 2.683 Result Inconclusive ; see the Aftermath section <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents British Empire Australia Bermuda Canada India Newfoundland New Zealand South Africa Southern Rhodesia United Kingdom France German Empire <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Douglas Haig Ferdinand Foch Henry Rawlinson Émile Fayolle Hubert Gough Joseph Alfred Micheler Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria Max von Gallwitz Fritz von Below <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 1st July 390,000 in 13 divisions 330,000 in 11 divisions July -- November 1,530,000 in 50 divisions 1,440,000 in 48 divisions 1st July 315,000 in 10 1 / 2 divisions July -- November 1,500,000 in 50 divisions <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses c . 420,000 c . 200,000 c . 434,000 -- 500,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of the Somme <Td_colspan="2"> Battles of the Somme , 1916 Albert First day on the Somme Montauban Mametz Fricourt Contalmaison La Boisselle Gommecourt Bazentin Ridge Longueval Trônes Wood Ovillers Fromelles High Wood Delville Wood Pozières Mouquet Farm Guillemont Ginchy Flers -- Courcelette Martinpuich Morval Combles Lesbœufs Gueudecourt Thiepval Ridge Transloy Ridges Eaucourt Le Sars Butte de Warlencourt Ancre Heights Schwaben Redoubt Stuff Redoubt Regina Trench Ancre Beaumont Hamel Associated articles Order of Battle Mines on the first day of the Somme Boar 's Head Leipzig Salient Lochnagar mine Y Sap mine Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt Thiepval Memorial Ancre , 1917 <Th_colspan="2"> Western Front <Td_colspan="2"> Belgium Halen Liège Dinant Namur Frontiers Charleroi Mons Great Retreat 1st Marne 1st Aisne Antwerp Race to the Sea Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations 1st Artois 1st Champagne Hartmannswillerkopf Neuve Chapelle 2nd Ypres 2nd Artois 2nd Champagne Loos 3rd Artois Verdun Somme Alberich Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills Messines 3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele ) La Malmaison 1st Cambrai Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne Hundred Days Amiens The Battle of the Somme ( French : Bataille de la Somme , German : Schlacht an der Somme ) , also known as the Somme Offensive , was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire . It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the upper reaches of the River Somme in France . The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the Allies and was the largest battle of the First World War on the Western Front . More than three million men fought in this battle and one million men were wounded or killed , making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history . The French and British had committed themselves to an offensive on the Somme during Allied discussions at Chantilly , Oise , in December 1915 . The Allies agreed upon a strategy of combined offensives against the Central Powers in 1916 , by the French , Russian , British and Italian armies , with the Somme offensive as the Franco - British contribution . Initial plans called for the French army to undertake the main part of the Somme offensive , supported on the northern flank by the Fourth Army of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) . When the Imperial German Army began the Battle of Verdun on the Meuse on 21 February 1916 , French commanders diverted many of the divisions intended for the Somme and the `` supporting '' attack by the British became the principal effort . The first day on the Somme ( 1 July ) saw a serious defeat for the German Second Army , which was forced out of its first position by the French Sixth Army , from Foucaucourt - en - Santerre south of the Somme to Maricourt on the north bank and by the Fourth Army from Maricourt to the vicinity of the Albert -- Bapaume road . The first day on the Somme was , in terms of casualties , also the worst day in the history of the British army , which suffered 57,470 casualties . These occurred mainly on the front between the Albert -- Bapaume road and Gommecourt , where the attack was defeated and few British troops reached the German front line . The British troops on the Somme comprised a mixture of the remains of the pre-war regular army ; the Territorial Force ; and Kitchener 's Army , a force of volunteer recruits including many Pals ' Battalions , recruited from the same places and occupations . The battle is notable for the importance of air power and the first use of the tank . At the end of the battle , British and French forces had penetrated 10 km ( 6 mi ) into German - occupied territory , taking more ground than in any of their offensives since the Battle of the Marne in 1914 . The Anglo - French armies failed to capture Péronne and halted 5 km ( 3 mi ) from Bapaume , where the German armies maintained their positions over the winter . British attacks in the Ancre valley resumed in January 1917 and forced the Germans into local withdrawals to reserve lines in February , before the scheduled retirement to the Siegfriedstellung ( Hindenburg Line ) began in March . Debate continues over the necessity , significance and effect of the battle . David Frum opined that a century later , `` ' the Somme ' remains the most harrowing place - name '' in the history of the British Commonwealth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Strategic developments 1.1. 1 Battle of Verdun 1.1. 2 Brusilov Offensive 1.2 Tactical developments 2 Prelude 2.1 Anglo - French plan of attack 2.2 German defences on the Somme 3 Battles of the Somme , 1916 3.1 First phase : 1 -- 17 July 1916 3.1. 1 First day on the Somme , 1 July 3.1. 2 Battle of Albert , 1 -- 13 July 3.1. 3 Battle of Bazentin Ridge , 14 -- 17 July 3.1. 4 Battle of Fromelles , 19 -- 20 July 3.2 Second phase : July -- September 1916 3.2. 1 Battle of Delville Wood , 14 July -- 15 September 3.2. 2 Battle of Pozières , 23 July -- 7 August 3.2. 3 Battle of Guillemont , 3 -- 6 September 3.2. 4 Battle of Ginchy , 9 September 3.3 Third phase : September -- November 1916 3.3. 1 Battle of Flers -- Courcelette , 15 -- 22 September 3.3. 2 Battle of Morval , 25 -- 28 September 3.3. 3 Battle of Thiepval Ridge , 26 -- 28 September 3.3. 4 Battle of the Transloy Ridges , 1 October -- 11 November 3.3. 5 Battle of the Ancre Heights , 1 October -- 11 November 3.3. 6 Battle of the Ancre , 13 -- 18 November 4 Aftermath 4.1 Analysis 4.2 Transport 4.3 Casualties 5 Subsequent operations 5.1 Ancre , January -- March 1917 5.2 Hindenburg Line 6 Commemoration 7 Historiography 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background Strategic developments The Western Front 1915 -- 1916 . Allied war strategy for 1916 was decided at the Chantilly Conference from 6 -- 8 December 1915 . Simultaneous offensives on the Eastern Front by the Russian army , on the Italian Front by the Italian army , and on the Western Front by the Franco - British armies , were to be carried out to deny time for the Central Powers to move troops between fronts during lulls . In December 1915 , General Sir Douglas Haig replaced Field Marshal Sir John French as Commander - in - Chief of the BEF . Haig favoured a British offensive in Flanders close to BEF supply routes , to drive the Germans from the Belgian coast and end the U-boat threat from Belgian waters . Haig was not formally subordinate to Marshal Joseph Joffre but the British played a lesser role on the Western Front and complied with French strategy . In January 1916 , Joffre had agreed to the BEF making its main effort in Flanders , but in February 1916 it was decided to mount a combined offensive where the French and British armies met , astride the Somme River in Picardy before the British offensive in Flanders . A week later the Germans began an offensive against the French at Verdun . The costly defence of Verdun forced the French army to commit divisions intended for the Somme offensive , eventually reducing the French contribution to 13 divisions in the Sixth Army , against 20 British divisions . By 31 May , the ambitious Franco - British plan for a decisive victory , had been reduced to a limited offensive to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun with a battle of attrition on the Somme . The Chief of the German General Staff , Erich von Falkenhayn , intended to end the war by splitting the Anglo - French Entente in 1916 , before its material superiority became unbeatable . Falkenhayn planned to defeat the large amount of reserves which the Entente could move into the path of a breakthrough , by threatening a sensitive point close to the existing front line and provoking the French into counter-attacking German positions . Falkenhayn chose to attack towards Verdun to take the Meuse heights and make Verdun untenable . The French would have to conduct a counter-offensive on ground dominated by the German army and ringed with masses of heavy artillery , leading to huge losses and bring the French army close to collapse . The British would then have to begin a hasty relief offensive and would also suffer huge losses . Falkenhayn expected the relief offensive to fall south of Arras against the Sixth Army and be destroyed . ( Despite the certainty by mid-June of an Anglo - French attack on the Somme against the Second Army , Falkenhayn sent only four divisions , keeping eight in the western strategic reserve . No divisions were moved from the Sixth Army , despite it holding a shorter line with 17 ⁄ divisions and three of the reserve divisions in the Sixth Army area . The maintenance of the strength of the Sixth Army , at the expense of the Second Army on the Somme , indicated that Falkenhayn intended the counter-offensive against the British to be made north of the Somme front , once the British offensive had been shattered . ) If such Franco - British defeats were not enough , Germany would attack the remnants of both armies and end the western alliance for good . The unexpected length of the Verdun offensive , and the need to replace many exhausted units at Verdun , depleted the German strategic reserve placed behind the Sixth Army , which held the Western Front from Hannescamps , 18 km ( 11 mi ) south - west of Arras to St. Eloi , south of Ypres and reduced the German counter-offensive strategy north of the Somme , to one of passive and unyielding defence . Battle of Verdun Main article : Battle of Verdun The Battle of Verdun ( 21 February -- 18 December 1916 ) began a week after Joffre and Haig agreed to mount an offensive on the Somme . The German offensive at Verdun was intended to threaten the capture of the city and induce the French to fight an attrition battle , in which German advantages of terrain and firepower would cause the French disproportionate casualties . The battle changed the nature of the offensive on the Somme , as French divisions were diverted to Verdun , and the main effort by the French diminished to a supporting attack for the British . German overestimation of the cost of Verdun to the French contributed to the concentration of German infantry and guns on the north bank of the Somme . By May , Joffre and Haig had changed their expectations of an offensive on the Somme , from a decisive battle to a hope that it would relieve Verdun and keep German divisions in France , which would assist the Russian armies conducting the Brusilov Offensive . The German offensive at Verdun was suspended in July , and troops , guns , and ammunition were transferred to Picardy , leading to a similar transfer of the French Tenth Army to the Somme front . Later in the year , the Franco - British were able to attack on the Somme and at Verdun sequentially and the French recovered much of the ground lost on the east bank of the Meuse in October and December . Brusilov offensive Main article : Brusilov Offensive The Brusilov Offensive ( 4 June -- 20 September ) , absorbed the extra forces that had been requested on 2 June by Fritz von Below , commanding the German Second Army , for a spoiling attack on the Somme . On 4 June , Russian armies attacked on a 200 mi ( 320 km ) front , from the Romanian frontier to Pinsk and eventually advanced 93 mi ( 150 km ) , reaching the foothills of the Carpathian mountains , against German and Austro - Hungarian troops of Armeegruppe von Linsingen and Armeegruppe Archduke Joseph . During the offensive the Russians inflicted c. 1,500,000 losses including c. 407,000 prisoners . Three divisions were ordered from France to the Eastern Front on 9 June and the spoiling attack on the Somme was abandoned . Only four more divisions were sent to the Somme front before the Anglo - French offensive began , bringing the total to 10 ⁄ divisions . Falkenhayn , and then Hindenburg and Ludendorff , were forced to send divisions to Russia throughout the summer to prevent a collapse of the Austro - Hungarian army and then to conduct a counter-offensive against Romania , which declared war against the Central Powers on 27 August . In July there were 112 German divisions on the Western Front and 52 divisions in Russia and in November there were 121 divisions in the west and 76 divisions in the east . Tactical developments Men of the 10th ( Service ) Battalion , East Yorkshire Regiment of the 31st Division marching to the front line , 28 June 1916 . The original British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) of six divisions and the Cavalry Division , had lost most of the army 's pre-war regular soldiers in the battles of 1914 and 1915 . The bulk of the army was made up of volunteers of the Territorial Force and Lord Kitchener 's New Army , which had begun forming in August 1914 . Rapid expansion created many vacancies for senior commands and specialist functions , which led to many appointments of retired officers and inexperienced newcomers . In 1914 , Douglas Haig had been a lieutenant - general in command of I Corps and was promoted to command the First Army in early 1915 and then the BEF in December , which eventually comprised five armies with sixty divisions . The swift increase in the size of the army reduced the average level of experience within it and created an acute equipment shortage . Many officers resorted to directive command , to avoid delegating to novice subordinates , although divisional commanders were given great latitude in training and planning for the attack of 1 July , since the heterogeneous nature of the 1916 army made it impossible for corps and army commanders to know the capacity of each division . Despite considerable debate among German staff officers , Erich von Falkenhayn continued the policy of unyielding defence in 1916 . Falkenhayn implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers , shortage of manpower , and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable , as the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist . High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat were preferable to higher losses , voluntary withdrawals , and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle . When a more flexible policy was substituted later , decisions about withdrawal were still reserved to army commanders . On the Somme front , Falkenhayn 's construction plan of January 1915 had been completed . Barbed wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5 -- 10 yards ( 4.6 -- 9.1 m ) wide to two , 30 yards ( 27 m ) wide and about 15 yards ( 14 m ) apart . Double and triple thickness wire was used and laid 3 -- 5 feet ( 0.91 -- 1.52 m ) high . The front line had been increased from one trench line to three , 150 -- 200 yards ( 140 -- 180 m ) apart , the first trench occupied by sentry groups , the second ( Wohngraben ) for the bulk of the front - trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves . The trenches were traversed and had sentry - posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet . Dugouts had been deepened from 6 -- 9 feet ( 1.8 -- 2.7 m ) to 20 -- 30 feet ( 6.1 -- 9.1 m ) , 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart and large enough for 25 men . An intermediate line of strongpoints ( the Stützpunktlinie ) about 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) behind the front line was also built . Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line , renamed the second line , which was as well - built and wired as the first line . The second line was beyond the range of Allied field artillery , so as to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the line . Prelude Anglo - French plan of attack Map of the Valley of the Somme See also : Mines on the first day of the Somme British intentions evolved as the military situation changed after the Chantilly Conference . French losses at Verdun reduced the contribution available for the offensive on the Somme and increased the urgency for the commencement of operations on the Somme . The principal role in the offensive devolved to the British and on 16 June , Haig defined the objectives of the offensive as the relief of pressure on the French at Verdun and the infliction of losses on the Germans . After a five - day artillery bombardment , the British Fourth Army was to capture 27,000 yards ( 25,000 m ) of the German first line , from Montauban to Serre and the Third Army was to mount a diversion at Gommecourt . In a second phase , the Fourth Army was to take the German second position , from Pozières to the Ancre and then the second position south of the Albert -- Bapaume road , ready for an attack on the German third position south of the road towards Flers , when the Reserve Army which included three cavalry divisions , would exploit the success to advance east and then north towards Arras . The French Sixth Army , with one corps on the north bank from Maricourt to the Somme and two corps on the south bank southwards to Foucaucourt , would make a subsidiary attack to guard the right flank of the main attack being made by the British . German defences on the Somme British aerial photograph of German trenches north of Thiepval , 10 May 1916 , with the German forward lines to the lower left . The crenellated appearance of the trenches is due to the presence of traverses . After the ( Herbstschlacht or Autumn Battles ) of 1915 , a third defence line another 3,000 yards ( 2,700 m ) back from the Stützpunktlinie was begun in February 1916 and was almost complete on the Somme front when the battle began . German artillery was organised in a series of Sperrfeuerstreifen ( barrage sectors ) ; each officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries ready to engage fleeting targets . A telephone system was built , with lines buried 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) deep for 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) behind the front line , to connect the front line to the artillery . The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied . The front trenches were on a forward slope , lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers . The defences were crowded towards the front trench , with a regiment having two battalions near the front - trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the Stützpunktlinie and the second line , all within 2,000 yards ( 1,800 m ) and most troops within 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) of the front line , accommodated in the new deep dugouts . The concentration of troops at the front line on a forward slope guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an artillery bombardment , directed by ground observers on clearly marked lines . Battles of the Somme , 1916 First phase : 1 -- 17 July 1916 First day on the Somme , 1 July Main article : First day on the Somme British objectives , 1 July 1916 The first day on the Somme began 141 days of the Battle of the Somme and the opening day of the Battle of Albert . The attack was made by five divisions of the French Sixth Army either side of the Somme , eleven British divisions of the Fourth Army north of the Somme to Serre and two divisions of the Third Army opposite Gommecourt , against the German Second Army of General Fritz von Below . The German defence south of the Albert -- Bapaume road mostly collapsed and the French had `` complete success '' on both banks of the Somme , as did the British from the army boundary at Maricourt to the Albert -- Bapaume road . On the south bank the German defence was made incapable of resisting another attack and a substantial retreat began ; on the north bank the abandonment of Fricourt was ordered . The defenders on the commanding ground north of the road inflicted a huge defeat on the British infantry , who had an unprecedented number of casualties . Several truces were negotiated , to recover wounded from no man 's land north of the road . The Fourth Army took 57,470 casualties , of which 19,240 men were killed , the French Sixth Army had 1,590 casualties and the German 2nd Army had 10,000 -- 12,000 losses . Battle of Albert , 1 -- 13 July Main article : Battle of Albert ( 1916 ) The Battle of Albert was the first two weeks of Anglo - French offensive operations in the Battle of the Somme . The Allied preparatory artillery bombardment began on 24 June and the Anglo - French infantry attacked on 1 July , on the south bank from Foucaucourt to the Somme and from the Somme north to Gommecourt , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) beyond Serre . The French Sixth Army and the right wing of the British Fourth Army inflicted a considerable defeat on the German Second Army but from the Albert -- Bapaume road to Gommecourt , the British attack was a disaster where most of the c . 60,000 British casualties were incurred . Against Joffre 's wishes , Haig abandoned the offensive north of the road , to reinforce the success in the south , where the Anglo - French forces pressed forward towards the German second line , preparatory to a general attack on 14 July . Battle of Bazentin Ridge , 14 -- 17 July Main article : Battle of Bazentin Ridge The British 21st Division attack on Bazentin le Petit , 14 July 1916 . The Fourth Army attacked the German second defensive position from the Somme past Guillemont and Ginchy , north - west along the crest of the ridge to Pozières on the Albert -- Bapaume road . The objectives of the attack were the villages of Bazentin le Petit , Bazentin le Grand and Longueval which was adjacent to Delville Wood , with High Wood on the ridge beyond . The attack was made by four divisions on a front of 6,000 yd ( 5.5 km ) at 3 : 25 a.m. after a five - minute hurricane artillery bombardment . Field artillery fired a creeping barrage and the attacking waves pushed up close behind it in no man 's land , leaving them only a short distance to cross when the barrage lifted from the German front trench . Most of the objective was captured and the German defence south of the Albert -- Bapaume road put under great strain but the attack was not followed up due to British communication failures , casualties and disorganisation . Battle of Fromelles , 19 -- 20 July Main article : Battle of Fromelles The Battle of Fromelles was a subsidiary attack to support the Fourth Army on the Somme 80 km ( 50 mi ) to the south , to exploit any weakening of the German defences opposite . Preparations for the attack were rushed , the troops involved lacked experience in trench warfare and the power of the German defence was `` gravely '' underestimated , the attackers being outnumbered 2 : 1 . On 19 July , von Falkenhayn had judged the British attack to be the anticipated offensive against the 6th Army . Next day Falkenhayn ordered the Guard Reserve Corps to be withdrawn to reinforce the Somme front . The Battle of Fromelles had inflicted some losses on the German defenders but gained no ground and deflected few German troops bound for the Somme . The attack was the debut of the Australian Imperial Force on the Western Front and , according to McMullin , `` the worst 24 hours in Australia 's entire history '' . Of 7,080 BEF casualties , 5,533 losses were incurred by the 5th Australian Division ; German losses were 1,600 -- 2,000 , with 150 taken prisoner . Second phase : July -- September 1916 Battle of Delville Wood , 14 July -- 15 September Main article : Battle of Delville Wood Positions on 14 July 1916 The Battle of Delville Wood was an operation to secure the British right flank , while the centre advanced to capture the higher lying areas of High Wood and Pozières . After the Battle of Albert the offensive had evolved to the capture of fortified villages , woods , and other terrain that offered observation for artillery fire , jumping - off points for more attacks , and other tactical advantages . The mutually costly fighting at Delville Wood eventually secured the British right flank and marked the Western Front debut of the South African 1st Infantry Brigade ( incorporating a Southern Rhodesian contingent ) , which held the wood from 15 -- 20 July . When relieved the brigade had lost 2,536 men , similar to the casualties of many brigades on 1 July . Battle of Pozières , 23 July -- 7 August Main article : Battle of Pozières The Battle of Pozières began with the capture of the village by the 1st Australian Division ( Australian Imperial Force ) of the Reserve Army , the only British success in the Allied fiasco of 22 / 23 July , when a general attack combined with the French further south , degenerated into a series of separate attacks due to communication failures , supply failures and poor weather . German bombardments and counter-attacks began on 23 July and continued until 7 August . The fighting ended with the Reserve Army taking the plateau north and east of the village , overlooking the fortified village of Thiepval from the rear . Battle of Guillemont , 3 -- 6 September Main article : Battle of Guillemont The Battle of Guillemont was an attack on the village which was captured by the Fourth Army on the first day . Guillemont was on the right flank of the British sector , near the boundary with the French Sixth Army . German defences ringed the British salient at Delville Wood to the north and had observation over the French Sixth Army area to the south towards the Somme river . The German defence in the area was based on the second line and numerous fortified villages and farms north from Maurepas at Combles , Guillemont , Falfemont Farm , Delville Wood and High Wood , which were mutually supporting . The battle for Guillemont was considered by some observers to be the supreme effort of the German army during the battle . Numerous meetings were held by Joffre , Haig , Foch , Rawlinson and Fayolle to co-ordinate joint attacks by the four armies , all of which broke down . A pause in Anglo - French attacks at the end of August , coincided with the largest counter-attack by the German army in the Battle of the Somme . Battle of Ginchy , 9 September Main article : Battle of Ginchy A young German Sommekämpfer in 1916 In the Battle of Ginchy the 16th Division captured the German - held village . Ginchy was 1.5 km ( 0.93 mi ) north - east of Guillemont , at the junction of six roads on a rise overlooking Combles , 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) to the south - east . After the end of the Battle of Guillemont , British troops were required to advance to positions which would give observation over the German third position , ready for a general attack in mid-September . British attacks from Leuze Wood northwards to Ginchy had begun on 3 September , when the 7th Division captured the village and was then forced out by a German counter-attack . The capture of Ginchy and the success of the French Sixth Army on 12 September , in its biggest attack of the battle of the Somme , enabled both armies to make much bigger attacks , sequenced with the Tenth and Reserve armies , which captured much more ground and inflicted c. 130,000 casualties on the German defenders during the month . Third phase : September -- November 1916 Battle of Flers -- Courcelette , 15 -- 22 September Main article : Battle of Flers -- Courcelette The Battle of Flers -- Courcelette was the third and final general offensive mounted by the British Army , which attacked an intermediate line and the German third line to take Morval , Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt , which was combined with a French attack on Frégicourt and Rancourt to encircle Combles and a supporting attack on the south bank of the Somme . The strategic objective of a breakthrough was not achieved but the tactical gains were considerable , the front line being advanced by 2,500 -- 3,500 yards ( 2,300 -- 3,200 m ) and many casualties were inflicted on the German defenders . The battle was the debut of the Canadian Corps , New Zealand Division and tanks of the Heavy Branch of the Machine Gun Corps on the Somme . Battle of Morval , 25 -- 28 September Main article : Battle of Morval British troops moving up to the attack during the Battle of Morval , 25 September 1916 . The Battle of Morval was an attack by the Fourth Army on Morval , Gueudecourt and Lesboeufs held by the German 1st Army , which had been the final objectives of the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( 15 -- 22 September ) . The attack was postponed to combine with attacks by the French Sixth Army on Combles , south of Morval and because of rain . The combined attack was also intended to deprive the German defenders further west , near Thiepval of reinforcements , before an attack by the Reserve Army , due on 26 September . Combles , Morval , Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt were captured and a small number of tanks joined in the battle later in the afternoon . Many casualties were inflicted on the Germans but the French made slower progress . The Fourth Army advance on 25 September was its deepest since 14 July and left the Germans in severe difficulties , particularly in a salient near Combles . The Reserve Army attack began on 26 September in the Battle of Thiepval Ridge . Battle of Thiepval Ridge , 26 -- 28 September Main article : Battle of Thiepval Ridge British Mark I male tank near Thiepval , 25 September 1916 . The Battle of Thiepval Ridge was the first large offensive mounted by the Reserve Army of Lieutenant General Hubert Gough and was intended to benefit from the Fourth Army attack at Morval by starting 24 hours afterwards . Thiepval Ridge was well fortified and the German defenders fought with great determination , while the British co-ordination of infantry and artillery declined after the first day , due to confused fighting in the maze of trenches , dug - outs and shell - craters . The final British objectives were not reached until the Battle of the Ancre Heights ( 1 October -- 11 November ) . Organisational difficulties and deteriorating weather frustrated Joffre 's intention to proceed by vigorous co-ordinated attacks by the Anglo - French armies , which became disjointed and declined in effectiveness during late September , at the same time as a revival occurred in the German defence . The British experimented with new techniques in gas warfare , machine - gun bombardment and tank -- infantry co-operation , as the Germans struggled to withstand the preponderance of men and material fielded by the Anglo - French , despite reorganisation and substantial reinforcements of troops , artillery and aircraft from Verdun . September became the worst month for casualties for the Germans . Battle of the Transloy ridges , 1 October -- 11 November Main article : Battle of Le Transloy The Battle of Le Transloy began in good weather and Le Sars was captured on 7 October . Pauses were made from 8 -- 11 October due to rain and 13 -- 18 October to allow time for a methodical bombardment , when it became clear that the German defence had recovered from earlier defeats . Haig consulted with the army commanders and on 17 October reduced the scope of operations by cancelling the Third Army plans and reducing the Reserve Army and Fourth Army attacks to limited operations , in co-operation with the French Sixth Army . Another pause followed before operations resumed on 23 October on the northern flank of the Fourth Army , with a delay during more bad weather on the right flank of the Fourth Army and on the French Sixth Army front , until 5 November . Next day the Fourth Army ceased offensive operations , except for small attacks intended to improve positions and divert German attention from attacks being made by the Reserve / Fifth Army . Larger operations resumed in January 1917 . Battle of the Ancre Heights , 1 October -- 11 November Main article : Battle of the Ancre Heights The Battle of the Ancre Heights was fought after Haig made plans for the Third Army to take the area east of Gommecourt , the Reserve Army to attack north from Thiepval Ridge and east from Beaumont Hamel -- Hébuterne and for the Fourth Army to reach the Péronne -- Bapaume road around Le Transloy and Beaulencourt -- Thilloy -- Loupart Wood , north of the Albert -- Bapaume road . The Reserve Army attacked to complete the capture of Regina Trench / Stuff Trench , north of Courcelette to the west end of Bazentin Ridge around Schwaben and Stuff Redoubts , during which bad weather caused great hardship and delay . The Marine Brigade from Flanders and fresh German divisions brought from quiet fronts counter-attacked frequently and the British objectives were not secured until 11 November . Battle of the Ancre , 13 -- 18 November Main article : Battle of the Ancre Mametz , Western Front , a winter scene , painting by Frank Crozier The Battle of the Ancre was the last big British operation of the year . The Fifth ( formerly Reserve ) Army attacked into the Ancre valley to exploit German exhaustion after the Battle of the Ancre Heights and gain ground ready for a resumption of the offensive in 1917 . Political calculation , concern for Allied morale and Joffre 's pressure for a continuation of attacks in France , to prevent German troop transfers to Russia and Italy also influenced Haig . The battle began with another mine being detonated beneath Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt . The attack on Serre failed , although a brigade of the 31st Division , which had attacked in the disaster of 1 July , took its objectives before being withdrawn later . South of Serre , Beaumont Hamel and Beaucourt - sur - l'Ancre were captured . South of the Ancre , St. Pierre Division was captured , the outskirts of Grandcourt reached and the Canadian 4th Division captured Regina Trench north of Courcelette , then took Desire Support Trench on 18 November . Until January 1917 a lull occurred , as both sides concentrated on enduring the weather . Aftermath Analysis Progress of the Battle of the Somme between 1 July and 18 November . At the start of 1916 , most of the British Army had been an inexperienced and patchily trained mass of volunteers . The Somme was the debut of the Kitchener Army created by Lord Kitchener 's call for recruits at the start of the war . The British volunteers were often the fittest , most enthusiastic and best educated citizens but British casualties were also inexperienced soldiers and it has been claimed that their loss was of lesser military significance than the losses of the remaining peace - trained officers and men of the German army . British casualties on the first day were the worst in the history of the British army , with 57,470 British casualties , 19,240 of whom were killed . British survivors of the battle had gained experience and the BEF learned how to conduct the mass industrial warfare , which the continental armies had been fighting since 1914 . The continental powers had begun the war with trained armies of regulars and reservists , which were wasting assets . Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria wrote , `` What remained of the old first - class peace - trained German infantry had been expended on the battlefield '' . A war of attrition was a logical strategy for Britain against Germany , which was also at war with France and Russia . A school of thought holds that the Battle of the Somme placed unprecedented strain on the German army and that after the battle it was unable to replace casualties like - for - like , which reduced it to a militia . The destruction of German units in battle was made worse by lack of rest . British and French aircraft and long - range guns reached well behind the front - line , where trench - digging and other work meant that troops returned to the line exhausted . Despite the strategic predicament of the German army , it survived the battle , withstood the pressure of the Brusilov Offensive , and conducted an invasion of Romania . In 1917 , the German army in the west survived the large British and French offensives of the Nivelle Offensive and the Third Battle of Ypres , though at great cost . Falkenhayn was sacked and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the end of August 1916 . At a conference at Cambrai on 5 September , a decision was taken to build a new defensive line well behind the Somme front . The Siegfriedstellung was to be built from Arras to St. Quentin , La Fère and Condé , with another new line between Verdun and Pont - à - Mousson . These lines were intended to limit any Allied breakthrough and to allow the German army to withdraw if attacked ; work began on the Siegfriedstellung ( Hindenburg Line ) at the end of September . Withdrawing to the new line was not an easy decision and the German high command struggled over it during the winter of 1916 -- 1917 . Some members wanted to take a shorter step back , to a line between Arras and Sailly , while the First and Second army commanders wanted to stay on the Somme . Generalleutnant von Fuchs on 20 January 1917 said that , Enemy superiority is so great that we are not in a position either to fix their forces in position or to prevent them from launching an offensive elsewhere . We just do not have the troops ... We can not prevail in a second battle of the Somme with our men ; they can not achieve that any more . ( 20 January 1917 ) -- Hermann von Kuhl BEF railway tonnage , France 1916 Month Tonnage ( Long tons ) January 2,484 February 2,535 March 2,877 April 3,121 May 3,391 June 4,265 July 4,478 August 4,804 September 4,913 October 5,324 November 5,107 December 5,202 <Td_colspan="6"> and that half measures were futile , retreating to the Siegfriedstellung was unavoidable . After the loss of a considerable amount of ground around the Ancre valley to the British Fifth Army in February 1917 , the German armies on the Somme were ordered on 14 February , to withdraw to reserve lines closer to Bapaume . A further retirement to the Hindenburg Line ( Siegfriedstellung ) in Operation Alberich began on 16 March 1917 , despite the new line being unfinished and poorly sited in some places . The British and French had advanced about 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) on the Somme , on a front of 16 mi ( 26 km ) at a cost of 419,654 to 432,000 British and about 200,000 French casualties , against 465,181 to 500,000 or perhaps even 600,000 German casualties . Until the 1930s the dominant view of the battle in English - language writing was that the battle was a hard - fought victory against a brave , experienced and well - led opponent . Winston Churchill had objected to the way the battle was being fought in August 1916 , Lloyd George when Prime Minister criticised attrition warfare frequently and condemned the battle in his post-war memoirs . In the 1930s a new orthodoxy of `` mud , blood and futility '' emerged and gained more emphasis in the 1960s when the 50th anniversaries of the Great War battles were commemorated . Transport Until 1916 , transport arrangements for the BEF were based on an assumption that the war of movement would soon resume and make it pointless to build infrastructure , since it would be left behind . The British relied on motor transport from railheads which was insufficient where large masses of men and guns were concentrated . When the Fourth Army advance resumed in August , the wisdom of not building light railways which would be left behind was argued by some , in favour of building standard gauge lines . Experience of crossing the beaten zone showed that such lines or metalled roads could not be built quickly enough to sustain an advance , and that pausing while communications caught up allowed the defenders to recover . On the Somme the daily carry during attacks on a 12 mi ( 19 km ) front was 20,000 long tons ( 20,000 t ) and a few wood roads and rail lines were inadequate for the number of lorries and roads . A comprehensive system of transport was needed , which required a much greater diversion of personnel and equipment than had been expected . Casualties Main article : World War I casualties Somme casualties Nationality Total casualties Killed & missing POW United Kingdom 350,000 + - - Canada 24,029 - - Australia 23,000 < 200 New Zealand 7,408 - - South Africa 3,000 + - - Newfoundland 2,000 + - - Total British Commonwealth 419,654 95,675 - French 204,253 50,756 - Total Allied 623,907 146,431 - <Td_colspan="4"> Germany 465,000 -- 600,000 164,055 38,000 The Battle of the Somme was one of the costliest battles of World War I . The original Allied estimate of casualties on the Somme , made at the Chantilly Conference on 15 November 1916 , was 485,000 British and French casualties and 630,000 German . As one German officer wrote , Somme . The whole history of the world can not contain a more ghastly word . -- Friedrich Steinbrecher In 1931 , Wendt published a comparison of German and British - French casualties which showed an average of 30 percent more Allied casualties than German losses on the Somme . In the first 1916 volume of the British Official History ( 1932 ) , J.E. Edmonds wrote that comparisons of casualties were inexact , because of different methods of calculation by the belligerents but that British casualties were 419,654 , from total British casualties in France in the period of 498,054 , French Somme casualties were 194,451 and German casualties were c. 445,322 , to which should be added 27 percent for woundings , which would have been counted as casualties using British criteria ; Anglo - French casualties on the Somme were over 600,000 and German casualties were under 600,000 . The addition by Edmonds of c. 30 percent to German figures , to make them comparable to British criteria , was criticised as `` spurious '' by M.J. Williams in 1964 . McRandle and Quirk in 2006 cast doubt on the Edmonds calculations but counted 729,000 German casualties on the Western Front from July to December against 631,000 by Churchill , concluding that German losses were fewer than Anglo - French casualties but the ability of the German army to inflict disproportionate losses had been eroded by attrition . Sheffield wrote that the calculation by Edmonds of Anglo - French casualties was correct but the one for German casualties was discredited , quoting the official German figure of 500,000 casualties . In the second 1916 volume of the British Official History ( 1938 ) , Miles wrote that total German casualties in the battle were 660,000 -- 680,000 , against Anglo - French casualties of fewer than 630,000 , using `` fresh data '' from the French and German official accounts . Western Front casualties July -- December 1916 Month Casualties July 196,081 August 75,249 September 115,056 October 66,852 November 46,238 December 13,803 Total British 513,289 French c . 434,000 Total : Anglo - French c . 947,289 German c . 719,000 Grand total c . 1,666,289 <Td_colspan="4"> In 1938 , Churchill wrote that the Germans had suffered 270,000 casualties against the French , between February and June 1916 and 390,000 between July and the end of the year ( see statistical tables in Appendix J of Churchill 's World Crisis ) with 278,000 casualties at Verdun . Some losses must have been in quieter sectors but many must have been inflicted by the French at the Somme . Churchill wrote that Franco - German losses at the Somme , were `` much less unequal '' than the Anglo - German ratio . During the Battle of the Somme German forces suffered 537,919 casualties , of which 338,011 losses were inflicted by the French and 199,908 losses by the British . In turn German forces inflicted 794,238 casualties on the Entente . Doughty wrote that French losses on the Somme were `` surprisingly high '' at 202,567 men , 54 % of the 377,231 casualties at Verdun . Prior and Wilson used Churchill 's research and wrote that the British lost 432,000 soldiers from 1 July -- mid-November ( c. 3,600 per day ) in inflicting c . 230,000 German casualties and offer no figures for French casualties or the losses they inflicted on the Germans . Sheldon wrote that the British lost `` over 400,000 '' casualties . Harris wrote that total British losses were c. 420,000 , French casualties were over 200,000 men and German losses were c. 500,000 , according to the `` best '' German sources . Sheffield wrote that the losses were `` appalling '' , with 419,000 British casualties , c. 204,000 French and perhaps 600,000 German casualties . In a commentary on the debate about Somme casualties , Philpott used Miles 's figures of 419,654 British casualties and the French official figures of 154,446 Sixth Army losses and 48,131 Tenth Army casualties . German losses were described as `` disputed '' , ranging from 400,000 -- 680,000 . Churchill 's claims were a `` snapshot '' of July 1916 and not representative of the rest of the battle . Philpott called the `` blood test '' a crude measure compared to manpower reserves , industrial capacity , farm productivity and financial resources and that intangible factors were more influential on the course of the war . The German army was exhausted by the end of 1916 , with loss of morale and the cumulative effects of attrition and frequent defeats causing it to collapse in 1918 , a process which began on the Somme , echoing Churchill that the German soldiery was never the same again . Subsequent operations Ancre , January -- March 1917 Main article : Operations on the Ancre , January -- March 1917 After the Battle of the Ancre ( 13 -- 18 November 1916 ) , British attacks on the Somme front were stopped by the weather and military operations by both sides were mostly restricted to survival in the rain , snow , fog , mud fields , waterlogged trenches and shell - holes . As preparations for the offensive at Arras continued , the British attempted to keep German attention on the Somme front . British operations on the Ancre from 10 January -- 22 February 1917 , forced the Germans back 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) on a 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) front , ahead of the schedule of the Alberich Bewegung ( Alberich Manoeuvre / Operation Alberich ) and eventually took 5,284 prisoners . On 22 / 23 February , the Germans fell back another 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) on a 15 mi ( 24 km ) front . The Germans then withdrew from much of the R. I Stellung to the R. II Stellung on 11 March , forestalling a British attack , which was not noticed by the British until dark on 12 March ; the main German withdrawal from the Noyon salient to the Hindenburg Line ( Operation Alberich ) commenced on schedule on 16 March . Battle of the Somme British , French and German casualties July -- November 1916 Month British French Sub - total German ( % of Allied total ) July 158,786 49,859 208,645 103,000 49.4 August 58,085 18,806 76,891 68,000 88.4 September 101,313 76,147 177,460 140,000 78.9 October 57,722 37,626 95,348 78,500 82.3 November 39,784 20,129 59,913 45,000 75.0 Total 415,690 202,567 618,257 434,500 70.3 Hindenburg line Main article : Operation Alberich Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition , the garrisons were exhausted and censors of correspondence from front - line soldiers reported tiredness and low morale . The situation left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle . The German defence of the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks , which on 28 January 1917 caused Rupprecht to urge that the retirement to the Siegfriedstellung ( Hindenburg Line ) begin . Ludendorff rejected the proposal next day but British attacks on the First Army , particularly the Action of Miraumont ( also known as the Battle of Boom Ravine , 17 -- 18 February ) caused Rupprecht on the night of 22 February to order a preliminary withdrawal of c. 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) to the R. I Stellung ( R. I Position ) . On 24 February the Germans withdrew , protected by rear guards , over roads in relatively good condition which were then destroyed . The German withdrawal was helped by a thaw , which turned roads behind the British front into bogs and by disruption to the railways which supplied the Somme front . On the night of 12 March the Germans withdrew from the R. I Stellung between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit and the British reached the R. II Stellung ( R. II Position ) on 13 March . Commemoration See also : Thiepval Memorial The Royal British Legion with the British Embassy in Paris and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , commemorate the battle on 1 July each year , at the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme . For their efforts on the first day of the battle , The 1st Newfoundland Regiment was given the name `` The Royal Newfoundland Regiment '' by George V on 28 November 1917 . The first day of the Battle of the Somme is commemorated in Newfoundland , remembering the `` Best of the Best '' at 11 am on the Sunday nearest to 1 July . The Somme is remembered in Northern Ireland due to the participation of the 36th ( Ulster ) Division and commemorated by veterans ' groups and by unionist / Protestant groups such as the Orange Order . The British Legion and others commemorate the battle on 1 July . Thiepval Memorial to the British Missing of the Somme On 1 July 2016 , at 7 : 28 am British Summer Time , the UK observed a two minute silence to mark the start of the battle which began 100 years earlier . A special ceremony was broadcast on BBC1 and all BBC radio stations participated in the silence . At the start of the silence , the King 's Troop , Royal Horse Artillery fired a gun every four seconds for one hundred seconds and a whistle was blown to end it . Just like a Remembrance Sunday silence , a bugler played The Last Post after the silence . The silence was announced during a speech by the Prime Minister David Cameron who said , `` There will be a national two - minute silence on Friday morning . I will be attending a service at the Thiepval Memorial near the battlefield , and it 's right that the whole country pauses to remember the sacrifices of all those who fought and lost their lives in that conflict . '' On 1 July 2016 , a ceremony was held in Heaton Park in north Manchester in England . Heaton Park was the site of a large army training camp during the war . Across Britain on 1 July 2016 , 1400 actors dressed in replica World War I - period British Army uniforms walked about in streets and public open areas , from 7 am to 7 pm . Each took on temporarily the identity of a British soldier who died on the first day of the Somme , and handed out information cards about that soldier . They did not talk , except for occasionally singing `` We 're here because we 're here '' to the tune of Auld Lang Syne . This event was called `` Ghost Soldiers '' . Historiography The Battle of the Somme has been called the beginning of modern all - arms warfare , during which Kitchener 's Army learned to fight the mass - industrial war in which the continental armies had been engaged for two years . This view sees the British contribution to the battle as part of a coalition war and part of a process , which took the strategic initiative from the German Army and caused it irreparable damage , leading to its collapse in late 1918 . Haig and General Rawlinson have been criticised ever since 1916 for the human cost of the battle and for failing to achieve their territorial objectives . On 1 August 1916 Winston Churchill criticised the British Army 's conduct of the offensive to the British Cabinet , claiming that though the battle had forced the Germans to end their offensive at Verdun , attrition was damaging the British armies more than the German armies . Though Churchill was unable to suggest an alternative , a critical view of the British on the Somme has been influential in English - language writing ever since . As recently as 2016 , historian Peter Barton argued in a series of three television programmes that the Battle of the Somme should be regarded as a German defensive victory . A rival conclusion by some historians ( Terraine , Sheffield , Duffy , Chickering , Herwig and Philpott et al . ) is that there was no strategic alternative for the British in 1916 and that an understandable horror at British losses is insular , given the millions of casualties borne by the French and Russian armies since 1914 . This school of thought sets the battle in a context of a general Allied offensive in 1916 and notes that German and French writing on the battle puts it in a continental perspective . Little German and French writing on this topic has been translated , leaving much of the continental perspective and detail of German and French military operations inaccessible to the English - speaking world . In current secondary education , the Battle of the Somme is barely mentioned in German school curricula , while it features prominently in the United Kingdom . In many British schools , variations of the question Does Haig deserve to be called ' The Butcher Of The Somme ' ? ( Year 9 ) or To what extent can Sir Douglas Haig be considered either a butcher or a hero of the First World War ? ( GCSE ) are used to teach pupils historical empathy , evaluation and argumentative writing skills . See also World War I portal List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in the Somme Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme List of Canadian battles during the First World War Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Sheldon 2005 , p. 398 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield 2011 , pp. 194 , 197 . ^ Jump up to : Philpott 2009 , pp. 602 -- 603 . ^ Jump up to : Doughty 2005 , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2008 , p. 271 . ^ Jump up to : Wendt 1931 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` Battle of the Somme was probably worst ever military disaster '' . examiner.co.uk . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` The Lessons of the Somme '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Hart 2006 , pp. 27 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Hart 2006 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2005 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , pp. 81 , 86 . Jump up ^ Foley 2007 , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Foley 2007 , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Wynne 1939 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , pp. 412 -- 413 . Jump up ^ Dowling 2008 , pp. xv , 163 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Simpson 2001 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2005 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Wynne 1939 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 21 , 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Wynne 1939 , pp. 100 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 41 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 79 -- 85 . Jump up ^ McMullin 2006 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 94 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 98 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 112 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , pp. 458 -- 459 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , pp. 447 -- 456 & 460 -- 466 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , pp. 476 -- 477 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 1995 , pp. 148 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , pp. 570 -- 572 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , pp. 150 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield 2003 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1932 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Prior & Wilson 2005 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield 2003 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , pp. 436 -- 437 . Jump up ^ Duffy 2006 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2009 , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2009 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Henniker 2009 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2009 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1938 , p. xv . ^ Jump up to : Prior & Wilson 2005 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Bond 2002 , pp. 1 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Henniker 2009 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Boraston 1919 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jon E. A Brief History of the First World War : Eyewitness Accounts of the War to End All Wars . 1914 -- 18 , Hachette UK , 2014 . P. 154 Jump up ^ Edmonds 1932 , pp. 496 -- 497 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , pp. 601 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2003 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Miles 1938 , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1938 , p. 1423 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , pp. 600 -- 602 . ^ Jump up to : Churchill 1938 , pp. 1427 , 1004 . Jump up ^ Boraston 1919 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Falls 1940 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Falls 1940 , pp. 95 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Steele 2003 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Steele 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2010 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Wilcock , David . `` Battle of the Somme to be commemorated with two - minute silence '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Saturday 2 July 2016 , bottom of page 1 , with photograph . Jump up ^ On the German historiography see Foley , Robert T. ( 2011 ) . `` Learning War 's Lessons : The German Army and the Battle of the Somme 1916 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Military History . 75 ( 2 ) : 471 -- 504 . ISSN 1543 - 7795 . Jump up ^ On the French historiography see Philpott , William ( 2009 ) . Bloody Victory : The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century . London : Little Brown . ISBN 9781408701089 . , and Greenhalgh , Elizabeth ( July 2003 ) . `` Flames over the Somme : A Retort to William Philpott '' . War in History . 10 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 342 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . Jump up ^ On British historiography see Philpott , William ( 2006 ) . `` The Anglo -- French Victory on the Somme '' . Diplomacy & Statecraft. 17 ( 4 ) : 731 -- 751 . ISSN 1557 - 301X . , Deverell , Christopher ( Spring 2005 ) . `` X . Haig versus Rawlinson - Manoeuvre versus Attrition : The British Army on the Somme , 1916 '' . Defense Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 124 -- 137 . OCLC 55201531 . , and Coleman , Joseph ( 2014 ) . `` Historiographical Essay on the Battle of the Somme '' . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Somme from the German side of the wire ( From The Northern Echo ) '' . Thenorthernecho.co.uk . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Terraine 1963 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2001 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Duffy 2006 , pp. 324 , 327 . Jump up ^ Chickering 1998 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Herwig 1996 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Philpott 2009 , p. 625 . Jump up ^ For examples , see here , access date 9 August 2016 . References Books Bond , B. ( 2002 ) . The Unquiet Western Front : Britain 's Role in Literature and History . London : CUP . ISBN 0 - 52180 - 995 - 9 . Boraston , J.H. ( 1920 ) ( 1919 ) . Sir Douglas Haig 's Despatches ( repr . ed . ) . London : Dent . OCLC 633614212 . Churchill , W.S. ( 1923 -- 1931 ) . The World Crisis ( Odhams 1938 ed . ) . London : Thornton Butterworth . OCLC 4945014 . Chickering , R. ( 2004 ) ( 1998 ) . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : CUP . ISBN 0 - 52154 - 780 - 6 . Doughty , R.A. ( 2005 ) . Pyrrhic Victory : French Strategy and Operation in the Great War . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University . ISBN 0 - 67401 - 880 - X . Dowling , T. ( 2008 ) . The Brusilov Offensive . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35130 - 8 . Duffy , C. ( 2006 ) . Through German Eyes : The British and the Somme 1916 ( Phoenix 2007 ed . ) . London : Weidenfeld & Nicholson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2202 - 9 . Edmonds , J.E. ( 1993 ) ( 1932 ) . Military Operations France and Belgium , 1916 : Sir Douglas Haig 's Command to the 1st July : Battle of the Somme . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I ( Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed . ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 89839 - 185 - 7 . Falls , C. ( 1992 ) ( 1940 ) . Military Operations France and Belgium 1917 : The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I ( Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 0 - 89839 - 180 - 6 . Foley , R.T. ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . German Strategy and the Path to Verdun : Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition , 1870 -- 1916 ( pbk . ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 04436 - 3 . Harris , J.P. ( 2009 ) ( 2008 ) . Douglas Haig and the First World War ( repr . ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89802 - 7 . Hart , P. ( 2006 ) . The Somme . London : Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36735 - 1 . Henniker , A.M. ( 2009 ) ( 1937 ) . Transportation on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence ( Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84574 - 765 - 7 . Herwig , H. ( 1996 ) . The First World War : Germany and Austria - Hungary 1914 -- 1918 . London : Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 0 - 34057 - 348 - 1 . McCarthy , C. ( 1995 ) ( 1993 ) . The Somme : The Day - by - Day Account ( Arms & Armour Press ed . ) . London : Weidenfeld Military . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 330 - 4 . Miles , W. ( 1992 ) ( 1938 ) . Military Operations France and Belgium , 1916 : 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II ( Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed . ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 901627 - 76 - 3 . Philpott , W. ( 2009 ) . Bloody Victory : The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century . London : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4087 - 0108 - 9 . Prior , R. ; Wilson , T. ( 2005 ) . The Somme . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10694 - 7 . Sheffield , G. ( 2002 ) ( 2001 ) . Forgotten Victory , The First World War : Myths and Realities ( Review ed . ) . London : Hodder Headline . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 6460 - 0 . Richardson , M. ( 2016 ) . Eyewitness on the Somme 1916 . Casemate Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 781 - 59299 - 1 . Sheffield , G. ( 2003 ) . The Somme . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36649 - 8 . Sheffield , G. ( 2011 ) . The Chief : Douglas Haig and the British Army . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 691 - 8 . Sheldon , J. ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . The German Army on the Somme 1914 -- 1916 ( Pen & Sword Military ed . ) . London : Leo Cooper . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 269 - 3 . Sheldon , J. ( 2009 ) . The German Army at Cambrai . Barnsley : Pen & Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 944 - 4 . Simpson , A. ( 2001 ) . The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914 -- 18 ( 2005 ed . ) . London : Spellmount . ISBN 1 - 86227 - 292 - 1 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Steele , O.W. ( 2003 ) . Facey - Crowther , D.R. , ed . Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment : Diary and Letters . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2428 - 2 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Terraine , J. ( 2005 ) ( 1963 ) . Douglas Haig : The Educated Soldier ( repr . ed . ) . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35319 - 1 . Wendt , H.L. ( 1931 ) . Verdun 1916 Die Angriffe Falkenhayns im Maasgebiet mit Richtung auf Verdun als strategisches Problem ( Verdun 1916 The attacks by Falkenhayn in the Meuse area towards Verdun as a strategic question ) ( in German ) . Berlin : Mittler . OCLC 503838028 . Wynne , G.C. ( 1976 ) ( 1939 ) . If Germany Attacks : The Battle in Depth in the West ( Greenwood Press , NY ed . ) . London : Faber . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 5029 - 9 . Journals Robinson , H. ( 2010 ) . `` Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict : First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles '' . 20th Century British History . XXI ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1093 / tcbh / hwp047 . ISSN 1477 - 4674 . Websites McMullin , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Disaster at Fromelles '' . Wartime Magazine . AU : Australian War Memorial . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . `` The South Africans at Delville Wood '' . Military History Journal ( S Afr MHJ ) . The South African Military History Society . ISSN 0026 - 4016 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . `` The Somme in Oral Histories of the First World War : Veterans 1914 -- 1918 '' . Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada . OCLC 439730254 . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . Further reading Ball , S. ( 2004 ) . The Guardsmen : Harold Macmillan , Three Friends , and The World They Made . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 653163 - 0 . Buchan , J. ( 1917 ) . The Battle of the Somme . New York : George H. Doran . OCLC 699175025 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Dugmore , A.R. ( 2014 ) . Blood in the Trenches : A Memoir of the Battle of the Somme . Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78346 - 311 - 4 . Gilbert , M. ( 2006 ) ( 1994 ) . The Somme : Heroism and Horror in the First World War ( repr . ed . ) . Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 8127 - 5 . Green , A. ( 2003 ) . Writing the Great War : Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915 -- 1948 . London : Frank Cass . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8430 - 9 . Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty - One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . Washington : United States Army , American Expeditionary Forces , Intelligence Section . 1920 . ISBN 5 - 87296 - 917 - 1 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . James , E.A. ( 1990 ) ( 1924 ) . A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914 -- 1918 ( London Stamp Exchange ed . ) . Aldershot : Gale & Polden . ISBN 978 - 0 - 948130 - 18 - 2 . Jones , H.A. ( 2002 ) ( 1928 ) . The War in the Air , Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force . II ( N & M Press ed . ) . London : Clarendon Press . ISBN 1 - 84342 - 413 - 4 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Keegan , J. ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Random House . ISBN 0 - 09 - 180178 - 8 . Liddell Hart , B.H. ( 1932 ) . Foch : The Man of Orleans . Boston , Little , Brown . OCLC 16161900 . Liddell Hart , B.H. ( 1973 ) ( 1970 ) . History of the First World War ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Book Club Associates . OCLC 819218074 . Masefield , J. ( 1917 ) . The Old Front Line . New York City : Macmillan . OCLC 1183536 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . MacDonald , L. ( 1983 ) . Somme 1916 . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017867 - 8 . McLaughlin , P. ( 1980 ) . Ragtime Soldiers : the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War . Bulawayo : Books of Zimbabwe . ISBN 0 - 86920 - 232 - 4 . Middlebrook , M. ( 1971 ) . The First Day on the Somme . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 139071 - 9 . Neillands , R. ( 2004 ) . The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 . Magpie Books . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 863 - 3 . Mitchell , S.B.T. ( 2013 ) . An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front , 1916 -- 1918 ( pdf ) ( PhD ) . University of Birmingham . OCLC 894593861 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Nicholson , G.W.L. ( 1962 ) . Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914 -- 1919 ( PDF ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer and Controller of Stationary . OCLC 557523890 . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Nomenclature Committee as Approved by Army Council ( 1994 ) ( 1922 ) . Report of the Battles of the Somme ( Cmnd 1138 ) ( N & M Press ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 1 - 84342 - 196 - 8 . Prior , R. ( 1999 ) . The First World War ( 1st ed . ) . London : Cassel . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35984 - X . Prior , R. ; Wilson , T. ( 2005 ) . The Somme ( 1st ed . ) . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10694 - 7 . Recouly , R. ( 1920 ) . Jones , Mary Cadwalader , ed . Foch , The Winner of The War . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . OCLC 2036520 . Regan , G. ( 1993 ) . The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders . London : Guinness Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 728 - 2 . Robertshaw , A. ( 2006 ) . Somme 1 July 1916 : Tragedy and Triumph . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 038 - 2 . Sacco , J. ( 2013 ) . The Great War : July 1 , 1916 : The First Day of the Battle of the Somme . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 08880 - 9 . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( 1st ed . ) . London : HMSO. 1922 . OCLC 1318955 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Watson , A. ( 2008 ) . Enduring the Great War : Combat , Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies , 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge Military Histories . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 52188 - 101 - 3 . Wilkinson , R. ( 2006 ) . Pals on the Somme 1916 . Barnsley : Pen & Sword . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 393 - 2 . OCLC 64746633 . van Hartsveldt , Fred R. ( 1996 ) . The Battles of the Somme : Historiography and Annotated Bibliography . London and Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29386 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of the Somme . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Battle of the Somme Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Battle of the Somme '' dated 31 January 2009 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Battle of the Somme Personnel Records Battle of the Somme , maps and photo essay The British Army in the Great War : The Battles of the Somme , 1916 New Zealand and the Battle of the Somme Peronne Great War Historial The Somme -- Northern Ireland Remembers Official website of Delville Wood Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battle , 24 June -- 26 November 1916 , Below F. , pp. 77 -- 143 ( 1917 ) CWGC : 1916 : The Somme <Th_colspan="2"> World War I <Td_colspan="2"> Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak <Td_colspan="2"> Portal GND : 4181782 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&oldid=826089567 '' Categories : Battle of the Somme Battles of the Western Front ( World War I ) 1916 in France Conflicts in 1916 Tunnel warfare in World War I Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving Canada Battles of World War I involving Germany Battles of World War I involving France Battles of World War I involving New Zealand Battles of World War I involving South Africa Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Battles involving the French Foreign Legion November 1916 events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2017 EngvarB from February 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 03 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Battle of the Somme
2. World War I
3. Western Front
4. British Empire
5. German Empire
|
7,911,983,875,133,223,000 |
which of these cities is located in nigeria
|
List of cities in Nigeria - wikipedia List of cities in Nigeria Map of Nigeria Kano , Kano State , second most populous city by census 2006 Port Harcourt City Center , Rivers State , third most populous Ibadan , Oyo State , fourth most populous This is a list of cities in Nigeria . Cities in bold are among the fourteen most populous in the country : Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Cities ( edit ) Aba Abakaliki Abeokuta Abonnema Abuja Ado Ekiti Akpawfu Akure Asaba Awka Bauchi Benin City Birnin Kebbi Buguma Calabar Dutse Eket Enugu Gombe Gusau Ibadan Ife Ikeja Ikirun Ikot - Abasi Ikot Ekpene Ilorin Jalingo Jimeta Jos Kabba Kaduna Kano Katsina Karu Kumariya Lafia Lagos Lekki Lokoja Maiduguri Makurdi Minna Nnewi Nsukka Offa Ogbomoso Onitsha Okene Ogaminana Omu - Aran Oron Oshogbo Owerri Owo Orlu Oyo Port Harcourt Potiskum Sokoto Suleja Umuahia Uyo Warri Wukari Yenagoa Yola Zaria See also ( edit ) List of Nigerian cities by population References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Official Gazette of Rivers State of Nigeria No. 16 , published in Port Harcourt on the 25th of August 1983 Further reading ( edit ) William R. Bascom ( 1962 ) , `` Some Aspects of Yoruba Urbanism '' , American Anthropologist , doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1962.64. 4.02 a00010 -- via California Digital Library Latest Political News in Nigeria Cities External links ( edit ) Media related to Cities in Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> Capital punishment Child marriage Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Polygamy Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Women Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria , Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Portal <Th_colspan="2"> List of cities in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Nigeria&oldid=850083774 '' Categories : Lists of cities in Nigeria Cities in Nigeria Populated places in Nigeria Lists of cities by country Nigeria geography - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bahasa Banjar Boarisch Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 13 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. List of cities in Nigeria
2. Populous cities in Nigeria
3. Kano, second most populous city in Nigeria
4. Port Harcourt, third most populous city in Nigeria
5. Ibadan, fourth most populous city in Nigeria
|
-5,731,001,556,051,765,000 |
who sings the song only know your lover when you let her go
|
Let Her Go - wikipedia Let Her Go Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Let Her Go ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Let Her Go '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Passenger <Th_colspan="2"> from the album All the Little Lights Released 24 July 2012 Format CD single digital download Recorded Linear Recording , Sydney , March 2011 Genre Folk pop Length 4 : 13 ( album version ) 3 : 37 ( radio edit ) Label Embassy of Music Black Crow Sony ( distribution ) Nettwerk Songwriter ( s ) Mike Rosenberg Producer ( s ) Mike Rosenberg Chris Vallejo <Th_colspan="2"> Passenger singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Wrong Direction '' ( 2012 ) `` Let Her Go '' ( 2012 ) `` Holes '' ( 2013 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Wrong Direction '' ( 2012 ) `` Let Her Go '' ( 2012 ) `` Holes '' ( 2013 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Let Her Go '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> 18 - second sample from Passenger 's Let Her Go file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Let Her Go '' is a song written and recorded by English singer - songwriter Passenger . It was recorded at Sydney 's Linear Recording and co-produced by Mike Rosenberg and Chris Vallejo . The recording features Australian musicians Stu Larsen , Georgia Mooney , Stu Hunter , Cameron Undy , and Glenn Wilson . `` Let Her Go '' was released in July 2012 as the second single from Passenger 's fourth album , All the Little Lights . The song has achieved international success , topping the charts in many countries around the world , and has sold over 1 million digital copies in the UK , and over 4 million in the US as of July 2014 . In 2014 , the song was nominated for the Brit Award for British Single of the Year , and won Passenger the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Most Performed Work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Let It Go 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Cover versions 7 In popular culture 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 See also 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) The lyrics of the song are poetic and melancholic , describing the regrets associated with ending a relationship . The chorus describes situations in which one does not appreciate what he / she has until it is gone , and relates this to love . The verses give detailed scenes involving a heartbroken man dealing with his breakup . The song intro is inspired by the outro of The Red Hot Chili Peppers song `` Slow Cheetah '' . `` Let Her Go '' is driven by a chorus which is repeated five times throughout the song . The second half of the final chorus is performed a cappella . Including acoustic guitar and vocals from Rosenberg , backing vocals , piano , drums , bass , and strings , the song is instrumentally diverse . The song is performed in the key of G major , played with a capo on the seventh fret of the guitar . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Let Her Go '' was released in July 2012 as the second single from Passenger 's third album All the Little Lights . The song became a hit first in the Netherlands after Dave , a Dutch fan , e-mailed Passenger expressing his wish to introduce the song to some Dutch radio stations , claiming it could be a hit there . This resulted in the song trending on Dutch stations and finding enormous commercial success with the Dutch public . The song became a hit first in the Netherlands , reaching number two in the Dutch Top 40 in November 2012 and spending a total of four non-consecutive weeks at that position . Since 2013 , and after initial success in the Netherlands , `` Let Her Go '' has reached number - one in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Luxembourg , Mexico , New Zealand , Norway , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland , number two in the UK Singles Chart , number five in the US on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Billboard Hot Rock Songs , making it his first international success . The song has sold over 1 million digital copies in the UK , and over 4 million in the US as of July 2014 . Let it Go ( edit ) Passenger admitted in an August 2016 interview on The Project that the song is frequently confused with `` Let It Go , '' Idina Menzel 's 2013 hit single from the Disney film Frozen . As a result , he `` always '' receives song requests for the latter , even though it is not his song . Music video ( edit ) The music video was uploaded on July 25 , 2012 , directed and produced by the Australian video artist Dave Jensen and Tavic . It shows the stage being prepared for a Passenger concert , with footage of Passenger performance with his backing band and shots of the audience present reacting . As of May 2018 , the video has received over 1.8 billion views on the video - sharing website YouTube , making it the 25th most viewed video of all time on the site . It also makes the list of most liked YouTube videos with over 6.9 million likes . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Digital promo No . Title Length 1 . `` Let Her Go '' 4 : 13 <Th_colspan="3"> CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Album Version ) 4 : 12 2 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 27 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Let Her Go '' 4 : 13 2 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 27 3 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Live Version ) 4 : 05 Cover versions ( edit ) Taylor Henderson , the runner - up of the fifth season of The X Factor Australia , performed it during the show . He also covered it in his debut self - titled album released through Sony Music Australia on 29 November 2013 . The album debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association . In October 2013 , a piano - driven version of the track was sung by young Italian singer Violetta Zironi during season 7 of the Italian version of The X Factor . The track was also recorded and included in her debut EP Dimmi che non passa released in December 2013 . British singer Birdy recorded a cover version called `` Let Him Go '' in 2013 on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . It was also covered by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation on the album Hydra ( iTunes version ) in 2014 and The Q - Music Sessions , as well as by Jasmine Thompson on the album Bundle of Tantrums . An unreleased acoustic version of the song was donated to support college radio in the USA on the 2013 College Radio Day Vol. 2 album . The song was limited to being on only the CD version of the album ( only 1,500 copies have been pressed ) . In February 2014 , a club remix of the song was released by Swedish DJ and producer Avicii featuring Passenger 's vocals . It has also been remixed by French DJ David Guetta and Norwegian producer Kygo . In August 2014 , Glen Templeton made a country cover of the song . In October 2014 , Bulgarian singer Maria released a song with , also Bulgarian singer , Azis called : `` Чуй ме '' ( Chuy Me , Hear Me ) . The original version had an intro that featured Let Her Go , but later on was officially edited due to copyright , and now the song has a different tone at the beginning . Internationally known rapper B - Flo sampled the song on the single ( also titled `` Let Her Go '' ) on his second solo album , Floville , made in 2014 . In popular culture ( edit ) `` Let Her Go '' was used in a Budweiser commercial shown during Super Bowl XLVIII . It was used also in the season 7 finale of the Canadian Show Heartland as the send - off song . The intro and first half of the first verse were used in the UK television show , Stella in episode 7 of series 3 . A cover version by British singer Jasmine Thompson was used in the eleventh episode of the sixteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . It was used in The Vampire Diaries ' 100th episode . On the popular streaming website Twitch , a remix of the song ( a troll version ) is frequently used on streams by watchers trying to annoy the streamers . The song is also as a playable track in Guitar Hero Live . Bluegrass band The Travelin ' McCourys recorded the song at Nashville studio the Butcher Shoppe , releasing the version on January 13 , 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 22 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 18 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 51 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 5 South Africa ( EMA ) 5 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 33 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 61 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 5 Israel international songs ( Media Forest ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 97 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 47 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 38 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 98 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 5,057 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 5 × Platinum 200,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 4,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 <Th_colspan="3"> Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 × Platinum 10,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 20,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Format United States 24 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) Digital download Europe 5 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) United Kingdom 22 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) CD United States 29 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) Contemporary hit radio Canada 13 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kreisler , Lauren ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Passenger 's Let Her Go adds to the UK 's biggest haul of million - selling singles in 15 years ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Jason Aldean Is Back '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pakinkis , Mike ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Ivor Novello Awards 2014 : All the winners '' . Music Week . London , England : Intent Media . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brits 2014 : Nominations in full '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 January 2014 Jump up ^ Passenger live at Pinkpop 2013 - FULL SHOW - Passenger says during the Pinkpop concert in Holland after singing `` Let Her Go '' : `` You know , I wrote that song two - and - a-half years ago and put it on an album and we released the album , and for nine months , nothing happened . No one gave as * * * basically . It 's funny , we 're kind of working on the next record , saying ok cool , no problem , and this guy called Dave from Holland gave us an e-mail and he said : Look I 've heard this song `` Let Her Go '' and I want to take it to the radio here because I think here in the Netherlands it could really work and could do something . I said cool , do your thing , knock yourself up . And within two weeks , I think it got to number one and that 's kind of what started this whole crazy f * * * * * * thing . Firstly I want to thank Dave because without Dave I do n't think I 'd ever be here at all . And secondly , I want to thank you guys just for supporting me and my music before anybody else did really . So a massive massive thank you . `` Let Her Go '' is your song , thank you very very much ``. ( from 27 : 50 to 28 : 50 on the tape ) ^ Jump up to : Thwaites , Millie ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` ' That flipping film has ruined my life ' : Let Her Go singer Passenger says Frozen and its signature track Let It Go are the bane of his existence '' . Daily Mail Australia . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online Creative Portfolios and Creative Jobs - The Loop '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Birdy - Let Her Go ( Passenger ) in the Live Lounge '' . BBC . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home - College Radio Day Records '' . Wearecollegeradio.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House Let Her Go ( Avicii Remix ) by Passenger '' . The Most Unreal Beats . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Country Version of Passenger ' Let Her Go ' - Broadway 's Electric Barnyard - Country 92 - 5 '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Budweiser Set to Charm the World With Its ' Puppy Love ' Super Bowl Ad '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201325 into search . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201419 into search . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Passenger . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger : Let Her Go '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 12 / 2013 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs - April 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 09 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger -- Let Her Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs - April 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay - November 30 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - June 1 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201327 into search . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201428 into search . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 06 - 04 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report - Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 2013 - 11 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts 2013 : Helene Fischer & Avicii vorn '' . musikmarkz.de. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Week Chart : 35 28 - 08 - 16 03 - 09 - 16 '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 20 '' . italiancharts.com . December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A Songs : 2013 ( Year - End ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 - Year End 2014 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official year - end singles charts '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 - Year End 2014 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Passenger in the field Interpret . Enter Let Her Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Passenger - Let Her Go '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Passenger ; ' Let Her Go ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones - Semana 36 : del 02.09. 2013 al 08.09. 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger - Let Get Go '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Passenger ; ' Let Her Go ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Enter Let Her Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Passenger - Let Her Go '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canciones - 29 - 12 - 2014 a 4 - 1 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at Genius <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Passenger <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums All the Little Lights ( 2012 ) Whispers ( 2014 ) Whispers II ( 2015 ) Young as the Morning , Old as the Sea ( 2016 ) The Boy Who Cried Wolf ( 2017 ) Singles `` Let Her Go '' `` Holes '' `` Scare Away the Dark '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Whispers '' `` Somebody 's Love '' `` Anywhere '' Associated acts Passenger Wicked Man 's Rest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Her_Go&oldid=842476701 '' Categories : 2012 singles Passenger ( singer ) songs Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Belgium Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Rock ballads Folk ballads 2010s ballads Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs about betrayal Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português සිංහල Suomi Svenska Tagalog 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Let Her Go - song by Passenger
2. International success of Let Her Go
3. Lyrics and meaning of Let Her Go
4. Cover versions of Let Her Go
5. Commercial performance and chart success of Let Her Go
|
-514,057,399,357,131,650 |
7 wonders of the world pictures and definition
|
Wonders of the World - wikipedia Wonders of the World Jump to : navigation , search This article is about natural and constructed phenomena and structures of the world . For other uses of `` Wonders of the World '' , see Wonders of the World ( disambiguation ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis at Ephesus , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( also known as the Mausoleum of Mausolus ) , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as depicted by 16th - century Dutch artist Maarten van Heemskerck . Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 2 Lists from other eras 3 Recent lists 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World 3.4 New7Wonders of the World 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature 3.6 New7Wonders Cities 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World 3.9 Other lists of wonders of the world 3.10 Seven Wonders movie 3.11 Seven Wonders of the Solar System 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Seven Wonders of the ancient World Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . The classic seven wonders were : Colossus of Rhodes Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Lighthouse of Alexandria Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Lists from other eras In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . Typically representative are : Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Colosseum Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Leaning Tower of Pisa Porcelain Tower of Nanjing Stonehenge Other sites sometimes included on such lists : Cairo Citadel Cluny Abbey Ely Cathedral Taj Mahal Recent lists Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . American Society of Civil Engineers In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' : Wonder Date started Date finished Location Significance Channel Tunnel December 1 , 1987 May 6 , 1994 Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . CN Tower February 6 , 1973 June 26 , 1976 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . Empire State Building January 22 , 1930 May 1 , 1931 New York , NY , U.S. Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 . First building with 100 + stories . Golden Gate Bridge January 5 , 1933 May 27 , 1937 Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . Itaipu Dam January 1970 May 5 , 1984 Paraná River , between Brazil and Paraguay The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . Delta Works / Zuiderzee Works 1920 May 10 , 1997 Netherlands The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . Panama Canal January 1 , 1880 January 7 , 1914 Isthmus of Panama One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . USA Today 's New Seven Wonders In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . Number Wonder Location Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , China Old City of Jerusalem Jerusalem Polar ice caps Polar regions Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Hawaii , United States 5 Internet Earth 6 Mayan ruins Yucatán Peninsula , México 7 Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara Tanzania and Kenya 8 Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) Arizona , United States Seven natural Wonders of the World Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : Aurora Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef Harbor of Rio de Janeiro Mount Everest Parícutin volcano Victoria Falls New7Wonders of the World In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : Wonder Date of construction Location Great Wall of China Since 7th century BC China Petra c. 100 BC Jordan Christ the Redeemer Opened October 12 , 1931 Brazil Machu Picchu c . AD 1450 Peru Chichen Itza c . AD 600 Mexico Colosseum Completed AD 80 Italy Taj Mahal Completed c . AD 1648 India Great Pyramid of Giza ( Honorary Candidate ) Completed c. 2560 BC Egypt New7Wonders of Nature New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . Iguazu Falls Hạ Long Bay Jeju Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Komodo Amazon rainforest New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . Durban , South Africa Vigan , The Philippines Havana , Cuba Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Beirut , Lebanon Doha , Qatar La Paz , Bolivia Seven Wonders of the Underwater World The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : Palau Belize Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Deep - Sea Vents Galápagos Islands Lake Baikal Northern Red Sea Seven Wonders of the Industrial World British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : SS Great Eastern Bell Rock Lighthouse Brooklyn Bridge London sewerage system First Transcontinental Railroad Panama Canal Hoover Dam Other lists of Wonders of the World Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . Seven Wonders movie Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek list of Wonders of the World . Seven Wonders of the Solar System In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the Seven Wonders of the Solar System . This article was later made into a video . Enceladus , a moon of Saturn The Great red spot of Jupiter The Asteroid belt The surface of the Sun The Oceans of Earth The Rings of Saturn Olympus Mons on Mars See also Eighth Wonder of the World World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' National Seven Wonders Seven Wonders of Canada Seven Wonders of Colombia Seven Wonders of India Seven Wonders of Poland Seven Wonders of Portugal Seven Natural Wonders of Romania Seven Wonders of Russia Seven Wonders of Serbia Seven Wonders of Ukraine Seven Wonders of Wales 12 Treasures of Spain Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . References Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Angered at New Wonders Idea '' . Home.bellsouth.net . January 1 , 1985 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manjit Kumar ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Deborah Cadbury ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) . `` British History in depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . `` World 's top 10 man - made travel wonders '' . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . `` World 's top 10 natural travel wonders '' . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Further reading Ash , Russell , `` Great Wonders of the World '' . Dorling Kindersley. 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 Cox , Reg , and Neil Morris , `` The Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . Chelsea House Publications : Library . October 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 Cox , Reg , Neil Morris , and James Field , `` The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World '' . Chelsea House Publications : Library . October 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 D'Epiro , Peter , and Mary Desmond Pinkowish , `` What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists '' . Anchor . December 1 , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 Morris , Neil , `` The Seven Wonders of the Natural World '' . Chrysalis Books . December 30 , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . Seven Wonders of the Modern World -- a list of modern wonders compiled by the American Society of Civil Engineers 77 Wonders of the World in 360 ° A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=809781147 '' Categories : Ancient history Cultural lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2012 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 10 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
2. New Seven Wonders of the World
3. Seven Natural Wonders of the World
4. Seven Wonders of the Underwater World
5. Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
|
-9,163,645,864,652,104,000 |
what does one usually find in the 'epilogue' or conclusion of a piece of oratory
|
Epilogue - wikipedia Epilogue Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the narrative device . For other uses of `` epilogue '' and `` epilog '' , see Epilogue ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An epilogue or epilog ( from Greek ἐπίλογος epílogos , `` conclusion '' from ἐπί epi , `` in addition '' and λόγος logos , `` word '' ) is a piece of writing at the end of a work of literature , usually used to bring closure to the work . It is presented from the perspective of within the story . When the author steps in and speaks indirectly to the reader , that is more properly considered an afterword . The opposite is a prologue -- a piece of writing at the beginning of a work of literature or drama , usually used to open the story and capture interest . Some genres , for example television programs and video games , call the epilog an `` outro '' patterned on the use of `` intro '' for `` introduction '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 In literature 2 In film 3 In video gaming 4 In television 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In literature ( edit ) Illustration from Un Autre Monde epilogue , by Grandville . An epilogue is the final chapter at the end of a story that often serves to reveal the fates of the characters . Some epilogues may feature scenes only tangentially related to the subject of the story . They can be used to hint at a sequel or wrap up all the loose ends . They can occur at a significant period of time after the main plot has ended . In some cases , the epilogue is used to allow the main character a chance to `` speak freely '' . An epilogue can continue in the same narrative style and perspective as the preceding story , although the form of an epilogue can occasionally be drastically different from the overall story . It can also be used as a sequel . In film ( edit ) In films , the final scenes may feature a montage of images or clips with a short explanation of what happens to the characters . A few examples of such films are 9 to 5 , American Graffiti , National Lampoon 's Animal House , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , Four Weddings and a Funeral , Remember the Titans , and Changeling . There are many films which do not only include a few glimpses of the character 's future , but also are based on an epilogue . Most epilogues in films are shown in a dramatic fashion , usually in silence , to commemorate an important happening , for example , the fate of a character in the film . The epilogue of La La Land shows a happy ending , an alternative to the actual ending . In many documentaries and biopics , the epilogue is text - based , explaining what happened to the subjects after the events covered in the film . In video gaming ( edit ) In video gaming , epilogues can occur at the end of the story , usually after the credits have rolled . An epilogue in a game functions similarly to an epilogue in film and literature , providing closure to the end of a story . However , the way in which an epilogue is interacted with in a video game can then determine how a story ends , in works of fiction that contain multiple endings . For example , there are four possible endings to Spec Ops : The Line , and three of the endings are chosen by what the player does in the epilogue . In games that feature the permanent death of playable characters , an epilogue can chronicle what has happened to the various characters that have survived the events of the game , depicting how their situation has changed after the story has come to a conclusion . For example , the 2015 video game Until Dawn features those who survived recounting their experiences to the Police after being rescued . This system can also be expanded on . In most games of the Fire Emblem series , relationships can be built between characters , allowing for unique outcomes to happen for characters depending on the actions of the player throughout the campaign . A visual novel can also feature a type of epilogue , which will wrap up all of the scenarios encountered by a player , most often after the game has been fully completed by reaching all of the multiple endings ; as is the case with Tsukihime , featuring an epilogue that expands on the endings of all completable routes , as well as providing context for the rest of the game by explaining events in the prologue . In television ( edit ) For many years The Epilogue , a reflective 5 - minute sermonette , was the last programme of the day broadcast on a Sunday evening by BBC radio and later television . The format was picked up by the independent broadcaster ITV in 1956 and was adopted across its various franchises until 1988 . See also ( edit ) Conclusion Fortspinnung Prologue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Literary Devices : Definition and Examples of Literary Terms : Epilogue '' . Literary Devices Website . Literary Devices . 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Literary Devices : Definition and Examples of Literary Terms : Prologue '' . Literary Devices Website . Literary Devices . 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of epilogue at Wiktionary <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Book design General page layout and typography choices Fonts Front and back covers Buckram Leather Anthropodermic bibliopegy Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Dedication Epigraph Table of contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer 's mark Body matter , which may include : Body text Chapters Parts Sections Tipped - in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Appendix / Addendum Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Other elements Bookplate or ex-librīs Catchword Die cutting Fore - edge painting Pop - ups Thumb index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epilogue&oldid=832723562 '' Categories : Book design Literature Fiction Style ( fiction ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська West - Vlams 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Narrative device
2. Closure in literature
3. Epilogue in film
4. Epilogue in video gaming
5. Epilogue in television
|
8,117,410,889,689,422,000 |
the size of olympus mons suggests that the crust of mars is very thick
|
Olympus Mons - wikipedia Olympus Mons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the volcano on Mars . For other uses , see Olympus ( disambiguation ) . Olympus Mons <Td_colspan="2"> Viking 1 orbiter view of Olympus Mons with its summit caldera , escarpment and aureole Coordinates 18 ° 39 ′ N 226 ° 12 ′ E / 18.65 ° N 226.2 ° E / 18.65 ; 226.2 Coordinates : 18 ° 39 ′ N 226 ° 12 ′ E / 18.65 ° N 226.2 ° E / 18.65 ; 226.2 Tallest planetary mountain in the Solar System Peak 21,230 m ( 69,650 ft ) above datum 26 km ( 85,000 ft ) local relief 26 km ( 85,000 ft ) above plains Discoverer Mariner 9 Eponym Latin -- Mount Olympus Olympus Mons ( / əˌlɪmpəs ˈmɒnz , oʊ - , - ˈmɒns / ; Latin for Mount Olympus ) is a very large shield volcano on the planet Mars . By one measure , it has a height of nearly 22 km ( 13.6 mi or 72,000 ft ) . Olympus Mons stands about two and a half times as tall as Mount Everest 's height above sea level . It is the tallest mountain of all planets and other rounded bodies in the Solar System , and is the second tallest mountain in the Solar System overall , after Rheasilvia on the Asteroid Vesta . It is the youngest of the large volcanoes on Mars , having formed during Mars 's Hesperian Period . It is currently the largest volcano discovered in the Solar System and had been known to astronomers since the late 19th century as the albedo feature Nix Olympica ( Latin for `` Olympic Snow '' ) . Its mountainous nature was suspected well before space probes confirmed its identity as a mountain . The volcano is located in Mars 's western hemisphere at approximately 18 ° 39 ′ N 226 ° 12 ′ E / 18.65 ° N 226.2 ° E / 18.65 ; 226.2 , just off the northwestern edge of the Tharsis bulge . The western portion of the volcano lies in the Amazonis quadrangle ( MC - 8 ) and the central and eastern portions in the adjoining Tharsis quadrangle ( MC - 9 ) . Two impact craters on Olympus Mons have been assigned provisional names by the International Astronomical Union . They are the 15.6 km ( 9.7 mi ) - diameter Karzok crater ( 18 ° 25 ′ N 131 ° 55 ′ W / 18.417 ° N 131.917 ° W / 18.417 ; - 131.917 ) and the 10.4 km ( 6.5 mi ) - diameter Pangboche crater ( 17 ° 10 ′ N 133 ° 35 ′ W / 17.167 ° N 133.583 ° W / 17.167 ; - 133.583 ) . The craters are notable for being two of several suspected source areas for shergottites , the most abundant class of Martian meteorites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Geology 3 Early observations and naming 4 Regional setting and surrounding features 5 Interactive Mars map 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Horizontal comparison of Olympus Mons with France Vertical comparison of Olympus Mons with Mount Everest ( shown sea - level - to - peak ) and Mauna Kea on Earth ( measurement is sea - level to peak , not base to peak ) . As a shield volcano , Olympus Mons resembles the shape of the large volcanoes making up the Hawaiian Islands . The edifice is about 600 km ( 370 mi ) wide . Because the mountain is so large , with complex structure at its edges , allocating a height to the structure is difficult . It stands 21 km ( 13 mi ) above the Mars global datum , and its local relief , from the foot of the cliffs which form its margin to the northwest to its peak , is nearly 22 km ( 14 mi ) ( a little over twice the height of Mauna Kea as measured from its base on the ocean floor ) . The total elevation change from the plains of Amazonis Planitia , over 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) to the northwest , to the summit approaches 26 km ( 16 mi ) . The summit of the mountain has six nested calderas ( collapse craters ) forming an irregular depression 60 km ( 37 mi ) × 80 km ( 50 mi ) across and up to 3.2 km ( 2.0 mi ) deep . The volcano 's outer edge consists of an escarpment , or cliff , up to 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) tall ( although obscured by lava flows in places ) , a feature unique among the shield volcanoes of Mars . Olympus Mons covers an area approximately the size of Italy , or about 300,000 km ( 120,000 sq mi ) . Being a shield volcano , Olympus Mons has a very gently sloping profile . The average slope on the volcano 's flanks is only 5 ° . Slopes are highest near the middle part of the flanks and grow shallower toward the base , giving the flanks a concave upward profile . The shape of Olympus Mons is distinctly asymmetrical . Its flanks are shallower and extend farther from the summit in the northwestern direction than they do to the southeast . The volcano 's shape and profile have been likened to a `` circus tent '' held up by a single pole that is shifted off center . Because of the size of Olympus Mons and its shallow slopes , an observer standing on the Martian surface would be unable to view the entire profile of the volcano , even from a great distance . The curvature of the planet and the volcano itself would obscure such a synoptic view . Similarly , an observer near the summit would be unaware of standing on a very high mountain , as the slope of the volcano would extend far beyond the horizon , a mere 3 kilometers away . The typical atmospheric pressure at the top of Olympus Mons is 72 pascals , about 12 % of the average Martian surface pressure of 600 pascals . Both are exceedingly low by terrestrial standards . By comparison , the atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is 32,000 pascals , or about 32 % of Earth 's sea level pressure . Olympus Mons shows that there is a composition of 44 % silicates , 17.5 % iron oxides , giving the planet its red coloration , 7 % aluminum , 6 % magnesium , 6 % calcium , and particularly high proportions of sulfur oxide with 7 % . These results point to the fact that the surface is largely composed of basalts and other mafic rocks , which would have erupted as low viscosity lava flows and hence lead to the low gradients on the surface of the planet . After plate tectonics ceased on Mars , hotspots , which cause volcanoes such as these , remained under the same areas for a very long time , and the volcanoes kept growing . Olympus Mons is supported by a 70 km ( 43 mi ) thick lithosphere . Even so , high - altitude orographic clouds frequently drift over the Olympus Mons summit , and airborne Martian dust is still present . Although the average Martian surface atmospheric pressure is less than one percent of Earth 's , the much lower gravity on Mars increases the atmosphere 's scale height ; in other words , Mars 's atmosphere is expansive and does not drop off in density with height as sharply as Earth 's . Olympus Mons is an unlikely landing location for automated space probes in the near future . The high elevations preclude parachute - assisted landings because of insufficient atmospheric thickness to slow the spacecraft down . Moreover , Olympus Mons stands in one of the dustiest regions of Mars . A mantle of fine dust covers much of the terrain , obscuring the underlying bedrock and possibly making rock samples hard to come by . The dust layer would also likely cause severe maneuvering problems for rovers . Geology ( edit ) Mars Global Surveyor image showing lava flows of different ages at the base of Olympus Mons . The flat plain is the younger flow . The older flow has lava channels with levees along the edges . Levees are quite common on many lava flows on Mars . Olympus Mons is the result of many thousands of highly fluid , basaltic lava flows that poured from volcanic vents over a long period of time . ( The Hawaiian Islands exemplify similar shield volcanoes on a smaller scale -- see Mauna Kea . ) Lava flows on Olympus Mons with older and younger flows labeled , as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program The extraordinary size of Olympus Mons is likely because Mars lacks mobile tectonic plates . Unlike on Earth , the crust of Mars remains fixed over a stationary hotspot , and a volcano can continue to discharge lava until it reaches an enormous height . Like the basalt volcanoes on Earth , Martian basaltic volcanoes are capable of erupting enormous quantities of ash . The basalt found on Earth and Mars are very similar in composition . Due to the gravity on Mars , there are less buoyant forces on the magma rising out of the crust . Also , the magma chambers are thought to be much larger and deeper than the ones found on Earth . The flanks of Olympus Mons are made up of innumerable lava flows and lava channels . Many of the flows have levees along their margins ( pictured ) . Levees are parallel ridges formed at the edges of lava flows . The cooler , outer margins of the flow solidify , leaving a central trough of molten , flowing lava . Partially collapsed lava tubes are visible as chains of pit craters , and broad lava fans formed by lava emerging from intact , subsurface tubes are also common . In places along the volcano 's base , lava flows can be seen spilling out into the surrounding plains , forming broad aprons , and burying the basal escarpment . ( Note : Lava flows refer to both actively flowing lava and the solidified landforms they produce . The meaning here is the latter , since Mars has no active lava flows at the present time . ) Crater counts from high - resolution images taken by the Mars Express orbiter in 2004 indicate that lava flows on the northwestern flank of Olympus Mons range in age from 115 million years old ( Mya ) to only 2 Mya . These ages are very recent in geological terms , suggesting that the mountain may still be volcanically active , though in a very quiescent and episodic fashion . Calderas on the summit of Olympus Mons . The youngest calderas form circular collapse craters . Older calderas appear as semicircular segments because they are transected by the younger calderas . The caldera complex at the peak of the volcano is made of at least six overlapping calderas and caldera segments ( pictured ) . Calderas are formed by roof collapse following depletion and withdrawal of the subsurface magma chamber after an eruption . Each caldera thus represents a separate pulse of volcanic activity on the mountain . The largest and oldest caldera segment appears to have formed as a single , large lava lake . The size of a caldera is a reflection of the size of the underlying magma chamber . Using geometric relationships of caldera dimensions from laboratory models , scientists have estimated that the magma chamber associated with the largest caldera on Olympus Mons lies at a depth of about 32 km ( 105,000 ft ) below the caldera floor . Crater size - frequency distributions on the caldera floors indicate the calderas range in age from 350 Mya to about 150 Mya . All probably formed within 100 million years of each other . Olympus Mons is asymmetrical structurally as well as topographically . The longer , more shallow northwestern flank displays extensional features , such as large slumps and normal faults . In contrast , the volcano 's steeper southeastern side has features indicating compression . They include step - like terraces in the volcano 's mid-flank region ( interpreted as thrust faults ) and a number of wrinkle ridges located at the basal escarpment . Why opposite sides of the mountain should show different styles of deformation is puzzling . The answer may lie in understanding how large shield volcanoes grow laterally and on how variations within the substrate of the volcano affect the final shape of the mountain . Oblique view of Olympus Mons , from a Viking image mosaic overlain on MOLA altimetry data , showing the volcano 's asymmetry . The view is from the NNE ; vertical exaggeration is 10x . The wider , gently sloping northern flank is to the right . The more narrow and steeply sloping southern flank ( left ) has low , rounded terraces , features interpreted as thrust faults . The volcano 's basal escarpment is prominent . Large shield volcanoes grow not only by adding material to their flanks as erupted lava , but also by spreading laterally at their bases . As a volcano grows in size , the stress field underneath the volcano changes from compressional to extensional . A subterranean rift may develop at the base of the volcano , causing the underlying crust to spread apart . If the volcano rests on sediments containing mechanically weak layers ( e.g. , beds of water - saturated clay ) , detachment zones ( decollements ) may develop in the weak layers . The extensional stresses in the detachment zones can produce giant landslides and normal faults on the volcano 's flanks , leading to the formation of a basal escarpment . Further from the volcano , these detachment zones can express themselves as a succession of overlapping , gravity driven thrust faults . This mechanism has long been cited as an explanation of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits ( discussed below ) . Detailed THEMIS daytime infrared image mosaic of Olympus Mons . Olympus Mons lies at the edge of the Tharsis bulge , a vast volcanic plateau that is very ancient . The formation of Tharsis was likely complete by the end of the Noachian Period . At the time Olympus Mons began to form in Hesperian times , the volcano was located on a shallow slope that descended from the high in Tharsis into the northern lowland basins . Over time , these basins would have received large volumes of sediment eroded from Tharsis and the southern highlands . The sediments likely contained abundant Noachian - aged phyllosilicates ( clays ) formed during an early period on Mars when surface water was abundant . The sediments would be thickest in the northwest where basin depth was greatest . As the volcano grew through lateral spreading , low - friction detachment zones preferentially developed in the thicker sediment layers to the northwest , creating the basal escarpment and widespread lobes of aureole material ( Lycus Sulci ) . Spreading also occurred to the southeast ; however , it was more constrained in that direction by the Tharsis rise , which presented a higher - friction zone at the volcano 's base . Friction was higher in that direction because the sediments were thinner and probably consisted of coarser grained material resistant to sliding . The competent and rugged basement rocks of Tharsis acted as an additional source of friction . Thus , basal spreading of Olympus Mons was inhibited in the southeast direction , accounting for the structural and topographic asymmetry of the mountain . Numerical models of particle dynamics involving lateral differences in friction along the base of Olympus Mons have been shown to reproduce the volcano 's present shape and asymmetry fairly well . The detachment along the weak layers was likely aided by the presence of high - pressure water in the sediment pore spaces . This possibility has interesting astrobiological implications . If water - saturated zones still exist in sediments under the volcano , they would likely have been kept warm by a high geothermal gradient and residual heat from the volcano 's magma chamber . Potential springs or seeps around the volcano would offer exciting possibilities for detecting microbial life . Early observations and naming ( edit ) Colorized topographic map of Olympus Mons and its surrounding aureole , from the MOLA instrument of Mars Global Surveyor . Olympus Mons and a few other volcanoes in the Tharsis region stand high enough to reach above the frequent Martian dust - storms recorded by telescopic observers as early as the 19th century . The astronomer Patrick Moore pointed out that Schiaparelli ( 1835 -- 1910 ) `` had found that his Nodus Gordis and Olympic Snow ( Nix Olympica ) were almost the only features to be seen '' during dust storms , and `` guessed correctly that they must be high '' . The Mariner 9 spacecraft arrived in orbit around Mars in 1971 during a global dust - storm . The first objects to become visible as the dust began to settle , the tops of the Tharsis volcanoes , demonstrated that the altitude of these features greatly exceeded that of any mountain found on Earth , as astronomers expected . Observations of the planet from Mariner 9 confirmed that Nix Olympica was not just a mountain , but a volcano . Ultimately , astronomers adopted the name Olympus Mons for the albedo feature known as Nix Olympica . Regional setting and surrounding features ( edit ) Olympus Rupes , the northern part of Olympus Mons . Olympus Mons is located between the northwestern edge of the Tharsis region and the eastern edge of Amazonis Planitia . It stands about 1,200 km ( 750 mi ) from the other three large Martian shield volcanoes , collectively called the Tharsis Montes ( Arsia Mons , Pavonis Mons , and Ascraeus Mons ) . The Tharsis Montes are slightly smaller than Olympus Mons . A wide , annular depression or moat about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) deep surrounds the base of Olympus Mons and is thought to be due to the volcano 's immense weight pressing down on the Martian crust . The depth of this depression is greater on the northwest side of the mountain than on the southeast side . Olympus Mons is partially surrounded by a region of distinctive grooved or corrugated terrain known as the Olympus Mons aureole . The aureole consists of several large lobes . Northwest of the volcano , the aureole extends a distance of up to 750 km ( 470 mi ) and is known as Lycus Sulci ( 24 ° 36 ′ N 219 ° 00 ′ E / 24.6 ° N 219 ° E / 24.6 ; 219 ) . East of Olympus Mons , the aureole is partially covered by lava flows , but where it is exposed it goes by different names ( Gigas Sulci , for example ) . The origin of the aureole remains debated , but it was likely formed by huge landslides or gravity - driven thrust sheets that sloughed off the edges of the Olympus Mons shield . Interactive Mars map ( edit ) Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars . Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25 prominent geographic features , and click to link to them . Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations , based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA 's Mars Global Surveyor . Reds and pinks are higher elevation ( + 3 km to + 8 km ) ; yellow is 0 km ; greens and blues are lower elevation ( down to − 8 km ) . Whites ( > + 12 km ) and browns ( > + 8 km ) are the highest elevations . Axes are latitude and longitude ; Poles are not shown . ( See also : Mars Rovers map ) ( view discuss ) See also ( edit ) Geography of Mars Geology of Mars List of mountains on Mars by height List of tallest mountains in the Solar System Tharsis plateau True polar wander on Mars Volcanism on Mars References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Olympus Mons '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . USGS Astrogeology Research Program . ^ Jump up to : Neil F. Comins -- Discovering the Essential Universe ( 2012 ) . p. 148 Jump up ^ `` Olympus '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . , `` Mons '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary ... Jump up ^ `` Olympus '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . `` Mons '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . ^ Jump up to : Plescia , J.B. ( 2004 ) . `` Morphometric Properties of Martian Volcanoes '' . J. Geophys . Res. 109 : E03003 . Bibcode : 2004JGRE ... 109.3003 P . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JE002031 . Jump up ^ Patrick Moore 1977 , Guide to Mars , London ( UK ) , Cutterworth Press , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` New names on Olympus Mons '' . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Frankel , C.S. ( 2005 ) . Worlds on Fire : Volcanoes on the Earth , the Moon , Mars , Venus and Io ; Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , UK , p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80393 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Olympus Mons '' , NASA , retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mouginis - Mark , P.J. ; Harris , A.J.L. ; Rowland , S.K. ( 2007 ) . Terrestrial Analogs to the Calderas of the Tharsis Volcanoes on Mars in The Geology of Mars : Evidence from Earth - Based Analogs , M. Chapman , Ed. ; Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , UK , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Carr , Michael H. ( 11 January 2007 ) . The Surface of Mars . Cambridge University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46124 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lopes , R. ; Guest , J.E. ; Hiller , K. ; Neukum , G. ( January 1982 ) . `` Further evidence for a mass movement origin of the Olympus Mons aureole '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 87 ( B12 ) : 9917 -- 9928 . doi : 10.1029 / JB087iB12p09917 . Jump up ^ Frankel , C.S. ( 2005 ) . Worlds on Fire : Volcanoes on the Earth , the Moon , Mars , Venus and Io ; Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , UK , p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80393 - 9 . Jump up ^ ScienceDaily ( 2009 ) . Volcanic Spreading And Lateral Variations In Structure Of Olympus Mons , Mars , Feb. 15 . http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090203175343.htm . Jump up ^ Hanlon , M. ( 2004 ) . The Real Mars ; Constable & Robinson : London , p. 22 . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 637 - 1 . Jump up ^ Martian Volcanoes on HST Images How Far Could I See Standing on Olympus Mons , `` 2.37 miles '' , Jeff Beish , Former A.L.P.O. Mars Recorder Archived August 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Public Access to Standard Temperature - Pressure Profiles Standard Pressure Profiles measured by MGS Radio Science team at 27 km ( 17 mi ) range from approximately 30 to 50 Pa . Jump up ^ Late Martian Weather ! stanford.edu temperature / pressure profiles 1998 to 2005 Jump up ^ Kenneth Baillie & Alistair Simpson . `` High altitude barometric pressure '' . Apex ( Altitude Physiology Expeditions ) . Jump up ^ Hartmann , W.K. A Traveler 's Guide to Mars : The Mysterious Landscapes of the Red Planet . Workman : New York , 2003 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Layers in Olympus Mons Basal Scarp ( PSP_001432_2015 ) , High resolution imaging Science Experiment . Jump up ^ Richardson , J.W. et al. ( 2009 ) . The Relationship between Lava Fans and Tubes on Olympus Mons in the Tharsis Region , Mars . 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference , Abstract # 1527 . http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1527.pdf . Jump up ^ Martel , Linda M.V. ( 2005 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Recent Activity on Mars : Fire and Ice '' . Planetary Science Research Discoveries . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Soderblom , L.A. ; Bell , J.F. ( 2008 ) . Exploration of the Martian Surface : 1992 -- 2007 in The Martian Surface : Composition , Mineralogy , and Physical Properties , J. Bell , Ed. ; Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , UK , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Mouginis - Mark , P.J. ( 1981 ) . Late - stage Summit Activity of Martian Shield Volcanoes . Proc. 12th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference ; Houston : LPI , 12B , pp. 1431 -- 1447 . Jump up ^ `` Olympus Mons -- the caldera in close - up '' . ESA. 2004 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mouginis - Mark , P.J. ; Harris , A.J.L. ; Rowland , S.K. ( 2007 ) . Terrestrial Analogs to the Calderas of the Tharsis Volcanoes on Mars in The Geology of Mars : Evidence from Earth - Based Analogs , M. Chapman , Ed. ; Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , UK , p. 86 Jump up ^ Beddingfield , C.B. ; Burr , D.M. ( 2011 ) . Formation and Evolution of Surface and Subsurface Structures within the Large Caldera of Olympus Mons , Mars . 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . LPI : Houston , TX , Abstract # 2386 . http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2386.pdf Jump up ^ Neukum , G. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Recent and Episodic Volcanic and Glacial Activity on Mars Revealed by the High Resolution Stereo Camera '' . Nature . 432 ( 7020 ) : 971 -- 979 . PMID 15616551 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03231 . Jump up ^ Robbins , S.J. et al. ( 2010 ) . Dating The Most Recent Episodes of Volcanic Activity From Mars 's Main Volcanic Calderae ( sic ) . 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference , Abstract 2252 . http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/2252.pdf . Jump up ^ Byrne , P.K. et al. ( 2009 ) . An Overview of Volcano Flank Terraces on Mars . 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . LPI : Houston , abstract # 2192 . http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/2192.pdf . Jump up ^ Borgia , A ( 1994 ) . `` Dynamic Basis of Volcanic Spreading '' . J. Geophys . Res. 99 ( B4 ) : 17791 -- 17804 . Bibcode : 1994JGR ... 9917791B . doi : 10.1029 / 94jb00578 . ^ Jump up to : McGovern , P.J. ; Morgan , J.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Volcanic Spreading and Lateral Variations in the Structure of Olympus Mons , Mars '' . Geology. 37 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 142 . doi : 10.1130 / g25180a. 1 . Jump up ^ Francis , P.W. ; Wadge , G. ( 1983 ) . `` The Olympus Mons Aureole : Formation by Gravitational Spreading '' . J. Geophys . Res. 88 ( B10 ) : 8333 -- 8344 . Bibcode : 1983JGR ... 88.8333 F . doi : 10.1029 / jb088ib10p08333 . Jump up ^ Bibring , Jean - Pierre ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA / Mars Express Data '' . Science . 312 ( 5772 ) : 400 -- 404 . PMID 16627738 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1122659 . Jump up ^ McGovern , P.J. ( 2010 ) . Olympus Mons : A Primary Target for Martian Biology . Astrobiology Science Conference , LPI , Abstract # 5633 . http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/abscicon2010/pdf/5633.pdf . Jump up ^ Moore 1977 , Guide to Mars , p. 120 Jump up ^ Cattermole P. Mars : the Mystery Unfolds ; Oxford University Press : New York , 2001 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympus Mons . Astronomy Picture of the Day 26 May 2004 Western Flank of Olympus Mons and Aureole Volcanism on Mars ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Olympus Mons from Google Mars <Th_colspan="2"> Mars <Td_colspan="2"> Outline of Mars Geography Atmosphere Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus Hemisphere Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Features Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Geology Brain terrain Canals ( list ) Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Meteorites on Earth on Mars North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps Recurring slope lineae ( RSL ) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface `` Swiss cheese '' feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanology Water Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features Astronomy Moons Phobos Stickney crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater Transits Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Venus Mercury Asteroids Mars - crossers 2007 WD 5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF 1999 UJ 2007 NS Comets C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) ( Mars close approach , 19 Oct 2014 ) Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Manned mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Current ExoMars orbiter lander Mangalyaan Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity observed Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE HiWish program Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity timeline MAVEN Past Beagle 2 Deep Space 2 Mariner program Mariner 4 Mariner 6 and 7 Mariner 9 Mars program Mars 1 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars 96 Mars Exploration Rover Spirit observed Mars Global Surveyor MOC Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Mars Surveyor ' 98 program Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Nozomi Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Phoenix Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Yinghuo - 1 Zond 2 Future ExoMars rover surface platform Emirates Mars Mission InSight Mangalyaan 2 Mars 2020 MOXIE PIXL SHERLOC Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover Proposed Robotic Icebreaker Life Mars 2022 orbiter Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt MELOS MetNet Northern Light PADME Phobos Surveyor Phootprint Manned Mars Base Camp Mars Design Reference Mission Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Direct Mars One Mars to Stay SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Abandoned Caves of Mars Project Mars Piloted Orbital Station Red Dragon SCIM TMK Simulations Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition Haughton -- Mars Project HI - SEAS Mars Analogue Research Station Program Euro - MARS FMARS MARS - Oz MDRS MARS - 500 Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society ICAMSR Mars race Related Artificial objects on Mars Memorials on Mars Fiction List of films set on Mars Martian Martian scientist Mythology Phobos and Deimos in fiction Flag of Mars Life on Mars Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Darian calendar <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Mars portal VIAF : 234315996 GND : 4429927 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympus_Mons&oldid=806627496 '' Categories : Tharsis quadrangle Complex volcanoes Mountains on Mars Polygenetic shield volcanoes Volcanoes of Mars Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 05 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Olympus Mons - tallest volcano on Mars
2. Shield volcano - similar to Hawaiian Islands
3. Geology of Olympus Mons - lava flows, calderas, and basal escarpment
4. Formation of Olympus Mons - lack of mobile tectonic plates on Mars
5. Regional setting and surrounding features of Olympus Mons
|
-6,639,754,714,405,912,000 |
when did military draft end in the us
|
Conscription in the United States - wikipedia Conscription in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` The Draft '' redirects here . For other uses , see Draft ( disambiguation ) . Young men registering for conscription during World War I in New York City , New York , on June 5 , 1917 . Conscription Military service National service Conscription crisis Conscientious objector Alternative civilian service Conscription by country Conscription in the United States , commonly known as the draft , has been employed by the federal government of the United States in four conflicts : the American Civil War , World War I , World War II , and the Cold War ( including both the Korean and Vietnam Wars ) . The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act . It was the country 's first peacetime draft . From 1940 until 1973 , during both peacetime and periods of conflict , men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means . The draft came to an end when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all - volunteer military force . However , the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan ; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed . United States Federal Law also provides for the compulsory conscription of men between the ages of 17 and 45 and certain women for militia service pursuant to Article I , Section 8 of the United States Constitution and 10 U.S. Code § 246 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial to 1862 1.2 Civil War 1.3 World War I 1.3. 1 Opposition 1.3. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.4 Interwar 1.5 World War II 1.5. 1 Opposition 1.5. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.6 Cold War 1.7 Vietnam War 1.8 End of conscription 1.9 Post-1980 draft registration 2 Health care personnel 3 Legality 4 Conscientious objection 5 Poverty Draft 6 Selective Service reforms 7 Conscription controversies since 2003 8 Non-citizens 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References and further reading 11.1 American Revolution 11.2 Civil War 11.3 World War I 11.4 World War II 11.5 Cold War and Vietnam 11.6 Recent 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Conscientious objection in the United States § History Colonial to 1862 ( edit ) In colonial times , the Thirteen Colonies used a militia system for defense . Colonial militia laws -- and after independence those of the United States and the various states -- required able - bodied males to enroll in the militia , to undergo a minimum of military training , and to serve for limited periods of time in war or emergency . This earliest form of conscription involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns . Following this system in its essentials , the Continental Congress in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year 's service in the Continental army ; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the Continental ranks . For long - term operations , conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower . During the American Revolutionary War , the states sometimes drafted men for militia duty or to fill state Continental Army units , but the central government did not have the authority to conscript except for purposes of naval impressment . President James Madison and his Secretary of War James Monroe unsuccessfully attempted to create a national draft of 40,000 men during the War of 1812 . This proposal was fiercely criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman Daniel Webster of New Hampshire . `` The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion ... Is this , sir , consistent with the character of a free government ? Is this civil liberty ? Is this the real character of our Constitution ? No , sir , indeed it is not ... Where is it written in the Constitution , in what article or section is it contained , that you may take children from their parents , and parents from their children , and compel them to fight the battles of any war , in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it ? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden , which now for the first time comes forth , with a tremendous and baleful aspect , to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty ? Daniel Webster ( December 9 , 1814 House of Representatives Address ) Civil War ( edit ) Main articles : Union ( American Civil War ) and Confederate States of America The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War . The vast majority of troops were volunteers ; of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers , about 2 % were draftees , and another 6 % were substitutes paid by draftees . The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union , and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28 , 1862 ; it was passed into law the next month . Resistance was both widespread and violent , with comparisons made between conscription and slavery . Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place . In the Union , many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for enlistment . They also arranged to take credit against their draft quota by claiming freed slaves who enlisted in the Union Army . Although both sides resorted to conscription , the system did not work effectively in either . The Confederate Congress on April 16 , 1862 , passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty - five not legally exempt ; it later extended the obligation . The U.S. Congress followed with the Militia Act of 1862 authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . This state - administered system failed in practice and in 1863 Congress passed the Enrollment Act , the first genuine national conscription law , setting up under the Union Army an elaborate machinery for enrolling and drafting men between twenty and forty - five years of age . Quotas were assigned in each state , the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription . Still , men drafted could provide substitutes , and until mid-1864 could even avoid service by paying commutation money . Many eligible men pooled their money to cover the cost of any one of them drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which member should go into the army and which would stay home . The other popular means of procuring a substitute was to pay a soldier whose period of enlistment was about to expire - the advantage of this method was that the Army could retain a trained veteran in place of a raw recruit . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union Army through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , and the New York City draft riots were in direct response to the draft and were the first large - scale resistance against the draft in the United States . The problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges . The three conscription acts of the Confederacy exempted certain categories , most notably the planter class , and enrolling officers and local judges often practiced favoritism , sometimes accepting bribes . Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the Confederacy . World War I ( edit ) A World War I era draft card . In 1917 the administration of President Woodrow Wilson decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for World War I when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war . One claimed motivation was to head off the former President , Theodore Roosevelt , who proposed to raise a volunteer division , which would upstage Wilson . However , there is no evidence that even Roosevelt had the popularity to overcome the unpopular war , also , since Wilson had just started his second term in office the former President 's prospects for substantial political gain would seem dubious . The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and -- by allowing exemptions for dependency , essential occupations , and religious scruples -- to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort . The act established a `` liability for military service of all male citizens '' ; authorized a selective draft of all those between 21 and 31 years of age ( later from 18 to 45 ) ; and prohibited all forms of bounties , substitutions , or purchase of exemptions . Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community . These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions . In 1917 10 million men were registered . This was deemed to be inadequate , so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced , and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services , with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War , thanks to a huge campaign by the government to build support for the war , and shut down newspapers and magazines that published articles against the war . Secretary of War Newton Baker draws the first draft number on July 20 , 1917 . The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites , although they served in different units . In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted ( 13.0 % of the total ) , compared to 2,442,586 white ( 86.9 % ) . Along with a general opposition to American involvement in a foreign conflict , Southern farmers objected to unfair conscription practices that exempted members of the upper class and industrial workers . Draft boards were localized and based their decisions on social class : the poorest were the most often conscripted because they were considered the most expendable at home . African - Americans in particular were often disproportionately drafted , though they generally were conscripted as laborers and not sent into combat to avoid the tensions that would arise from mixing races in military units . Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter - writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform . The most common tactics were dodging and desertion , and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes . Nearly half a million immigrants were drafted , which forced the military to develop training procedures that took ethnic differences into account . Military leaders invited Progressive reformers and ethnic group leaders to assist in formulating new military policies . The military attempted to socialize and Americanize young immigrant recruits , not by forcing `` angloconformity '' , but by showing remarkable sensitivity and respect for ethnic values and traditions and a concern for the morale of immigrant troops . Sports activities , keeping immigrant groups together , newspapers in various languages , the assistance of bilingual officers , and ethnic entertainment programs were all employed . Opposition ( edit ) Blessed are the Peacemakers by George Bellows , The Masses , 1917 The Conscription Act of 1917 was passed in June . Conscripts were court - martialed by the Army if they refused to wear uniforms , bear arms , perform basic duties , or submit to military authority . Convicted objectors were often given long sentences of 20 years in Fort Leavenworth . In 1918 Secretary Baker created the Board of Inquiry to question the conscientious objectors ' sincerity . Military tribunals tried men found by the Board to be insincere for a variety of offenses , sentencing 17 to death , 142 to life imprisonment , and 345 to penal labor camps . In 1917 , a number of radicals and anarchists , including Emma Goldman , challenged the new draft law in federal court , arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7 , 1918 . The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies . The Court , relying partly on Vattel 's The Law of Nations , emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens : It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need , and the right to compel it . To do more than state the proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force . Conscription was unpopular from left - wing sectors at the start , with many Socialists jailed for `` obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service '' . The most famous was Eugene Debs , head of the Socialist Party of America , who ran for president in 1920 from his Atlanta prison cell . He had his sentence commuted to time served and was released on December 25 , 1921 , by President Warren G. Harding . The Industrial Workers of the World mobilized to obstruct the war effort through strikes in war - related industries and not registering . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Conscientious objector ( CO ) exemptions were allowed for the Amish , Mennonites , Quakers , and Church of the Brethren only . All other religious and political objectors were forced to participate . Some 64,700 men claimed conscientious objector status ; local draft boards certified 57,000 , of whom 30,000 passed the physical and 21,000 were inducted into the U.S. Army . About 80 % of the 21,000 decided to abandon their objection and take up arms , but 3,989 drafted objectors refused to serve . Most belonged to historically pacifist denominations , especially Quakers , Mennonites , and Moravian Brethren , as well as a few Seventh - day Adventists and Jehovah 's Witnesses . About 15 % were religious objectors from non-pacifist churches . Ben Salmon was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures . He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that he do noncombatant farm work . Sentenced to 25 years in prison , he again refused a proposed desk job . He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a `` dishonorable discharge '' . Interwar ( edit ) The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism . Working where Congress would not , it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army - Navy Selective Service Committee , most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience . This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Major General Lewis B. Hershey was assigned to the organization . The passage of a conscription act was opposed by some , including Dorothy Day and George Barry O'Toole , who were concerned that such conscription would not provide adequate protection for the rights of conscientious objectors . However , much of Hershey 's work was codified into law with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 ( STSA ) . World War II ( edit ) By the summer of 1940 , as Germany conquered France , Americans supported the return of conscription . One national survey found that 67 % of respondents believed that a German - Italian victory would endanger the United States , and that 71 % supported `` the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men '' . Similarly , a November 1942 survey of American high - school students found that 69 % favored compulsory postwar military training . The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II . The 1940 STSA instituted national conscription in peacetime , requiring registration of all men between 21 and 35 , with selection for one year 's service by a national lottery . The term of service was extended by one year in August 1941 . After Pearl Harbor the STSA was further amended ( December 19 , 1941 ) , extending the term of service to the duration of the war and six months and requiring the registration of all men 18 to 64 years of age . In the massive draft of World War II , 49 million men were registered , 36 million classified , and 10 million inducted . President Roosevelt 's signing of the STSA on September 16 , 1940 , began the first peacetime draft in the United States . It also established the Selective Service System as an independent agency responsible for identifying and inducting young men into military service . Roosevelt named Hershey to head the Selective Service on July 31 , 1941 , where he remained until 1969 . This preparatory act came when other preparations , such as increased training and equipment production , had not yet been approved . Nevertheless , it served as the basis for the conscription programs that would continue to the present . The act set a cap of 900,000 men to be in training at any given time and limited military service to 12 months . An amendment increased this 18 more months in August 1941 . Later legislation on December 20 , 1942 amended the act to require all men from 18 to 64 to register , with those aged 20 to 44 being able for induction. 18 and 19 year olds were made liable for induction and the upper age limit for the draft was reduced to 37 beginning on November 13 , 1942 . Service commitments for inductees were set at the length of the war plus six months . As manpower need increased during World War II , draftees were inducted into the Army , Navy , and Marine Corps . The Navy and Marine Corps enlisted inductees and volunteers under the same service agreements , but with different service obligations , while the Army ( and Army Air Forces ) placed inductees into a special service component known as the Army of the United States , commonly known as the `` AUS '' . By 1942 , the Selective Service System moved away from administrative selection by its more than 6,000 local boards to a system of lottery selection . Rather than filling quotas by local selection , the boards now ensured proper processing of men selected by the national lottery . On December 5 , 1942 , presidential Executive Order 9279 made it so that men from the ages of 18 to 37 could not voluntarily enlist even if they had not been drafted , providing protection for the nation 's home front manpower pool . Paul V. McNutt , head of the War Manpower Commission , estimated that the changes would increase the ratio of men drafted from one out of nine to one out of five . The commission 's goal was to have nine million men in the armed forces by the end of 1943 . This facilitated the massive requirement of up to 200,000 men per month and would remain the standard for the length of the war . The World War II draft operated from 1940 until 1947 when its legislative authorization expired without further extension by Congress . During this time , more than 10 million men had been inducted into military service . With the expiration , no inductions occurred in 1947 . However , the SSS remained intact . Opposition ( edit ) Scattered opposition was encountered especially in the northern cities where African - Americans protested the system . The young Nation of Islam was at the forefront , with many Black Muslims jailed for refusing the draft , and their leader Elijah Muhammed was sentenced to federal prison for 5 years for inciting draft resistance . Organized draft resistance also developed in the Japanese American internment camps , where groups like the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee refused to serve unless they and their families were released . 300 Nisei men from eight of the ten War Relocation Authority camps were arrested and stood trial for felony draft evasion ; most were sentenced to federal prison . American Communists also opposed the war until Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 , whereupon they became supporters . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Of the more than 72,000 men registering as conscientious objectors ( CO ) , nearly 52,000 received CO status . Of these , over 25,000 entered the military in noncombatant roles , another 12,000 went to civilian work camps , and nearly 6,000 went to prison . Draft evasion only accounted for about 4 % of the total inducted . About 373,000 alleged evaders were investigated with just over 16,000 being imprisoned . Cold War ( edit ) The second peacetime draft began with passage of the Selective Service Act of 1948 after the STSA expired . The new law required all men , ages 18 to 26 , to register . It also created the system for the `` Doctor Draft '' aimed at inducting health professionals into military service . Unless otherwise exempted or deferred , these men could be called for up to 21 months of active duty and five years of reserve duty service . Congress further tweaked this act in 1950 although the post -- World War II surplus of military manpower left little need for draft calls until Truman 's declaration of national emergency in December 1950 . Only 20,348 men were inducted in 1948 and only 9,781 in 1949 . Between the Korean War 's outbreak in June 1950 and the armistice agreement in 1953 , Selective Service inducted over 1.5 million men . Another 1.3 million volunteered , usually choosing the Navy or Air Force . Congress passed the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1951 to meet the demands of the war . It lowered the induction age to 181⁄2 and extended active - duty service commitments to 24 months . Despite the early combat failures and later stalemate in Korea , the draft has been credited by some as playing a vital role in turning the tide of war . A February 1953 Gallup Poll showed 70 percent of Americans surveyed felt the SSS handled the draft fairly . Notably , Gallup reported that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men ( males 21 to 29 ) believed the draft to be fair . To increase equity in the system , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11 , 1953 , that ended the paternity deferment for married men . In large part , the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War . From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II , a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat . Nevertheless , some dissenting voices in Congress continued to appeal to the history of voluntary American military service as preferable for a democracy . The Korean War was the first time any form of student deferment was used . During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester . The United States breathed easier with the Korean War Armistice on July 27 , 1953 ; however , technology brought new promises and threats . U.S. air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' . This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers , so the draft slipped to the back burner . However , the head of the SSS , Maj. Gen. Hershey , urged caution fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam . In May 1953 , he told his state directors to do everything possible to keep SSS alive in order to meet upcoming needs . Following the 1953 Korean War Armistice , Congress passed the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 with the aim of improving National Guard and federal Reserve Component readiness while also constraining its use by the president . Towards this end , it mandated a six - year service commitment , in a combination of reserve and active duty time , for every line military member regardless of their means of entry . Meanwhile , the SSS kept itself alive by devising and managing a complex system of deferments for a swelling pool of candidates during a period of shrinking requirements . The greatest challenge to the draft came not from protesters but rather lobbyists seeking additional deferments for their constituency groups such as scientists and farmers . Government leaders felt the potential for a draft was a critical element in maintaining a constant flow of volunteers . On numerous occasions Gen. Hershey told Congress for every man drafted , three or four more were scared into volunteering . Assuming his assessment was accurate , this would mean over 11 million men volunteered for service because of the draft between January 1954 and April 1975 . The policy of using the draft as a club to force `` voluntary '' enlistment was unique in U.S. history . Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings . However , the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this . Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one - third of all eligible men during the period of 1965 -- 69 . This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service . During the active combat phase , the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist . The military relied upon this draft - induced volunteerism to make its quotas , especially the Army , which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam . For example , defense recruiting reports show 34 % of the recruits in 1964 up to 50 % in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft . These rates dwindled to 24 % in 1972 and 15 % in 1973 after the change to a lottery system . Accounting for other factors , it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did so directly or indirectly because of the draft . In addition , deferments provided an incentive for men to follow pursuits considered useful to the state . This process , known as channeling , helped push men into educational , occupational , and family choices they might not otherwise have pursued . Undergraduate degrees were valued . Graduate work had varying value over time , though technical and religious training received near constant support . War industry support in the form of teaching , research , or skilled labor also received deferred or exempt status . Finally , marriage and family were exempted because of its positive social consequences . This included using presidential orders to extend exemptions again to fathers and others . Channeling was also seen as a means of preempting the early loss of the country 's `` best and brightest '' who had historically joined and died early in war . In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period , the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s . While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted compared to war periods , draftees by law served in the Army for two years . Elvis Presley and Willie Mays were two of the most famous people drafted during this period . Public protests in the United States were few during the Korean War . However , the percentage of CO exemptions for inductees grew to 1.5 % compared to a rate of just 0.5 % in the past two wars . The Justice Department also investigated more than 80,000 draft evasion cases . Vietnam War ( edit ) President Kennedy 's decision to send military troops to Vietnam as `` advisors '' was a signal that Selective Service Director Lewis B. Hershey needed to visit the Oval Office . From that visit emerged two wishes of JFK with regard to conscription . The first was that the names of married men with children should occupy the very bottom of the callup list . Just above them should be the names of men who are married . This Presidential policy , however , was not to be formally encoded into Selective Service Status . Men who fit into these categories became known as Kennedy Husbands . When President Lyndon Johnson decided to rescind this Kennedy policy , there was a last - minute rush to the altar by thousands of American couples . Many early rank - and - file anti-conscription protesters had been allied with the National Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy . The completion in 1963 of a Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty left a mass of undirected youth in search of a cause . Syndicated cartoonist Al Capp portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E , ( Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything ) . The catalyst for protest reconnection was the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . Consequently , there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began . The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments , especially for college students . Besides being able to avoid the draft , college graduates who volunteered for military service ( primarily as commissioned officers ) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less - educated inductees . President Gerald Ford announces amnesty for draft evaders at the White House , Washington , D.C. , in 1974 . As U.S. troop strength in South Vietnam increased , more young men were drafted for service there , and many of those still at home sought means of avoiding the draft . Since only 15,000 National Guard and Reserve soldiers were sent to South Vietnam , enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a popular means of avoiding serving in a war zone . For those who could meet the more stringent enlistment standards , service in the Air Force , Navy , or Coast Guard was a means of reducing the chances of being killed . Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared , because divinity students were exempt from the draft . Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees . The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26 , 1965 . Around 3 : 10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day , then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time . Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War . One of these , Stephen Spiro , was convicted of avoiding the draft , but given a suspended sentence of five years . He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford . There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975 , of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia . From a pool of approximately 27 million , the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service ( in the United States , South Vietnam , and elsewhere ) during the Vietnam War era . The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers , even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army , Air Force , Navy , and Coast Guard ( for three or four year terms of enlistment ) rather than risk being drafted , serve for two years , and have no choice over their military occupational specialty ( MOS ) . Of the nearly 16 million men not engaged in active military service , 57 % were exempted ( typically because of jobs including other military service ) , deferred ( usually for educational reasons ) , or disqualified ( usually for physical and mental deficiencies but also for criminal records including draft violations ) . The requirements for obtaining and maintaining an educational deferment changed several times in the late 1960s . For several years , students were required to take an annual qualification test . In 1967 educational deferments were changed for graduate students . Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June 1968 . Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies . Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards . However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two years assignment before inducting them into the service . On December 1 , 1969 , a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all those born between 1944 and 1950 . Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft . Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records , but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations . Finally , as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country . End of conscription ( edit ) Jeffrey Mellinger in 1972 ; Mellinger was the last drafted U.S. NCO to remain in the army before retiring in 2011 . Jeffrey Mellinger in 2005 During the 1968 presidential election , Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft . He had first become interested in the idea of an all - volunteer army during his time out of office , based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University . Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement , since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone . There was opposition to the all - volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress , so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency . Instead , the Gates Commission was formed , headed by Thomas S. Gates , Jr. , a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration . Gates initially opposed the all - volunteer army idea , but changed his mind during the course of the 15 - member commission 's work . The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970 , describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription . The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971 , but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time . In February 1971 , the administration requested of Congress a two - year extension of the draft , to June 1973 . Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one - year extension , or eliminate the draft altogether , or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam ; Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach , trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation , shut down conscription , and directly force an end to the war . Senators supporting Nixon 's war efforts supported the bill , even though some had qualms about ending the draft . After a prolonged battle in the Senate , in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved . Meanwhile , military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers , and television advertising for the U.S. Army began . With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam , December 1972 saw the last men conscripted , who were born in 1952 and who reported for duty in June 1973 . On February 2 , 1972 , a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953 , but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued . In March 1973 , 1974 , and 1975 , the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 , in case the draft was extended , but it never was . Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger , believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked soldier still on active duty , retired in 2011 . Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby , the last Vietnam War - era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank , retired from the army in November 10 , 2014 after a 42 - year career . Post-1980 draft registration ( edit ) On July 2 , 1980 , President Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System . At that time it was required that all males , born on or after January 1 , 1960 , register with the Selective Service System . Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 , who are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday even if they are not eligible to join the military . The Selective Service System describes its mission as `` to serve the emergency manpower needs of the Military by conscripting untrained manpower , or personnel with professional health care skills , if directed by Congress and the President in a national crisis '' . Registration forms are available either online or at any U.S. Post Office . The Selective Service registration form states that failure to register is a felony punishable by up to five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine . In practice , no one has been prosecuted for failure to comply with draft registration since 1986 , in part because prosecutions of draft resisters proved counter-productive for the government , and in part because of the difficulty of proving that noncompliance with the law was `` knowing and wilful '' . In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016 , current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988 , the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of nonregistrants . Many men do not register at all , register late , or change addresses without notifying the Selective Service System . Registration is a requirement for employment by the federal government and some states , as well as for receiving some state benefits such as driver 's licenses . Refusing to register can also cause a loss of eligibility for federal financial aid for college . Health care personnel ( edit ) On December 1 , 1989 , Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting `` persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care and professional occupation '' , if such a special - skills draft should be ordered by Congress . In response , Selective Service published plans for the `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System '' ( HCPDS ) in 1989 and has had them ready ever since . The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998 , followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999 . The HCPDS plans include women and men ages 20 -- 54 in 57 different job categories . As of May 2003 , the Defense Department has said the most likely form of draft is a special skills draft , probably of health care workers . Legality ( edit ) In 1918 , the Supreme Court ruled that the World War I draft did not violate the United States Constitution in the Selective Draft Law Cases . The Court summarized the history of conscription in England and in colonial America , a history that it read as establishing that the Framers envisioned compulsory military service as a governmental power . It held that the Constitution 's grant to Congress of the powers to declare war and to create standing armies included the power to mandate conscription . It rejected arguments based on states ' rights , the 13th Amendment , and other provisions of the Constitution . Later , during the Vietnam War , a lower appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional . United States v. Holmes , 387 F. 2d 781 ( 7th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) . Justice William O. Douglas , in voting to hear the appeal in Holmes , agreed that the government had the authority to employ conscription in wartime , but argued that the constitutionality of a draft in the absence of a declaration of war was an open question , which the Supreme Court should address . During the World War I era , the Supreme Court allowed the government great latitude in suppressing criticism of the draft . Examples include Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) and Gilbert v. Minnesota , 254 U.S. 325 ( 1920 ) . In subsequent decades , however , the Court has taken a much broader view of the extent to which advocacy speech is protected by the First Amendment . Thus , in 1971 the Court held it unconstitutional for a state to punish a man who entered a county courthouse wearing a jacket with the words `` F * ck the Draft '' visible on it . Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) . Nevertheless , protesting the draft by the specific means of burning a draft registration card can be constitutionally prohibited , because of the government 's interest in prohibiting the `` nonspeech '' element involved in destroying the card . United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) . Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal `` Solomon Amendment '' laws , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' nonregistrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants . In 1981 , several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg , alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System . The Supreme Court upheld the act , stating that Congress 's `` decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women '' , that `` since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy , men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft , and Congress ' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause '' , and that `` the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity , but Congress was entitled , in the exercise of its constitutional powers , to focus on the question of military need , rather than ' equity . ' '' The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion 's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations . Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women . At least two lawsuits have been filed challenging the continued Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective service System : National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System ( filed April 4 , 2013 , U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ; dismissed by the District Court July 29 , 2013 as not `` ripe '' for decision ; appeal argued December 8 , 2015 before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ; reversed and remanded February 19 , 2016 ) , and Kyle v. Selective Service System ( filed July 3 , 2015 , U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ) , brought on behalf of Elizabeth Kyle - LaBell , who tried to register but was turned away because she is female . Conscientious objection ( edit ) Main article : Conscientious objection in the United States According to the Selective Service System , A conscientious objector is one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and / or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles . ( ... ) Beliefs which qualify a registrant for CO status may be religious in nature , but do n't have to be . Beliefs may be moral or ethical ; however , a man 's reasons for not wanting to participate in a war must not be based on politics , expediency , or self - interest . In general , the man 's lifestyle prior to making his claim must reflect his current claims . The Supreme Court has ruled in cases United States v. Seeger ( 1965 ) and Welsh v. United States ( 1970 ) that conscientious objection can be by non-religious beliefs as well as religious beliefs ; but it has also ruled in Gillette v. United States ( 1971 ) against objections to specific wars as grounds for conscientious objection . There is currently no mechanism to indicate that one is a conscientious objector in the Selective Service system . According to the SSS , after a person is drafted , he can claim Conscientious Objector status and then justify it before the Local Board . This is criticized because during the times of a draft , when the country is in emergency conditions , there could be increased pressure for Local Boards to be more harsh on conscientious objector claims . There are two types of status for conscientious objectors . If a person objects only to combat but not to service in the military , then the person could be given noncombatant service in the military without training of weapons . If the person objects to all military service , then the person could be ordered to `` alternative service '' with a job `` deemed to make a meaningful contribution to the maintenance of the national health , safety , and interest '' . Poverty draft ( edit ) The poverty draft is a controversial belief in some circles that low - income demographics are either intentionally targeted by the military for recruitment , or that their low socioeconomic status makes enlistment especially attractive , such that they are overrepresented in the armed forces . The `` poverty draft '' is a term describing U.S. military recruiters ' purposeful tendency to focus their recruiting efforts on inner - city and poor rural schools . The low - income youth and young people of color who attend these schools generally have fewer good educational and job opportunities than middle - class and wealthy youth and are therefore more likely to enlist . Proponents of the poverty draft view often claim that because of this the U.S. armed forces are disproportionally men and women of color and from poor and working - class backgrounds . Selective Service reforms ( edit ) The Selective Service System has maintained that they have implemented several reforms that would make the draft more fair and equitable . Some of the measures they have implemented include : Before and during the Vietnam War , a young man could get a deferment by showing that he was a full - time student making satisfactory progress towards a degree ; now deferment only lasts to the end of the semester . If the man is a senior he can defer until the end of the academic year . The government has said that draft boards are now more representative of the local communities in areas such as race and national origin . A lottery system would be used to determine the order of people being called up . Previously the oldest men who were found eligible for the draft would be taken first . In the new system , the men called first would be those who are or will turn 20 years old in the calendar year or those whose deferments will end in the calendar year . Each year after , the man will be placed on a lower priority status until his liability ends . Conscription controversies since 2003 ( edit ) The effort to enforce Selective Service registration law was abandoned in 1986 . Since then , no attempt to reinstate conscription has been able to attract much support in the legislature or among the public . Since early 2003 , when the Iraq War appeared imminent , there had been attempts through legislation and campaign rhetoric to begin a new public conversation on the topic . Public opinion since 1973 has been largely negative . In 2003 , several Democratic congressmen ( Charles Rangel of New York , Jim McDermott of Washington , John Conyers of Michigan , John Lewis of Georgia , Pete Stark of California , Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii ) introduced legislation that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service , should there be a draft in the future . The Republican majority leadership suddenly considered the bill , nine months after its introduction , without a report from the Armed Services Committee ( to which it had been referred ) , and just one month prior to the 2004 presidential and congressional elections . The Republican leadership used an expedited parliamentary procedure that would have required a two - thirds vote for passage of the bill . The bill was defeated on October 5 , 2004 , with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against . In 2004 , the platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties opposed military conscription , but neither party moved to end draft registration . John Kerry in one debate criticized Bush 's policies , `` You 've got stop - loss policies so people ca n't get out when they were supposed to . You 've got a backdoor draft right now . '' This statement was in reference to the U.S. Department of Defense use of `` stop - loss '' orders , which have extended the Active Duty periods of some military personnel . All enlistees , upon entering the service , volunteer for a minimum eight - year Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) . This MSO is split between a minimum active duty period , followed by a reserve period where enlistees may be called back to active duty for the remainder of the eight years . Some of these active duty extensions have been for as long as two years . The Pentagon stated that as of August 24 , 2004 , 20,000 soldiers , sailors , airmen , and Marines had been affected . As of January 31 , 2006 it has been reported that more than 50,000 soldiers and reservists had been affected . Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft , Representative Neil Abercrombie 's ( D - HI ) inclusion of a DOD memo in the Congressional Record which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest . Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft , it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self - reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military , homeland - defense , and humanitarian needs . This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered , perhaps like that of the `` Doctor Draft '' that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66 % of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea . Once created , this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972 . The meeting memo gave DOD 's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency . Draftees with less than two years ' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them . Mentions of the draft during the presidential campaign led to a resurgence of anti-draft and draft resistance organizing . One poll of young voters in October 2004 found that 29 % would resist if drafted . In November 2006 , Representative Charles B. Rangel ( D - NY ) again called for the draft to be reinstated ; Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi rejected the proposal . On December 19 , 2006 , President George W. Bush announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq . The next day , the Selective Service System 's director for operations and chief information officer , Scott Campbell , announced plans for a `` readiness exercise '' to test the system 's operations in 2006 , for the first time since 1998 . On December 21 , 2006 , Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson , when asked by a reporter whether the draft should be reinstated to make the military more equal , said , `` I think that our society would benefit from that , yes sir . '' Nicholson proceeded to relate his experience as a company commander in an infantry unit which brought together soldiers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels , noting that the draft `` does bring people from all quarters of our society together in the common purpose of serving '' . Nicholson later issued a statement saying he does not support reinstating the draft . On August 10 , 2007 , with National Public Radio on `` All Things Considered '' , Lieutenant General Douglas Lute , National Security Adviser to the President and Congress for all matters pertaining to the United States Military efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan , expressed support for a draft to alleviate the stress on the Army 's all - volunteer force . He cited the fact that repeated deployments place much strain upon one soldier 's family and himself which , in turn , can affect retention . A similar bill to Rangel 's 2003 one was introduced in 2007 , called the Universal National Service Act of 2007 ( H.R. 393 ) , but it has not received a hearing or been scheduled for consideration . At the end of June 2014 in Pennsylvania 14,250 letters of conscription were erroneously posted to men born in the 19th century calling upon them to register for the US military draft . This was attributed to a clerk at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation who failed to select a century during a transfer of 400,000 records to the Selective Service . The Selective Service identified 27,218 records of men born in the 19th century made errantly applicable by the change of century and began sending out notices to them on June 30 . On June 14 , 2016 , the Senate voted to require women to register for the draft , though language requiring this was dropped from later versions of the bill . Non-citizens ( edit ) The Selective Service ( and the draft ) in the United States is not limited to citizens . Howard Stringer , for example , was drafted six weeks after arriving from his native Britain in 1965 . Today , non-citizen males of appropriate age in the United States , who are permanent residents ( holders of green cards ) , seasonal agricultural workers not holding an H - 2A Visa , refugees , parolees , asylees , and illegal immigrants , are required to register with the Selective Service System . Refusal to do so is grounds for denial of a future citizenship application . In addition , immigrants who seek to naturalize as citizens must , as part of the Oath of Citizenship , swear to the following : ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law ; The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) website also states however : However , since 1975 , USCIS has allowed the oath to be taken without the clauses : `` ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law ... '' Non-citizens who serve in the United States military enjoy several naturalization benefits which are unavailable to non-citizens who do not , such as a waiver of application fees . Permanent resident aliens who die while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces may be naturalized posthumously , which may be beneficial to surviving family members . See also ( edit ) Conscription crisis Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II Draft lottery ( 1969 ) National service Peace Churches Service Nation Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holbrook , Heber A . The Crisis Years : 1940 and 1941 Archived October 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review , July 4 , 2001 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Who Must Register '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/246 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=sNYc6alAb4IC&pg=PA18&dq=unorganized+militia+conscription&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzqvzO563YAhWylOAKHVcmAf4Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=unorganized%20militia%20conscription&f=false at page 18 Jump up ^ https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2659&context=ilj at page 345 Jump up ^ John W. Chambers , II , ed. in chief , The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 ) , 180 . Jump up ^ Webster , Daniel ( December 9 , 1814 ) On Conscription , reprinted in Left and Right : A Journal of Libertarian Thought ( Autumn 1965 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History , 181 . Jump up ^ James W. Geary , We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Escott , Paul . Military Necessity : Civil - Military Relations in the Confederacy . Westport , CT : Praeger Security International , 2006 . Jump up ^ Arnold Shankman , `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Jump up ^ Moore 1924 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States . ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Zinn ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Nancy Ford , Americans all ! : foreign - born soldiers in World War I ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) p 218 ^ Jump up to : Shenk 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 219 -- 20 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 216 -- 17 Jump up ^ Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship ( 2007 ) . `` The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon '' . Sign of Peace . 6.1 ( Spring 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Brett. ( 2006 ) . The Effects of the Draft on US Presidential Approval Ratings during the Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1975 , Doctoral dissertation , University of Alabama ( Tuscaloosa ) . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 1985 ) . Lewis B. Hershey , Mr. Selective Service . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ `` What the U.S.A. Thinks '' . Life . July 29 , 1940 . p. 20 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Survey Shows What Youth is Thinking '' . Life . November 30 , 1942 . p. 110 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George Q. Flynn , The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Clifford , J. , & Spencer , S. ( 1986 ) . First Peacetime Draft . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . Jump up ^ `` Conscription Order # 1 '' , Office of the War Department , Records of the Personnel Division ( G - 1 ) , U.S. National Archives Record Group 165 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Manpower : Sweeping Changes Halt Enlistments , Cut Top Draft Age to 38 , Give McNutt Selective Service Control '' . Life . December 21 , 1942 . p. 27 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Selective Service System . ( May 27 , 2003 ) . Induction Statistics . In Inductions ( by year ) from World War I Through the End of the Draft ( 1973 ) Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Muller , Eric L. `` Draft resistance '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buhle , Paul . `` Communist Party , USA '' . Encyclopedia of the American Left . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , J. ( 1987 ) . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ Hershey , L. ( 1960 ) . Outline of Historical Background of Selective Service and Chronology . ( Available from Selective Service System , 1724 F Street NW , Washington , D.C. 20435 ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . ( 1953 ) . Selective Service under the 1948 Act extended ( 212278 - 53 - 7 ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Gallup , G. ( 1972 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public opinion , 1935 -- 1971 ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Random House . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , Selective Service System . ( February 19 , 2004 ) . Fast facts . In Effects of Marriage and Fatherhood on Draft Eligibility Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , R. ( 1982 ) . The Peacetime Draft : Voluntarism to Coercion . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 97 -- 116 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . ( Original work published 1968 ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , J. & A. Meckler . ( Eds . ) . ( 1974 ) . The Draft and Its Enemies : A Documentary History . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Myra MacPherson ( 2001 ) . Long Time Passing , New Edition : Vietnam and the Haunted Generation . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Hershey , 1953 Jump up ^ House Committee on Appropriations Hearings , 1958 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( ed ) , 1987 ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 2000 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence , KS : University of Kansas Press . ^ Jump up to : Useem , M. ( 1973 ) . Conscription , Protest and Social Conflict : The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Oi , W. ( 1982 ) . `` The Economic Cost of the Draft '' . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 317 -- 346 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . Jump up ^ Angrist , J. ( 1991 ) . `` The Draft Lottery and Voluntary Enlistment in the Vietnam Era '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 86 ( 415 ) , 584 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Binkin , M. , & Johnston , J. ( 1973 ) , All - volunteer Armed Forces : Progress , Problems , and Prospects , report by the Brookings Institution prepared for the Senate Armed Services Committee , 93rd Congress , First Session . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Siu , Henry E. ( 2008 ) . The fiscal role of conscription in the U.S. World War II effort . Journal of Monetary Economics , 55 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Marmion , H. ( 1968 ) . Selective Service : Conflict and Compromise . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , 2004 Jump up ^ Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare , The nation 's manpower revolution , 88th Cong. , 2817 ( 1963 ) ( testimony of Lewis B. Hershey ) . Jump up ^ Chambers , 1987 Jump up ^ Kohn , S. ( 1986 ) . Jailed for Peace : The History of American Draft Law Violations , 1658 -- 1985 . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press Jump up ^ Orvedahl , Reid . `` PrimeTime : Marrying to Avoid Draft '' . ABC News . ABC News . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Tom ( 2008 ) . `` Stephen Spiro , 1940 -- 2007 '' . The Catholic Worker . LXXV ( May -- June ) : 6 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ( Nov 2011 ) . `` America 's Wars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunnigan , James F ( 1999 ) . Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War ( First ed . ) . St martin 's Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19857 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( Ed . ) . ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Jump up ^ Reeves , T. & Hess , K. ( 1970 ) . The End of the Draft . New York : Random House . ^ Jump up to : Thomas W. Evans ( Summer 1993 ) . `` The All - Volunteer Army After Twenty Years : Recruiting in the Modern Era '' . Sam Houston State University . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . Nixon : A Life . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 720 - 9 . pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen ( 1989 ) . Nixon , Volume Two : The Triumph of a Politician 1962 -- 1972 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 264 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Griffith , Robert K. ; Robert K. Griffith , Jr. , John Wyndham Mountcastle ( 1997 ) . U.S. Army 's Transition to the All - volunteer Force , 1868 -- 1974 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 7864 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( February 3 , 1971 ) . `` Stennis Favors 4 - Year Draft Extension , but Laird Asks 2 Years '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Conrad ( 2007 ) . `` Waging Peace '' . Richard M. Nixon : A Life in Full . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 519 - 9 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( June 5 , 1971 ) . `` Senators Reject Limits on Draft ; 2 - Year Plan Gains '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John W. Finney ( May 9 , 1971 ) . `` Congress vs. President '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( September 22 , 1971 ) . `` Senate Approves Draft Bill , 55 - 30 ; President to Sign '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft system stopped '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . UPI . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft ended by Laird '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set to retire , the last Army draftee ' loves being a soldier ' '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1877943,00.html Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael M. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` A Reluctant Soldier Completes His Duty '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Proclamation 4771 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , July 2 , 1980 , 45 FR 45247 , 94 Stat. 3775 . Amended by Proclamation 7275 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , February 22 , 2000 , 65 FR 9199 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Selective Service System : Fast Facts Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What If I Choose Not To Register ? '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gender - Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons : It 's unlikely any would face prison , but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Hasbrouck . `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State / Commonwealth and Territory Legislation '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Am I eligible to receive financial aid ? '' . United States Department of Education . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` FAQ about Health Care Workers and the Draft '' . Medicaldraft.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Proposed Health care personnel delivery System ( HCPDS ) , 54 Federal Register , 33644 - 33654 , August 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Roger A. Lalich , Health care personnel delivery System : Another Doctor Draft ? ( Wisconsin Medical Journal , 2004 ) . Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Holmes v. United States ' ' , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Schenck v. United States ' ' , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gilbert v. Minnesota ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Cohen v. California ' ' , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. O'Brien ' ' , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rostker v. Goldberg , Cornell Law School , retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Extend draft registration to women -- or end it ? '' . The Practical Nomad . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress '' . WorldBeyondWar.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Fast Facts '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. Seeger ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . March 8 , 1965 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Welsh v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gillette v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Youth and Militarism Program : `` The Poverty Draft '' ( PDF ) ( Accessed 3 / 14 / 06 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Friends Service Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mariscal , Jorge . `` Fighting the Poverty Draft '' . Counterpunch . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Differences Between The Selective Service Today And During Vietnam '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 1304.25 Fulfilling the Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) '' . U.S. Department of Defense . August 25 , 1997 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ AlterNet / By Richard Muhammad ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` War on Iraq : Firing Back '' . AlterNet . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stop - loss used to retain 50,000 troops csmonitor.com Archived September 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Congressional Record . 108th Cong. , 2d sess. , 2004 . Vol. 150 , No. 130 : E1938 . Jump up ^ Salyer , J. ( April 26 , 1954 ) . `` Training of medical officers '' . In Medical Science Publication 4 , Recent Advances in Medicine and Surgery ( 19 - 30 April 1954 ) : Based on Professional Medical Experiences in Japan and Korea 1950 -- 1953 ( chap. 2 ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Archived August 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and the Medical Draft in the USA '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek Poll : Youth Vote Shows Bush , Kerry Neck - and - Neck ( 47 % for Kerry , 45 % for Bush ) ; But Kerry 's Lead Grows Among Likely Voters ( 52 % to 42 % ) '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi says no to draft legislation '' . CNN . November 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` abc7.com : U.S. Testing National Draft Readiness 12 / 22 / 06 '' . Abclocal.go.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` VA Head : Draft Beneficial to Society , Veterans Affairs Secretary Says Military Draft Beneficial , but He Does n't Support It -- CBS News '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bush War Adviser Supports Considering a Military Draft FOXNews.com Jump up ^ Y2K bug triggers army conscription notices sent to 14,000 dead men Technology The Guardian Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Votes to Require Women to Register for the Draft '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grifiths , Katherine . `` Sir Howard Stringer , U.S. Head Of Sony : Sony 's knight buys Tinseltown dream . '' The Independent , September 18 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Interview : Howard Stringer . '' The Independent , March 21 , 2005 . Archived August 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Selective Service System -- Who Must Register Archived November 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USCIS Home Page Jump up ^ Naturalization Information for Military Personnel USCIS Archived November 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The ABC 's of Immigration : Military Service -- March 29 , 2005 Archived September 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . References and further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conscription . Martin Anderson ; Valerie Bloom ( 1976 ) . Conscription : a select and annotated bibliography . Hoover Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 2571 - 0 ... ( Full text ) . Leach , Jack F. Conscription in the United States : Historical Background . ( Rutland , Vt. , 1952 ) American revolution ( edit ) Dougherty , Keith L. Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation . Cambridge U. Press , 2001 . 211 pp . Civil War ( edit ) Bernstein , Iver . The New York City Draft Riots : Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War ( 1990 ) . online edition Cruz , Barbara C. and Jennifer Marques Patterson . `` ' In the Midst of Strange and Terrible Times ' : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 . Social Education . v. 69 # 1 2005 . pp 10 + , with teacher 's guide and URL 's . online version Geary , James W . We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) pp. 264 Geary , James W. `` Civil War Conscription in the North : A Historiographical Review , '' Civil War History 32 ( 1986 ) : 208 -- 28 , online Hilderman , Walter C. , III . They Went into the Fight Cheering ! Confederate Conscription in North Carolina . Boone , N.C. : Parkway , 2005 . pp. 272 Hyman , Harold M. A More Perfect Union : The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution . ( 1973 ) , ch 13 . online edition Kenny , Kevin . `` Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish . '' American Journal of Irish Studies ( 2013 ) : 39 - 64 . Levine , Peter . `` Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War , 1863 -- 1865 , '' Journal of American History 67 ( 1981 ) : 816 -- 34 online edition Moore , Albert Burton . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 1924 online edition Murdoch , Eugene C. One Million Men : The Civil War Draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Shankman , Arnold . `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Wheeler , Kenneth H. `` Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance : Holmes County , Ohio . '' Civil War History . v. 45 # 2 1999 . pp 147 + online edition World War I ( edit ) Chambers II , John Whiteclay . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) , comprehensive look at the national level . Ford , Nancy Gentile ( 2001 ) . Americans All ! : Foreign - born Soldiers in World War I. Texas A&M University Military History Series : 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 132 - 2 . Ford , Nancy Gentile . `` ' Mindful of the Traditions of His Race ' : Dual Identity and Foreign - born Soldiers in the First World War American Army . '' Journal of American Ethnic History 1997 16 ( 2 ) : 35 -- 57 . ISSN 0278 - 5927 Fulltext : in Ebsco Hickle , K. Walter . `` ' Justice and the Highest Kind of Equality Require Discrimination ' : Citizenship , Dependency , and Conscription in the South , 1917 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History . v. 66 # 4 2000 . pp 749 + online version Keith , Jeanette . `` The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance , 1917 -- 1918 : Class , Race , and Conscription in the Rural South . '' Journal of American History 2000 87 ( 4 ) : 1335 -- 1361 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Keith , Jeanette . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . 2004 . 260pp . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First Worm War and American Society ( 1980 ) , ch 3 online edition Shenk , Gerald E. `` Race , Manhood , and Manpower : Mobilizing Rural Georgia for World War I , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly , 81 ( Fall 1997 ) , 622 -- 62 Woodward , C. Vann . Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) , pp 451 -- 63 . Sieger , Susan . `` She Did n't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker : Motherhood , Conscription , and the Culture of the First World War . '' Feminist Studies . v. 22 # 1 1996 . pp 7 + online edition Shenk , Gerald E. ( 2005 ) . `` Work or fight ! '' : Race , Gender , and the Draft in World War One . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6175 - 4 . World War II ( edit ) Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Garry , Clifford J. and Samuel R. Spencer Jr . The First Peacetime Draft. 1986 . Goossen , Rachel Waltner ; Women against the Good War : Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front , 1941 -- 1947 1997 online edition Westbrook , Robert . `` ' I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl That Married Harry James ' : American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in WWII , '' American Quarterly 42 ( December 1990 ) : 587 -- 614 ; online in JSTOR Cold War and Vietnam ( edit ) Lawrence M. Baskir ; William A. Strauss ( 1978 ) . Chance and Circumstance : The Draft , the War , and the Vietnam Generation . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72749 - 5 . Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Marc Leepson , `` What It Was Like to Be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Recent ( edit ) Halstead , Fred . GIs Speak out against the War : The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8 . 128 pages . New York : Pathfinder Press . 1970 . Warner , John T. and Beth J. Asch . `` The Record and Prospects of the All - volunteer Military in the United States . '' Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001 15 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 192 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Wooten ; Evan M. `` Banging on the Backdoor Draft : The Constitutional Validity of Stop - Loss in the Military '' , William and Mary Law Review , Vol. 47 , 2005 Chambers II , John Whiteclay , ed . Draftees or Volunteers : A Documentary History of the Debate over Military Conscription in the United States , 1787 -- 1973 , ( 1975 ) ( 1976 ) ( 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Look up conscription in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` What It Was Like to be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Selective Service System official website Resisters.info Rolling Stone magazine : `` The Return of the Draft '' 2005 How To Beat The Draft Board Reinstating the military draft by Walter E. Williams Are You Going to be Drafted ? by Rod Powers . Discusses the improbability of the draft returning . World War I : Conscription Laws from the Library of Congress Blog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&oldid=818157699 '' Categories : Conscription in the United States Conscription by country United States military policies American nationalism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 23 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Conscription in the United States
2. The draft in American history
3. Opposition to conscription
4. Conscientious objectors during wartime
5. End of conscription and draft registration
|
-7,663,489,787,888,883,000 |
list of words with q not followed by u
|
List of English words containing Q not followed by U - wikipedia List of English words containing Q not followed by U Jump to : navigation , search Qwerty , one of the few native English words with Q not followed by U ( or another vowel ) , is derived from the first six letters of a standard keyboard layout . A souq in Marrakech , Morocco . Like 32 of the 71 other English words that use a q not followed by a u , souq is of Arabic origin . In English , the letter Q is usually followed by the letter U , but there are some exceptions . The majority of these are anglicised from Arabic , Chinese , Hebrew , Inuktitut , or other languages which do not use the English alphabet , with Q representing a sound not found in English . For example , in the Chinese pinyin alphabet , qi is pronounced / tʃi / by an English speaker , as pinyin uses `` q '' to represent the sound ( tɕh ) , which is approximated as ( tʃ ) in English . In other examples , Q represents ( q ) in standard Arabic , such as in qat , faqir and Qur'ān . In Arabic , the letter ق , traditionally romanised as Q , is quite distinct from ك , traditionally romanised as K ; for example , قلب / qalb / means `` heart '' but كلب / kalb / means `` dog '' . However , alternative spellings are sometimes accepted which use K ( or sometimes C ) in place of Q ; for example , Koran ( Qur'ān ) and Cairo ( al - Qāhira ) . Of the 71 words in this list , 67 are nouns , and most would generally be considered loanwords ; the only modern - English words that contain Q not followed by U and are not borrowed from another language are qiana , qwerty , and tranq . However , all of the loanwords on this list are considered to be naturalised in English according to at least one major dictionary ( see References ) , often because they refer to concepts or societal roles that do not have an accurate equivalent in English . For words to appear here , they must appear in their own entry in a dictionary ; words which occur only as part of a longer phrase are not included . Proper nouns are not included in the list . There are , in addition , many place names and personal names , mostly originating from Arabic - speaking countries , Albania , or China , that have a Q without a U . The most familiar of these are the countries of Iraq and Qatar , along with the derived words Iraqi and Qatari . Iqaluit , the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut , also has a Q which is not directly followed by a U. Qaqortoq , in Greenland , is notable for having three such Qs . Other proper names and acronyms that have attained the status of English words include : Compaq ( a computer company ) , Nasdaq ( a US electronic stock market ) , Qantas ( an Australian airline ) , and QinetiQ ( a British technology company ) . Zaqqum ( a tree mentioned in the Qur'an ) and Saqqara ( an ancient burial ground in Egypt ) are proper nouns notable for their use of a double Q . Contents ( hide ) 1 Words 2 Uses in Scrabble 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Words ( edit ) Unless noted otherwise , all words listed here are assumed to be pluralized by adding - s or - es . References in the `` Sources '' column relate to the headword in column one ; variant spellings are then separately referenced . The sources given are selective , and the absence of a reference to a particular dictionary does not necessarily mean that the word does not appear in that dictionary . Word Meaning Sources Other forms Etymology buqsha A former Yemeni monetary unit ( L ) Also written bogache Arabic burqa A veiled garment worn by some Muslim women ( ODE ) ( LC ) ( C ) ( AHC ) ( OED ) Also written burka , burkha , or burqua Urdu and Persian burqa , from Arabic burqu ` cinq The number five , as signified in dice or cards ( ODE ) ( COD ) ( OED ) French cinq , `` five '' cinqfoil A plant of the genus Potentilla , or an ornamental design thereof ( SOED ) ( OED ) Much more commonly written cinquefoil Middle English , from Latin quinquefolium , from quinque `` five '' + folium `` leaf '' coq A trimming of cock feathers on a woman 's hat ( WI ) French coq , `` cockerel '' faqih An Islamic jurisprudent ( RHW ) Plural faqihs or fuqaha ( RHU ) Arabic فقيه faqir A Muslim ascetic ( L ) More commonly written fakir Arabic فقير , `` poverty - stricken '' fiqh Muslim jurisprudence ( ODE ) Arabic فقه , `` understanding '' inqilab A revolution in India or Pakistan ( C ) Arabic إنقلاب mbaqanga A style of South African music ( ODE ) ( C ) ( W ) Zulu umbaqanga , `` steamed maize bread '' miqra The Tanakh , or Hebrew text of the Bible ( WI ) Hebrew מקרא muqaddam A Bangladeshi or Punjabi headman ( C ) Arabic مقدم nastaliq An Arabic script used in Persian writings ( OED ) Also written nasta'liq ( C ) , nestaliq ( OED ) , nastaleeq , or shortened to just taliq ( OED ) Persian نستعليق , from naskh + ta ` liq niqab A veil for the lower - face worn by some Muslim women ( ODE ) Also written niqaab From Arabic نِقاب pontacq A sweet wine from Pontacq ( France ) ( OED ) qabab A dish consisting of pieces of seasoned meat ( OED ) More commonly written kebab , kebap , kebob , kibob , kebhav , kephav , kebabie , or kabob Persian کباب qabalah A form of Jewish mysticism ( C ) ( AHC ) ( WI ) More commonly written Kabbalah , and also written Qabala ( AHC ) , Qabbala ( WI ) , Cabalah etc . Derived words include qabalism , qabalist , and qabalistic . Hebrew קַבָּלָה qadarite A member of the Qadariyah ( RHU ) qadariyah In Islam , adherents of the doctrine of free will ( RHU ) Also written Qadariya ( RHU ) qaddish In Judaism , a prayer of mourning ( C ) More commonly written Kaddish Hebrew קדיש qadi A Muslim judge ( L ) ( C ) ( W ) ( OED ) ( AOX ) Also written qadhi ( OED ) , qaadi , kadi , kazi qaadee or qazi ( OED ) Arabic قاضى qadiriyah In Islam , a Sufi order ( RHU ) Also written Qadiriya ( RHU ) Arabic القادريه qaf Twenty - first letter of the Arabic alphabet ( RHW ) Also written qaph or qap Arabic ق qaid A Muslim tribal chief ( RHW ) Also written caid or kaid Arabic قائد , `` leader '' , `` commander '' qaimaqam A minor official of the Ottoman Empire ( C ) ( OED ) Also written kaymakam , kaimakam , caimacam , or qaim makam From Arabic قائم , `` standing '' + مقام `` place '' , meaning `` standing in place '' qalamdan A Persian writing - case ( C ) Persian قلمدان qalandar A member of an order of mendicant dervishes ( RHU ) Also written calender , or capitalised qanat A type of water - supply tunnel found in north Africa and the Middle East ( ODE ) ( C ) ( OED ) ( AOX ) Also written kanat , khanat , kunut , kona , konait , ghanat , or ghundat Persian , from Arabic qanāt , `` channel '' qanun A type of harp ( OED ) Also written qanon or kanun ( OED ) Arabic قانون , rule , principle or mode qasida An Arabian poem of praise or satire ( C ) ( OED ) ( AOX ) Also written qasidah Arabic قصيدة qat A kind of Arabian shrub used as a narcotic ( L ) ( C ) ( OED ) More commonly written khat , kat or gat Arabic qāt qawwal A person who practises qawwali music ( ODE ) ( C ) ( AOX ) qawwali Devotional music of the Sufis ( ODE ) ( C ) ( AOX ) Arabic قوٌالی ( qawwāli ) , `` loquacious '' or `` singer '' qepiq An Azerbaijani unit of currency ( AH ) Azerbaijani qəpik qere A marginal reading in the Hebrew Bible ( OED ) ( WI ) Also written qeri ( WI ) or qre ( WI ) Aramaic קְרֵי , `` ( what is ) read '' qhat An obsolete spelling of what ( OED ) Likely of Scots origin , in which an older spelling convention used `` quh - '' or `` qh - '' where English had `` wh - '' . qheche An obsolete spelling of which ( OED ) qhom An obsolete spelling of whom ( OED ) qhythsontyd An obsolete spelling of Whitsuntide ( the day of Pentecost ) ( OED ) qi In Chinese culture , a physical life force ( ODE ) ( C ) ( AHC ) ( OED ) Commonly written chi or ki simplified Chinese : 气 ; traditional Chinese : 氣 qiana A type of nylon ( OED ) Originally a trademark of DuPont , now generic qibla The point to which Muslims turn in prayer ( ODE ) ( COD ) ( C ) ( OED ) ( AOX ) Also written qiblah ( OED ) , kiblah , qiblih , kibla or qib'lah ( RHU ) , sometimes capitalised 17th Century Arabic , `` the opposite '' qibli A local Libyan name for the sirocco , a southeasterly Mediterranean wind ( OED ) Also written ghibli Arabic قبلي , `` coming from the qibla qigong A Chinese system of medical exercises ( ODE ) ( C ) ( AOX ) Also written chi gong , ki gong , or chi kung simplified Chinese : 气功 ; traditional Chinese : 氣功 qin A classification of Chinese musical instruments ( AOX ) Chinese : 琴 qinah A Hebrew elegy ( WI ) Also written kinah ; plural qinot , qinoth Hebrew קינה qindar , qindarkë An Albanian unit of currency , equal to one one - hundredth of a lek ( ODE ) ( L ) ( C ) Plural qindarka ( L ) or qindars ( C ) . Also written qintar ( L ) ( C ) ( AOX ) or quintal Albanian qinghaosu A drug , artemisinin , used to treat malaria ( C ) Chinese : 青 蒿 素 qipao A traditional Chinese dress ( OED ) Also written chi pao Chinese : 旗袍 qirsh A monetary unit of Saudi Arabia and , formerly , various other countries ( RHU ) Also written qurush , qursh , gursh , girsh or ghirsh qiviut The wool of the musk - ox ( OED ) Inuktitut ᕿᕕᐅᖅ qiyas An analogy in Sharia , Islamic law ( RHW ) Arabic قياس qoph The nineteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet ( L ) ( C ) Also written koph Hebrew קוף qorma A type of curry ( Co ) Much more commonly written korma Persian → Urdu قورمه qwerty A standard English keyboard layout ( ODE ) ( COD ) ( LC ) ( C ) ( AOX ) ( OED ) Plural qwertys or qwerties ; also rendered QWERTY Named after the letters on the top row of keys . rencq An obsolete spelling of rank ( OED ) sambuq A type of Dhow , a small Arabian boat ( OED ) Arabic سنبوك sheqel A unit of weight originally used in Mesopotamia . The currency of Israel , divided into 100 agorot ( MW ) Plural sheqels or sheqalim ; more commonly written shekel Hebrew שקל , Yiddish ניי - שקל souq An Arab marketplace ( ODE ) ( C ) ( OED ) ( AOX ) Also written sooq , soq , suq , souk , esouk , or suk Arabic سوق ( sūq ) talaq A form of Islamic divorce ( ODE ) ( C ) ( OED ) Arabic talaq , from talaqa , `` repudiate '' taluq An Indian estate ( OED ) Also written taluk or talook Arabic → Urdu تعلقه , ta'alluqa , `` connection '' , `` relationship '' taluqdar A person who collects the revenues of a taluq ( OED ) Also written talukdar or talookdar Arabic → Urdu تعلقدار , ta'alluq - dar , `` landholder '' , `` possessor of an estate '' , `` lord of a manor '' taluqdari An Indian landholding tenure ( OED ) taqiya In Islam , the dissimulation of faith displayed for fear of one 's life ( RHW ) Also written taqiyah ( RHU ) , or capitalised Arabic التقية taqlid Acceptance of Muslim orthodoxy ( RHW ) Arabic قْلي tariqa A Sufi method of spiritual development , or a Sufi missionary ( E ) ( AOX ) Also written tariqat ( E ) or tarika Arabic طريق tranq A form of sedative ( OED ) Also written trank ( OED ) Apocopation from tranquilizer tsaddiq In Judaism , a term bestowed upon the righteous . ( C ) ( OED ) Plural tsaddiqs or tsaddiqim ; also written tzaddiq ( C ) , tzadik or tzaddik Hebrew צדיק umiaq An open Inuit boat ( OSPD4 ) Also spelled umiak , umialak , umiac , oomiac or oomiak waqf A charitable trust in Islamic law ( ODE ) ( C ) ( OED ) Also written wakf ; plural waqf ( ODE ) ( C ) ( OED ) or waqfs ( C ) ( OED ) Arabic , literally `` stoppage '' from waqafa , `` come to a standstill '' yaqona A Fijian intoxicating beverage , kava ( C ) ( OED ) Fijian yaqona , in which q represents ( ŋɡ ) Uses in Scrabble ( edit ) In many word games , notably in Scrabble , a player must build a word using a certain set of letters . If a player is obliged to use a q but does not have a u , it may be possible to play words from this list . Not all words in this list are acceptable in Scrabble tournament games . Scrabble tournaments around the world use their own sets of words from selected dictionaries which may not contain all the words listed here . Qi is the most commonly played word in Scrabble tournaments , and was added to the official North American word list in 2006 . Other words listed in this article , such as suq , umiaq or qiviut , are also acceptable , but since these contain a u , they are less likely to be useful in the situation described . See also ( edit ) List of words without vowel letters Constrained writing Footnotes ( edit ) ( AH ) : The American Heritage Dictionary ( 4 ed . ) . Dell . 2001 . ISBN 0 - 440 - 23701 - 7 . ( AHC ) : American Heritage College Dictionary ( 4 ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin. 2007 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 83595 - 4 . ( AOX ) : `` Ask Oxford '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ( C ) : The Chambers Dictionary ( 9 ed . ) . Chambers . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 550 - 10105 - 5 . ( Co ) : Collins English Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . HarperCollins. 1994 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 470678 - 1 . ( COD ) : Concise Oxford Dictionary ( 8 ed . ) . Clarendon. 1990 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861200 - 1 . ( E ) : `` Microsoft Encarta online dictionary '' . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2006 . ( L ) : The Longman Dictionary of the English Language ( 5 ed . ) . Longman. 1988 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 55511 - 6 . ( LC ) : The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ( 4 ed . ) . Longman. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 77649 - X . ( MW ) : Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 11 ed . ) . Merriam - Webster . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . ( MWO ) : `` Merriam - Webster online dictionary '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2006 . ( ODE ) : Oxford Dictionary of English ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford UP. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861347 - 4 . ( OED ) : Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford UP. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861347 - 4 . ( OSPD4 ) : The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary ( 4 ed . ) . Merriam - Webster . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 929 - 6 . ( RHU ) : Random House Unabridged Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Random House . 1998 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 19931 - 9 . ( RHW ) : Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Random House . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42599 - 3 . ( SOED ) : The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles ( 3 ed . ) . Clarendon. 1992 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861294 - X . ( TWL ) : Official Tournament and Club Word List ( 2 ed . ) . Merriam - Webster . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 635 - 1 . ( W ) : Random House Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary . Random House Reference. 2000 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 . ( WI ) : Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , Unabridged . Merriam - Webster . 2002 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 201 - 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Sacks ( 2004 ) . Letter Perfect : The Marvelous History of our Alphabet from A to Z . Random House . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lynn Kauer . `` Qaqortoq '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hewlett - Packard and Compaq Agree to Merge , Creating $87 Billion Global Technology Leader '' ( Press release ) . Hewlett - Packard . September 3 , 2001 . Retrieved October 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael J. De la Merced ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Nasdaq and ICE Hold Talks Over Potential N.Y.S.E. Bid '' . Dealbook . The New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Qantas frequent flyers get microchip cards , heralding new era in faster travel '' . The Independent . UK . November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrew Buncombe ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` Former CIA Chief Joins the Board of QinetiQ '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mulla Sadra Shirazi ( 2010 ) . Divine Manifestations : Concerning the Secrets of the Perfecting Sciences . ICAS Press . p. 151 . ISBN 1 - 904063 - 35 - 7 . Jump up ^ Toby A.H. Wilkinson ( 2001 ) . Early Dynastic Egypt : Strategies , Society and Security . Routledge . p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26011 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Philip ( 1997 ) . Ulster - Scots : A Grammar of the Traditional Written and Spoken Language . The Ullans Press . Archived from the original on 2004 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Playing the ' Q ' . Huub Luyk . Sun. Star Baguio . October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Archived March 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Scrabble players adjust as official dictionary adds ' za , ' qi ' and 3,300 others . '' Virginia Linn . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 9 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Words with a Q not followed by a U Archived 2010 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Australian Scrabble Players Association . May 8 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Eckler , A. Ross ( 1976 ) . `` Must You Join the Queue ? '' . Word Ways . 9 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 115 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Quinion , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Q followed by U '' . World Wide Words . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Quinion , Michael ( 2009 ) . Why is Q Always Followed by U ? Word - perfect Answers to the Most - asked Questions about Language . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 184 - 3 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Scrabble Word Lists Q without U -- Parker Brothers , attributed to : Joe Edley ; John D. Williams , Jr. ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Your Fourth - Grade Teacher , Mrs. Kleinfelder , Lied to you : You Can Have Words with a Q and No U '' . Everything Scrabble : Third Edition . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 6175 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wiktionary 's list of English words containing Q not followed by U : ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_English_words_containing_Q_not_followed_by_U&oldid=797663424 '' Categories : English spelling Scrabble Lists of English words with uncommon properties Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Featured lists Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wiktionary Հայերեն 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 14 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. English words with Q not followed by U
2. Loanwords with Q in English
3. Arabic words with Q in English
4. Scrabble words with Q not followed by U
5. Proper names with Q in English
|
-2,337,717,576,030,250,500 |
which second messenger molecule acts on the endoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions
|
Calcium signaling - wikipedia Calcium signaling Jump to : navigation , search Calcium ions are important for cellular signalling , as once they enter the cytosol of the cytoplasm they exert allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins . Calcium can act in signal transduction resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein - coupled receptors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calcium Concentration Regulation 1.1 Phospholipase C Pathway 2 Calcium as a second messenger 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Calcium concentration regulation ( edit ) The resting concentration of Ca in the cytoplasm is normally maintained around 100 nM , variously reported as 20,000 - to 100,000-fold lower than typical extracellular concentration . To maintain this low concentration , Ca is actively pumped from the cytosol to the extracellular space , the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) , and sometimes into the mitochondria . Certain proteins of the cytoplasm and organelles act as buffers by binding Ca . Signaling occurs when the cell is stimulated to release calcium ions ( Ca ) from intracellular stores , and / or when calcium enters the cell through plasma membrane ion channels . Phospholipase C pathway ( edit ) Phospholipase C cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAG Specific signals can trigger a sudden increase in the cytoplasmic Ca level up to 500 -- 1,000 nM by opening channels in the endoplasmic reticulum or the plasma membrane . The most common signaling pathway that increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration is the phospholipase C pathway . Many cell surface receptors , including G protein - coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases activate the phospholipase C ( PLC ) enzyme . PLC hydrolyses the membrane phospholipid PIP2 to form IP3 and diacylglycerol ( DAG ) , two classical second messengers . DAG recruits protein kinase C ( PKC ) , attaching it to the plasma membrane IP diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum , and binds to an IP3 receptor , The IP3 receptor serves as a Ca channel , and releases Ca from the endoplasmic reticulum . The Ca ions bind to PKC , activating it . Depletion of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum will lead to Ca entry from outside the cell by activation of `` Store - Operated Channels '' ( SOCs ) . This inflowing calcium current that results after stored calcium reserves have been released is referred to as Ca - release - activated Ca current ( ICRAC ) . The mechanisms through which ICRAC occurs are currently still under investigation , although two candidate molecules , Orai1 and STIM1 , have been linked by several studies , and a model of store - operated calcium influx , involving these molecules , has been proposed . Recent studies have cited the phospholipase A2 beta , nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NAADP ) , and the protein STIM 1 as possible mediators of ICRAC . Movement of calcium ions from the extracellular compartment to the intracellular compartment alters membrane potential . This is seen in the heart , during the plateau phase of ventricular contraction . In this example , calcium acts to maintain depolarization of the heart . Calcium signaling through ion channels is also important in neuronal synaptic transmission . Calcium as a second messenger ( edit ) Calcium ( as Ca ) is a ubiquitous second messenger with wide - ranging physiological roles . These include muscle contraction , neuronal transmission as in an excitatory synapse , cellular motility ( including the movement of flagella and cilia ) , fertilisation , cell growth or proliferation , neurogenesis , learning and memory as with synaptic plasticity , and secretion of saliva . High levels of cytoplasmic calcium can also cause the cell to undergo apoptosis . Other biochemical roles of calcium include regulating enzyme activity , permeability of ion channels , activity of ion pumps , and components of the cytoskeleton . Many of Ca - mediated events occur when the released Ca binds to and activates the regulatory protein calmodulin . Calmodulin may activate calcium - calmodulin - dependent protein kinases , or may act directly on other effector proteins . Besides calmodulin , there are many other Ca - binding proteins that mediate the biological effects of Ca . In neurons , concomitant increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium are important for the synchronization of neuronal electrical activity with mitochondrial energy metabolism . Mitochondrial matrix calcium levels can reach the tens of micromolar levels , which is necessary for the activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase , one of the key regulatory enzymes of the Krebs cycle . In the neuron , the ER may serve in a network integrating numerous extracellular and intracellular signals in a binary membrane system with the plasma membrane . Such an association with the plasma membrane creates the relatively new perception of the ER and theme of `` a neuron within a neuron . '' The ER 's structural characteristics , ability to act as a Ca sink , and specific Ca releasing proteins , serve to create a system that may produce regenerative waves of Ca release that may communicate both locally and globally in the cell . These Ca signals , integrating extracellular and intracellular fluxes , have been implicated to play roles in synaptic plasticity and memory , neurotransmitter release , neuronal excitability and long term changes at the gene transcription level . ER stress is also related to Ca signaling and along with the unfolded protein response , can cause ER associated degradation ( ERAD ) and autophagy . See also ( edit ) Nanodomain European Calcium Society References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clapham , D.E. ( 2007 ) . `` Calcium Signaling '' . Cell. 131 ( 6 ) : 1047 -- 1058 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.11. 028 . PMID 18083096 . ^ Jump up to : Demaurex N , Nunes P ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` The role of STIM and ORAI proteins in phagocytic immune cells '' . American Journal of Physiology . Cell Physiology. 310 ( 7 ) : C496 -- C508 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpcell. 00360.2015 . PMC 4824159 . PMID 26764049 . Jump up ^ Alberts ; Bray ; Hopkin ; Johnson ; Raff ; Lewis ; Roberts ; Walter ( 2014 ) . Essential Cell Biology ( 4th ed . ) . New York , NY : Garland Science . pp. 548 -- 549 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4454 - 4 . Jump up ^ Putney , James W. ; Tomita , Takuro ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Phospholipase C Signaling and Calcium Influx '' . Advances in biological regulation . 52 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 164 . doi : 10.1016 / j. advenzreg. 2011.09. 005 . ISSN 2212 - 4926 . PMC 3560308 . PMID 21933679 . Jump up ^ Csutora , P. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Activation Mechanism for CRAC Current and Store - operated Ca Entry '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 281 ( 46 ) : 34926 -- 34935 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M606504200 . PMID 17003039 . Jump up ^ Moccia , F. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` NAADP activates a Ca current that is dependent on F - actin cytoskeleton '' . The FASEB Journal . 17 ( 13 ) : 1907 -- 1909 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 03 - 0178fje . PMID 12923070 . Jump up ^ Baba , Y. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Coupling of STIM1 to store - operated Ca entry through its constitutive and inducible movement in the endoplasmic reticulum '' . PNAS. 103 ( 45 ) : 16704 -- 16709 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0608358103 . PMC 1636519 . PMID 17075073 . Jump up ^ Rash , BG ; Ackman , JB ; Rakic , P ( 26 February 2016 ) . `` Bidirectional radial Ca ( 2 + ) activity regulates neurogenesis and migration during early cortical column formation '' . Science Advances. 2 ( 2 ) : e1501733 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1501733 . PMC 4771444 . PMID 26933693 . Jump up ^ Berridge , Michael J. ; Lipp , Peter ; Bootman , Martin D. ( October 2000 ) . `` The versatility and universality of calcium signalling '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 21 . doi : 10.1038 / 35036035 . PMID 11413485 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Suresh K. ; Hajnóczky , György ( 2007 - 02 - 06 ) . `` IP3 receptors in cell survival and apoptosis : Ca2+ release and beyond '' . Apoptosis. 12 ( 5 ) : 951 -- 968 . doi : 10.1007 / s10495 - 007 - 0719 - 7 . ISSN 1360 - 8185 . Jump up ^ Ali ES , Hua J , Wilson CH , Tallis GA , Zhou FH , Rychkov GY , Barritt GJ ( 2016 ) . `` The glucagon - like peptide - 1 analogue exendin - 4 reverses impaired intracellular Ca2+ signalling in steatotic hepatocytes '' . BBA − Molecular Cell Research . 1863 : 2135 -- 2146 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamcr. 2016.05. 006 . PMID 27178543 . Jump up ^ Koolman , Jan ; Röhm , Klaus - Heinrich ( 2005 ) . Color Atlas of Biochemistry . New York : Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 247 - 1 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Gatto , Gregory J. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2015 ) . Biochemistry ( Eighth ed . ) . New York , NY : W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 407 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4641 - 2610 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ivannikov , M. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Mitochondrial Free Ca Levels and Their Effects on Energy Metabolism in Drosophila Motor Nerve Terminals '' . Biophys . J. 104 ( 11 ) : 2353 -- 2361 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2013.03. 064 . PMC 3672877 . PMID 23746507 . Jump up ^ Ivannikov , M. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Synaptic vesicle exocytosis in hippocampal synaptosomes correlates directly with total mitochondrial volume '' . J. Mol . Neurosci. 49 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 230 . doi : 10.1007 / s12031 - 012 - 9848 - 8 . PMC 3488359 . PMID 22772899 . Jump up ^ Berridge , M. ( 1998 ) . `` Neuronal calcium signaling '' . Neuron. 21 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 00 ) 80510 - 3 . PMID 9697848 . Further reading ( edit ) Petersen , Ole H ( 2005 ) . `` Ca signalling and Ca - activated ion channels in exocrine acinar cells '' . Cell Calcium. 38 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 171 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceca. 2005.06. 024 . PMID 16107275 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calcium signaling . <Th_colspan="2"> Cell signaling / Signal transduction Signaling pathways GPCR Wnt RTK TGF beta MAPK / ERK Notch JAK - STAT Akt / PKB Fas apoptosis Hippo PI3K / AKT / mTOR pathway Integrin receptors Agents Receptor ligands Hormones Neurotransmitters / Neuropeptides / Neurohormones Cytokines Growth factors Signaling molecules Receptors Cell surface Intracellular Co-receptor Second messenger <Td_colspan="2"> cAMP - dependent pathway Ca signaling Lipid signaling Assistants : Signal transducing adaptor protein Scaffold protein Transcription factors General Transcription preinitiation complex TFIID TFIIH By distance Juxtacrine Autocrine / Paracrine Endocrine Other concepts Intracrine action Neurocrine signaling Synaptic transmission Chemical synapse Neuroendocrine signaling Exocrine signalling Pheromones Mechanotransduction Phototransduction Ion channel gating Gap junction <Th_colspan="2"> Cell signaling : calcium signaling and calcium metabolism Cell membrane Ion pumps SERCA Sodium - calcium exchanger Cell membrane calcium channels VDCC TRP NMDA receptor AMPA receptor 5 - HT3 receptor P2X purinoreceptor Adhesion molecules Cadherin Other Calcium - sensing receptor Intracellular signaling & calc . regulation Second messengers IP3 NAADP cADPR Store gates ( ligand - gated calcium channel ) IP3 receptor CICR Ryanodine receptor Molecular switches , and kinases Troponin C Calmodulin CaM kinases PKC NCS Chelators and calcium sensors Calbindin S100 pervalbumin Calretinin Calsequestrin Sarcalumenin Phospholamban Synaptotagmins Proteases Calpain Cytoskeleton remodeling proteins Gelsolin Chaperones Calreticulin Calnexin Other Vitamin D Calcium - binding protein domains EF hand domain C2 domain Extracellular ligands Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Calcium - binding proteins Intracellular calcium - sensing proteins Calmodulin Calnexin Calreticulin Gelsolin neuronal Hippocalcin Neurocalcin Recoverin Membrane protein Annexin A1 A2 A5 Fibulin FBLN1 FBLN2 FBLN5 Vitamin D - dependent calcium - binding protein / Calbindin Calexcitin Calsequestrin Osteocalcin Osteonectin S - 100 Synaptotagmin Cytoskeleton Troponin C Extracellular matrix Matrix gla protein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_signaling&oldid=811975906 '' Categories : Cell signaling Signal transduction Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 04 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Calcium ions in cellular signaling
2. Calcium concentration regulation
3. Phospholipase C pathway
4. Calcium as a second messenger
5. Calcium signaling in neuronal synaptic transmission
|
6,888,442,005,972,225,000 |
who has the best undefeated record in boxing
|
List of undefeated boxing world champions - wikipedia List of undefeated boxing world champions Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of world champions in professional boxing who retired undefeated , either during or after a title reign ( s ) . It excludes current titleholders . Each champion 's record is shown in the following format : wins -- losses -- draws -- no contests . Boxer Record Weight class Title ( s ) Championship years Title defenses Notes Jimmy Barry 59 -- 0 -- 9 ( 2 ) Bantamweight World 1894 -- 1899 6 ( 3 draws ) Joe Calzaghe 46 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Super middleweight WBO 1997 -- 2007 21 ( WBO ) , 1 ( IBF ) , 3 ( The Ring , lineal ) , 0 ( WBA , WBC ) Vacated title to move up to light heavyweight IBF , The Ring , lineal 2006 -- 2007 Unified WBO , IBF , and The Ring titles . Vacated IBF title to fight Peter Manfredo Jr. instead of # 1 contender Robert Stieglitz . Vacated The Ring title to move up to light heavyweight . WBA , WBC 2007 -- 2008 Unified WBO , WBA , WBC , and The Ring titles . Vacated titles to move up to light heavyweight . Light heavyweight The Ring 2008 Kim Ji - won 16 -- 0 -- 2 ( 0 ) Super bantamweight IBF 1985 -- 1986 Mihai Leu 28 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Welterweight WBO Forced to retire from boxing due to an injury . Ricardo López 51 -- 0 -- 1 ( 0 ) Minimumweight WBC 1990 -- 1998 22 Vacated title to move up to light flyweight . WBO 1997 -- 1998 0 Unified WBC and WBO titles . Stripped of WBO title for saying he wanted to give the belt to his father . WBA 1998 0 Vacated title to move up to junior flyweight . Light flyweight IBF 1999 -- 2002 Rocky Marciano 49 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Heavyweight World 1952 -- 1956 6 Terry Marsh 26 -- 0 -- 1 ( 0 ) Light welterweight IBF Forced to retire due to epilepsy . Floyd Mayweather Jr . 50 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Super featherweight WBC 1998 -- 2002 8 Vacated title to move up to lightweight . Lightweight WBC 2002 -- 2004 Vacated title to move up to light welterweight . Light welterweight WBC 2005 -- 2006 0 Vacated title to move up to welterweight . Welterweight WBA , WBC 2006 -- 2008 , 2011 -- 2015 8 Retired at 49 -- 0 in 2015 ; returned in 2017 for non-title McGregor fight and then retired again . Light middleweight WBA , WBC 2007 , 2012 -- 2015 , 2017 Jack McAuliffe 30 -- 0 -- 5 ( 1 ) Lightweight World 1886 -- 1893 7 -- 0 -- 2 ( 0 ) Sven Ottke 34 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Super middleweight IBF 1998 -- 2004 21 WBA 2003 -- 2004 Defended IBF title and defeated WBA champion to become WBA Super champion . Dmitry Pirog 20 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Middleweight WBO 2010 -- 2012 Forced to retire from boxing due to chronic back injury . Harry Simon 30 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Light middleweight WBO 1998 -- 2001 Vacated title to move up to middleweight . Middleweight WBO 2002 0 Won WBO interim middleweight title in 2001 and the outright title in 2002 . Stripped of title at 29 -- 0 when he was unable to defend it due to injuries suffered in a car crash . Had one more non-title fight before retiring . Pichit Sitbangprachan 24 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Flyweight IBF 1992 -- 1994 Retired at 21 -- 0 and then made a comeback . Edwin Valero 27 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Super featherweight WBA 2006 -- 2008 Vacated title to move up to lightweight . Lightweight WBC 2009 -- 2010 Vacated title to move up to light welterweight . Committed suicide after allegedly killing his wife in 2010 . All 27 fights were knockout wins . Andre Ward 32 -- 0 -- 0 ( 0 ) Super middleweight WBA 2009 -- 2015 6 Vacated titles in 2015 to move up to light heavyweight . WBC , The Ring , lineal 2011 -- 2015 1 ( WBC ) , 2 ( The Ring , lineal ) Light heavyweight WBA , WBC , The Ring , lineal 2016 -- 2017 1 ( WBA , IBF , WBO ) , 0 ( The Ring , lineal ) See also ( edit ) Boxing portal List of current world boxing champions List of current female world boxing champions Longest reigning heavyweight champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Barry '' . Cyber Boxing Zone . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Undefeated Calzaghe quits boxing '' . BBC . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` US elite join race for Calzaghe '' . BBC . November 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Tate ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Boxing : David Haye and 7 Greatest Fighters to Retire with Less Than 30 Bouts : People Who Did Not Make My List at All '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jamili Takes Strawweight Title '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Undefeated heavyweight boxing champion , boxing '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Undefeated Floyd Mayweather confirms retirement , Sky Sports , 13 / 09 / 2015 Jump up ^ `` Jack McAuliffe '' . Cyber Boxing Zone . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Rosenthal . `` 10 : Boxers who finished careers undefeated '' . The Ring magazine . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justin Tate ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Boxing : David Haye and 7 Greatest Fighters to Retire with Less Than 30 Bouts : 7 . Edwin Valero '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Bryan Armen ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Andre Ward , boxing 's pound - for - pound world No1 , announces shock retirement '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> World professional boxing champions Champions by sanctioning body Major world titles WBA list WBC list IBF list WBO list Other world titles The Ring list TBRB IBO list IBA WBU list Champions by weight class Heavyweight ( 200 + lb ) Cruiserweight ( 200 lb ) Light heavyweight ( 175 lb ) Super middleweight ( 168 lb ) Middleweight ( 160 lb ) Light middleweight ( 154 lb ) Welterweight ( 147 lb ) Light welterweight ( 140 lb ) Lightweight ( 135 lb ) Super featherweight ( 130 lb ) Featherweight ( 126 lb ) Super bantamweight ( 122 lb ) Bantamweight ( 118 lb ) Super flyweight ( 115 lb ) Flyweight ( 112 lb ) Light flyweight ( 108 lb ) Minimumweight ( 105 lb ) Champions in multiple weight classes Triple champions list Quadruple champions list Quintuple champions list Sextuple champions list Septuple champions list Octuple champions list Current champions Male Female Miscellaneous Lineal championship list Undisputed championship list Interim championship Pound for pound The Ring list Undefeated champions Current rankings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_undefeated_boxing_world_champions&oldid=803475990 '' Categories : Lists of boxing champions Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 19 : 34 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Undefeated boxing world champions
2. Retired undefeated champions
3. Boxing champions with perfect records
4. World champions who never lost a fight
5. Undefeated champions in professional boxing
|
-211,385,531,899,698,750 |
when did the yankees won a world series
|
New York Yankees - wikipedia New York Yankees Jump to : navigation , search For other historical teams known as the New York Yankees , see New York Yankees ( disambiguation ) . `` Yankees '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yankee ( disambiguation ) . `` Bronx Bombers '' redirects here . For the Broadway play , see Bronx Bombers ( play ) . <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 New York Yankees season <Td_colspan="2"> Established in 1901 <Td_colspan="2"> Based in New York City since 1903 <Td_colspan="2"> Team logo Cap insignia <Th_colspan="2"> Major league affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> American League ( 1901 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Retired numbers 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 15 16 20 23 32 37 42 42 44 46 49 51 <Th_colspan="2"> Colors <Td_colspan="2"> Midnight navy blue , gray , white <Th_colspan="2"> Name <Td_colspan="2"> New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> The Bronx Bombers , The Yanks , The Pinstripers , The Bronx Zoo , The Evil Empire , Murderer 's Row <Th_colspan="2"> Ballpark <Td_colspan="2"> Yankee Stadium ( II ) ( 2009 -- present ) Yankee Stadium ( I ) ( 1923 -- 1973 , 1976 -- 2008 ) Shea Stadium ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Polo Grounds ( IV ) ( 1913 -- 1922 ) a.k.a. Brush Stadium ( 1913 -- 1919 ) Hilltop Park ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Oriole Park ( 1901 -- 1902 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Major league titles World Series titles ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 AL Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 East Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild card berths ( 5 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Front office Owner ( s ) Yankee Global Enterprises ( Hal and Hank Steinbrenner , co-chairmen ) Manager Joe Girardi General Manager Brian Cashman President of Baseball Operations Randy Levine The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the New York Mets of the National League . In the 1901 season , the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise ( which had ceased operations ) and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and former catcher Joe Girardi is the team 's manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name after the previous facility was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ; in 2011 , the Yankees had the second - highest attendance . One of the most successful sports clubs in the world , the Yankees have won 18 division titles , 40 AL pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The Yankees have won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues . Forty - four Yankees players and eleven Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , and Whitey Ford . In pursuit of winning championships , the franchise has used a large payroll to attract talent , particularly during the Steinbrenner era . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $3.7 billion . The Yankees have garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The team 's rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well - known rivalries in U.S. sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) 1.2 Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) 1.3 New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) 1.4 Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderer 's Row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) 1.5 Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) 1.6 Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) 1.7 The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) 1.8 New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) 1.9 Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) 1.10 Struggles : The Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) 1.11 New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 1.12 Back on top : Championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 1.13 New Era : Baby Bombers take charge ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Distinctions 3 World Series championships 4 Team nicknames 5 Logo , uniform , and dress code 6 Popularity 6.1 Fan support 6.2 The Bleacher Creatures 6.3 Global expansion and business model 6.4 Criticism 7 Fight and theme songs 8 Radio and television 8.1 Past announcers 9 Roster 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Retired numbers 9.3 Hall of Famers 10 Rivalries 10.1 Boston Red Sox 10.2 Subway Series 11 Minor league affiliations 12 Front office 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links History Main article : History of the New York Yankees Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) At the end of 1900 , Ban Johnson , president of the American League -- a minor league previously known as the Western League ( 1894 -- 1899 ) -- reorganized the league . He added teams in three East Coast cities , forming the American League ( AL ) as a major league in an attempt to challenge the National League ( NL ) for supremacy . Plans to add another a team in New York City were blocked by the NL 's New York Giants , who had enough political power in New York City to prevent the AL from establishing a team . Instead , a team was placed in Baltimore , Maryland , a city which the NL abandoned when it contracted from 12 to 8 teams in 1900 . Nicknamed the Orioles , the team began playing in 1901 and was managed and partly owned by John McGraw . During the 1902 season , McGraw feuded with Johnson and secretly jumped to the Giants . In the middle of the season , the Giants , aided and abetted by McGraw , gained controlling interest of the Orioles and began raiding it for players , until the AL stepped in and took control of the team . In January 1903 , a `` peace conference '' was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NL 's Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it , with only John T. Brush of the Giants opposing . The Orioles ' new owners , Frank J. Farrell and William S. Devery , found a ballpark location not blocked by the Giants , and Baltimore 's team moved to New York . Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Hilltop Park , home of the Highlanders The team 's new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as `` American League Park '' ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattan 's highest points -- between 165th and 168th Streets -- just a few blocks away from the much larger Polo Grounds . The team came to be known as the New York Highlanders . The name was inspired by a combination of the team 's elevated location in Upper Manhattan , and to the noted Scottish military unit The Gordon Highlanders , which coincided with the team 's president Joseph Gordon whose family was of Scots Irish heritage . Newspapers initially called the team `` Gordon 's Highlanders '' ( e.g. New York World , April 15 , 1903 ) , which soon became just `` Highlanders '' . As was common with all members of the American League , the team was often called the New York Americans . They were also dubbed the `` Invaders '' for a short time in 1903 . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or `` Yanks '' ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines and because `` Yankee '' was and is a commonly - used synonym for `` American '' . A prophetic letter to the editor of the New York Sun , May 7 , 1903 , p. 8 , had raised this question : `` Name for the American New Yorks . If the new baseball team is to have a name that is in keeping with the ' Giants , ' does it not seem reasonable that if they are the ' New York Americans ' they might be called the ' Yankees ' or ' Yanks ' ? '' The most success the Highlanders achieved was finishing second in 1904 , 1906 and 1910 , 1904 being the closest they came to winning the AL pennant . That year , they lost the deciding game on the last day of the season to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . This had much historical significance , as the Highlanders ' role in the pennant race caused the Giants to announce that they would not play in the World Series against the AL pennant winner . The World Series was not skipped again for another 90 years , when a strike truncated the entire 1994 season . It was the last time Boston would beat New York in a pennant - deciding game for a full century ( 2004 ) . In 1904 , pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single - season wins record at 41 , which still stands . Under current playing practices , this is most likely an unbreakable record , when you consider that the last thirty game winner was Denny McLain ( 31 ) in 1968 . New owners , a New home , and a New name : years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) The Polo Grounds , home of the Yankees from 1913 to 1922 The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park during reconstruction . Relations between the two teams warmed , and the Highlanders would move into the newly rebuilt Polo Grounds in 1913 . Now playing on the Harlem River , a far cry from their high - altitude home , the name `` Highlanders '' no longer applied , and fell into disuse among the press . The media had already widely adopted the `` Yankees '' nickname coined by the New York Press , and in 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and both were in dire need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert and Captain Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston for $1.25 million . Ruppert inherited a brewery fortune , providing the Yankees with an owner who possessed deep pockets and a willingness to dig into them to produce a winning team . This would lead the team to more success and prestige than Ruppert could ever have envisioned . It is interesting to note that all the games of the 1921 and 1922 World Series were played in the Polo Grounds , when the Yankees squared off against their intracity rival Giants . Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and murderer 's row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) With his hitting prowess , Babe Ruth ushered in an offensive - oriented era of baseball and helped lead the Yankees to 4 World Series titles In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ballclubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname `` The Insurrectos '' . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who would later contribute to the team 's success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher - turned - outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of the trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . The Red Sox often found themselves eliminated from the playoff hunt as a result of the Yankees ' success . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it would not be until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Lou Gehrig was the first Yankees player to have his number retired , in 1939 . Ruth 's multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 -- the year after acquiring Babe Ruth -- the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should `` move to some out - of - the - way place , like Queens '' , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again , and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Important newcomers in this period were manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 would cause a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium . It was the first triple - deck venue in baseball and seated an astounding 58,000 people . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Babe Ruth hit a home run , which was fitting as his home runs and drawing power paid for the stadium , giving it its nickname of `` The House That Ruth Built '' . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year , and triumphed in the brand new ballpark for their first championship . Prior to that point , the Giants had been the city 's icon and dominant team . From 1923 onward , the Yankees would assume that role , and many years later the Giants would leave Coogan 's Bluff for San Francisco . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as `` Murderers ' Row '' , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . The Yankees won a then - AL record 110 games with only 44 losses , and swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruth 's home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single - season home run record that would stand until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting . 373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBIs , beating Ruth 's single - season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees would win the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the team 's streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruth 's `` Called Shot '' in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting `` swan song '' to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth would leave the Yankees to join the NL 's Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) In 1941 , Joe DiMaggio set an MLB record with a 56 - game hitting streak that stands to this day and will probably never be broken With Ruth retired , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team would win an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup and retired due to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) , now nicknamed `` Lou Gehrig 's Disease '' in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be `` Lou Gehrig Day '' , on which they retired his number 4 ( the first retired number in baseball ) . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be `` the luckiest man on the face of the earth . '' He died two years later . The 1941 baseball season was often described as the last year of the `` Golden Era '' before World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive . 400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series , the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , were drafted into the military to fight in World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankee field manager , however , was marked with success . The `` underdog '' Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggio 's career was winding down , and the `` Yankee Clipper '' retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the `` Oklahoma Kid '' , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars that would fill the gap . Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Opening Day of the 1951 baseball season at Griffith Stadium . President Harry Truman throws out the first ball as Casey Stengel looks on . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from 1949 -- 1953 under Stengel , which continues to be the major league record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengel 's teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his twelve seasons as the Yankees manager . Stengel was a master at publicity for the team and for himself , even landing a cover story in Time magazine in 1955 . The 1950 title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won over 100 games , but the Indians took the pennant with an AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In 1955 , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them , but the Yankees came back strong the next year . On October 8 , 1956 , in Game Five of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and was the only no - hitter of any kind to be pitched in postseason play until Roy Halladay pitched a no - hitter on October 6 , 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California , the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles , leaving the Yankees as New York 's only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves , and became the second team to win the Series after being down three - games - to - one . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( ' 50 , 51 , ' 52 , ' 53 , ' 56 , ' 58 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus ' 55 and ' 57 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees ' first African - American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) Mickey Mantle was one of the franchise 's most celebrated hitters , highlighted by his 1956 Triple Crown Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then - Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this `` special relationship '' with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees ' favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankee farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees ' top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O. Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . But the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBIs , and extra base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 would prove to be one of the most memorable in Yankee history . Throughout the summer , Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace , and became known as the `` M&M Boys '' . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup and drop out of the race . Maris continued though , and on October 1 ( the last day of the regular season ) , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruth 's single season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162 - game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154 - game season , two separate records would be kept . It would be 30 years before the dual record would be done away with , and Maris would hold the record alone until Mark McGwire broke it in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109 -- 53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a then - record 240 home runs . After the 1957 departures of the Dodgers and Giants for the West Coast , New York City was a one - team town for the first time since professional play began . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League expanded to include a new expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants ' former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees would win the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games . It would be the Yankees ' last championship until 1977 . The Yankees reached the 1963 World Series , but were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten in seven games by the St. Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 , when they were swept by the Big Red Machine . New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80 % of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . In fact , the Yankees finished in the second division in 1965 -- their first losing record in 40 years , and only their second in 47 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished last in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next - to - last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ' ownership , in 1970 . Topping and Webb had owned the Yankees for 20 years , missing the World Series only five times and going 10 -- 5 in the ones they did get to . By contrast , the CBS - owned teams never went to the World Series . Various reasons have been given for the decline , but the single biggest one was the Yankees ' inability to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961 - 62 offseason , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the major league amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . At the start of this period , all - time `` Voice of the Yankees '' Mel Allen , the team 's top announcer since 1939 , was fired after the 1964 season , supposedly due to cost - cutting measures by longtime broadcast sponsor Ballantine Beer . During baseball 's centennial season in 1969 , the greatest players at each position for every team were named during a voting . The all - time Yankees were : Bill Dickey ( catcher ) , Whitey Ford ( left - handed pitcher ) , Red Ruffing ( right - handed pitcher ) , Johnny Murphy ( relief pitcher ) , Lou Gehrig ( first base ) , Tony Lazzeri ( second base ) , Phil Rizzuto ( shortstop ) , Red Rolfe ( third base ) , Joe DiMaggio ( center field , also named baseball 's `` Greatest Living Player '' ) , Babe Ruth ( right field ) , Mickey Mantle ( left field ) , and Casey Stengel ( manager ) . Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) A group of investors , led by Cleveland - based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930 -- 2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS on January 3 , 1973 for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the team 's principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenner 's major goals was to renovate the Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team would have needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the Stadium and began an extensive two - year renovation period . Since the city owned Shea , the Mets had to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . During 1974 and 1975 , Yankee Stadium was renovated into its final shape and structure , as shown here in 2002 , seven years before demolition After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , Steinbrenner made another move , hiring former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed `` Big Red Machine . '' After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson -- who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles -- to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jackson 's Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jackson 's 5 - year contract . Martin would be hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankee organization and stadium being referred to as the `` Bronx Zoo . '' Despite the turmoil , Jackson starred in the 1977 World Series , when he hit three home runs in the same game , and overall , four home runs on four consecutive pitches from four different pitchers . Jackson 's great performance in the postseason earned him the Series MVP Award , and the nickname `` Mr. October . '' Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . In the 1950s and early 1960s , the Yankees had been dominant while the Red Sox were largely a non-factor . However , in the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Yankees were mired in second place and the Red Sox led the league . In the late 1970s the two teams were contending simultaneously and locked in a close fight . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were 14 ⁄ games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for `` defiance '' after he bunted while Martin had the `` swing '' signal on . Upon Jackson 's return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : `` They deserve each other . One 's a born liar ; the other 's convicted . '' Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning 5 games in a row and Boston was losing 5 in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four - game series at Fenway Park in early September , they were only four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the `` Boston Massacre '' , winning the games 15 -- 3 , 13 -- 2 , 7 -- 0 , and 7 -- 4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by `` Louisiana Lightning '' Ron Guidry , who would lead the majors with nine shutouts , a 25 -- 3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . Guidry finished with 248 strikeouts , but Nolan Ryan 's 260 strikeouts with the California Angels deprived Guidry of the pitching Triple Crown . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a one - game playoff ( the 163rd game of the regular season ) was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2 -- 0 lead . In the seventh inning , light - hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three - run home run over the `` Green Monster '' ( Fenway Park 's famed left field wall ) , putting the Yankees up 3 -- 2 . Reggie Jackson 's solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5 -- 4 win that gave the Yankees their one hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title and Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After beating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Dodgers again in the World Series . They lost the first two games in LA , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and won Game 6 in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award - winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the hated Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The mask and catcher 's mitt of Thurman Munson , the team captain who was killed in a plane crash in 1979 The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , Thurman Munson died after crashing his private plane while practicing `` Touch and Go '' landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important , and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munson 's , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munson 's bat ( which he gave to his fallen friend 's wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the team 's runs in a dramatic 5 -- 4 walk - off victory . Before the game , Munson 's locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankee clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munson 's locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadium 's museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes to the Yankees . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Thanks to Howser 's no - nonsense attitude , Reggie Jackson hit . 300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas City 's George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the 100 - win Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the 1980 ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10 - year contract . The Yankees fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split - season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second - half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After narrowly defeating Milwaukee in five games , they breezed through Billy Martin and the Oakland Athletics in a three - game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees got off to a hot start by winning the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back and stunned the Yankees by winning the next four games to clinch their first World Series title since 1965 . Struggles : the Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) Don Mattingly headlined a Yankees franchise that struggled in the 1980s Following the team 's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St. Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine that had defeated his team in the 1976 World Series , George Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the `` Bronx Burners '' , increasing the Yankees ' ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of `` waiting around for a 3 run home run '' . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All - Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All - Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the first such Yankees team since the 1910s ) and had only 1 playoff appearance . Although they consistently had a powerful offense -- Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title throughout most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led the majors in runs scored for the decade -- the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22 -- 6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Ron Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees ' rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no - hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees ' lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value -- he was traded to the Oakland A 's in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox ( who lost in the World Series that year to the Yankees ' cross-town rivals , the New York Mets ) respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East standings both years . Despite their lack of championships and playoff appearances the Yankees posted the highest winning percentage of all MLB teams during the 1980s . By the end of the decade , the Yankees ' offense was on the decline . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire ' 89 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfield 's tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free - agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last - place finish in franchise history . On July 1 , 1990 , pitcher Andy Hawkins became the first Yankee ever to lose despite throwing a no - hitter . Third baseman Mike Blowers committed an error , followed by two walks and an error by the left fielder Jim Leyritz with the bases loaded , scoring all three runners and the batter . The 4 -- 0 loss to the Chicago White Sox was the largest margin of any no - hitter loss in the 20th century . Ironically , the Yankees ( and Hawkins ) were no - hit for six innings in a rain - shortened game against the White Sox 11 days later . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying `` CURSE OF THE BAMBINO '' , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing `` 1918 ! '' T - shirts each time they were at the Stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and 1990s would soon change . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day - to - day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition / development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the club 's emphasis from high - priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the strike ended the season and Mattingly 's best chance for a World Series title and is remembered among the 10 worst moments in New York City sports history . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between the two Yankee teams ( 1981 and 1994 ) , which included both Yankee teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the post-season would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and dropped the next three in Seattle . Mattingly , suffering greatly from his back injury , retired after the 1995 season . He had the unfortunate distinction of beginning and ending his career on years bookended by Yankee World Series appearances ( 1981 and 1996 ) . New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) The Yankees ' success in the late 1990s and early 2000s was built from a core of productive players , including Jorge Posada , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( `` Clueless Joe '' was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenner 's ownership . 1996 saw the rise of three Yankees who would form the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second - year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second - year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years in 1996 . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in the ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles in five games , which included a notable fan interference by young Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0 -- 2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18 - year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians in five games . GM Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant GM Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a then - AL record 114 regular season wins against just 48 losses and then sweeping the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins is an MLB single - season record . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins at Yankee Stadium . On July 18 , 1999 , which was `` Yogi Berra Day '' at the Stadium , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees ' first meeting with the Red Sox in a post-season series . The Yankees would go on to win the 1999 World Series giving the 1998 -- 1999 Yankees a 22 -- 3 record ( including four series sweeps ) in six consecutive post-season series . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the New York Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956 . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14 , surpassing the club 's previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936 -- 1939 and 1949 -- 1953 , as well as the 1972 -- 1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . The Yankees dynasty of the 1990s was also part the Braves -- Mets rivalry . As noted above , three of their four World Series wins happened against either team ( Braves in 1996 and 1999 , Mets in 2000 ) . Joe Torre added further fuel to the dynasty being part of the rivalry , having played for and managed both teams and he becoming manager of the Yankees and the events of the 1996 season were seen as factors in that rivalry intensifying . In aftermath of the September 11 attacks , that year , Yankees defeated the Oakland A 's in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998 -- 2001 Yankees joined the 1921 -- 1924 New York Giants , and the Yankee teams of ' 36 -- ' 39 , ' 49 -- ' 53 , ' 55 -- ' 58 and ' 60 -- ' 64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4 - year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ( following the Cleveland Indians in 1997 ) and the first time since 1991 that the home team won all seven games of a World Series . The Yankees were also the first American League team to lose a World Series in which the home team won all seven games . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under . 200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , `` Mr. November '' , echoing comparisons Reggie Jackson 's `` Mr. October '' , for his walk - off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees ' home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled `` Prayer for America . '' A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL best record of 103 -- 58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual champion Anaheim Angels in four games . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101 -- 61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens ' 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven game series , which featured a bench - clearing incident in Game 3 and a series - ending walk - off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins , losing a World Series at home for the first time since 1981 . Yankees ' third baseman Alex Rodriguez , 2007 In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Derek Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American pro sports history , to lose a best - of - seven series after taking a 3 -- 0 series lead . Main article : 2005 New York Yankees season In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS in five games to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5 - game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the `` Second Boston Massacre '' ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49 -- 26 . Main article : 2006 New York Yankees season Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . Main article : 2007 New York Yankees season On June 18 , 2007 the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the People 's Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees ' streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced - length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Back on top : championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Former Yankees catcher Joe Girardi became manager in 2008 . After Torre 's departure the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three - year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was played there on July 15 , 2008 . The final regular - season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to `` take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . '' Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . The new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 and was christened with a World Series victory Main articles : 2009 New York Yankees season and 2009 World Series During the off - season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A.J. Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error - free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they defeated the Twins in a sweep before moving on to the ALCS where the Yankees defeated Angels in six games . They defeated the defending champions , the Philadelphia Phillies , in Game 6 of the World Series 7 -- 3 , to take the series 4 -- 2 , their 27th World Series title . Main article : 2010 New York Yankees season The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torre 's Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All - Star break , Pennsylvania announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 American League Championship Series 4 games to 2 . In a 22 -- 9 win over the Athletics at home on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title for the second time in three seasons , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers in five games in the 2011 American League Division Series . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the AL 's best record at 95 -- 67 . They faced the Orioles in the 2012 American League Division Series . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk - off homer , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees ' 3 -- 2 win . The Yankees would defeat the Orioles in five games . But in the 2012 American League Championship Series , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four - game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season - ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the WBC and played only 15 games in the season , Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Derek Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever in a home game playing the Baltimore Orioles . It was scored as 4 -- 6 -- 5 -- 6 -- 5 -- 3 -- 4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , 2013 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild card era , eliminated them from any playoffs . They ended the season 85 - 77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013 -- 14 offseason , the Yankees went on a large free agent spending spree , signing players such as Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs for the second straight season , the first time in the post-1994 strike era , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84 - 78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162 - game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Derek Jeter -- playing his final home game -- hit a walk - off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The 2015 season saw the Yankees make the playoffs for the first time since 2012 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aaron 's record of fifteen 30 - homer seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit - by - pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeira 's place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5 - 3 with a 2.89 ERA in 62.1 innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87 - 75 and in 2nd place . They were soundly defeated by the Houston Astros , 3 -- 0 in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game , shutout for six innings by opposing starter Dallas Keuchel , earning boos from the frustrated home crowd of Yankees fans . In the offseason , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds ' closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman would later be suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season on a rough note , starting 9 - 17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted . 200 and . 204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6 - 12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th - highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52 - 52 , persuading ownership to trade away their most valuable assets and be sellers at the deadline . New era : Baby Bombers take charge ( 2016 -- present ) On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees began the rebuilding process , trading Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a package centered around top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres . Six days later , Miller was traded to the Cleveland Indians for prospects , outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . Miller and Chapman would face off in the 2016 World Series as opposing relievers . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the season 's end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12 , going 1 - for - 4 with an RBI and getting a chance to play third base . In his fourth - to - last game , Teixeira hit a walk - off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up several top prospects to the majors in early August . First baseman Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge made their debut on August 13 , hitting back - to - back home runs in their first career at - bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in only 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting records as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees ' prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the `` Baby Bombers '' . During the 2016 - 17 offseason , the Yankees signed Chapman to a 5 - year , $86 million contract , the most expensive for a relief pitcher in history . The Yankees ' farm system is currently highly regarded , boasting seven prospects in MLB. com 's Top 100 list , with the highest being Gleyber Torres ( 3rd ) . Distinctions World Series rings See also : List of New York Yankees seasons and New York Yankees award winners and league leaders The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St. Louis Cardinals are second with 11 World Series victories . The Yankees ' number of World Series losses , 13 , leads Major League Baseball . The St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers and New York / San Francisco Giants are second in total World Series appearances with eighteen apiece . Of their 18 World Series appearances , the Dodgers have faced the Yankees eleven times , going 3 -- 8 , while the Giants have faced the Yankees seven times , going 2 -- 5 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees ' success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2014 , the Yankees have an all - time regular season winning percentage of . 567 ( a 10,031 -- 7,648 record ) , the best of any team in baseball . World Series championships The Yankees have won 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came in 2009 , under manager Joe Girardi , when they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . Season Manager Opponent Series Score Record 1923 Miller Huggins New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 54 1927 Miller Huggins Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 110 -- 44 1928 Miller Huggins St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 0 101 -- 53 1932 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 107 -- 47 1936 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 2 102 -- 51 1937 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 1 102 -- 52 1938 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 99 -- 53 1939 Joe McCarthy Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 0 106 -- 45 1941 Joe McCarthy Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 101 -- 53 1943 Joe McCarthy St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 1 98 -- 56 1947 Bucky Harris Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1949 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 97 -- 57 1950 Casey Stengel Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 0 98 -- 56 1951 Casey Stengel New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 56 1952 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1953 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 2 99 -- 51 1956 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1958 Casey Stengel Milwaukee Braves 4 -- 3 92 -- 62 1961 Ralph Houk Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 1 109 -- 53 1962 Ralph Houk San Francisco Giants 4 -- 3 96 -- 66 1977 Billy Martin Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 62 1978 Bob Lemon Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 63 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 2 92 -- 70 1998 Joe Torre San Diego Padres 4 -- 0 114 -- 48 1999 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 0 98 -- 64 2000 Joe Torre New York Mets 4 -- 1 87 -- 74 2009 Joe Girardi Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 103 -- 59 <Th_colspan="4"> Total World Series championships : 27 Team nicknames The `` Yankees '' name is often shortened to `` the Yanks . '' Their most prominently used nickname is `` the Bronx Bombers '' or simply `` the Bombers '' , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is `` the Pinstripes '' , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as `` the Evil Empire '' , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the team 's tumultuous late 70s , `` the Bronx Zoo '' , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the `` Damn Yankees '' , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the `` Evil Empire '' as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play `` the villain '' . Logo , uniform , and dress code Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees Popularity Fan support `` Freddy Sez '' holding one of his signs near the bleachers entrance before a game between the Yankees and the Texas Rangers . With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road - trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home - town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million - fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million - fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record - setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in `` road attendance '' each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as `` Freddy Sez . '' For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees ' home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees ' jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees members use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees members , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures A shirt worn by a number of Bleacher Creatures Main article : Bleacher Creatures The `` Bleacher Creatures '' are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium , and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees , and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing team 's right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The `` creatures '' got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip `` Flip '' Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . Global expansion and business model The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises which owns the team 's regional YES sports network . While the club has claimed it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million this figure is attributed only to the ballclub 's finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left - field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys that would form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams ' stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9 % from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . Criticism With the long - term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as `` the Bronx Zoo '' ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyle 's book ) or `` the Evil Empire . '' When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant `` Yankees Suck '' , and numerous T - shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) , and the free agent superstars the team attracts in the offseason . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , `` Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . '' Fight and Theme songs The Grounds - crew at Yankee Stadium dancing to `` Y.M.C.A. '' The official fight song for the Yankees is `` Here Come the Yankees '' , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts . Another song strongly linked to the team is `` New York , New York '' , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimited 's `` Get Ready For This '' is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimited 's `` Workaholic '' containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadium 's Hammond organ . `` God Bless America '' has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played is an abbreviated version of Kate Smith 's rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play - off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a Capella and includes a longer introduction . During the 5th inning , the grounds - crew , while performing their duties , dances to `` Y.M.C.A. '' . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmer 's garb is shown dancing in the stadium 's control room , with the words `` Cotton - Eyed Joey '' at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the `` Zorba the Greek Theme '' , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television Main article : List of New York Yankees broadcasters The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network launched in 2002 , and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play - by - play announcer with Ken Singleton , and Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul O'Neill work as commentators as part of a three - man , or occasionally two - man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR - TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play - by - play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish - language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939 -- ' 40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944 -- ' 57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958 -- ' 60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961 -- ' 66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967 -- ' 70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971 -- ' 77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978 -- ' 80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981 -- 2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002 -- 2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN - FM 101.9 ( 2014 -- present ) . Past announcers Mel Allen was the team 's lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . Red Barber called Yankees games for thirteen seasons ( 1954 -- 1966 ) . Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , is the longest serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster Further information : List of New York Yankees coaches , List of New York Yankees managers , New York Yankees award winners and league leaders , and New York Yankees team captains Current roster <Th_colspan="7"> New York Yankees roster <Td_colspan="4"> Active roster <Td_colspan="2"> Inactive roster <Td_colspan="1"> Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 34 Jaime García 55 Sonny Gray 52 CC Sabathia 40 Luis Severino 19 Masahiro Tanaka Bullpen 68 Dellin Betances 50 Giovanny Gallegos 64 Domingo Germán 57 Chad Green 61 Ben Heller 65 Jonathan Holder 48 Tommy Kahnle 66 Bryan Mitchell 47 Jordan Montgomery 30 David Robertson 45 Chasen Shreve Closer 54 Aroldis Chapman Catchers 36 Erik Kratz 27 Austin Romine 24 Gary Sánchez Infielders 67 Miguel Andújar 26 Tyler Austin 33 Greg Bird 14 Starlin Castro 29 Todd Frazier 18 Didi Gregorius 12 Chase Headley 74 Ronald Torreyes 39 Tyler Wade Outfielders 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 77 Clint Frazier 11 Brett Gardner 99 Aaron Judge Designated hitters 17 Matt Holliday Pitchers 30 Ronald Herrera 41 Caleb Smith 43 Adam Warren Catchers -- Kyle Higashioka Infielders 64 Garrett Cooper Outfielders 31 Aaron Hicks Manager 28 Joe Girardi Coaches -- Jason Brown ( bullpen catcher ) 62 Alan Cockrell ( hitting ) 53 Joe Espada ( third base / infield ) 60 Mike Harkey ( bullpen ) 56 Tony Peña ( first base / catching ) 58 Larry Rothschild ( pitching ) 63 Marcus Thames ( asst . hitting ) 59 Rob Thomson ( bench ) 60 - day disabled list 85 Luis Cessa 35 Michael Pineda 34 active , 6 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 18 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . Billy Martin 2B , M Retired August 10 , 1986 Derek Jeter SS Retired May 14 , 2017 Babe Ruth RF Retired June 13 , 1948 Lou Gehrig 1B Retired July 4 , 1939 Joe DiMaggio CF Retired April 18 , 1952 Joe Torre Retired August 23 , 2014 Mickey Mantle CF , Coach Retired June 8 , 1969 Bill Dickey C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Yogi Berra C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Roger Maris RF Retired July 21 , 1984 Phil Rizzuto SS Retired August 4 , 1985 Thurman Munson Retired August 3 , 1979 Whitey Ford SP , Coach Retired August 3 , 1974 Jorge Posada Retired August 22 , 2015 Don Mattingly 1B , Coach Retired August 31 , 1997 Elston Howard C , Coach Retired July 21 , 1984 Casey Stengel Retired August 8 , 1970 Mariano Rivera RP Retired September 22 , 2013 Reggie Jackson RF Retired August 14 , 1993 Andy Pettitte SP Retired August 23 , 2015 Ron Guidry SP , Coach Retired August 23 , 2003 Bernie Williams CF Retired May 24 , 2015 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadium 's left field fence and in front of the opposing team 's bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 20 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrig 's number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The first four in the row of retired numbers at the old Yankee Stadium The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and would later be observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No. 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodger 's style , and on September 22 , 2013 a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickey 's number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player / manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have never issued in their history , as the only single - digit number available for future Yankees . Hall of Famers <Th_colspan="1"> New York Yankees Hall of Famers <Td_colspan="1"> Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Baltimore Orioles Roger Bresnahan Joe Kelley Joe McGinnity John McGraw Wilbert Robinson New York Highlanders Jack Chesbro * Clark Griffith Willie Keeler Branch Rickey New York Yankees Frank Baker Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Wade Boggs Frank Chance Earle Combs Stan Coveleski Bobby Cox Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Leo Durocher Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Waite Hoyt Miller Huggins Catfish Hunter * * Reggie Jackson Randy Johnson Tony Lazzeri Bob Lemon Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail Mickey Mantle Joe McCarthy Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Phil Rizzuto Iván Rodríguez Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Casey Stengel Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Paul Waner George Weiss Dave Winfield Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Yankees or Highlanders cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Catfish Hunter could not decide between the Yankees and Athletics , and so opted to wear no insignia on his cap upon his induction . Larry MacPhail served as co-owner , president and general manager of the Yankees. Lee MacPhail served as director of player personnel and general manager of the Yankees . Both were inducted as Executives by the Veterans Committee . Neither were affiliated with a primary team or depicted on their plaques with caps Jacob Ruppert was inducted as an Executive / Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Yankees . Ed Barrow and George Weiss were inducted as Executives for their work as general managers of the Yankees . They are depicted on their plaques without caps . New York Yankees Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman * Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Tony Kubek * Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Yankees . * Played as a Yankee Rivalries Boston Red Sox Main article : Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Boston Red Sox and the Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed `` the best '' and `` greatest rivalry in all of sports . '' Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television , schedule permitting . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the American League East rivals have squared off in the American League Championship Series three times , with the Yankees winning twice in 1999 and 2003 and the Sox winning in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high - profile one - game playoff for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing a best of seven series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series Main articles : Subway Series , Mets -- Yankees rivalry , Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry , and Giants -- Yankees rivalry The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The term 's historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11 -- 3 record in the fourteen championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of New York Yankees minor league affiliates The Yankees are affiliated with the following minor league teams : Level Team League Location AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders International League Moosic , Pennsylvania AA Trenton Thunder Eastern League Trenton , New Jersey Advanced A Tampa Yankees Florida State League Tampa , Florida Charleston RiverDogs South Atlantic League Charleston , South Carolina Short Season A Staten Island Yankees New York -- Penn League Staten Island , New York Rookie Pulaski Yankees Appalachian League Pulaski , Virginia GCL Yankees West Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida GCL Yankees East Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida DSL Yankees 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Yankees 2 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Front office Main article : List of New York Yankees owners and executives The Yankees front office , as of 2013 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner / Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A. Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . See also Baseball portal New York City portal List of World Series champions List of New York Yankees managers References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Timeline 1903 -- 1925 '' . New York Yankees . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Yankee Stadium '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1999 '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Revenue To Immediately Double In New Stadium '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Hall of Fame Register '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` The Cowboys And Yankees Top The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Yankees ( 1903 -- present ) '' . Sports E-cyclopedia . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Gordon - Society for American Baseball Research '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William F. ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball , McFarland , chapter 3 : The Professional Game : 1876 to 1892 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 42468 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline ( 1903 -- 1925 ) '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Find Franchise Trade History between Boston Red Sox & New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Owners Of Yanks To Enjoin Johnson ; Colonels Ruppert and Huston Will Carry Fight for Carl Mays Into Court . Refuse To Attend Meeting Big Baseball Battle Precipitated by Ban 's Belated Action Against Former Boston Pitcher . Will Enjoin President . Statement of Owners . Parting of the Ways '' . The New York Times . August 4 , 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Stout , Glenn . `` When the Yankees nearly moved to Boston '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( 2006 ) . The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth . Random House . pp. 101 -- 104 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Frazee and the Red Sox - Society for American Baseball Research '' . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard . `` 1927 `` Murderers ' Row '' New York Yankees : No Team Has Ever Been Better `` . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Farewell Speech '' . lougehrig.com . July 4 , 1939 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 20 baseball records that may never be broken '' . Jump up ^ Acocella , Nick . `` Larsen had one perfect day '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds vs. Philadelphia Phillies -- Recap '' . ESPN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jeff ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Valuing Trades Between the Kansas City A 's and New York Yankees '' . Royals Review . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Friend , Harold . `` The New York Yankees Traded Roger Maris for Him ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Maris battled Mantle , media and Babe 's legacy '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris breaks home - run record - Oct 01 , 1961 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline 1951 -- 1975 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Curt ( 2005 ) . Voices of Summer . New York City : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1446 - 8 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( 2007 ) . `` ' The Boss ' made Yankees a dictatorship '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyle , Sparky ; Golenbock , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Bronx Zoo : The Astonishing Inside Story of the 1978 World Champion New York Yankees . Illinois : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 715 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall of Famers -- Reggie Jackson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Jackson Was a Liar and George Steinbrenner Was Convicted , Said Mr. Martin '' . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis Capitol Mon , July 24 , 1978 '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` 25 years later , Thurman Munson 's last words remain a symbol of his life '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Forgotten Era : The ' 80s '' . `` There is an element of follow the leader that happened in the 1980s '' , Thorn said . `` The Yankees remade their roster in the 1980s to utilize speed and defense . And it did n't work with that short porch . '' Other teams out - slugged the Yankees in their home ball park , which was part of the reason the Yankees did n't win a pennant after 1981 when their late - 1970s dynasty began to break up . Jump up ^ `` Switch - hitting OF Dave Collins ' time with New York Yankees short but sweet '' . Jump up ^ `` Steinbrenner 's Speed '' . Jump up ^ `` Fans voicing displeasure with Yankees ' ownership '' . The Globe and Mail . Associated Press . August 31 , 1989 . p . A18 . Steinbrenner said ... `` You have to look at the record . We did n't win a World Series this decade , but we had the best record of the 1980s of any team in the major leagues . '' ... This is the first Yankee team since 1910 -- 1919 to go an entire decade without winning a World Series title . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 Jump up ^ McShane , Larry ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Yankees Fans Left with Broken Hearts '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Bob ( September 16 , 1997 ) . `` New York 's top ten worst moments in sports '' . The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( August 10 , 1994 ) . `` ' 81 , ' 94 Yankees Both Winners but Worlds Apart in Personality '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C2 . Those who followed the 1981 New York Yankees ... ca n't help but notice potential similarities with this year 's first - place Yankee club . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . The Hartford Courant . p . G2 . In the lengthy and uncertain off - season , an unfair annointing was bestowed on the Yankees . To emphasize the sense of loss with no World Series , many columnists kept referring to the dates in October when the Yankees might have played a Series game . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . BaseballReference.com. 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Torre 's timeline with Yankees '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 659 - 7 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` In Final Twist , New York Falls in Ninth '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Diamondbacks 3 , Yankees 2 '' . Associated Press . The other two all - home victory Series were both won by Minnesota , 1987 and 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees finish off five - game sweep '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees sign two Chinese prospects '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kamaras , Jacob ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees Sign Sponsorship Agreement With China 's Yili Group '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees name Joe Girardi the 32nd manager in franchise history ; Signed to a three - year contract through the 2010 season '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Yankees Schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No additional final sendoff for Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Teixeira slide sparks Yanks in 12 -- 3 win over Texas '' . ABCNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Back on Top , Yankees Add a 27th Title '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Right off the bat , Sox face Yanks in 2010 '' . redsox.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks open , close 2010 vs. Red Sox '' . yankees.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` MLB announces master 2010 schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dodgers draw Yanks , Red Sox in 2010 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees turn key triple play vs. O 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees eliminated with Indians ' victory '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod's suspension reduced to 162 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Clutch ! Jeter scripts walk - off in home finale '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards Voting Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod joins Hank Aaron as only players with 15 30 - home run seasons '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Melancon , Andrew Miller are top relievers '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Fans Boo Brett Gardner '' . The New York Times - The New York Times . 2015 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aroldis Chapman suspended 30 games '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs acquire Aroldis Chapman from Yankees '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Indians Acquire Andrew Miller '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez announces retirement , will play final game Friday '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira announces retirement '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Teixeira '' Game Logs '' 2016 '' Batting FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Austin , Judge hit back - to - back HRs in 1st at - bats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Gary Sanchez 's 20th home run helps set an MLB record '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees depending on Baby Bombers in 2017 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tayler , Jon . `` Yankees gamble by splurging for Aroldis Chapman '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com 2017 Prospect Watch '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Season - By - Season World Series Results '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Teams and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lucchino fires shot at Yanks after losing out on pitcher '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pumerantz , Zack . `` The 50 Most Popular Teams in Sports '' . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees reach four million in tickets sales for second consecutive season '' . MLB.com . July 2 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance Report -- 2006 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Third , Charlie Wattsizname '' . The Smoking Gun . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( 2005 ) . Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium . New York : Sports Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees and Chinese Baseball Association reach landmark agreement '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees team with Yomiuri Giants '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid Tops The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jim ( 2005 ) . Yankees Suck ! : The Unofficial Guide for Those Who Hate , Despise , Loathe , and Detest Those Bums from the Bronx . Penguin Group : Roadside Amusements . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 12677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Salary Database '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankee Quotations '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) . `` How ' Y.M.C.A. ' Became Baseball 's Never - Ending Jam '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Ink Multi-Year Broadcast Deal With WFAN AM & FM '' . Newyork.cbslocal.com . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Uniform Numbers in the American League '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees retire Jackie Robinson 's number '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/video/v1214974983/yankees-will-retire-jeters-no-2-in-2017 Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Zero single - digit numbers in the Bronx ? Actually , there 's still one left '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ( 2004 ) . The rivals : the Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees : an inside history ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Richinick , Michele ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sox - Yankees rivalry led to attack , police say '' . The Boston Globe . p . B2 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . Jump up ^ `` Minor League Affiliates '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Front Office yankees.com '' . Mlb.com . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Bibliography Surdam , David G. ( Dec 2008 ) . `` The New York Yankees Cope with the Great Depression '' . Enterprise and Society . 9 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 40 . doi : 10.1093 / es / khn081 . Johnson , Richard A. ; Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Dick ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . New York Yankees : 40 - Man Roster New York Yankees : Manager and Coaches External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Yankees . New York Yankees official website New York Yankees on Twitter New York Yankees on Facebook Baseball-Reference.com -- year - by - year franchise index Baseball Almanac Sports E-Cyclopedia Bronx Baseball Daily <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees <Td_colspan="2"> Formerly the New York Highlanders -- Based in The Bronx , New York Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Coaches Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Team captains Members of the Hall of Fame First - round picks YES Network Ballparks Hilltop Park Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium ( opened 1923 ) ( Events ) Shea Stadium Yankee Stadium ( opened 2009 ) Spring training : Whittington Park West End Park Barrs Field Bader Field Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas Don Larsen 's perfect game M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years The Core Four David Wells ' perfect game David Cone 's perfect game Culture Monument Park New York Yankees Museum New York Yankees appearance policy Old - Timers ' Day Bleacher Creatures Yankees Universe Eddie Layton Jim Hall Logos , uniforms and dress code `` Holy Cow ! '' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Joe Girardi Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild Card titles ( 5 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Yankees Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees West GCL Yankees East DSL Yankees1 DSL Yankees2 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 115 ) 1900s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Book : New York Yankees <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Principal owners of the New York Yankees Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Sydney Frank ( 1901 -- 1902 ) John Mahon ( 1902 ) Andrew Freedman ( 1902 ) Ban Johnson ( 1902 ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1913 ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1903 -- 1913 ) New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. and Tillinghast Huston ( 1915 -- 1922 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1922 -- 1939 ) The Estate of Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail , Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1947 -- 1964 ) CBS ( 1964 -- 1973 ) George Steinbrenner ( 1973 -- 2008 ) Hal and Hank Steinbrenner ( 2008 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees general managers <Td_colspan="2"> Ed Barrow ( 1920 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail ( 1945 -- 1947 ) George Weiss ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Roy Hamey ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Ralph Houk ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Dan Topping Jr. ( 1966 ) Lee MacPhail ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Gabe Paul ( 1973 -- 1977 ) Cedric Tallis ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Gene Michael ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Bill Bergesch ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Murray Cook ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Clyde King ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Woody Woodward ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Lou Piniella ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Quinn ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Pete Peterson ( 1990 ) Gene Michael ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Bob Watson ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Brian Cashman ( 1998 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees managers <Td_colspan="2"> John McGraw ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Wilbert Robinson ( 1902 ) Clark Griffith ( 1903 -- 1908 ) Kid Elberfeld ( 1908 ) George Stallings ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Hal Chase ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Harry Wolverton ( 1912 ) Frank Chance ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roger Peckinpaugh ( 1914 ) Bill Donovan ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Miller Huggins ( 1918 -- 1929 ) Art Fletcher ( 1929 ) Bob Shawkey ( 1930 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1931 -- 1946 ) Bill Dickey ( 1946 ) Johnny Neun ( 1946 ) Bucky Harris ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Casey Stengel ( 1949 -- 1960 ) Ralph Houk ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Yogi Berra ( 1964 ) Johnny Keane ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Ralph Houk ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Bill Virdon ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Billy Martin ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Howser ( 1978 ) Bob Lemon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Billy Martin ( 1979 ) Dick Howser ( 1980 ) Gene Michael ( 1981 ) Bob Lemon ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Gene Michael ( 1982 ) Clyde King ( 1982 ) Billy Martin ( 1983 ) Yogi Berra ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Billy Martin ( 1985 ) Lou Piniella ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Billy Martin ( 1988 ) Lou Piniella ( 1988 ) Dallas Green ( 1989 ) Bucky Dent ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Stump Merrill ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Buck Showalter ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Joe Torre ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Joe Girardi ( 2008 -- ) <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees retired numbers <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Billy Martin 2 Derek Jeter 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Torre 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Bill Dickey & Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Phil Rizzuto 15 Thurman Munson 16 Whitey Ford 20 Jorge Posada 23 Don Mattingly 32 Elston Howard 37 Casey Stengel 42 Mariano Rivera 44 Reggie Jackson 46 Andy Pettitte 49 Ron Guidry 51 Bernie Williams <Th_colspan="2"> Championship Navigation Boxes <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> Benny Bengough Joe Bush Joe Dugan Mike Gazella Hinkey Haines Harvey Hendrick Fred Hofmann Waite Hoyt Ernie Johnson Sam Jones Carl Mays Mike McNally Bob Meusel Herb Pennock George Pipgras Wally Pipp Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Bob Shawkey Elmer Smith Aaron Ward Whitey Witt <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Miller Huggins <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1927 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> Benny Bengough Pat Collins Earle Combs Joe Dugan Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Joe Giard Johnny Grabowski Waite Hoyt Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Bob Meusel Wilcy Moore Ray Morehart Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Dutch Ruether Babe Ruth Bob Shawkey Urban Shocker Myles Thomas Julie Wera <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Murderers ' Row <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1928 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> Benny Bengough George Burns Archie Campbell Pat Collins Earle Combs Bill Dickey Joe Dugan Leo Durocher Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Johnny Grabowski Fred Heimach Waite Hoyt Hank Johnson Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Wilcy Moore Bob Meusel Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Gene Robertson Babe Ruth Al Shealy Myles Thomas Tom Zachary <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Earle Combs 2 Lyn Lary 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Ben Chapman 7 Jack Saltzgaver 8 Bill Dickey 9 Art Jorgens 10 George Pipgras 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Herb Pennock 14 Ed Wells 15 Red Ruffing 16 Wilcy Moore 17 Danny MacFayden 18 Johnny Allen 19 Jumbo Brown 20 Charlie Devens 20 Johnny Murphy 21 Joe Sewell 22 Doc Farrell 23 Tony Lazzeri 24 Sammy Byrd 26 Joe Glenn 27 Myril Hoag 28 Ivy Andrews 32 Eddie Phillips <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Jimmy Burke 31 Cy Perkins <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Babe Ruth 's called shot <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1936 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Roy Johnson 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig ( AL MVP ) 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Joe DiMaggio 10 Don Heffner 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Jack Saltzgaver 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Jumbo Brown 18 Art Jorgens 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Johnny Broaca 21 Pat Malone 22 Bob Seeds 25 Kemp Wicker 26 Joe Glenn <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1937 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 24 Ivy Andrews 25 Kemp Wicker <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1938 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Gordon 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Tommy Henrich 19 Johnny Murphy <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1939 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Babe Dahlgren 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Oral Hildebrand 32 Steve Sundra <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1941 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 7 Tommy Henrich 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Phil Rizzuto 12 Buddy Rosar 14 Jerry Priddy 15 Red Ruffing 17 Charley Stanceu 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler 22 Marius Russo 24 Marv Breuer 26 Ken Silvestri 27 Frenchy Bordagaray 28 Atley Donald 34 Johnny Sturm <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1943 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Bud Metheny 5 Nick Etten 6 Joe Gordon 7 Billy Johnson 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Roy Weatherly 15 Hank Borowy 16 Tuck Stainback 18 Johnny Lindell 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler ( AL MVP ) 22 Marius Russo <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1947 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Allie Clark 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Bobby Brown 8 Aaron Robinson 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Lonny Frey 15 Tommy Henrich 16 Bill Bevens 20 Spec Shea 21 Spud Chandler 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 27 Johnny Lindell 29 Sherm Lollar 34 Bobo Newsom 35 Yogi Berra 36 Jack Phillips 38 Karl Drews 42 Charley Wensloff 43 Vic Raschi 50 Ralph Houk 51 George McQuinn <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Bucky Harris Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 7 Chuck Dressen 31 Red Corriden 33 Johnny Schulte <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1949 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Gene Woodling 15 Tommy Henrich 17 Vic Raschi 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 27 Johnny Lindell 28 Tommy Byrne 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Gus Niarhos 42 Jerry Coleman <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1950 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto ( AL MVP ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 19 Whitey Ford 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 26 Tom Ferrick 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Jackie Jensen 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1951 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Billy Martin 5 Joe DiMaggio 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra ( AL MVP ) 9 Bobby Brown 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald ( AL ROY ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 25 Hank Bauer 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 35 Joe Ostrowski 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Bobby Hogue 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 15 Tommy Henrich 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1952 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 18 Ray Scarborough 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 32 Ralph Houk 36 Johnny Mize 40 Ewell Blackwell 41 Joe Collins <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1953 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Vic Raschi 18 Jim McDonald 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Art Schallock 45 Don Bollweg <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 32 Ralph Houk 33 Bill Dickey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1956 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Billy Martin 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen ( World Series MVP ) 19 Bob Turley 22 Mickey McDermott 23 Tommy Byrne 28 Tom Morgan 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Rip Coleman 32 Elston Howard 36 Norm Siebern 39 George Wilson 41 Bob Cerv 42 Jerry Coleman 47 Tom Sturdivant 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Bob Grim <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1958 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Tony Kubek 11 Jerry Lumpe 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen 19 Bob Turley ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 20 Marv Throneberry 23 Murry Dickson 24 Duke Maas 25 Norm Siebern 26 Ryne Duren 28 Art Ditmar 30 Bobby Shantz 32 Elston Howard 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Zach Monroe <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Charlie Keller 35 Ralph Houk <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1961 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris ( AL MVP ) 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 12 Billy Gardner 14 Bill Skowron 15 Jack Reed 16 Whitey Ford ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry 28 Bud Daley 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 47 Luis Arroyo <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 29 Earl Torgeson 31 Johnny Sain 36 Wally Moses 44 Jim Hegan <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1962 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 14 Bill Skowron 15 Tom Tresh ( AL ROY ) 16 Whitey Ford 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry ( World Series MVP ) 26 Dale Long 28 Bud Daley 30 Marshall Bridges 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 56 Jim Bouton <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 44 Jim Hegan 36 Wally Moses 55 Spud Murray 31 Johnny Sain <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1977 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent 24 Mike Torrez 25 George Zeber 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 35 Don Gullett 40 Fran Healy 41 Cliff Johnson 44 Reggie Jackson ( World Series MVP ) 49 Ron Guidry 50 Ken Clay <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 1 Billy Martin Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 21 Cloyd Boyer 32 Elston Howard 33 Bobby Cox 34 Dick Howser 42 Art Fowler <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1978 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 12 Jim Spencer 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent ( World Series MVP ) 24 Gary Thomasson 25 Brian Doyle 27 Jay Johnstone 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 36 Paul Lindblad 41 Cliff Johnson 43 Ken Clay 44 Reggie Jackson 45 Jim Beattie 46 Mike Heath 49 Ron Guidry 54 Goose Gossage <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 21 Bob Lemon Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 42 Art Fowler 32 Elston Howard 34 Dick Howser 33 Gene Michael <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1996 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Derek Jeter 11 Dwight Gooden 12 Wade Boggs 13 Jim Leyritz 17 Kenny Rogers 18 Mariano Duncan 19 Luis Sojo 20 Mike Aldrete 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Jimmy Key 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Andy Fox 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Rubén Rivera 31 Tim Raines 33 Charlie Hayes 35 John Wetteland ( World Series MVP ) 36 David Cone 39 Darryl Strawberry 41 Brian Boehringer 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Cecil Fielder 46 Andy Pettitte 51 Bernie Williams ( ALCS MVP ) 52 David Weathers 57 Ramiro Mendoza <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Bench Coach 48 Don Zimmer Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Bullpen Catcher Rudy Árias <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1998 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 14 Hideki Irabu 18 Scott Brosius ( World Series MVP ) 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Homer Bush 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 31 Tim Raines 33 David Wells ( ALCS MVP ) 36 David Cone 38 Ricky Ledée 39 Darryl Strawberry 40 Darren Holmes 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 1999 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 13 Jim Leyritz 14 Hideki Irabu 17 Ricky Ledée 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández ( ALCS MVP ) 27 Allen Watson 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 39 Darryl Strawberry 42 Mariano Rivera ( World Series MVP ) 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 2000 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Derek Jeter ( World Series MVP ) 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Denny Neagle 13 José Vizcaíno 14 Luis Sojo 17 Dwight Gooden 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Polonia 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Chris Turner 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Allen Watson 28 David Justice ( ALCS MVP ) 29 Mike Stanton 31 Glenallen Hill 33 Jose Canseco 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza 58 Randy Choate <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 52 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 Lee Mazzilli <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Mets -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Derek Jeter 11 Brett Gardner 13 Alex Rodriguez 14 Eric Hinske 17 Jerry Hairston Jr . 18 Johnny Damon 19 Ramiro Peña 20 Jorge Posada 24 Robinson Canó 25 Mark Teixeira 26 José Molina 29 Francisco Cervelli 30 David Robertson 33 Nick Swisher 34 A.J. Burnett 41 Chad Gaudin 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Dámaso Marte 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Freddy Guzmán 48 Phil Coke 52 CC Sabathia 53 Melky Cabrera 55 Hideki Matsui ( World Series MVP ) 62 Joba Chamberlain 65 Phil Hughes 91 Alfredo Aceves 99 Brian Bruney <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 27 Joe Girardi Bench coach 56 Tony Peña First base coach 50 Mick Kelleher Third base coach 59 Rob Thomson Hitting coach 54 Kevin Long Pitching coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen coach 57 Mike Harkey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS NLWC AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS ALWC Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training ( Cactus League , Grapefruit League ) Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 <Td_colspan="2"> Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL <Th_colspan="2"> American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former and relocated teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball <Th_colspan="3"> Sport teams based in the New York metropolitan area Australian rules football USAFL New York Magpies Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees NYPL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Long Island Ducks Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Rockland Boulders Sussex County Miners Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks ABA Jersey Express Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets WFA New York Sharks Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers NWHL New York Riveters Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Soccer MLS New York City FC New York Red Bulls NASL New York Cosmos USL New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL F.A. Euro Jersey Express S.C. Long Island Rough Riders New York Red Bulls U-23 Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians New York Athletic Club S.C. New York Cosmos B Roller derby WFTDA Gotham Girls Roller Derby Jersey Shore Roller Girls Long Island Roller Rebels Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Team tennis WTT New York Empire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Army Columbia Fairfield Fairleigh Dickinson Fordham Hofstra Iona LIU Brooklyn Manhattan NJIT Princeton Quinnipiac Rider Rutgers Sacred Heart St. Francis Brooklyn St. John 's Saint Peter 's Seton Hall Stony Brook Wagner Yale College athletics ( NCAA Division III ) Rutgers - Newark Ultimate AUDL New York Empire Gaelic games New York GAA : Gaelic football Hurling <Td_colspan="3"> Main article : Sports in New York City <Th_colspan="3"> Sports teams based in New York State Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Buffalo Bisons Rochester Red Wings Syracuse Chiefs EL Binghamton Rumble Ponies NYPL Auburn Doubledays Batavia Muckdogs Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees Tri-City ValleyCats ALPB Long Island Ducks CanAm Rockland Boulders EPBL Plattsburgh Redbirds Sullivan Explorers ACBL Hampton Whalers NYCBL Cortland Crush Genesee Rapids Hornell Dodgers Olean Oilers Rochester Ridgemen Rome Generals Sherrill Silversmiths Syracuse Salt Cats Syracuse Spartans Wellsville Nitros PGCBL Jamestown Jammers Elmira Pioneers Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks PBL Jamestown Jackals Rochester Razorsharks WNY Thundersnow IBA Schenectady Legends Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL Buffalo Bills AAL Glens Falls Gladiators Rochester Kings WFA New York Knockout New York Sharks EFL Watertown Red & Black GDFL Albany Metro Mallers Hockey NHL Buffalo Sabres New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Binghamton Devils Rochester Americans Syracuse Crunch Utica Comets ECHL Adirondack Thunder NWHL Buffalo Beauts FHL Watertown Wolves OJHL Buffalo Jr . Sabres Entertainment Teams Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team Soccer MLS New York City FC NASL New York Cosmos USL Rochester Rhinos WPSL United FC Binghamton Empire United Long Island Fury New York Athletic Club New York Fury PDL F.A. Euro - New York Magic Long Island Rough Riders Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians FC Buffalo Greater Binghamton FC Kingston Stockade FC Long Island Academy New York Athletic Club New York Cosmos B Rochester River DogZ FC Syracuse FC MASL Syracuse Silver Knights Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards Rochester Rattlers NLL Buffalo Bandits Rochester Knighthawks UWLX Long Island Sound Roller derby WFTDA Assault City Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Gotham Girls Roller Derby Hellions of Troy Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby Ithaca League of Women Rollers Long Island Roller Rebels Queen City Roller Girls Roc City Roller Derby Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Team tennis WTT New York Empire Inline hockey MLRH Buffalo Wings PIHA Suffolk Sting College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Albany Great Danes Army Black Knights Binghamton Bearcats Buffalo Bulls Canisius Golden Griffins Colgate Raiders Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Fordham Rams Hofstra Pride Iona Gaels LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds Manhattan Jaspers Marist Red Foxes Niagara Purple Eagles St. Bonaventure Bonnies St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers St. John 's Red Storm Siena Saints Stony Brook Seawolves Syracuse Orange Wagner Seahawks <Td_colspan="3"> See also : Sports in New York City , Sports in Buffalo , Sports in Rochester , Sports in Syracuse , and Sports in New York 's Capital District <Th_colspan="2"> Subway Series Teams American Association Brooklyn Bridegrooms American League New York Yankees National League Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets Stadiums Dodgers Ebbets Field Giants Polo Grounds Mets Shea Stadium Yankees Yankee Stadium Rivalries Bridegrooms -- Giants Giants -- Yankees Dodgers -- Yankees Mets -- Yankees World Series Bridegrooms -- Giants 1889 Giants -- Yankees 1921 1922 1923 1936 1937 1951 Dodgers -- Yankees 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 Mets -- Yankees 2000 Histories Brooklyn Bridegrooms / Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets New York Yankees Related articles Interleague play New York City Subway Major League Baseball rivalries VIAF : 121814945 LCCN : n81118918 GND : 4810076 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Yankees&oldid=802328734 '' Categories : New York Yankees 1901 establishments in New York ( state ) Former CBS Corporation subsidiaries Grapefruit League Major League Baseball teams Baseball teams established in 1901 Sports in New York City YES Network Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. New York Yankees history
2. Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig
3. Yankee Stadium
4. World Series championships
5. Rivalry with the Boston Red Sox
|
595,751,803,734,671,100 |
who sang the song you really got a hold on me
|
You 've Really Got a Hold on Me - wikipedia You 've Really Got a Hold on Me Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Miracles <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Fabulous Miracles A-side `` Happy Landing '' B - side `` You 've Really Got A Hold on Me '' Released November 9 , 1962 Format 7 '' single Recorded Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) ; October 16 , 1962 Genre Soul Length 3 : 02 Label Tamla T 54073 Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Producer ( s ) Smokey Robinson <Th_colspan="2"> The Miracles singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' is a song written by Smokey Robinson which became a 1962 Top 10 hit single for The Miracles on Motown 's Tamla label . One of the Miracles ' most covered tunes , this million - selling song received a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has also been selected as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was covered by English rock group the Beatles on their second album , With the Beatles and many other musicians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Originally a `` B '' Side 3.1 Soundtracks and film appearances 3.2 Personnel 3.3 Chart performance 4 Covers 4.1 The Beatles 4.1. 1 Personnel 4.2 Other versions 5 References Composition ( edit ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold On Me '' was written by Smokey Robinson while in New York in 1962 on business for Motown ; he heard Sam Cooke 's `` Bring It On Home to Me '' , which was in the charts at the time , and -- influenced by it -- wrote the song in his hotel room . Recording ( edit ) The song was recorded in Motown 's Studio A on October 16 , 1962 with Robinson on lead vocals , and Miracles ' second tenor Bobby Rogers on harmony co-lead . Robinson was the producer , and he had Eddie Willis and Miracle Marv Tarplin share the guitar parts . Originally a `` B '' side ( edit ) The song was released on the Tamla label on November 9 , 1962 as the B side to `` Happy Landing '' . `` Happy Landing '' charted regionally ; however , the nation 's Dee - Jays flipped the record over , because they liked `` Hold On Me '' better . With `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' as the A side , the single reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop chart , peaking at number eight , and was a number - one smash on the Billboard R&B singles chart during the winter of 1962 - 63 . The Miracles ' original version is a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee . It was also the group 's second single to sell over a million copies , after `` Shop Around '' . It was included on the album The Fabulous Miracles over three months after its release . Soundtracks and film appearances ( edit ) The Miracles can be seen performing the song live on stage at the Apollo Theatre in New York ( 1963 ) on the Motown / Universal DVD release : Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : The Definitive Performances 1963 - 1987 . This filmed performance , according to the DVD 's liner notes , is the only known recorded live footage of the group with original Miracles member Claudette ( Mrs. Smokey ) Robinson . They also performed it live at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium the following year ( 1964 ) for the American International Pictures concert film , T.A.M.I. Show . It was also chosen for the soundtrack of the award - winning 1964 Ivan Dixon film , Nothing But a Man , and many others ( see below ) . Smokey Robinson himself also performed a rewritten version of it on Sesame Street alongside a grabby , feminine - looking Muppet letter `` U '' , who would n't stop trying to grab Smokey , with such lyrics as `` U stands for uptight / That 's how I 'm feelin ' / Bein ' grabbed by a letter is / Unappealin ' '' . The Miracles performed the song on a 1964 telecast of the ABC television series Shindig ! , and in 1983 , the group also performed it , 21 years after they originally recorded it , on the Emmy - winning NBC Television special , Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever . Nothing But a Man ( 1964 ) T.A.M.I. Show ( 1964 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) `` The Wanderers '' ( 1979 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1988 ) Mermaids ( 1990 ) Breaking the Rules ( 1992 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) Strike ! ( 1998 ) Friends ( 2000 ) Flipped ( film ) ( 2010 ) Reference : IMDb Personnel ( edit ) The Miracles Smokey Robinson -- lead vocal Claudette Rogers Robinson -- backing vocal Pete Moore -- backing vocal Ronnie White -- backing vocal Bobby Rogers -- co-lead vocal and backing vocal Marv Tarplin -- guitar Other instruments by The Funk Brothers Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 - 1963 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Sides Covers ( edit ) The Beatles ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by The Beatles <Th_colspan="2"> from the album With the Beatles Released November 22 , 1963 Recorded July 18 , 1963 , EMI Studios , London Genre Rhythm and blues Length 3 : 01 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Producer ( s ) George Martin `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( sic ) was the first track recorded for the Beatles ' second United Kingdom LP , With the Beatles , and features John Lennon and George Harrison on lead vocals with Paul McCartney on harmony vocals . The Beatles acquired an imported copy by the Miracles and included it in their repertoire early in 1963 . In a 1968 interview , Smokey Robinson reported that he liked their cover . The Beatles recorded the song on July 18 , 1963 . This session took place while Please Please Me was still at number one in the album charts four months after its release , and in the midst of a rigorous touring schedule that also had to include BBC sessions for radio and television . It was completed in seven takes , four of which were complete . The group then recorded four edit pieces . The final version was an edit of takes 7 , 10 and 11 . The Beatles also recorded `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' on four occasions for BBC radio in 1963 . One of these , from July 30 , 1963 was included on the Live at the BBC collection . A live version recorded in Stockholm , Sweden in October 1963 was released in 1995 on Anthology 1 . The song was performed once again in 1969 , during the Let It Be recording sessions , and featured in the 1970 documentary film , Let It Be . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- rhythm guitar , lead vocals George Harrison -- lead guitar , lead vocals Paul McCartney -- bass guitar , harmony vocals Ringo Starr -- drums George Martin -- piano Other versions ( edit ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' has been covered extensively since its release : The Supremes did a version which was produced by Berry Gordy with Hal Davis and Marc Gordon doing the mixing , and appeared on their 1964 album A Bit of Liverpool . Group member Mary Wilson sang in close unison with Diana Ross 's leads in their version . The Temptations ' version , produced by Smokey Robinson , was included on their 1965 album The Temptations Sing Smokey . Eddie Kendricks sang lead vocal with Paul Williams providing harmony co-lead vocal on verses 1 and 2 ; David Ruffin provided vocals on close harmony on the final verse . The Zombies covered the song in their 1965 debut LP Begin Here . Barbara McNair recorded an unreleased version in 1968 , and in 1969 the Jackson 5 , with Michael Jackson singing lead , recorded an unreleased track that was originally intended for their first album Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 . Laura Nyro recorded the song in 1971 on her album , Gonna Take a Miracle . These versions were among the first recorded that did not have dueling unison leads . The Small Faces covered the song for their album From the Beginning in 1967 . Eddie Money covered this song on his 1977 debut album . Country music artist Mickey Gilley covered the song in 1984 . Produced by Jim Ed Norman , and released by Epic Records , Gilley 's version peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and # 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Mike and the Mechanics covered the song for their album Beggar on a Beach of Gold in 1995 . Cyndi Lauper covered the song for her 2003 studio album At Last . She & Him covered the song on their debut album Volume One in 2008 . Rod Stewart covered it as well for his album Soulbook in 2009 . Phil Collins covered the song for his album Going Back in 2010 . Haley Reinhart covered the song in an American Idol performance in 2011 . Smokey Robinson himself also performed a rewritten version of it on Sesame Street in 1985 alongside a grabby feminine looking Muppet red letter `` U '' , with such lyrics as `` U stands for uptight / That 's how I 'm feelin ' / Bein ' grabbed by a letter is / Unappealin ' '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smokey Robinson interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : Bill Dahl ( 28 Feb 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 130 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The Miracles -- Depend On Me : The Early Albums liner notes , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 404 . Jump up ^ Coryton , Demitri ; Joseph Murrells . Hits Of The Sixties : The Million Sellers . ^ Jump up to : `` With The Beatles '' . Albumlinernotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Bible : You Really Got A Hold On Me '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mark Ribowsky ( 27 Apr 2010 ) . The Supremes : A Saga of Motown Dreams , Success , and Betrayal . Da Capo Press . p. 176 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Deming . `` Begin Here - The Zombies Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Sesame Street - U Really Got a Hold On Me '' . YouTube . 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Preceded by `` Two Lovers '' by Mary Wells Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single The Miracles February 16 , 1963 Succeeded by `` Hey Paula '' by Paul and Paula Preceded by `` Let 's Stop Talkin ' About It '' by Janie Fricke RPM Country Tracks number - one single Mickey Gilley April 14 , 1984 Succeeded by `` I 've Been Wrong Before '' by Deborah Allen <Th_colspan="2"> The Miracles <Td_colspan="2"> Smokey Robinson Ronnie White Pete Moore Bobby Rogers Claudette Robinson Marv Tarplin Billy Griffin Donald Griffin Carl Cotton Mark Scott Dave Finley Sydney Justin Alphonse Franklin Tee Turner Pre-Miracles : Emerson `` Sonny '' Rogers James Grice Clarence Dawson Production Berry Gordy Smokey Robinson Pete Moore Studio albums Hi ... We 're The Miracles ( 1961 ) Cookin ' with The Miracles ( 1961 ) I 'll Try Something New ( 1962 ) The Fabulous Miracles ( 1963 ) The Miracles Doin ' Mickey 's Monkey ( 1963 ) I Like It Like That ( 1964 ) Going to a Go - Go ( 1965 ) Away We a Go - Go ( 1966 ) Make It Happen ( The Tears of a Clown ) ( 1967 ) Special Occasion ( 1968 ) Time Out For Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ( 1969 ) Four in Blue ( 1969 ) What Love Has Joined Together ( 1970 ) A Pocket Full Of Miracles ( 1970 ) One Dozen Roses ( 1971 ) Flying High Together ( 1972 ) Renaissance ( 1973 ) Do It Baby ( 1974 ) City of Angels ( 1975 ) Live albums The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles LIVE ! ( 1969 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : 1957 - 1972 ( 1972 ) Other albums Christmas with The Miracles ( 1963 ) Compilations Greatest Hits : From the Beginning ( 1965 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Anthology ' 86 ( 1986 ) Anthology : The Best of Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ( 1995 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Ooo Baby Baby : The Anthology ( 2002 ) Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( 2009 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Twenty singles ) `` Shop Around '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' / `` Happy Landing '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` My Girl Has Gone '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` If You Can Want '' `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' `` The Tears of a Clown '' `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' `` Do It Baby '' `` Love Machine '' Videography The Definitive Performances ( 1963 -- 1987 ) ( 2006 ) Discography Albums Songs Related articles Motown Records List of cover versions of The Miracles songs <Td_colspan="2"> Book : The Miracles <Th_colspan="2"> The Miracles singles discography 1950s `` Got a Job '' ( 1958 ) `` Your Love ( Is All I Need ) '' ( 1958 ) `` I Cry '' ( 1958 ) `` I Need a Change '' ( 1959 ) `` It '' ( 1959 ) `` Bad Girl '' ( 1959 ) `` The Feeling Is So Fine '' ( 1959 ) / `` ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Way Over There '' ( 1960 ) `` Shop Around '' ( 1960 ) / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( 1960 ) `` Ai n't It Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Mighty Good Lovin ' '' ( 1961 ) / Broken Hearted '' ( 1961 ) `` Everybody 's Gotta Pay Some Dues '' ( 1961 ) `` What 's So Good About Goodbye '' ( 1961 ) / `` I 've Been Good to You '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) / `` Happy Landing '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) / `` I Can Take a Hint '' ( 1963 ) `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song '' ( 1963 ) `` ( You Ca n't Let the Boy Overpower ) The Man in You '' ( 1964 ) `` I Like It Like That '' ( 1964 ) `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' ( 1964 ) `` Come On Do The Jerk '' ( 1964 ) `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( 1965 ) `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1965 ) / `` A Fork in the Road '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl Has Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( 1965 ) / `` Choosey Beggar '' ( 1965 ) `` Whole Lot of Shakin ' in My Heart ( Since I Met You ) '' ( 1966 ) `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' ( 1966 ) `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` More Love '' ( 1967 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1967 ) `` If You Can Want '' ( 1968 ) `` Yester Love '' ( 1968 ) `` Special Occasion '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' ( 1969 ) `` Here I Go Again '' ( 1969 ) / `` Doggone Right '' ( 1969 ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1969 ) `` Point It Out '' ( 1969 ) / `` Darling Dear '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Who 's Gonna Take the Blame '' ( 1970 ) `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' ( 1970 ) `` Crazy About the La La '' ( 1971 ) `` Satisfaction '' ( 1971 ) `` We 've Come Too Far to End It Now '' ( 1972 ) `` I Ca n't Stand to See You Cry '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't Let It End ( ' Til You Let It Begin ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Give Me Just Another Day '' ( 1973 ) `` Do It Baby '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Cha Love It '' ( 1974 ) `` Gemini '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Machine '' ( 1975 ) `` Night Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Spy for Brotherhood '' ( 1977 ) `` I Can Touch the Sky '' ( 1977 ) `` Mean Machine '' ( 1978 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book : The Miracles <Th_colspan="2"> With the Beatles Songs Side one `` It Wo n't Be Long '' `` All I 've Got to Do '' `` All My Loving '' `` Do n't Bother Me '' `` Little Child '' `` Till There Was You '' `` Please Mister Postman '' Side two `` Roll Over Beethoven '' `` Hold Me Tight '' `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' `` Devil in Her Heart '' `` Not a Second Time '' `` Money '' Non-album single `` She Loves You '' `` I 'll Get You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` This Boy '' Related articles The Beatles discography <Td_colspan="2"> Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters <Th_colspan="2"> Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Really_Got_a_Hold_on_Me&oldid=803560338 '' Categories : The Miracles songs Songs written by Smokey Robinson Tamla Records singles Parlophone singles 1962 singles 1963 singles 1979 singles 1980 singles 1984 singles The Beatles songs The Supremes songs Eddie Money songs Cher songs She & Him songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients RPM Top Singles number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Mickey Gilley songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson 1962 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "You've Really Got a Hold on Me" - The Miracles' hit single
2. Smokey Robinson - songwriter and producer of the song
3. The Beatles - covered the song on their album "With the Beatles"
4. Motown - the record label that released the song
5. Grammy Hall of Fame - the song received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998
|
-4,566,092,486,453,110,300 |
who was involved in the american freedom rides
|
Freedom Riders - wikipedia Freedom Riders This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1961 activists in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement . For other uses , see Freedom Riders ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom Riders <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Civil Rights Movement Date May 4 -- December 10 , 1961 ( 7 months and 6 days ) Location Southern United States , First Baptist Church , Parchman Farm and Jackson , Mississippi Caused by Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Racial segregation in interstate and intrastate transportation and public accommodations Failed compliance with ruling Morgan v. Virginia ( 1946 ) Journey of Reconciliation in 1947 Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company ( 1955 ) Ongoing boycott and sit - in demonstrations in the south Boynton v. Virginia ( 1960 ) Resulted in 436 individuals participated in at least 60 separate Freedom Rides First time `` jail , no bail '' tactic employed on large scale since the Nashville sit - ins Desegregation order from Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) recognized as a serious civil rights organization Creation of Route 40 campaign , Eastern Shore project , and Freedom Highways campaign Voter Education Project established <Th_colspan="2"> Parties to the civil conflict <Td_colspan="2"> Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Nashville Student Movement National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Governor of Mississippi Governor of Alabama Birmingham Police Commissioner Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lead figures <Td_colspan="2"> CORE members James Farmer Gordon Carey SNCC and Nashville Student Movement members Diane Nash John Lewis Bernard Lafayette James Bevel Governors Ross Barnett John M. Patterson City of Birmingham Eugene `` Bull '' Connor Tom Cook Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States , in 1961 and subsequent years , in order to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia ( 1946 ) and Boynton v. Virginia ( 1960 ) , which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional . The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them . The first Freedom Ride left Washington , D.C. , on May 4 , 1961 , and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 . Boynton outlawed racial segregation in the restaurants and waiting rooms in terminals serving buses that crossed state lines . Five years prior to the Boynton ruling , the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) had issued a ruling in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company ( 1955 ) that had explicitly denounced the Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) doctrine of separate but equal in interstate bus travel . The ICC failed to enforce its ruling , and Jim Crow travel laws remained in force throughout the South . The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating . The Freedom Rides , and the violent reactions they provoked , bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement . They called national attention to the disregard for the federal law and the local violence used to enforce segregation in the southern United States . Police arrested riders for trespassing , unlawful assembly , and violating state and local Jim Crow laws , along with other alleged offenses , but they often first let white mobs attack them without intervention . The Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) sponsored most of the subsequent Freedom Rides , but some were also organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . The Freedom Rides followed dramatic sit - ins against segregated lunch counters , conducted by students and youth throughout the South , and boycotts of retail establishments that maintained segregated facilities , beginning in 1960 . The Supreme Court 's decision in Boynton supported the right of interstate travelers to disregard local segregation ordinances . Southern local and state police considered the actions of the Freedom Riders to be criminal and arrested them in some locations . In some localities , such as Birmingham , Alabama , the police cooperated with Ku Klux Klan chapters and other white people opposing the actions and allowed mobs to attack the riders . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prelude 1.2 Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham 1.3 Nashville Student Movement continuation 1.4 Mob violence in Montgomery 1.5 Into Mississippi 1.6 Kennedy urges `` cooling off period '' 1.7 Summer escalation 1.8 Monroe and Robert F. Williams 1.9 Resolution and legacy 2 List of Freedom Rides 2.1 Precursors to Freedom Rides 2.2 Original and subsequent Freedom Rides 2.3 Mississippi Freedom Rides 3 Commemorations and monument 4 Notable Freedom Riders 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 9.1 Scholarly works 9.2 Autobiographies and memoirs 9.3 Other works 10 External links History ( edit ) Prelude ( edit ) The Freedom Riders were inspired by the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation , led by Bayard Rustin and George Houser and co-sponsored by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the then - fledgling Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) . Like the Freedom Rides of 1961 , the Journey of Reconciliation was intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel . Rustin , Igal Roodenko , Joe Felmet and Andrew Johnnson , were arrested and sentenced to serve on a chain gang in North Carolina for violating local Jim Crow laws regarding segregated seating on public transportation . The first Freedom Ride began on May 4 , 1961 . Led by CORE Director James Farmer , 13 riders ( seven black , six white , including Genevieve Hughes , William E. Harbour , and Ed Blankenheim ) left Washington , DC , on Greyhound and Trailways buses . Their plan was to ride through Virginia , the Carolinas , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi , ending in New Orleans , Louisiana , where a civil rights rally was planned . Most of the Riders were from CORE , and two were from SNCC . Many were in their 40s and 50s . Some were as young as 18 . The Freedom Riders ' tactics for their journey were to have at least one interracial pair sitting in adjoining seats , and at least one black rider sitting up front , where seats under segregation had been reserved for white customers by local custom throughout the South . The rest of the team would sit scattered throughout the rest of the bus . One rider would abide by the South 's segregation rules in order to avoid arrest and to contact CORE and arrange bail for those who were arrested . Only minor trouble was encountered in Virginia and North Carolina , but John Lewis was attacked in Rock Hill , South Carolina . Some of the Riders were arrested in Charlotte , North Carolina ; Winnsboro , South Carolina ; and Jackson , Mississippi . Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham ( edit ) The Birmingham , Alabama , Police Commissioner , Bull Connor , together with Police Sergeant Tom Cook ( an avid Ku Klux Klan supporter ) , organized violence against the Freedom Riders with local Klan chapters . The pair made plans to bring the Ride to an end in Alabama . They assured Gary Thomas Rowe , an FBI informer and member of Eastview Klavern # 13 ( the most violent Klan group in Alabama ) , that the mob would have fifteen minutes to attack the Freedom Riders without any arrests being made . The plan was to allow an initial assault in Anniston with a final assault taking place in Birmingham . On May 14 , Mother 's Day , in Anniston , a mob of Klansmen , some still in church attire , attacked the first of the two buses ( the Greyhound ) . The driver tried to leave the station , but was blocked until KKK members slashed its tires . The mob forced the crippled bus to stop several miles outside of town and then firebombed it . As the bus burned , the mob held the doors shut , intending to burn the riders to death . Sources disagree , but either an exploding fuel tank or an undercover state investigator brandishing a revolver caused the mob to retreat , and the riders escaped the bus . The mob beat the riders after they got out . Only warning shots fired into the air by highway patrolmen prevented the riders from being lynched . That night , the hospitalized Freedom Riders , most of whom had been refused care , were removed from the hospital at 2 AM , because the staff feared the mob outside the hospital . The local civil rights leader Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth organized several cars of black citizens to rescue the injured Freedom Riders in defiance of the white supremacists . The black people were under the leadership of Colonel Stone Johnson and were openly armed as they arrived at the hospital , protecting the Freedom Riders from the mob . When the Trailways bus reached Anniston and pulled in at the terminal an hour after the Greyhound bus was burned , it was boarded by eight Klansmen . They beat the Freedom Riders and left them semi-conscious in the back of the bus . A mob beats Freedom Riders in Birmingham . This picture was reclaimed by the FBI from a local journalist who also was beaten and whose camera was smashed . When the bus arrived in Birmingham , it was attacked by a mob of KKK members aided and abetted by police under the orders of Commissioner Bull Connor . As the riders exited the bus , they were beaten by the mob with baseball bats , iron pipes and bicycle chains . Among the attacking Klansmen was Gary Thomas Rowe , an FBI informant . White Freedom Riders were singled out for especially frenzied beatings ; James Peck required more than 50 stitches to the wounds in his head . Peck was taken to Carraway Methodist Medical Center , which refused to treat him ; he was later treated at Jefferson Hillman Hospital . When reports of the bus burning and beatings reached US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , he urged restraint on the part of Freedom Riders and sent an assistant , John Seigenthaler , to Alabama to try to calm the situation . Despite the violence suffered and the threat of more to come , the Freedom Riders intended to continue their journey . Kennedy had arranged an escort for the Riders in order to get them to Montgomery , Alabama , safely . However , radio reports told of a mob awaiting the riders at the bus terminal , as well as on the route to Montgomery . The Greyhound clerks told the Riders that their drivers were refusing to drive any Freedom Riders anywhere . Recognizing that their efforts had already called national attention to the civil rights cause and wanting to get to the rally in New Orleans , the Riders decided to abandon the rest of the bus ride and fly directly to New Orleans from Birmingham . When they first boarded the plane , all passengers had to exit because of a bomb threat . Nashville Student Movement continuation ( edit ) Diane Nash , a Nashville college student who was a leader of the Nashville Student Movement and SNCC , believed that if Southern violence were allowed to halt the Freedom Rides the movement would be set back years . She pushed to find replacements to resume the rides . On May 17 , a new set of riders , 10 students from Nashville who were active in the Nashville Student Movement , took a bus to Birmingham , where they were arrested by Bull Connor and jailed . The students kept their spirits up in jail by singing freedom songs . Out of frustration , Connor drove them back up to the Tennessee line and dropped them off , saying , `` I just could n't stand their singing . '' They immediately returned to Birmingham . Mob violence in Montgomery ( edit ) In answer to SNCC 's call , Freedom Riders from across the Eastern US joined John Lewis and Hank Thomas , the two young SNCC members of the original Ride , who had remained in Birmingham . On May 19 , they attempted to resume the ride , but , terrified by the howling mob surrounding the bus depot , the drivers refused . Harassed and besieged by the mob , the riders waited all night for a bus . Under intense public pressure from the Kennedy administration , Greyhound was forced to provide a driver . After direct intervention by Byron White of the Attorney General 's office , Alabama Governor John Patterson reluctantly promised to protect the bus from KKK mobs and snipers on the road between Birmingham and Montgomery . On the morning of May 20 , the Freedom Ride resumed , with the bus carrying the riders traveling toward Montgomery at 90 miles an hour , protected by a contingent of the Alabama State Highway Patrol . The Highway Patrol abandoned the bus and riders at the Montgomery city limits . At the bus station on South Court Street , a white mob awaited . They beat the Freedom Riders with baseball bats and iron pipes . The local police allowed the beatings to go on uninterrupted . Again , white Freedom Riders were singled out for particularly brutal beatings . Reporters and news photographers were attacked first and their cameras destroyed , but one reporter took a photo later of Jim Zwerg in the hospital , showing how he was beaten and bruised . Seigenthaler , a Justice Department official , was beaten and left unconscious lying in the street . Ambulances refused to take the wounded to the hospital . Local black residents rescued them , and a number of the Freedom Riders were hospitalized . On the following night , Sunday , May 21 , more than 1500 people packed into Reverend Ralph Abernathy 's First Baptist Church to honor the Freedom Riders . Among the speakers were Rev. Martin Luther King , Jr. , who was newly based in Montgomery , Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth , and James Farmer . Outside , a mob of more than 3,000 white people attacked the black attendees , with a handful of the United States Marshals Service protecting the church from assault and fire bombs . With city and state police making no effort to restore order , the civil rights leaders appealed to the President for protection . President Kennedy threatened the governor to intervene with federal troops if he would not protect the people . Governor Patterson forestalled that by finally ordering the Alabama National Guard to disperse the mob , and the Guard reached the church in the early morning . In a commemorative Op - Ed piece in 2011 , Bernard Lafayette remembered the mob breaking windows of the church with rocks and setting off tear gas canisters . He recounted heroic action by King . After learning that black taxi drivers were arming and forming a group to rescue the people inside , he worried that more violence would result . He selected ten volunteers , who promised non-violence , to escort him through the white mob , which parted to let King and his escorts pass as they marched two by two . King went out to the black drivers and asked them to disperse , to prevent more violence . King and his escorts formally made their way back inside the church , unmolested . Lafayette also was interviewed by the BBC in 2011 and told about these events in an episode broadcast on the radio on August 31 , 2011 , in commemoration of the Freedom Rides . The Alabama National Guard finally arrived in the early morning to disperse the mob and safely escorted all the people from the church . Into Mississippi ( edit ) George Raymond Jr. was a CORE activist arrested in the Trailways bus terminal in Jackson , Mississippi on August 14 , 1961 . Some freedom riders were incarcerated in the Mississippi State Penitentiary The next day , Monday , May 22 , more Freedom Riders from CORE and SNCC arrived in Montgomery to continue the rides through the South and replace the wounded riders still in the hospital . Behind the scenes , the Kennedy administration arranged a deal with the governors of Alabama and Mississippi , where the governors agreed that state police and the National Guard would protect the Riders from mob violence . In return , the federal government would not intervene to stop local police from arresting Freedom Riders for violating segregation ordinances when the buses arrived at the depots . On Wednesday morning , May 24 , Freedom Riders boarded buses for the journey to Jackson , Mississippi . Surrounded by Highway Patrol and the National Guard , the buses arrived in Jackson without incident , but the riders were immediately arrested when they tried to use the white - only facilities at the depot . In Montgomery , the next round of Freedom Riders , including the Yale University chaplain William Sloane Coffin , Gaylord Brewster Noyce , and southern ministers Shuttlesworth , Abernathy , Wyatt Tee Walker , and others were similarly arrested for violating local segregation ordinances . This established a pattern followed by subsequent Freedom Rides , most of which traveled to Jackson , where the Riders were arrested and jailed . Their strategy became one of trying to fill the jails . Once the Jackson and Hinds County jails were filled to overflowing , the state transferred the Freedom Riders to the infamous Mississippi State Penitentiary ( known as Parchman Farm ) . Abusive treatment there included placement of Riders in the Maximum Security Unit ( Death Row ) , issuance of only underwear , no exercise , and no mail privileges . When the Freedom Riders refused to stop singing freedom songs , prison officials took away their mattresses , sheets , and toothbrushes . More Freedom Riders arrived from across the country , and at one time , more than 300 were held in Parchman Farm . While in Jackson , Freedom Riders received support from local grassroots civil rights organization Womanpower Unlimited , which raised money and collected toiletries , soap , candy and magazines for the imprisoned protesters . Upon Freedom Riders ' release , Womanpower members would provide places for them to bathe while offering them clothes and food . Freedom Rider Joan Trumpauer Mulholland said the Womanpower members `` were like angels supplying us with just little simple necessities . '' Kennedy urges `` cooling off period '' ( edit ) The Kennedys called for a `` cooling off period '' and condemned the Rides as unpatriotic because they embarrassed the nation on the world stage at the height of the Cold War . The Soviet Union criticized the United States for its racism and the attacks on the Riders . Attorney General Robert Kennedy , the chief law - enforcement officer of the land , was quoted as saying that he `` does not feel that the Department of Justice can side with one group or the other in disputes over Constitutional rights . '' His comment angered civil rights supporters , who considered the Justice Department duty - bound to enforce Supreme Court rulings and defend citizens exercising their Constitutional rights from mob violence . Nonetheless , international outrage about the widely covered events and racial violence created pressure on American political leaders . On May 29 , 1961 , Attorney General Kennedy sent a petition to the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) asking it to comply with the bus - desegregation ruling it had issued in November 1955 , in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company . That ruling had explicitly repudiated the concept of `` separate but equal '' in the realm of interstate bus travel . Chaired by the South Carolina Democrat J. Monroe Johnson the ICC had failed to implement its own ruling . James Farmer , head of CORE , responded to Kennedy saying , `` We have been cooling off for 350 years , and if we cooled off any more , we 'd be in a deep freeze . '' Summer escalation ( edit ) Activists Patricia Stephens and Reverend Petty D. McKinney arrested in Tallahassee , Florida on June 16 , 1961 CORE , SNCC , and the SCLC rejected any `` cooling off period '' . They formed a Freedom Riders Coordinating Committee to keep the Rides rolling through June , July , August , and September . During those months , more than 60 different Freedom Rides criss - crossed the South , most of them converging on Jackson , where every Rider was arrested , more than 300 in total . An unknown number were arrested in other Southern towns . It is estimated that almost 450 people participated in one or more Freedom Rides . About 75 % were male , and the same percentage were under the age of 30 , with about equal participation from black and white citizens . During the summer of 1961 , Freedom Riders also campaigned against other forms of racial discrimination . They sat together in segregated restaurants , lunch counters and hotels . This was especially effective when they targeted large companies , such as hotel chains . Fearing boycotts in the North , the hotels began to desegregate their businesses . In mid-June , a group of Freedom Riders had scheduled to end their ride in Tallahassee , Florida , with plans to fly home from the Tallahassee airport . They were provided a police escort to the airport from the city 's bus facilities . At the airport , they decided to eat at a restaurant that was marked `` For Whites Only '' . The owners decided to close rather than serve the mixed group of Freedom Riders . Although the restaurant was privately owned , it was leased from the county government . Canceling their plane reservations , the Riders decided to wait until the restaurant re-opened so they could be served . They waited until 11 : 00 pm that night and returned the following day . During this time , hostile crowds gathered , threatening violence . On June 16 , 1961 , the Freedom Riders were arrested in Tallahassee for unlawful assembly . That arrest and subsequent trial became known as Dresner v. City of Tallahassee . Convictions of the Riders were appealed to the US Supreme Court in 1963 , which refused to hear the case based on technical reasons . Monroe and Robert F. Williams ( edit ) In early August , SNCC staff members James Forman and Paul Brooks , with the support of Ella Baker , began planning a Freedom Ride in solidarity with Robert F. Williams . Williams was an extremely militant and controversial NAACP chapter president for Monroe , North Carolina . After making the public statement that he would `` meet violence with violence , '' ( since the federal government would not protect his community from racial attacks ) he had been suspended by the NAACP national board over the objections of Williams ' local membership . Williams continued his work against segregation however , and was facing repeated attempts on his life because of it . Some SNCC staff members sympathized with the local community 's proclivity for armed self - defense , although many on the ride to Monroe saw this as an opportunity to prove the superiority of Gandhian nonviolence over the use of force . The Freedom Riders in Monroe were brutally attacked by white supremacists with the approval of local police . On August 27 , James Forman - SNCC 's Executive Secretary - was struck unconscious with the butt of a rifle and taken to jail with numerous other demonstrators . Police and civilian white supremacists roamed the town shooting at black people , who returned the gunfire . Robert F. Williams fortified the black neighborhood against attack and in the process briefly detained a white couple who had gotten lost there . The police accused Williams of kidnapping and called in the state militia and FBI to arrest him , in spite of the couple being quickly released . Certain he would be lynched , Williams fled and eventually found refuge in Cuba . Movement lawyers , eager to disengage from the situation , successfully urged the Freedom Riders not to practice the normal `` jail - no bail '' strategy in Monroe . Local officials , also apparently eager to de-escalate , found demonstrators guilty but immediately suspended their sentences . One Freedom Rider however , John Lowry , went on trial for the kidnapping case , along with several associates of Robert F. Williams , including Mae Mallory . Monroe legal defense committees were popular around the country , but ultimately Lowry and Mallory served prison sentences . In 1965 , their convictions were vacated due to the exclusion of black citizens from the jury selection . Resolution and legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) By September it had been over three months since the filing of the petition by Robert Kennedy . CORE and SNCC leaders made tentative plans for a mass demonstration known as the `` Washington Project '' . This would mobilize hundreds , perhaps thousands , of nonviolent demonstrators to the capital city to apply pressure on the ICC and the Kennedy administration . The idea was pre-empted when the ICC finally issued the necessary orders just before the end of the month . The new policies went into effect on November 1 , 1961 , six years after the ruling in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company . After the new ICC rule took effect , passengers were permitted to sit wherever they pleased on interstate buses and trains ; `` white '' and `` colored '' signs were removed from the terminals ; racially segregated drinking fountains , toilets , and waiting rooms serving interstate customers were consolidated ; and the lunch counters began serving all customers , regardless of race . The widespread violence provoked by the Freedom Rides sent shock waves through American society . People worried that the Rides were evoking widespread social disorder and racial divergence , an opinion supported and strengthened in many communities by the press . The press in white communities condemned the direct action approach that CORE was taking , while some of the national press negatively portrayed the Riders as provoking unrest . At the same time , the Freedom Rides established great credibility with black and white people throughout the United States and inspired many to engage in direct action for civil rights . Perhaps most significantly , the actions of the Freedom Riders from the North , who faced danger on behalf of southern black citizens , impressed and inspired the many black people living in rural areas throughout the South . They formed the backbone of the wider civil rights movement , who engaged in voter registration and other activities . Southern black activists generally organized around their churches , the center of their communities and a base of moral strength . The Freedom Riders helped inspire participation in other subsequent civil rights campaigns , including voter registration throughout the South , freedom schools , and the Black Power movement . At the time , most black Southerners had been unable to register to vote , due to state constitutions , laws and practices that had effectively disfranchised most of them since the turn of the 20th century . For instance , white administrators supervised reading comprehension and literacy tests that highly educated black people could not pass . List of Freedom Rides ( edit ) Precursors to Freedom Rides ( edit ) Ride Date Carrier Point of departure Destination Ref . Note Journey of Reconciliation April 9 -- 23 , 1947 Trailways Washington , D.C. Washington , D.C. Little Freedom Ride April 22 , 1961 East St. Louis , Illinois Sikeston , Missouri Original and subsequent Freedom Rides ( edit ) Denotes location a Freedom Rider tested the compliance of the Boynton v. Virginia ( 1960 ) decision at a terminal facility only Ride Date Carrier or terminal Point of departure Destination Ref . Note Original CORE Freedom Ride May 4 -- 17 , 1961 Trailways Washington , D.C. New Orleans , Louisiana Greyhound Washington , D.C. New Orleans , Louisiana Nashville Student Movement Freedom Ride May 17 -- 21 , 1961 Birmingham , Alabama New Orleans , Louisiana Connecticut Freedom Ride May 24 -- 25 , 1961 Greyhound Atlanta , Georgia Montgomery , Alabama Interfaith Freedom Ride June 13 -- 16 , 1961 Greyhound Washington , D.C. Tallahassee , Florida Organized Labor -- Professional Freedom Ride June 13 -- 16 , 1961 Washington , D.C. St. Petersburg , Florida Missouri to Louisiana CORE Freedom Ride July 8 -- 15 , 1961 St. Louis , Missouri New Orleans , Louisiana New Jersey to Arkansas CORE Freedom Ride July 13 -- 24 , 1961 Newark , New Jersey Little Rock , Arkansas Los Angeles to Houston Freedom Ride August 9 -- 11 , 1961 Union Railway Station Los Angeles , California Houston , Texas Monroe Freedom Ride August 17 -- September 1 , 1961 Monroe , North Carolina Prayer Pilgrimage Freedom Ride September 13 , 1961 Trailways New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi Albany Freedom Rides November 1 , 1961 Trailways ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Atlanta , Georgia Trailways Atlanta , Georgia Albany , Georgia November 22 , 1961 Trailways ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Albany , Georgia December 10 , 1961 Central Georgia Railroad Atlanta , Georgia Albany , Georgia McComb Freedom Rides November 29 , 1961 Greyhound New Orleans , Louisiana McComb , Mississippi December 1 , 1961 Greyhound Baton Rouge , Louisiana McComb , Mississippi December 2 , 1961 Greyhound Jackson , Mississippi McComb , Mississippi Mississippi Freedom Rides ( edit ) Denotes location a Freedom Rider tested the compliance of the Boynton v. Virginia ( 1960 ) decision at a terminal facility only Date Carrier or terminal Point of departure Destination Ref . Note May 24 , 1961 Trailways Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi Greyhound Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi May 28 , 1961 Greyhound Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi Trailways Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi May 30 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi June 2 , 1961 Trailways ( # 1 ) Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi Trailways ( # 2 ) Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi June 6 , 1961 Trailways New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi June 7 , 1961 Trailways Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi Greyhound ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi Hawkins Field ( airport ) St. Louis , Missouri Jackson , Mississippi June 8 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi Hawkins Field ( airport ) Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi June 9 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi June 10 , 1961 Greyhound Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi June 11 , 1961 Greyhound Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi June 16 , 1961 Greyhound Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi June 19 , 1961 Greyhound ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi June 20 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi June 21 , 1961 Trailways Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi June 23 , 1961 Trailways ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi June 25 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi July 2 , 1961 Trailways Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi July 5 , 1961 Trailways ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi July 6 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi Greyhound ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi July 7 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi Trailways Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi July 9 , 1961 Trailways Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi Illinois Central Railroad New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi Trailways ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi July 15 , 1961 Greyhound New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi July 16 , 1961 Greyhound Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi July 21 , 1961 Hawkins Field ( airport terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi Greyhound Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi July 23 , 1961 Trailways Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi July 24 , 1961 Hawkins Field ( airport ) Montgomery , Alabama Jackson , Mississippi July 29 , 1961 Greyhound Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi July 30 , 1961 Illinois Central Railroad New Orleans , Louisiana Jackson , Mississippi July 31 , 1961 Greyhound ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi August 5 , 1961 Trailways ( bus and terminal ) Nashville , Tennessee Jackson , Mississippi August 13 , 1961 Trailways ( terminal only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jackson , Mississippi Commemorations and Monument ( edit ) Freedom Rider plaque in Birmingham In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Freedom Rides , Oprah Winfrey invited all living Freedom Riders to join her TV program to celebrate their legacy . The episode aired on May 4 , 2011 . On May 6 -- 16 , 2011 , 40 college students from across the United States embarked on a bus ride from Washington , D.C. to New Orleans , retracing the original route of the Freedom Riders . The 2011 Student Freedom Ride , which was sponsored by PBS and American Experience , commemorated the 50th anniversary of the original Freedom Rides . Students met with civil rights leaders along the way and traveled with original Freedom Riders such as Ernest `` Rip '' Patton , Joan Mulholland , Bob Singleton , Helen Singleton , Jim Zwerg , and Charles Person . On May 16 , 2011 , PBS aired a documentary called Freedom Riders . On May 19 -- 21 , 2011 , the Freedom Rides were commemorated in Montgomery , Alabama , at the new Freedom Ride museum in the old Greyhound Bus terminal , where some of the violence had taken place in 1961 . On May 22 -- 26 , 2011 , the arrival of the Freedom Rides in Jackson , Mississippi was commemorated with a 50th Anniversary Reunion and Conference in the city . During commemorative events in February 2013 in Montgomery , Congressman John Lewis accepted the apologies of Chief Kevin Murphy of the Montgomery Police Department ; Murphy gave Lewis his own badge , off his uniform , moving Lewis to tears . In late 2011 , Palestinian activists , inspired by the freedom riders , used the same methods in Israel by boarding a bus from which they were excluded . Dan Shore 's 2013 opera Freedom Ride , set in New Orleans , celebrates the Freedom Riders . The Freedom Riders : The Civil Rights Musical is a theater musical retelling the story of the Freedom Rides . The musical was created by Los Angeles screenwriter / director Richard Allen , and San Diego native music artist Taran Gray . Richard and Taran finalized the music in March 2016 , and by April of the same year where asked to perform excerpts from their musical as a BETA Event at the New York Musical Festival ( NYMF ) . The FREEDOM RIDERS musical received NYMF 's inaugural BETA Event Award , and is scheduled to return to New York , summer of 2017 , for an Off - Broadway run as part of NYMF 's festival . In January , 2017 , President Barack Obama declared the Anniston , Alabama bus station the Freedom Riders National Monument . Notable Freedom Riders ( edit ) This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( July 2015 ) Zev Aelony James Bevel Malcolm Boyd Amos C. Brown Stokely Carmichael William Sloane Coffin James Farmer Bob Filner James Forman William E. Harbour Genevieve Hughes Bernard Lafayette James Lawson John Lewis Robert Martinson Salynn McCollum Charles McDew Diane Nash Charles Neblett Wally Nelson James Peck Charles Person Robert Laughlin Pierson John Curtis Raines Cordell Reagon Winonah Myers Charles Sherrod Fred Shuttlesworth Carol Ruth Silver Helen Singleton George Bundy Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Daniel N. Stern John Charles Taylor Hank Thomas Joan Trumpauer Mulholland C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker James Zwerg See also ( edit ) `` He Was My Brother '' , a Simon & Garfunkel song about the Freedom Riders Breach of Peace , 2008 book Reverse freedom rides Freedom Ride ( Australia ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Included 16 participants - Louis Adams , Dennis Banks , Ernest Bromley , Joseph Felmet , George Houser , Homer A. Jack , Andrew S. Johnson , Conrad Lynn , Wally Nelson , James Peck , Worth Randle , Igal Roodenko , Bayard Rustin , Eugene Stanley , William Worthy and Nathan Wright . ^ Jump up to : Included 18 participants - Frances Bergman , Walter Bergman , Albert Bigelow , Ed Blankenheim , Benjamin Elton Cox , James Farmer , Robert G. ( Gus ) Griffin , Herman K. Harris , Genevieve Hughes , John Lewis , Jimmy McDonald , Ivor ( Jerry ) Moore , Mae Frances Moultrie , James Peck , Joseph Perkins , Charles Person , Isaac ( Ike ) Reynolds and Hank Thomas . Jump up ^ Included 23 participants - William Barbee , James Bevel , Paul Brooks , Catherine Burks - Brooks , Carl Bush , Charles Butler , Joseph Carter , Allen Cason Jr. , Lucretia Collins , Rudolph Graham , William E. Harbour , Susan Hermann , Patricia Jenkins , Bernard Lafayette , Frederick Leonard , John Lewis , Salynn McCollum , William B. Mitchell Jr. , Etta Simpson , Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson , Susan Wilbur , Clarence M. Wright and James Zwerg . Jump up ^ Included 7 participants - Clyde Carter , William Sloane Coffin , Joseph Charles Jones , John Maguire , Gaylord Noyce , George B. Smith and David E. Smith . Jump up ^ Included 18 participants - C. Donald Alstork , Robert McAfee Brown , John Collier , Israel S. Dresner , Malcolm Evans , Martin Freedman , Arthur L. Hardge , Wayne `` Chris '' Clyde Hartmire Jr. , George Leake , Allan Levine , Petty McKinney , Walter Plaut , Henry Proctor , Ralph Lord Roy , Perry A. Smith III , Robert J. Stone , A. McRaven ( Mack ) Warner and Edward White . Jump up ^ Included 14 participants - Jerald Bobrow , Herbert Callender , Ralph Diamond , Joyce Lebowitz , Sheree Massaquoi , Edward Morton , Gordon Negen , James O'Connor , Francis Randall , Laura Randall , Leslie Smith , Daniel N. Stern , Dupree White and Benny Winston . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - Benjamin Elton Cox , Annie Lumpkin , Bliss Anne Malone , John Curtis Raines and Janet Reinitz . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - John C. Harvard , Sidney Shanken , Woollcott Smith , Herman ( Chaim ) S. Stern and Hank Thomas . Jump up ^ Included 18 participants - Charles Berrard , Marjorie Dunson , Robert Farrell , Herbert Hamilton , Willie Handy , Holly Hogrobrooks , John Hutchins , Eddie Jones , Robert E. Jones , Robert Paul Kaufman , Ellen Kleinman , Pat Kovner , Ronald La Bostrie , Steven McNichols , Marian Moody , Beverly Radcliffe , Steven Sanfield and Joseph McClendon Stevenson . Jump up ^ Included 19 participants - Robert M. Baum , Edward J. Bromberg , Paul Brooks , Charles Butler , Price Chatham , Paul David Dietrich , James Forman , Richard P. Griswold , Larry Fred Hunter , Edward W. Kale , Frederick Leonard , John Lowry , William Carl Mahoney , Joseph John Michael McDonald , David Kerr Morton , Heath Cliff Rush , Kenneth Martin Shilman , Daniel Ray Thompson and LeRoy Glenn Wright . Jump up ^ Included 15 participants - Gilbert S. Avery III , Myron B. Bloy Jr. , James Pleasant Breeden , John Crocker Jr. , James Walker Evans , John Marvin Evans , Quinland Reeves Gordon , James Garrard Jones , John Burnett Morris , Robert Laughlin Pierson , Geoffrey Sedgewick Simpson , Robert Page Taylor , William Adrew Wendt , Vernon P. Woodward and Merrill Orne Young . Jump up ^ Included 4 participants - James Bevel , James Forman , Joseph Charles Jones and Bernard Lafayette Jump up ^ Included 3 participants - Salynn McCollum , Cordell Reagon and Charles Sherrod . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - Julian Carswell , Bertha Gober , Blanton Hall , Evelyn Toney and Eddie Wilson . Jump up ^ Included 9 participants - Joan Browning , Norma F. Collins , James Forman , Sandra Cason `` Casey '' Hayden , Tom Hayden , Per Laursen , Bernard Lee , Lenora Taitt and Robert Zellner . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - George Raymond Jr. , Doratha Smith , Jerome H. Smith , Alice Thompson and Thomas Valentine . Jump up ^ Included 6 participants - Willie Bradford , Thomas Peete , George Raymond Jr. , Claude Reese , Patricia Tate and Jean Thompson . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - James Burnham , Jerome Byrd , MacArthur Cotton , Thomas Gaither and Joe Lewis . Jump up ^ Included 12 participants - Julia Aaron , Alexander M. Anderson , Harold Andrews , James Bevel , Joseph Carter , Dave Dennis , Paul David Dietrich , Bernard Lafayette , James Lawson , Jean Catherine Thompson , C.T. Vivian , Matthew Walker Jr . Jump up ^ Included 15 participants - Peter M. Ackerberg , Doris Castle , Lucretia R. Collins , John Lee Copeland , Dion Tyrone Diamond , Grady H. Donald , James Farmer , Frank George Holloway , John Lewis , John H. Moody Jr. , Ernest ( Rip ) Patton Jr. , Jerome H. Smith , Clarence Lloyd Thomas , Hank Thomas and LeRoy Glenn Wright . Jump up ^ Included 9 participants - Catherine Burks - Brooks , William E. Harbour , Frederick Leonard , Lester G. McKinnie , William B. Mitchell Jr. , Etta Simpson , Mary J. Smith , Fances L. Wilson and Clarence M. Wright . Jump up ^ Included 8 participants - Allen Cason Jr. , Albert Lee Dunn , David B. Fankhauser , Franklin W. Hunt , Larry Fred Hunter , Pauline Edythe Knight , William Carl Mahoney and Charles David Myers . Jump up ^ Included 8 participants - James Keet Davis Jr. , Glenda Jean Gaither , Paul S. Green , Joe Henry Griffith , Charles Haynie , Robert Lawrence Heller , Sandra Marie Nixon and Peter Sterling . Jump up ^ Included 6 participants - Charles Butler , Price Chatham , Joseph John Michael McDonald , Meryle Joy Reagon , Kenneth Martin Shilman and Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson . Jump up ^ Included 8 participants - Ralph Fertig , Richard LeRoy Gleason , Jesse J. Harris , Cordell Reagon , Carolyn Yvonne Reed , Felix Jacques Singer , Leslie Word and Elizabeth Porter Wyckoff . Jump up ^ Included 7 participants - Johnny Frank Ashford , Abraham Bassfordt , James Thomas McDonough , Terry John Sullivan , Shirley Thompson , James Robert Wahlstrom and Ernest Newell Weber . Jump up ^ Included 6 participants - John Gager , Reginald Malcolm Green , Edward W. Kale , Raymond B. Randolph Jr. , Carol Ruth Silver and Obadiah Lee Simms . Jump up ^ Included 1 participant - Michael Audain . Jump up ^ Included 3 participants - Gwendolyn C. Jenkins , Robert L. Jenkins and Ralph Edward Washington . Jump up ^ Included 9 participants - Travis O. Britt , Stokely Carmichael , Gwendolyn T. Greene , Teri Susan Perlman , Jane Ellen Rosett , Jan Leighton Triggs , Joan Harris Trumpauer , Robert Wesby and Helene Dorothy Wilson . Jump up ^ Included 2 participants - Mark Lane and Percy Sutton . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - Margaret Winonah Beamer , Edward J. Bromberg , Patricia Elaine Bryant , Del Greenblatt and Heath Cliff Rush . Jump up ^ Included 6 participants - Leora Berman , Stephen John Green , Richard P. Giswold , Leon Daniel Horne , Katherine Pleune and Lowell A. Woods Jr . Jump up ^ Included 7 participants - Zev Aelony , Robert M. Baum , Marvin Allen Davidov , David Kerr Morton , Claire O'Connor , Daniel Ray Thompson and Eugine John Uphoff . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - Elizabeth S. Adler , Bob Filner , Elizabeth Slade Hirschfeld , Karen Elizabeth Kytle and Leon N. Rice . Jump up ^ Included 1 participant - Eugene Levine . Jump up ^ Included 13 participants - Rita J. Carter , Margaret Ann Kerr , Robert Martinson , Paul Duncan McConnell , Frederick Dean Muntean , Grant Harland Muse Jr. , Lestra Alene Peterson , Joan Pleune , Joseph Marion Pratt , Jorgia B. Yvonne Siegel , Buren Lewis Teale , Lawrence Triss Jr. and Thomas Van Roland . Jump up ^ Included 9 participants - Miriam ( Mimi ) Feingold , Judith Ann Frieze , Margaret Burr Leonard , Samuel Timothy Nash , Henry Schwarzschild , Leon Felton Smith Jr. , Theresa Edwards Walker , Wyatt Tee Walker and Melvin Lorenzo White . Jump up ^ Included 4 participants - Thomas Madison Armstrong III , Mary Magdalene Harrison , Elnora R. Price and Joseph Lee Ross . Jump up ^ Included 20 participants - George Marion Blevins , Gloria Leevare - Dee Bouknight , Arthur Brooks Jr. , John Luther Dolan , Mary Lucille Hamilton , Gordon Lau Harris , Louise Jean Inghram , Frank Johnson , Marian Alice Kendall , Norma Libson , Claude Albert Liggins , Eddora Mae Manning , Robert William Mason , Fank Arthur Nelson , Janice Louise Rogers , John Copeland Rogers , Marica Arlene Rosenbaum , Wayne Leslie Taylor , Richard Thorne and Claire Drew Toombs . Jump up ^ Included 5 participants - Barbara Jane Kay , Robert Allen Miller , Michael Leon Pritchard , Peter Harry Stoner and Leotis Thornton . Jump up ^ Included 9 participants - Robert Earl Bass , Ralph Floyd , Eugene Lee , Marshall Bennett , Miller G. Green Jr. , Robert Lee Green , Jesse L. Harris , Percy Lee Johnson and James Wilson Jones . Jump up ^ Included 6 participants - Frank Caston , Frankie Lee Griffin , Alpha Zara Palmer , West Davis Phillips , Tommie Watts Jr. and Mack Charles Wells . Jump up ^ Included 6 participants - Alfonzo Denson Jr. , Samuel Givens , Landy McNair Jr. , Earl Vance Jr. , Hezekiah Watkins and Paul Edward Young . Jump up ^ Included 1 participant - Morton Bruce Slater . Jump up ^ Included 8 participants - Charles Biggers , Elmer L. Brown , William Walter Hansen Jr. , John Lowry , Norma Matzkin , Isaac ( Ike ) Reynolds Jr. , Daniel Stevens and Willie James Thomas . Jump up ^ Included 8 participants - Daniel E. Bukholder , Lionel Goldbart , Albert Forrest Gordon , Stephen Greenstein , Jeanne H. Herrick , Saul Bernard Manfield , Ralph Robert Rogers and Lula Mae White . Jump up ^ Included 9 participants - Patricia Dale Baskerville , Larry Bell , Tommie Eldridge Brashear , Edmond Dalbert Jr. , Reginald Jackson , Edward B. Johnson , Philip Jonathan Perkins , Roena Rand and John Charles Taylor Jr . Jump up ^ Included 11 participants - Leo Vone Blue , Mildred Juanita Blue , Fred Douglas Clark , Jessie James Davis , Gainnel Hayes , Andrew Horne Jr. , Erma Lee Horne , Delores Williams Lynch , Henry Rosell , Oneal Vance and Joe Watts Jr . Jump up ^ Included 12 participants - Carroll Gary Barber , Charles Henry Booth , Ray Allen Cooper , Marilyn Irene Eisenberg , Robert Lewis Owens , Jean Estil Kidwell Pestana , David Lering Richards , Rose Schorr Rosenberg , Leon Russ Jr. , Leo Vernon Washington , Douglas Albert Williams and Jack Mikhail Wolfson . Jump up ^ Included 8 participants - James Emerson Dennis , Mary Freelon , Phillip Jay Havey , Rudolph Mitaritonna , Shirley B. Smith , Willard Hooker Svanoe , James Edward Warren and Lewis Richard Zuchman . Jump up ^ Included 9 participants - James T. Carey , Francis L. Geddes , Joseph Henry Gumbiner , Mary Jorgensen , Russell F. Jorgensen , Allan Levine , Orville B. Luster , Charles G. Sellers and John R. Washington . Jump up ^ Included 4 participants - Paul Breines , Donna Sage Garde , Joel Ben Greenberg and Ruth Esther Moskowitz . Jump up ^ Included 7 participants - Albert Roy Huddleston , Margaret Ihra , Candida Lall , Morton G. Linder , Michael Harry Powell , Alexander Weiss and Ralph Alan Williams . Jump up ^ Included 4 participants - Alphonso Kelly Petway , Kredelle Petway , Matthew Petway and Cecil A. Thomas . Jump up ^ Included 10 participants - Byron Baer , Hilmar Ehrenfreid Pabel , Catherine Jo Prensky , Sally Jane Rowley , Judith Norene Scroggins , Rick Stanley Sheviakov , Woollcott Smith , Widijonaiko Tjokroadisunatto , Norma Wagner and Ellen Lee Ziskind . Jump up ^ Included 15 participants - Albert Barough , Winston Fuller , Joseph Edward Gerbac , Michael Grubbs , Alan Kaufman , William Leons , Herbert S. Mann , Max Gregory Pavesic , Philip M. Posner , Helen Singleton , Robert Singleton , Richard C. Steward , Lonnie Thurman , Sam Joe Townsend and Tanya Wren . Jump up ^ Included 1 participant - James Robert Wahlstrom . Jump up ^ Included 2 participants - Earl C. Bohannon and Norma Wagner . Jump up ^ Included 2 participants - George Raymond Jr. and Pauline K. Sims . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 533 -- 587 . Jump up ^ Upchurch , p. 14 . Jump up ^ 364 U.S. Jump up ^ 328 U.S. 373 ( 1946 ) ; also Morgan v. Virginia . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Freedom Rides '' . Congress of Racial Equality . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Freedom Rides Map '' , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Catsam . Jump up ^ `` Journey of Reconciliation '' . Spartacus Educational . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Freedom Riders Freedom Rider , PBS . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Rider Keeps Fight Alive '' . Star - News . June 30 , 1983 . p. 4A . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Freedom Riders , '' WGBH American Experience `` . PBS . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get On the Bus : The Freedom Riders of 1961 '' . NPR . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Photo of a Greyhound bus firebombed by a mob in Anniston , Alabama Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Branch , pp. 412 -- 450 . Jump up ^ . `` With the police holding back the jeering crowd , and with the deacons openly displaying their weapons , the weary but relieved Riders piled into the cars , which promptly drove off into the gathering dusk . ' We walked right between those Ku Klux , ' Buck Johnson later recalled . ' Some of them had clubs . There were some deputies too . You could n't tell the deputies from the Ku Klux . ' `` Get On the Bus : The Freedom Riders of 1961 '' . NPR . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Freedom Rides ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Jump up ^ Photo of James Peck after being attacked in Birmingham , Alabama Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , University of California . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Branch , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Fankhauser , David . `` SNCC GETS INVOLVED IN THE FREEDOM RIDES '' . Freedom Rides . David Fankhauser . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Joan Biskupic ( April 15 , 2002 ) . Ex-Supreme Court Justice Byron White dies . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Photo of Jim Zwerg in the hospital , beaten and bruised . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bernard Lafayette Jr. , `` The Siege of the Freedom Riders '' , Opinion page , New York Times , May 19 , 2011 , carried at blog for Baltimore Nonviolence Center , accessed February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Witness : Freedom Riders '' , BBC , broadcast August 31 , 2011 , accessed February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assistant Attorney General Thomas E. Perez Speaks at the All People 's Program Honoring the Freedom Riders '' . US Department of Justice . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Riders Head for Mississippi '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . May 24 , 1961 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Arrests 12 Freedom Riders '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . May 24 , 1961 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary of Gaylord Brewster Noyce '' . 2009 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Riders '' . American Experience , PBS . 2011 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 22 - 23 . Jump up ^ McMillen , Neil R. ( August 1977 ) . `` Black Enfranchisement in Mississippi : Federal Enforcement and Black Protest in the 1960s '' . The Journal of Southern History . 43 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 72 . JSTOR 2207646 . Jump up ^ Mort , Dave , Bye Bye Miss American Pie ( 2008 ) . ISBN 9789780956950 Jump up ^ Freedom Ride Map . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgenroth , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ `` Dresner v. City of Tallahassee , 375 U.S. 136 , 11L ed 2d 208 , 84 S. CT. 235 ( 1963 ) . '' . 1963 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyson , pp. 262 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 403 -- 417 . Jump up ^ `` Lowry Sees ' Threat of Violence ' Necessary to Fight Segregation '' , The Harvard Crimson , February 13 , 1962 ; `` Letter from Benjamin Mays to MLK Regarding Monroe Defense Committee - December 14 , 1961 '' Jump up ^ Forman , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 42 , 533 -- 534 . Jump up ^ Thurber , Jon ( March 4 , 2005 ) . `` Nathan Wright Jr. , 81 ; Minister Was Figure in 1960s Black Power Debate '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( October 10 , 1999 ) . `` Walter Bergman , Champion Of Civil Liberties , Dies at 100 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Paul ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Life Remembered : Ben Cox , One of Freedom Riders '' . News - Gazette . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 113 , 535 -- 536 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 537 -- 538 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 542 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 552 -- 554 . Jump up ^ `` Rabbi Walter Plaut , 44 , Dead '' . New York Times . January 4 , 1964 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 555 -- 556 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Ronald ( September 29 , 1993 ) . `` Makaza Kumanyika , 60 , Leader Of Civil Rights Protests in 1960 's '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 566 -- 567 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Alexis ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Freedom Riders : The 5 Who Forever Changed Arkansas '' . KATV ABC 7 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 567 -- 568 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 577 -- 579 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 579 -- 581 . ^ Jump up to : Alfonso , Fernando III ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Syracuse Minister Who Took Part in Civil Rights Freedom Rides Featured in WCNY Show '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 581 -- 582 . Jump up ^ Marquard , Bryan ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Rev. John Crocker Jr. , 88 ; Activist , College Chaplain '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.Y. ( July 9 , 2001 ) . `` Rev. William Wendt Dies at 81 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 583 . ^ Jump up to : Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 584 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 585 - 586 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Keldy ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Segregated Victoria Shaped Civil Rights Leader 's Life '' . Victoria Advocate . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Webster , Richard A. ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Alice Thompson , 75 , Remembered as Civil Rights ' Warrior ' '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Webster , Richard A. ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` New Orleans Freedom Riders and the Fight for Civil Rights '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 584 -- 585 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 585 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 539 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Tamburin , Adam . `` Civil Rights Activist Matthew Walker Jr . Dead at 74 '' . Tennessean . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 540 -- 541 . Jump up ^ Thomas - Lester , Avis ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Local Freedom Riders Remember the Movement '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 543 -- 544 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 546 -- 547 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 547 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 548 -- 549 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Kaitlin ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Former Freedom Rider Addresses Yalies '' . Yale Daily News . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Barnum , Art ; Biddle , Fred Marc ( July 23 , 1988 ) . `` Activist Pastor Slain , Suspect Held '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 551 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 551 -- 552 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Tevlin , Jon ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Minnesota Freedom Rider has Remained True to the Cause '' . StarTribune . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 557 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 559 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 559 -- 561 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Hamilton Wesley , 67 ; Civil Rights Activist Challenged Segregation '' . Los Angeles Times . December 12 , 2002 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Yeager , Andrew ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mary Hamilton , The Woman Who Put The ' Miss ' In Court '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 561 -- 562 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jerry ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Longtime Civil Rights Activist Jessie Harris Dies '' . Clarion - Ledger . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 562 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Watson , Dylan ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Hezekiah Watkins '' . Jackson Free Press . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Luster , Marla ( February 16 , 2002 ) . `` Freedom Riders Urge Students to Keep Fighting '' . Tuscaloosa News . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 563 . ^ Jump up to : Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ann - Marie ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Freedom Rider Lula Mae White Comes to Hartford Public Library '' . Hartford Guardian . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ McLoughlin , Pamela ( February 26 , 2012 ) . `` Retired New Haven Teacher Taught , Lived History as Member of Freedom Riders '' . New Haven Register . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Treadway , Chris ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` John Taylor , a 1961 Freedom Rider , dies at 78 '' . Mercury News . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 568 -- 569 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 569 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 570 -- 571 . Jump up ^ `` Rabbi Joseph H. Gumbiner ; Civil Rights Activist '' . Los Angeles Times . March 27 , 1993 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 571 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 572 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 573 . Jump up ^ `` The Petways - Kredelle Petway Dendy and Rev. Alfonso K. Petway '' . Vimeo . Winter Institute . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 573 -- 574 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 576 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , p. 579 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute to Freedom Riders '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Experience - Student Freedom Ride 2011 PBS.org Jump up ^ Kelly , Brooke . `` ' 61 Freedom Riders Recount Fear , Pride at Mississippi Commemoration . '' Washington Informer , May 26 , 2011 : 1 + . Newspaper Source Plus . Web . May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Okarmus , Matt ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` MPD Apologizes to Freedom Riders '' . Montgomery Advertiser . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Joel ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Palestinian Freedom Riders Arrested on Bus to Jerusalem '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Collard , Rebecca ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Palestinian freedom riders board Israeli buses in protest '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian ' freedom riders ' board settlers ' bus '' . BBC News . November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Waddington , Chris ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Xavier Prof Pens Opera Set in New Orleans during Civil Rights Struggles '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` FREEDOM RIDERS to Play NYMF '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hebert , James . `` Civil - rights musical rolling to NYC '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` FREEDOM RIDERS Among NYMF 's 2016 Gala Award Winners '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Body Politic Is Part of Initial NYMF Lineup Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mcfadden , Robert D. ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Rev. Malcolm Boyd , an Author , Activist and Counterculture Rebel , Dies at 91 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Yerkey , Gary G. ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Malcolm Boyd brought Christianity into the streets to promote civil rights '' . Christian Science Monitor . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Jen ( November 3 , 2012 ) . `` Civil Rights Icon Fighting for Change One Registered Voter at a Time '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Charney , Marc D. ( 2006 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Rev. William Sloane Coffin Dies at 81 ; Fought for Civil Rights and Against a War '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` USF 's Ray Arsenault watches ' Freedom Riders ' book gain steam '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Arsenault & ( 2006 ) , pp. 543 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199755813 . Branch , Taylor ( 2007 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 63 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781416558682 . Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . University of Washington Press . ISBN 9780295976594 . Morgenroth , Florence ( 1966 ) . Organization and Activities of the American Civil Liberties Union in Miami , 1955 -- 1966 ( M.A. thesis ) . University of Miami . OCLC 15796239 . Morris , Tiyi ( 2015 ) . Womanpower Unlimited and the Black Freedom Struggle in Mississippi . Athens , Georgia : The University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 4731 - 8 . Tyson , Timothy B. ( 2001 ) . Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 9780807849231 . Upchurch , Thomas Adams ( 2008 ) . Race Relations in the United States , 1960 - 1980 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 14 . ISBN 9780313341717 . Further reading ( edit ) Scholarly works ( edit ) Barnes , Catherine A. ( 1983 ) . Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231053808 . Catsam , Derek ( 2009 ) . Freedom 's Main Line : The Journey of Reconciliation and the Freedom Rides . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813173108 . Etheridge , Eric ; Wilkins , Roger ; McWhorter , Diane ( 2008 ) . Breach of Peace : Portraits of the 1961 Mississippi Freedom Riders . Atlas & Company . ISBN 9780977743391 . Garrow , David J. ( 1989 ) . Birmingham , Alabama , 1956 - 1963 : The Black Struggle for Civil Rights . Carlson Publisher . ISBN 9780926019041 . Halberstam , David ( 1999 ) . The Children . Fawcett Books . ISBN 9780449004395 . McWhorter , Diane ( 2001 ) . Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama : The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780743217729 . Niven , David ( 2003 ) . The Politics of Injustice : The Kennedys , the Freedom Rides , and the Electoral Consequences of a Moral Compromise . University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 9781572332126 . Autobiographies and memoirs ( edit ) Armstrong , Thomas M. ; Bell , Natalie R. ( 2011 ) . Autobiography of a Freedom Rider : My Life as a Foot Soldier for Civil Rights . Health Communications . ISBN 9780757316036 . Carmichael , Stokely ; Thelwell , Michael ( 2003 ) . Ready for Revolution : The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael ( Kwame Ture ) . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780684850030 . Farmer , James ( 1985 ) . Lay Bare the Heart : An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement . Texas Christian University Press . ISBN 9780875651880 . Lewis , John ; D'Orso , Michael ( 1998 ) . Walking with the Wind : A Memoir of the Movement . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780156007085 . Peck , James ( 1962 ) . Freedom Ride . Simon and Schuster . OCLC 890013 . Silver , Carol Ruth ( 2014 ) . Freedom Rider Diary : Smuggled Notes from Parchman Prison . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 9781617038877 . Zellner , Bob ( 2011 ) . The Wrong Side of Murder Creek : A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement . NewSouth Books . ISBN 9781603061049 . Other works ( edit ) Carawan , Guy ; Carawan , Candie , eds. ( 2008 ) . `` 1961 : Freedom Rides '' . Sing for Freedom : The Story of the Civil Rights Movement Through Its Songs . NewSouth Books . ISBN 9781588381934 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freedom Rides . `` Freedom Rides : Recollections by David Fankhauser '' Freedom Rides of 1961 ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Get On the Bus : The Freedom Riders of 1961 , National Public Radio NEVER - SEEN : MLK & the Freedom Rides - slideshow by Life magazine You Do n't Have to Ride Jim Crow ! New Hampshire Public Television / American Public Television documentary of the Journey of Reconciliation Eyes on the Prize , Blackside , Inc. / PBS documentary of the Civil Rights Movement ( Episode 3 is the Freedom Rides ) `` JFK , Freedom Riders , and the Civil Rights Movement '' EDSITEment lesson plan `` The Freedom Riders and the Popular Music of the Civil Rights '' EDSITEment lesson plan Civil Rights Era Mug Shots , Montgomery County Sheriff 's Office , Alabama Department of Archives & History Spears , Ellen ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Memorializing the Freedom Riders '' . Southern Spaces . Interview with Jim Zwerg , Civil Rights Activist , United States . People 's Century television series . PBS and BBC The Freedom Riders - slideshow by Life magazine FBI files on the Freedom Riders Freedom Rider Articles . Online collection of Ride - related articles written by Freedom Riders ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Curated links to Freedom Riders archival material , Civil Rights Digital Library . Civil Rights Activist Bob Zellner interviewed on Conversations from Penn State Freedom Riders historical marker in Villa Rica , Georgia CORE 's Route 40 Project campaign for desegregation of Maryland highway , 1961 <Th_colspan="2"> African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream Sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi Wade - Ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis Sanitation Strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Neal Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Riders&oldid=807267532 '' Categories : 1961 in American politics African - American history of Alabama African - American history of Mississippi African - American history of South Carolina Bus transportation in the United States Civil rights protests in the United States Conflicts in 1961 Freedom Riders History of African - American civil rights History of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from July 2015 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Norsk Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Freedom Riders
2. Civil Rights Movement
3. Racial segregation
4. Interstate buses
5. Non-enforcement of Supreme Court decisions
|
4,936,884,599,968,374,000 |
studying to become a lawyer in south africa
|
List of law schools in South Africa - Wikipedia List of law schools in South Africa Jump to : navigation , search Location of South Africa University of Pretoria Faculty of Law building This is a list of law schools in South Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Law schools 2 Mooting in South Africa 3 See also 4 References Law schools ( edit ) Institution Law school Founded Location University of the Witwatersrand Oliver Schreiner School of Law Johannesburg University of Cape Town Wilfred & Jules Kramer Law School 1859 Cape Town University of Fort Hare Faculty of Law Alice , East London University of the Free State Faculty of Law Bloemfontein University of Johannesburg Faculty of Law Johannesburg University of KwaZulu - Natal Faculty of Law Durban , Pietermaritzburg University of Limpopo Faculty of Law Polokwane North - West University Faculty of Law Potchefstroom Campus 1955 Potchefstroom Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Faculty of Law Port Elizabeth University of Pretoria Faculty of Law 1908 Pretoria Rhodes University Faculty of Law Grahamstown University of South Africa College of Law Distance education University of Stellenbosch Faculty of Law 1921 Stellenbosch University of Venda Faculty of Law Thohoyandou University of the Western Cape Faculty of Law & Commerce Bellville ( Cape Town ) North - West University Faculty of Law Mafikeng Campus Mahikeng University of Zululand Faculty of Law Jump up ^ Legal education commenced in 1908 with the faculty formally founded in 1918 . Mooting in South Africa ( edit ) The following moot court competitions are either held in South Africa or organised by a South Africa institution : Moot court Institution Founded Location African Human Rights Moot Court Competition Organised by the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law Held at participating law schools across the African continent Kovsies first year 's Moot Court Competition Organised by the University of the Free State Bloemfontein South African National Schools Moot Court Competition Organised annually by a different grouping of law schools 2011 National oral rounds take place at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law , Pretoria and the finals at the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg World Human Rights Moot Court Competition Organised by the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law 2009 Pretoria African Trade Moot Organised by the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law , University of the Western Cape Pretoria and Cape Town Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition Organised by the International Institute of Space Law The Africa Regional Round is hosted by the Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa , University of Pretoria Faculty of Law See also ( edit ) Bachelor of Laws : South Africa Doctor of law : South Africa Law of South Africa Legal education in South Africa List of universities in South Africa Lists of law schools Master of Laws : South Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` http://uct.ac.za/downloads/uct.ac.za/apply/handbooks/Handbook10Law2015.pdf '' ( PDF ) . uct.ac.za . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 24 . University of Pretoria Faculty of Law Brochure Retrieved June 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Campuses Retrieved 1 October 2010 Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . <Th_colspan="2"> List of law schools in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) <Th_colspan="3"> Law firms of South Africa <Td_colspan="3"> Law of South Africa Economy of South Africa Law firms Big Five Bowman Gilfillan Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs Norton Rose Fulbright South Africa Webber Wentzel Other Adams & Adams Fasken Martineau Routledge Modise Shepstone & Wylie Spoor & Fisher Werksmans Other resources Department of Justice and Constitutional Development Legal Resources Centre Legal education in South Africa List of law schools in South Africa <Td_colspan="3"> This South Africa school - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This law school related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_law_schools_in_South_Africa&oldid=817884672 '' Categories : Lists of law schools Legal education in South Africa Universities in South Africa South Africa education - related lists South African school stubs Law school stubs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 03 : 54 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Law schools in South Africa
2. University of Pretoria Faculty of Law
3. University of Cape Town Wilfred & Jules Kramer Law School
4. University of the Witwatersrand Oliver Schreiner School of Law
5. Mooting in South Africa
|
794,858,600,486,056,600 |
which two attention systems have been proposed as important in the development of executive function
|
Executive functions - wikipedia Executive functions Jump to : navigation , search Neuropsychology Topics ( show ) Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Dementia Human brain Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Neuropsychological assessment Neuropsychological rehabilitation Traumatic brain injury Brain functions ( hide ) Arousal Attention Consciousness Decision making Executive functions Natural language Learning Memory Motor coordination Perception Planning Problem solving Thought People ( show ) Arthur L. Benton David Bohm Antonio Damasio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Patricia Goldman - Rakic Pasko Rakic Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Edith Kaplan Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Mark Rosenzweig Roger W. Sperry Hans - Lukas Teuber Henry Molaison ( `` H.M. '' , patient ) K.C. ( patient ) Tests ( show ) Benton Visual Retention Test Continuous Performance Task Halstead - Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical Decision Task Luria - Nebraska neuropsychological battery Mini -- Mental State Examination Rey -- Osterrieth complex figure Stroop Test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Mind and brain portal Executive functions ( collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control ) are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior : selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals . Executive functions include basic cognitive processes such as attentional control , cognitive inhibition , inhibitory control , working memory , and cognitive flexibility . Higher order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence ( i.e. , reasoning and problem solving ) . Executive functions gradually develop and change across the lifespan of an individual and can be improved at any time over the course of a person 's life . Similarly , these cognitive processes can be adversely affected by a variety of events which affect an individual . Both neuropsychological tests ( e.g. , the Stroop test ) and rating scales ( e.g. , the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function ) are used to measure executive functions . They are usually performed as part of a more comprehensive assessment to diagnose neurological and psychiatric disorders . Cognitive control and stimulus control , which is associated with operant and classical conditioning , represent opposite processes ( i.e. , internal vs external or environmental , respectively ) that compete over the control of an individual 's elicited behaviors ; in particular , inhibitory control is necessary for overriding stimulus - driven behavioral responses ( i.e. , stimulus control of behavior ) . The prefrontal cortex is necessary but not solely sufficient for executive functions ; for example , the caudate nucleus and subthalamic nucleus also have a role in mediating inhibitory control . Cognitive control is impaired in addiction , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , and a number of other central nervous system disorders . Stimulus - driven behavioral responses that are associated with a particular rewarding stimulus tend to dominate one 's behavior in an addiction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Neuroanatomy 2 Hypothesized role 3 Historical perspective 4 Development 4.1 Early childhood 4.2 Preadolescence 4.3 Adolescence 4.4 Adulthood 5 Models 5.1 Top - down inhibitory control 5.2 Working memory model 5.3 Supervisory attentional system ( SAS ) 5.4 Self - regulatory model 5.5 Problem - solving model 5.6 Lezak 's conceptual model 5.7 Miller & Cohen 's model 5.8 Miyake and Friedman 's model 5.9 Banich 's `` Cascade of control '' model 6 Assessment 7 Experimental evidence 7.1 Context - sensitivity of PFC neurons 7.2 Attentional biasing in sensory regions 7.3 Connectivity between the PFC and sensory regions 7.4 Bilingualism and executive functions 8 In disease 9 Future directions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Neuroanatomy ( edit ) Historically , the executive functions have been seen as regulated by the prefrontal regions of the frontal lobes , but it is still a matter of ongoing debate if that really is the case . Even though articles on prefrontal lobe lesions commonly refer to disturbances of executive functions and vice versa , a review found indications for the sensitivity but not for the specificity of executive function measures to frontal lobe functioning . This means that both frontal and non-frontal brain regions are necessary for intact executive functions . Probably the frontal lobes need to participate in basically all of the executive functions , but it is not the only brain structure involved . Neuroimaging and lesion studies have identified the functions which are most often associated with the particular regions of the prefrontal cortex . The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) is involved with `` on - line '' processing of information such as integrating different dimensions of cognition and behaviour . As such , this area has been found to be associated with verbal and design fluency , ability to maintain and shift set , planning , response inhibition , working memory , organisational skills , reasoning , problem solving and abstract thinking . Side view of the brain , illustrating dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex The anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) is involved in emotional drives , experience and integration . Associated cognitive functions include inhibition of inappropriate responses , decision making and motivated behaviours . Lesions in this area can lead to low drive states such as apathy , abulia or akinetic mutism and may also result in low drive states for such basic needs as food or drink and possibly decreased interest in social or vocational activities and sex . The orbitofrontal cortex ( OFC ) plays a key role in impulse control , maintenance of set , monitoring ongoing behaviour and socially appropriate behaviours . The orbitofrontal cortex also has roles in representing the value of rewards based on sensory stimuli and evaluating subjective emotional experiences . Lesions can cause disinhibition , impulsivity , aggressive outbursts , sexual promiscuity and antisocial behaviour . Furthermore , in their review , Alvarez and Emory state that : `` The frontal lobes have multiple connections to cortical , subcortical and brain stem sites . The basis of ' higher - level ' cognitive functions such as inhibition , flexibility of thinking , problem solving , planning , impulse control , concept formation , abstract thinking , and creativity often arise from much simpler , ' lower - level ' forms of cognition and behavior . Thus , the concept of executive function must be broad enough to include anatomical structures that represent a diverse and diffuse portion of the central nervous system . '' The cerebellum also appears to be involved in mediating certain executive functions . Hypothesized role ( edit ) The executive system is thought to be heavily involved in handling novel situations outside the domain of some of our ' automatic ' psychological processes that could be explained by the reproduction of learned schemas or set behaviors . Psychologists Don Norman and Tim Shallice have outlined five types of situations in which routine activation of behavior would not be sufficient for optimal performance : Those that involve planning or decision making Those that involve error correction or troubleshooting Situations where responses are not well - rehearsed or contain novel sequences of actions Dangerous or technically difficult situations Situations that require the overcoming of a strong habitual response or resisting temptation . A prepotent response is a response for which immediate reinforcement ( positive or negative ) is available or has been previously associated with that response . The executive functions are often invoked when it is necessary to override these prepotent responses that might otherwise be automatically elicited by stimuli in the external environment . For example , on being presented with a potentially rewarding stimulus , such as a tasty piece of chocolate cake , a person might have the automatic response to take a bite . However , where such behavior conflicts with internal plans ( such as having decided not to eat chocolate cake while on a diet ) , the executive functions might be engaged to inhibit that response . Although suppression of these prepotent responses is ordinarily considered adaptive , problems for the development of the individual and the culture arise when feelings of right and wrong are overridden by cultural expectations or when creative impulses are overridden by executive inhibitions . Historical perspective ( edit ) Although research into the executive functions and their neural basis has increased markedly over recent years , the theoretical framework in which it is situated is not new . In the 1940s , the British psychologist Donald Broadbent drew a distinction between `` automatic '' and `` controlled '' processes ( a distinction characterized more fully by Shiffrin and Schneider in 1977 ) , and introduced the notion of selective attention , to which executive functions are closely allied . In 1975 , the US psychologist Michael Posner used the term `` cognitive control '' in his book chapter entitled `` Attention and cognitive control '' . The work of influential researchers such as Michael Posner , Joaquin Fuster , Tim Shallice , and their colleagues in the 1980s ( and later Trevor Robbins , Bob Knight , Don Stuss , and others ) laid much of the groundwork for recent research into executive functions . For example , Posner proposed that there is a separate `` executive '' branch of the attentional system , which is responsible for focusing attention on selected aspects of the environment . The British neuropsychologist Tim Shallice similarly suggested that attention is regulated by a `` supervisory system '' , which can override automatic responses in favour of scheduling behaviour on the basis of plans or intentions . Throughout this period , a consensus emerged that this control system is housed in the most anterior portion of the brain , the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) . Psychologist Alan Baddeley had proposed a similar system as part of his model of working memory and argued that there must be a component ( which he named the `` central executive '' ) that allows information to be manipulated in short - term memory ( for example , when doing mental arithmetic ) . Development ( edit ) Further information : Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Cognitive control and memory The executive functions are among the last mental functions to reach maturity . This is due to the delayed maturation of the prefrontal cortex , which is not completely myelinated until well into a person 's third decade of life . Development of executive functions tends to occur in spurts , when new skills , strategies , and forms of awareness emerge . These spurts are thought to reflect maturational events in the frontal areas of the brain . Attentional control appears to emerge in infancy and develop rapidly in early childhood . Cognitive flexibility , goal setting , and information processing usually develop rapidly during ages 7 -- 9 and mature by age 12 . Executive control typically emerges shortly after a transition period at the beginning of adolescence . It 's not yet clear whether there is a single sequence of stages in which executive functions appear , or whether different environments and early life experiences can lead people to develop them in different sequences . Early childhood ( edit ) Inhibitory control and working memory act as basic executive functions that makes it possible for more complex executive functions like problem - solving to develop . Inhibitory control and working memory are among the earliest executive functions to appear , with initial signs observed in infants , 7 to 12 - months old . Then in the preschool years , children display a spurt in performance on tasks of inhibition and working memory , usually between the ages of 3 to 5 years . Also during this time , cognitive flexibility , goal - directed behavior , and planning begin to develop . Nevertheless , preschool children do not have fully mature executive functions and continue to make errors related to these emerging abilities -- often not due to the absence of the abilities , but rather because they lack the awareness to know when and how to use particular strategies in particular contexts . Preadolescence ( edit ) Preadolescent children continue to exhibit certain growth spurts in executive functions , suggesting that this development does not necessarily occur in a linear manner , along with the preliminary maturing of particular functions as well . During preadolescence , children display major increases in verbal working memory ; goal - directed behavior ( with a potential spurt around 12 years of age ) ; response inhibition and selective attention ; and strategic planning and organizational skills . Additionally , between the ages of 8 to 10 , cognitive flexibility in particular begins to match adult levels . However , similar to patterns in childhood development , executive functioning in preadolescents is limited because they do not reliably apply these executive functions across multiple contexts as a result of ongoing development of inhibitory control . Adolescence ( edit ) Many executive functions may begin in childhood and preadolescence , such as inhibitory control . Yet , it is during adolescence when the different brain systems become better integrated . At this time , youth implement executive functions , such as inhibitory control , more efficiently and effectively and improve throughout this time period . Just as inhibitory control emerges in childhood and improves over time , planning and goal - directed behavior also demonstrate an extended time course with ongoing growth over adolescence . Likewise , functions such as attentional control , with a potential spurt at age 15 , along with working memory , continue developing at this stage . Adulthood ( edit ) The major change that occurs in the brain in adulthood is the constant myelination of neurons in the prefrontal cortex . At age 20 -- 29 , executive functioning skills are at their peak , which allows people of this age to participate in some of the most challenging mental tasks . These skills begin to decline in later adulthood . Working memory and spatial span are areas where decline is most readily noted . Cognitive flexibility , however , has a late onset of impairment and does not usually start declining until around age 70 in normally functioning adults . Impaired executive functioning has been found to be the best predictor of functional decline in the elderly . Models ( edit ) Top - down inhibitory control ( edit ) Aside from facilitatory or amplificatory mechanisms of control , many authors have argued for inhibitory mechanisms in the domain of response control , memory , selective attention , theory of mind , emotion regulation , as well as social emotions such as empathy . A recent review on this topic argues that active inhibition is a valid concept in some domains of psychology / cognitive control . Working memory model ( edit ) One influential model is Baddeley 's multicomponent model of working memory , which is composed of a central executive system that regulates three other subsystems : the phonological loop , which maintains verbal information ; the visuospatial sketchpad , which maintains visual and spatial information ; and the more recently developed episodic buffer that integrates short - term and long - term memory , holding and manipulating a limited amount of information from multiple domains in temporal and spatially sequenced episodes . Supervisory attentional system ( SAS ) ( edit ) Another conceptual model is the supervisory attentional system ( SAS ) . In this model , contention scheduling is the process where an individual 's well - established schemas automatically respond to routine situations while executive functions are used when faced with novel situations . In these new situations , attentional control will be a crucial element to help generate new schema , implement these schema , and then assess their accuracy . Self - regulatory model ( edit ) Russell Barkley proposed a widely known model of executive functioning that is based on self - regulation . Primarily derived from work examining behavioral inhibition , it views executive functions as composed of four main abilities . One element is working memory that allows individuals to resist interfering information . A second component is the management of emotional responses in order to achieve goal - directed behaviors . Thirdly , internalization of self - directed speech is used to control and sustain rule - governed behavior and to generate plans for problem - solving . Lastly , information is analyzed and synthesized into new behavioral responses to meet one 's goals . Changing one 's behavioral response to meet a new goal or modify an objective is a higher level skill that requires a fusion of executive functions including self - regulation , and accessing prior knowledge and experiences . According to this model , the executive system of the human brain provides for the cross-temporal organization of behavior towards goals and the future and coordinates actions and strategies for everyday goal - directed tasks . Essentially , this system permits humans to self - regulate their behavior so as to sustain action and problem solving toward goals specifically and the future more generally . Thus , executive function deficits pose serious problems for a person 's ability to engage in self - regulation over time to attain their goals and anticipate and prepare for the future . Problem - solving model ( edit ) Yet another model of executive functions is a problem - solving framework where executive functions is considered a macroconstruct composed of subfunctions working in different phases to ( a ) represent a problem , ( b ) plan for a solution by selecting and ordering strategies , ( c ) maintain the strategies in short - term memory in order to perform them by certain rules , and then ( d ) evaluate the results with error detection and error correction . Lezak 's conceptual model ( edit ) One of the most widespread conceptual models on executive functions is Lezak 's model . This framework proposes four broad domains of volition , planning , purposive action , and effective performance as working together to accomplish global executive functioning needs . While this model may broadly appeal to clinicians and researchers to help identify and assess certain executive functioning components , it lacks a distinct theoretical basis and relatively few attempts at validation . Miller & Cohen 's model ( edit ) In 2001 , Earl Miller and Jonathan Cohen published their article ' An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function ' in which they argue that cognitive control is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) , and that control is implemented by increasing the gain of sensory or motor neurons that are engaged by task - or goal - relevant elements of the external environment . In a key paragraph , they argue : We assume that the PFC serves a specific function in cognitive control : the active maintenance of patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them . They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain , affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities , as well as systems responsible for response execution , memory retrieval , emotional evaluation , etc . The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide the flow of neural activity along pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs , internal states , and outputs needed to perform a given task . Miller and Cohen draw explicitly upon an earlier theory of visual attention that conceptualises perception of visual scenes in terms of competition among multiple representations -- such as colors , individuals , or objects . Selective visual attention acts to ' bias ' this competition in favour of certain selected features or representations . For example , imagine that you are waiting at a busy train station for a friend who is wearing a red coat . You are able to selectively narrow the focus of your attention to search for red objects , in the hope of identifying your friend . Desimone and Duncan argue that the brain achieves this by selectively increasing the gain of neurons responsive to the color red , such that output from these neurons is more likely to reach a downstream processing stage , and , as a consequence , to guide behaviour . According to Miller and Cohen , this selective attention mechanism is in fact just a special case of cognitive control -- one in which the biasing occurs in the sensory domain . According to Miller and Cohen 's model , the PFC can exert control over input ( sensory ) or output ( response ) neurons , as well as over assemblies involved in memory , or emotion . Cognitive control is mediated by reciprocal PFC connectivity with the sensory and motor cortices , and with the limbic system . Within their approach , thus , the term ' cognitive control ' is applied to any situation where a biasing signal is used to promote task - appropriate responding , and control thus becomes a crucial component of a wide range of psychological constructs such as selective attention , error monitoring , decision - making , memory inhibition , and response inhibition . Miyake and Friedman 's model ( edit ) Miyake and Friedman 's theory of executive functions proposes that there are three aspects of executive functions : updating , inhibition , and shifting . A cornerstone of this theoretical framework is the understanding that individual differences in executive functions reflect both unity ( i.e. , common EF skills ) and diversity of each component ( e.g. , shifting - specific ) . In other words , aspects of updating , inhibition , and shifting are related , yet each remains a distinct entity . First , updating is defined as the continuous monitoring and quick addition or deletion of contents within one 's working memory . Second , inhibition is one 's capacity to supersede responses that are prepotent in a given situation . Third , shifting is one 's cognitive flexibility to switch between different tasks or mental states . Miyake and Friedman also suggest that the current body of research in executive functions suggest four general conclusions about these skills . The first conclusion is the unity and diversity aspects of executive functions . Second , recent studies suggest that much of one 's EF skills are inherited genetically , as demonstrated in twin studies . Third , clean measures of executive functions can differentiate between normal and clinical or regulatory behaviors , such as ADHD . Last , longitudinal studies demonstrate that EF skills are relatively stable throughout development . Banich 's `` cascade of control '' model ( edit ) This model from 2009 integrates theories from other models , and involves a sequential cascade of brain regions involved in maintaining attentional sets in order to arrive at a goal . In sequence , the model assumes the involvement of the posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) , the mid-DLPFC , and the posterior and anterior dorsal ACC . The cognitive task used in the article is selecting a response in the Stroop task , among conflicting color and word responses , specifically a stimulus where the word `` green '' is printed in red ink . The posterior DLPFC creates an appropriate attentional set , or rules for the brain to accomplish the current goal . For the Stroop task , this involves activating the areas of the brain involved in color perception , and not those involved in word comprehension . It counteracts biases and irrelevant information , like the fact that the semantic perception of the word is more salient to most people than the color in which it is printed . Next , the mid-DLPFC selects the representation that will fulfill the goal . The task - relevant information must be separated from other sources of information in the task . In the example , this means focusing on the ink color and not the word . The posterior dorsal anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) is next in the cascade , and it is responsible for response selection . This is where the decision is made whether you will say green ( the written word and the incorrect answer ) or red ( the font color and correct answer ) . Following the response , the anterior dorsal ACC is involved in response evaluation , deciding whether you were correct or incorrect . Activity in this region increases when the probability of an error is higher . The activity of any of the areas involved in this model depends on the efficiency of the areas that came before it . If the DLPFC imposes a lot of control on the response , the ACC will require less activity . Recent work using individual differences in cognitive style has shown exciting support for this model . Researchers had participants complete an auditory version of the Stroop task , in which either the location or semantic meaning of a directional word had to be attended to . Participants that either had a strong bias toward spatial or semantic information ( different cognitive styles ) were then recruited to participate in the task . As predicted , participants that has a strong bias toward spatial information had more difficulty paying attention to the semantic information and elicited increased electrophysiological activity from the ACC . A similar activity pattern was also found for participants that had a strong bias toward verbal information when they tried to attend to spatial information . Assessment ( edit ) Assessment of executive functions involves gathering data from several sources and synthesizing the information to look for trends and patterns across time and settings . Apart from standardized neuropsychological tests , other measures can and should be used , such as behaviour checklists , observations , interviews , and work samples . From these , conclusions may be drawn on the use of executive functions . There are several different kinds of instruments ( e.g. , performance based , self - report ) that measure executive functions across development . These assessments can serve a diagnostic purpose for a number of clinical populations . Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome ( BADS ) Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function ( BRIEF ) . Ages 2 - 90 covered by different versions of the scale . Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scales ( BDEFS ) Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale ( BDS ) Comprehensive Executive Function Inventory ( CEFI ) CogScreen Continuous Performance Task ( CPT ) Controlled Oral Word Association Test ( COWAT ) d2 Test of Attention Delis - Kaplan Executive Function System ( D - KEFS ) Digit Vigilance Test Figural Fluency Test Halstead Category Test Hayling and Brixton tests Iowa gambling task Kaplan Baycrest Neurocognitive Assessment ( KBNA ) Kaufman Short Neuropsychological Assessment Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test ( PASAT ) Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener ( PADDS ) Rey - Osterrieth Complex Figure Ruff Figural Fluency Test Stroop task Tasks of Executive Control Test of Variables of Attention ( T.O.V.A. ) Tower of London Test Trail - Making Test ( TMT ) or Trails A & B Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ( WCST ) Symbol Digit Modalities Test Experimental evidence ( edit ) The executive system has been traditionally quite hard to define , mainly due to what psychologist Paul W. Burgess calls a lack of `` process - behaviour correspondence '' . That is , there is no single behavior that can in itself be tied to executive function , or indeed executive dysfunction . For example , it is quite obvious what reading - impaired patients can not do , but it is not so obvious what exactly executive - impaired patients might be incapable of . This is largely due to the nature of the executive system itself . It is mainly concerned with the dynamic , `` online '' co-ordination of cognitive resources , and , hence , its effect can be observed only by measuring other cognitive processes . In similar manner , it does not always fully engage outside of real - world situations . As neurologist Antonio Damasio has reported , a patient with severe day - to - day executive problems may still pass paper - and - pencil or lab - based tests of executive function . Theories of the executive system were largely driven by observations of patients having suffered frontal lobe damage . They exhibited disorganized actions and strategies for everyday tasks ( a group of behaviors now known as dysexecutive syndrome ) although they seemed to perform normally when clinical or lab - based tests were used to assess more fundamental cognitive functions such as memory , learning , language , and reasoning . It was hypothesized that , to explain this unusual behaviour , there must be an overarching system that co-ordinates other cognitive resources . Much of the experimental evidence for the neural structures involved in executive functions comes from laboratory tasks such as the Stroop task or the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task ( WCST ) . In the Stroop task , for example , human subjects are asked to name the color that color words are printed in when the ink color and word meaning often conflict ( for example , the word `` RED '' in green ink ) . Executive functions are needed to perform this task , as the relatively overlearned and automatic behaviour ( word reading ) has to be inhibited in favour of a less practiced task -- naming the ink color . Recent functional neuroimaging studies have shown that two parts of the PFC , the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) , are thought to be particularly important for performing this task . Context - sensitivity of PFC neurons ( edit ) Other evidence for the involvement of the PFC in executive functions comes from single - cell electrophysiology studies in non-human primates , such as the macaque monkey , which have shown that ( in contrast to cells in the posterior brain ) many PFC neurons are sensitive to a conjunction of a stimulus and a context . For example , PFC cells might respond to a green cue in a condition where that cue signals that a leftwards fast movement of the eyes and the head should be made , but not to a green cue in another experimental context . This is important , because the optimal deployment of executive functions is invariably context - dependent . One example from Miller & Cohen involves a pedestrian crossing the street . In the United States , where cars drive on the right side of the road , an American learns to look left when crossing the street . However , if that American visits a country where cars drive on the left , such as the United Kingdom , then the opposite behavior would be required ( looking to the right ) . In this case , the automatic response needs to be suppressed and executive functions must make the American look to the right while in the UK . Neurologically , this behavioural repertoire clearly requires a neural system that is able to integrate the stimulus ( the road ) with a context ( US or UK ) to cue a behaviour ( look left or look right ) . Current evidence suggests that neurons in the PFC appear to represent precisely this sort of information . Other evidence from single - cell electrophysiology in monkeys implicates ventrolateral PFC ( inferior prefrontal convexity ) in the control of motor responses . For example , cells that increase their firing rate to NoGo signals as well as a signal that says `` do n't look there ! '' have been identified . Attentional biasing in sensory regions ( edit ) Electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging studies involving human subjects have been used to describe the neural mechanisms underlying attentional biasing . Most studies have looked for activation at the ' sites ' of biasing , such as in the visual or auditory cortices . Early studies employed event - related potentials to reveal that electrical brain responses recorded over left and right visual cortex are enhanced when the subject is instructed to attend to the appropriate ( contralateral ) side of space . The advent of bloodflow - based neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) and positron emission tomography ( PET ) has more recently permitted the demonstration that neural activity in a number of sensory regions , including color - , motion - , and face - responsive regions of visual cortex , is enhanced when subjects are directed to attend to that dimension of a stimulus , suggestive of gain control in sensory neocortex . For example , in a typical study , Liu and coworkers presented subjects with arrays of dots moving to the left or right , presented in either red or green . Preceding each stimulus , an instruction cue indicated whether subjects should respond on the basis of the colour or the direction of the dots . Even though colour and motion were present in all stimulus arrays , fMRI activity in colour - sensitive regions ( V4 ) was enhanced when subjects were instructed to attend to the colour , and activity in motion - sensitive regions was increased when subjects were cued to attend to the direction of motion . Several studies have also reported evidence for the biasing signal prior to stimulus onset , with the observation that regions of the frontal cortex tend to come active prior to the onset of an expected stimulus . Connectivity between the PFC and sensory regions ( edit ) Despite the growing currency of the ' biasing ' model of executive functions , direct evidence for functional connectivity between the PFC and sensory regions when executive functions are used , is to date rather sparse . Indeed , the only direct evidence comes from studies in which a portion of frontal cortex is damaged , and a corresponding effect is observed far from the lesion site , in the responses of sensory neurons . However , few studies have explored whether this effect is specific to situations where executive functions are required . Other methods for measuring connectivity between distant brain regions , such as correlation in the fMRI response , have yielded indirect evidence that the frontal cortex and sensory regions communicate during a variety of processes thought to engage executive functions , such as working memory , but more research is required to establish how information flows between the PFC and the rest of the brain when executive functions are used . As an early step in this direction , an fMRI study on the flow of information processing during visuospatial reasoning has provided evidence for causal associations ( inferred from the temporal order of activity ) between sensory - related activity in occipital and parietal cortices and activity in posterior and anterior PFC . Such approaches can further elucidate the distribution of processing between executive functions in PFC and the rest of the brain . Bilingualism and executive functions ( edit ) A growing body of research demonstrates that bilinguals show advantages in executive functions , specifically inhibitory control and task switching . A possible explanation for this is that speaking two languages requires controlling one 's attention and choosing the correct language to speak . Across development , bilingual infants , children , and elderly show a bilingual advantage when it comes to executive functioning . Interestingly , bimodal bilinguals , or people who speak one oral language and one sign language , do not demonstrate this bilingual advantage in executive functioning tasks . This may be because one is not required to actively inhibit one language in order to speak the other . Bilingual individuals also seem to have an advantage in an area known as conflict processing , which occurs when there are multiple representations of one particular response ( for example , a word in one language and its translation in the individual 's other language ) . Specifically , the lateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to be involved with conflict processing . In disease ( edit ) The study of executive function in Parkinson 's disease suggests subcortical areas such as the amygdala , hippocampus and basal ganglia and important in these processes . Dopamine modulation of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for the efficacy of dopaminergic drugs on executive function , and gives rise to the Yerkes Dodson Curve . The inverted U represents decreased executive functioning with excessive arousal ( or increased catecholamine release during stress ) , and decreased executive functioning with insufficient arousal . The low activity polymorphism of Catechol - O - methyltransferase is associated with slight increase in performance on executive function tasks in healthy persons . Executive functions are impaired in multiple disorders include anxiety disorder , major depressive disorder , bipolar disorder , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , schizophrenia and autism . Lesions to the prefrontal cortex , such as in the case of Phineas Gage , may also result in deficits of executive function . Damage to these areas may also manifest in deficits of other areas of function , such as motivation , and social functioning . Future Directions ( edit ) Other important evidence for executive functions processes in the prefrontal cortex have been described . One widely cited review article emphasizes the role of the medial part of the PFC in situations where executive functions are likely to be engaged -- for example , where it is important to detect errors , identify situations where stimulus conflict may arise , make decisions under uncertainty , or when a reduced probability of obtaining favourable performance outcomes is detected . This review , like many others , highlights interactions between medial and lateral PFC , whereby posterior medial frontal cortex signals the need for increased executive functions and sends this signal on to areas in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that actually implement control . Yet there has been no compelling evidence at all that this view is correct , and , indeed , one article showed that patients with lateral PFC damage had reduced ERNs ( a putative sign of dorsomedial monitoring / error - feedback ) -- suggesting , if anything , that the direction of flow of the control could be in the reverse direction . Another prominent theory emphasises that interactions along the perpendicular axis of the frontal cortex , arguing that a ' cascade ' of interactions between anterior PFC , dorsolateral PFC , and premotor cortex guides behaviour in accordance with past context , present context , and current sensorimotor associations , respectively . Advances in neuroimaging techniques have allowed studies of genetic links to executive functions , with the goal of using the imaging techniques as potential endophenotypes for discovering the genetic causes of executive function . More research is required to develop interventions that can improve executive functions and help people generalize those skills to daily activities and settings See also ( edit ) Cognitive neuropsychology Executive dysfunction Metacognition Nonverbal learning disorder Purkinje cell Self - control References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Malenka , RC ; Nestler , EJ ; Hyman , SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Widely Projecting Systems : Monoamines , Acetylcholine , and Orexin '' . In Sydor , A ; Brown , RY . Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 155 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 148127 - 4 . DA has multiple actions in the prefrontal cortex . It promotes the `` cognitive control '' of behavior : the selection and successful monitoring of behavior to facilitate attainment of chosen goals . Aspects of cognitive control in which DA plays a role include working memory , the ability to hold information `` on line '' in order to guide actions , suppression of prepotent behaviors that compete with goal - directed actions , and control of attention and thus the ability to overcome distractions ... Noradrenergic projections from the LC thus interact with dopaminergic projections from the VTA to regulate cognitive control . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Adele ( 2013 ) . `` Executive functions '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 64 : 135 -- 168 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - psych - 113011 - 143750 . PMC 4084861 . PMID 23020641 . Core EFs are inhibition ( response inhibition ( self - control -- resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively ) and interference control ( selective attention and cognitive inhibition ) ) , working memory , and cognitive flexibility ( including creatively thinking `` outside the box , '' seeing anything from different perspectives , and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances ) ... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer , and suffer disproportionately , if something is not right in your life . They suffer first , and most , if you are stressed ( Arnsten 1998 , Liston et al. 2009 , Oaten & Cheng 2005 ) , sad ( Hirt et al. 2008 , von Hecker & Meiser 2005 ) , lonely ( Baumeister et al. 2002 , Cacioppo & Patrick 2008 , Campbell et al. 2006 , Tun et al. 2012 ) , sleep deprived ( Barnes et al. 2012 , Huang et al. 2007 ) , or not physically fit ( Best 2010 , Chaddock et al. 2011 , Hillman et al. 2008 ) . Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs , such as ADHD , when you do not . You can see the deleterious effects of stress , sadness , loneliness , and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs ( poorer reasoning and problem solving , forgetting things , and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self - control ) ... EFs can be improved ( Diamond & Lee 2011 , Klingberg 2010 ) ... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved , including in the elderly and in infants . There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness ( Erickson & Kramer 2009 , Voss et al. 2011 ) ... Inhibitory control ( one of the core EFs ) involves being able to control one 's attention , behavior , thoughts , and / or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure , and instead do what 's more appropriate or needed . Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses , old habits of thought or action ( conditioned responses ) , and / or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that . Thus , inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit . It does n't make it easy . Indeed , we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize , but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice ... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding ( Frank 2006 ) . Figure 4 : Executive functions and related terms Jump up ^ Chan RC , Shum D , Toulopoulou T , Chen EY ( March 2008 ) . `` Assessment of executive functions : review of instruments and identification of critical issues '' . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 23 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 216 . doi : 10.1016 / j. acn. 2007.08. 010 . PMID 18096360 . The term `` executive functions '' is an umbrella term comprising a wide range of cognitive processes and behavioral competencies which include verbal reasoning , problem - solving , planning , sequencing , the ability to sustain attention , resistance to interference , utilization of feedback , multitasking , cognitive flexibility , and the ability to deal with novelty ( Burgess , Veitch , de lacy Costello , & Shallice , 2000 ; Damasio , 1995 ; Grafman & Litvan , 1999 ; Shallice , 1988 ; Stuss & Benson , 1986 ; Stuss , Shallice , Alexander , & Picton , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Washburn , DA ( 2016 ) . `` The Stroop effect at 80 : The competition between stimulus control and cognitive control '' . J Exp Anal Behav. 105 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 13 . doi : 10.1002 / jeab. 194 . PMID 26781048 . Today , arguably more than at any time in history , the constructs of attention , executive functioning , and cognitive control seem to be pervasive and preeminent in research and theory . Even within the cognitive framework , however , there has long been an understanding that behavior is multiply determined , and that many responses are relatively automatic , unattended , contention - scheduled , and habitual . Indeed , the cognitive flexibility , response inhibition , and self - regulation that appear to be hallmarks of cognitive control are noteworthy only in contrast to responses that are relatively rigid , associative , and involuntary . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Julie A. ; Emory , Eugene ( 2006 ) . `` Executive function and the frontal lobes : A meta - analytic review '' . Neuropsychology Review . 16 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 42 . doi : 10.1007 / s11065 - 006 - 9002 - x . PMID 16794878 . Jump up ^ Malenka , RC ; Nestler , EJ ; Hyman , SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control '' . In Sydor , A ; Brown , RY . Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 148127 - 4 . However , damage to the prefrontal cortex has a significant deleterious effect on social behavior , decision making , and adaptive responding to the changing circumstances of life ... Several subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been implicated in partly distinct aspects of cognitive control , although these distinctions remain somewhat vaguely defined . The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in processes that require correct decision - making , as seen in conflict resolution ( eg , the Stroop test , see in Chapter 16 ) , or cortical inhibition ( eg , stopping one task and switching to another ) . The medial prefrontal cortex is involved in supervisory attentional functions ( eg , action - outcome rules ) and behavioral flexibility ( the ability to switch strategies ) . The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex , the last brain area to undergo myelination during development in late adolescence , is implicated in matching sensory inputs with planned motor responses . The ventromedial prefrontal cortex seems to regulate social cognition , including empathy . The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in social decision making and in representing the valuations assigned to different experiences . ^ Jump up to : Malenka , RC ; Nestler , EJ ; Hyman , SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control '' . In Sydor , A ; Brown , RY . Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 313 -- 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 148127 - 4 . Executive function , the cognitive control of behavior , depends on the prefrontal cortex , which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans . Working memory is a short - term , capacity - limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision - making and behavior ... These diverse inputs and back projections to both cortical and subcortical structures put the prefrontal cortex in a position to exert what is often called `` top - down '' control or cognitive control of behavior ... The prefrontal cortex receives inputs not only from other cortical regions , including association cortex , but also , via the thalamus , inputs from subcortical structures subserving emotion and motivation , such as the amygdala ( Chapter 14 ) and ventral striatum ( or nucleus accumbens ; Chapter 15 ) ... In conditions in which prepotent responses tend to dominate behavior , such as in drug addiction , where drug cues can elicit drug seeking ( Chapter 15 ) , or in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ; described below ) , significant negative consequences can result ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function ; specifically , ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior . Compared with healthy individuals , those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli ( impaired response inhibition ) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli ( impaired interference suppression ) ... Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus ( part of the striatum ) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior . Subjects with ADHD exhibit less activation of the medial prefrontal cortex than healthy controls even when they succeed in such tasks and utilize different circuits ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age - matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex , areas involved in working memory and attention . ^ Jump up to : Lezak , Muriel Deutsch ; Howieson , Diane B. ; Loring , David W. ( 2004 ) . Neuropsychological Assessment ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511121 - 7 . OCLC 456026734 . Jump up ^ Clark , L ; Bechara , A ; Damasio , H ; Aitken , MRF ; Sahakian , BJ ; Robbins , TW ( 2008 ) . `` Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision making '' . Brain . 131 ( 5 ) : 1311 -- 1322 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awn066 . PMC 2367692 . PMID 18390562 . Jump up ^ Allman , John M. ; Hakeem , Atiya ; Erwin , Joseph M. ; Nimchinsky , Esther ; Hof , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The anterior cingulate cortex : the evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 935 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 117 . Bibcode : 2001NYASA. 935 ... 107A . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2001. tb03476. x . PMID 11411161 . Jump up ^ Rolls , Edmund T. ; Grabenhorst , Fabian ( 2008 ) . `` The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond : From affect to decision - making '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 86 ( 3 ) : 216 -- 244 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2008.09. 001 . PMID 18824074 . Jump up ^ Koziol LF , Budding DE , Chidekel D ( 2012 ) . `` From movement to thought : executive function , embodied cognition , and the cerebellum '' . Cerebellum. 11 ( 2 ) : 505 -- 25 . doi : 10.1007 / s12311 - 011 - 0321 - y . PMID 22068584 . Jump up ^ Noroozian M ( 2014 ) . `` The role of the cerebellum in cognition : beyond coordination in the central nervous system '' . Neurol Clin. 32 ( 4 ) : 1081 -- 104 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ncl. 2014.07. 005 . PMID 25439295 . Jump up ^ Norman , DA ; Shallice , T ( 1980 ) . `` Attention to action : Willed and automatic control of behaviour '' . In Gazzaniga , MS . Cognitive neuroscience : a reader . Oxford : Blackwell ( published 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21660 - X . Jump up ^ Barkley , Russell A. ; Murphy , Kevin R. ( 2006 ) . Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : A Clinical Workbook. 2 ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Guilford Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59385 - 227 - 6 . OCLC 314949058 . Jump up ^ Cherkes - Julkowski , Miriam ( 2005 ) . The DYSfunctionality of Executive Function . Apache Junction , AZ : Surviving Education Guides . ISBN 0 - 9765299 - 2 - 0 . OCLC 77573143 . Jump up ^ Shiffrin , RM ; Schneider , W ( March 1977 ) . `` Controlled and automatic human information processing : II : Perceptual learning , automatic attending , and a general theory '' . Psychological Review . 84 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 90 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 84.2. 127 . Jump up ^ Posner , MI ; Snyder , CRR ( 1975 ) . `` Attention and cognitive control '' . In Solso , RL . Information processing and cognition : the Loyola symposium . Hillsdale , NJ : L. Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 470 - 81230 - 3 . Jump up ^ Posner , MI ; Petersen , SE ( 1990 ) . `` The attention system of the human brain '' . Annu Rev Neurosci. 13 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 42 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ne. 13.030190. 000325 . PMID 2183676 . Jump up ^ Shallice , T ( 1988 ) . From neuropsychology to mental structure . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31360 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Baddeley , Alan D. ( 1986 ) . Working memory . Oxford psychology series . 11 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852116 - 2 . OCLC 13125659 . ^ Jump up to : De Luca , Cinzia R. ; Leventer , Richard J. ( 2008 ) . `` Developmental trajectories of executive functions across the lifespan '' . In Anderson , Peter ; Anderson , Vicki ; Jacobs , Rani . Executive functions and the frontal lobes : a lifespan perspective . Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . pp. 24 -- 47 . ISBN 1 - 84169 - 490 - 8 . OCLC 182857040 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , PJ ( 2002 ) . `` Assessment and development of executive functioning ( EF ) in childhood '' . Child Neuropsychology. 8 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 82 . doi : 10.1076 / chin. 8.2. 71.8724 . PMID 12638061 . Jump up ^ Senn , TE ; Espy , KA ; Kaufmann , PM ( 2004 ) . `` Using path analysis to understand executive function organization in preschool children '' . Developmental Neuropsychology. 26 ( 1 ) : 445 -- 464 . doi : 10.1207 / s15326942dn2601_5 . PMID 15276904 . ^ Jump up to : Best , JR ; Miller , PH ; Jones , LL ( 2009 ) . `` Executive functions after age 5 : Changes and correlates '' . Developmental Review . 29 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dr. 2009.05. 002 . PMC 2792574 . PMID 20161467 . Jump up ^ Espy , KA ( 2004 ) . `` Using developmental , cognitive , and neuroscience approaches to understand executive functions in preschool children '' . Developmental Neuropsychology. 26 ( 1 ) : 379 -- 384 . doi : 10.1207 / s15326942dn2601_1 . PMID 15276900 . Jump up ^ Brocki , KC ; Bohlin , G ( 2004 ) . `` Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13 : A dimensional and developmental study ; '' . Developmental Neuropsychology. 26 ( 2 ) : 571 -- 593 . doi : 10.1207 / s15326942dn2602_3 . PMID 15456685 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , VA ; Anderson , P ; Northam , E ; Jacobs , R ; Catroppa , C ( 2001 ) . `` Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample '' . Developmental Neuropsychology. 20 ( 1 ) : 385 -- 406 . doi : 10.1207 / S15326942DN2001_5 . PMID 11827095 . Jump up ^ Klimkeit , EI ; Mattingley , JB ; Sheppard , DM ; Farrow , M ; Bradshaw , JL ( 2004 ) . `` Examining the development of attention and executive functions in children with a novel paradigm '' . Child Neuropsychology. 10 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 211 . doi : 10.1080 / 09297040409609811 . PMID 15590499 . ^ Jump up to : De Luca , CR ; Wood , SJ ; Anderson , V ; Buchanan , JA ; Proffitt , T ; Mahony , K ; Pantelis , C ( 2003 ) . `` Normative data from the CANTAB I : Development of executive function over the lifespan '' . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 25 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 254 . doi : 10.1076 / jcen. 25.2. 242.13639 . PMID 12754681 . ^ Jump up to : Luciana , M ; Nelson , CA ( 2002 ) . `` Assessment of neuropsychological function through use of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery : Performance in 4 - to 12 - year old children '' . Developmental Neuropsychology. 22 ( 3 ) : 595 -- 624 . doi : 10.1207 / S15326942DN2203_3 . PMID 12661972 . ^ Jump up to : Luna , B ; Garver , KE ; Urban , TA ; Lazar , NA ; Sweeney , JA ( 2004 ) . `` Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood '' . Child Development . 75 ( 5 ) : 1357 -- 1372 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8624.2004. 00745. x . PMID 15369519 . Jump up ^ Leon - Carrion , J ; García - Orza , J ; Pérez - Santamaría , FJ ( 2004 ) . `` Development of the inhibitory component of the executive functions in children and adolescents '' . International Journal of Neuroscience. 114 ( 10 ) : 1291 -- 1311 . doi : 10.1080 / 00207450490476066 . PMID 15370187 . Jump up ^ Aron , AR ; Poldrack , RA ( March 2006 ) . `` Cortical and subcortical contributions to Stop signal response inhibition : role of the subthalamic nucleus '' . J. Neurosci. 26 ( 9 ) : 2424 -- 33 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 4682 - 05.2006 . PMID 16510720 . Jump up ^ Anderson , MC ; Green , C ( March 2001 ) . `` Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control '' . Nature . 410 ( 6826 ) : 366 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / 35066572 . PMID 11268212 . Jump up ^ Tipper , SP ( May 2001 ) . `` Does negative priming reflect inhibitory mechanisms ? A review and integration of conflicting views '' . QJ Exp Psychol A. 54 ( 2 ) : 321 -- 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 713755969 . PMID 11394050 . Jump up ^ Stone , VE ; Gerrans , P ( 2006 ) . `` What 's domain - specific about theory of mind ? '' . Soc Neurosci. 1 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 309 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910601029221 . PMID 18633796 . Jump up ^ Decety , J ; Lamm , C ( December 2007 ) . `` The role of the right temporoparietal junction in social interaction : how low - level computational processes contribute to meta - cognition '' . Neuroscientist. 13 ( 6 ) : 580 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 1073858407304654 . PMID 17911216 . Jump up ^ Ochsner , KN ; Gross , JJ ( May 2005 ) . `` The cognitive control of emotion '' . Trends Cogn Sci. 9 ( 5 ) : 242 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tics. 2005.03. 010 . PMID 15866151 . Jump up ^ Decety , J ; Grèzes , J ( March 2006 ) . `` The power of simulation : imagining one 's own and other 's behavior '' . Brain Res. 1079 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2005.12. 115 . PMID 16460715 . Jump up ^ Aron , AR ( June 2007 ) . `` The neural basis of inhibition in cognitive control '' . Neuroscientist. 13 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 28 . doi : 10.1177 / 1073858407299288 . PMID 17519365 . Jump up ^ Baddeley , Alan ( 2002 ) . `` 16 Fractionating the Central Executive '' . In Knight , Robert L. ; Stuss , Donald T. Principles of frontal lobe function . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . pp. 246 -- 260 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513497 - 4 . OCLC 48383566 . Jump up ^ Norman , DA ; Shallice , T ( 1986 ) ( 1976 ) . `` Attention to action : Willed and automatic control of behaviour '' . In Shapiro , David L. ; Schwartz , Gary . Consciousness and self - regulation : advances in research . New York : Plenum Press . pp. 1 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 33601 - 4 . OCLC 2392770 . Jump up ^ Shallice , Tim ; Burgess , Paul ; Robertson , I. ( 1996 ) . `` The domain of supervisory processes and temporal organisation of behaviour '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 351 ( 1346 ) : 1405 -- 1412 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1996.0124 . PMID 8941952 . Jump up ^ Barkley , RA ( 1997 ) . `` Behavioral inhibition , sustained attention , and executive functions : Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD '' . Psychological Bulletin . 121 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 94 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.121. 1.65 . PMID 9000892 . Jump up ^ Russell A. Barkley : Executive Functions - What They Are , How They Work , and Why They Evolved . Guilford Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4625 - 0535 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zelazo , PD ; Carter , A ; Reznick , J ; Frye , D ( 1997 ) . `` Early development of executive function : A problem - solving framework '' . Review of General Psychology . 1 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 226 . doi : 10.1037 / 1089 - 2680.1. 2.198 . Jump up ^ Lezak , Muriel Deutsch ( 1995 ) . Neuropsychological assessment ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509031 - 4 . OCLC 925640891 . Jump up ^ Anderson , PJ ( 2008 ) . `` Towards a developmental framework of executive function '' . In Anderson , V ; Jacobs , R ; Anderson , PJ . Executive functions and the frontal lobes : A lifespan perspective . New York : Taylor & Francis . pp. 3 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84169 - 490 - 0 . OCLC 182857040 . Jump up ^ Miller , EK ; Cohen , JD ( 2001 ) . `` An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function '' . Annu Rev Neurosci. 24 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 202 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 24.1. 167 . PMID 11283309 . Jump up ^ Desimone , R ; Duncan , J ( 1995 ) . `` Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention '' . Annu Rev Neurosci. 18 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 222 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ne. 18.030195. 001205 . PMID 7605061 . Jump up ^ Miyake , A ; Friedman , NP ; Emerson , MJ ; Witzki , AH ; Howerter , A ; Wager , TD ( 2000 ) . `` The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex ' frontal lobe ' tasks : A latent variable analysis '' . Cognitive Psychology . 41 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 100 . doi : 10.1006 / cogp. 1999.0734 . PMID 10945922 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , L ; Giovanello , K ( 2010 ) . `` Executive function in daily life : Age - related influences of executive processes on instrumental activities of daily living '' . Psychology and Aging. 25 ( 2 ) : 343 -- 355 . doi : 10.1037 / a0017729 . PMID 20545419 . Jump up ^ Wiebe , SA ; Espy , KA ; Charak , D ( 2008 ) . `` Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children : I. Latent structure '' . Developmental Psychology . 44 ( 2 ) : 573 -- 587 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.44. 2.575 . Jump up ^ Friedman , NP ; Miyake , A ; Young , SE ; DeFries , JC ; Corley , RP ; Hewitt , JK ( 2008 ) . `` Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : General . 137 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 225 . doi : 10.1037 / 0096 - 3445.137. 2.201 . Jump up ^ Friedman , NP ; Haberstick , BC ; Willcutt , EG ; Miyake , A ; Young , SE ; Corley , RP ; Hewitt , JK ( 2007 ) . `` Greater attention problems during childhood predict poorer executive functioning in late adolescence '' . Psychological Science . 18 ( 10 ) : 893 -- 900 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2007. 01997. x . PMID 17894607 . Jump up ^ Friedman , NP ; Miyake , A ; Robinson , JL ; Hewitt , JK ( 2011 ) . `` Developmental trajectories in toddlers ' self restraint predict individual differences in executive functions 14 years later : A behavioral genetic analysis '' . Developmental Psychology . 47 ( 5 ) : 1410 -- 1430 . doi : 10.1037 / a0023750 . PMC 3168720 . PMID 21668099 . Jump up ^ Young , SE ; Friedman , NP ; Miyake , A ; Willcutt , EG ; Corley , RP ; Haberstick , BC ; Hewitt , JK ( 2009 ) . `` Behavioral disinhibition : Liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence '' . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . 118 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 130 . doi : 10.1037 / a0014657 . PMC 2775710 . PMID 19222319 . Jump up ^ Mischel , W ; Ayduk , O ; Berman , MG ; Casey , BJ ; Gotlib , IH ; Jonides , J ; Kross , E ; Teslovich , T ; Wilson , NL ; Zayas , V ; Shoda , Y ( 2011 ) . `` ' Willpower ' over the lifespan : Decomposing self - regulation '' . Social , Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 6 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 256 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsq081 . PMC 3073393 . PMID 20855294 . Jump up ^ Moffit , TE ; Arseneault , L ; Belsky , D ; Dickson , N ; Hancox , RJ ; Harrington , H ; Houts , R ; Poulton , R ; Roberts , BW ; Ross , S ; Sears , MR ; Thomson , WM ; Caspi , A ( 2011 ) . `` A gradient of childhood self - control predicts health , wealth , and public safety '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 108 ( 7 ) : 2693 -- 2698 . Bibcode : 2011PNAS ... 108.2693 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1010076108 . PMC 3041102 . PMID 21262822 . ^ Jump up to : Banich , MT ( 2009 ) . `` Executive function : The search for an integrated account '' ( PDF ) . Current Directions in Psychological Science . 18 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 94 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8721.2009. 01615. x . Jump up ^ Buzzell , GA ; Roberts , DM ; Baldwin , CL ; McDonald , CG ( 2013 ) . `` An electrophysiological correlate of conflict processing in an auditory spatial Stroop task : The effect of individual differences in navigational style '' . International Journal of Psychophysiology. 90 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijpsycho. 2013.08. 008 . PMID 23994425 . Jump up ^ Castellanos , Irina ; Kronenberger , William G. ; Pisoni , David B. ( 2016 ) . `` Questionnaire - based assessment of executive functioning : Psychometrics '' ( PDF ) . Applied Neuropsychology : Child . 0 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1080 / 21622965.2016. 1248557 . Clinical evaluation of EF typically includes an office - based visit involving administration of a battery of neuropsychological assessment instruments . Despite their advantages , however , individually - administered neuro - psychological measures of EF have two primary limitations : First , in most cases , they must be individually administered and scored by a technician or professional in an office setting , which limits their utility for screening or brief assessment purposes . Second , relations between office - based neuropsychological measures of EF and actual behavior in the daily environment are modest ( Barkley , 2012 ) , leading to some caution when applying neuropsychological test results to conclusions about behavioral outcomes . As a result of these limitations of office - based neuropsychological tests of EF , parent - and teacher - report behavior checklist measures of EF have been developed for both screening purposes and to complement the results of performance - based neuropsychological testing by providing reports of EF behavior in daily life ( Barkley , 2011b ; Gioia et al. , 2000 ; Naglieri & Goldstein , 2013 ) . These checklists have the advantage of good psychometrics , strong ecological validity , and high clinical utility as a result of their ease of administration , scoring , and interpretation . '' Jump up ^ `` BRIEF - P ( BRIEF Preschool Version ) '' . PAR , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale '' . Jump up ^ Grigsby , J ; Kaye , K ; Robbins , LJ ( 1992 ) . `` Reliabilities , norms , and factor structure of the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale '' . Perceptual and Motor Skills. 74 ( 3 ) : 883 -- 892 . doi : 10.2466 / pms. 1992.74. 3.883 . PMID 1608726 . Jump up ^ `` CogScreen '' . Jump up ^ Burgess , P. & Shallice , T. ( 1997 ) The Hayling and Brixton Tests . Test manual . Bury St Edmunds , UK : Thames Valley Test Company . Jump up ^ Martyr , Anthony ; Boycheva , Elina ; Kudlicka , Aleksandra ( 2017 ) . `` Assessing inhibitory control in early - stage Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's disease using the Hayling Sentence Completion Test '' . Journal of Neuropsychology : n / a -- n / a . doi : 10.1111 / jnp. 12129 . ISSN 1748 - 6653 . Jump up ^ Rabbitt , PMA ( 1997 ) . `` Theory and methodology in executive function research '' . Methodology of frontal and executive function . East Sussex : Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 86377 - 485 - 7 . Jump up ^ Saver , JL ; Damasio , AR ( 1991 ) . `` Preserved access and processing of social knowledge in a patient with acquired sociopathy due to ventromedial frontal damage '' . Neuropsychologia. 29 ( 12 ) : 1241 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / 0028 - 3932 ( 91 ) 90037 - 9 . PMID 1791934 . Jump up ^ Shimamura , AP ( 2000 ) . `` The role of the prefrontal cortex in dynamic filtering '' . Psychobiology. 28 : 207 -- 218 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03331979 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Sakagami , M ; Tsutsui , Ki ; Lauwereyns , J ; Koizumi , M ; Kobayashi , S ; Hikosaka , O ( 1 July 2001 ) . `` A code for behavioral inhibition on the basis of color , but not motion , in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of macaque monkey '' . J. Neurosci. 21 ( 13 ) : 4801 -- 8 . PMID 11425907 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa , RP ; Peterson , BW ; Goldberg , ME ( August 2004 ) . `` Prefrontal neurons coding suppression of specific saccades '' . Neuron. 43 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2004.07. 013 . PMID 15294148 . Jump up ^ Hillyard , SA ; Anllo - Vento , L ( February 1998 ) . `` Event - related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 95 ( 3 ) : 781 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95 ... 781H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.3. 781 . PMC 33798 . PMID 9448241 . Jump up ^ Liu , T ; Slotnick , SD ; Serences , JT ; Yantis , S ( December 2003 ) . `` Cortical mechanisms of feature - based attentional control '' . Cereb . Cortex. 13 ( 12 ) : 1334 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhg080 . PMID 14615298 . Jump up ^ Kastner , S ; Pinsk , MA ; De Weerd , P ; Desimone , R ; Ungerleider , LG ( April 1999 ) . `` Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation '' . Neuron. 22 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 00 ) 80734 - 5 . PMID 10230795 . Jump up ^ Miller , BT ; d'Esposito , M ( November 2005 ) . `` Searching for `` the top '' in top - down control `` . Neuron. 48 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2005.11. 002 . PMID 16301170 . Jump up ^ Barceló , F ; Suwazono , S ; Knight , RT ( April 2000 ) . `` Prefrontal modulation of visual processing in humans '' . Nat . Neurosci. 3 ( 4 ) : 399 -- 403 . doi : 10.1038 / 73975 . PMID 10725931 . Jump up ^ Fuster , JM ; Bauer , RH ; Jervey , JP ( March 1985 ) . `` Functional interactions between inferotemporal and prefrontal cortex in a cognitive task '' . Brain Res. 330 ( 2 ) : 299 -- 307 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 8993 ( 85 ) 90689 - 4 . PMID 3986545 . Jump up ^ Gazzaley , A ; Rissman , J ; d'Esposito , M ( December 2004 ) . `` Functional connectivity during working memory maintenance '' . Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 4 ( 4 ) : 580 -- 99 . doi : 10.3758 / CABN. 4.4. 580 . PMID 15849899 . Jump up ^ Shokri - Kojori , E ; Motes , MA ; Rypma , B ; Krawczyk , DC ( May 2012 ) . `` The network architecture of cortical processing in visuo - spatial reasoning '' . Sci. Rep. 2 ( 411 ) : 411 . Bibcode : 2012NatSR ... 2E. 411S . doi : 10.1038 / srep00411 . PMC 3355370 . PMID 22624092 . Jump up ^ Bialystok , Ellen ( 2001 ) . Bilingualism in development : Language , literacy , and cognition . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 60596 - 3 . OCLC 51202836 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , SM ; Meltzoff , AM ( 2008 ) . `` Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children '' . Developmental Science . 11 ( 2 ) : 282 -- 298 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7687.2008. 00675. x . PMC 3647884 . PMID 18333982 . Jump up ^ Conboy , BT ; Sommerville , JA ; Kuhl , PK ( 2008 ) . `` Cognitive control factors in speech at 11 months '' . Developmental Psychology . 44 ( 5 ) : 1505 -- 1512 . doi : 10.1037 / a0012975 . PMC 2562344 . PMID 18793082 . Jump up ^ Bialystok , E ; Craik , FIM ; Klein , R ; Viswanathan , M ( 2004 ) . `` Bilingualism , aging , and cognitive control : Evidence from the Simon task '' . Psychology and Aging. 19 ( 2 ) : 290 -- 303 . doi : 10.1037 / 0882 - 7974.19. 2.290 . PMID 15222822 . Jump up ^ Emmorey , K ; Luk , G ; Pyers , JE ; Bialystok , E ( 2008 ) . `` The source of enhanced cognitive control in bilinguals '' . Psychological Science . 19 ( 12 ) : 1201 -- 1206 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2008. 02224. x . PMC 2677184 . PMID 19121123 . Jump up ^ Costa , A ; Hernandez , M ; Sebastian - Galles , N ( 2008 ) . `` Bilingualism aids conflict resolution : Evidence from the ANT task '' . Cognition . 106 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 86 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cognition. 2006.12. 013 . PMID 17275801 . Jump up ^ Leh , Sandra E ; Petrides , Michael ; Strafella , Antonio P ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` The Neural Circuitry of Executive Functions in Healthy Subjects and Parkinson 's Disease '' . Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 85 . doi : 10.1038 / npp. 2009.88 . ISSN 0893 - 133X . PMC 3055448 . PMID 19657332 . Jump up ^ Robbins , T.W. ; Arnsten , A.F.T. ( 1 January 2009 ) . `` The Neuropsychopharmacology of Fronto - Executive Function : Monoaminergic Modulation '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 32 : 267 -- 287 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 051508.135535 . ISSN 0147 - 006X . PMC 2863127 . PMID 19555290 . Jump up ^ Barnett , J.H. ; Jones , P.B. ; Robbins , T.W. ; Müller , U. ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Effects of the catechol - O - methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on executive function : a meta - analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test in schizophrenia and healthy controls '' . Molecular Psychiatry . 12 ( 5 ) : 502 -- 509 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. mp. 4001973 . ISSN 1359 - 4184 . Jump up ^ Hosenbocus , Sheik ; Chahal , Raj ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` A Review of Executive Function Deficits and Pharmacological Management in Children and Adolescents '' . Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . 21 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 229 . ISSN 1719 - 8429 . PMC 3413474 . PMID 22876270 . Jump up ^ Szczepanski , Sara M. ; Knight , Robert T. `` Insights into Human Behavior from Lesions to the Prefrontal Cortex '' . Neuron. 83 ( 5 ) : 1002 -- 1018 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2014.08. 011 . Jump up ^ Ridderinkhof , KR ; Ullsperger , M ; Crone , EA ; Nieuwenhuis , S ( October 2004 ) . `` The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control '' . Science . 306 ( 5695 ) : 443 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 306 ... 443R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1100301 . PMID 15486290 . Jump up ^ Botvinick , MM ; Braver , TS ; Barch , DM ; Carter , CS ; Cohen , JD ( July 2001 ) . `` Conflict monitoring and cognitive control '' . Psychol Rev. 108 ( 3 ) : 624 -- 52 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 108.3. 624 . PMID 11488380 . Jump up ^ Gehring , WJ ; Knight , RT ( May 2000 ) . `` Prefrontal - cingulate interactions in action monitoring '' . Nat . Neurosci. 3 ( 5 ) : 516 -- 20 . doi : 10.1038 / 74899 . PMID 10769394 . Jump up ^ Koechlin , E ; Ody , C ; Kouneiher , F ( November 2003 ) . `` The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex '' . Science . 302 ( 5648 ) : 1181 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 302.1181 K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1088545 . PMID 14615530 . Jump up ^ Greene , CM ; Braet , W ; Johnson , KA ; Bellgrove , MA ( 2007 ) . `` Imaging the genetics of executive function '' . Biol Psychol. 79 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsycho. 2007.11. 009 . PMID 18178303 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Adele ; Ling , Daphne S. ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Conclusions about interventions , programs , and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that , despite much hype , do not '' . Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience . Flux Congress 2014 . 18 : 34 -- 48 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dcn. 2015.11. 005 . PMC 5108631 . PMID 26749076 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Executive functions Resources in your library Resources in other libraries The National Center for Learning Disabilities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_functions&oldid=821352771 '' Categories : Addiction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Cognition Motor control Neuropsychological assessment Neuropsychology Self Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 23 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Executive functions
2. Cognitive control
3. Neuropsychological assessment
4. Development of executive functions
5. Models of executive functions
|
9,185,581,271,371,764,000 |
when did condoms become legal in the us
|
History of condoms - wikipedia History of condoms Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The history of condoms goes back at least several centuries , and perhaps beyond . For most of their history , condoms have been used both as a method of birth control , and as a protective measure against sexually transmitted diseases . Condoms have been made from a variety of materials ; prior to the 19th century , chemically treated linen and animal tissue ( intestine or bladder ) are the best documented varieties . Rubber condoms gained popularity in the mid-19th century , and in the early 20th century major advances were made in manufacturing techniques . Prior to the introduction of the combined oral contraceptive pill , condoms were the most popular birth `` control '' method in the Western world . In the second half of the 20th century , the low cost of condoms contributed to their importance in family planning programs throughout the developing world . Condoms have also become increasingly important in efforts to fight the AIDS pandemic . The oldest condoms ever excavated were found in a cesspit located in the grounds of Dudley Castle and were made from animal membrane , the condoms dated back to as early as 1642 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antiquity to the Middle Ages 2 1500s to the 1800s 2.1 Renaissance 2.2 18th century 2.3 Expanded marketing and introduction of rubber 2.4 Increased popularity despite legal impediments 3 1900 to present 3.1 World War I to the 1920s 3.2 Invention of latex and manufacturing automation 3.3 Great Depression 3.4 World War II to 1980 3.5 After the discovery of AIDS 4 Etymology and other terms 5 Major manufacturers 6 References Antiquity to the middle Ages ( edit ) Whether condoms were used in ancient civilizations is debated by archaeologists and historians . Societies in the ancient civilizations of Egypt , Greece , and Rome preferred small families and are known to have practiced a variety of birth control methods . However , these societies viewed birth control as a woman 's responsibility , and the only well - documented contraception methods were female - controlled devices ( both possibly effective , such as pessaries , and ineffective , such as amulets ) . The writings of these societies contain `` veiled references '' to male - controlled contraceptive methods that might have been condoms , but most historians interpret them as referring to coitus interruptus or anal intercourse . The loincloths worn by Egyptian and Greek laborers were very spare , sometimes consisting of little more than a covering for the glans of the penis . Records of these types of loincloths being worn by men in higher classes have made some historians speculate they were worn during intercourse ; others , however , are doubtful of such interpretations . Historians may also cite one legend of Minos , related by Antoninus Liberalis in 150 AD , as suggestive of condom use in ancient societies . This legend describes a curse that caused Minos ' semen to contain serpents and scorpions . To protect his sexual partner from these animals , Minos used a goat 's bladder as a female condom . Contraceptives fell out of use in Europe after the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century ; the use of contraceptive pessaries , for example , is not documented again until the 15th century . If condoms were used during the Roman Empire , knowledge of them may have been lost during its decline . In the writings of Muslims and Jews during the Middle Ages , there are some references to attempts at male - controlled contraception , including suggestions to cover the penis in tar or soak it in onion juice . Some of these writings might describe condom use , but they are `` oblique '' , `` veiled '' , and `` vague '' . 1500s to the 1800s ( edit ) Renaissance ( edit ) A page from De Morbo Gallico ( The French Disease ) , Gabriele Falloppio 's treatise on syphilis . Published in 1564 , it describes what is possibly the first use of condoms . Prior to the 15th century , some use of glans condoms ( devices covering only the head of the penis ) is recorded in Asia . Glans condoms seem to have been used for birth control , and to have been known only by members of the upper classes . In China , glans condoms may have been made of oiled silk paper , or of lamb intestines . In Japan , they were made of tortoise shell or animal horn . The first well - documented outbreak of what is now known as syphilis occurred in 1494 among French troops . The disease then swept across Europe . As Jared Diamond describes it , `` when syphilis was first definitely recorded in Europe in 1495 , its pustules often covered the body from the head to the knees , caused flesh to fall from people 's faces , and led to death within a few months . '' ( The disease is less frequently fatal today . ) By 1505 , the disease had spread to Asia , and within a few decades had `` decimated large areas of China '' . In 16th century Italy , Gabriele Falloppio authored the earliest uncontested description of condom use . De Morbo Gallico ( `` The French Disease '' , referring to syphilis ) was published in 1564 , two years after Fallopio 's death . In this tract , he recommended use of a device he claimed to have invented : linen sheaths soaked in a chemical solution and allowed to dry before use . The cloths he described were sized to cover the glans of the penis , and were held on with a ribbon . Fallopio claimed to have performed an experimental trial of the linen sheath on 1100 men , and reported that none of them had contracted the dreaded disease . After the publication of De Morbo Gallico , use of penis coverings to protect from disease is described in a wide variety of literature throughout Europe . The first indication these devices were used for birth control , rather than disease prevention , is the 1605 theological publication De iustitia et iure ( On justice and law ) by Catholic theologian Leonardus Lessius : he condemned them as immoral . The first explicit description that un petit linge ( a small cloth ) was used to prevent pregnancy is from 1655 : a French novel and play titled L'Escole des Filles ( The Philosophy of Girls ) . In 1666 , the English Birth Rate Commission attributed a recent downward fertility rate to use of `` condons '' , the first documented use of that word ( or any similar spelling ) . In addition to linen , condoms during the Renaissance were made out of intestines and bladder . Cleaned and prepared intestine for use in glove making had been sold commercially since at least the 13th century . Condoms made from bladder and dating to the 1640s were discovered in an English privy ; it is believed they were used by soldiers of King Charles I. Dutch traders introduced condoms made from `` fine leather '' to Japan . Unlike the horn condoms used previously , these leather condoms covered the entire penis . 18th century ( edit ) Written references to condom use became much more common during the 18th century . Not all of the attention was positive : in 1708 , John Campbell unsuccessfully asked Parliament to make the devices illegal . Noted English physician Daniel Turner condemned the condom , publishing his arguments against their use in 1717 . He disliked condoms because they did not offer full protection against syphilis . He also seems to have argued that belief in the protection condoms offered encouraged men to engage in sex with unsafe partners - but then , because of the loss of sensation caused by condoms , these same men often neglected to actually use the devices . The French medical professor Jean Astruc wrote his own anti-condom treatise in 1736 , citing Turner as the authority in this area . Physicians later in the 18th century also spoke against the condom , but not on medical grounds : rather , they expressed the belief that contraception was immoral . The condom market grew rapidly , however . 18th century condoms were available in a variety of qualities and sizes , made from either linen treated with chemicals , or `` skin '' ( bladder or intestine softened by treatment with sulphur and lye ) . They were sold at pubs , barbershops , chemist shops , open - air markets , and at the theater throughout Europe and Russia . The first recorded inspection of condom quality is found in the memoirs of Giacomo Casanova ( which cover his life until 1774 ) : to test for holes , he would often blow them up before use . A condom made from animal intestine circa 1900 . Couples in colonial America relied on female - controlled methods of contraception , if they used contraceptives at all . The first known documents describing American condom use were written around 1800 , two to three decades after the American Revolutionary War . Also around 1800 , linen condoms lost popularity in the market and their production ceased : they were more expensive and were viewed as less comfortable when compared to skin condoms . Up to the 19th century , condoms were generally used only by the middle and upper classes . One reason for the lack of condom use was that the working classes tended to lack education on the dangers of sexually transmitted infections . Perhaps more importantly , condoms were unaffordable for many : for a typical prostitute , a single condom might cost several months ' pay . Expanded marketing and introduction of rubber ( edit ) The early 19th century saw contraceptives promoted to the poorer classes for the first time : birth control advocates in England included Jeremy Bentham and Richard Carlile , and noted American advocates included Robert Dale Owen and Charles Knowlton . Writers on contraception tended to prefer other methods of birth control , citing both the expense of condoms and their unreliability ( they were often riddled with holes , and often fell off or broke ) , but they discussed condoms as a good option for some , and as the only contraceptive that also protected from disease . One group of British contraceptive advocates distributed condom literature in poor neighborhoods , with instructions on how to make the devices at home ; in the 1840s , similar tracts were distributed in both cities and rural areas through the United States . From the 1820s through the 1870s , popular women and men lecturers traveled around America teaching about physiology and sexual matters . Many of them sold birth control devices , including condoms , after their lectures . They were condemned by many moralists and medical professionals , including America 's first female doctor Elizabeth Blackwell . Blackwell accused the lecturers of spreading doctrines of `` abortion and prostitution '' . In the 1840s , advertisements for condoms began to appear in British newspapers , and in 1861 a condom advertisement appeared in the New York Times . The rubber vulcanization process was invented by Charles Goodyear in 1839 , and patented in 1844 . The first rubber condom was produced in 1855 , and by the late 1850s several major rubber companies were mass - producing , among other items , rubber condoms . A main advantage of rubber condoms was their reusability , making them a more economical choice in the long term . Compared to the 19th century rubber condoms , however , skin condoms were initially cheaper and offered better sensitivity . For these reasons , skin condoms remained more popular than the rubber variety . However , by the end of the 19th century `` rubber '' had become a euphemism for condoms in countries around the world . For many decades , rubber condoms were manufactured by wrapping strips of raw rubber around penis - shaped molds , then dipping the wrapped molds in a chemical solution to cure the rubber . The earliest rubber condoms covered only the glans of the penis ; a doctor had to measure each man and order the correct size . Even with the medical fittings , however , glans condoms tended to fall off during use . Rubber manufacturers quickly discovered they could sell more devices by manufacturing full - length one - size - fits - all condoms to be sold in pharmacies . Increased popularity despite legal impediments ( edit ) Distribution of condoms in the United States was limited by passage of the Comstock laws , which included a federal act banning the mailing of contraceptive information ( passed in 1873 ) as well as State laws that banned the manufacture and sale of condoms in thirty states . In Ireland the 1889 Indecent Advertisements Act made it illegal to advertise condoms , although their manufacture and sale remained legal . Contraceptives were illegal in 19th century Italy and Germany , but condoms were allowed for disease prevention . Despite legal obstacles , condoms continued to be readily available in both Europe and America , widely advertised under euphemisms such as male shield and rubber good . In late 19th century England , condoms were known as `` a little something for the weekend '' . Only in the Republic of Ireland were condoms effectively outlawed . There , their sale and manufacture remained illegal until the 1970s . Opposition to condoms did not only come from moralists : by the late 19th century many feminists expressed distrust of the condom as a contraceptive , as its use was controlled and decided upon by men alone . They advocated instead for methods which were controlled by women , such as diaphragms and spermicidal douches . Despite social and legal opposition , at the end of the 19th century the condom was the Western world 's most popular birth control method . Two surveys conducted in New York in 1890 and 1900 found that 45 % of the women surveyed were using condoms to prevent pregnancy . A survey in Boston just prior to World War I concluded that three million condoms were sold in that city every year . 1870s England saw the founding of the first major condom manufacturing company , E. Lambert and Son of Dalston . In 1882 , German immigrant Julius Schmidt founded one of the largest and longest - lasting condom businesses , Julius Schmid , Inc. ( he dropped the ' t ' from his name in an effort to appear less Jewish ) . This New York business initially manufactured only skin condoms ( in 1890 he was arrested by Anthony Comstock for having almost seven hundred of the devices in his house ) . In 1912 , a German named Julius Fromm developed a new , improved manufacturing technique for condoms : dipping glass molds into a raw rubber solution . Called cement dipping , this method required adding gasoline or benzene to the rubber to make it liquid . In America , Schmid was the first company to use the new technique . Using the new dipping method , French condom manufacturers were the first to add textures to condoms . Fromm was the first company to sell a branded line of condoms , Fromm 's Act , which remains popular Germany today . The condom lines manufactured by Schmid , Shieks and Ramses , were sold through the late 1990s . Youngs Rubber Company , founded by Merle Youngs in late 19th century America , introduced Trojans . Beginning in the second half of the 19th century , American rates of sexually transmitted diseases skyrocketed . Causes cited by historians include effects of the American Civil War , and the ignorance of prevention methods promoted by the Comstock laws . To fight the growing epidemic , sexual education classes were introduced to public schools for the first time , teaching about venereal diseases and how they were transmitted . They generally taught that abstinence was the only way to avoid sexually transmitted diseases . Condoms were not promoted for disease prevention ; the medical community and moral watchdogs considered STDs to be punishment for sexual misbehavior . The stigma on victims of these diseases was so great that many hospitals refused to treat people who had syphilis . 1900 to present ( edit ) World War I to the 1920s ( edit ) A World War I - era U.S. military poster promoting abstinence . The German military was the first to promote condom use among its soldiers , beginning in the second half of the 19th century . Early 20th century experiments by the American military concluded that providing condoms to soldiers significantly lowered rates of sexually transmitted diseases . During World War I , the United States and ( at the beginning of the war only ) Britain were the only countries with soldiers in Europe who did not provide condoms and promote their use . By the end of the war , the American military had diagnosed almost 400,000 cases of syphilis and gonorrhea , a historic high . From just before 1900 to the beginning of World War I , almost all condoms used in Europe were imported from Germany . Germany not only exported condoms to other European countries , but was a major supplier to Australia , New Zealand , and Canada . During the war , the American companies Schmid and Youngs became the main suppliers of condoms to the European Allies . By the early 1920s , however , most of Europe 's condoms were once again made in Germany . In 1918 , just before the end of the war , an American court overturned a conviction against Margaret Sanger . In this case , the judge ruled that condoms could be legally advertised and sold for the prevention of disease . There were still a few state laws against buying and selling contraceptives , and advertising condoms as birth control devices remained illegal in over thirty states . But condoms began to be publicly , legally sold to Americans for the first time in forty - five years . Through the 1920s , catchy names and slick packaging became an increasingly important marketing technique for many consumer items , including condoms and cigarettes . Quality testing became more common , involving filling each condom with air followed by one of several methods intended to detect loss of pressure . Several American companies sold their rejects under cheaper brand names rather than discarding them . Consumers were advised to perform similar tests themselves before use , although few actually did so . Worldwide , condoms sales doubled in the 1920s . Still , there were many prominent opponents of condoms . Founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud opposed all methods of birth control on the grounds that their failure rates were too high . Freud was especially opposed to the condom because it cut down on sexual pleasure . Some feminists continued to oppose male - controlled contraceptives such as condoms . Many moralists and medical professionals opposed all methods of contraception . In 1920 the Church of England 's Lambeth Conference condemned all `` unnatural means of conception avoidance . '' London 's Bishop Arthur Winnington - Ingram complained of the huge number of condoms discarded in alleyways and parks , especially after weekends and holidays . In the U.S. , condom advertising was legally restricted to their use as disease preventatives . They could be openly marketed as birth control devices in Britain , but purchasing condoms in Britain was socially awkward compared to the U.S. They were generally requested with the euphemism `` a little something for the weekend . '' Boots , the largest pharmacy chain in Britain , stopped selling condoms altogether in the 1920s , a policy that was not reversed until the 1960s . In post-World War I France , the government was concerned about falling birth rates . In response , it outlawed all contraceptives , including condoms . Contraception was also illegal in Spain . European militaries continued to provide condoms to their members for disease protection , even in countries where they were illegal for the general population . Invention of latex and manufacturing automation ( edit ) Latex , rubber suspended in water , was invented in 1920 . Youngs Rubber Company was the first to manufacture a latex condom , an improved version of their Trojan brand . Latex condoms required less labor to produce than cement - dipped rubber condoms , which had to be smoothed by rubbing and trimming . Because it used water to suspend the rubber instead of gasoline and benzene , it eliminated the fire hazard previously associated with all condom factories . Latex condoms also performed better for the consumer : they were stronger and thinner than rubber condoms , and had a shelf life of five years ( compared to three months for rubber ) . Europe 's first latex condom was an export from Youngs Rubber Company in 1929 . In 1932 the London Rubber Company , which had previously served as a wholesaler for German - manufactured condoms , became Europe 's first manufacturer of latex condoms , the Durex . Until the twenties , all condoms were individually hand - dipped by semiskilled workers . Throughout the decade of the 1920s , advances in automation of condom assembly line were made . Fred Killian patented the first fully automated line in 1930 and installed it in his manufacturing plant in Akron , Ohio . Killian charged $20,000 for his conveyor system - as much as $2 million in today 's dollars . Automated lines dramatically lowered the price of condoms . Major condom manufacturers bought or leased conveyor systems , and small manufacturers were driven out of business . The skin condom , now significantly more expensive than the latex variety , became restricted to a niche high - end market . Great Depression ( edit ) In 1927 , senior medical officers in the American military began promoting condom distribution and educational programs to members of the army and navy . By 1931 , condoms were standard issue to all members of the U.S. military . This coincided with a steep decline in U.S. military cases of sexually transmitted disease . The U.S. military was not the only large organization that changed its moral stance on condoms : in 1930 the Anglican Church 's Lambeth Conference sanctioned the use of birth control by married couples . In 1931 the Federal Council of Churches in the U.S. issued a similar statement . The Roman Catholic Church responded by issuing the encyclical Casti connubii affirming its opposition to all contraceptives , a stance it has never reversed . Semen analysis was first performed in the 1930s . Samples were typically collected by masturbation , another action opposed by the Catholic Church . In 1930s Spain , the first use of collection condoms was documented ; holes put in the condom allowed the user to collect a sample without violating the prohibitions on contraception and masturbation . In 1932 , Margaret Sanger arranged for a shipment of diaphragms to be mailed from Japan to a sympathetic doctor in New York City . When U.S. customs confiscated the package as illegal contraceptive devices , Sanger helped file a lawsuit . In 1936 , a federal appeals court ruled in United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries that the federal government could not interfere with doctors providing contraception to their patients . In 1938 , over three hundred birth control clinics opened in America , supplying reproductive care ( including condoms ) to poor women all over the country . Programs led by U.S. Surgeon General Thoman Parran included heavy promotion of condoms . These programs are credited with a steep drop in the U.S. STD rate by 1940 . Two of the few places where condoms became more restricted during this period were Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany . Because of government concern about low birth rates , contraceptives were made illegal in Italy in the late 1920s . Although limited and highly controlled sales as disease preventatives were still allowed , there was a brisk black market trade in condoms as birth control . In Germany , laws passed in 1933 mandated that condoms could only be sold in plain brown wrappers , and only at pharmacies . Despite these restrictions , when World War II began Germans were using 72 million condoms every year . The elimination of moral and legal barriers , and the introduction of condom programs by the U.S. government helped condom sales . However , these factors alone are not considered to explain the Great Depression 's booming condom industry . In the U.S. alone , more than 1.5 million condoms were used every day during the Depression , at a cost of over $33 million per year ( not adjusted for inflation ) . One historian explains these statistics this way : `` Condoms were cheaper than children . '' During the Depression condom lines by Schmid gained in popularity : that company still used the cement - dipping method of manufacture . Unlike the latex variety , these condoms could be safely used with oil - based lubricants . And while less comfortable , older - style rubber condoms could be reused and so were more economical , a valued feature in hard times . More attention was brought to quality issues in the 1930s . In 1935 , a biochemist tested 2000 condoms by filling each one with air and then water : he found that 60 % of them leaked . The condom industry estimated that only 25 % of condoms were tested for quality before packaging . The media attention led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to classify condoms as a drug in 1937 and mandate that every condom be tested before packaging . Youngs Rubber Company was the first to institute quality testing of every condom they made , installing automatic testing equipment designed by Arthur Youngs ( the owner 's brother ) in 1938 . The Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act authorized the FDA to seize defective products ; the first month the Act took effect in 1940 , the FDA seized 864,000 condoms . While these actions improved the quality of condoms in the United States , American condom manufacturers continued to export their rejects for sale in foreign markets . World War II to 1980 ( edit ) During World War II condoms were not only distributed to male U.S. military members , but enlisted men were also subject to significant contraception propaganda in the form of films , posters , and lectures . A number of slogans were coined by the military , with one film exhorting `` Do n't forget -- put it on before you put it in . '' African - American soldiers , who served in segregated units , were exposed to less of the condom promotion programs , had lower rates of condom usage , and much higher rates of STDs . America 's female military units , the WACs and WAACs , were still engaged with abstinence programs . European and Asian militaries on both sides of the conflict also provided condoms to their troops throughout the war , even Germany which outlawed all civilian use of condoms in 1941 . Despite the rubber shortages that occurred during this period , condom manufacturing was never restricted . In part because condoms were readily available , soldiers found a number of non-sexual uses for the devices , many of which continue to be utilized to this day . Post-war American troops in Germany continued to receive condoms and materials promoting their use . Nevertheless , rates of STDs in this population began to rise , reaching the highest levels since World War I. One explanation is that the success of newer penicillin treatments led soldiers to take syphilis and gonorrhea much less seriously . A similar casual attitude toward STDs appeared in the general American population ; one historian states that condoms `` were almost obsolete as prophylaxis by 1960 '' . By 1947 , the U.S. military was again promoting abstinence as the only method of disease control for its members , a policy that continued through the Vietnam War . But condom sales continued to grow . From 1955 to 1965 , 42 % of Americans of reproductive age relied on condoms for birth control . In Britain from 1950 to 1960 , 60 % of married couples used condoms . For the more economical - minded , cement - dipped condoms continued to be available long after the war . In 1957 , Durex introduced the world 's first lubricated condom . Beginning in the 1960s , the Japanese used more condoms per capita than any other nation in the world . The birth control pill became the world 's most popular method of birth control in the years after its 1960 debut , but condoms remained a strong second . A survey of British women between 1966 and 1970 found that the condom was the most popular birth control method with single women . New manufacturers appeared in the Soviet Union , which had never restricted condom sales . The U.S. Agency for International Development pushed condom use in developing countries to help solve the `` world population crises '' : by 1970 hundreds of millions of condoms were being used each year in India alone . In the 1960s and 1970s quality regulations tightened , and legal barriers to condom use were removed . In 1965 , the U.S. Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut struck down one of the remaining Comstock laws , the bans of contraception in Connecticut and Massachusetts . France repealed its anti-birth control laws in 1967 . Similar laws in Italy were declared unconstitutional in 1971 . Captain Beate Uhse in Germany founded a birth control business , and fought a series of legal battles continue her sales . In Ireland , legal condom sales ( only to people over 18 , and only in clinics and pharmacies ) were allowed for the first time in 1978 . ( All restrictions on Irish condom sales were lifted in 1993 . ) Advertising was one area that continued to have legal restrictions . In the late 1950s , the American National Association of Broadcasters banned condom advertisements from national television . This policy remained in place until 1979 , when the U.S. Justice department had it overturned in court . In the U.S. , advertisements for condoms were mostly limited to men 's magazines such as Penthouse . The first television ad , on the California station KNTV , aired in 1975 : it was quickly pulled after it attracted national attention . And in over 30 states , advertising condoms as birth control devices was still illegal . After the discovery of AIDS ( edit ) The first New York Times story on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) was published on July 3 , 1981 . In 1982 it was first suggested that the disease was sexually transmitted . In response to these findings , and to fight the spread of AIDS , the U.S. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop supported condom promotion programs . However , President Ronald Reagan preferred an approach of concentrating only on abstinence programs . Some opponents of condom programs stated that AIDS was a disease of homosexuals and illicit drug users , who were just getting what they deserved . In 1990 , North Carolina senator Jesse Helms argued that the best way to fight AIDS would be to enforce state sodomy laws . Nevertheless , major advertising campaigns were put in print media , promoting condoms as a way to protect against AIDS . Youngs Rubber mailed educational pamphlets to American households , although the postal service forced them to go to court to do so , citing a section of Title 39 that `` prohibits the mailing of unsolicited advertisements for contraceptives . '' In 1983 the U.S. Supreme Court held that the postal service 's actions violated the free speech clause of the First Amendment . Beginning in 1985 through 1987 , national condom promotion campaigns occurred in U.S. and Europe . Over the 10 years of the Swiss campaign , Swiss condom use increased by 80 % . The year after the British campaign began , condom sales in the UK increased by 20 % . In 1988 Britain , condoms were the most popular birth control choice for married couples , for the first time since the introduction of the pill . The first condom commercial on U.S. television aired during an episode of Herman 's Head on November 17 , 1991 . In the U.S. in the 1990s , condoms ranked third in popularity among married couples , and were a strong second among single women . Condoms began to be sold in a wider variety of retail outlets , including in supermarkets and in discount department stores such as Wal - Mart . In this environment of more open sales , the British euphemism of `` a little something for the weekend '' fell out of use . In June 1991 America 's first condom store , Condomania , opened on Bleecker Street in New York City . Condomania was the first store of its kind in North America dedicated to the sale and promotion of condoms in an upbeat , upscale and fun atmosphere . Condomania was also one of the very first retailers to offer condoms online when it launched its website in December 1995 . Condom sales increased every year until 1994 , when media attention to the AIDS pandemic began to decline . In response , manufacturers have changed the tone of their advertisements from scary to humorous . New developments continue to occur in the condom market , with the first polyurethane condom -- branded Avanti and produced by the manufacturer of Durex -- introduced in the 1990s . Durex was also the first condom brand to have a website , launched in 1997 . Worldwide condom use is expected to continue to grow : one study predicted that developing nations would need 18.6 billion condoms in 2015 . For the boom of the condom industry , it appears there is no end in sight . Etymology and other terms ( edit ) Etymological theories for the word `` condom '' abound . By the early 18th century , the invention and naming of the condom was attributed to an associate of England 's King Charles II , and this explanation persisted for several centuries . However , the `` Dr. Condom '' or `` Earl of Condom '' described in these stories has never been proved to exist , and condoms had been used for over one hundred years before King Charles II ascended to the throne . A variety of Latin etymologies have been proposed , including condon ( receptacle ) , condamina ( house ) , and cumdum ( scabbard or case ) . It has also been speculated to be from the Italian word guantone , derived from guanto , meaning glove . William E. Kruck wrote an article in 1981 concluding that , `` As for the word ' condom ' , I need state only that its origin remains completely unknown , and there ends this search for an etymology . '' Modern dictionaries may also list the etymology as `` unknown '' . Other terms are also commonly used to describe condoms . In North America condoms are also commonly known as prophylactics , or rubbers . In Britain they may be called French letters . Additionally , condoms may be referred to using the manufacturer 's name . The insult term scumbag was originally a slang word for condom . Major manufacturers ( edit ) One analyst described the size of the condom market as something that `` boggles the mind '' . Numerous small manufacturers , nonprofit groups , and government - run manufacturing plants exist around the world . Within the condom market , there are several major contributors , among them both for - profit businesses and philanthropic organizations . In 1882 , German immigrant Julius Schmidt founded one of the largest and longest - lasting condom businesses , Julius Schmid , Inc. , based in New York City ( he dropped the ' t ' from his name in an effort to appear less Jewish ) . The condom lines manufactured by Schmid included Sheiks and Ramses . In 1932 , the London Rubber Company ( which had previously been a wholesale business importing German condoms ) began to produce latex condoms , under the Durex brand . In 1962 Schmid was purchased by London Rubber . In 1987 , London Rubber began acquiring other condom manufacturers , and within a few years became an important international company . In the late 1990s , London Rubber ( by then London International Limited ) merged all the Schmid brands into its European brand , Durex . Soon after , London International was purchased by Seton Scholl Healthcare ( manufacturer of Dr. Scholl 's footcare products ) , forming Seton Scholl Limited . Youngs Rubber Company , founded by Merle Youngs in late 19th century America , introduced the Trojan line of condoms . In 1985 , Youngs Rubber Company was sold to Carter - Wallace . The Trojan name switched hands yet again in 2000 when Carter - Wallace was sold to Church and Dwight . The Australian division of Dunlop Rubber began manufacturing condoms in the 1890s . In 1905 , Dunlop sold its condom - making equipment to one of its employees , Eric Ansell , who founded Ansell Rubber . In 1969 , Ansell was sold back to Dunlop . In 1987 , English business magnate Richard Branson contracted with Ansell to help in a campaign against HIV and AIDS . Ansell agreed to manufacture the Mates brand of condom , to be sold at little or no profit in order to encourage condom use . Branson soon sold the Mates brand to Ansell , with royalty payments made annually to the charity Virgin Unite . In addition to its Mates brand , Ansell currently manufactures Lifestyles and Lifesan for the U.S. market . In 1934 the Kokusia Rubber Company was founded in Japan . It is now known as the Okamoto Rubber Manufacturing Company . In 1970 Tim Black and Philip Harvey founded Population Planning Associates ( now known as Adam & Eve ) . Population Planning Associates was a mail - order business that marketed condoms to American college students , despite U.S. laws against sending contraceptives through the mail . Black and Harvey used the profits from their company to start a non-profit organization Population Services International . By 1975 , PSI was marketing condoms in Kenya and Bangladesh , and today operates programs in over sixty countries . Harvey left his position as PSI 's director in the late 1970s , but in the late 1980s again founded a nonprofit company , DKT International . Named after D.K. Tyagi ( a leader of family planning programs in India ) , DKT International annually sells millions of condoms at discounted rates in developing countries around the world . By selling the condoms instead of giving them away , DKT intends to make its customers invested in using the devices . One of DKT 's more notable programs is its work in Ethiopia , where soldiers are required to carry a condom every time they leave base . The rate of HIV infection in the Ethiopian military , about 5 % , is believed to be the lowest among African militaries . In 1987 , Tufts University students Davin Wedel and Adam Glickman started Global Protection Corp. in response to C. Everett Koop 's statement that `` a condoms can save your life . '' Since that time , Global Protection Corp. has become known for its innovative approach to condom marketing and its support of more than 3500 non-profit organizations worldwide . The company has numerous patents and trademarks to its name , including the only FDA - approved glow - in - the - dark condom , the Pleasure Plus condom and the original condom keychain . In 2005 the company introduced its newest product , One Condoms . One represents a complete reinvention of retail condom brands , combining sleek metal packaging , innovative condom wrappers and innovative marketing programs . One is also the first condom brand to donate 5 % of sales to the development of sexual health outreach and educational programs . In South Africa , some manufacturers have considered introducing an extra-large variety of condoms after several complaints from South African men claiming the condoms were too small and causing discomfort . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , James . `` Condoms Cathedrals and Caves - Europe for Visitors '' . about.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Aine Collier ( 2007 ) . The Humble Little Condom : A History . Buffalo , N.Y : Prometheus Books . p. 371 . ISBN 1 - 59102 - 556 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Youssef , H ( 1 April 1993 ) . `` The history of the condom '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 86 ( 4 ) : 226 -- 228 . PMC 1293956 . PMID 7802734 . Jump up ^ Oriel , J.D. ( 1994 ) . The Scars of Venus : A History of Venereology . London : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 19844 - X . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( 1997 ) . Guns , Germs and Steel . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Special Topic : History of Condom Use '' . Population Action International . 2002 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Reprinted from India Rubber World ( 1891 - 01 - 31 ) . `` CHARLES GOODYEAR -- The life and discoveries of the inventor of vulcanized India rubber '' . Scientific American Supplement . New York : Munn & Co. ( 787 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08 . `` The Charles Goodyear Story : The Strange Story of Rubber '' . Reader 's Digest . Pleasantville , New York : The Reader 's Digest Association . January 1958 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rubbers have n't always been made of rubber '' . Billy Boy : The excitingly different condom . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biographical Note '' . The Margaret Sanger Papers . Sophia Smith Collection , Smith College , Northampton , Mass . 1995 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` A History of Birth Control Methods '' . Planned Parenthood . June 2002 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) ( 1982 - 06 - 18 ) . `` A Cluster of Kaposi 's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia among Homosexual Male Residents of Los Angeles and range Counties , California '' . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 31 ( 23 ) : 305 -- 7 . PMID 6811844 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( November 19 , 1991 ) . `` The Sponsor Is the Surprise In Fox 's First Condom Ad '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Thundy , Zacharias P. ( Summer 1985 ) . `` The Etymology of Condom '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 60 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 179 . doi : 10.2307 / 455309 . JSTOR 455309 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( November 2001 ) . `` Condom '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kruck , William E. ( 1981 ) . `` Looking for Dr Condom '' . Publication of the American Dialect Society . 66 ( 7 ) : 1 -- 105 . Jump up ^ `` Condom '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition . Bartleby.com. 2000 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` French letter '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , American Orthopsychiatric Association , 1939 http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/28253/origin-of-scumbag Jump up ^ `` Country programs '' . Population Services International . 2008 - 06 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cheshes , Jay ( November -- December 2002 ) . `` Hard - Core Philanthropist '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Making a Business of Good Reproductive Health '' . Foundation Newsletter . The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation . 2008 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4155390.stm <Th_colspan="2"> Condom Brand names Ansell Condomi Durex Hot Rod Four Seasons KamaSutra LifeStyles Manix Moods Nirodh NYC Safedom Sagami Trojan Uses Safe sex Birth control Social issues Condom fatigue Catholic Church and AIDS History History of condoms Julius Fromm Related topics Condom machine Female condom National Condom Day <Th_colspan="2"> Reproductive health Rights Compulsory sterilization Contraceptive security Genital integrity Circumcision controversies Genital modification and mutilation Intersex Education Genetic counseling Pre-conception counseling Sex education Planning Assisted reproductive technology Birth control Childfree / Childlessness Parenting Adoption Childbirth Foster care Reproductive life plan Safe sex Health Men 's Women 's Vulvovaginal Research Self - report sexual risk behaviors Pregnancy Abortion Maternal health Obstetrics Options counseling Pregnancy from rape Pregnant patients ' rights Prenatal care Teenage pregnancy Preteen pregnancy Unintended pregnancy Medicine Andrology Genitourinary medicine Gynaecology Obstetrics and gynaecology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Sexual medicine Disorder Disorders of sex development Infertility Reproductive system disease Sexual dysfunction Sexually transmitted infection Clinic By country China India Iran Ireland Pakistan Philippines Singapore United Kingdom Teen United States Teen pregnancy Birth control History Birth control movement in the United States History of condoms Social hygiene movement Timeline of reproductive rights legislation Policy One - child policy Two - child policy Financial Baby bonus Bachelor tax Birth credit Child benefit Tax on childlessness Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_condoms&oldid=808774519 '' Categories : Condoms History of medicine History of technology Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2011 Western culture - centric All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. History of condoms
2. Birth control methods
3. Condom materials and manufacturing techniques
4. Condoms as a method of disease prevention
5. Social and legal opposition to condoms
|
959,017,042,030,582,500 |
was there a sequel to the movie salt
|
Salt ( 2010 film ) - wikipedia Salt ( 2010 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Salt <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Phillip Noyce Produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Sunil Perkash Written by Kurt Wimmer Starring Angelina Jolie Liev Schreiber Chiwetel Ejiofor Daniel Olbrychski August Diehl Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Robert Elswit Edited by Stuart Baird John Gilroy Production company Di Bonaventura Pictures Wintergreen Productions Rainmaker Digital Effects Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) ( Hollywood premiere ) July 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 23 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Russian Budget $110 million Box office $293.5 million Salt is a 2010 American action thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce , written by Kurt Wimmer , and starring Angelina Jolie , Liev Schreiber , Daniel Olbrychski , August Diehl , and Chiwetel Ejiofor . Jolie plays Evelyn Salt , who is accused of being a Russian sleeper agent and goes on the run to try to clear her name . Originally written with a male protagonist , with Tom Cruise initially secured for the lead , the script was ultimately rewritten by Brian Helgeland for Jolie . Filming took place on location in Washington , D.C. , the New York City area , and Albany , New York , between March and June 2009 , with reshoots in January 2010 . Action scenes were primarily performed with practical stunts , computer - generated imagery being used mostly for creating digital environments . The film had a panel at the San Diego Comic - Con on July 22 and was released in North America on July 23 , 2010 , and in the United Kingdom on August 18 , 2010 . Salt grossed $294 million at the worldwide box office and received generally positive reviews , with praise for the action scenes and Jolie 's performance , but drawing criticism on the writing , with reviewers finding the plot implausible and convoluted . The DVD and Blu - ray Disc were released December 21 , 2010 , and featured two alternate cuts providing different endings for the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Versions 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Awards 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Evelyn Salt ( Angelina Jolie ) is being tortured in a prison in North Korea on suspicion of being an American spy . Her boyfriend , arachnologist Mike Krause ( August Diehl ) , generates so much publicity about Salt 's imprisonment that the CIA is forced to arrange a prisoner exchange , despite the agency 's policy against it . Salt 's CIA colleague Ted Winter ( Liev Schreiber ) greets Salt at the border . As they drive away , Mike proposes marriage , despite Salt 's admission to Mike that she is in fact a CIA operative . Two years later , on Salt and Mike 's wedding anniversary , a Russian defector named Oleg Vasilyevich Orlov ( Daniel Olbrychski ) walks into Salt 's office . Salt interrogates him , with Winter and CIA counterintelligence officer Darryl Peabody ( Chiwetel Ejiofor ) observing . Orlov claims that , on `` Day X '' , highly trained Russian sleeper agents known as `` KAs '' will destroy the U.S. Orlov tells them that Agent `` KA - 12 '' will assassinate Russian president Boris Matveyev ( Olek Krupa ) at the funeral of the American Vice President . Orlov reveals that KA - 12 is named Evelyn Salt , and lie detectors confirm his entire story . Peabody orders Salt be detained , while Orlov kills two agents and escapes . In the confusion , Salt is able to escape from the building , running barefoot through the street . While the CIA is searching for her , she discovers that her husband was kidnapped . Later at the funeral , Salt appears to succeed in killing President Matveyev , and then surrenders herself . Matveyev is declared dead . Salt escapes again and heads to a barge where Orlov is hiding with other sleeper agents . In a series of flashbacks , Salt recalls growing up in the Soviet Union and being trained with other children . On the barge , Orlov welcomes her back and has Mike killed in front of her . When Salt shows no reaction , Orlov is convinced she is loyal and begins briefing her on her next mission . She is to rendezvous with another KA who will help her assassinate the American president . She kills Orlov and the other agents before leaving . She then meets with KA Shnaider ( Corey Stoll ) , who uses his cover as a NATO liaison to get Salt into the White House . Once inside , Shnaider launches a suicide attack to force agents to move the President ( Hunt Block ) to an underground bunker , accompanied by Winter . Salt follows them and manages to enter the bunker before it is sealed . The U.S. President learns that Russia has mobilized its nuclear arsenal in response to their president 's death . He orders American nuclear weapons readied in response . CIA Agent Winter suddenly kills everyone except the President and introduces himself as Nikolai Tarkovsky , another member of the KA . Winter incapacitates the President and begins aiming nuclear missiles at Mecca and Tehran to incite millions of Muslims against the United States . Salt tries to persuade Winter to let her inside the sealed room , but then he sees a television report saying President Matveyev is alive and well ; Salt had used spider venom to cause a simulated death of Matveyev . Winter refuses her entry and reveals that Mike 's kidnapping and her blown cover were his idea . Winter plans to place full blame for the nuclear attacks on Salt . Salt breaks into the room before he can launch the missiles . The two wrestle for control of the nuclear football , with Salt aborting the missile strikes before being captured . As Salt is being led out in chains , Winter grabs a pair of scissors , ready to attack her or to defend himself if necessary . She unexpectedly hooks her chain around Winter 's neck and jumps over the stair railing , strangling him to death . On the helicopter ride to be interrogated , Peabody questions her . Salt explains that she killed Winter because he orchestrated the death of her husband , and promises to hunt down the remaining KA agents if freed . Peabody is convinced after receiving a text that Salt 's fingerprints were found on the barge where the sleeper agents were killed , supporting her story . Salt is allowed to escape , jumping out of the helicopter into the river below and escaping into the woods . In an alternate ending , Salt arrives in disguise at the place in the former Soviet Union where she was trained as a child ; she is then seen by the water as she watches Orlov drown , and the place blows up . Cast ( edit ) Angelina Jolie as Evelyn Salt Liev Schreiber as Theodore Winter Chiwetel Ejiofor as Peabody Daniel Olbrychski as Oleg Vasilyevich Orlov August Diehl as Michael Krause Daniel Pearce as Young Orlov Hunt Block as US President Howard Lewis Andre Braugher as Secretary of Defense Olek Krupa as Russian President Boris Matveyev Cassidy Hinkle as ( young ) Natasha Chenkov Corey Stoll as Shnaider Vladislav Koulikov as Chenkov 's father Olya Zueva as Chenkov 's mother Kevin O'Donnell as Young CIA officer Gaius Charles as CIA officer Mike Colter as CIA Tactical Leader Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) The early development of the script began while Kurt Wimmer was doing interviews promoting Equilibrium . In a November 2002 interview , he discussed what scripts he was working on . He stated that `` I have several scripts -- foremost of which is one called The Far - Reaching Philosophy of Edwin A. Salt -- kind of a high - action spy thriller ... '' In another interview , Wimmer described the project as `` very much about me and my wife '' . The plot incorporated many elements from Equilibrium , with an oppressive and paranoid political system of brainwashing that gets overthrown by one of its high - ranking members who rebels due to an emotional transformation . With the shortened title Edwin A. Salt , the script was sold to Columbia Pictures in January 2007 . By July 2007 , the script had attracted the attention of Tom Cruise . Terry George was the first director to join the project , and he also did some revisions to the script , but he soon left the project . Peter Berg was the next director to consider , but he too , eventually dropped out for undisclosed reasons . A year later it was confirmed that Phillip Noyce would direct . Noyce was attracted to Salt for its espionage themes , which are present in most of his filmography , as well as the tension of a character who tries to prove his innocence yet also does what he was previously accused of . Casting ( edit ) Schreiber was chosen for his `` hidden emotionality '' and his performance in Defiance . Initial discussions took place in 2008 between Tom Cruise and Noyce about Cruise playing Edwin A. Salt . These discussions were ongoing for more than a year between the pair and their representatives . It was finally decided that Cruise was unable to commit to the script , because he feared that the character was too close to his Mission : Impossible character Ethan Hunt . Cruise decided to work on Knight and Day instead . The filmmakers tried to differentiate the character from Hunt , but eventually came to accept they were too similar and decided not to change the characteristics of Salt . Noyce said `` But , you know , he had a valid point . It was kind of returning to an offshoot of a character that he 'd already played . It 's like playing the brother , or the cousin , of somebody that you played in another movie '' . Columbia Pictures executive Amy Pascal suggested Angelina Jolie to Noyce , who had often spoken to Jolie in the past about a desire to create a female spy franchise . Pascal even invited Jolie for a Bond girl role , but the actress playfully replied that she was more interested in playing James Bond himself instead . Jolie was sent Salt 's script in September 2008 and liked it . Wimmer , Noyce , and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura went to visit Jolie at her home in France to discuss a possible script and character change . Writer Brian Helgeland helped with the character development and dialogue of the script based on the notes that came out of those discussions with Jolie and to accompany the gender change , the title character 's name was changed to Evelyn Salt . One of Jolie 's requests was to rework the third act , which originally had Salt rescue his wife and son from a coalition of villains , because she did not believe a mother would neglect her child in this kind of situation . Wimmer decided to then make Salt more crucial to the villain 's schemes , and add a sequence where Salt breaks into `` a place harder than Fort Knox '' -- after considering Camp David , Wimmer settled on the White House . When asked if the script written for Cruise was the same for Jolie , he said `` I think that it 's just been a continual process , obviously accelerating by changing the central character . But the ideas -- the locomotive of ideas that drive the film are the same . An undercover CIA operative is accused of being a Russian mole , and has to go on the run to defend himself . That 's been the same since day one . The tone of the film has changed in this evolution . In the same way , I guess , as -- you know -- action thrillers have changed along the lines of the Bond films and the Bourne films '' . On February 19 , 2009 , it was reported that Liev Schreiber would play the role of Ted Winter , Evelyn Salt 's friend and colleague in the CIA . Three days later Chiwetel Ejiofor named as CIA Officer Peabody , who is in pursuit of Salt . Noyce said Ejiofor , whom he first saw in Dirty Pretty Things , seemed to have the `` intelligence and disarming sort of obsessiveness '' that a counter-intelligence officer would need . August Diehl , who played Salt 's husband Mike Krause , came after a recommendation from Jolie 's partner Brad Pitt , who had worked with Diehl in Inglourious Basterds , and Daniel Olbrychski was chosen for Orlov because Andrei Konchalovsky told Noyce that such an evil Russian character could only be played by a Polish actor . Filming ( edit ) On a budget of $110 million , principal photography took place mostly on location in New York City and Washington , D.C. from March to June 2009 . Noyce decided to avoid `` typical post-card views of Washington DC '' to reflect `` the more day - to - day environment of massive federal buildings inhabited by the typical bureaucrat '' . The opening sequence in North Korea was shot at the Floyd Bennett Field , with an extra who had experience with prisoner exchange acting as a consultant . Salt 's rendezvous with Orlov was shot on the `` Frying Pan '' , a former lighthouse ship , now moored in the Hudson River , at 26th Street in New York . The outside of the KA training facility was the Makaryev Monastery in Russia , while the interior was the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Virgin Protection in New York 's East Village . Filming for a chase sequence took place in Albany on Water Street near the Interstate 787 ramp between April and May . Studio production took place at Grumman Studios in Bethpage , Long Island , New York . While the film was in post-production , di Bonaventura became dissatisfied with some scenes . Steven Zaillian was brought for uncredited rewrites , and reshoots , mostly of action scenes , were held in New York during January 2010 . Filming also took place in upper Manhattan 's neighborhood Washington Heights on 157th St and Riverside Dr. Some scenes were also filmed outside of Manhattan including The Bronx , Queens , Staten Island , and in Westchester County . After Jolie had just given birth to twins , she spent time training before filming to get fit in order to perform almost all of the stunts herself . Bonaventura said , `` She is so prepared and so ready and gung - ho , she 'll do any stunt . We had her jumping out of helicopters , shooting , jumping off of all sorts of things and infiltrating places that are impossible to infiltrate '' . Salt 's fighting style was described as a mixture of Muay Thai , Shaolin Kung - Fu , & Jeet Kune Do , which was considered by the stunt team the most suitable for Jolie 's physique , and Krav Maga , for its rawness and aggressiveness . Noyce wanted to film the scene where Salt hangs from the edge of the building in a studio with chroma key , but Jolie insisted on doing it herself in the actual location . On May 29 2009 , filming was temporarily halted after Jolie suffered a minor head injury during filming an action scene . She was taken to a hospital as a precautionary measure and released on the same day with no serious injuries , allowing filming to resume . Salt 's escape after being captured in St. Bartholomew 's originally involved her jumping off a building into a window cleaning machine , but budgetary constraints caused the scene to be changed into a car chase . Computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) was used extensively throughout the film to create environments and elements , such as bullet holes and flames . More dangerous objects such as a taser or the handcuffs used to strangle Winter were also made from CGI . Five companies were responsible for visual effects . The two most involved were CIS Vancouver and Framestore . CIS Vancouver recreated the White House since the crew did not have permission to shoot in the building , and made a digital elevator shaft for the scene where Salt goes down into the White House bunker . Framestore was responsible for the assassination attempt on the Russian president , which combined actual shots of St. Bartholomew 's Church , a digital recreation of the church 's interior , and scenes with actor Olek Krupa falling down a collapsing floor . Female CIA officers were consulted about the creation of disguises , leading to the scene where Salt undergoes subtle changes to disguise herself as a Puerto Rican . The `` sweet and caring '' blonde Salt dyeing her hair black would represent the shift to Chenkov , the menacing Russian agent . For the scene where Salt disguises herself as a Major , pictures of Angelina Jolie were treated on Adobe Photoshop to create a believable male version , with the resulting image being used by the make - up team as an inspiration for the prosthetics . Versions ( edit ) Director Phillip Noyce has said that due to the extensive usage of flashbacks , `` there was always going to be a mountain of alternative material that would not fit into the theatrical version '' . The film ended up having two extra versions , the Director 's Cut and the Extended Cut -- which Noyce refers to in his audio commentary as the film 's original cut -- both included on the DVD and Blu - ray Disc deluxe editions . The Director 's Cut was described by Noyce as `` my own personal take on the material , free from the politics and restrictions of producers , studio or censorship ratings '' . Four minutes of film are added , leading to a running time of 104 minutes . More flashbacks are added , and the violence is amped up -- for example Mike being drowned rather than shot to death . The ending is also different : in the bunker scene , Winter shoots the President instead of only knocking him unconscious , and a media report during the final scene reports that the new US president had been orphaned on a family visit to Russia , implying he is also a sleeper agent . Noyce has described this ending as `` an ending yet just a beginning -- and it 's an ending that turns the whole story on its head '' . The Extended Cut increases the running time by only one minute , but rewrites the plot by removing , rearranging and adding scenes . The ending has Salt escaping from CIA custody and going to Russia , where she kills Orlov -- his death scene at the barge appears in this cut , along with the facility where new child spies are being trained being blown up at the end of the cut . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Salt : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by James Newton Howard Released June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) ( iTunes ) August 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 11 ) ( CD ) Recorded Genre Contemporary classical Length 59 : 10 Label Madison Gate Records Producer James Newton Howard <Th_colspan="2"> James Newton Howard chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Last Airbender String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Salt Salt : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on July 20 , 2010 on iTunes and on August 11 , 2010 as on - demand CD - R from Amazon.com . The music was composed by James Newton Howard and released by Madison Gate Records . The song `` Orlov 's Story '' includes a Russian lullaby which music editor Joe E. Rand found at Amoeba Music , and which served as inspiration for the choir heard in other tracks -- but the chants in the rest of the score are only random syllables , as Rand and Howard thought actual Russian words would be a spoil about Salt 's allegiance . Track listing All tracks written by James Newton Howard . No . Title Length 1 . `` Prisoner Exchange '' 4 : 09 2 . `` Escaping the CIA '' 5 : 20 3 . `` Cornered '' 1 : 09 4 . `` Orlov 's Story '' 4 : 43 5 . `` Chase Across DC '' 6 : 51 6 . `` Hotel Room Preparations / Parade '' 3 : 59 7 . `` Attack On St. Bart 's Cathedral '' 3 : 10 8 . `` A Dark Goddamn Hole '' 1 : 47 9 . `` Taser Puppet '' 1 : 34 10 . `` You Are My Greatest Creation '' 4 : 13 11 . `` Destiny '' 2 : 22 12 . `` Barge Apocalypse '' 2 : 26 13 . `` Day X '' 1 : 37 14 . `` I 'm Going Home '' 2 : 16 15 . `` Eight Floors Down '' 2 : 51 16 . `` Arming the Football '' 2 : 11 17 . `` Not Safe with Me '' 2 : 27 18 . `` You 're About to Become Famous '' 1 : 38 19 . `` Mano a Mano '' 1 : 51 20 . `` Garroted '' 3 : 32 21 . `` Go Get Em '' 3 : 10 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 59 : 10 Release ( edit ) Jolie at the Moscow premiere of the film on July 25 , 2010 The film 's marketing campaign included a panel at the San Diego Comic - Con on July 22 2010 , and an episodic advergame titled `` Day X Exists '' , where players watched webisodes and performed missions to unveil the terrorist plot . It was released in North America on July 23 , 2010 . It was released on August 18 in the United Kingdom , despite poster advertisements suggesting it would be released on August 20 . The Deluxe Unrated Edition Blu - ray Disc and DVD was released on December 21 , 2010 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . It includes three versions of the film : the original theatrical film and two additional unrated extended cuts not seen in theaters with two alternate endings . A Theatrical Edition DVD was also released . In the home video charts , Salt debuted at first in the rentals and third in sales . Box Office ( edit ) Sony predicted an opening weekend take in the low - $30 - million range , while commentators thought it would come in closer to $40 million and beat Inception for the number one spot at the box office . Salt opened in 3,612 theaters , with an opening day gross of US $12,532,333 -- $3,470 per theater -- and on its opening weekend , $36,011,243 -- $9,970 per theater -- behind only Inception , which made $42,725,012 in its second weekend . Salt also grossed $15 million from 19 minor international markets . On its second weekend , it declined in ticket sales by 45.9 % making $19,471,355 -- $5,391 per theater and placed number three behind Dinner for Schmucks , but by opening in 29 countries that same weekend , it grossed $25.4 million internationally . Salt ended up grossing $118,311,368 in the United States and Canada and $175,191,986 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $293,503,354 . Critical reception ( edit ) Salt received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 62 % based on 231 reviews , with a rating average of 6 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Angelina Jolie gives it her all in the title role , and her seasoned performance is almost enough to save Salt from its predictable and ludicrous plot . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from film critics , gave the film a score of 65 based on 42 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Many reviewers highlighted the coincidence of Salt getting released shortly after the reveal of real Russian sleeper agents in the Illegals Program , with a few comparing Salt to one of the agents , Anna Chapman . Jolie at the San Diego Comic - Con in 2010 on the Salt panel . The actress ' performance was considered one of the film 's strong points . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said that , `` While preposterous at every turn , Salt is a better Bond movie than most recent Bond movies , as its makers keep the stunts real and severely limit CGI gimmickry '' . Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars ( his maximum ) , saying `` Salt is a damn fine thriller ... It 's gloriously absurd . This movie has holes in it big enough to drive the whole movie through . The laws of physics seem to be suspended here the same way as in a Road Runner cartoon . '' Time 's reviewer Richard Corliss praised the action scenes and Noyce 's persistence in keeping a serious tone -- `` he ignores the story 's preposterous elements and lets the audience decide whether to laugh , shudder or both '' . Empire 's William Thomas praised Jolie 's performance remarking that `` when it comes to selling incredible , crazy , death - defying antics , Jolie has few peers in the action business '' , and Village Voice 's Karina Longworth considered that original star Tom Cruise would never express the protagonist 's ambiguity as well as Jolie . Among negative responses , The New Yorker 's David Denby said Salt `` is as impersonal an action thriller as we 've seen in years '' , finding the supporting cast underexplored -- `` the tricky plot locks them into purely functional responses '' . Claudia Puig of the USA Today considered the film a `` by - the - book thriller '' with Jolie 's performance as the only distinguished feature . Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer was mostly critical of the writing , describing the film as absurd , overplotted and incoherent , and saying the villainous schemes `` would have been called off 20 years ago at the latest , when the Soviet Union dissolved '' . Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer described Salt as `` commendably swift and progressively inane '' , saying the script was a `` sloppy concoction of story elements from ' 70s espionage classics '' that ended up not working right with its `` nonsensical setups and wildly illogical twists '' . James Berardinelli of Reelviews considered that , while the film was fast - paced and the action scenes competently shot , the plot was predictable and `` the spy aspects , which are by far the most intriguing elements of the movie , are shunted aside in favor of spectacular stunts and long chases '' . Awards ( edit ) Salt received one Academy Award nomination , for Best Sound Mixing ( Jeffrey J. Haboush , Greg P. Russell , Scott Millan and William Sarokin ) , which it lost to Inception . The film won Best Action / Adventure Film at the Saturn Awards , with Angelina Jolie being nominated for Best Actress , and the Deluxe Unrated Edition being nominated for Best DVD Special Edition . At the Taurus World Stunt Awards , stuntwoman Janene Carleton 's jump on a moving truck won Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Woman , and the film was nominated for Best Stunt Coordinator and / or 2nd Unit Director . It was also nominated for Satellite Awards for Cinematography and Original Score , a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects and Foley , a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Action Movie , and two Teen Choice Awards . Sequel ( edit ) Director Phillip Noyce was optimistic about a sequel , saying `` Hopefully within a couple of years , we 'll have another one . Angelina 's so great in this part . When audiences see the movie they 're going to feel like it 's only just the beginning . '' Producer Lorenzo DiBonaventura also expressed further interest : `` Angie , I know , loved that character , and would love to explore the character some more first and foremost . '' Noyce later said he had other projects and would not participate . `` Those 3 Blu - ray Disc cuts represent just about everything I have to offer on Evelyn Salt . If there ever is a sequel , better it 's directed by someone with a completely fresh take on what I believe could be a totally entertaining and complex series of stories . '' On June 6 , 2011 , Wimmer was announced as screenwriter , but Jolie equivocated , `` if it comes together right '' . On December 10 , 2012 Sony Pictures announced hiring screenwriter Becky Johnston ( known for The Prince of Tides , Seven Years in Tibet , and Arthur Newman ) , as well as producers Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Sunil Perkash . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Salt ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wimmer , Kurt ( Ludwig Van ) ( December 11 , 2001 ) . `` EQUILIBRIUM discussion '' . CHUD.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stax ( December 4 , 2002 ) . `` 10 Questions : Kurt Wimmer '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salt Makes Paranoid Dystopia Hot Again '' . io9.com . Gawker Media . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` Columbia Sprinkles ' salt ' On Slate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` Tom Cruise sweet on ' Salt ' role '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salt Peppered With Cruise '' . IGN Entertainment . News Corporation . June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Peter Berg to direct Cruise in ' Edwin A. Salt ' ? '' . Moviefone . AOL . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Phillip Noyce to direct Col 's ' Salt ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Noyce : Salt -- The Treatment '' . KCRW . July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Noyce , Phillip . Commentary track : Salt . Salt DVD . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Paul ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Phillip Noyce Talks `` Salt '' `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salt Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Columbia Pictures . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Jolie replaces Cruise in ' Salt ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Clint , Morris ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Liev Schreiber eyes Salt ( Updated ! ) '' . Moviehole . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Chiwetel Ejiofor joins Noyce 's ' Salt ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Movie projector : ' Salt ' to challenge ' Inception ' in tight box - office race '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Angelina Jolie in Salt '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Filming Begins on Salt Starring Angelina Jolie '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie and Salt Filming Albany , New York Latest News ! '' . The Insider . CBS Interactive . April 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie Gearing Up To Film More ' Salt ' '' . Access Hollywood . NBC Universal . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albany filming for Jolie movie continues '' . WTEN . Young Broadcasting . April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie Lands at Grumman Studios '' . Grumman Studios . January 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Solnik , Claude ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` The Avengers Landing at Grumman '' . Long Island Business News . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Salt ' needed pinch of fixing '' . The New York Post . News Corporation . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( April 24 , 2010 ) . `` Top scribes reap pic rewrite riches '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Ultimate Female Action Hero . Salt DVD : Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Sneaks 2010 ' Salt ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie back filming on `` Salt '' after head injury on set ! `` . The Insider . CBS Interactive . June 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Shaken with Salt '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grasmere , Robert . Commentary track : Salt . Salt DVD . Jump up ^ Spy Disguise : The Looks of Evelyn Salt . Salt DVD : Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Clint ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` Philip Noyce '' . MovieHole . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffer , R.L. ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Salt : Deluxe Unrated Edition DVD Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Jevon ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Salt ' DVD release stirs Phillip Noyce 's spy senses '' . The Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Three types of ' Salt ' '' . The New York Post . News Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salt ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ Rand , Joe E. Commentary track : Salt . Salt DVD . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Comic Con Thursday Schedule Announced '' . Moviefone . AOL . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Using Online Games to Get Movie Audiences Involved '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie Filming Action Scene for Salt '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline. April 27 , 2009 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salt Worldwide Release Dates '' . Sony Pictures . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Angelina Jolie 's SALT DVD Date & Details '' . MoviesOnline . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Despicable Me , ' ' Inception ' Top Home Video Sales Charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Salt ' may shake up weekend box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salt ( 2010 ) -- Daily box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Company Town : ' Inception ' worth its salt '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salt ( 2010 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results for July 23 -- 25 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for July 30 -- August 1 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Inception ' Still Spinning on Top '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Inception ' tops overseas box office '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salt Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Generally favorable reviews Jump up ^ `` Salt ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Longworth , Karina ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Salt 's Jolie : The First ( Ambiguous ) Action Heroine '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Salt '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , William . `` Salt Review '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Angelina Jolie : Worth Her Salt '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Angelina Jolie in ' Salt ' shakes up the standard spy thriller '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Salt -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` SALT ( PG - 13 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . John Barron . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Spy Vs. Spy '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toppman , Lawrence ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Listen to the doctor : Cut out ' Salt ' '' . The Charlotte Observer . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` '' Salt `` : Spy thriller with lots of action , not much else '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Salt '' . Reelviews . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards '' . oscars.org . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Annual Saturn Award winners '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Taurus World Stunt Awards '' . Taurus World Stunt Awards . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2010 WINNERS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` ' Twilight Saga : Eclipse ' Leads New Teen Choice 2010 Nominees '' . MTV . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie -- Salt 2 To Be Made In ' A Couple Of Years ' '' . Contactmusic.com . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive Salt 2 Update '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Sony Pictures Commences ' Salt ' Sequel For Angelina Jolie '' . Deadline.com . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` UK Independent screenwriter Johnston '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok Post screenwriter Johnston '' . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Hollywood Reporter screenwriter Becky Johnston '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Salt 2 Gets Write Becky Johnston '' . movieweb.com . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Salt on IMDb Salt at AllMovie Salt at the TCM Movie Database Salt at Box Office Mojo Salt at Rotten Tomatoes Salt on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Phillip Noyce <Td_colspan="2"> Backroads ( 1977 ) Newsfront ( 1978 ) Heatwave ( 1982 ) Echoes of Paradise ( 1987 ) Dead Calm ( 1989 ) Blind Fury ( 1989 ) Patriot Games ( 1992 ) Sliver ( 1993 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) The Saint ( 1997 ) The Bone Collector ( 1999 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence ( 2002 ) The Quiet American ( 2002 ) Catch a Fire ( 2006 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mary and Martha ( 2013 ) The Giver ( 2014 ) Above Suspicion ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film <Td_colspan="2"> Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_(2010_film)&oldid=804442137 '' Categories : 2010 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s mystery films 2010s spy films American action thriller films American films American mystery films American spy films Cold War spy films Muay Thai films Kung fu films Jeet Kune Do films Girls with guns films Films directed by Phillip Noyce Films set in North Korea Films set in New York City Films set in the White House Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New York City Films shot in Washington , D.C. Films about the Central Intelligence Agency Films about fictional Presidents of the United States Films about nuclear war and weapons Spy thriller films Relativity Media films Columbia Pictures films Russian - language films English - language films Techno - thriller films Film scores by James Newton Howard Films produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Di Bonaventura Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Salt (2010 film)
2. Action thriller
3. Angelina Jolie
4. Russian sleeper agent
5. CIA operative
|
1,912,493,205,684,513,500 |
what are the duties of the governor of california
|
Governor of California - wikipedia Governor of California Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Governor of California <Td_colspan="2"> Standard of the Governor <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Governor <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Jerry Brown since January 3 , 2011 Style The Honorable Residence California Governor 's Mansion Term length Four years , renewable once Inaugural holder Peter Hardeman Burnett Formation December 20 , 1849 Deputy Gavin Newsom Salary US $ 173,987 ( 2013 ) Website Official website The Governor of California is the chief executive of the California state government , commander - in - chief of the California National Guard and the California State Military Reserve , whose responsibilities also include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that state laws are enforced . The position was created in 1849 , the year before California became a state . The current governor is Jerry Brown , a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3 , 2011 , and who had previously served as governor from 1975 to 1983 . In October 2013 , Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gubernatorial elections , oath , and term of office 1.1 Gubernatorial removal 2 Relationship with Lieutenant Governor of California 3 Gubernatorial facts 3.1 Age and longevity 3.2 Transition events 3.3 Presidential campaigns 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Gubernatorial elections , oath , and term of office ( edit ) See also : List of Governors of California Governors are elected by popular ballot and serve terms of four years , with a limit of two terms , if served after November 6 , 1990 . Governors take the following oath : I ( Governor ) do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies foreign and domestic , that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California , that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties upon which I am about to enter . Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election . Gubernatorial removal ( edit ) There are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office . Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for `` misconduct in office '' by the State Assembly and removed by a two - thirds vote of the State Senate . Recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12 % of the last vote for the office of governor ( with signatures from each of 5 counties equal in number to 1 % of the last vote for governor in the county ) can launch a gubernatorial recall election . The voters can then vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor , and on the same ballot they can vote a potential replacement . If a majority of the voters in the election vote to recall the governor , then the person who gains a plurality of the votes in the replacement race will become governor . The 2003 California recall began with a petition drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election . It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election . He was subsequently voted out of office , becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921 . He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger . Relationship with lieutenant governor of California ( edit ) Governor - elect Arnold Schwarzenegger ( left ) and Governor Gray Davis ( right ) with President George W. Bush in 2003 The Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election , not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate . California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years . This occasionally becomes significant , since the California Constitution provides that all the powers of the governor fall to the lieutenant governor whenever the governor is not in the state of California , with the lieutenant governor often signing or vetoing legislation , or making political appointments , whenever the governor leaves the state . The lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate . In practice , there is a gentlemen 's agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state . This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office , as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state . Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governor 's right to perform the duties and assume all of the prerogatives of governor while the governor is out of the state . Gubernatorial facts ( edit ) Age and longevity ( edit ) Peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship , 44 years . He left office in 1851 and died in 1895 . Excluding governors who died in office , Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship . He died on April 12 , 1891 , a short three months and four days after the expiration of his term . Sworn in at the age of 30 , J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858 . Sworn in at the age of 72 , Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011 . Earl Warren was the only governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office ( 1943 -- 1953 ) . Jerry Brown previously served as governor for eight years ( 1975 -- 1983 ) and returned to office 28 years later to serve as the incumbent governor ( since 2011 ) . Milton Latham served the shortest term in office of five days ( January 9 -- 14 , 1860 ) . Of the 38 governors who held office , seven of them were born in California ( six of them after statehood ) : One ( Romualdo Pacheco ) was born in Santa Barbara . Four ( George Pardee , James Rolph , Pat Brown , and Jerry Brown ) were born in San Francisco . One ( Hiram Johnson ) was born in Sacramento . One ( Earl Warren ) was born in Los Angeles . Two governors were not born in the United States : John G. Downey was born in Ireland . Arnold Schwarzenegger was born in Austria . Only two governors have died in office : Washington Bartlett on September 12 , 1887 James Rolph on June 2 , 1934 Ronald Reagan had the longest life - span of any governor , 93 years . J. Neely Johnson had the shortest life - span of any governor , 47 years . Both governors who died in office , Washington Bartlett in 1887 and James Rolph in 1934 , served as Mayor of San Francisco shortly before becoming governor . Two governors are related : Pat Brown ( 1959 -- 1967 ) was the father of twice - governor Jerry Brown ( 1975 -- 1983 , 2011 to present ) . Transition events ( edit ) Milton Latham 6th Governor ( 1860 ) Five governors have resigned : Peter Burnett in 1851 `` as a result of certain personal prejudices '' in favor of slavery Milton Latham in 1860 to become a United States Senator Newton Booth in 1875 to become a United States Senator Hiram Johnson in 1917 to become a United States Senator Earl Warren in 1953 to become Chief Justice of the United States One governor has been recalled : Gray Davis in 2003 Seven governors took office without being elected to the governor 's seat , having been elected as lieutenant governor and then ascending from that position : Four of them did not run to succeed themselves , and were never elected governor : John McDougall in 1851 John G. Downey in 1860 Romualdo Pacheco in 1875 Robert Waterman in 1887 The other three later ran for governor , and were elected to succeed themselves as governor : William Stephens in 1917 Frank Merriam in 1934 Goodwin Knight in 1953 One governor has served two terms , and was elected to a non-consecutive third term ( followed by a fourth term ) : Jerry Brown in 2010 ( Brown and George Deukmejian are the most recent living former governors of California who were elected to two terms before the term limits were enacted on November 6 , 1990 ) Presidential campaigns ( edit ) Ronald Reagan 33rd Governor ( 1967 -- 1975 ) 40th President of the United States ( 1981 -- 1989 ) One former governor of California won his party 's nomination and was elected President of the United States : Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 ( Republican ) Five governors actively sought the nomination of their party , but were unsuccessful : Hiram Johnson in 1920 and 1924 ( Republican ) Pat Brown in 1960 ( Democratic ) Jerry Brown in 1976 , 1980 and 1992 ( Democratic ) Ronald Reagan in 1968 and 1976 ( Republican ) Pete Wilson in 1996 ( Republican ) Two governors were nominated for Vice President , but their ticket lost the election : Hiram Johnson ( Ran with Theodore Roosevelt , Progressive , 1912 ) Earl Warren ( Ran with Thomas Dewey , Republican , 1948 ) Two governors did not run for president , but were under serious consideration by their party 's nominee during their governorship to be their running mate for the office of Vice President , but were not chosen : George Deukmejian ( George H.W. Bush , Republican , 1988 ) declined being considered because of his vast ideological differences with Lieutenant Governor Leo McCarthy , who would have become governor if Deukmejian accepted the nomination and was elected to the Vice Presidency . Gray Davis ( Al Gore , Democratic , 2000 ) One unsuccessful candidate for governor of California was elected President of the United States : Former Vice President Richard Nixon was the Republican nominee for Governor of California in 1962 , and lost to Democrat Pat Brown . Nixon later was elected president in 1968 and reelected in 1972 ( Republican ) . See also ( edit ) Biography portal California portal Politics portal United States portal Book : Governors of California List of Governors of California List of Governors of California before admission Politics of California Politics of California before 1900 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Kevin ( October 2003 ) . `` Summary of Qualifications and Requirements for the Office of Governor '' ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State Department . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2008 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ In re Governorship , 26 Cal. 3d 110 , 401 ( Supreme Court of California 1979 ) ( `` we conclude that the Lieutenant Governor has authority to exercise all gubernatorial powers of appointment while the Governor is physically absent from the state and that the Governor has authority to withdraw the appointment until the confirmation of appointment becomes effective . '' ) . Jump up ^ Alastair Dallas ( June 5 , 2004 ) . `` Governors of California : 1849 -- 2003 '' . familydallas.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Californian Removes Himself From Running for No. 2 Spot '' . The New York Times . August 5 , 1988 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors of California . Official website <Th_colspan="3"> Governors of California Colony ( 1769 -- 1822 ) Capt . Portolà Col. Fages Capt . Rivera Capt. Gen. de Neve Col. Fages Capt . Roméu Capt . Arrillaga Borica Alberní Capt . Arrillaga Capt. J. Argüello Solá Territory ( 1822 -- 36 ) Capt . L. Argüello Echeandía Gen. Victoria P. Pico Echeandía Brig. Gen. Figueroa Lt. Col. Castro Lt. Col. Gutiérrez Chico Lt. Col. Gutiérrez Sovereignty ( 1836 -- 46 ) Pres . Castro Alvarado Carrillo ( rival ) Brig. Gen. Micheltorena P. Pico Republic ( 1846 -- 50 ) Cdre . Sloat Cdre . Stockton Gen. Flores ( rival ) Gen. Kearny Gen. Mason Gen. Smith Gen. Riley Burnett ( from 1849 ) U.S. State ( since 1850 ) Burnett McDougall Bigler J. Johnson Weller Latham Downey Stanford Low Haight Booth Pacheco Irwin Perkins Stoneman Bartlett Waterman Markham Budd Gage Pardee Gillett H. Johnson Stephens Richardson Young Rolph Merriam Olson Warren Knight P. Brown Reagan J. Brown Deukmejian Wilson Davis Schwarzenegger J. Brown <Td_colspan="3"> Before 1850 After 1850 US list by time in office US list by age <Th_colspan="2"> Elections in California General 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2005 2006 2008 ( Feb , Jun , Nov ) 2009 2010 ( Jun , Nov ) 2012 ( Jun , Nov ) 2014 2016 ( Jun , Nov ) Governor 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1867 1871 1875 1879 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2003 recall 2006 2014 2018 Mayoral Los Angeles 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017 San Diego 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1932 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 1983 * 1984 1986 * 1988 1992 2000 2005 * 2008 2012 2013 - 2014 * 2016 San Francisco 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 State Senate At - Large 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special State Assembly At - Large 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate Class 1 : 1850 1856 1860 * 1862 1868 1873 * 1874 1880 1886 * 1886 1890 * 1892 1900 * 1904 1910 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 * 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1992 * 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 Class 3 : 1850 1854 1857 * 1860 1866 1872 1878 1884 1890 1896 1902 1908 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950 1954 * 1956 1962 1968 1980 1986 1992 1998 2016 U.S. House 1849 1851 1854 1856 1859 1861 1863 1864 1867 1868 1871 1872 1875 1876 1879 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 ( 12th ) 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 ( 9th * 23rd * 44th * ) 2000 2002 2005 ( 5th * , 48th * ) 2006 ( 4th , 11th , 50th * ) 2007 ( 37th * ) 2008 ( 12th * ) 2009 ( 10th * , 32nd * ) 2011 ( 36th * ) 2012 2014 2016 Special <Td_colspan="2"> * Special election <Th_colspan="2"> California statewide elected officials <Td_colspan="2"> Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Secretary of State Treasurer Controller Insurance Commissioner Superintendent of Public Instruction <Th_colspan="2"> Current governors and executives of U.S. states and territories <Td_colspan="2"> President of the United States : Donald Trump ( R ) <Td_colspan="2"> AL Ivey ( R ) AK B. Walker ( I ) AZ Ducey ( R ) AR Hutchinson ( R ) CA J. Brown ( D ) CO Hickenlooper ( D ) CT Malloy ( D ) DE Carney ( D ) FL R. Scott ( R ) GA Deal ( R ) HI Ige ( D ) ID Otter ( R ) IL Rauner ( R ) IN Holcomb ( R ) IA Reynolds ( R ) KS Brownback ( R ) KY Bevin ( R ) LA Edwards ( D ) ME LePage ( R ) MD Hogan ( R ) MA Baker ( R ) MI Snyder ( R ) MN Dayton ( D ) MS Bryant ( R ) MO Greitens ( R ) MT Bullock ( D ) NE Ricketts ( R ) NV Sandoval ( R ) NH Sununu ( R ) NJ Christie ( R ) NM Martinez ( R ) NY Cuomo ( D ) NC Cooper ( D ) ND Burgum ( R ) OH Kasich ( R ) OK Fallin ( R ) OR K. Brown ( D ) PA Wolf ( D ) RI Raimondo ( D ) SC McMaster ( R ) SD Daugaard ( R ) TN Haslam ( R ) TX Abbott ( R ) UT Herbert ( R ) VT P. Scott ( R ) VA McAuliffe ( D ) WA Inslee ( D ) WV Justice ( R ) WI S. Walker ( R ) WY Mead ( R ) DC Bowser ( D ) ( Mayor ) Territories : AS Moliga ( D ) GU Calvo ( R ) MP Torres ( R ) PR Rosselló ( D ) VI Mapp ( I ) <Td_colspan="2"> Political party affiliations : Republican : 36 ( 34 states , 2 territories ) Democratic : 18 ( 15 states , 2 territories , 1 district ) Independent : 2 ( 1 state , 1 territory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_of_California&oldid=808477336 '' Categories : Governors of California State constitutional officers of California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Ilokano Italiano עברית Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Governor of California
2. Chief executive of the California state government
3. Responsibilities of the governor
4. Gubernatorial elections and term of office
5. Relationship with Lieutenant Governor of California
|
-7,628,456,279,881,435,000 |
when do u have to be born to be 18
|
Natural - born - citizen clause - wikipedia Natural - born - citizen clause This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book For the granting of citizenship based on birth , see Birthright citizenship in the United States . Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President . This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence . The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' , and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning . The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars , together with relevant case law , is that natural - born citizens include , subject to exceptions , those born in the United States . Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at the moment of birth '' , regardless of place of birth , are also natural - born citizens . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States ; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil . The natural - born - citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the United States Supreme Court , and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges , but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate 's eligibility as a natural - born citizen . Many eligibility lawsuits from the 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers ' difficulty in showing that they had standing to raise legal objections . Additionally , some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural - born - citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because , in the end , presidential eligibility may be determined to be a non-justiciable political question that can be decided only by Congress rather than by the judicial branch of government . Contents 1 Constitutional provisions 2 History 2.1 Antecedents in Britain 2.2 Between 1776 and 1789 2.3 Constitutional Convention 2.4 Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause 2.5 Proposed constitutional amendments 3 Rationale 4 Interpretations of the clause 4.1 Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 4.2 Government officials ' interpretations 4.2. 1 1800s 4.2. 2 1900s 4.3 Interpretations by the courts 4.3. 1 1800s 4.3. 2 1900s 4.3. 3 2000s 4.4 Academic interpretations 4.4. 1 1800s 4.4. 2 1900s 4.4. 3 2000s 4.4. 3.1 Foreign soil and territories 4.4. 3.2 American soil 4.4. 3.3 Implied repeal of the natural - born citizen clause 5 Eligibility challenges 5.1 1800s 5.1. 1 Chester A. Arthur 5.1. 2 Christopher Schürmann 5.2 1900s 5.2. 1 Charles Evans Hughes 5.2. 2 Barry Goldwater 5.2. 3 George Romney 5.2. 4 Lowell Weicker 5.3 2000s 5.3. 1 John McCain 5.3. 2 Barack Obama 5.3. 3 Ted Cruz 5.3. 4 Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal 5.4 Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible 5.4. 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787 Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States , under clause 5 ( emphasis added ) : No Person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twelfth Amendment states , `` No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States . '' The Fourteenth Amendment does not use the phrase natural - born citizen . It does provide , `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . '' Under Article One , representatives and senators are required to be U.S. citizens , but there is no requirement that they be natural born . History ( edit ) Antecedents in Britain ( edit ) The use of the term `` natural born '' was not without precedent . An early recorded mention was in Calvin 's Case ( 1608 ) , in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King . Statutes in Britain prior to American independence used the phrase `` natural born subject '' . For example , clause III of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 provided : That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever The Act was repealed ( except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign - born children ) by the Tories in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5 . Subsequently , the British Nationality Act 1730 provided : for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act ... ( t ) hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance , whose Fathers were or shall be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively ... are hereby declared to be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain , to all Intents , Constructions and Purposes whatsoever . Another use is in the Plantation Act 1740 : ( A ) ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty , His Heirs , or Successors , who have ... or shall inhabit or reside for ... seven years or more in any of His Majesty 's colonies in America ... shall be deemed , adjudged , and taken to be His Majesty 's natural - born subjects of this Kingdom . Jurist William Blackstone wrote in 1765 that `` Natural - born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England '' . Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects : But by several more modern statutes ... all children , born out of the king 's ligeance , whose fathers were natural - born subjects , are now natural - born subjects themselves , to all intents and purposes , without any exception ; unless their said fathers were attainted , or banished beyond sea , for high treason ; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain . In 1775 , however , Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children `` are now deemed to be natural - born subjects '' rather than `` are now natural - born subjects . '' Similarly , Francis Plowden initially explained that an early English statute made foreign - born children of English parents `` in fact and law ... true native subjects '' and that the eighteenth - century British statutes made persons natural - born subjects by statute law just as others were natural - born subjects by the common law . However , after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects -- rather , there remained a `` relict of alienage in them . '' Prior to Blackstone , Edward Coke offered a narrower opinion in Calvin 's Case . According to Coke : `` ( I ) f any of the King 's ambassadors in foreign nations , have children there of their wives , being English women , by the common laws of England they are natural - born subjects , and yet they are born out - of the King 's dominions . '' The term `` natural born '' has often been used synonymously with `` native born '' . The English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrote in 1756 that the word `` natural '' means `` native , '' and that the word `` native '' may mean either an `` inhabitant '' or an `` offspring '' . Between 1776 and 1789 ( edit ) From the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) to the ratification of the Constitution ( 1789 ) , the thirteen states were independent of Britain , and during much of this time the Articles of Confederation tied together the country . The phrase `` natural born citizen '' was sometimes used during this period . An example occurred in 1784 when the Maryland General Assembly conferred citizenship on the ( French - born ) Marquis de Lafayette : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland -- that the Marquis de laFayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be entitled to all the Immunities , Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof ... Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Constitution does not explain the meaning of `` natural born '' . On June 18 , 1787 , Alexander Hamilton submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government . The sketch provided for an executive `` Governour '' but had no eligibility requirements . At the close of the Convention , Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention ; he had stated its principles during the deliberations . Max Farrand wrote that it `` was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton . '' Article IX , section 1 of Hamilton 's draft constitution provided : `` No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States , or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States . '' On July 25 , 1787 , John Jay wrote to George Washington , presiding officer of the Convention : Permit me to hint , whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government , and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to , nor devolve on , any but a natural born Citizen . While the Committee of Detail originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen , as well as a resident for 21 years , the Committee of Eleven changed `` citizen '' to `` natural born citizen '' , and the residency requirement to 14 years , without recorded explanation after receiving Jay 's letter . The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate . Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause ( edit ) In 2012 , Abdul Karim Hassan filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural - born - citizen clause ; he had argued natural - born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin . Proposed constitutional amendments ( edit ) More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction . Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative Jonathan Bingham in 1974 , with the intent to allow German - born Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( otherwise fourth in the line of succession ) to become eligible , and the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment by Senator Orrin Hatch in 2003 , intending to allow eligibility for Austrian - born Arnold Schwarzenegger . The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents , while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible . But all these proposed articles of amendment have failed in the Congresses , and thus none have ever been submitted to the states for ratification ; thus the restriction that the clause imposes remains unrelaxed . Rationale ( edit ) St. George Tucker , an early federal judge , wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution , that the natural - born - citizen clause is `` a happy means of security against foreign influence '' and that `` ( t ) he admission of foreigners into our councils , consequently , can not be too much guarded against . '' In a footnote , Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural - born except `` they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States . '' In a speech before the Senate , delegate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gave the rationale , `` to insure experience and attachment to the country . '' Professor Akhil Amar of Yale Law School claimed that there had been a concern on the part of those drafting the U.S. Constitution that a member of the European aristocracy might immigrate and attempt to buy his way into power and that it made sense in this light to include a provision in the Constitution that would exclude immigrants from the presidency . Interpretations of the clause ( edit ) Naturalization acts of 1790 and 1795 ( edit ) Because of the large number of Framers who went on to serve in Congress , laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers ' intent . The Naturalization Act of 1790 stated that `` the children of citizens of the United States , that may be born beyond sea , or out of the limits of the United States , shall be considered as natural born citizens : Provided , That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States . '' This act was repealed by the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which removed the characterization of such children as `` natural born '' , stating that `` the children of citizens of the United States , born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States , shall be considered as citizens of the United States '' while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act . Government officials ' interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) John Bingham , an American lawyer and politician , held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States . In 1862 , in the House of Representatives he stated : The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject . The words `` natural born citizen of the United States '' appear in it , and the other provision appears in it that , `` Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization . '' To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship . Who are natural born citizens but those born within the Republic ? Those born within the Republic , whether black or white , are citizens by birth -- natural born citizens . He reiterated his statement in 1866 : Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is , in the language of your Constitution itself , a natural - born citizen ; but , sir , I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power , or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States , not owing a foreign allegiance , is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States . Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him . Edward Bates also held to the belief that `` natural born '' should be interpreted as `` born in the United States '' . He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents , even if they reside elsewhere , are still considered natural born . In 1862 , Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase sent a query to Attorney General Edward Bates asking whether or not `` colored men '' can be citizens of the United States . The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free `` colored man '' who claimed he was a citizen of the United States . If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released , but otherwise -- the Civil War then being fought -- it would be confiscated . No information about the man 's birth or parentage was provided . Bates responded on November 29 , 1862 , with a 27 - page opinion -- considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney - General opinions but also as a separate booklet -- concluding , I conclude that the free man of color , mentioned in your letter , if born in the United States , is a citizen of the United States . ( italics in original ) In the course of that opinion , Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship , and wrote , ... our constitution , in speaking of natural born citizens , uses no affirmative language to make them such , but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle , common to all nations , and as old as political society , that the people born in a country do constitute the nation , and , as individuals , are natural members of the body politic . ( italics in original ) In another opinion , dated September 1 , 1862 , Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State , of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens , who is taken with them back to their country , could , years later , re-enter the United States as of right , as a U.S. citizen . Bates wrote : I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents , who have never been naturalized , are native - born citizens of the United States , and , of course , do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship . I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well - settled principle of the common law of England on this subject ; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws ; ... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals . But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford , in the case of Lynch vs. Clarke , and I forbear . I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle , and of the reasons and authorities for its support . Unlike Edward Bates , U.S. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens . In 1854 Marcy wrote John Y. Mason , the U.S. Minister to France : In reply to the inquiry ... whether `` the children of foreign parents born in the United States , but brought to the country of which the father is a subject , and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father 's country , are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States '' , I have to observe that it is presumed that , according to the common law , any person born in the United States , unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein , may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship . There is not , however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject , nor , so far as I am aware , has there been any judicial decision in regard to it . U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont , however , shared Edward Bates ' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens , and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States , if elected . In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State , Hamilton Fish . A young man , named Arthur Steinkauler , had been born in Missouri in 1855 , a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen . When he was four years old , his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since . The father had relinquished his U.S. citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army . The question was asked `` What was this young man 's situation as a native - born American citizen ? '' After studying the relevant legal authorities , Pierrepont wrote : Under the treaty ( of 1868 with Germany ) , and in harmony with American doctrine , it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject ( his son being yet a minor ) , and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality . It is equally clear that the son , by birth , has American nationality , and hence he has two nationalities , one natural , the other acquired ... Young Steinkauler is a native - born American citizen . There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright . He can return to America at the age of 21 , and in due time , if the people elect , he can become President of the United States ... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth , with its duties and privileges , or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father . 1900s ( edit ) Frederick van Dyne , the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State ( 1900 -- 1907 ) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens . In 1904 , he published a textbook , Citizenship of the United States , in which he wrote : There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship . Every nation determines for itself who shall , and who shall not , be its citizens ... By the law of the United States , citizenship depends , generally , on the place of birth ; nevertheless the children of citizens , born out of the jurisdiction of the United States , are also citizens ... The Constitution of the United States , while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President , Senators , and Representatives , contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment , in 1868 ; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act , in 1866 ... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law , by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural - born citizens . It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Murray v . The Charming Betsy ( 1804 ) 2 Cranch ( 6 U.S. ) 64 , 119 , 2 L. Ed . 208 , 226 , that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof ... In M'Creery v. Somerville ( 1824 ) 9 Wheat . ( 22 U.S. ) 354 , 6 L. Ed . 109 , which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland , it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native - born citizens of the United States ... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States , of itself , confers citizenship . Interpretations by the courts ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th - century litigation , there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of natural born and native born citizen . The leading case , Lynch v. Clarke of 1844 , indicated that citizens born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' are citizens regardless of parental citizenship . This case dealt with a New York law ( similar to laws of other states at that time ) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate . The plaintiff , Julia Lynch , had been born in New York while her parents , both British , were briefly visiting the U.S. , and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that , under common law and prevailing statutes , she was a U.S. citizen by birth and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship , notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents ' nationality . In the course of the decision , the court cited the Constitutional provision and said : Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born , but of alien parents ; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution ? I think not . The position would be decisive in his favor , that by the rule of the common law , in force when the Constitution was adopted , he is a citizen . And further : Upon principle , therefore , I can entertain no doubt , but that by the law of the United States , every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , is a natural born citizen . It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question . The decision in Lynch was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases , and reinforced the interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' meant born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' regardless of parental citizenship . For example , in an 1884 case , In re Look Tin Singg , the federal court held , that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors , Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth , and remained such despite any long stay in China . Citing Lynch , Justice Stephen J. Field wrote : After an exhaustive examination of the law , the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , was a natural - born citizen , and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession , and the universal impression of the public mind . The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) , which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became `` at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States '' . 1900s ( edit ) Consistent with the earlier decisions , in 1939 , the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in Perkins v. Elg that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen , and specifically stated that they could `` become President of the United States '' . The case was regarding a young woman , born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen . However , when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them , and they stayed in Sweden . At age 20 , she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and , shortly after her 21st birthday , returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen . Years later , while she was still in America , her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship , and , because of that , the Department of Labor ( then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service ) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her . The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth . She won at the trial level , and at the circuit court -- where she was repeatedly described as `` a natural born citizen '' -- and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court , where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General 's opinion in Steinkauler 's Case ( mentioned above ) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet `` become President of the United States '' . Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment , according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States , and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law , even if such naturalization was `` automatic '' at birth . In this view , such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen , but rather a `` naturalized '' citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency . In 1951 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in Zimmer v. Acheson that `` ( t ) here are only two classes of citizens of the United States , native - born citizens and naturalized citizens '' , quoting a dictum by Justice Gray from United States v. Wong Kim Ark and Elk v. Wilkins . The court ruled that Zimmer , who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother , was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth , but `` his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native - born citizen '' . In the 1956 case of Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted Zimmer v. Acheson and United States v. Wong Kim Ark in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign - born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth . In 1940 , the Nationality Act of 1940 ( 54 Stat. 1137 ) , explicitly defined `` naturalization '' as conferring nationality after birth . In 1961 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Montana v. Kennedy that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth . It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress , but the reverse situation was only addressed , non-retroactively , in 1934 . In 1971 , the Court encountered a similar situation in Rogers v. Bellei , where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship , though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation . The Court `` appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization '' . More recent cases , particularly Nguyen v. INS and Robinson v. Bowen , relaxed this view , suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a `` floor '' for birthright citizenship , and this category may be expanded by Congress . 2000s ( edit ) In 2009 in Ankeny v. Governor , the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are `` natural born Citizens '' , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark , and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic . A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010 , where a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory . The case involved a Philippine - born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents , who lived all their lives in the Philippines , because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence . The Courts for the Second , Third , and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth `` in the United States '' under the Citizenship Clause , and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship . In a 2012 New York case , Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections , the pro se plaintiff challenged Barack Obama 's presence on the presidential ballot , based on his own interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' required the president `` to have been born on United States soil and have two United States born parents '' ( emphasis added ) . To this the Court responded , `` Article II , section 1 , clause 5 does not state this . No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says ... Moreover , President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil '' . The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson , James Buchanan , Chester A. Arthur , Woodrow Wilson , and Herbert Hoover . Academic interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) William Rawle , formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania ( 1791 -- 1799 ) defined natural born citizen as every person born within the United States , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . In an 1825 treatise , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America , he wrote : The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted ... ( He ) who was subsequently born the citizen of a State , became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States . Therefore every person born within the United States , its territories or districts , whether the parents are citizens or aliens , is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution , and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity ... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language , and when we are informed ... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen , the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us . James F. Wilson agreed with Rawle 's opinion , but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats . During an 1866 House debate , he quoted Rawle 's opinion , and also referred to the `` general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations '' , saying : ... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural - born citizen of such States , except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments , are native - born citizens of the United States . Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel disagreed with this position and considered natural born citizen as every person born of citizen parents within the United States . In 1857 , in a concurring opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford , he quoted an English - language translation of Emerich de Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations ( Le Droit des gens ) , stating that `` The natives , or natural - born citizens , are those born in the country of parents who are citizens '' . This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Wong Kim Ark . However , two paragraphs later , Justice Vattel disagrees and states , `` § 214 ... there are states , as , for instance , England , where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner . '' Joseph Story , an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , believed that the term native citizen is synonymous with natural born citizen , though he does not define either term . In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution , A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States , about the natural - born - citizen clause he wrote `` It is not too much to say that no one , but a native citizen , ought ordinarily to be ( e ) ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people . '' This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . 1900s ( edit ) Alexander Porter Morse , the lawyer who represented Louisiana in Plessy v. Ferguson , considered this connection between native born and natural born to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President . In the Albany Law Journal , he wrote : If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible , it would only have been necessary to say , `` no person , except a native - born citizen '' ; but the framers thought it wise , in view of the probable influx of European immigration , to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth . It may be observed in passing that the current phrase `` native - born citizen '' is well understood ; but it is pleonasm and should be discarded ; and the correct designation , `` native citizen '' should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments , in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion . 2000s ( edit ) Black 's Law Dictionary ( 9th Edition ) defines `` Natural Born Citizen '' as `` A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government '' . Foreign soil and territories ( edit ) In 2000 , the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) , in one of its reports , wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural - born - citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens . This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the District of Columbia , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , are legally defined as `` natural born '' citizens and are , therefore , also eligible to be elected president . This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report , which stated : Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision , the common use and meaning of the phrase `` natural - born subject '' in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s , the clause 's apparent intent , the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the Naturalization Act of 1790 ( expressly defining the term `` natural born citizen '' to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens ) , as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta , it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' or `` by birth '' . The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report . The 2011 report stated : The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term `` natural born '' citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` by birth '' or `` at birth , '' either by being born `` in '' the United States and under its jurisdiction , even those born to alien parents ; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen - parents ; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' . Such term , however , would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth , and who was thus born an `` alien '' required to go through the legal process of `` naturalization '' to become a U.S. citizen . The 2016 report similarly stated : Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century , there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born outside of the country to U.S. citizens . From historical material and case law , it appears that the common understanding of the term `` natural born '' in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory ( jus soli ) , as well as the statutory laws adopted in England since at least 1350 , which included children born abroad to British fathers ( jus sanguinis , the law of descent ) . Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth . Gabriel J. Chin , Professor of Law at UC Davis School of Law , held the opinion that the term `` natural born '' is ambiguous and citizenship - granting authority has changed over the years . He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S. - citizen parents have not always been born citizens . For example , foreign - born children of persons who became citizens between April 14 , 1802 and 1854 were aliens . He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then - citizen before August 4 , 1937 , when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons , were born without American citizenship . Congress possesses the authority either to grant not only citizenship ( as is undisputed ) but the more specific status of a `` natural born '' citizen , with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to remove that status ( and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship ) , or to issue `` declarations '' regarding the meaning of preexisting law ( in this case , U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates ) and having binding authority , a claim likely to violate separation of powers given the Constitution 's provisions in Article III that `` ( t ) he judicial Power of the United States ( ) shall be vested in one supreme Court ( ) and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish '' ( Section 1 ) and that `` ( t ) he judicial power shall extend to all cases , in law and equity , arising under this Constitution , the laws of the United States , and treaties made , or which shall be made , under their authority '' ( Section 2 ) and the statute ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) ) -- which states only that `` any person ( fitting the above description ) is declared to be a citizen of the United States '' and neither expressly claims that its declaration ( whether a grant or an interpretation ) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect ( contrast the locution `` to have been a citizen of the United States ( from birth ) '' ) nor in any way mentions `` natural born '' status ( instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of `` citizen ( ship ) '' generally ) -- in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth , let alone status as a natural born citizen ( to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth ) . In 2009 , G. Edward `` Ted '' White , Professor of Law at the University of Virginia , stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil or anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents . Unlike Chin and White , Mary McManamon , Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law , has argued in the Catholic University Law Review that , aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , a natural born citizen must be born in the United States . She claims that common law provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities . Thus , with these two limited exceptions , she equates `` natural born '' with `` native born '' . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard Law School agrees with Professor McManamon that `` natural born '' means `` native born '' and therefore the wording of the Constitution `` does not permit his ( Ted Cruz 's ) candidacy , '' referring to a candidate who was born in Canada to one U.S. citizen parent . Professor Robert Clinton at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is also of the opinion that `` natural born citizen '' means `` born in the United States . '' University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner also concludes that `` natural born citizen '' means a `` person born in the ( United States ) '' . Former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals , Sol Wachtler , concludes the same . Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term `` shall be considered as natural born '' in the Naturalization Act of 1790 merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born . American soil ( edit ) There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil , except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , are natural born citizens , or jus soli , regardless of parental citizenship status . In a 2008 article published by the Michigan Law Review , Lawrence Solum , Professor of Law at the University of Illinois , stated that `` there is general agreement on the core of ( the ) meaning ( of the Presidential Eligibility Clause ) . Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . In April 2010 , Solum republished the same article as an online draft , in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent . In a footnote he explained , `` based on my reading of the historical sources , there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a ' natural born citizen ' . '' He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of jus soli as the `` conventional view '' . Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two - citizen - parents arguments were not `` crazy '' , he believes `` the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen . '' Ronald Rotunda , Professor of Law at Chapman University , has remarked `` There 's ( sic ) some people who say that both parents need to be citizens . That 's never been the law . '' Polly Price , Professor of Law at Emory University , has commented `` It 's a little confusing , but most scholars think it 's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S. '' Chin concurred with that assessment , stating , `` there is agreement that ' natural born citizens ' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment . '' Similarly , Eugene Volokh , Professor of Law at UCLA , found `` quite persuasive '' the reasoning employed by the Indiana Court of Appeals , which had concluded `` that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents '' . Daniel Tokaji , Professor of Law at Ohio State University , agrees the citizenship status of a U.S. - born candidate 's parents is irrelevant . Implied repeal of the natural - born citizen clause ( edit ) In a 2006 John Marshall Law Review article , Paul A. Clark argues that the Fifth Amendment should be read as implicitly repealing the requirement that the U.S. President needs to be a natural - born U.S. citizen . Clark points out that , starting from the 1954 case Bolling v. Sharpe , courts have held that the Fifth Amendment contains an implicit equal protection clause whose scope is identical to the Fourteenth Amendment 's equal protection clause and that federal discrimination against naturalized U.S. citizens ( or , more specifically , federal discrimination based on national origin ) would be struck down by the courts as being in violation of the Fifth Amendment . Since the requirement that the U.S. President needs to be a natural - born U.S. citizen is a form of discrimination based on national origin , Clark argues that the courts should strike down this requirement . So far , Clark 's argument in regards to this has not attracted wide support among the U.S. legal academy ( though Professor Josh Blackman asked a question about a similar topic in 2015 -- specifically about the Fourteenth Amendment nullifying the natural - born citizen clause ) . Eligibility challenges ( edit ) Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot . Alternatively , there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president - elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress . Some legal scholars assert that , even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts , and are not undertaken in Congress , there are other avenues for adjudication , such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States ; of the former group , all except one had two parents with citizenship in what would become the U.S. ( Andrew Jackson ) . Of those in the latter group , every president except two ( Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama ) had two U.S. - citizen parents . Further , four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S. - citizen parents not born on U.S. soil ( James Buchanan , Woodrow Wilson , Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump ) . Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S. - citizen parents . In addition , one U.S. vice president ( Al Gore ) was born in Washington , D.C. , and another ( Charles Curtis ) was born in the Kansas Territory . This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible , only that there was some controversy about their eligibility , which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility . 1800s ( edit ) Chester a Arthur ( edit ) Chester A. Arthur , who was sworn in as president when James A. Garfield died after being shot , was rumored to have been born in Canada . Chester A. Arthur was born in Vermont on October 5 , 1829 to a Vermont - born mother and a father from Ireland ( who later became a U.S. citizen , 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born ) . His mother , Malvina Stone Arthur , was a native of Berkshire , Vermont , who moved with her family to Quebec , where she met and married the future president 's father , William Arthur , on April 12 , 1821 . After the family had settled in Fairfield , Vermont , somewhere between 1822 and 1824 , William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge , Canada , in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach . `` It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages , both of which were close to the Canada -- US border , for about eighteen months , holding two jobs '' , which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur 's place of birth , as perhaps did the fact that he was born in Franklin County , and thus within a day 's walk of the Vermont -- Quebec border . Moreover , Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830 . No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents , although Arthur Hinman , an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur 's family history , raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and , after the end of his presidency , published a book on the subject . Christopher Schürmann ( edit ) Christopher Schürmann ( born in New York City ) entered the Labor primaries during the 1896 presidential election . His eligibility was questioned in a New York Tribune article , because he was born to parents of German nationality . It was stated that `` various Attorney - Generals ( sic ) of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents , who have not been naturalized , is , by the fact of birth , a native - born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such . '' But due to a lack of any statute on the subject , Schürmann 's eligibility was `` at best an open question , and one which should have made ( his ) nomination under any circumstances an impossibility '' , because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election . 1900s ( edit ) Charles Evans Hughes ( edit ) The eligibility of Charles Evans Hughes was questioned in an article written by Breckinridge Long , one of Woodrow Wilson 's campaign workers , and published on December 7 , 1916 in the Chicago Legal News -- a full month after the U.S. presidential election of 1916 , in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson . Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen ( in fact , both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens ) . Observing that Hughes , although born in the United States , was also ( according to British law ) a British subject and therefore `` enjoy ( ed ) a dual nationality and owe ( d ) a double allegiance '' , Long argued that a native born citizen was not natural born without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated : `` Now if , by any possible construction , a person at the instant of birth , and for any period of time thereafter , owes , or may owe , allegiance to any sovereign but the United States , he is not a ' natural - born ' citizen of the United States . '' Barry Goldwater ( edit ) Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix , in what was then the incorporated Arizona Territory of the United States . During his presidential campaign in 1964 , there was a minor controversy over Goldwater 's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state . George Romney ( edit ) George W. Romney , who ran for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1968 , was born in Mexico to U.S. parents . Romney 's grandfather , a member of the LDS Church , had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children , after the U.S. federal government outlawed polygamy . However Romney 's parents ( monogamous under new church doctrine ) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912 . Romney 's eligibility for President became moot when Richard Nixon was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate . Lowell Weicker ( edit ) Lowell P. Weicker entered the race for the Republican party nomination of 1980 but dropped out before voting in the primaries began ; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976 , to replace retiring Vice President Nelson Rockefeller under the Republican ticket of incumbent President Gerald Ford . However Senator Bob Dole from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee . He was born in Paris , France , to parents who were U.S. citizens . His father was an executive for E.R. Squibb & Sons and his mother was born in India , the daughter of a British general . 2000s ( edit ) John McCain ( edit ) John McCain was born in 1936 at Coco Solo , Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone . McCain 's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign , but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign . McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact - checking organizations , but in 2008 one was shown to Washington Post reporter Michael Dobbs , who wrote , `` ( A ) senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of ( McCain 's ) birth certificate issued by the ' family hospital ' in the Coco Solo submarine base . '' A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in Colón , Panama . Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography , Faith of My Fathers , McCain wrote that he was born `` in the Canal Zone '' at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo , which was under the command of his grandfather , John S. McCain Sr . `` The senator 's father , John S. McCain Jr. , was an executive officer on a submarine , also based in Coco Solo . His mother , Roberta McCain , has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son 's birth from the nearby officers ' club . The birth was announced days later in the English - language Panamanian American newspaper . '' The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time , but 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , which became law in 1937 , retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26 , 1904 , and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company ; 8 U.S.C. § 1403 was cited in Judge William Alsup 's 2008 ruling , described below . A March 2008 paper by former Solicitor General Ted Olson and Harvard Law Professor Laurence H. Tribe opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency . In April 2008 , the U.S. Senate approved a non-binding resolution recognizing McCain 's status as a natural - born citizen . In September 2008 , U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated obiter in his ruling that it is `` highly probable '' that McCain is a natural - born citizen from birth by virtue of 8 U.S.C. § 1401 , although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural - born citizen retroactively , by way of 8 U.S.C. § 1403 . These views have been criticized by Chin , who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court 's Insular Cases overruled the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth . The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Affairs Manual states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became U.S. nationals without citizenship . In Rogers v. Bellei , the Supreme Court ruled that children `` born abroad of American parents '' are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their natural - born status . Similarly , legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the natural born citizen clause that the question of McCain 's eligibility could not be answered with certainty , and that it would depend on the particular approach of `` constitutional construction '' . The urban legend fact checking website Snopes.com considers McCain 's eligibility `` undetermined '' . Arguments over McCain 's eligibility became moot after he lost the United States presidential election in 2008 . Barack Obama ( edit ) Main article : Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu , Hawaii ( which had become a U.S. state in 1959 ) . His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya . Before and after the 2008 presidential election , arguments were made that Obama was not a natural - born citizen . On June 12 , 2008 , the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents , including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility . The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii . The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii . Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff 's lack of standing ; however , several courts have given guidance on the question . In Ankeny v. Governor , a three - member Indiana Court of Appeals stated , Based upon the language of Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 and the guidance provided by Wong Kim Ark , we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . Administrative Law Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying , `` The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible , stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens , regardless of the citizenship of their parents ... This Court finds the decision and analysis of Ankeny persuasive . '' Federal District Judge John A. Gibney , Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of Tisdale v. Obama : The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a `` natural born citizen '' of the United States ... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens . See , e.g. United States v. Ark ( sic ) ... On October 31 , 2008 , Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying , I ... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama 's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures . On July 27 , 2009 , Fukino issued an additional statement : I ... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural - born American citizen . Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the 2012 Democratic primary election in several states failed . Ted Cruz ( edit ) Ted Cruz announced on March 22 , 2015 , that he was running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Cruz was born in Calgary , Canada . Cruz 's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba , but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005 . This gave Cruz dual Canadian - American citizenship , as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother 's citizenship , and Canada grants birthright citizenship to every person born in Canada . Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14 , 2014 . Former Solicitor General Paul Clement , former Acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal , University of California , Irvine School of Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky , Professor Chin ( see above ) , Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro , Professor Akhil Amar , Georgetown University Law Center Professor Randy Barnett , Yale Law School Professor Jack Balkin , and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency . Similarly , Bryan Garner , the editor of Black 's Law Dictionary , believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible , and Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor Jonathan H. Adler agrees that no court will rule against Cruz 's eligibility . Laurence Tribe of Harvard , however , described Cruz 's eligibility as `` murky and unsettled '' . Harvard Law Professor Cass Sunstein believes that Cruz is eligible , but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz 's eligibility is not `` an easy question '' . Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political - question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz . Mary McManamon ( see above ) writing in the Catholic University Law Review believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard , Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University , University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner , former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals Sol Wachtler , and Professor Victor Williams of Catholic University of America 's law school agree that Cruz is not eligible . Alan Grayson , a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida , does not believe Cruz is a natural - born citizen , and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee . Orly Taitz , Larry Klayman , and Mario Apuzzo , who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama 's eligibility , have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible . Cruz 's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents , including Donald Trump , Mike Huckabee , Rick Santorum , Carly Fiorina , and Rand Paul . Marco Rubio , however , believes Cruz is eligible . Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural - born citizen were unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas and Utah , and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois . In February , two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania and one was filed in Arkansas ; a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama ; similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana ; and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York . In March , a similar lawsuit was filed in New York . In April , a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey . No lawsuit or challenge has been successful , and in February 2016 , the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz 's favor , stating , `` The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth . '' The question of Cruz 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his campaign on May 3 , 2016 . Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal ( edit ) Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born ( albeit in the United States ) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births . The question of Jindal 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015 . Nonetheless , a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York challenged Jindal 's eligibility . A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural - born citizen was unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois . In February , a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas ; a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York ; and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana . The question of Rubio 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016 . Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause . In 2003 , Senator Orrin Hatch unsuccessfully put forth the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment , intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger . In October 2013 , the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger -- who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983 , also retaining Austrian citizenship -- was exploring a future run for the American presidency . He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . Cornell University law professor Michael C. Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , `` The law is very clear , but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process '' . Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Jus sanguinis United States nationality law United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker , St. George ( 1803 ) . `` St. George Tucker , Blackstone 's Commentaries 1 : App . 316 -- s25 , 328 -- 29 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Natural Born ' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away '' . NBC News . The emerging consensus of the legal experts , however , is that being ' natural born ' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth , as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization ... ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . In addition to historical and textual analysis , numerous holdings and references in federal ( and state ) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction ( i.e. , not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces ) , even to alien parents , are citizens ' at birth ' or ' by birth , ' and are ' natural born , ' as opposed to ' naturalized , ' U.S. citizens . There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one 's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President . ^ Jump up to : `` Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections : : 2012 : : New York Other Courts Decisions : : New York Case Law : : New York Law : : U.S. Law : : Justia '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pilon , Mary ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Immigrant Mother '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Tokaji , Daniel ( 2008 ) . `` The Justiciability of Eligibility : May Courts Decide Who Can Be President ? '' . Michigan Law Review , First Impressions. 107 : 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Charles ( 1968 ) . `` Who can be President of the United States : The Unresolved Enigma '' . Maryland Law Review . Baltimore Maryland : Maryland Law Review , Inc . University of Maryland School of Law . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Curtis A. ; Siegel , Neil ( April 2015 ) . `` CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT '' . Duke Law Journal . 64 ( 7 ) : 1243 ( footnote 130 ) . Jump up ^ A Duke Law Journal article has noted , `` Because of the placement of the commas , this clause , if read literally , suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president . For purposive and consequentialist reasons , however , the clause never has been read that way . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators Jump up ^ Coke , Edward ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` The reports of Sir Edward Coke , knt. ( 1572 - 1617 ). In thirteen parts . A new ed. , with additional notes and references , and with abstracts of the principal points : '' . London : . Jump up ^ Great Britain , Statutes of the Realm , Vol. 9 , p. 63 ( London , Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822 , reprinted 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Piggott , Francis . Nationality and Naturalization , pp. 48 - 50 ( W. Clowes and Sons , 1907 ) . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary . `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood '' , Catholic University Law Review , v. 64 , no . 2 ( 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 363 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ Biglieri , Ezio ; Prati , G. ( 2014 ) . Enclyclopedia of Public International Law . Elsevier . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 9477 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act , 1730 '' . United Settlement . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth . `` Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States '' , Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy , Vol. 8 , p. 67 n . 59 ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blackstone , William . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 354 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie . `` Yes , Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada . So What ? '' , NBC News ( March 26 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Blackstone , William . `` Commentaries on the Laws of England '' , Vol. 1 , p. 373 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press , 7th ed. 1775 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , pp. 74 , 161 - 62 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1784 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , p. 134 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1785 ) . Jump up ^ 7 Coke Report 1a , 77 ER 377 ( 1608 ) , Opinion of Edward Coke . Jump up ^ Edwards , F.B. `` Natural - Born British Subjects at Common Law '' , Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation , Vol. 14 , p. 318 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ Maskell , Jack . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' , CRS Report for Congress , pp. 31 - 32 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Samuel . A Dictionary Of The English Language : In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals , And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers , To Which Are Prefixed , A History of the Language , And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes , Volume 2 , pp. 180 -- 181 ( Knapton , 1756 ) . Jump up ^ Speare , Morris . `` Lafayette , Citizen of America '' , New York Times ( September 7 , 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Riley , Elihu . `` The Ancient City '' : A History of Annapolis , in Maryland , 1649 - 1887 , p. 198 ( Record Printing Office 1887 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Thomas . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' natural born Citizen ' ? Not if you 're a constitutional originalist '' , Los Angeles Times ( January 10 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Jill A . `` The Natural - Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility : An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' . 97 Yale Law Journal 881 , 889 ( 1988 ) http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf Archived June 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Madison Debates - June 18 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Jump up ^ 3 M. Farrand , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 619 . Jump up ^ 3 Farrand , at 629 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Digital Library Collections '' . wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu . Jump up ^ Heard , Alexander ; Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection , Duke University Press . p. 123 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ( the word born is underlined in the quoted letter ) Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , pp. 462 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Other Democratic Candidate '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf , Martin ( December 2 , 2004 ) . `` Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold ? '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` President Kissinger ? '' . Time . March 4 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Commentaries , Vol. II , Ch. 10 , 1803 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . `` Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate '' . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Vol 3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( March -- April 2004 ) . `` NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution wo n't let immigrants run for president , and why that should change '' . Legal Affairs . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . rs6.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 37.2 ( 1862 ) , p. 1639 . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 39.1 ( 1866 ) p. 1291 . Stated again during a House debate in 1872 ; cf . Congressional Globe 42.2 ( 1872 ) , p. 2791 . Jump up ^ 10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty. Gen. ( pages ) 382 -- 413 , and separately as Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship ( 1863 , Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office ) 27 pages . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents '' , 10 Op . US Atty - Gen. 328 . Jump up ^ Letter from Marcy to Mason , June 6 , 1854 , quoted from the manuscript , reprinted ( with the emphasis shown ) in John Bassett Moore , A Digest of International Law ( of the United States ) , vol. 3 , sec. 373 , pp. 276 -- 277 ( US House of Representatives , 56th Congress , 2d Session , Document no . 551 ; Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office , 1906 ) . Jump up ^ His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion , in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States ( US House of Representatives , 44th Congress , 1st Session , December 6 , 1875 ) Exec . Doct. 1 , part 1 , page 563 . Jump up ^ Steinkauler 's Case , 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys - General 15 at 17 -- 18 ( June 26 , 1875 ) . Jump up ^ van Dyne , Frederick , Citizenship of the United States ( 1904 , Rochester , NY , Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co . ) pp. 3 -- 12 . With regard to the last sentence in the quotation , van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions , none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship , but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens . Jump up ^ NY Chanc. Ct. , November 5 , 1844 ; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583 , 3 NY Leg. Obs. 236 , 7 NY Ch . Ann . 443 , 1844 WL 4804 , 1844 N.Y. Misc . LEXIS 1 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sandf . at 656 , Leg. Obs . at 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Sandf . at 663 , Leg. Obs . at 250 Jump up ^ `` The Federal reporter : with key - number annotations ... Permanent ed ... v. 21 '' . HathiTrust . Jump up ^ Fed at 909 , Sawyer at 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) 169 U.S. 649 , 42 L. Ed . 890 , 18 S. Ct. 456 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Similarly , in a 1999 Circuit Court decision , the U.S. - born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as `` natural born citizens '' . Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice ( 6th Cir. 1999 ) 179 F. 3d 1017 at 1019 . ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins v. Elg ( 1939 ) 307 U.S. 325 at 329 , 83 L. Ed . 1320 at 1324 , 59 S. Ct. 884 at 888 . ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Perkins v. Elg ( D.C. Cir. 1938 ) 69 U.S. App. D.C. 175 , 99 F. 2d 408 '' . ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the `` Natural Born '' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement `` . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` Zimmer v Acheson , 191 F. 2d 209 ( 10th Cir. 1951 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Montana v. Kennedy , 366 U.S. 308 ( 1961 ) '' . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Nolos v. Holder ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) 611 F. 3d 279 , 62 ALR - Fed. 2d 777 , ( 5 ) ; also Sean Morrison , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals , 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 ( fall 2013 ) ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Philadelphia , Carey & Lea . pp. + its + territories + and + districts , + whether + the + parents + are + citizens + or + aliens , + is + a + natural + born + citizen + in + the + sense + of + the + Constitution , + and + entitled + to + all + the + rights + and + privileges + appertaining + to + that + capacity + A + View + of + the + Constitution + of + the + United + States + of + America&hl = en&sa = X&ei = KcxFT7XUH_HUiAKy_Jn5CA&ved = 0CDgQ6AEwAQ # v = onepage&q&f = false 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1144771858 . Jump up ^ James F. Wilson in : Congressional Globe , House of Representatives , 39th Congress , 1st Session , Washington 1866 , p. 1117 . Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. 393 , 476 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Book 1 , § 212 Jump up ^ United States v. Wong Kim Ark , 169 U.S. 649 , 708 ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1840 ) . A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States : containing a brief commentary on every clause , explaining the true nature , reasons , and objects thereof : designed for the use of school libraries and general readers : with an appendix , containing important public documents , illustrative of the Constitution . Marsh , Capen , Lyon and Webb . pp. 167 § 269 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1834 ) . The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . Hilliard , Gray & Company . pp. 115 § 190 . Jump up ^ Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) . Jump up ^ A.P. Morse , `` Natural - Born Citizen of the United States : Eligibility for the Office of President '' , Albany Law Journal , vol. 66 ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . April 17 , 2000 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility - United States Nationality Law - United States Constitution '' . Scribd . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` A Citizen , but ' Natural Born ' ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' Archived April 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 1 Jump up ^ White , G. Edward ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Re-examining the Constitution 's Presidential Eligibility Clause '' . University of Virginia School of Law . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary ( 2015 ) , `` The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood '' , 64 Catholic University Law Review 317 Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor : Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Opinion : Cruz not really ' natural born citizen ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not A ' Natural Born ' Citizen '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Wachtler , Sol ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Vlahoplus , John ( April 5 , 2017 ) . On the Meaning of `` Considered as Natural Born '' . Wake Forest L. Rev. Online . Jump up ^ Solum , Lawrence B. ( 2008 ) , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 22 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , revised draft version , April 18 , 2010 ( SSRN ) , p. 1 , n . 3 . However , other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents ; cf . i.a. pp. 3 , 9 , 11 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz 's Overtures '' . OC Weekly . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Who 's really eligible to be president ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That ' Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom , President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President ' '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana , 916 NE 2d 678 ( Ind . Ct. of Appeals November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Rathgeber , Bob ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Now , ' birthers ' have eye on Marco Rubio '' . News - Press . ^ Jump up to : https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1287&context=lawreview Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ `` You are being redirected '' . Joshblackman.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : E.g. see Robinson v. Bowen , 567 F. Supp . 2d 1144 ( N.D. Cal. 2008 ) ; Hollander v. McCain , 2008 WL 2853250 ( D.N.H. 2008 ) ; Berg v. Obama , 08 - 04083 ( E.D. Pa. 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See 3 U.S.C. ch. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Hulse ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter . `` McCain 's Citizenship and Constitutional Method '' Archived October 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Michigan Law Review , Volume 107 , p. 208 ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Can Be President ? '' , Voice of America News ( July 29 , 2008 ) . Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. `` The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur 's Birthplace '' , Vermont History 38 , Montpelier : Vermont Historical Society , p. 295 Jump up ^ DeGregorio , William A . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Random House : 1993 , pp. 307 -- 08 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 08244 - 6 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves , Gentleman Boss . The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur ( Newtown 1991 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Arthur P. ( 1884 ) . How a British Subject became President of the United States . Jump up ^ `` Is Mr. Schürmann eligible ? '' , New York Tribune , October 2 , 1896 , in : Anonymous ( ed . ) , The Presidential Campaign of 1896 . A Scrap - Book Chronicle , New York 1925 : Funk & Wagnalls , p. 130 sq . ( Note : The year of publication is given as 1888 , though the election was eight years later . However , the author 's introduction is dated 1925 . ) Jump up ^ Breckinridge Long ( 1916 ) , `` Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a ' Natural Born Citizen ' within the Meaning of the Constitution ? '' , Chicago Legal News vol. 49 , pp. 146 -- 148 ( December 7 , 1916 ) . It does not appear that this issue was raised before the election day , which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes 's eligibility . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( 2009 ) . The Citizen 's Constitution : An Annotated Guide . ( Basic Books ) . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Heard , Alexander and Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection . ( Duke University Press ) p. 127 . Jump up ^ Ken Rudin ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Citizen McCain 's Panama Problem ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( August 14 , 1976 ) . `` Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position '' , Nashua Telegraph . United Press International . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen . Archived September 5 , 2012 , at Archive.is , U.S. Senate , April 30 , 2008 , OpenCongress . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` John McCain Biography '' , Biography.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs , Michael ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` John McCain 's Birthplace '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parish , Matt ( 2010 ) , `` How Old Is John McCain ? '' , Politics Daily , AOL . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Profile : John McCain '' . Online NewsHour . PBS . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kevin ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` McCain : A profile in courage and adaptation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Hollander v. McCain et al , Justia Dockets & Filings Jump up ^ Dr. Conspiracy ( April 24 , 2010 ) , `` John McCain 's fake birth certificate '' , Obama Conspiracy Theories . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( May 2 , 2008 ) , `` McCain 's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned '' , The Washington Post Jump up ^ Article II of Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama states : `` ... the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities , which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described , shall not be included within this grant '' . Jump up ^ A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference : Bakenhus , Reuben Edwin ; Knapp , Harry Shepard ; Johnson , Emory Richard ( 1915 ) . The Panama Canal : Comprising Its History and Construction , and Its Relation to the Navy , International Law and Commerce . J. Wiley & sons , Incorporated . p. 192 . Jump up ^ This map clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone . Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island . ( Source : http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/ ) Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 8 FAM 301.1 Acquisition by Birth in the United States '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . 8 FAM 301.1 - 3 ( c ) ( 1 ) : `` Despite widespread popular belief , U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment . A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth . '' Jump up ^ `` Lawyers Conclude McCain Is `` Natural Born '' , CBS News , Associated Press , March 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen ; sponsors : Sen. Claire McCaskill , Sen. Barack Obama et al. ; page S2951 notes Chairman Patrick Leahy as agreeing to Secretary Michael Chertoff 's `` assumption and understanding '' that a citizen is a natural - born citizen , if he or she was `` born of American parents '' . Jump up ^ Cf . William Alsup , Robinson v. Bowen : Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action , September 16 , 2008 , p. 2 ; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural - born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. § 1401c or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) . ( See also : `` Judge says McCain is a ' natural - born citizen ' '' . Associated Press . September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . , and `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ) Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , Michigan Law Review First Impressions , Vol. 107 , No. 1 , ( Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08 - 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 8 FAM 302.7 Acquisition by Birth in The Panama Canal Zone '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815 , 828 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , Michigan Law Review : First Impressions 107 , September 2008 Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Is John McCain a natural - born citizen ? '' Snopes.com , July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Kenyan Citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British nationality by virtue of citizenship '' . British Nationality Act 1948 . Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK and Colonies '' . Home Office . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About Barack 's Birth Certificate ( archived web cache ) '' . Fight the Smears ( Obama for America ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . ( Retrieved March 9 , 2011 ) , quoting in excerpts from : `` Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org ( Annenberg Foundation ) . August 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . ; see also : `` Obama hits back at Internet slanders '' . Agence France - Presse . June 12 , 2008 . ; in a written oath to the State of Arizona , Obama further stated that he is a natural - born citizen ( cf . Candidate Nomination Paper , State of Arizona , November 30 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells ( SCOTUS 08A407 ) and Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz ( SCOTUS 08A469 ) Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( Ind. App. , 12 NOV 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Farrar v. Obama ( Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Tisdale v. Obama ( United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino , Department of Health , October 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hawaii reasserts Obama ' natural - born ' citizen '' , MSNBC , July 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hanna , Maddie ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' bid to derail Obama blocked '' . Concord Monitor . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Velasco , Eric ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge '' . Alabama : al.com . Jump up ^ Allen v. Obama ( Arizona Superior Court , Pima County February 24 , 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama 's Eligibility and Qualifications Archived February 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , ( February 7 , 2012 ) , Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Haberman , Maggie ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters ' Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz , Rafael Edward ( Ted ) , ( 1970 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . ^ Jump up to : Chin , Gabriel ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Opinion : Ted Cruz can be president , probably '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ted Cruz says he 's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` No , Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Legal experts : Cruz 's Canadian birth wo n't keep him out of the Oval Office '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Neal Katyal ; Paul Clement ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` On the Meaning of ' Natural Born Citizen ' '' . Harvard Law Review . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky , Erwin ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' Natural Born Citizen ' ? '' . Opinio Juris . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Randy ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a `` natural born citizen '' `` . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Memorandum : Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yes , Ted Cruz is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Harvard scholar : Ted Cruz 's citizenship , eligibility for president ' unsettled ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Is Cruz ' Natural Born ' ? Well ... Maybe '' . Bloomberg View . Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president : A Harvard law professor close - reads the Constitution '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is n't a ' Natural Born ' Citizen : According to the Constitution , because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States , he is not eligible to run for president '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz 's eligibility '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Grayson : I 'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He 's The Nominee '' . FOX News . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Steven ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Inherits ' Birthers ' With Presidential Bid '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Birther 2.0 : Can Ted Cruz Run For President ? ' He 's Even Worse Than Obama , ' Citizenship Skeptic Says '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Cruz clash over eligibility , ' New York values ' at GOP debate '' . Fox News . January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz 's eligibility '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Brody , Ben ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Mielke , Brad ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot '' . ABC News . ^ Jump up to : Tuohy , Dan ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` BLC upholds Sanders , Trump on primary ballots '' . Union Leader . ^ Jump up to : Blaisdell , Eric ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot '' . Rutland Herald . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Calkins , Laurel Brubaker ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's ' Natural - Born Citizen ' Status Tested in Birther Suit '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Banks , Gabrielle ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ben Winslow and Max Roth ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he 's not a natural - born citizen '' . KSTU . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz 's presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Kopan , Tal ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois '' . WBGZ . ^ Jump up to : Farias , Cristian ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is A ' Natural Born Citizen , ' Board Of Election Finds '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Case against Ted Cruz 's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fiona ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Delano , Jon ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Pa . Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz 's Right To Run In State 's Republican Primary '' . KDKA - TV . Jump up ^ `` Kasich , Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania '' . WPXI . Associated Press . February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz 's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court '' . WHTM - TV . Associated Press . March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Passarella , Gina ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Appeal of Cruz 's Ballot Eligibility Fast - Tracked '' . The Legal Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz 's eligibility to be president '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Lanning , Curt ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lawsuit : Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark . Ballot '' . KARK - TV . ^ Jump up to : Manley , Marci ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz , Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election '' . KARK - TV . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama residents ' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president '' . The Birmingham News . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tony ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana '' . The Indianapolis Star . ^ Jump up to : `` Cruz , Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots '' . Indianapolis Business Journal . Associated Press . February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Barbara ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada '' . Daily News ( New York ) . ^ Jump up to : Seiler , Casey ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` State BOE receives flurry of ' natural - born ' objections to Rubio , Cruz '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Seiler , Casey ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Challenge to Cruz 's ' natural born ' status dismissed due to blown deadlines '' . Times Union . ^ Jump up to : Pinciaro , Joseph ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man '' . Suffolk Times . Jump up ^ Terkel , Amanda ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Merda , Chad ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois election board : Ted Cruz is a natural - born citizen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth , '' the board said . It pointed out that Cruz `` did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth '' and therefore `` further discussion on this issue is unnecessary . Jump up ^ Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Emily ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Arnold lobbies for White House run '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Schwarzenegger denies he 's aiming for president '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) John Yinger , Essay on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of natural born citizen . Jill A. Pryor , `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause ; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 97 , 1988 , pp. 881 -- 899 . Sarah P. Herlihy , `` Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement : Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle '' , Chicago - Kent Law Review , Vol. 81 , 2006 , pp. 275 -- 300 . Lawrence Friedman , `` An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History , Uncertain Effect , and Need for Amendment of the ' Natural Born Citizen ' Requirement for the Presidency '' , St. Louis Univ . Law Journal , Vol. 52 , 2007 , pp. 137 -- 150 . U.S. Constitution Online , Constitutional Topic : Citizenship . Presidential Eligibility Constitution Society <Th_colspan="2"> United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&oldid=866215062 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution United States nationality law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Magyar Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Natural-born citizen clause
2. Eligibility requirements for President or Vice President
3. Interpretations of natural-born citizen
4. Constitutional provisions on citizenship
5. History and rationale of the natural-born citizen clause
|
8,489,585,023,497,894,000 |
what type of document is the bill of rights
|
Bill of rights - wikipedia Bill of rights Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the concept . For the English law , see Bill of Rights 1689 . For the United States constitutional amendments , see United States Bill of Rights . `` Charter of rights '' redirects here . For the Canadian constitutional charter , see Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights . Draft of the United States Bill of Rights , also from 1789 A bill of rights , sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights , is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country . The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens . The term `` bill of rights '' originates from England , where it refers to the Bill of Rights 1689 enacted by Parliament following the Glorious Revolution , asserting the supremacy of Parliament over the monarch , and listing a number of fundamental rights and liberties . Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched . An entrenched bill of rights can not be modified or repealed by a country 's legislature through normal procedure , instead requiring a supermajority or referendum ; often it is part of a country 's constitution and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments . A not entrenched bill of rights is a normal statute law and as such can be modified or repealed by the legislature at will . In practice , not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of bills of rights 1.1 General 1.2 Specifically targeted documents 2 Exceptions in Western democracies 3 See also 4 References List of bills of rights ( edit ) The Bill of Rights 1689 is an Act of the Parliament of England asserting certain rights General ( edit ) Magna Carta ( 1215 ; England ) rights for barons Great Charter of Ireland ( 1216 ; Ireland ) rights for barons Golden Bull of 1222 ( 1222 ; Hungary ) rights for nobles Statute of Kalisz ( 1264 ; Kingdom of Poland ) Jewish residents ' rights Charter of Kortenberg ( 1312 ; Belgium ) rights for all citizens `` rich and poor '' Dušan 's Code ( 1349 ; Serbia ) Twelve Articles ( 1525 ; Germany ) Pacta conventa ( 1573 ; Poland ) Henrician Articles ( 1573 ; Poland ) Petition of Right ( 1628 ; England ) Bill of Rights 1689 ( England ) and Claim of Right Act 1689 ( Scotland ) This applied to all British Colonies of the time , and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931 Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution ( July 1776 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ; France ) Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution ( completed in 1789 , ratified in 1791 ) Declaration of the Rights of the People ( 1811 ; Venezuela ) Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut ( 1818 ) Constitution of Greece ( 1822 ; Epidaurus ) Hatt - ı Hümayun ( 1856 ; Ottoman Empire ) Article I of the Constitution of Texas ( 1875 ) Basic rights and liberties in Finland ( 1919 ) Articles 13 - 28 of the Constitution of Italy ( 1947 ) Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 , United Nations ) Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People 's Republic of China ( 1949 ) European Convention on Human Rights ( 1950 ) Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens ( 1950 ) Implied Bill of Rights ( a theory in Canadian constitutional law ) Canadian Bill of Rights ( 1960 ) International Bill of Human Rights ( 1976 ) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( 1982 ) Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines ( 1987 ) Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil ( 1988 ) New Zealand Bill of Rights Act ( 1990 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic ( 1991 ) Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance ( 1991 ) Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa ( entitled `` Bill of Rights '' ) ( 1996 ) Human Rights Act 1998 ( United Kingdom ) Human Rights Act 2004 ( Australian Capital Territory ) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2005 ) Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities ( 2006 ; Australian state of Victoria ) Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe ( 2013 ) Specifically targeted documents ( edit ) Consumer Bill of Rights Homeless Bill of Rights Taxpayer Bill of Rights Academic Bill of Rights , Veterans ' Bill of Rights G.I. Bill of Rights , better known as the G.I. Bill Homosexual Bill of Rights , drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations Library Bill of Rights , published by the American Library Association Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21 Gamer 's Bill of Rights , for video gamers Creator 's Bill of Rights , comic writers and artists Donor 's Bill of Rights , for philanthropic donors Law Enforcement Officers ' Bill of Rights California Voter Bill of Rights , adaptation of the Voting Rights Act Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act Credit Cardholders ' Bill of Rights , contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009 Passengers ' Bill of Rights Clone Bill of Rights , promoted by Randy Wicker 's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning Exceptions in western democracies ( edit ) Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens , although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia 's states . In 1973 , Federal Attorney - General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament , although it was never passed . In 1984 , Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights , but it was never introduced into parliament , and in 1985 , Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights , which was passed by the House of Representatives , but failed to pass the Senate . Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians ( populist politics ) to unelected ( constitutional ) judges and bureaucrats . Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act . However , the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system , seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights , unless legislation expressly intends to interfere . See also ( edit ) Proposed British Bill of Rights Inalienable rights International human rights instruments Natural rights Rule of law Second Bill of Rights References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania - 1776 '' . Duquesne University . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Deb ( 21 September 2010 ) . `` Does Australia need a bill of rights ? '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Howard opposes Bill of Rights '' . PerthNow . The Sunday Times . 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Howard , John ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . `` 2009 Menzies Lecture by John Howard ( full text ) '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 2004 ( ACT ) AustLII Jump up ^ Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2008 ( Vic ) AustLII Jump up ^ Potter v Minahan ( 1908 ) HCA 63 AustLII Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bills of rights . Law portal Politics portal Liberalism portal Human rights portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_rights&oldid=815801560 '' Categories : Constitutional law Rights National human rights instruments Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Kurdî မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Shqip Српски / srpski Tagalog ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Bill of Rights
2. Protection of rights
3. Constitutional amendments
4. Human rights
5. Entrenched vs. unentrenched bills of rights
|
-2,898,653,874,844,760,000 |
who wrote whitney houston i will always love you lyrics
|
I Will Always Love You - wikipedia I Will Always Love You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dolly Parton song also recorded by Whitney Houston . For other uses , see I Will Always Love You ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1982 re-release picture sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Dolly Parton <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Jolene B - side `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' ( 1974 version ) `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 version ) Released June 6 , 1974 ( 1974 - 06 - 06 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded June 13 , 1973 Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson <Th_colspan="2"> Dolly Parton 1970s singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Dolly Parton 1980s singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 ) `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career . Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 2 Beyoncé 2.12. 3 Jessica Sanchez 2.12. 4 Edyta Górniak 2.12. 5 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album Something Special , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' <Td_colspan="2"> US CD single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Whitney Houston <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' ( all singles ) `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ( 12 - inch & CD singles ) Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Pop Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster <Th_colspan="2"> Whitney Houston singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) -- 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,591,000 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston , who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry . The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington , D.C. and aired on February 1 , 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Jessica Sanchez ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , on the eleventh season of American Idol , during the Top 13 week , Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song . She received a standing ovation for her performance . She performed the song again on the season finale , where she would finish as the eventual runner - up . Edyta Górniak ( edit ) During the festival TOP trends in 2012 , Edyta Górniak performed `` I Will Always Love You '' as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26 . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 1997 Kenny Rogers recorded a version of the song on his best selling tv - advertised collection of love songs , via QVC . Previous to this ; in 1983 , Rogers released an album called Eyes That See In The Dark which features a song called `` I Will Always Love You '' but this is a different song of the same name . The album also featured Islands In The Stream , a hit duet between Rogers & Parton . In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . Dolly Parton . RCA Records . 1974 . GB 10505 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Will Always Love You by Dolly Parton Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton remembers writing ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Is ' I Will Always Love You ' the Most Enduring Hit of the Rock Era ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Whitney Houston 's Musical Legacy , By The Numbers '' . MTV ( MTV Networks ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' I Will Always Love You ' the Most Enduring Hit of the Rock Era ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Oldes 2007 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Cramer 2009 , p. 1084 Jump up ^ `` The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Part I Will Always Love You -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Music Notes . Hal Leonard Corporation . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cardwell 2011 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Dean 2003 , p. 477 ^ Jump up to : Overall Popularity Top . `` Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Music History -- June 8th '' . kool.cbslocal.com . CBS Radio . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Backstory of Dolly Parton 's ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . wideopencountry.com . WOS Inc . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knight 2008 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Simpson 2003 , p. 241 ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2006 ) . Australian Chart Book : 1993 -- 2005 . Australian Chart Book . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 45889 - 2 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com -- Transcripts '' . CNN . 2003 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ DeCurtis , Anthony ; Watson , Albert ( 1993 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Down & Dirty '' . Rolling Stone . From copy posted at `` Interview : Rolling Stone 1993 '' . classicwhitney.com. 1993 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton : ' Whitney , I Will Always Love You ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : How Dolly Parton Song Landed on The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' . CMT News . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Things You Did n't Know About ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brown , Helen ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston and Dolly Parton : why ' I Will Always Love You ' is Whitney 's ultimate song '' . Telegraph . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rocklist.net NME Greatest Singles Lists '' . Rocklistmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Greatest Music in the Movies '' ( PDF ) . Afi.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Full list : Britain 's favourite 100 songs '' . The Guardian . London . 2002 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Andy Kellman ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Live : Her Greatest Performances -- Whitney Houston Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart listing for the week of November 28 , 1992 . Billboard . November 28 , 1992 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Bronson ( November 19 , 1994 ) . Chart Beat : Another Lucky 13 For Boyz II Men . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart listing for the week of December 19 , 1992 '' . Billboard . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart listing for the week of December 5 , 1992 '' . Billboard . December 5 , 1992 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson ( May 7 , 1994 ) . Chart Beat -- Ace Is Back On Top ; Aaliyah Goes ' Forth ' . Billboard . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` R. Kelly 's `` Bump N ' Grind '' tops Billboard 's Hot R&B Singles chart next week . '' Cincinnati Post . May 6 , 1994 . Page 6c . Jump up ^ `` Information Not Found '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Archive -- 1990s Singles '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1992 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1993 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Number Ones in 1993 '' . take40.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Austrian Singels Chart '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Belgian VRT Top 30 chart '' . top30-2.radio2.be . February 27 , 1992 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on French Singles Chart '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` German Media Control Top 100 Singles Chart for the week of January 25 , 1993 '' . Media Control Charts . January 25 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Irish Singles Chart '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Italian Singles Chart '' . hitparadeitalia.it . December 5 , 1992 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Dutch Singles Chart '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Will Always Love You '' on New Zealand 's Singles Chart `` . charts.org.nz . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Norwegian Singles Chart '' . norwegiancharts.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Swedish Singles Chart '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on Swiss Singles Chart '' . hitparade.ch . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Will Always Love You ' on UK Singles Chart '' . The Official Charts Company . December 5 , 1992 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson ( February 6 , 1993 ) . Chart Beat : ' Aladdin ' Soundtrack Works Chart Magic . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Hit Singles of 1992 in U.K '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna achieves chart landmark '' . BBC News . July 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' Back in Top 10 After 20 Years ; Madonna Extends Her Lead in Most Top 10 's `` . Vintage Vinyl News . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Adele 's ' 21 ' Hits 20th Week at No. 1 , Van Halen Debuts at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston songs race up music charts '' . Reuters . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Theda Sandiford - Waller ( October 11 , 1997 ) . Hot 100 Singles Spotlight . Billboard . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA certification for ' I Will Always Love You ' single '' . The Recording Industry Association of America . January 12 , 1993 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RIAA Certs Show Power Of ' Titanic ' . Billboard. April 11 , 1998 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Grein , Paul ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Whitney 's 50th Birthday '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BPI certification for ' I Will Always Love You ' single ( searchable database ) '' . January 1 , 1993 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniel Lane ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` The UK 's Best Selling Singles '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Okamoto , Satoshi ( 2006 ) . Oricon Singles Chart Book : Complete Edition 1968 -- 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 076 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oricon All - Time Best - selling Single CDs by foreign artists '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden ( December 20 , 1992 ) . `` Record Brief : The Bodyguard Original Soundtrack Album '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James T. Jones IV ( November 17 , 1992 ) . `` Houston heroic on ' Bodyguard ' album '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Willman ( November 22 , 1992 ) . `` Record Rock : Whitney Houston and Others ; `` The Bodyguard '' original soundtrack `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amy Linden ( December 4 , 1992 ) . `` Music Review : The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mason , Stewart . `` I Will Always Love You -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve McClure ( March 26 , 1994 ) . Wands Takes Top Honors at Japan Gold Disc Awards . Billboard . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Couch , Rod ( 2015 ) . The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 ( First ed . ) . Create Space . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 9781515007715 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards , Past Winners 1993 '' . Peopleschoice.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Winners '' . Don Cornelius Productions , Inc . March 9 , 1993 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan Gold Disc Awards Winners List '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . The Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . TV.com . July 13 , 1993 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : The Year in Music 1993 , Special Double Issue ( YE1 - YE60 ) '' . Billboard . December 25 , 1993 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Chris Willman ( December 10 , 1993 ) . `` Pop Music Review : Houston Tops Off Record Night With Show 's Highlight '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney Houston , Eight American Music Awards Make Her Top Female Winner ( p56 - 59 ) . Jet . February 28 , 1994 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Award Winners Searchable Database '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . March 1 , 1994 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ J.R. Reynolds ( March 26 , 1994 ) . The Rhythm and the Blues : 8th Soul Train Awards Are Aglow With Stellar Performances , Star Appearances . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Train Music Awards History '' . Don Cornelius Productions , Inc . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Whitney Houston 's Greatest Videos '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( UK 12 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista. 1992 . 74321 12065 1 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( Europe 12 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Europe : Arista Records . 1992 . 74321 12065 1 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( UK 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista Records . 1992 . 74321 12065 7 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( Europe 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Europe : Arista Records . 1992 . 74321 12065 7 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( US 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United States : Arista Records . 1992 . 07822 - 12490 - 7 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( US Maxi - CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United States : Arista Records . 1992 . 07822 - 12503 - 2 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( Europe Maxi - CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Europe : Arista Records , BMG Eurodisc. 1992 . 74321 12065 2 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM Top 100 Singles Chart listing for the week of December 19 , 1992 '' . RPM . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 . Billboard . February 6 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 161 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Highest position and charting weeks of ' I Will Always Love You ' by Whitney Houston '' . oricon.co.jp . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Search results of the Japanese Oricon Weekly Singles Chart -- 1st week of February 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hits of the World : Spanish Singles Chart . Billboard . March 13 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' . Billboard. 1996 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : I Will Always Love You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` > > IRMA < < Irish Charts -- Singles , Albums & Compilations > > '' . Irma.ie. 2014 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz. 2012 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Classifiche '' . Fimi.it . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- March 3 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 02 - 25 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2012 - 02 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Whitney Houston tracks on course to re-enter Official Singles Chart '' . UK Single Chart . February 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry 's ' Part of Me ' Debuts Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The best selling single of 1992 in Italy '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles Year - End Chart of 1993 '' . austriancharts. a . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1993 '' . Hung Medien . Ultratop . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks listing for the week of December 18 , 1993 '' . December 18 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 58 ( 23 ) . December 18 , 1993 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 54 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Year - end Singles Chart of 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1993 '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts of 1993 : Singles '' . swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 : Year - End USA Charts ( Singles ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ( archived by Top40-Charts.com ) Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Adult Contemporary Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top R&B Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Promuiscae.es . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Decenniumlijst : 90 's '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Top 10 Remakes & The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs & Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1993 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Accreditations ( 1987 -- 2010 ) '' . Australian Fun Countdowns . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Whitney Houston in the field Interpret . Enter I Will Always Love You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' `` . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード 協会 調べ 1 月度 有料 音楽 配信 認定 < 略称 : 1 月度 認定 > ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's ' I Will Always Love You ' : Behind The Song '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Grammy Ratings Up Thanks To Adele , Whitney Houston Tribute '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell Singing Whitney Houston at USC Graduation Is Exactly What We Need Right Now '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 590 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Country Music 's Epic Mash - Up ! Plus : Hear Blake , Carrie , Miranda and 36 Other Stars Sing ' Forever Country ' '' . People . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature <Th_colspan="2"> Dolly Parton <Td_colspan="2"> Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical <Th_colspan="2"> Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Vince Gill <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) <Th_colspan="2"> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=818341652 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Dolly Parton's original version of "I Will Always Love You"
2. Whitney Houston's cover version of "I Will Always Love You"
3. Success and chart performance of the song
4. Background and composition of the song
5. Controversy and rumors surrounding the song
|
2,709,431,822,119,510,500 |
what are the conditions for a matrix to be invertible
|
Invertible matrix - wikipedia Invertible matrix This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In linear algebra , an n - by - n square matrix A is called invertible ( also nonsingular or nondegenerate ) if there exists an n - by - n square matrix B such that A B = B A = I n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( AB ) = \ mathbf ( BA ) = \ mathbf ( I ) _ ( n ) \ ) where I denotes the n - by - n identity matrix and the multiplication used is ordinary matrix multiplication . If this is the case , then the matrix B is uniquely determined by A and is called the inverse of A , denoted by A . A square matrix that is not invertible is called singular or degenerate . A square matrix is singular if and only if its determinant is 0 . Singular matrices are rare in the sense that a square matrix randomly selected from a continuous uniform distribution on its entries will almost never be singular . Non-square matrices ( m - by - n matrices for which m ≠ n ) do not have an inverse . However , in some cases such a matrix may have a left inverse or right inverse . If A is m - by - n and the rank of A is equal to n , then A has a left inverse : an n - by - m matrix B such that BA = I . If A has rank m , then it has a right inverse : an n - by - m matrix B such that AB = I . Matrix inversion is the process of finding the matrix B that satisfies the prior equation for a given invertible matrix A . While the most common case is that of matrices over the real or complex numbers , all these definitions can be given for matrices over any ring . However , in the case of the ring being commutative , the condition for a square matrix to be invertible is that its determinant is invertible in the ring , which in general is a stricter requirement than being nonzero . For a noncommutative ring , the usual determinant is not defined . The conditions for existence of left - inverse or right - inverse are more complicated since a notion of rank does not exist over rings . The set of n × n invertible matrices together with the operation of matrix multiplication form a group , the general linear group of degree n . Contents 1 Properties 1.1 The invertible matrix theorem 1.2 Other properties 1.3 In relation to its adjugate 1.4 In relation to the identity matrix 1.5 Density 2 Examples 3 Methods of matrix inversion 3.1 Gaussian elimination 3.2 Newton 's method 3.3 Cayley -- Hamilton method 3.4 Eigendecomposition 3.5 Cholesky decomposition 3.6 Analytic solution 3.6. 1 Inversion of 2 × 2 matrices 3.6. 2 Inversion of 3 × 3 matrices 3.6. 3 Inversion of 4 × 4 matrices 3.7 Blockwise inversion 3.8 By Neumann series 3.9 P - adic approximation 4 Derivative of the matrix inverse 5 Generalized inverse 6 Applications 6.1 Regression / least squares 6.2 Matrix inverses in real - time simulations 6.3 Matrix inverses in MIMO wireless communication 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Properties ( edit ) The invertible matrix theorem ( edit ) Let A be a square n by n matrix over a field K ( for example the field R of real numbers ) . The following statements are equivalent , i.e. , for any given matrix they are either all true or all false : A is invertible , i.e. A has an inverse , is nonsingular , or is nondegenerate . A is row - equivalent to the n - by - n identity matrix I . A is column - equivalent to the n - by - n identity matrix I . A has n pivot positions . det A ≠ 0 . In general , a square matrix over a commutative ring is invertible if and only if its determinant is a unit in that ring . A has full rank ; that is , rank A = n . The equation Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution x = 0 . Null A = ( 0 ) . The equation Ax = b has exactly one solution for each b in K . The columns of A are linearly independent . The columns of A span K . Col A = K . The columns of A form a basis of K . The linear transformation mapping x to Ax is a bijection from K to K . There is an n - by - n matrix B such that AB = I = BA . The transpose A is an invertible matrix ( hence rows of A are linearly independent , span K , and form a basis of K ) . The number 0 is not an eigenvalue of A . The matrix A can be expressed as a finite product of elementary matrices . The matrix A has a left inverse ( i.e. there exists a B such that BA = I ) or a right inverse ( i.e. there exists a C such that AC = I ) , in which case both left and right inverses exist and B = C = A . Other properties ( edit ) Furthermore , the following properties hold for an invertible matrix A : ( A ) = A ; ( kA ) = k A for nonzero scalar k ; ( Ax ) = x A where denotes the Moore -- Penrose inverse and x is a vector ; ( A ) = ( A ) ; For any invertible n - by - n matrices A and B , ( AB ) = B A. More generally , if A , ... , A are invertible n - by - n matrices , then ( A A ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ A A ) = A ⋯ A ; det A = ( det A ) . A matrix that is its own inverse , i.e. such that A = A and A = I , is called an involutory matrix . In relation to its adjugate ( edit ) The adjugate of a matrix A ( \ displaystyle A ) can be used to find the inverse of A ( \ displaystyle A ) as follows : If A ( \ displaystyle A ) is an n × n ( \ displaystyle n \ times n ) invertible matrix , then A − 1 = 1 det ( A ) adj ( A ) ( \ displaystyle A ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( A ) ) ) \ operatorname ( adj ) ( A ) ) . In relation to the identity matrix ( edit ) It follows from the associativity of matrix multiplication that if A B = I ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( AB ) = \ mathbf ( I ) \ ) for finite square matrices A and B , then also B A = I ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( BA ) = \ mathbf ( I ) \ ) Density ( edit ) Over the field of real numbers , the set of singular n - by - n matrices , considered as a subset of R , is a null set , i.e. , has Lebesgue measure zero . This is true because singular matrices are the roots of the polynomial function in the entries of the matrix given by the determinant . Thus in the language of measure theory , almost all n - by - n matrices are invertible . Furthermore , the n - by - n invertible matrices are a dense open set in the topological space of all n - by - n matrices . Equivalently , the set of singular matrices is closed and nowhere dense in the space of n - by - n matrices . In practice however , one may encounter non-invertible matrices . And in numerical calculations , matrices which are invertible , but close to a non-invertible matrix , can still be problematic ; such matrices are said to be ill - conditioned . Examples ( edit ) Consider the following 2 - by - 2 matrix : A = ( − 1 3 2 1 − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) - 1& ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ 1& - 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) . ) The matrix A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ) is invertible . To check this , one can compute that det A = − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ det \ mathbf ( A ) = - 1 / 2 ) , which is non-zero . As an example of a non-invertible , or singular , matrix , consider the matrix B = ( − 1 3 2 2 3 − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( B ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) - 1& ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) & - 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) . ) The determinant of B ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( B ) ) is 0 , which is a necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix to be non-invertible . Methods of matrix inversion ( edit ) Gaussian elimination ( edit ) Gauss - Jordan elimination is an algorithm that can be used to determine whether a given matrix is invertible and to find the inverse . An alternative is the LU decomposition which generates upper and lower triangular matrices which are easier to invert . Newton 's method ( edit ) A generalization of Newton 's method as used for a multiplicative inverse algorithm may be convenient , if it is convenient to find a suitable starting seed : X k + 1 = 2 X k − X k A X k . ( \ displaystyle X_ ( k + 1 ) = 2X_ ( k ) - X_ ( k ) AX_ ( k ) . ) Victor Pan and John Reif have done work that includes ways of generating a starting seed . Byte magazine summarised one of their approaches . Newton 's method is particularly useful when dealing with families of related matrices that behave enough like the sequence manufactured for the homotopy above : sometimes a good starting point for refining an approximation for the new inverse can be the already obtained inverse of a previous matrix that nearly matches the current matrix , e.g. the pair of sequences of inverse matrices used in obtaining matrix square roots by Denman - Beavers iteration ; this may need more than one pass of the iteration at each new matrix , if they are not close enough together for just one to be enough . Newton 's method is also useful for `` touch up '' corrections to the Gauss -- Jordan algorithm which has been contaminated by small errors due to imperfect computer arithmetic . Cayley -- Hamilton method ( edit ) The Cayley -- Hamilton theorem allows the inverse of A to be expressed in terms of det ( A ) , traces and powers of A A − 1 = 1 det ( A ) ∑ s = 0 n − 1 A s ∑ k 1 , k 2 , ... , k n − 1 ∏ l = 1 n − 1 ( − 1 ) k l + 1 l k l k l ! t r ( A l ) k l , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ) \ sum _ ( s = 0 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( s ) \ sum _ ( k_ ( 1 ) , k_ ( 2 ) , \ ldots , k_ ( n - 1 ) ) \ prod _ ( l = 1 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( l ) + 1 ) ) ( l ^ ( k_ ( l ) ) k_ ( l ) ! ) ) \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( l ) ) ^ ( k_ ( l ) ) , ) where n is dimension of A , and tr ( A ) is the trace of matrix A given by the sum of the main diagonal . The sum is taken over s and the sets of all k ≥ 0 satisfying the linear Diophantine equation s + ∑ l = 1 n − 1 l k l = n − 1 . ( \ displaystyle s+ \ sum _ ( l = 1 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) lk_ ( l ) = n - 1 . ) The formula can be rewritten in terms of complete Bell polynomials of arguments t = - ( l - 1 ) ! tr ( A ) as A − 1 = 1 det ( A ) ∑ s = 1 n A s − 1 ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( n − s ) ! B n − s ( t 1 , t 2 , ... , t n − s ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ) \ sum _ ( s = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( s - 1 ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ) ( ( n-s ) ! ) ) B_ ( n-s ) ( t_ ( 1 ) , t_ ( 2 ) , \ ldots , t_ ( n-s ) ) . ) Eigendecomposition ( edit ) Main article : Eigendecomposition of a matrix If matrix A can be eigendecomposed and if none of its eigenvalues are zero , then A is invertible and its inverse is given by A − 1 = Q Λ − 1 Q − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = \ mathbf ( Q ) \ mathbf ( \ Lambda ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( Q ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) where Q is the square ( N × N ) matrix whose i column is the eigenvector q i ( \ displaystyle q_ ( i ) ) of A and Λ is the diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the corresponding eigenvalues , i.e. , Λ i i = λ i ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda _ ( ii ) = \ lambda _ ( i ) ) . Furthermore , because Λ is a diagonal matrix , its inverse is easy to calculate : ( Λ − 1 ) i i = 1 λ i ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ Lambda ^ ( - 1 ) \ right ) _ ( ii ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ) ) Cholesky decomposition ( edit ) Main article : Cholesky decomposition If matrix A is positive definite , then its inverse can be obtained as A − 1 = ( L ∗ ) − 1 L − 1 , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ mathbf ( L ) ^ ( * ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( L ) ^ ( - 1 ) , ) where L is the lower triangular Cholesky decomposition of A , and L * denotes the conjugate transpose of L . Analytic solution ( edit ) Main article : Cramer 's rule Writing the transpose of the matrix of cofactors , known as an adjugate matrix , can also be an efficient way to calculate the inverse of small matrices , but this recursive method is inefficient for large matrices . To determine the inverse , we calculate a matrix of cofactors : A − 1 = 1 A C T = 1 A ( C 11 C 21 ⋯ C n 1 C 12 C 22 ⋯ C n 2 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ C 1 n C 2 n ⋯ C n n ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( 1 \ over ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) \ mathbf ( A ) \ end ( vmatrix ) ) ) \ mathbf ( C ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) = ( 1 \ over ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) \ mathbf ( A ) \ end ( vmatrix ) ) ) ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( 11 ) & \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( 21 ) & \ cdots & \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( n1 ) \ \ \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( 12 ) & \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( 22 ) & \ cdots & \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( n2 ) \ \ \ vdots & \ vdots & \ ddots & \ vdots \ \ \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( 1n ) & \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( 2n ) & \ cdots & \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( nn ) \ \ \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) so that ( A − 1 ) i j = 1 A ( C T ) i j = 1 A ( C j i ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ right ) _ ( ij ) = ( 1 \ over ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) \ mathbf ( A ) \ end ( vmatrix ) ) ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( C ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ right ) _ ( ij ) = ( 1 \ over ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) \ mathbf ( A ) \ end ( vmatrix ) ) ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( C ) _ ( ji ) \ right ) ) where A is the determinant of A , C is the matrix of cofactors , and C represents the matrix transpose . Inversion of 2 × 2 matrices ( edit ) The cofactor equation listed above yields the following result for 2 × 2 matrices . Inversion of these matrices can be done as follows : A − 1 = ( a b c d ) − 1 = 1 det A ( d − b − c a ) = 1 a d − b c ( d − b − c a ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) a&b \ \ c&d \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ , \ , \ , d& \ ! \ ! - b \ \ - c& \ , a \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ad - bc ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ , \ , \ , d& \ ! \ ! - b \ \ - c& \ , a \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) . ) This is possible because 1 / ( ad − bc ) is the reciprocal of the determinant of the matrix in question , and the same strategy could be used for other matrix sizes . The Cayley -- Hamilton method gives A − 1 = 1 det A ( ( tr A ) I − A ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) \ left ( \ left ( \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) \ right ) \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( A ) \ right ) . ) Inversion of 3 × 3 matrices ( edit ) A computationally efficient 3 × 3 matrix inversion is given by A − 1 = ( a b c d e f g h i ) − 1 = 1 det ( A ) ( A B C D E F G H I ) T = 1 det ( A ) ( A D G B E H C F I ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) a&b&c \ \ d&e&f \ \ g&h&i \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ , A& \ , B& \ , C \ \ \ , D& \ , E& \ , F \ \ \ , G& \ , H& \ , I \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ , A& \ , D& \ , G \ \ \ , B& \ , E& \ , H \ \ \ , C& \ , F& \ , I \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) ( where the scalar A is not to be confused with the matrix A ) . If the determinant is non-zero , the matrix is invertible , with the elements of the intermediary matrix on the right side above given by A = ( e i − f h ) D = − ( b i − c h ) G = ( b f − c e ) B = − ( d i − f g ) E = ( a i − c g ) H = − ( a f − c d ) C = ( d h − e g ) F = − ( a h − b g ) I = ( a e − b d ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) A = ( ei - fh ) &D = - ( bi-ch ) &G = ( bf - ce ) \ \ B = - ( di - fg ) &E = ( ai - cg ) &H = - ( af - cd ) \ \ C = ( dh - eg ) &F = - ( ah - bg ) &I = ( ae - bd ) \ \ \ end ( matrix ) ) ) The determinant of A can be computed by applying the rule of Sarrus as follows : det ( A ) = a A + b B + c C . ( \ displaystyle \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) = aA + bB + cC . ) The Cayley -- Hamilton decomposition gives A − 1 = 1 det ( A ) ( 1 2 ( ( tr A ) 2 − tr A 2 ) I − A tr A + A 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( A ) \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) + \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) . ) The general 3 × 3 inverse can be expressed concisely in terms of the cross product and triple product . If a matrix A = ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) = \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 0 ) , \ ; \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) , \ ; \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ( consisting of three column vectors , x 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 0 ) ) , x 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) ) , and x 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) ) ) is invertible , its inverse is given by A − 1 = 1 det ( A ) ( ( x 1 × x 2 ) T ( x 2 × x 0 ) T ( x 0 × x 1 ) T ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( ( \ mathbf ( x_ ( 1 ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( x_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ \ ( ( \ mathbf ( x_ ( 2 ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( x_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ \ ( ( \ mathbf ( x_ ( 0 ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( x_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) . ) Note that det ( A ) ( \ displaystyle \ det ( A ) ) is equal to the triple product of x 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x_ ( 0 ) ) ) , x 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x_ ( 1 ) ) ) , and x 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x_ ( 2 ) ) ) -- the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the rows or columns : det ( A ) = x 0 ⋅ ( x 1 × x 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) = \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 0 ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) ) . ) The correctness of the formula can be checked by using cross - and triple - product properties and by noting that for groups , left and right inverses always coincide . Intuitively , because of the cross products , each row of A − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) is orthogonal to the non-corresponding two columns of A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( causing the off - diagonal terms of I = A − 1 A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( I ) = \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) be zero ) . Dividing by det ( A ) = x 0 ⋅ ( x 1 × x 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) = \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 0 ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) ) ) causes the diagonal elements of I = A − 1 A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( I ) = \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) to be unity . For example , the first diagonal is : 1 = 1 x 0 ⋅ ( x 1 × x 2 ) x 0 ⋅ ( x 1 × x 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle 1 = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ mathbf ( x_ ( 0 ) ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ mathbf ( x_ ( 0 ) ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) ) . ) Inversion of 4 × 4 matrices ( edit ) With increasing dimension , expressions for the inverse of A get complicated . For n = 4 , the Cayley -- Hamilton method leads to an expression that is still tractable : A − 1 = 1 det ( A ) ( 1 6 ( ( tr A ) 3 − 3 tr A tr A 2 + 2 tr A 3 ) I − 1 2 A ( ( tr A ) 2 − tr A 2 ) + A 2 tr A − A 3 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ det ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) \ left ( ( \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( 3 ) - 3 \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2 \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( 3 ) \ right ) \ mathbf ( I ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) \ left ( ( \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) + \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( 2 ) \ operatorname ( tr ) \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( 3 ) \ right ) . ) Blockwise inversion ( edit ) Matrices can also be inverted blockwise by using the following analytic inversion formula : ( A B C D ) − 1 = ( A − 1 + A − 1 B ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 C A − 1 − A − 1 B ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 − ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 C A − 1 ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ mathbf ( A ) & \ mathbf ( B ) \ \ \ mathbf ( C ) & \ mathbf ( D ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) + \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) & - \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ \ - ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) & ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) , ) ( 1 ) where A , B , C and D are matrix sub-blocks of arbitrary size . ( A must be square , so that it can be inverted . Furthermore , A and D − CA B must be nonsingular . ) This strategy is particularly advantageous if A is diagonal and D − CA B ( the Schur complement of A ) is a small matrix , since they are the only matrices requiring inversion . This technique was reinvented several times and is due to Hans Boltz ( 1923 ) , who used it for the inversion of geodetic matrices , and Tadeusz Banachiewicz ( 1937 ) , who generalized it and proved its correctness . The nullity theorem says that the nullity of A equals the nullity of the sub-block in the lower right of the inverse matrix , and that the nullity of B equals the nullity of the sub-block in the upper right of the inverse matrix . The inversion procedure that led to Equation ( 1 ) performed matrix block operations that operated on C and D first . Instead , if A and B are operated on first , and provided D and A − BD C are nonsingular , the result is ( A B C D ) − 1 = ( ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 − ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 B D − 1 − D − 1 C ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 D − 1 + D − 1 C ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 B D − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ mathbf ( A ) & \ mathbf ( B ) \ \ \ mathbf ( C ) & \ mathbf ( D ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) & - ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ \ - \ mathbf ( D ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) & \ quad \ mathbf ( D ) ^ ( - 1 ) + \ mathbf ( D ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) . ) ( 2 ) Equating Equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) leads to ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 = A − 1 + A − 1 B ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 C A − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) = \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) + \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ , ) ( 3 ) ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 B D − 1 = A − 1 B ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) = \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ , ) D − 1 C ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 = ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 C A − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( D ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ , ) D − 1 + D − 1 C ( A − B D − 1 C ) − 1 B D − 1 = ( D − C A − 1 B ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( D ) ^ ( - 1 ) + \ mathbf ( D ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( C ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( BD ) ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ mathbf ( D ) - \ mathbf ( CA ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ , ) where Equation ( 3 ) is the Woodbury matrix identity , which is equivalent to the binomial inverse theorem . Since a blockwise inversion of an n × n matrix requires inversion of two half - sized matrices and 6 multiplications between two half - sized matrices , it can be shown that a divide and conquer algorithm that uses blockwise inversion to invert a matrix runs with the same time complexity as the matrix multiplication algorithm that is used internally . There exist matrix multiplication algorithms with a complexity of O ( n ) operations , while the best proven lower bound is Ω ( n log n ) . By Neumann series ( edit ) If a matrix A has the property that lim n → ∞ ( I − A ) n = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( n ) = 0 ) then A is nonsingular and its inverse may be expressed by a Neumann series : A − 1 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( I − A ) n . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( n ) . ) Truncating the sum results in an `` approximate '' inverse which may be useful as a preconditioner . Note that a truncated series can be accelerated exponentially by noting that the Neumann series is a geometric sum . As such , it satisfies ∑ n = 0 2 L − 1 ( I − A ) n = ∏ l = 0 L − 1 ( I + ( I − A ) 2 l ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( 2 ^ ( L ) - 1 ) ( \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( n ) = \ prod _ ( l = 0 ) ^ ( L - 1 ) ( \ mathbf ( I ) + ( \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( 2 ^ ( l ) ) ) ) . Therefore , only 2 L − 2 ( \ displaystyle 2L - 2 ) matrix multiplications are needed to compute 2 L ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( L ) ) terms of the sum . More generally , if A is `` near '' the invertible matrix X in the sense that lim n → ∞ ( I − X − 1 A ) n = 0 o r lim n → ∞ ( I − A X − 1 ) n = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ^ ( n ) = 0 \ mathrm ( ~ ~ or ~ ~ ) \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ mathbf ( I ) - \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ^ ( n ) = 0 ) then A is nonsingular and its inverse is A − 1 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( X − 1 ( X − A ) ) n X − 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ mathbf ( X ) - \ mathbf ( A ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) ~ . ) If it is also the case that A − X has rank 1 then this simplifies to A − 1 = X − 1 − X − 1 ( A − X ) X − 1 1 + tr ( X − 1 ( A − X ) ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) = \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) - ( \ frac ( \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( X ) ) \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ( 1 + \ operatorname ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) - \ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ) ) ~ . ) P - adic approximation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2015 ) If A is a matrix with integer or rational coefficients and we seek a solution in arbitrary - precision rationals , then a p - adic approximation method converges to an exact solution in O ( n 4 log 2 n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( 4 ) \ log ^ ( 2 ) n ) ) , assuming standard O ( n 3 ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( 3 ) ) ) matrix multiplication is used . The method relies on solving n linear systems via Dixon 's method of p - adic approximation ( each in O ( n 3 log 2 n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( 3 ) \ log ^ ( 2 ) n ) ) ) and is available as such in software specialized in arbitrary - precision matrix operations , e.g. in IML . Derivative of the matrix inverse ( edit ) Suppose that the invertible matrix A depends on a parameter t . Then the derivative of the inverse of A with respect to t is given by d A − 1 d t = − A − 1 d A d t A − 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = - \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) . ) To derive the above expression for the derivative of the inverse of A , one can differentiate the definition of the matrix inverse A − 1 A = I ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( A ) = \ mathbf ( I ) ) and then solve for the inverse of A : d A − 1 A d t = d A − 1 d t A + A − 1 d A d t = d I d t = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) + \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( I ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = \ mathbf ( 0 ) . ) Subtracting A − 1 d A d t ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) ) from both sides of the above and multiplying on the right by A − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) gives the correct expression for the derivative of the inverse : d A − 1 d t = − A − 1 d A d t A − 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = - \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) . ) Similarly , if ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ) is a small number then ( A + ε X ) − 1 = A − 1 − ε A − 1 X A − 1 + O ( ε 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ mathbf ( A ) + \ epsilon \ mathbf ( X ) \ right ) ^ ( - 1 ) = \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) - \ epsilon \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( X ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - 1 ) + ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ( \ epsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , . ) More generally , if d f ( A ) d t = ∑ i g i ( A ) d A d t h i ( A ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) f ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) g_ ( i ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) h_ ( i ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) , ) then , f ( A + ε X ) = f ( A ) + ε ∑ i g i ( A ) X h i ( A ) + O ( ε 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( \ mathbf ( A ) + \ epsilon \ mathbf ( X ) ) = f ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) + \ epsilon \ sum _ ( i ) g_ ( i ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) \ mathbf ( X ) h_ ( i ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) ) + ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ( \ epsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) . ) Given a positive integer n ( \ displaystyle n ) , d A n d t = ∑ i = 1 n A i − 1 d A d t A n − i , d A − n d t = − ∑ i = 1 n A − i d A d t A − ( n + 1 − i ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( n ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) & = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( i - 1 ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( n-i ) , \ \ ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - n ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) & = - \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - i ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - ( n + 1 - i ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Therefore , ( A + ε X ) n = A n + ε ∑ i = 1 n A i − 1 X A n − i + O ( ε 2 ) , ( A + ε X ) − n = A − n − ε ∑ i = 1 n A − i X A − ( n + 1 − i ) + O ( ε 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) + \ epsilon \ mathbf ( X ) ) ^ ( n ) & = \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( n ) + \ epsilon \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( i - 1 ) \ mathbf ( X ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( n-i ) + ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ( \ epsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) , \ \ ( \ mathbf ( A ) + \ epsilon \ mathbf ( X ) ) ^ ( - n ) & = \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - n ) - \ epsilon \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - i ) \ mathbf ( X ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( - ( n + 1 - i ) ) + ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ( \ epsilon ^ ( 2 ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Generalized inverse ( edit ) Some of the properties of inverse matrices are shared by generalized inverses ( e.g. , the Moore -- Penrose inverse ) , which can be defined for any m - by - n matrix . Applications ( edit ) For most practical applications , it is not necessary to invert a matrix to solve a system of linear equations ; however , for a unique solution , it is necessary that the matrix involved be invertible . Decomposition techniques like LU decomposition are much faster than inversion , and various fast algorithms for special classes of linear systems have also been developed . Regression / least squares ( edit ) Although an explicit inverse is not necessary to estimate the vector of unknowns , it is unavoidable to estimate their precision , found in the diagonal of the posterior covariance matrix of the vector of unknowns . Matrix inverses in real - time simulations ( edit ) Matrix inversion plays a significant role in computer graphics , particularly in 3D graphics rendering and 3D simulations . Examples include screen - to - world ray casting , world - to - subspace - to - world object transformations , and physical simulations . Matrix inverses in MIMO wireless communication ( edit ) Matrix inversion also plays a significant role in the MIMO ( Multiple - Input , Multiple - Output ) technology in wireless communications . The MIMO system consists of N transmit and M receive antennas . Unique signals , occupying the same frequency band , are sent via N transmit antennas and are received via M receive antennas . The signal arriving at each receive antenna will be a linear combination of the N transmitted signals forming a NxM transmission matrix H. It is crucial for the matrix H to be invertible for the receiver to be able to figure out the transmitted information . See also ( edit ) Binomial inverse theorem LU decomposition Matrix decomposition Matrix square root Pseudoinverse Singular value decomposition Woodbury matrix identity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horn , Roger A. ; Johnson , Charles R. ( 1985 ) . Matrix Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 38632 - 6 ... Jump up ^ Pan , Victor ; Reif , John ( 1985 ) , Efficient Parallel Solution of Linear Systems , Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing , Providence : ACM Jump up ^ Pan , Victor ; Reif , John ( 1985 ) , Harvard University Center for Research in Computing Technology Report TR - 02 - 85 , Cambridge , MA : Aiken Computation Laboratory Jump up ^ `` The Inversion of Large Matrices '' . Byte magazine . 11 ( 04 ) : 181 -- 190 . April 1986 . Jump up ^ A proof can be found in the Appendix B of Kondratyuk , L.A. ; Krivoruchenko , M.I. ( 1992 ) . `` Superconducting quark matter in SU ( 2 ) color group '' . Zeitschrift für Physik A. 344 : 99 -- 115 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01291027 . Jump up ^ Strang , Gilbert ( 2003 ) . Introduction to linear algebra ( 3rd ed . ) . SIAM . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 9614088 - 9 - 8 . , Chapter 2 , page 71 Jump up ^ Bernstein , Dennis ( 2005 ) . Matrix Mathematics . Princeton University Press . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11802 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Dennis ( 2005 ) . Matrix Mathematics . Princeton University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11802 - 7 . Jump up ^ T.H. Cormen , C.E. Leiserson , R.L. Rivest , C. Stein , Introduction to Algorithms , 3rd ed. , MIT Press , Cambridge , MA , 2009 , § 28.2 . Jump up ^ Ran Raz . On the complexity of matrix product . In Proceedings of the thirty - fourth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing . ACM Press , 2002 . doi : 10.1145 / 509907.509932 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Gilbert ( 1998 ) . Matrix Algorithms : Basic decompositions . SIAM . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 89871 - 414 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` A p - adic algorithm for computing the inverse of integer matrices '' . Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 225 : 320 -- 322 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cam. 2008.07. 044 . Jump up ^ `` IML - Integer Matrix Library '' . cs.uwaterloo.ca . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . References ( edit ) Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2001 ) ( 1990 ) . `` 28.4 : Inverting matrices '' . Introduction to Algorithms ( 2nd ed . ) . MIT Press and McGraw - Hill . pp. 755 -- 760 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03293 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Inversion of a matrix '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Matrix Mathematics : Theory , Facts , and Formulas at Google books The Matrix Cookbook External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lecture on Inverse Matrices by Khan Academy Linear Algebra Lecture on Inverse Matrices by MIT LAPACK -- a collection of FORTRAN subroutines for solving dense linear algebra problems ALGLIB -- includes a partial port of the LAPACK to C++ , C# , Delphi , etc . Online Inverse Matrix Calculator using AJAX Symbolic Inverse of Matrix Calculator with steps shown Moore - Penrose Pseudo-Inverse Matrix Inverse of a Matrix Notes Calculator for Singular or Non-Square Matrix Inverse Inverse calculator online `` Derivative of inverse matrix '' . PlanetMath . <Th_colspan="3"> Linear algebra Basic concepts Scalar Vector Vector space Scalar multiplication Vector projection Linear span Linear map Linear projection Linear independence Linear combination Basis Column space Row space Orthogonality Kernel Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Outer product Inner product space Dot product Transpose Gram -- Schmidt process Linear equations Vector algebra Cross product Triple product Seven - dimensional cross product Multilinear algebra Geometric algebra Exterior algebra Bivector Multivector Matrices Block Decomposition Invertible Minor Multiplication Rank Transformation Cramer 's rule Gaussian elimination Algebraic constructions Dual Direct sum Function space Quotient Subspace Tensor product Numerical Floating point Matrix Laboratory Numerical stability Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms ( BLAS ) Sparse matrix Comparison of linear algebra libraries Comparison of numerical analysis software <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Portal Wikibook Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invertible_matrix&oldid=844792035 '' Categories : Linear algebra Matrices Determinants Matrix theory Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles to be expanded from February 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 05 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Invertible matrix
2. Matrix multiplication
3. Singular matrix
4. Matrix inversion methods
5. Eigendecomposition
|
9,219,580,476,862,067,000 |
where does the last name muñoz come from
|
Muñoz - wikipedia Muñoz Muñoz is a Spanish - language surname -- with a Portuguese - language variant ( Munhoz ) . Notable people with the surname include : Adriana Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Cuban middle distance runner who specialized in the 800 and 1500 metres Agustín Fernando Muñoz , 1st Duke of Riánsares ( 1808 - 1873 ) , the second but morganatic husband of Maria Christina , Regent of Spain Agustín Muñoz Grandes ( 1896 -- 1970 ) , Spanish general , politician , vice-president of the Spanish Government and minister with Francisco Franco Alejandro Muñoz - Alonso ( 1934 -- 2016 ) , Spanish politician Alexander Muñoz ( born 1979 ) , professional boxer in the super flyweight division Alfonso Pérez Muñoz ( born 1972 ) , Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker Almudena Muñoz ( born 1968 ) , former judo competitor from Spain Alonso Muñoz ( c. 1512 -- 1568 ) , high - ranking administrator in Spain Amparo Muñoz ( born 1954 ) , Spanish actress who won the Miss Universe contest Anastasia Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , American voice actress affiliated with Funimation Anfión Muñoz ( 1850 -- 1920 ) , Chilean political figure Anibal Muñoz Duque ( 1908 -- 1987 ) , Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Bogota Anthony Muñoz ( born 1958 ) , offensive tackle who played for the National Football League 's Cincinnati Bengals Antonio `` Kitín '' Muñoz Valcárcel ( born 1958 ) , Spanish navigator , scientist and sociological explorer Antonio Jesús Vázquez Muñoz ( born 1980 ) , Spanish footballer who currently plays for Recreativo de Huelva Antonio Muñoz ( tennis ) ( born 1951 ) , former professional tennis player from Barcelona , Spain Antonio Muñoz Molina ( born 1956 ) , Spanish writer and full member of the Royal Spanish Academy Arci Muñoz ( born 1989 ) , Filipina actress who is known for her antagonist roles Arnie Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Major League Baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent Arturo Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , Mexican professional footballer , currently playing as a midfielder Astrid Muñoz ( born 1974 ) , Puerto Rican model Augustín Fernández Muñoz , Duke of Riansares ( 1808 -- 1873 ) , morganatic husband of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies , queen and regent of Spain Brother Jose Muñoz - Cortes ( 1950 , Chile -- 1997 , Greece ) César Muñoz ( born 1929 ) , Ecuadorian chess master Carli Muñoz ( born 1948 ) , self - taught American jazz pianist Carlos Muñoz Cobo ( born 1961 ) , Spanish football ( soccer ) player Carlos Antonio Muñoz ( 1967 -- 1993 ) , Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) player Carlos Muñoz Pizarro ( 1913 -- 1976 ) , Chilean botanist Cathy Muñoz ( born 1964 ) , member of the Alaska House of Representatives Cecilia Muñoz ( born 1962 ) , civil rights advocate Cecilia Muñoz - Palma ( 1913 -- 2006 ) , Filipino jurist and the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines Celia Álvarez Muñoz ( born 1932 ) , American artist Charles Muñoz ( 1926 -- 2018 ) , American poet , novelist and publisher Cipriano Muñoz y Manzano ( 1862 -- 1933 ) , Spanish diplomat and academic Clara Lair ( 1895 -- 1973 ) , poet whose work dealt with the everyday struggles of the common Puerto Rican Claudio Bravo Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Chilean goalkeeper Claudio Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , Chilean football ( soccer ) defender Cristián Muñoz ( born 1977 ) , Argentine goalkeeper Cristian Muñoz ( racewalker ) ( born 1981 ) , Chilean race walker Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera , purported to be the chief assassin for the Medellín Cartel of Colombia Daniel Parej0 Muñoz ( born 1989 ) , Spanish professional footballer David Ibarra Muñoz ( born 1930 ) , Mexican economist who served as Secretary of Finance David Muñoz ( born 1968 ) , Spanish director , producer , and screenwriter Diego Muñoz Camargo ( 1529 -- 1599 ) , the author of History of Tlaxcala Edgar Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , boxer from Venezuela Eduardo Muñoz Bachs ( 1937 -- 2001 ) , Cuban poster artist Emilio Muñoz , bullfighter and actor Eunice Muñoz , OSE , GCIH ( born 1928 ) , Portuguese actress Evaristo Muñoz ( 1684 -- 1737 ) , Spanish painter of the Baroque period Evita Muñoz `` Chachita '' ( born 1936 ) , Mexican actress Faustino Sainz Muñoz ( born 1937 ) , Spanish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church Federico Muñoz ( born 1963 ) , Colombian road cyclist Felipe Muñoz ( born 1951 ) , Mexican breaststroke swimmer Fernando Muñoz ( born 1967 ) , Spanish football ( soccer ) player Francisco Jose Yndurain Muñoz ( 1940 -- 2008 ) , Spanish theoretical physicist George Muñoz ( born 1951 ) , currently President of Muñoz Investment Banking Group , LLC Guillermo Muñoz ( born 1961 ) , Mexican football ( soccer ) player Gustavo Enrique Madero Muñoz ( born 1955 ) , Mexican politician and businessman Gutierre - Muñoz , municipality located in the province of Ávila , Castile and León , Spain Héctor Martínez Muñoz , member of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Heraldo Muñoz ( born 1948 ) , Chilean politician and diplomat and current Chilean Ambassador to the United Nations Hernán Darío Muñoz ( born 1973 ) , Colombian road racing cyclist Hoyos de Miguel Muñoz , municipality located in the province of Ávila , Castile and León , Spain Hugo Muñoz ( born 1973 ) , retired Peruvian high jumper Iñaki Muñoz ( born 1978 ) , Spanish footballer Isabel Muñoz ( born 1951 ) , Spanish photographer who lives in Madrid Iván Pérez Muñoz ( born 1976 ) , retired Spanish footballer who played as striker James Muñoz , lead singer of American metalcore band The Bled Javier Muñoz ( born 1995 ) , Spanish football player Javier Muñoz Mustafá ( born 1980 ) , Argentine - Spaniard footballer playing for C.F. Pachuca Javiera Muñoz ( born 1977 ) , Swedish singer with Chilean - Uruguayan roots Joaquín Rubio y Muñoz ( 1788 -- 1874 ) , Spanish lawyer who was a noted antiquarian and numismatist in the city of Cádiz , Spain Jorge Antonio Muñoz ( born 1981 ) , Chilean football ( soccer ) midfielder José Antonio Muñoz ( born 1942 ) , Argentine artist José Esteban Muñoz ( born 1967 ) , American academic in the fields of Performance Studies , visual culture , queer theory , cultural studies , and critical theory José Ramos Muñoz , Spanish neo-marxist archaeologist and professor of prehistory at the University of Cádiz José Santiago Muñoz ( 1780 -- 1836 ) , Chilean soldier and politician Juan Bautista Muñoz ( 1745 -- 1799 ) , Spanish philosopher and historian of the New World . Juan Carlos Muñoz ( born 1919 ) , footballer from Argentina Juan Jacinto Muñoz Rengel ( born 1974 ) , Spanish writer and founder of the literary review Estigma Juan José Muñoz , Argentine businessman Juan Manuel Muñoz ( born 1985 ) , Spanish football player Juan Muñoz ( 1953 -- 2001 ) , famous Spanish sculptor León Darío Muñoz ( born 1977 ) , Colombian soccer player Lola Muñoz ( born 1980 ) , Spanish singer from the Spanish girl group Las Ketchup Lucía Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Spanish singer from the girl group Las Ketchup Lucio Muñoz ( 1929 -- 1998 ) , Spanish artist Luis Muñoz Marín ( 1898 -- 1980 ) , Puerto Rican poet , journalist , and politician Luis Muñoz Rivera ( 1859 -- 1916 ) , Puerto Rican poet , journalist and politician Luis Muñoz Rivera ( senator ) ( 1916 -- 2006 ) Manolo Muñoz ( 1941 -- 2000 ) , Mexican singer and actor Manuel Muñoz ( Governor of Spanish Texas ) Maria Elizabeth Muñoz , Chicana activist Mariana de Pineda Muñoz ( 1804 -- 1831 ) , Spanish national heroine Mark Muñoz ( born 1978 ) , Filipino - American mixed martial artist Matilde Muñoz Sampedro ( 1900 - 1969 ) , Spanish actress Miguel Ángel Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Spanish actor and singer Miguel Muñoz ( 1922 - 1990 ) , Spanish footballer and manager Moisés Muñoz ( born 1980 ) , goalkeeper Morella Muñoz ( 1935 -- 1995 ) , popular Venezuelan singer Nicolás Muñoz ( born 1981 ) , Panamanian footballer Nicole Muñoz ( born 1994 ) , Canadian film and television actress Noe Muñoz ( born 1967 ) , former Major League Baseball catcher Oscar Muñoz ( baseball ) ( born 1969 ) , former major league baseball pitcher Pablo Muñoz Vega S.J. ( 1903 -- 1994 ) , Ecuadorian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Quito Paloma Muñoz ( born 1965 ) , visual artist part of the group Martin & Muñoz Pam Muñoz Ryan ( born 1951 ) , American Latina author Patricia Muñoz ( born 1968 ) , Mexican actress , model and singer Pedro López Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Spanish football player Pedro Muñoz ( baseball ) ( born 1968 ) , former outfielder in Major League Baseball Pedro Muñoz Machín Rodríguez ( Mieres , 6 November 1958 ) , former Spanish professional road bicycle racer Pedro Muñoz Saglimbeni , the first solo viola at Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa Pedro Muñoz Seca ( 1881 -- 1936 ) , Spanish dramatist Pilar Muñoz ( born 1978 ) , Spanish singer from the Spanish girl group , Las Ketchup Porfirio Muñoz Ledo ( born 1933 ) , Mexican politician Rafael Calderón Muñoz ( 1869 -- 1943 ) , Costa Rican politician Rafael Muñoz ( journalist ) ( 1899 -- 1972 ) , Mexican journalist , novelist and writer of short stories Ramón Muñoz Gutiérrez ( born 1960 ) , Mexican right - wing politician Raúl Muñoz ( born 1974 ) , Chilean football ( soccer ) player René Muñoz ( 1938 -- 2000 ) , Cuban actor and scriptwriter of telenovelas and the cinema of Mexico Ricardo Muñoz , alderman of the 22nd ward in Chicago Ricardo Muñoz Suay ( 1917 -- 1997 ) , Spanish film director , producer and screenwriter Roberto Muñoz ( Puerto Rican baseball player ) ( born 1968 ) , former professional baseball player Rodrigo Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Uruguayan footballer Roger Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , Nicaraguan basketball player Silvia Muñoz ( born 1979 ) , field hockey midfield and forward player from Spain Susana Blaustein Muñoz , Argentine film director Tito Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , American conductor , currently Assistant Conductor of The Cleveland Orchestra Toni Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Spanish football striker Víctor Muñoz ( born 1957 ) , former Spanish football midfield player Victoria Muñoz Mendoza ( born 1940 ) , former politician from Puerto Rico Vincent Phillip Muñoz , American political scientist William Muñoz ( born 1988 ) , Mexican professional wrestler better known as Rush See also ( edit ) Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport , public airport located in Carolina , Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Rivera Park , recreational and national park in Puerta de Tierra in San Juan , Puerto Rico Martín Muñoz de la Dehesa , municipality located in the province of Segovia , Castile and León , Spain Martín Muñoz de las Posadas , municipality located in the province of Segovia , Castile and León , Spain Miguel Muñoz Trophy , football award established by Spanish newspaper MARCA Muñoz Airstrip , dirt airstrip located South of Bahía de los Ángeles , Municipality of Ensenada , Baja California , Mexico Muñoz Gamero Peninsula , peninsula in Chile Muñoz Municipality , one of the seven municipalities ( municipios ) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Apure Muñoz , Nueva Ecija , 5th class city in the province of Nueva Ecija , Philippines Muñoz , District of Quezon City , Philippines Patio Muñoz , neighborhood of the city of Xalapa in the state of Veracruz in eastern Mexico Pedro Muñoz , municipality in the autonomous community named Castile - La Mancha , Spain San Muñoz , municipality located in the province of Salamanca , Castile and León , Spain Surname list This page lists people with the surname Muñoz . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Muñoz&oldid = 850168624 '' Categories : Surnames Spanish - language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 03 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. Spanish-language surname
2. Notable people with the surname Muñoz
3. Spanish general and politician Agustín Muñoz Grandes
4. Spanish writer Antonio Muñoz Molina
5. Puerto Rican poet and politician Luis Muñoz Marín
|
-3,606,577,844,394,263,600 |
who invented the printing press in the renaissance
|
Printing press - wikipedia Printing press Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg . For the modern technology of printing , see printing . Recreated Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum , Carson , California Part of a series on the History of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Printing press c. 1440 Etching c. 1515 Mezzotint 1642 Aquatint 1772 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Hectograph 1869 Offset printing 1875 Hot metal typesetting 1884 Mimeograph 1886 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Screen printing 1911 Spirit duplicator 1923 Dot matrix printing 1925 Xerography 1938 Phototypesetting 1949 Inkjet printing 1951 Dye - sublimation 1957 Laser printing 1969 Thermal printing c. 1972 3D printing 1981 Solid Ink printing 1986 Digital printing 1991 A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium ( such as paper or cloth ) , thereby transferring the ink . It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth , paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink , and accelerated the process . Typically used for texts , the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium . Johannes Gutenberg , a goldsmith by profession , developed , circa 1439 , a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes , as well as making inventions of his own . Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty , and in Europe , woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century . Gutenberg 's most important innovation was the development of hand - molded metal printing matrices , thus producing a movable type based printing press system . His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities . Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe . In Europe , the two inventions , the hand mould and the printing press , together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents , particularly in short print runs . The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries . By 1500 , printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes . In the 16th century , with presses spreading further afield , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing , and lent its name to a new branch of media , `` the press '' . In Renaissance Europe , the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication , which permanently altered the structure of society . The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and ( revolutionary ) ideas transcended borders , captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities . The sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class . Across Europe , the increasing cultural self - awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto - nationalism , and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages , to the detriment of Latin 's status as lingua franca . In the 19th century , the replacement of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press by steam - powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Economic conditions and intellectual climate 1.2 Technological factors 2 Function and approach 3 Gutenberg 's press 4 The Printing Revolution 4.1 Mass production and spread of printed books 4.2 Circulation of information and ideas 5 Industrial printing presses 5.1 Rotary press 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History Main article : History of printing Economic conditions and intellectual climate See also : History of capitalism and Medieval university Medieval university class ( 1350s ) The rapid economic and socio - cultural development of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg 's improved version of the printing press : the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production , fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work - processes . The sharp rise of medieval learning and literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time - consuming hand - copying method fell far short of accommodating . Technological factors See also : History of Western typography and Medieval technology Technologies preceding the press that led to the press 's invention included : manufacturing of paper , development of ink , woodblock printing , and distribution of eyeglasses . At the same time , a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes . Gutenberg took up these far - flung strands , combined them into one complete and functioning system , and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own : Early modern wine press . Such screw presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press . The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat - plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg 's time and was used for a wide range of tasks . Introduced in the 1st century AD by the Romans , it was commonly employed in agricultural production for pressing wine grapes and ( olive ) oil fruit , both of which formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet . The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns . Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the German lands since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles . Gutenberg adopted the basic design , thereby mechanizing the printing process . Printing , however , put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing . Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity . To speed up the printing process , he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed . Movable type sorted in a letter case and loaded in a composing stick on top The concept of movable type was not new in the 15th century ; movable type printing had been invented in China during the Song dynasty , and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty , where metal movable - type printing technology was developed in 1234 . In Europe , sporadic evidence that the typographical principle , the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters , was well understood and employed in pre-Gutenberg Europe had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before . The known examples range from Germany ( Prüfening inscription ) to England ( letter tiles ) to Italy . However , the various techniques employed ( imprinting , punching and assembling individual letters ) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted . Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate work steps . A goldsmith by profession , he created his type pieces from a lead - based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today . The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand mould , the matrix . The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because , in contrast to logographic writing systems , it allowed the type - setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters . Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the codex , which had originated in the Roman period . Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself , the codex had completely replaced the ancient scroll at the onset of the Middle Ages ( 500 AD ) . The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format ; it is more convenient to read ( by turning pages ) , is more compact , less costly , and , in particular , unlike the scroll , both recto and verso could be used for writing − and printing . A paper codex of the acclaimed 42 - line Bible , Gutenberg 's major work A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture . The introduction of water - powered paper mills , the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282 , allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese and Muslim papermaking . Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy , reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further ; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later . Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable - type printing . It is notable that codices of parchment , which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material , still had a substantial share in Gutenberg 's edition of the 42 - line Bible . After much experimentation , Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water - based inks caused by soaking the paper , and found the formula for an oil - based ink suitable for high - quality printing with metal type . Function and approach This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text - blocks . Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day , printing around 3,600 pages in the process . A printing press , in its classical form , is a standing mechanism , ranging from 5 to 7 feet ( 1.5 to 2.1 m ) long , 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) wide , and 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) tall . Type , small metal letters that have a raised letter on one end , is arranged into pages and placed in a frame to make a forme , which itself is placed onto a flat stone , ' bed , ' or ' coffin . ' The text is inked using two balls , pads mounted on handles . The balls were made of dog skin leather , because it has no pores , and stuffed with sheep 's wool and were inked . This ink was then applied to the text evenly . One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan . The paper was damp as this lets the type ' bite ' into the paper better . Small pins hold the paper in place . The paper is now held between a frisket and tympan ( two frames covered with paper or parchment ) . These are folded down , so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type . The bed is rolled under the platen , using a windlass mechanism . A small rotating handle is used called the ' rounce ' to do this , and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen . To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned . This is known as the bar or ' Devil 's Tail . ' In a well - set - up press , the springiness of the paper , frisket , and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen , the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position , the tympan and frisket raised and opened , and the printed sheet removed . Such presses were always worked by hand . After around 1800 , iron presses were developed , some of which could be operated by steam power . Gutenberg 's press See also : Letterpress printing Johannes Gutenberg 's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn -- a man who had previously instructed in gem - cutting -- and Andreas Heilmann , owner of a paper mill . However , it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record existed ; witnesses ' testimony discussed Gutenberg 's types , an inventory of metals ( including lead ) , and his type molds . Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith , Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman . He was the first to make type from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony , which was critical for producing durable type that produced high - quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials . To create these lead types , Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions , a special matrix enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template . His type case is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes , most of which were required for special characters , ligatures , punctuation marks , and so forth . Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil - based ink which was more durable than the previously used water - based inks . As printing material he used both paper and vellum ( high - quality parchment ) . In the Gutenberg Bible , Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the page headings , present only in some copies . A later work , the Mainz Psalter of 1453 , presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer , had elaborate red and blue printed initials . The printing Revolution The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas , acting as an `` agent of change '' through the societies that it reached . ( Eisenstein ( 1980 ) ) Mass production and spread of printed books See also : Global spread of the printing press and List of early modern newspapers Spread of printing in the 15th century from Mainz , Germany The European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries . The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades . From a single print shop in Mainz , Germany , printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central , Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century . As early as 1480 , there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany , Italy , France , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Switzerland , England , Bohemia and Poland . From that time on , it is assumed that `` the printed book was in universal use in Europe '' . In Italy , a center of early printing , print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500 . At the end of the following century , 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities , with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active . Despite this proliferation , printing centres soon emerged ; thus , one third of the Italian printers published in Venice . By 1500 , the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies . In the following century , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing about 1,500 impressions per workday . By comparison , book printing in East Asia , did not use presses and was solely done by block printing . Of Erasmus 's work , at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone ( 1469 -- 1536 ) . In the early days of the Reformation , the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise . In the period from 1518 to 1524 , the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold ; between 1518 and 1520 , Luther 's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies . The rapidity of typographical text production , as well as the sharp fall in unit costs , led to the issuing of the first newspapers ( see Relation ) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up - to - date information to the public . Incunable are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and North America . Circulation of information and ideas See also : The Gutenberg Galaxy `` Modern Book Printing '' sculpture , commemorating Gutenberg 's invention on the occasion of the 2006 World Cup in Germany The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals , helping to bring on the scientific revolution . Because of the printing press , authorship became more meaningful and profitable . It was suddenly important who had said or written what , and what the precise formulation and time of composition was . This allowed the exact citing of references , producing the rule , `` One Author , one work ( title ) , one piece of information '' ( Giesecke , 1989 ; 325 ) . Before , the author was less important , since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna . For many works prior to the printing press , the name of the author has been entirely lost . Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages , page numbering , tables of contents , and indices became common , though they previously had not been unknown . The process of reading also changed , gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent , private reading . Over the next 200 years , the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe . The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of knowledge . Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press , the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe ( Eisenstein , 1969 ; 52 ) . More people had access to knowledge both new and old , more people could discuss these works . Book production became more commercialised , and the first copyright laws were passed . On the other hand , the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information which may have been incorrect . A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works , to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area , increasing the variety of published works . The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars , in effect ' decreasing ' their variability . This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe . A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy . The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth . The publication of trade related manuals and books teaching techniques like double - entry bookkeeping increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders . Industrial printing presses See also : History of printing At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution , the mechanics of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press were still essentially unchanged , although new materials in its construction , amongst other innovations , had gradually improved its printing efficiency . By 1800 , Lord Stanhope had built a press completely from cast iron which reduced the force required by 90 % , while doubling the size of the printed area . With a capacity of 480 pages per hour , the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press . Nonetheless , the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious . Koenig 's 1814 steam - powered printing press Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically : First , the use of steam power for running the machinery , and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders . Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer Friedrich Koenig in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818 . Having moved to London in 1804 , Koenig soon met Thomas Bensley and secured financial support for his project in 1807 . Patented in 1810 , Koenig had designed a steam press `` much like a hand press connected to a steam engine . '' The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811 . He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer . Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to The Times in London in 1814 , capable of 1,100 impressions per hour . The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814 . They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once . This began the long process of making newspapers available to a mass audience ( which in turn helped spread literacy ) , and from the 1820s changed the nature of book production , forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata . Their company Koenig & Bauer AG is still one of the world 's largest manufacturers of printing presses today . Rotary press The steam powered rotary printing press , invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe , allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day . Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper , as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace . By the late 1930s or early 1940s , rotary presses had increased substantially in efficiency : a model by Platen Printing Press was capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000 impressions per hour . Also , in the middle of the 19th century , there was a separate development of jobbing presses , small presses capable of printing small - format pieces such as billheads , letterheads , business cards , and envelopes . Jobbing presses were capable of quick set - up ( average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes ) and quick production ( even on treadle - powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour ( iph ) with one pressman , with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work ) . Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost - effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time . Gallery Model of the Common Press , used from 1650 to 1850 Printing press from 1811 Stanhope press from 1842 Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860 See also General Imprimatur Printing Typography Printing presses Adana Printing Presses Albion press Columbian Printing Press Flexography Vertical print press Other inventions Color printing Lithography Offset printing Desktop publishing Electronic publishing Computer printer Composing stick Notes Jump up ^ For example , in 1999 , the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no . 1 on their `` People of the Millennium '' countdown . In 1997 , Time -- Life magazine picked Gutenberg 's invention as the most important of the second millennium Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years , 1,000 People : Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium . The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era . Jump up ^ McLuhan 1962 ; Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 ^ Jump up to : Tsien Tsuen - Hsuin ; Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Science and Civilisation in China . 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 158,201 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1976 ) : `` The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 '' , London : New Left Books , quoted in : Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 58f . Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , p. 387 : At the same time , then , as the printing press in the physical , technological sense was invented , ' the press ' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage . The phenomenon of publishing was born . Jump up ^ Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 63 -- 76 Jump up ^ Gerhardt 1978 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 Jump up ^ Jones , Colin . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43294 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 21 -- 35 Jump up ^ Onken 2009 ; White 1984 , pp. 31f. ; Schneider 2007 , pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Schneider 2007 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Schulte 1939 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39f . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Germany : Brekle 1995 , pp. 23 -- 26 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Brekle 2005 , p. 25 ; England : Lehmann - Haupt 1940 , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Italy : Lipinsky 1986 , pp. 75 -- 80 ; Koch 1994 , p. 213 . Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in Constantinople from the 10th to 12th century and that the Venetians received it from there ( p. 78 ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' , retrieved 27 November 2006 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 ; Hellinga 2007 , p. 208 : Gutenberg 's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 24 -- 30 Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 1 , 38 -- 67 , 75 : The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex ; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material , folded double and fastened together at the back or spine , and usually protected by covers . ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 45 -- 53 . Technically speaking , a scroll could be written on its back side , too , but the very few ancient specimen found indicate that this was never considered a viable option . ( p. 46 ) Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 418 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Tsien 1985 , p. 68 − 73 ; Lucas 2005 , p. 28 , fn. 70 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Burns 1996 , pp. 414 -- 417 Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 417 Jump up ^ Febvre & Martin 1997 , pp. 41 -- 44 ; Burns 1996 , p. 419 : In the West , the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself . With his mechanization by movable - type printing in the 1440s , the manufacture of paper , until then relatively confined , began to spread very widely . The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 7f. : Despite all that has been said above , even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man . It is immensely strong , remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions , does not deteriorate with age , and possesses a smooth , even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination . Jump up ^ The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 ( Hanebutt - Benz 2000 , pp. 158 -- 189 ) . Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 67f. : From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600 , assuming a fifteen - hour workday , was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) RIND Survey ( The Press Institute of India - Research Institute for Newspaper Development ) June 2015 , p14 ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 58 -- 69 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Mahnke 2009 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Buringh & van Zanden 2009 , p. 417 , table 2 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Borsa 1976 , p. 314 ; Borsa 1977 , p. 166 − 169 Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The performance of the wooden printing press '' . The library quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 264 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham 1965 , p. 211 : The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw - presses from China , but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that culture . Widmann 1974 , p. 34 , fn. 14 : In East Asia , both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques , that is hand printing . Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 ; Man 2002 , pp. 112 -- 115 : Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block - printing ; there were no screw - based presses in the east , because they were not wine - drinkers , did n't have olives , and used other means to dry their paper . Jump up ^ Issawi 1980 , pp. 492 Jump up ^ Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , pp. 387f . Jump up ^ The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue gives 29,777 separate editions ( not copies ) as of 8 January 2008 , which however includes some print items from the 16th century ( retrieved 11 March 2010 ) . According to Bettina Wagner : `` Das Second - Life der Wiegendrucke . Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek '' , in : Griebel , Rolf ; Ceynowa , Klaus ( eds . ) : `` Information , Innovation , Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek '' , KG Saur , München 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11772 - 5 , pp. 207 -- 224 ( 207f . ) , the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue lists 28,107 editions published before 1501 . Jump up ^ Peck , Josh . `` The State of Publishing : Literacy Rates . '' McSweeney 's Internet Tendency . McSweeney , 5 July 2011 . Web . 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Malte Herwig , `` Google 's Total Library '' , Spiegel Online International , Mar. 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howard Rheingold , `` Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism '' , Online Journalism Review , Jul. 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eshgh , Amy . `` Copyright Timeline : A History of Copyright in the United States Association of Research Libraries ® ARL ® '' . www.arl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Julia C. Crick ; Alexandra Walsham ( 2004 ) . The uses of script and print , 1300 -- 1700 . Cambridge University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81063 - 0 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Bilton ( 14 September 2010 ) . I Live in the Future & Here 's How It Works : Why Your World , Work , and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59111 - 1 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Dittmar . `` Information technology and economic change : The impact of the printing press '' . VoxEU . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Prateek Raj . `` How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets '' . Evonomics . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 130 -- 133 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. ( 1998 ) . A History of Graphic Design ( Third ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29198 - 5 . References On the effects of the printing press Boruchoff , David A. ( 2012 ) , `` The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times : An Idea and Its Public '' , in Klaus Hock ; Gesa Mackenthun , Entangled Knowledge : Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference , Münster : Waxmann , pp. 133 -- 163 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8309 - 2729 - 7 Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) , `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries `` , The Journal of Economic History , 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 , doi : 10.1017 / s0022050709000837 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 1980 ) , The Printing Press as an Agent of Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29955 - 1 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 2005 ) , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe ( 2nd , rev . ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 60774 - 4 ( More recent , abridged version ) Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1997 ) , The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 , London : Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 108 - 2 Man , John ( 2002 ) , The Gutenberg Revolution : The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World , London : Headline Review , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 9 McLuhan , Marshall ( 1962 ) , The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( 1st ed . ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6041 - 9 Technology of printing Bechtel , G. ( 1992 ) , Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie , Paris : Fayard , ISBN 2 - 213 - 02865 - 6 Bolza , Hans ( 1967 ) , `` Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine '' , Technikgeschichte , 34 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 89 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1976 ) , `` Druckorte in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 311 -- 314 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1977 ) , `` Drucker in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 166 -- 169 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1995 ) , `` Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12 . Jahrhundert '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 70 : 23 -- 26 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1997 ) , `` Das typographische Prinzip . Versuch einer Begriffsklärung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 72 : 58 -- 63 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 2005 ) , Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119 . Eine paläographisch - typographische Untersuchung ( brief summary ) , Regensburg : Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft , ISBN 3 - 937527 - 06 - 0 Burns , Robert I. ( 1996 ) , `` Paper comes to the West , 800 -- 1400 '' , in Lindgren , Uta , Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400 . Tradition und Innovation ( 4th ed . ) , Berlin : Gebr . Mann Verlag , pp. 413 -- 422 , ISBN 3 - 7861 - 1748 - 9 Childress , Diana ( 2008 ) , Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press , Minneapolis : Twenty - First Century Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 4024 - 9 Ch'on Hye - bong : `` Typography in Korea '' , Koreana , Vol. 7 , No. 2 ( 1993 ) , pp. 10 -- 19 Stearns , Peter N ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of World History ( 6 ed . ) . The Houghton Mifflin Company / Bartleby.com . Citation Crompton , Samuel Willard ( 2004 ) , The Printing Press . Transforming Power of Technology , Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7451 - X Duchesne , Ricardo ( 2006 ) , `` Asia First ? '' , The Journal of the Historical Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 91 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5923.2006. 00168. x Fontaine , Jean - Paul ( 1999 ) , L'aventure du livre : Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours , Paris : Bibliothèque de l'image Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1971 ) , `` Warum wurde die Gutenberg - Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 43 -- 57 Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1978 ) , `` Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 212 -- 217 Hanebutt - Benz , Eva - Maria ( 2000 ) , `` Gutenbergs Erfindungen '' , Gutenberg . Aventur und Kunst : Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution , Mainz : Stadt Mainz , pp. 158 -- 189 Hellinga , Lotte ( 2007 ) , `` The Gutenberg Revolutions '' , in Eliot , Simon ; Rose , Jonathan , A Companion to the History of the Book , Blackwell Publishing , pp. 207 -- 220 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2765 - 3 Hind , Arthur M. , An Introduction to a History of Woodcut , Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 ( in USA ) , reprinted Dover Publications , 1963 ISBN 0 - 486 - 20952 - 0 Issawi , Charles ( 1980 ) , `` Europe , the Middle East and the Shift in Power : Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson '' , Comparative Studies in Society and History , 22 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 504 , doi : 10.1017 / s001041750000949x Kapr , Albert ( 1996 ) , Johannes Gutenberg . The Man and his Invention , Aldershot : Scolar , ISBN 1 - 85928 - 114 - 1 Koch , Walter ( 1994 ) , Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik ( 1985 -- 1991 ) , Monumenta Germaniae Historica : Hilfsmittel , 14 , München , p. 213 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 88612 - 114 - 4 Lehmann - Haupt , Hellmut ( 1940 ) , `` Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII . Jahrhunderts '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 93 -- 97 Lipinsky , Angelo ( 1986 ) , `` La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili '' , Ateneo Veneto , 24 : 75 -- 80 Lucas , Adam Robert ( 2005 ) , `` Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds . A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe '' , Technology and Culture , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 , doi : 10.1353 / tech. 2005.0026 Mahnke , Helmut ( 2009 ) , Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst , Norderstedt : Books on Demand , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 5041 - 7 Needham , Joseph : `` Science and Civilisation in China '' , Physics and Physical Technology ( Vol. 4 ) , Mechanical Engineering ( Part 2 ) , Cambridge University Press , 1965 Onken , Björn ( 2009 ) , `` Presses '' , in Cancik , Hubert ; Schneider , Helmuth , Brill 's New Pauly Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 Roberts , Colin H. ; Skeat , T.C. ( 1983 ) , The Birth of the Codex , London : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 726024 - 1 Schneider , Helmuth ( 2007 ) , `` Technology '' , in Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , pp. 144 -- 171 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Schulte , Alfred ( 1939 ) , `` Papierpresse , Druckerpresse und Kelter '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 52 -- 56 Thompson , Susan ( 1978 ) , `` Paper Manufacturing and Early Books '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 314 : 167 -- 176 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1978. tb47791. x Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) , Paper and Printing , Science and Civilisation in China , Chemistry and Chemical Technology ( Vol. 5 , Part 1 ) , Cambridge University Press Weber , Johannes ( 2006 ) , `` Strassburg , 1605 : The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe '' , German History , 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 412 , doi : 10.1191 / 0266355406gh380oa White , K.D. ( 1984 ) , Greek and Roman Technology , London : Thames and Hudson Widmann , Hans ( 1974 ) , `` Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 32 -- 34 Wolf , Hans - Jürgen ( 1974 ) , Geschichte der Druckpressen ( 1st ed . ) , Frankfurt / Main : Interprint External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing press . Centre for the History of the Book Gutenberg printing − Photos of Incunabula and the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) Internet Archive : Printing ( 1947 ) − a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Letterpress printing <Td_colspan="3"> History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph <Td_colspan="3"> Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking GND : 4523304 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_press&oldid=839550979 '' Categories : Printing Johannes Gutenberg 1445 introductions Textual scholarship Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Patois Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Johannes Gutenberg
2. Printing press invention
3. Movable type
4. Spread of printing
5. Impact of printing revolution
|
5,073,245,291,937,778,000 |
when did man u last win the prem
|
Manchester United F.C. - Wikipedia Manchester United F.C. This is the current revision of this page , as edited by PeeJay2K3 ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 49 , 28 August 2017 ( fixed ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 14 : 49 , 28 August 2017 by PeeJay2K3 ( talk contribs ) ( fixed ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search `` MUFC '' and `` Manchester United '' redirect here . For other uses , see MUFC ( disambiguation ) . For the basketball team , see Manchester Eagles . Manchester United <Td_colspan="2"> Full name Manchester United Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Red Devils Short name MUFC Founded 1878 ; 139 years ago ( 1878 ) , as Newton Heath LYR F.C. 1902 ; 115 years ago ( 1902 ) , as Manchester United F.C. Ground Old Trafford Ground Capacity 75,643 Owner Manchester United plc ( NYSE : MANU ) Co-chairmen Joel and Avram Glazer Manager José Mourinho League Premier League 2016 -- 17 Premier League , 6th of 20 Website Club website <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Home colours Away colours Third colours <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Current season Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 -- 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . In 2016 -- 17 , by winning the UEFA Europa League , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . In addition , they became the only professional English club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 . Manchester United was the highest - earning football club in the world for 2015 -- 16 , with an annual revenue of € 689 million , and the world 's most valuable football club in 2017 , valued at £ 2.86 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £ 800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world , and has its strongest rivalries with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) 1.2 Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) 1.3 1969 -- 1986 1.4 Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) 1.5 2013 -- present 2 Crest and colours 2.1 Kit evolution 3 Grounds 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Global brand 5.1 Sponsorship 6 Ownership and finances 7 Players 7.1 First - team squad 7.1. 1 Out on loan 7.2 Reserves and academy 7.3 Former players 7.4 Club captains 7.5 Player records 7.6 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 8 Club officials 8.1 Managerial history 9 Honours 9.1 Domestic 9.1. 1 League 9.1. 2 Cups 9.2 European 9.3 Worldwide 9.4 Doubles and Trebles 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1878 -- 1945 ) A chart showing the progress of Manchester United through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892 -- 93 to the present Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company -- green and gold -- they were defeated 6 -- 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 -- 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the `` LYR '' from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division . The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season , in which they were runners - up in the Second Division In January 1902 , with debts of £ 2,670 -- equivalent to £ 260,000 in 2017 -- the club was served with a winding - up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest £ 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners - up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 -- the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City . In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo - yo club , achieving its all - time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested £ 2,000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 -- 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division . Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1945 -- 1969 ) The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955 In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second - place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back - to - back title winning side of 1956 were labelled `` the Busby Babes '' by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi-final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 -- 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record . A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster , including players ' names The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter - final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of eight players -- Geoff Bent , Roger Byrne , Eddie Colman , Duncan Edwards , Mark Jones , David Pegg , Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan -- and injured several more . Manchester United ( 1963 ) Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club 's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final , which they lost to Bolton Wanderers . In recognition of the team 's tragedy , UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers . Despite approval from the FA , the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition , since it had not qualified . Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand , who combined with the next generation of youth players -- including George Best -- to win the FA Cup in 1963 . The following season , they finished second in the league , then won the title in 1965 and 1967 . In 1968 , Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup , beating Benfica 4 -- 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year : Bobby Charlton , Denis Law and George Best . Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach , former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness . 1969 -- 1986 Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years , longer than any other player . Following an eighth - place finish in the 1969 -- 70 season and a poor start to the 1970 -- 71 season , Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties , and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach . In June 1971 , Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager , but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972 . Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season , only to see them relegated in 1974 ; by that time the trio of Best , Law , and Charlton had left the club . The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976 , but were beaten by Southampton . They reached the final again in 1977 , beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 . Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards , following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist 's wife . Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977 . Despite major signings , including Joe Jordan , Gordon McQueen , Gary Bailey , and Ray Wilkins , the team failed to achieve any significant results ; they finished in the top two in 1979 -- 80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final . Sexton was dismissed in 1981 , even though the team won the last seven games under his direction . He was replaced by Ron Atkinson , who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion . Under Atkinson , Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years -- in 1983 and 1985 . In 1985 -- 86 , after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches , the club was favourite to win the league , but finished in fourth place . The following season , with the club in danger of relegation by November , Atkinson was dismissed . Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Alex Ferguson managed the team between 1986 and 2013 . Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson 's dismissal , and guided the club to an 11th - place finish in the league . Despite a second - place finish in 1987 -- 88 , the club was back in 11th place the following season . Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed , victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay ( after a 3 -- 3 draw ) saved Ferguson 's career . The following season , Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup , beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 in the final at Old Trafford . A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992 , in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 at Wembley . In 1993 , the club won its first league title since 1967 , and a year later , for the first time since 1957 , it won a second consecutive title -- alongside the FA Cup -- to complete the first `` Double '' in the club 's history . Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history . In the 1998 -- 99 season , Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League -- `` The Treble '' -- in the same season . Losing 1 -- 0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich , in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time . The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1 -- 0 in Tokyo . Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football . Manchester United won the league again in the 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 seasons . The team finished third in 2001 -- 02 , before regaining the title in 2002 -- 03 . They won the 2003 -- 04 FA Cup , beating Millwall 3 -- 0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time . In the 2005 -- 06 season , Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade , but recovered to secure a second - place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final . The club regained the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 seasons , and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6 -- 5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow 's Luzhniki Stadium . Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game , overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton . In December 2008 , the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008 -- 09 Football League Cup , and its third successive Premier League title . That summer , Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £ 80 million . In 2010 , Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2 -- 1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup , its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition . After finishing as runner - up to Chelsea in the 2009 -- 10 season , United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010 -- 11 , securing the championship with a 1 -- 1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011 . This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012 -- 13 , securing the championship with a 3 -- 0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 . 2013 -- Present On 8 May 2013 , Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season , but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador . The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July , having signed a six - year contract . Ryan Giggs took over as interim player - manager 10 months later , on 22 April 2014 , when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995 -- 96 . They also failed to qualify for the Europa League , meaning that it was the first time Manchester United had n't qualified for a European competition since 1990 . On 19 May 2014 , it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three - year deal , with Giggs as his assistant . Malcolm Glazer , the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club , died on 28 May 2014 . Although Van Gaal 's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth - place finish in the Premier League , his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage . United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season , finishing in 5th place , in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal 's tenure . However , that same season , Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time . Despite this victory , Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later , with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May , signing a three - year contract . That season , United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time . Club captain Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United , surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United 's all time top scorer . Crest and colours Manchester United badge in the 1960s The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms , although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail . The devil stems from the club 's nickname `` The Red Devils '' ; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s , and incorporated into the club crest in 1970 , although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 ( unless the team was playing in a Cup Final ) . Newton Heath 's uniform in 1879 , four years before the club played its first competitive match , has been documented as ' white with blue cord ' . A photograph of the Newton Heath team , taken in 1892 , is believed to show the players wearing red - and - white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers . Between 1894 -- 96 , the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts , which were worn with navy blue shorts . After the name change in 1902 , the club colours were changed to red shirts , white shorts , and black socks , which has become the standard Manchester United home kit . Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red `` V '' around the neck , similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final . They remained part of their home kits until 1927 . For a period in 1934 , the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours , but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club 's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change . The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965 , where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 , when the club reverted to black . Black shorts and / or white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip , most often in away games , if there is a clash with the opponent 's kit . Since 1997 -- 98 , white socks have been the preferred choice for European games to aid with player visibility . The current home kit is a red shirt with a buttoned crew collar , black - and - white banded cuffs , and the trademark Adidas three stripes in white across the shoulders . The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt , black shorts and white socks , but there have been several exceptions . These include an all - black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995 , the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999 -- 2000 season , and the 2011 -- 12 away kit , which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes , with black shorts and blue socks . An all - grey away kit worn during the 1995 -- 96 season was dropped after just five games , most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half - time of its final outing . The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd , United failed to win a competitive game in the kit . In 2001 , to celebrate 100 years as `` Manchester United '' , a reversible white / gold away kit was released , although the actual match day shirts were not reversible . The club 's third kit is often all - blue , this was most recently the case during the 2014 -- 15 season . Exceptions include a green - and - gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994 , a blue - and - white striped shirt worn during the 1994 -- 95 and 1995 -- 96 seasons and once in 1996 -- 97 , an all - black kit worn during the Treble - winning 1998 -- 99 season , and a white shirt with black - and - red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 -- 04 and 2005 -- 06 . From 2006 -- 07 to 2013 -- 14 , the third kit was the previous season 's away kit , albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006 -- 07 and 2010 -- 11 , apart from 2008 -- 09 when an all - blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967 -- 68 European Cup success . Kit evolution 1879 -- 1880 , 1896 -- 1902 1880 -- 1887 1887 -- 1893 1893 -- 1894 1894 -- 1896 1902 -- 1920 , 1921 -- 1922 , 1927 -- 1934 , 1934 -- 1960 , 1971 -- present 1920 -- 1921 , 1963 -- 1971 1922 -- 1927 1934 1960 -- 1963 ( 1997 -- present ) Notes ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies . ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions . Grounds Old Trafford after its expansion completed in 2006 Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road , close to the railway yard ; the original capacity was about 12,000 , but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , and in 1891 , Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1,000 spectators . Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 . In June 1893 , after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners , Manchester Deans and Canons , who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground , secretary A.H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton . It initially had no stands , by the start of the 1893 -- 94 season , two had been built ; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the `` Bradford end '' . At the opposite end , the `` Clayton end '' , the ground had been `` built up , thousands thus being provided for '' . Newton Heath 's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893 , when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat - trick , Newton Heath 's only goals in a 3 -- 2 win . The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later . In October 1895 , before the visit of Manchester City , the club purchased a 2,000 - capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club , and put up another stand on the `` reserved side '' ( as distinct from the `` popular side '' ) . However , weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000 . When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902 , club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club 's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham . Following financial investment , new club president John Henry Davies paid £ 500 for the erection of a new 1,000 - seat stand at Bank Street . Within four years , the stadium had cover on all four sides , as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators , some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand . However , following Manchester United 's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later , it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909 , six weeks before the club 's first FA Cup title , Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United , following the purchase of land for around £ 60,000 . Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £ 30,000 for construction ; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000 , though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000 . The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester . The stadium 's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939 , when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators . Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium ; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter . After the war , the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £ 22,278 . While reconstruction took place , the team played its `` home '' games at Manchester City 's Maine Road ground ; Manchester United was charged £ 5,000 per year , plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts . Later improvements included the addition of roofs , first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands . The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans ' views , and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure . The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof , completed in time for the 1993 -- 94 season . First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £ 40,000 , four 180 - foot ( 55 m ) pylons were erected , each housing 54 individual floodlights . These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand , which remains in use today . The Taylor Report 's requirement for an all - seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993 . In 1995 , the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers , restoring capacity to approximately 55,000 . At the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , second tiers were added to the East and West Stands , raising capacity to around 67,000 , and between July 2005 and May 2006 , 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north - west and north - east quadrants . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record . The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 , with just 114 seats ( 0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212 ) unoccupied . In 2009 , reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957 . Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund . Support Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world , with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide , while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million . The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams ( after Barcelona and Real Madrid ) , with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016 . A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League . Supporters are represented by two independent bodies ; the Independent Manchester United Supporters ' Association ( IMUSA ) , which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum , and the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust ( MUST ) . After the Glazer family 's takeover in 2005 , a group of fans formed a splinter club , F.C. United of Manchester . The West Stand of Old Trafford -- the `` Stretford End '' -- is the home end and the traditional source of the club 's most vocal support . Rivalries Main articles : Arsenal F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , Manchester derby , Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , and Leeds United F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal , Leeds United , Liverpool , and Manchester City , against whom they contest the Manchester derby . The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port . Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England and , at many points in their history , they have battled each other for the league title ( most recently in the 2008 -- 09 season ) . Their matches are usually considered by the players and their fans as the biggest in any given season . The `` Roses Rivalry '' with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses , fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire . The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams , as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger , have battled for the Premier League title . With 33 titles between them ( 20 for Manchester United , 13 for Arsenal ) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history . Global brand Aeroflot is an official carrier of the club . Manchester United has been described as a global brand ; a 2011 report by Brand Finance , valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 412 million -- an increase of £ 39 million on the previous year , valuing it at £ 11 million more than the second best brand , Real Madrid -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA ( Extremely Strong ) . In July 2012 , Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands , valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion . The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League ( behind Real Madrid and Barcelona ) . In January 2013 , the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion . Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion -- $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team . The core strength of Manchester United 's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby 's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster , which drew worldwide acclaim . The `` iconic '' team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles ( members of England 's World Cup winning team ) , Denis Law and George Best . The attacking style of play adopted by this team ( in contrast to the defensive - minded `` catenaccio '' approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era ) `` captured the imagination of the English footballing public '' . Busby 's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s ; George Best , known as the `` Fifth Beatle '' for his iconic haircut , was the first footballer to significantly develop an off - the - field media profile . As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club raised significant capital , with which it further developed its commercial strategy . The club 's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses . The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off - the - field media attention to individual players , most notably David Beckham ( who quickly developed his own global brand ) . This attention often generates greater interest in on - the - field activities , and hence generates sponsorship opportunities -- the value of which is driven by television exposure . During his time with the club , Beckham 's popularity across Asia was integral to the club 's commercial success in that part of the world . Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights , success on the field generates greater income for the club . Since the inception of the Premier League , Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal . Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club ; in 2005 -- 06 , the club 's commercial arm generated £ 51 million , compared to £ 42.5 million at Chelsea , £ 39.3 million at Liverpool , £ 34 million at Arsenal and £ 27.9 million at Newcastle United . A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike , who managed the club 's merchandising operation as part of a £ 303 million 13 - year partnership between 2002 and 2015 . Through Manchester United Finance and the club 's membership scheme , One United , those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services . Additionally , Manchester United - branded media services -- such as the club 's dedicated television channel , MUTV -- have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium . Sponsorship Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 1945 -- 1975 Umbro -- 1975 -- 1980 Admiral 1980 -- 1982 Adidas 1982 -- 1992 Sharp Electronics 1992 -- 2000 Umbro 2000 -- 2002 Vodafone 2002 -- 2006 Nike 2006 -- 2010 AIG 2010 -- 2014 Aon 2014 -- 2015 Chevrolet 2015 -- Adidas In an initial five - year deal worth £ 500,000 , Sharp Electronics became the club 's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982 -- 83 season , a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999 -- 2000 season , when Vodafone agreed a four - year , £ 30 million deal . Vodafone agreed to pay £ 36 million to extend the deal by four years , but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League . To commence at the start of the 2006 -- 07 season , American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four - year £ 56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world . At the beginning of the 2010 -- 11 season , American reinsurance company Aon became the club 's principal sponsor in a four - year deal reputed to be worth approximately £ 80 million , making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history . Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011 , agreeing a four - year deal with DHL reported to be worth £ 40 million ; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football . The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012 , although they remained the club 's official logistics partner . The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £ 180 million over eight years , which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre . The club 's first kit manufacturer was Umbro , until a five - year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975 . Adidas received the contract in 1980 , before Umbro started a second spell in 1992 . Umbro 's sponsorship lasted for ten years , followed by Nike 's record - breaking £ 302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015 ; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company . In addition to Nike and Chevrolet , the club also has several lower - level `` platinum '' sponsors , including Aon and Budweiser . On 30 July 2012 , United signed a seven - year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors , which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014 -- 15 season . The new $80 m-a - year shirt deal is worth $559 m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet . Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million . Ownership and finances See also : Glazer ownership of Manchester United Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company , the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £ 1 via an application form . In 1902 , majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £ 500 to save the club from bankruptcy , including future club president John Henry Davies . After his death in 1927 , the club faced bankruptcy yet again , but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson , who assumed control of the club after an investment of £ 2,000 . Gibson promoted his son , Alan , to the board in 1948 , but died three years later ; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James ' wife , Lillian , but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman . Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster , Louis Edwards , a friend of Matt Busby , began acquiring shares in the club ; for an investment of approximately £ 40,000 , he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964 . When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971 , her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards ' son , Martin , in 1978 ; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father 's death in 1980 . Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984 , but did not meet Edwards ' asking price . In 1989 , chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £ 20 million , but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the Board of Directors instead . Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 ( raising £ 6.7 million ) , and received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation . This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch -- now the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust -- who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover . The Manchester United board accepted a £ 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Alex Ferguson , and his horse - racing partners , John Magnier and J.P. McManus , who had gradually become the majority shareholders . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's majority . In May 2005 , Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier , thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £ 800 million ( then approx . $1.5 billion ) . Once the purchase was complete , the club was taken off the stock exchange . In July 2006 , the club announced a £ 660 million debt refinancing package , resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £ 62 million a year . In January 2010 , with debts of £ 716.5 million ( $1.17 billion ) , Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £ 504 million , enabling them to pay off most of the £ 509 million owed to international banks . The annual interest payable on the bonds -- which mature on 1 February 2017 -- is approximately £ 45 million per annum . Despite restructuring , the club 's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010 , at Old Trafford and the club 's Trafford Training Centre . Supporter groups encouraged match - going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Newton Heath . On 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans , dubbed the `` Red Knights '' , with plans to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest . In August 2011 , the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion ( approx. £ 600 million ) initial public offering ( IPO ) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £ 2 billion . However , in July 2012 , the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead . Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each , but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August , following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook 's disappointing stock market debut in May . Even after the cut , Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion , making it the most valuable football club in the world . Players First - team squad As of 24 August 2017 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 1 GK David de Gea 2 DF Victor Lindelöf 3 DF Eric Bailly 4 DF Phil Jones 5 DF Marcos Rojo 6 MF Paul Pogba 8 MF Juan Mata 9 FW Romelu Lukaku 10 FW Zlatan Ibrahimović 11 FW Anthony Martial 12 DF Chris Smalling 14 MF Jesse Lingard 15 MF Andreas Pereira 16 MF Michael Carrick ( captain ) 17 DF Daley Blind No . Position Player 18 MF Ashley Young 19 FW Marcus Rashford 20 GK Sergio Romero 21 MF Ander Herrera 22 MF Henrikh Mkhitaryan 23 DF Luke Shaw 25 DF Antonio Valencia 27 MF Marouane Fellaini 31 MF Nemanja Matić 36 DF Matteo Darmian 38 DF Axel Tuanzebe 40 GK Joel Castro Pereira 45 GK Kieran O'Hara -- FW James Wilson Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 24 DF Timothy Fosu - Mensah ( at Crystal Palace until 30 June 2018 ) 32 GK Sam Johnstone ( at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018 ) 43 DF Cameron Borthwick - Jackson ( at Leeds United until 30 June 2018 ) Reserves and academy Further information : Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy Former players Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players and Category : Manchester United F.C. players Club captains Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players § Club captains Player records Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Further information : Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Club officials Owner : Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited Honorary president : Martin Edwards Manchester United Limited Co-chairmen : Avram Glazer and Joel Glazer Executive vice chairman : Ed Woodward Group managing director : Richard Arnold Chief financial officer : Cliff Baty Non-executive directors : Bryan Glazer , Kevin Glazer , Edward Glazer , Darcie Glazer Kassewitz , Robert Leitão , John Hooks and Manu Sawhney Manchester United Football Club Directors : David Gill , Michael Edelson , Sir Bobby Charlton , Sir Alex Ferguson Club secretary : John Alexander Club ambassadors : Andy Cole , Gary Neville , Bryan Robson , Peter Schmeichel , Bobby Charlton , Alex Ferguson , Park Ji - sung , Dwight Yorke , Nemanja Vidić Senior club staff Director of Group Operations : Alan Dawson MBE Director of Communications : Phil Townsend Director of Legal and Business Affairs : Patrick Stewart Director of Finance & IT : Steve Deaville Director of Venue : David French Director of Partnerships : Sean Jefferson CEO of Media : Phil Lynch Ticket office manager : Sam Kelleher Safety officer : Charlie Coxon Stadium manager : Ian Collins Grounds manager : Anthony Sinclair Coaching staff Manager : José Mourinho Assistant manager : Rui Faria Coach : Silvino Louro Coach : Ricardo Formosinho Goalkeeping coach : Emilio Alvarez Fitness coach : Carlos Lalin Tactical analyst : Giovanni Cerra Head of first - team development : John Murtough Scouting Staff Chief scout : Jim Lawlor Head of global scouting : Marcel Bout Scouts : Gerado Guzmán , Sandro Orlandelli , Tommy Møller Nielsen , Javier Ribalta Academy coaching staff Director of youth academy : Nicky Butt Academy operations manager : Nick Cox Under - 23 manager : Ricky Sbragia Under - 23s team assistant manager : Tommy Martin Under - 18 head coach : Kieran McKenna Under - 18s coach : John Cooke Under - 18s coach : Colin Little Head of Academy Coaching : Tony Whelan Under - 16 Head Coach : Neil Ryan Under - 12 - 14 Head Coach : Hasney Aljofree Under 12s Head Coach : Lee Unsworth Under 10s Head Coach : Eamon Mulvey Under 9s Head Coach : Eddie Leach Academy goalkeeping coach : Alan Fettis Medical & sports science staff Head of sports medicine & science / club doctor : Dr. Steve McNally Assistant club doctor : Dr. Tony Gill Head first - team physiotherapist : Richard Merron Assistant first team physiotherapist : Jon Picot Head of academy physiotherapy : Neil Hough Senior academy physiotherapist : Mandy Johnson Academy physiotherapist : John Davin Masseurs : Gary Armer , Rod Thornley & Andy Caveney Club dietician : Trevor Lea Head of performance : Tony Strudwick Head of strength & conditioning : Dr. Gary Walker Head of human performance : Dr. Richard Hawkins Managerial history Main article : List of Manchester United F.C. managers Dates Name Notes 1878 -- 1892 Unknown 1892 -- 1900 A.H. Albut 1900 -- 1903 James West 1903 -- 1912 Ernest Mangnall 1912 -- 1914 John Bentley 1914 -- 1921 Jack Robson 1921 -- 1926 John Chapman 1926 -- 1927 Lal Hilditch Player - manager 1927 -- 1931 Herbert Bamlett 1931 -- 1932 Walter Crickmer 1932 -- 1937 Scott Duncan 1937 -- 1945 Walter Crickmer 1945 -- 1969 Matt Busby 1969 -- 1970 Wilf McGuinness 1970 -- 1971 Matt Busby 1971 -- 1972 Frank O'Farrell 1972 -- 1977 Tommy Docherty 1977 -- 1981 Dave Sexton 1981 -- 1986 Ron Atkinson 1986 -- 2013 Alex Ferguson 2013 -- 2014 David Moyes 2014 Ryan Giggs Interim player - manager 2014 -- 2016 Louis van Gaal 2016 -- José Mourinho Honours Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe . The club 's first trophy was the Manchester Cup , which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886 . In 1908 , the club won its first league title , and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year . Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s ; five league titles , four FA Cups , one League Cup , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup . The club holds the record for most top - division titles ( 20 ) -- including a record 13 Premier League titles -- and FA Community Shields ( 21 ) . It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968 , and , as of 2017 , is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup , in 2008 . United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup , in 1999 . The club 's most recent trophy came in May 2017 , with the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League . In winning the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League , United became the fifth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . Domestic League First Division / Premier League Winners ( 20 ) : 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 ( record ) Second Division Winners ( 2 ) : 1935 -- 36 , 1974 -- 75 Cups FA Cup Winners ( 12 ) : 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 Football League Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Charity / Community Shield Winners ( 21 ) : 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ( * shared ) ( record ) European European Cup / UEFA Champions League Winners ( 3 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 European Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1990 -- 91 UEFA Europa League Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 -- 17 European Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1991 Worldwide Intercontinental Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1999 FIFA Club World Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Doubles and trebles Doubles League and FA Cup : 2 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1 2007 -- 08 League and League Cup : 1 2008 -- 09 League Cup and Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 Trebles Continental Treble ( League , FA Cup and European Cup ) : 1 1998 -- 99 Especially short competitions such as the Charity / Community Shield , Intercontinental Cup ( now defunct ) , FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble . See also List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics List of Manchester United F.C. players List of Manchester United F.C. seasons List of Manchester United F.C. managers Book : Manchester United F.C. Association football portal English football portal Greater Manchester portal Footnotes Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change . Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April , the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its 25 April edition , suggesting it was indeed on 24 April . ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One . References Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United -- Stadium '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969 : Matt Busby retires from Man United '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The 49 trophies of Sir Alex Ferguson - the most successful managerial career Britain has ever known '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Rob ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson successful because he was given time , says Steve Bruce '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Northcroft , Jonathan ( 5 November 2006 ) . `` 20 glorious years , 20 key decisions '' . The Sunday Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd : Premier League club named world 's leading revenue - generating club '' . BBC Sport. 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd back on top of Forbes ' most valuable list at £ 2.86 bn '' . Sky Sports . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United is ' most valuable football brand ' '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Peter J. ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Again The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Team '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barça , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 15 December 2014 ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Tyrrell & Meek ( 1996 ) , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2006 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 27 April 2005 ) . `` The great Chelsea surrender '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 : United players killed in air disaster '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 February 1958 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Moore , Rob ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 : Manchester United sack manager '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 4 July 1977 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` Arise Sir Alex ? '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 27 May 1999 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 4 November 2006 ) . `` How Robins saved Ferguson 's job '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs wins 2009 BBC Sports Personality award '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United crowned kings of Europe '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoult , Nick ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Ole Gunnar Solskjaer leaves golden memories '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Magnani , Loris ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 30 April 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 8 March 2004 ) . `` Ferguson and Magnier : a truce in the internal warfare at United '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viduka hands title to Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2003 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 's Champions League exits , 1993 -- 2011 '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Spot - on Giggs overtakes Charlton '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 16 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : World - record deal shows football is booming , says Sepp Blatter '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney the hero as United overcome Villa '' . ESPNsoccernet. 28 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 14 May 2011 ) . `` Manchester United clinch record 19th English title '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How Manchester United won the 2012 -- 13 Barclays Premier League '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson to retire as Manchester United manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson to retire this summer , Manchester United confirm '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United appoint Everton boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United confirm appointment of David Moyes on a six - year contract '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` David Moyes quits as Everton manager to take over at Manchester United '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes sacked by Manchester United after just 10 months in charge '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ( 11 May 2014 ) . `` Southampton 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United : Louis van Gaal confirmed as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 28 May 2014 ) . `` Manchester United owner Malcolm Glazer dies aged 86 '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jack ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Wolfsburg 3 - 2 Man Utd : Champions League exit for van Gaal 's men '' . Sky Sports ( BSkyB ) . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 2016 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Crystal Palace 1 - 2 Manchester United ( aet ) : FA Cup final -- as it happened ! '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ; Roan , Dan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Manchester United : Louis van Gaal sacked as manager '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Angus , J. Keith ( 1879 ) . The Sportsman 's Year - Book for 1880 . Cassell , Petter , Galpin & Co. p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson 's ability to play the generation game is vital to Manchester United 's phenomenal success '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas and United launch new 2017 / 18 home kit '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ `` Reds unveil new away kit '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , Lee ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` 13.04. 96 Manchester United 's grey day at The Dell '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` United reveal blue third kit for 2014 / 15 season '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , pp. 154 -- 159 . Jump up ^ `` New blue kit for 08 / 09 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) p. 21 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis ( 1996 ) , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Rollin and Rollin , pp. 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ White , John ( 2007 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 March 2006 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Coppack , Nick ( 31 March 2007 ) . `` Report : United 4 Blackburn 1 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 2010 ) , pp. 44 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` OT100 # 9 : Record gate '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` German Bundesliga Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish La Liga Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Cass , Bob ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` United moving down south as fanbase reaches 333 million '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . FanPageList.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Manchester United fans the Premier League 's loudest , says study '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fans ' Forum '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Smith , Martin ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` Bitter rivals do battle '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 16 September 2005 ) . `` Giggs : Liverpool our biggest test '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Dunning ( 1999 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Manchester United head - to - head record '' . Arsenal official web . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rivalry between Arsène Wenger and Sir Alex Ferguson unmatched in sport '' . The Guardian . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Football Club Brands '' ( PDF ) . Brand Finance . September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid becomes the first sports team in the world to generate € 400m in revenues as it tops Deloitte Football Money League '' . Deloitte . 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Manchester United Becomes First Team Valued At $3 Billion '' . Forbes . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham fever grips Japan '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 June 2003 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Ducker , James ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United show financial muscle after signing record £ 80m shirt contract '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oilinvest to renegotiate Juventus sponsorship '' . SportBusiness ( SBG Companies ) . 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign £ 56m AIG shirt deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ; Ducker , James ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United announce £ 80 million sponsorship deal with Aon '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DHL delivers new shirt deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United unveils two new commercial deals '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United buy back training kit sponsorship rights from DHL '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Manchester United to sign £ 180m Aon deal to change name of Carrington training base '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Admiral : Heritage '' . Admiral Sportswear . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd in £ 300m Nike deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 November 2000 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wachman , Richard ( 24 April 2010 ) . `` Manchester United fans call on corporate sponsors to back fight against Glazers '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Edgecliffe , Andrew ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` GM in record Man Utd sponsorship deal '' . FT.com . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet signs seven year deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League : Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bray , Chad ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Nike and Manchester United Set to End Equipment Partnership '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United sign record 10 - year kit deal with Adidas worth £ 750m '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United and adidas announce record £ 75m - per - year deal after Nike pull out '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 : Man U sold in record takeover deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 August 1989 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , pp. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer Man Utd stake exceeds 75 % '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer gets 98 % of Man Utd shares '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2005 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glazers Tighten Grip On United With Debt Refinancing '' . The Political Economy of Football . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United reveal refinancing plans '' . RTÉ ( Raidió Teilifís Éireann ) . 18 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United debt hits £ 716m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United to raise £ 500m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` Manchester United raise £ 504m in bond issue '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Hull '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Gordon Brown warns football over debts '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ; Roan , Dan ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` Wealthy Man Utd fans approach broker about takeover '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Manchester United eyes a partial flotation on Singapore stock exchange '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ 1Hrishikesh , Sharanya ; Pandey , Ashutosh ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United picks NYSE for U.S. public offering '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rushe , Dominic ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Manchester United IPO : share prices cut before US stock market flotation '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players and Staff - First Team '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fosu - Mensah joins Crystal Palace on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Johnstone to spend season at Villa '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Borthwick - Jackson joins Leeds on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Red Football Shareholder Limited : Group of companies ' accounts made up to 30 June 2009 . Downloaded from Companies House UK Jump up ^ Gardner , Neil ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Martin Edwards voices concerns over Manchester United 's future '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Board of Directors '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoints Cliff Baty as Chief Financial Officer '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Fergie lands £ 100k - a-day deal as United ambassador ... with help from son who champions once vowed never to work with '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reds ' new Club Secretary '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Cole enjoying club role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nev 's new role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoint Bryan Robson as global ambassador '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers. 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New role for Schmeichel '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Alex Ferguson earned more than £ 2m in eight months for £ 100,000 - a-day Manchester United ambassador role and David Moyes was handed pay - off of almost £ 5m '' . Daily Mail . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Park Ji - sung appointed Manchester United club ambassador as retired South Korean returns to Old Trafford for Everton clash '' . Daily Mail . 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Manchester United striker Dwight Yorke denied entry to the United States '' . The Independent . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nemanja Vidic returns to Manchester United in an ambassadorial role '' . The Independent . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Club Directory : Manchester United Football Club Limited '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Adam ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Mourinho 's coaching team confirmed '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Manchester United will not appoint a director of football '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Jim Lawlor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United name Marcel Bout as head of global scouting for transfer policy '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . MEN Media . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ AS , Diario ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Mourinho signs Atlético Madrid 's chief scout Gerardo Guzmán '' . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United boss Jose Mourinho hires Brazilian scout Sandro Orlandelli '' . ibtimes.co.uk . IB Times . 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United kick off massive overhaul of scouting department by bringing in former Rangers coach Tommy Moller Nielsen '' . dailymail.co.uk . Daily Mail . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign Juventus scout Javier Ribalta to boost transfer search '' . Manchester Evening News . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Butt appointed head of academy '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Appoint Ricky Sbragia '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` McKenna appointed United Under 18s coach '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` United provide a higher education '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Keeper focus : Joel Pereira '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reds appoint new club doctor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd stars given home comforts by Jose Mourinho '' . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd stars given home comforts by Jose Mourinho '' . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Hough takes up Academy role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Club confirm new responsibilities for Strudwick '' . www.ManUtd.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Shergold , Adam ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` United 's coaches get tough in training as De Gea and Van Persie return ... so it 's no wonder they needed a sit down afterwards ! '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coaching Staff : Richard Hawkins '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United win the UEFA Europa League '' . manutd.com. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europa League final : Manchester United on the brink of unique achievement no other English club could ever match '' . talkSPORT. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Further reading Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikinews has news related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester United FC . Official website ( in Arabic ) ( in Chinese ) ( in English ) ( in French ) ( in Japanese ) ( in Korean ) ( in Spanish ) Official statistics website Official Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Manchester United F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results -- Upcoming fixtures Manchester United at Sky Sports Manchester United at Premier League <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Manchester United Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News United We Stand Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers current Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Former members of the G - 14 ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Ajax Barcelona Bayern Munich Borussia Dortmund Internazionale Juventus Liverpool Manchester United Marseille Milan Paris Saint - Germain Porto PSV Eindhoven Real Madrid 2002 -- 2008 Arsenal Bayer Leverkusen Lyon Valencia <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Founding members of the ECA <Td_colspan="2"> Ajax Anderlecht Barcelona Bayern Munich Birkirkara Chelsea Copenhagen Dinamo Zagreb Juventus Olympique Lyonnais Manchester United Milan Olympiacos Porto Rangers Real Madrid <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Inter Milan 1964 -- 65 : Inter Milan 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax 1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Inter Milan 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid <Td_colspan="2"> Finals Winning managers Winning players <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League winners UEFA Cup 1971 -- 72 : Tottenham Hotspur 1972 -- 73 : Liverpool 1973 -- 74 : Feyenoord 1974 -- 75 : Borussia Mönchengladbach 1975 -- 76 : Liverpool 1976 -- 77 : Juventus 1977 -- 78 : PSV 1978 -- 79 : Borussia Mönchengladbach 1979 -- 80 : Eintracht Frankfurt 1980 -- 81 : Ipswich Town 1981 -- 82 : IFK Göteborg 1982 -- 83 : Anderlecht 1983 -- 84 : Tottenham Hotspur 1984 -- 85 : Real Madrid 1985 -- 86 : Real Madrid 1986 -- 87 : IFK Göteborg 1987 -- 88 : Bayer Leverkusen 1988 -- 89 : Napoli 1989 -- 90 : Juventus 1990 -- 91 : Inter Milan 1991 -- 92 : Ajax 1992 -- 93 : Juventus 1993 -- 94 : Inter Milan 1994 -- 95 : Parma 1995 -- 96 : Bayern Munich 1996 -- 97 : Schalke 04 1997 -- 98 : Inter Milan 1998 -- 99 : Parma 1999 -- 2000 : Galatasaray 2000 -- 01 : Liverpool 2001 -- 02 : Feyenoord 2002 -- 03 : Porto 2003 -- 04 : Valencia 2004 -- 05 : CSKA Moscow 2005 -- 06 : Sevilla 2006 -- 07 : Sevilla 2007 -- 08 : Zenit St. Petersburg 2008 -- 09 : Shakhtar Donetsk UEFA Europa League 2009 -- 10 : Atlético Madrid 2010 -- 11 : Porto 2011 -- 12 : Atlético Madrid 2012 -- 13 : Chelsea 2013 -- 14 : Sevilla 2014 -- 15 : Sevilla 2015 -- 16 : Sevilla 2016 -- 17 : Manchester United <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winners Winners 1960 -- 61 : Fiorentina 1961 -- 62 : Atlético Madrid 1962 -- 63 : Tottenham Hotspur 1963 -- 64 : Sporting CP 1964 -- 65 : West Ham United 1965 -- 66 : Borussia Dortmund 1966 -- 67 : Bayern Munich 1967 -- 68 : Milan 1968 -- 69 : Slovan Bratislava 1969 -- 70 : Manchester City 1970 -- 71 : Chelsea 1971 -- 72 : Rangers 1972 -- 73 : Milan 1973 -- 74 : Magdeburg 1974 -- 75 : Dynamo Kyiv 1975 -- 76 : Anderlecht 1976 -- 77 : Hamburg 1977 -- 78 : Anderlecht 1978 -- 79 : Barcelona 1979 -- 80 : Valencia 1980 -- 81 : Dinamo Tbilisi 1981 -- 82 : Barcelona 1982 -- 83 : Aberdeen 1983 -- 84 : Juventus 1984 -- 85 : Everton 1985 -- 86 : Dynamo Kyiv 1986 -- 87 : Ajax 1987 -- 88 : Mechelen 1988 -- 89 : Barcelona 1989 -- 90 : Sampdoria 1990 -- 91 : Manchester United 1991 -- 92 : Werder Bremen 1992 -- 93 : Parma 1993 -- 94 : Arsenal 1994 -- 95 : Real Zaragoza 1995 -- 96 : Paris Saint - Germain 1996 -- 97 : Barcelona 1997 -- 98 : Chelsea 1998 -- 99 : Lazio <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) UEFA Super Cup winners UCL vs. CWC 1973 : Ajax 1975 : Dynamo Kyiv 1976 : Anderlecht 1977 : Liverpool 1978 : Anderlecht 1979 : Nottingham Forest 1980 : Valencia 1982 : Aston Villa 1983 : Aberdeen 1984 : Juventus 1986 : Steaua București 1987 : Porto 1988 : Mechelen 1989 : Milan 1990 : Milan 1991 : Manchester United 1992 : Barcelona 1993 : Parma 1994 : Milan 1995 : Ajax 1996 : Juventus 1997 : Barcelona 1998 : Chelsea 1999 : Lazio UCL vs. UEL 2000 : Galatasaray 2001 : Liverpool 2002 : Real Madrid 2003 : Milan 2004 : Valencia 2005 : Liverpool 2006 : Sevilla 2007 : Milan 2008 : Zenit St. Petersburg 2009 : Barcelona 2010 : Atlético Madrid 2011 : Barcelona 2012 : Atlético Madrid 2013 : Bayern Munich 2014 : Real Madrid 2015 : Barcelona 2016 : Real Madrid 2017 : Real Madrid <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Intercontinental Cup winners Two - legged finals 1960 : Real Madrid 1961 : Peñarol 1962 : Santos 1963 : Santos 1964 : Internazionale 1965 : Internazionale 1966 : Peñarol 1967 : Racing 1968 : Estudiantes de La Plata 1969 : Milan 1970 : Feyenoord 1971 : Nacional 1972 : Ajax 1973 : Independiente 1974 : Atlético Madrid 1976 : Bayern Munich 1977 : Boca Juniors 1979 : Olimpia Single match finals 1980 : Nacional 1981 : Flamengo 1982 : Peñarol 1983 : Grêmio 1984 : Independiente 1985 : Juventus 1986 : River Plate 1987 : Porto 1988 : Nacional 1989 : Milan 1990 : Milan 1991 : Red Star Belgrade 1992 : São Paulo 1993 : São Paulo 1994 : Vélez Sársfield 1995 : Ajax 1996 : Juventus 1997 : Borussia Dortmund 1998 : Real Madrid 1999 : Manchester United 2000 : Boca Juniors 2001 : Bayern Munich 2002 : Real Madrid 2003 : Boca Juniors 2004 : Porto <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) FIFA Club World Cup winners <Td_colspan="2"> 2000 : Corinthians 2005 : São Paulo 2006 : Internacional 2007 : Milan 2008 : Manchester United 2009 : Barcelona 2010 : Internazionale 2011 : Barcelona 2012 : Corinthians 2013 : Bayern Munich 2014 : Real Madrid 2015 : Barcelona 2016 : Real Madrid <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Football in Greater Manchester <Td_colspan="2"> Manchester FA Clubs ( List of ) Premier League & Football League ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) 1 Manchester City Manchester United 2 Bolton Wanderers 3 Bury Oldham Athletic Rochdale Wigan Athletic 4 None Non-League ( tiers 5 -- 11 ) 5 None 6 Curzon Ashton F.C. United of Manchester Salford City Stockport County 7 Altrincham Ashton United Stalybridge Celtic 8 Atherton Collieries Droylsden Hyde United Mossley Radcliffe Borough Ramsbottom United Trafford 9 Abbey Hey Ashton Athletic Irlam Maine Road West Didsbury & Chorlton 10 Atherton Laburnum Rovers Chadderton Cheadle Town Daisy Hill Prestwich Heys Stockport Town 11 Ashton Town Eagley Wythenshawe Amateurs Competitions Manchester Premier Cup Manchester Senior Cup Venues Boundary Park Bower Fold Broadhurst Park Butcher 's Arms Ground City of Manchester Stadium DW Stadium Edgeley Park Ewen Fields Gigg Lane Macron Stadium Moss Lane Old Trafford Spotland Stadium Other topics Bolton Wanderers F.C. -- Wigan Athletic F.C. rivalry Manchester derby Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 167809407 LCCN : n82237215 ISNI : 0000 0001 2300 2509 GND : 6509184 - X SELIBR : 380906 SUDOC : 081854099 BNF : cb14607076p ( data ) NDL : 01189794 NKC : pna2005285575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_United_F.C.&oldid=797669991 '' Categories : Manchester United F.C. 1878 establishments in England Association football clubs established in 1878 Association football clubs established in 1902 Companies established in 1878 Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange FA Cup winners Football clubs in England Football clubs in Trafford EFL Cup winners Former Football League clubs G - 14 clubs Laureus World Sports Awards winners Premier League clubs Publicly traded sports companies Sport in Manchester UEFA Champions League winning clubs UEFA Europa League winning clubs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Football team templates which use short name parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Arabic - language external links Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles with French - language external links Articles with Japanese - language external links Articles with Korean - language external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Featured articles Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Аҧсшәа العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Wolof 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Manchester United Football Club
2. Old Trafford Stadium
3. Premier League
4. Alex Ferguson
5. Treble-winning season
|
4,469,294,188,453,289,000 |
what is the movie the last king of scotland about
|
The Last King of Scotland ( film ) - wikipedia The Last King of Scotland ( film ) Not to be confused with The Last King ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Last King of Scotland <Td_colspan="2"> UK theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Macdonald Produced by Charles Steel Lisa Bryer Andrea Calderwood Screenplay by Jeremy Brock Peter Morgan Based on The Last King of Scotland by Giles Foden Starring Forest Whitaker James McAvoy Kerry Washington Simon McBurney Gillian Anderson Music by Alex Heffes Cinematography Anthony Dod Mantle Edited by Justine Wright Production company DNA Films Film 4 Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date 27 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) ( United States ) 12 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 12 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 123 minutes Country United Kingdom Germany Language English Swahili Budget $6 million Box office $48.4 million The Last King of Scotland is a 2006 historical drama film based on Giles Foden 's novel The Last King of Scotland ( 1998 ) , adapted by screenwriters Peter Morgan and Jeremy Brock , and directed by Kevin Macdonald . The film was a co-production between companies from the United Kingdom and Germany . The film tells the fictional story of Nicholas Garrigan ( James McAvoy ) , a young Scottish doctor who travels to Uganda and becomes the personal physician of President Idi Amin ( Forest Whitaker ) . The film is based on events of Amin 's rule , and the title comes from a reporter in a press conference who wishes to verify whether Amin , who was known to adopt fanciful imperial titles for himself , declared himself the King of Scotland . The film has an approval rating of 87 % at Rotten Tomatoes , and Whitaker won Best Actor at the 2006 Academy Awards , among other accolades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Historical accuracy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1970 , Nicholas Garrigan graduates from medical school at the University of Edinburgh . With dull prospects at home , he decides to seek adventure abroad by working at a Ugandan missionary clinic run by Dr. David Merrit and his wife , Sarah . Garrigan becomes attracted to Sarah , who enjoys the attention , but refuses to engage in an extramarital affair . Meanwhile , General Idi Amin overthrows incumbent president Milton Obote in a coup d'état . Garrigan sincerely believes Amin will help the country , while Sarah warns him of presidents who have taken over before . Garrigan is called to a minor car accident where he treats Amin 's hand . During the incident , Garrigan takes a gun and shoots a mortally wounded cow because no one else has the presence of mind to put it out of its misery . Amin is impressed by his quick action and initiative . Amin , fond of Scotland as a symbol of resilience and admiring of the Scottish people for their resistance to the English , is delighted to discover Garrigan 's nationality and exchanges his military shirt for Garrigan 's Scotland shirt . Later , Amin invites Garrigan to become his personal physician and take charge of modernising the country 's health care system . Garrigan soon becomes Amin 's trusted confidant and is relied on for much more than medical care , such as matters of state . Although Garrigan is aware of violence around Kampala , he accepts Amin 's explanation that cracking down on the opposition will bring lasting peace to the country . Garrigan discovers that the polygamous leader has ostracised the youngest of his three wives , Kay , because she has given birth to an epileptic son , Mackenzie . When treating Mackenzie , Garrigan and Kay form a relationship and sleep with each other , but Kay tells him he must find a way to leave Uganda . Eventually , Garrigan begins to lose faith in Amin as he witnesses the increasing paranoia , murders , and xenophobia . Amin replaces Garrigan 's British passport with a Ugandan one to prevent him from escaping , which leads Garrigan to frantically seek help from Stone , the local British Foreign Office representative . Garrigan is told the British will help him leave Uganda if he uses his position to assassinate Amin , but Garrigan refuses . Kay informs Garrigan that she has become pregnant with his child . Aware that Amin will murder her for infidelity if he discovers this , she begs Garrigan for a secret abortion . Delayed by Amin 's command that he attend a press conference with Western journalists , Garrigan fails to meet Kay at the appointed time . She concludes she has been abandoned and seeks out a primitive abortion in a nearby village , where she is apprehended by Amin 's forces . Garrigan finds her dismembered corpse on an autopsy table and falls retching to his knees , finally confronting the inhumanity of Amin 's regime and decides killing him will end it all . A hijacked aircraft is flown to Entebbe by pro-Palestinian hijackers seeking asylum . Amin , sensing a major publicity opportunity , rushes to the scene , taking Garrigan along . At the airport , one of Amin 's bodyguards discovers Garrigan 's plot to poison Amin under the ruse of giving him pills for a headache . Garrigan is beaten by Amin 's henchmen before Amin arrives and discloses he is aware of the relationship with Kay . As punishment , Garrigan 's chest is pierced with meat hooks before he is hanged by his skin . Amin arranges a plane for the release of non-Israeli passengers , and the torturers leave Garrigan unconscious on the floor while they relax in another room . Garrigan 's medical colleague , Dr. Junju , takes advantage of the opportunity to rescue him . He urges Garrigan to tell the world the truth about Amin 's regime , asserting that the world will believe Garrigan because he is white . Junju gives Garrigan his own jacket , enabling him to mingle unnoticed with the crowd of freed hostages and board the plane . When the torturers discover Garrigan 's absence , Junju is killed for aiding in the escape . Amin is informed too late to prevent it , while Garrigan tearfully remembers the people of Uganda . Cast ( edit ) Forest Whitaker as Idi Amin James McAvoy as Nicholas Garrigan Kerry Washington as Kay Amin Gillian Anderson as Sarah Merrit Simon McBurney as Stone David Oyelowo as Dr. Junju Apollo Okwenje Omamo as Mackenzie Shabir Mir as Zumba Cleopatra Koheirwe as Joy Release ( edit ) The Last King of Scotland received a limited release in the United States on 27 September 2006 , a UK release on 12 January 2007 , a French release on 14 February 2007 , and a German release on 15 March 2007 . In the United States and Canada , the film earned $17,606,684 at the box office . In the United Kingdom , the film took $11,131,918 . Its combined worldwide gross was $48,362,207 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Last King of Scotland has an approval rating of 87 % on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 183 reviews , with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus states : `` Forest Whitaker 's performance as real - life megalomaniac dictator Idi Amin powers this fictionalized political thriller , a blunt and brutal tale about power and corruption '' . At Metacritic , the film has a score of 74 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Awards record Best Actor ( Forest Whitaker ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Awards record Best Actor - Drama ( Forest Whitaker ) <Th_colspan="2"> BAFTA Awards record Best British Film Best Actor ( Forest Whitaker ) Best Adapted Screenplay Whitaker won in the best leading actor category at the Academy Awards , the Golden Globes , the Screen Actors Guild Awards and the BAFTAs . In addition , Whitaker also won awards from the Broadcast Film Critics Association , New York Film Critics ' Circle , Los Angeles Film Critics ' Association , the National Board of Review and many other critics awards , for a total of at least 23 major awards , with at least one more nomination . The film received a 2007 BAFTA Award for Best British Film and the BAFTA award for Best Adapted Screenplay , in addition to receiving nominations for Best Film . McAvoy was nominated for Best Supporting Actor . The film was received well in Uganda , where it premiered two days before Whitaker won the Best Actor Academy Award . Historical accuracy ( edit ) While the character of Idi Amin and the events surrounding him in the film are mostly based on fact , Garrigan is a fictional character . Foden has acknowledged that one real - life figure who contributed to the character Garrigan was English - born Bob Astles , who worked with Amin . Another real - life figure who has been mentioned in connection with Garrigan is Scottish doctor Wilson Carswell . Like the novel on which it is based , the film mixes fiction with real events in Ugandan history to give an impression of Amin and Uganda under his rule . While the basic events of Amin 's life are followed , the film often departs from actual history in the details of particular events . In real life and in the book , Kay Amin was impregnated by her lover Dr. Mbalu Mukasa . She died during a botched abortion operation performed by Mukasa , who subsequently committed suicide . Bob Astles said in a lengthy interview with the journalist Paul Vallely in The Times that her body was dismembered by her lover so it could be hidden and was then sewn back together on Amin 's orders . Amin never had a son named Campbell . Contrary to the wording of the film 's coda stating `` 48 hours later , Israeli Forces stormed Entebbe and liberated all but one of the hostages '' , three hostages died during Operation Entebbe . The body of a fourth hostage , 75 - year - old Dora Bloch , who was killed by Ugandan Army officers at a nearby hospital in retaliation for Israel 's actions , was eventually returned to Israel . Some historians believe the film and its depiction of Amin are comparable with the Shakespearean character Macbeth . According to Foden , adapting the titular character from Macbeth as a Third World dictator is plausible . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE LAST KING OF SCOTLAND ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 12 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last King of Scotland '' . European Audiovisual Observatory . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Last King of Scotland . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ The Last King of Scotland Reviews . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sarah Grainger ( 18 February 2007 ) . `` Ugandan premiere for Last King '' , BBC , Accessed 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Giles Foden '' . Random House . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Pells , Rachael ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Douglas Carswell profile '' . independent.com . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' The myths surrounding Idi Amin. `` '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Daily Monitor , accessed 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Paul Vallely '' . The Times . Jump up ^ `` Body of Amin Victim Is Flown Back to Israel '' . The New York Times . 4 June 1979 . p . A3 . Jump up ^ Foden , Gil ( 2 September 2004 ) . `` The African Play '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) The Last King of Scotland at Box Office Mojo The Last King of Scotland on IMDb The Last King of Scotland at Metacritic The Last King of Scotland at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> William Shakespeare 's Macbeth Characters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff 's son Third Murderer Young Siward Inspirations Macbeth , King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward , Earl of Northumbria King James VI and I Sources Daemonologie ( 1597 ) The Witch ( play ) Holinshed 's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Film 1908 1909 ( French ) 1909 ( Italian ) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 1971 2006 2015 Cancelled ( Olivier ) Television 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1982 2005 TV / film adaptations The Real Thing at Last ( 1916 ) Marmayogi ( 1951 ) Joe MacBeth ( 1955 ) Throne of Blood ( 1957 ) Macbeth ( Verdi opera ) ( 1987 ) Men of Respect ( 1990 ) Scotland , PA ( 2001 ) Makibefo ( 2001 ) Maqbool ( 2003 ) Shakespeare Must Die ( 2012 ) Veeram ( 2016 ) Plays Voodoo Macbeth ( 1936 ) MacBird ! ( 1967 ) uMabatha ( 1970 ) Macbett ( 1972 ) Cahoot 's Macbeth ( 1979 ) MacHomer ( 1995 ) Sleep No More ( 2003 ) Sleep No More ( 2009 ) Dunsinane ( 2010 ) Sleep No More ( 2011 ) Just Macbeth ! Operas Macbeth ( 1847 , Verdi ) discography Macbeth ( 1910 , Bloch ) Literary adaptations Wyrd Sisters ( 1988 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 1998 ) The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II ( 2008 ) Albums Music from Macbeth ( 1972 ) Macbeth ( 1990 ) Thane to the Throne ( 2000 ) Shakespeare 's Macbeth -- A Tragedy in Steel ( 2003 ) Lady Macbeth ( 2005 ) Art Pity ( 1795 ) The Night of Enitharmon 's Joy ( 1795 ) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth ( 1889 ) Lady Macbeth ( 1905 sculpture ) Scenes and speeches `` On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth '' ( 1823 ) Sleepwalking Scene ( 5.1 ) `` Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow '' Words and phrases `` What 's done is done '' `` Crack of doom '' `` Strange but true '' The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor Story within a story We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair `` The Movies '' `` Sleeping with the Enemy '' `` The Shower Principle '' Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Episodes `` A Witch 's Tangled Hare '' ( 1959 , Looney Tunes ) `` The Bellero Shield '' ( 1964 , The Outer Limits ) `` Sense and Senility '' ( 1987 , Blackadder the Third ) `` The Coup '' ( 2006 , The Office ) `` Dial `` N '' for Nerder '' ( 2008 , The Simpsons ) `` Four Great Women and a Manicure '' ( 2009 , The Simpsons ) `` The Understudy '' ( 2014 , Inside No. 9 ) Other Macbeth ( Strauss ) The Scottish Play Piano Trios , Op. 70 ( Beethoven ) The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards ( UK , 1990 ) House of Cards ( US , 2013 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Kevin Macdonald <Td_colspan="2"> One Day in September ( 1999 ) Being Mick ( 2001 ) Touching the Void ( 2003 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) My Enemy 's Enemy ( 2007 ) State of Play ( 2009 ) The Eagle ( 2011 ) Life in a Day ( 2011 ) Marley ( 2012 ) How I Live Now ( 2013 ) Black Sea ( 2014 ) Sky Ladder : The Art of Cai Guo - Qiang ( 2016 ) Oasis ( 2017 ) Whitney ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Peter Morgan Television The Jury ( 2002 , 2011 ) The Deal ( 2003 ) Henry VIII ( 2003 ) Colditz ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) The Special Relationship ( 2010 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Film Martha , Meet Frank , Daniel and Laurence ( 1998 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) 360 ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Shorts Dear Rosie ( 1990 ) Theatre Frost / Nixon ( 2006 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> BAFTA Award for Best British Film 1947 -- 1967 Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Genevieve ( 1953 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Sapphire ( 1959 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) 1992 -- present The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) Shallow Grave ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Elizabeth ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) The Warrior ( 2002 ) Touching the Void ( 2003 ) My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) This Is England ( 2007 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) Brooklyn ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) United Kingdom portal Uganda portal Film portal 2000s portal GND : 7581987 - 9 VIAF : 316754539 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_King_of_Scotland_(film)&oldid=841655187 '' Categories : 2006 films 2000s drama films British films British drama films German films German drama films DNA Films films Film4 Productions films Best British Film BAFTA Award winners Cultural depictions of Idi Amin English - language films Swahili - language films Films about dictators Films about terrorism Films based on British novels Films directed by Kevin Macdonald ( director ) Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1970 Films set in Scotland Films set in Uganda Films shot in Uganda Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award Operation Entebbe Screenplays by Peter Morgan Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 05 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Last King of Scotland film
2. Idi Amin
3. Nicholas Garrigan
4. Historical drama
5. Academy Award-winning performance
|
4,171,114,651,615,413,000 |
where is the baptismal font located in the church
|
Baptismal font - wikipedia Baptismal font This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Romanesque baptismal font from Grötlingbo Church , Sweden , carved by Sigraf , a master stone sculptor who specialised in baptismal fonts . A baptismal font is an article of church furniture used for baptism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aspersion and affusion fonts 2 Immersion fonts 3 Examples 3.1 Aspersion and affusion fonts 3.2 Immersion fonts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Aspersion and affusion fonts ( edit ) The fonts of many Christian denominations are for baptisms using a non-immersive method , such as aspersion ( sprinkling ) or affusion ( pouring ) . The simplest of these fonts has a pedestal ( about 1.5 metres tall ) with a holder for a basin of water . The materials vary greatly consisting of carved and sculpted marble , wood , or metal . The shape can vary . Many are eight - sided as a reminder of the new creation and as a connection to the practice of circumcision , which traditionally occurs on the eighth day . Some are three - sided as a reminder of the Holy Trinity : Father , Son , and Holy Spirit . Fonts are often placed at or near the entrance to a church 's nave to remind believers of their baptism as they enter the church to pray , since the rite of baptism served as their initiation into the Church . In many churches of the Middle Ages and Renaissance there was a special chapel or even a separate building for housing the baptismal fonts , called a baptistery . Both fonts and baptisteries were often octagonal ( eight - sided ) . Saint Ambrose wrote that fonts and baptisteries were octagonal `` because on the eighth day , by rising , Christ loosens the bondage of death and receives the dead from their graves '' . Saint Augustine similarly described the eighth day as `` everlasting ... hallowed by the resurrection of Christ '' . The quantity of water is usually small ( usually a litre or two ) . There are some fonts where water pumps , a natural spring , or gravity keeps the water moving to mimic the moving waters of a stream . This visual and audible image communicates a `` living waters '' aspect of baptism . Some church bodies use special holy water while others will use water straight out of the tap to fill the font . A special silver vessel called a ewer can be used to fill the font . The mode of a baptism at a font is usually one of sprinkling , pouring , washing , or dipping in keeping with the Koine Greek verb βαπτιζω . Βαπτιζω can also mean `` immerse '' , but most fonts are too small for that application . Some fonts are large enough to allow the immersion of infants , however . Immersion fonts ( edit ) The earliest baptismal fonts were designed for full immersion , and were often cross-shaped with steps ( usually three , for the Trinity ) leading down into them . Often such baptismal pools were located in a separate building , called a baptistery , near the entrance of the church . As infant baptism became more common , fonts became smaller . Denominations that believe only in baptism by full immersion tend to use the term `` baptismal font '' to refer to immersion tanks dedicated for that purpose , however in the Roman Catholic tradition a baptismal font differs from an immersion . Full - immersion baptisms may take place in a man - made tank or pool , or a natural body of water such as a river or lake . The entire body is fully immersed , dunked , submerged or otherwise placed completely under the water . This practice symbolizes the death of the old nature , as found in Romans 6 : 3 - 4 . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , baptism is always by full triple immersion , even in the case of infant baptism ( aspersion or pouring is permitted only in extremis ) . For this reason , Eastern baptismal fonts tend to be larger than Western , and are often shaped like a large chalice ( significant since the Orthodox administer Holy Communion to infants after baptism ) , and are normally fashioned out of metal rather than stone or wood . During the baptismal service , three candles will be lit on or around the baptismal font , in honor of the Holy Trinity . In many Orthodox churches , a very special kind of holy water , called `` Theophany Water '' , is consecrated on the Feast of Theophany ( Epiphany ) . The consecration ( literally , `` Great Blessing '' ) is performed twice : the first time on the Eve of the feast , in a baptismal font ; the second , on the day of the feast , in a natural body of water . In the Roman Catholic Church , especially after its Second Vatican Council ( 1962 -- 1965 ) , greater attention is being given to the form of the baptismal font . Currently , the Roman Catholic Church encourages baptismal fonts that are suitable for the full immersion of an infant or child , and for at least the pouring of water over the whole body of an adult . The font should be located in a space that is visibly and physically accessible , and should preferably make provision for flowing water . Baptisms of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints are usually done in a simple font located in a local meetinghouse , although they can be performed in any body of water in which the person may be completely immersed . In Latter - day Saint temples , where proxy baptisms for the dead are performed , the fonts rest on the sculptures of twelve oxen representing the twelve tribes of Israel , following the pattern of the Molten Sea in the Temple of Solomon ( see 2 Chronicles 4 : 2 - 5 ) . Examples ( edit ) Aspersion and affusion fonts ( edit ) Octagonal baptismal font in Magdeburg Cathedral , Germany . Ship 's bell as Baptismal font at chapel , Yeo Hall , Royal Military College of Canada . Font in a church at Lenzen , Brandenburg ( Germany ) . Oval marble font made before 1686 , St Robert 's Church , Pannal , North Yorkshire . Baptismal font at Fort Michilimackinac in Mackinaw City , Michigan . The baptismal font of Saint Bartholmew parish church in Marne , Italy . Immersion fonts ( edit ) The baptismal font at St. Raphael 's Cathedral , Dubuque , Iowa , was expanded in 2005 to include a small pool for immersion of adults . The marble baptism font at St. Matthew 's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston , South Carolina . Baptism of an infant in the Russian Orthodox Church ( St. Petersburg ) . Tinned copper baptismal font from Bulgaria . Baptismal font in the Salt Lake Temple of the LDS Church , ca . 1912 . The twelve oxen supporting the font represent the Twelve Tribes of Israel . Baptismal font used in Malankara Church from 11th century AD @ Mulanthuruthy Marthoman Church Baptismal Font in the Basilian Monastery of Santa Maria , Grottaferrata near Frascati , Italy . See also ( edit ) Bronze laver ( Temple ) Holy water font Nipson anomemata me monan opsin Fonts used to baptise the British royal family Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The sixth day of Holy Week was Good Friday ; the following Sunday ( of the resurrection ) was thus the eighth day . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Huyser - Konig , Joan . `` Theological Reasons for Baptistry Shapes '' . Calvin Institute of Christian Worship . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kuehn , Regina ( 1992 ) . A Place for Baptism . Liturgy Training Publications . pp. 53 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929650 - 00 - 5 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo ( 426 ) . The City of God . p . Book 22 , Chapter 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Combe , Thomas ; Paley , Frederick Apthorp ( 1844 ) . Illustrations of baptismal fonts. J. Van Voorst . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baptismal fonts . Catholic Encyclopedia article Church Furniture article in Christian Cyclopedia The Baptismal font of Renier d'Huy in Leige , Belgium `` Font '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baptismal_font&oldid=823948934 '' Categories : Baptismal fonts Furniture Church architecture Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Baptismal font
2. Church furniture
3. Aspersion and affusion fonts
4. Immersion fonts
5. Symbolism of baptism
|
4,614,086,967,202,265,000 |
how many goals has cristiano ronaldo scored in his football career
|
Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Brazilian footballer Ronaldo . This person 's surname is Santos Aveiro , not Ronaldo . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro . Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH , ComM <Td_colspan="4"> Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup <Th_colspan="4"> Full name <Td_colspan="3"> Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth <Td_colspan="3"> ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 32 ) Place of birth <Td_colspan="3"> Funchal , Madeira , Portugal Height <Td_colspan="3"> 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position <Td_colspan="3"> Forward <Th_colspan="4"> Club information Current team <Td_colspan="3"> Real Madrid Number <Td_colspan="3"> 7 <Th_colspan="4"> Youth career 1992 -- 1995 <Td_colspan="3"> Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 <Td_colspan="3"> Nacional 1997 -- 2002 <Td_colspan="3"> Sporting CP <Th_colspan="4"> Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- Real Madrid 267 ( 285 ) <Th_colspan="4"> National team 2001 Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 145 ( 78 ) <Th_colspan="4"> Honours ( show ) <Th_colspan="3"> Representing Portugal <Th_colspan="3"> UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine <Th_colspan="3"> FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia <Td_colspan="4"> * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18 : 10 , 23 September 2017 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 22 : 40 , 3 September 2017 ( UTC ) This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Buildings Airport renamed after Ronaldo Museu CR7 Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH , ComM ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( kɾiʃ'tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo has four FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player in history to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 24 trophies in his career , including five league titles , four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in the top five European leagues ( 372 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 107 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 29 ) , as well as the most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season ( 17 ) . He has scored more than 600 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Spain , Ronaldo has won 13 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copa del Rey titles , three Champions League titles and two UEFA Super Cups . After joining Real Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . He has scored a record 32 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 league goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . In 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player in history to reach 200 La Liga goals , which he achieved in 178 matches . In 2015 , he became the club 's all - time leading goalscorer . In 2016 , Ronaldo won his fourth Ballon d'Or by a record voting margin after sealing La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th European title , and winning Euro 2016 . A Portuguese international , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all - time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . Ronaldo made his senior international debut in August 2003 , at age 18 . He is Portugal 's most capped player of all - time with over 140 caps , and has participated in seven major tournaments . He is Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament . One of the most marketable sportsmen , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 06 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 12 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 14 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 16 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- present : 400 goals for Real Madrid and La Duodécima 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 06 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2006 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 In popular culture 6 Outside football 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Fashion 6.4 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Orders 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Europe 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Real Madrid 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life Ronaldo was born in São Pedro , Funchal , and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . He underwent an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the affected area of his heart ; discharged from hospital hours after the procedure , he resumed training only a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within one season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . Ronaldo came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in August 2003 , when Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon . His performance impressed the Manchester United players , who urged Ferguson to sign him . Ferguson himself considered the 18 - year - old `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 06 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me . '' -- Former Manchester United player George Best on the 18 - year - old Ronaldo in 2003 Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . After scoring four goals in United 's run to the FA Cup final , he played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . Ronaldo scored three braces during the next campaign , the 2005 -- 06 season , scoring two goals each against Bolton Wanderers , Fulham , and Portsmouth . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following a training ground fight in January 2006 , the two again fought in May , with Van Nistelrooy telling Ronaldo to `` go crying to your daddy '' , a reference to Ronaldo 's relationship with assistant manager Carlos Queiroz. Van Nistelrooy was left on the substitutes ' bench for the final game of the season against Charlton Athletic -- a 4 -- 0 victory in which Ronaldo scored his ninth league goal . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . His upturn in form was showcased in November when he received a standing ovation from a section of Blackburn Rovers supporters as he was substituted . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , putting them 2 -- 1 up against Watford , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . His first goal of the season came against his former club , Sporting , with a header in the first group match of the Champions League . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him , but still managed to score 13 league goals by the campaign 's midway point . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . `` Ronaldo is better than George Best and Denis Law , who were two brilliant and great players in the history of United . '' -- Dutch player Johan Cruyff on the 23 - year - old Ronaldo , April 2008 . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . Ronaldo scored his final league goal of the season from the penalty spot in the title decider against Wigan on 11 May , as United claimed a second successive Premier League title . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . Despite him missing a penalty in the first leg against Barcelona , United eventually advanced to the final in Moscow , where they faced Chelsea . His opening goal was negated by an equaliser as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , but although his penalty was saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . Five days later , he received the third red card of his career when he was sent off against Manchester City . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season , and his first since the final against Chelsea , in a 2 -- 0 victory over Inter Milan , sending United into the quarter - finals . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . He scored twice against Arsenal , including a free kick from 39 yards , as United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 12 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' -- Ronaldo 's former manager , Alex Ferguson , following his transfer to Real Madrid Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by the former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2013 -- 14 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home grounds . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game in Spain . With all that pace and power and athleticism , he is driving Real Madrid back into dominance both there and in Europe . '' -- Former Manchester United player Bobby Charlton , November 2014 During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2015 -- 16 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . `` The boy lived for the game -- everything else was built to fit around it '' -- Former Real Madrid manager Carlo Ancelotti , on Cristiano Ronaldo in June 2016 Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 - 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November 2016 , Ronaldo signed a new contract which will keep him until 2021 with Madrid . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top - scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December 2016 , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the old - style FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- present : 400 goals for Real Madrid and La Duodécima In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April 2017 , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May 2017 , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Greaves as the all - time top - scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the campaign with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his top off during his goal celebrations , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was handed a five - match ban following the game . International career 2001 -- 06 : youth level and early international career A Portuguese international , Ronaldo began his youth career in 2001 . Apart from the under - 15 team , he also represented the under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . He represented his country at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . At age 18 , Ronaldo earned his first senior cap in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . 2006 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic , where he was named man of the match . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances , which led to criticism from his countrymen for underperforming . He redeemed himself in the last group match against the Netherlands , where he scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory , and the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic , scoring a header to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . He was named man of the match against both opponents . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evades club teammate Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equalling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo playing in the Euro 2016 quarter - final against Poland Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . `` Cristiano is sacrificing himself , he 's working a lot for the team ; he 's not angry . When he does n't score he 's usually angry , but not now . He works a lot , also defending . You can see he 's an authentic leader . '' -- Former Portugal international Paulo Futre In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equalling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with 9 goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet ; after multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest amount of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory ; these goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at the age of 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros ; with the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . `` I admire him ( Ronaldo ) , if I had to set up a national team he would be my first pick . '' -- Pelé , in an interview with Sportsmail . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in an eventual 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which enabled Portugal to top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition ; with his 75th international goal , Cristiano Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group matches . Ronaldo left the competition early . After Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August , Cristiano Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over Faroe Islands , which enabled him to overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer of all time in international football , with 78 goals . These goals also brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , which allowed him to equal Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also made him the player to have scored the most goals in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the record of 13 goals previously set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski ; Ronaldo 's hat - trick also saw him score his 29th career World Cup qualifying goal , which made him the outright highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the outright highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , awarded him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Concurrently with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing , where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , participating in build - up plays courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , he continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited . Initially deployed as a centre - forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role , allowing him to drift into the centre at will . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , instead focusing on short - distance goalscoring . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi , and as one of the best players to ever play the game . Acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic and dedication to improvement on the training pitch . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to carve his name in history alongside football players such as Pelé and Diego Maradona . Ronaldo has at times been criticised for diving when tackled , about which his former Real Madrid manager José Mourinho responded : `` Cristiano is a player who does not have the culture of the swimming pool , he has no culture of simulation , he is a British - trained player , Ferguson trained . In some cases , the simulators are given more protection , and those who are honest are often the losers . I 'm not a hypocrite if I say that they ( defenders ) hit Cristiano very hard , and that the yellow cards do not arrive or are slow in coming '' . Despite his talent , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . Earlier in his career , Ronaldo had also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . In popular culture See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on their list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 and 2017 . As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including e.g. sportswear ( he wears Nike Mercurial Vapor CR7 boots ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics , computer video games , and much more . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , `` CR7 '' , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at his Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo and Vision Films in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum - front view In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Cristiano Ronaldo in reference to his CR7 mantle ( his initials and shirt number ) . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . Outside Football Personal life Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . `` In football I do n't have a lot of friends . People I really trust ? Not many . Most of the time I 'm alone . I consider myself an isolated person . '' -- During the filming of his authorized biography , Ronaldo admitted to often preferring solitude while working , attributing it to his autonomous way of living . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 . Ronaldo announced that he had full custody . Ronaldo has never publicly revealed the identity of his son 's mother . In June 2017 , Ronaldo confirmed on Facebook that he had become the father to twins . Philanthropy Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Fashion Ronaldo during his current tenure with Real Madrid Ronaldo is known as a fashion icon , and is a lucrative spokesperson sought after by clothing designers , health and fitness specialists , fashion magazines , perfume and cosmetics manufacturers , hair stylists , exercise promoters , and spa and recreation companies . One example is a line of fragrances called Legacy . He opened his first fashion boutique under the name `` CR7 '' ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In June 2015 , Ronaldo announced that he would be releasing his own fragrance by the end of the year , in a partnership with Eden Parfums . Controversies In 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim which he denies . As of September 2017 the court case is ongoing . In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating that the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims labelling them ' journalistic fiction ' , with the player stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed that he was aware of the legal negotiations . Career Statistics Club As of 23 September 2017 Club statistics Club Season <Th_colspan="3"> League <Th_colspan="2"> Cup <Th_colspan="2"> League Cup <Th_colspan="2"> Europe <Th_colspan="2"> Other <Th_colspan="2"> Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- <Td_colspan="2"> -- <Td_colspan="2"> -- <Td_colspan="2"> -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 0 8 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 7 0 11 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 12 53 26 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 196 84 26 13 12 58 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 6 7 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 40 8 7 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 6 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 11 17 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 16 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 0 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 5 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 267 285 30 22 <Th_colspan="2"> -- 89 92 13 10 399 409 <Th_colspan="3"> Career total 490 372 59 37 12 147 108 16 11 724 532 Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup and Copa del Rey Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup , FIFA Club World Cup and Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup ^ Jump up to : All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España International For more details on this topic , see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo . As of 3 September 2017 National team Year Apps Goals Ratio Portugal 2003 0 0.00 16 7 0.44 2005 11 0.18 2006 14 6 0.43 2007 10 5 0.50 2008 8 0.13 2009 7 0.14 11 0.27 2011 8 7 0.88 2012 13 5 0.38 2013 9 10 1.11 2014 9 5 0.55 2015 5 0.60 2016 13 13 1.00 2017 9 10 1.11 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 145 78 0.54 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual Ballon d'Or / FIFA Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 GSA Best Player of the Year : 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Onze d'Or : 2008 , 2016 -- 17 Onze d'Argent : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 -- 12 Onze de Bronze : 2010 -- 11 Bravo Award : 2004 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 CNID Best Portuguese Athlete Abroad : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 European Golden Shoe : 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 IFFHS World 's Best Top Division Scorer : 2014 , 2015 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 UEFA Team of the Year : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year ESM Team of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Boot : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2008 , 2014 FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider : 2014 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League Best Forward : 2007 -- 08 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Team of the Group Stage : 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League top scorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 2016 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI UEFA European Championship top scorer : 2012 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Manchester United Goal of the Season : 2008 -- 09 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Fans ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 FWA Footballer of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Barclays Player of the Year 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Month : November 2006 , December 2006 , January 2008 , March 2008 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards Fantasy Team -- Public Premier League 20 Seasons Awards Fantasy Team -- Experts La Liga Best Player : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Best Forward : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Best Goal : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Fans 5 Star Player : 2014 -- 15 Trofeo EFE Best Ibero - American Soccer Player of the Spanish League : 2012 -- 13 Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano : 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 La Liga Player of the Month : November 2013 , May 2015 , May 2017 La Liga Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Copa del Rey top goalscorer : 2010 -- 11 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year : 2014 ESPY Awards Best International Athlete : 2014 , 2016 GSA Best Media Attraction : 2011 GSA Greatest Media Attraction : 2011 GSA Fans Favorite Player : 2013 GSA Goodwill Award : 2016 Orders Officer of the Order of Prince Henry Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 12 December 2016 World The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup : 5 goals ( shared with Lionel Messi , César Delgado and Luis Suárez ) Most international goals in a calendar year : 25 ( in 2013 , shared with Vivian Woodward and Lionel Messi ) First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons First player to score in every minute of an official football game Only player to win the League title , Domestic Cup , Domestic Supercup , Champions League , Club World Cup , League Player of the Year , Golden Shoe and Ballon d'Or at two different clubs ( Manchester United and Real Madrid ) Only player to win the League title , Domestic Cup , Domestic Supercup , Champions League , Club World Cup , League Player of the Year , Golden Shoe and Ballon d'Or at two different leagues ( England Premier League and La Liga ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 10 times ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) First and only player to appear in the FIFPro World XI for two different clubs Only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball . Guinness World Record for Most Liked Person on Facebook : 2015 Only player in the world who has scored in 7 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup Only player to score more than 50 goals in six different seasons ( did it consecutively ) Only player to score a hattrick in a Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup final ( 2016 ) ( shared with Pelé ) Most hat tricks in the Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( shared with Luis Suárez and Pelé ) Europe Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 372 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 139 goals First player to reach 100 career goals in European competitions ( club football ) First player to reach 100 goals in the UEFA Champions League Most goals scored in European competitions ( club football ) : 110 goals ( including UEFA Super Cup and Champions League qualifiers ) Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 107 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 36 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League group stage : 11 goals in 2015 -- 16 Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League knockout phase : 54 goals Most UEFA Champions League goals scored in a calendar year : 16 goals in 2015 Only player to score 15 or more UEFA Champions League goals in two different seasons : in 2013 -- 14 and 2015 -- 16 The first player in the history of UEFA Champions League to score three hat - tricks in a single season : in 2015 -- 16 The first & only player to have scored two back - to - back hat - tricks in UEFA Champions League knockout phase . Most hattricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) First footballer to have won the European Golden Shoe in two different leagues : English Premier League ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Spanish La Liga ( 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most career goals at UEFA European Championship finals : 9 goals , for Portugal ( shared with Michel Platini ) Only player to have scored at four UEFA European Championship finals : 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Only player to have scored three or above ( goals ) at more than one UEFA European Championship finals : 3 goals in 2012 and in 2016 Most headed goals at UEFA European Championship finals : 5 Highest appearance - maker at UEFA European Championship finals : 20 appearances Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 49 goals First player to ever score 10 goals in six consecutive UEFA Champions League seasons : 2011 -- 12 to 2016 -- 17 Only player to score for two different winning teams in the European Cup Final : Manchester United ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Real Madrid ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most away goals scored in Champions League history : 42 goals Most consecutive UEFA Champions League away games scored in : 12 Most wins in the UEFA Champions League Knockout phase : 29 wins Most braces scored in the UEFA Champions League : 20 Most European Golden Shoe awards : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most UEFA Team of the Year appearances : 12 times Most consecutive appearances in the UEFA Team of the Year : 11 ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Only player to appear in more than one position in the UEFA Team of the Year . Only player to be among the finalists for all the editions of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2010 -- 11 to 2016 -- 17 Fastest player to score 350 goals for one club ( 335 games ) Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most Champions League top scorer awards : 6 Only player to finish Champions League top scorer in 5 consecutive seasons ( 2012 - 2013 to 2016 - 2017 ) Only player in history to score 10 + goals in 6 UEFA Champions League seasons ( did it consecutively ) Most quarter - final goals in the UEFA Champions League : 20 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League semi-finals : 13 goals Most free kicks scored in UEFA Champions League : 12 free kick goals Most penalties scored in Champions League history : 12 penalties Most goals scored against a single opponent in the Champions League : 9 goals against Bayern Munich ( shared with Lionel Messi ) ( against Arsenal ) ) Most headed goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 18 goals Most goals scored in a single European World Cup Qualifying campaign : 14 goals ( 2018 ) ( shared with Predrag Mijatović ( 1998 ) ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 29 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 32 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in La Liga history : 57 Fastest La Liga player to score 150 league goals ( 140 games ) Fastest La Liga player to score 200 league goals ( 178 games ) Fastest player to reach 300 official club goals Most goals scored in Madrid Derby matches : 18 First player to score in six consecutive Clásicos Best scoring start in a Spanish league season : 15 goals in eight rounds Fastest player to reach 20 league goals in one season : 12 games ( missed one game due to injury ) Only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons Most teams scored against in a season ( 2012 -- 13 ) : 19 ( shared with Ronaldo Nazário and Lionel Messi ) Most La Liga hat - tricks in a season : 8 hat - tricks ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most hat - tricks scored in all competitions : 36 Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 407 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 285 goals Fastest player to reach 50 league goals Fastest player to reach 100 league goals Fastest player to reach 200 official goals Fastest player to reach 250 official goals Fastest player to reach 300 official goals Most goals scored in seven consecutive league matches : 15 goals First player to score in eight consecutive matchdays Most hat - tricks in Real Madrid 's history : 42 Real Madrid record goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 90 goals Real Madrid record goalscorer in European competitions : 94 goals See also List of footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps Biography portal Association football portal Portugal portal Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry References Notes Jump up ^ Nagle , Ben ( 4 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the best player in history , claims Valencia manager Nuno ahead of Real Madrid clash '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 June 2017 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo Should Be Talked About as the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Mafham , Colin ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the undisputed greatest footballer in history ... and here 's why '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid star ' worth at least £ 300m ' '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jorge Mendes said the 29 - year - old forward was the `` best player ever '' and the `` best sportsman ever '' . Delaney , Miguel ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Record - breaking Cristiano Ronaldo leads Real Madrid to their second successive Champions League title '' . The Independent . National Stadium of Wales . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo strengthened his claim to be considered the greatest player ever with two superb goals as Real defender their European title . Rice , Simon ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Jose Mourinho : ' If Lionel Messi is the best on the planet , Cristiano Ronaldo is the best in the universe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Baxter , Kevin ( 6 May 2017 ) . `` Championships give Cristiano Ronaldo the edge over Lionel Messi as the greatest of all time '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received two Ballons d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 ) and two FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 The Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Desporto - Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , o menino : futebol no baptizado e no Caminho do Lombinho '' ( in Portuguese ) . Mais Futebol. 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca. 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried - the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro - Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Oldfield ( 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . p. 1953 . John Blake Publishing Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 22 January 2013 ) . `` Joan Laporta : Barcelona could have had Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Profile at world cup soccer '' . wldcup.com . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` United confirm Ronaldo capture '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United land other Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the president '' . Sporting Clube de Portugal . 29 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` United fork out record £ 12m fee to land teenager '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` Teenager takes Beckham No7 shirt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , David ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo exclusive '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best On Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd stroll past Bolton '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson hails Ronaldo debut '' . BBC Sport. 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC . 10 April 2004 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 22 January 2005 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo 's best game '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` United storm the battle of Highbury '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 20 January 2005 ) . `` Rooney ends Exeter dream '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Rooney return proves a distraction as Fortune steals in to seize chance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` Coastal breeze for United as Keane blows away resistance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Ferguson 's men triumph by a one - way street '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 - 0 Man Utd ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 1 Bolton '' . BBC . 31 December 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 5 February 2006 ) . `` Manchester Utd 4 Fulham 2 : Ronaldo 's double proves decisive as Fulham fume '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 4 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo extends Man Utd contract '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ban after finger gesture '' . BBC . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Fergie upset with red card '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 17 January 2006 ) . `` Ruud and Ron in training bust - up '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 9 May 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo jibe left Van Nistelrooy out in cold '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Charlton '' . BBC . 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 8 May 2006 ) . `` United move on without Van Nistelrooy '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's dismissal stuns England '' . BBC . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wants transfer to Spain '' . BBC . 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Stirling , James ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I ca n't stay in Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` United : Ronaldo not for sale '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo not for sale '' . World Soccer. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Clive ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo , revealed by Rene Meulensteen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` New Ronaldo earns old - style respect with pride after a fall '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Cristiano 's stockings full of gifts for United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seventh heaven in Theatre of Dreams '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Watford 1 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` Lionised Ronaldo lights up his Lisbon homecoming '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 's Ronaldo sent off at Portsmouth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United go top '' . Sky Sports . 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo rolls over Rovers in drive to the top '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` Fulham undone by Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 December 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo seizes late gift to light up United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA Official Website. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Johan Cruyff pays Cristiano Ronaldo the ultimate compliment '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo makes Wigan suffer as champions mix business with pleasure '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 24 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo fluffs penalty but United hold firm '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Lewis ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Scholes seals final spot '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Terry 's cruel slip hands Cup to United on unforgettable night '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Profile '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 1 July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks silence '' . Sky Sports . 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Castles , Duncan ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo declares for Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real reported over Ronaldo link '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo : ' I am a slave ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I will stay at Man Utd -- Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Burton , Chris ( 7 August 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is sent off but United show City who are kings of Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops Ballon d'Or '' . The Independent . London . 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Inter Milan ( agg 2 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` FC Porto 0 -- 1 Man Utd ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` As gladiators clash , Messi is the champion '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . PremierLeague.com . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Team of the Year '' . Sky Sports . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United closing in on glory '' . Sky Sports . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Bio , Stats , News '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Quotes : `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . He is better than Kaka and better than Messi . He is streets ahead of them all . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' Sir Alex Ferguson , July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo agrees six - year Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ya es Real '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo now is Real ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul 's No. 7 Shirt at Real Madrid , Benzema Moves To No. 9 , Xabi Alonso Takes No. 14 '' . whoateallthepies.tv. 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 At Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA Official Website. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick keeps Real Madrid on Barcelona 's tail '' . The Guardian . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The cristiano ronaldo - higuain duo holds the real madrid 's scoring record '' . 1x2.eu. 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory '' . BBC . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo matches Messi 's treble as Real and Barca go goal crazy '' . CNN . 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick sees Real past Villarreal '' . Eurosport. 9 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` No redemption for Manuel Pellegrini on a grim return to the Bernabéu '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Sevilla FC v Real Madrid -- Spanish Primera División '' . ESPN FC. 7 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks La Liga record as Real rout Almeria '' . CNN . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 - 4 , match report '' . The Telegraph . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble as Madrid thrash Osasuna '' . CNN . 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits three in Real romp '' . Eurosport. 17 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious '' . ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers '' . BBC . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team '' . footballzz.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo will miss Osasuna clash '' . Inside Spanish Football . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Jose Mourinho receive bans '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid want to make Cristiano Ronaldo the highest - paid player in the world and frustrate Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo signs new contract '' . ESPN . 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid - and agent 's fury '' ( 21 January 2016 ) . The Telegraph . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 - 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals In One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big game and big record for Ronaldo '' . MARCA.com . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Alfredo Di Stefano 's European goals record '' . ESPN . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN.co.uk. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA Official Website. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca. 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 - 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ García , Javier ( 4 May 2014 ) . `` Cristiano 's spectacular backheel to reach 50 goals '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Charlton : `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game '' `` . MARCA.com ( English version ) . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH ^ Jump up to : `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or over Lionel Messi & Manuel Neuer '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or in the spotlight at FIFA World Football Museum '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 - 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - Real Madrid 3 - 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 - 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw . '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ultimate professional and a pleasure to manage '' . The Telegraph . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury '' . Daily Mail . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo , all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético '' . Realmadrid.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid . 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Staff ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 - Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . goal.com . Goal.com. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . bbc.com. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo is chosen for the Olympics '' . CNN . 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo keen to play at Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan '' . China Daily . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Can Get Best Out of Ronaldo '' . 4thegame.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( 14 June 2004 ) . `` Greece stuns Portugal 2 -- 1 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Harte , Adrian ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Portugal hold their nerve against England '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal have the final word '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Greece are crowned kings of Europe '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics : Assists '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Paktribune . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Vs Iran match '' . FIFA. 17 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card '' . Soccernet. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Spanton , Tim ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I never asked for Rooney red card '' . The Sun . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Scolari 's fortunes take a dive '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : I could leave United '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scolari delighted with Portugal victory over Brazil '' . Rediff. 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal '' . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top scorers for Euro 2008 European Qualifying campaign '' . ESPN FC . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Czech Republic - Portugal '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website. 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Euro 2008 : German power leaves Portugal in despair '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Queiroz appointed Portugal coach '' . FIFA. 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Asante , Angela ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` Queiroz 's belief in Ronaldo as captain of Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Liew , Jonathan ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star player at World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Côte d'Ivoire - Portugal '' . FIFA. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report North Korea - Portugal '' . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Brazil - Portugal '' . FIFA. 25 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Match Results : Portugal vs North Korea -- FIFA World Cup 2010 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Portugal Beats North Korea in 7 -- 0 Rout '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : David Villa raises the roof as Spain push past Portugal '' . The Guardian ( London ) . Retrieved 28 May 2014 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Who will survive the Group of Death ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Messi chants shake Cristiano Ronaldo further , Portugal ... '' . Daily News . New York . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo aims dig at Lionel Messi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Joe ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` What 's gone wrong with Ronaldo ? Portugal 's superstar has flopped '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo downs a double to join the party spirit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What did Ronaldo REALLY say after scoring for Portugal '' . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's header sends Portugal into semifinals with 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic '' . Daily News . New York . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 Full - time Report : Portugal - Netherlands ( 2 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CZECH REPUBLIC - PORTUGAL ( 0 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Defending champion Spain advances to another final after beating Portugal 4 -- 2 on penalties '' . Daily News . New York . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's save - it - for - later approach hurts Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo says coach told him to take fifth penalty '' . The Guardian . London . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Frank ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal vs. Spain Euro 2012 : 5 Most to Blame for Portugal 's Penalty Collapse ( 5 of 7 -- Cristiano Ronaldo ) '' . bleacherreport.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal winger Nani suggests that Ronaldo demanded the fifth penalty against Spain to take the glory '' . foxsports.com.au . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website . 3.08 . p. 10 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Centurion Ronaldo honoured by UEFA '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Real Madrid C.F. -- Official Web Site Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Philip ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo showed ' I am here ' after stunning hat - trick for Portugal in World Cup play - off against Sweden '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat - trick fires Portugal past battling Sweden '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records come naturally to me , says Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo suffering from tendinosis before World Cup '' . The Guardian . London . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal fret over Ronaldo fitness '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014 Jump up ^ Krishnan , Joe ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star defies medics who warn playing against USA could end his career '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo film captures giant ego and strange , lonely world of being CR7 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Kieran ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo cuts training short and leaves with ice pack on knee ... so will Portugal 's star be fit for World Cup opener ? '' . dailymail.co.uk . DMG Media Limited . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Cristiano Ronaldo limps out of training '' . bbc.com . BBC Global News Ltd. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' 100 percent fit ' for U.S. game '' . ESPN . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo produces last gasp moment of magic to keep hopes alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portugal 2 -- 1 Ghana '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first Portuguese to score in three final stages '' . Diário de Notícias . Retrieved 26 June 2014 ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo deemed unfit , will miss Portugal Euro 2016 qualifier '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs last - gasp winner as Portugal beat Denmark '' . eurosport.yahoo.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo adds to impressive record collection '' . uefa.com . Retrieved 15 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Armenia 2 -- 3 Portugal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Championship 's all - time top scorers '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Euro 2016 : What 's wrong with Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes first to score in four European Championships '' . espnfc.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record for all - time EURO appearances '' . UEFA.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Keel , Toby ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Third place at Euro 2016 : How it works , who qualified and last 16 draw '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo has sacrificed himself for the good of the team , says Futre '' . Goal.com. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal beat Croatia with Ricardo Quaresma goal in extra time '' . ESPN FC. 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Piotr Koźmiński ; Joseph Walker ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Poland 1 - 1 Portugal '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo the first to play in three Euro semifinals '' . ESPN FC. 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Michel Platini 's Euros goal - scoring recorde '' . ESPN FC. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 - 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bagged four goals Portugal thrash Andorra 6 - 0 '' . Sky Sports . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goes fourth on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bittersweet return for Ronaldo as Portugal beaten by Sweden in Madeira , Russia fight back against Belgium '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Trehan , Dev ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets the nod from Pele ahead of Lionel Messi '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Ames ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Héctor Moreno 's stoppage - time header earns Mexico draw against Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo header earns Portugal Confederations Cup win over Russia '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup : Ronaldo helps Portugal into semi-final as hosts Russia out '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo second on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA.com. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Awards Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms birth of twins , leaves Portugal at Confed Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Portugal captain Cristiano Ronaldo will not play in Sunday 's Confederations Cup third - place playoff after the team allowed him to leave camp to visit his newborn twins . Jump up ^ Kaur , Daldeep ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo leaves Portugal Confederations Cup squad to meet newborn twins for first time '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has left the Confederations Cup in Russia following the birth of his twins . Jump up ^ `` Portugal come from behind to finish third '' . FIFA.com. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Portugal finished their FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 campaign on a high by beating Mexico 2 - 1 after extra time in the play - off for third place at the Spartak Stadium in Moscow in front of 42,659 fans . Jump up ^ `` Pele congratulates Cristiano Ronaldo on surpassing his goals record '' . beIN Sports . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Saffer ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals European Qualifiers goal record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo is better than Lionel Messi ! '' . Zeenews.india.com. 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` Why are so many wingers playing on the ' wrong ' wings ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E ' Ronaldo il Bolt del calcio '' . Sport media set . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Portogallo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Mike L. ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Grantland . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Named Fittest Man Alive By Men 's Health Magazine '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How did Cristiano Ronaldo score his incredible header against Manchester United ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mechanization of Cristiano Ronaldo : How his style of play has changed '' . O - Posts. 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # EUROfantasy Tipster : Paolo 's team '' . uefa.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard the new penalty taker king ; Julio Cesar the best stopper '' . ESPN FC. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Messi to Ronaldo -- the world 's best free kick takers '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo free - kick goals are rare '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ David Salazar ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Time to Sell Declining Cristiano Ronaldo Is Now '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : Ronaldo now better than Messi '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo in numbers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers Of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included In The Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho insists his Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo is an honest player '' . Daily Mail . London . 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . Espn Fc. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . SportsProMedia. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé : TIME 100 '' . TIME. 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . The Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . GulfNews.com. 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Heads Most Popular Athletes on Social Media '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tops 50 million ' Likes ' on Facebook '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars ' Newest Marketing Channel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` ' Viva Ronaldo ' -- Cristiano creates his own online community '' . AS.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe '' . Infosecurity. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moments '' . Chapters. 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( June 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary '' . BBC America . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board '' . Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The two Ronnies ! Real star Ronaldo left seeing double as he unveils waxwork of himself in Madrid museum '' . Daily Mail . London . 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport to be named after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FourFourTwo . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ `` O busto de Ronaldo no aeroporto faz furor '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by furor ) ( in Portuguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estive ao serviço da Seleção Nacional , como sempre acontece , de corpo e alma , mesmo sabendo que os meus dois filhos tinham nascido . '' . Facebook . Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football for Health '' . FIFA . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes.com. 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What not to wear ... anything from footballer Ronaldo 's boutique '' . Daily Mail . 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . Daily Mail . 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Histórico de Internacionalizações of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . A UEFA Champions League winner with Real Madrid and a European champion with Portugal , Cristiano Ronaldo has claimed the 2015 / 16 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Soccer Awards 2016 : Cristiano Ronaldo named Player of the Year '' . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall of Fame '' . Globe Soccer . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : José Luis Pierrend ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` '' Onze Mondial '' Awards `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Onze de Oro award for player of the season '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ José Luis Pierrend ( 6 January 2016 ) . `` The `` Bravo '' Award `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . 2004 Cristiano RONALDO ( Manchester United & Portugal ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo - Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` MICHELLE BRITO RECEBEU PRÉMIO CNID '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . 2007 -- João José ( Voleibol ) e Cristiano Ronaldo Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID 2008 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atletas Portugueses no estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo , futebol ... Jump up ^ `` RONALDO RECEBE PRÉMIO CNID MEO '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RONALDO RECEBE PRÉMIO CNID ZON SAGRES EM MADRID '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ENTREGA DOS PRÉMIOS CNID ZON SAGRES 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo ( Atleta português do estrangeiro ) Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID ZON SAGRES 2013 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta Português no Estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo -- Futebol Jump up ^ `` Prémios CNID : os vencedores de 2015 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta português no estrangeiro -- Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta Português no Estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo , Real Madrid Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/portugal/story/3086873/cristiano-ronaldo-named-portugals-player-of-the-year-as-renato-sanches-wins-best-young-player Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 2013 '' . iffhs.de . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO , TONI KROOS AND THE REAL MADRID CLUB HONORED IN MADRID '' . Iffhs . Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO , TONI KROOS AND THE REAL MADRID CLUB HONORED IN MADRID '' . IFFHS. 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESM Team of the Season -- 2014 - 15 '' . World Soccer. 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ESM Top - Elf : Ein Bayern - Star in Europas Elite . Abendzeitung ( in German ) . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Manchester United Wayne ROONEY 2 Manchester United CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito Alejandro MANSO Jump up ^ 2014 FIFA CLUB WORLD CUP STATISTICS AND LEADERS : http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/stats?competition=26&season=2014&team=0 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named # UCL forward of the season '' . UEFA.com. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Champions League team of the group stage '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . FW : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named in the Champions League team of the group stage '' . Realmadrid.com. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ goal vs FC Porto in 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League , quarter - final Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC . 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale named player of the year by football writers '' . BBC . 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man Utd dominate 20 Seasons Fantasy Teams '' . Premier League . 14 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano revalida el trofeo Di Stéfano '' . MARCA.com ( in Spanish ) . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El ' hat - trick ' del número 1 '' . MARCA.com ( in Spanish ) . 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . CRISTIANO CONQUISTA SU TERCER TROFEO DI STÉFANO Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives his fourth Alfredo Di Stéfano Award from ' Marca ' '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Ronaldo picked up his fourth Alfredo Di Stéfano Award as the best player from last term . Jump up ^ `` Premios BBVA a los mejores de noviembre '' . laliga.es ( in Spanish ) . 10 December 2013 . Sobre el terreno de juego , el futbolista más destacado del mes de noviembre ha sido Cristiano Ronaldo . Jump up ^ `` BBVA Awards : Cristiano Ronaldo chosen as Liga BBVA player of the month for May '' . Official website of La Liga. 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named LaLiga Santander Player of the Month for May '' . Official website of La Liga. 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA team of the season '' . LFP. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . LFP. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA 2015 / 16 Team of the Season '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2010 -- 11 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ESPYs 2014 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Ordem do Infante D. Henrique -- OIH '' . Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Clapham , Peter Wynter Bee ; illustrated by Lucy ( 2008 ) . People of the day 3 . Woking : People of the Day Limited . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548110 - 2 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez Star in Club World Cup Win over River '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Messi moved to five goals in the Club World Cup -- matching the all - time record held by former Monterrey striker Cesar Delgado -- and Suarez 's double means he joins them on that mark after just two appearances in the competition . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovic both have this incredible stat in common ... they 've each scored in EVERY minute of a football match , with Lionel Messi close , a mere two minutes away '' . The Sun . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new record after winning same eight trophies with Manchester United and Real Madrid '' . Daily Mail . London . 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo has now won the same eight trophies with two teams '' . Global Soccer. 22 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Ball - FIFA Club World Cup '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Ryan ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` Watch Cristiano Ronaldo set the record for most career goals in Europe 's top leagues '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . No player in the sport 's history has scored more in the continent 's best leagues . Jump up ^ Verschueren , Gianni ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Becomes All - Time Leading Goalscorer in Europe 's Top 6 Leagues '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo became the all - time leading goalscorer across Europe 's top six leagues on Saturday , netting his 367th goal in Real Madrid 's La Liga match against Valencia . ^ Jump up to : `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League + European Cup '' All - time Topscorers '' rank 1 - 50 `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League All time - Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets Champions League goals record '' . Futaa.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo sets two Champions League records '' . goal.com. 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' Champions League 2016 / 2017 `` . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives Golden Shoe , wants to be ' best ever ' '' . ESPN . 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo : record - guzzler '' . en.as.com . Diario AS -- PRISA. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . reuters.com. 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA.com users ' Team of the Year 2015 : lowdown '' . UEFA.com. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Who got the most votes ? Who has appeared for a record tenth time ? Which clubs and national teams have provided the most players to all 15 Teams of the Year . Find out here ... Cristiano Ronaldo is the first to ten selections and uniquely has appeared in more than one position : midfield ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) and up front ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Best Player in Europe Award '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Sean ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest player in Europe to score 350 goals for one club '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HAT - TRICKS -- CRISTIANO RONALDO -- ALL - TIME REAL MADRID RECORD IN LA LIGA '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . CRISTIANO RONALDO 'S 32 LA LIGA HAT - TRICKS Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the player who hits the 150 goal mark the fastest in Liga history '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 23 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo fastest to 300 goals in La Liga '' . Stuff.co.nz. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first player to score in six consecutive Clasicos '' . 8 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The quickest to hit the 20 mark '' . Marca.com ( English ) . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record by scoring 30 league goals in six straight seasons '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's record - breaking run '' . fcbarcelona.com. 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 -- 15 La Liga # Hat - tricks Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 33 Hattrick Untuk Madrid , Lewati Messi '' . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . Real Madrid C.F. 6 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest player to score 100 goals in La Liga with Real Madrid '' . Real Madrid C.F. 25 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid against Malaga '' . Real Madrid C.F. 8 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo puts Puskas in the shade '' . Marca ( English ) . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , the first Madrid player to score in eight consecutive matchdays '' . Real Madrid C.F. 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristiano Ronaldo . Wikinews has news related to : Cristiano Ronaldo Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cristiano Ronaldo Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Cristiano Ronaldo 's channel on YouTube Cristiano Ronaldo on Twitter Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram <Th_colspan="2"> Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 7 Ronaldo 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Theo 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 19 Achraf 20 Asensio 21 Mayoral 22 Isco 23 Kovačić 24 Ceballos Manager : Zidane <Th_colspan="2"> Portugal squads <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos <Th_colspan="2"> Awards <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Sporting positions Preceded by Sebastian Vettel BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2014 Succeeded by Dan Carter <Th_colspan="2"> 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> GK : Shay Given DF : Pascal Chimbonda DF : John Terry DF : Jamie Carragher DF : William Gallas MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Frank Lampard MF : Joe Cole FW : Thierry Henry FW : Wayne Rooney <Th_colspan="2"> 2006 -- 07 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Gary Neville DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Paul Scholes MF : Ryan Giggs FW : Didier Drogba FW : Dimitar Berbatov <Th_colspan="2"> 2007 -- 08 Premier League PFA Team of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> GK : David James DF : Bacary Sagna DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Gaël Clichy MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Cesc Fàbregas MF : Ashley Young FW : Emmanuel Adebayor FW : Fernando Torres <Th_colspan="2"> 2008 -- 09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Glen Johnson DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Ryan Giggs MF : Ashley Young FW : Nicolas Anelka FW : Fernando Torres <Th_colspan="2"> 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> GK : Courtois RB : Juanfran CB : Laporte CB : Godín LB : F. Luís MF : Iturraspe MF : Koke MF : Gabi MF : Rakitić FW : Ronaldo FW : D. Costa Manager : Simeone <Th_colspan="2"> 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique <Th_colspan="2"> 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Manuel Neuer Defenders Jordi Alba Fábio Coentrão Philipp Lahm Pepe Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Midfielders Xabi Alonso Sergio Busquets Daniele De Rossi Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Andrea Pirlo Xavi Forwards Mario Balotelli Cesc Fàbregas Zlatan Ibrahimović Cristiano Ronaldo David Silva <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Euro 2016 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Rui Patrício Defenders Joshua Kimmich Jérôme Boateng Pepe Raphaël Guerreiro Midfielders Toni Kroos Joe Allen Antoine Griezmann Aaron Ramsey Dimitri Payet Forward Cristiano Ronaldo <Th_colspan="3"> Ballon d'Or <Td_colspan="3"> France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo <Td_colspan="3"> FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) <Th_colspan="3"> FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : <Td_colspan="3"> See also : Ballon d'Or <Th_colspan="2"> FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA European Championship winning captains <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 : Netto 1964 : Olivella 1968 : Facchetti 1972 : Beckenbauer 1976 : Ondruš 1980 : Dietz 1984 : Platini 1988 : Gullit 1992 : Olsen 1996 : Klinsmann 2000 : Deschamps 2004 : Zagorakis 2008 : Casillas 2012 : Casillas 2016 : Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Club Footballer of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1968 : Eusébio 1969 : Zhekov 1970 : Müller 1971 : Skoblar 1972 : Müller 1973 : Eusébio 1974 : Yazalde 1975 : Georgescu 1976 : Kaiafas 1977 : Georgescu 1978 : Krankl 1979 : Kist 1980 : Vandenbergh 1981 : Slavkov 1982 : Kieft 1983 : Gomes 1984 : Rush 1985 : Gomes 1986 : Van Basten 1987 : Cămătaru / Polster 1988 : Çolak 1989 : Mateuţ 1990 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1991 : Pančev Unofficial 1992 : McCoist 1993 : McCoist 1994 : Taylor 1995 : Avetisyan 1996 : Endeladze ESM award 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Machlas 1999 : Jardel 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Larsson 2002 : Jardel 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry & Forlán 2006 : Toni 2007 : Totti 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : Suárez 2017 : Messi <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball <Td_colspan="2"> 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> Premier League Golden Boot <Td_colspan="2"> 1993 : Sheringham 1994 : Cole 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Shearer 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Dublin , Owen & Sutton 1999 : Hasselbaink , Owen & Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Hasselbaink 2002 : Henry 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Anelka 2010 : Drogba 2011 : Berbatov & Tevez 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Agüero 2016 : Kane 2017 : Kane <Th_colspan="2"> La Liga top scorers <Td_colspan="2"> 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E. Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi <Th_colspan="2"> Copa del Rey top scorers <Td_colspan="2"> 1994 : Coca & Gudelj 1995 : Penev 1996 : Pantić 1997 : Klimowicz 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : C. López 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink , Míchel & Yordi 2001 : Salva 2002 : Guti & Raúl 2003 : Portillo 2004 : Raúl 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz 2006 : Ewerthon 2007 : Saviola 2008 : Soler 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano 2010 : Maxi 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo 2012 : Infante 2013 : Costa 2014 : Messi 2015 : Aspas & Neymar 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir , Negredo & Suárez 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi <Th_colspan="2"> European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA European Championship top scorers <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 : Galić , Heutte , Ivanov , Jerković & Ponedelnik ( 2 ) 1964 : Bene , Novák & Pereda ( 2 ) 1968 : Džajić ( 2 ) 1972 : G. Müller ( 4 ) 1976 : D. Müller ( 4 ) 1980 : Allofs ( 3 ) 1984 : Platini ( 9 ) 1988 : Van Basten ( 5 ) 1992 : Bergkamp , Brolin , Larsen & Riedle ( 3 ) 1996 : Shearer ( 5 ) 2000 : Kluivert & Milošević ( 5 ) 2004 : Baroš ( 5 ) 2008 : Villa ( 4 ) 2012 : Balotelli , Dzagoev , Gómez , Mandžukić , C. Ronaldo & Torres ( 3 ) 2016 : Griezmann ( 6 ) <Td_colspan="2"> * : Golden Boot award winner ( when goals scored are tied ) <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA Puskás Award <Td_colspan="2"> 2009 : C. Ronaldo 2010 : Altıntop 2011 : Neymar 2012 : Stoch 2013 : Ibrahimović 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2015 : Wendell Lira 2016 : Mohd Faiz <Th_colspan="2"> EFE Trophy <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 -- 91 : Fernández 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano 1993 -- 94 : Romário 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano 1995 -- 96 : Simeone 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera 2000 -- 01 : Acuña 2001 -- 02 : Saviola 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho 2004 -- 05 : Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Aimar 2006 -- 07 : Messi 2007 -- 08 : Agüero 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa 2014 -- 15 : Suárez 2015 -- 16 : Navas <Th_colspan="2"> Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera <Th_colspan="2"> PFA Young Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli <Th_colspan="2"> PFA Fans ' Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Suárez 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane <Th_colspan="2"> PFA Players ' Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté <Th_colspan="2"> FWA Footballer of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté <Th_colspan="2"> Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano <Td_colspan="2"> 2007 -- 08 : Raúl 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards <Td_colspan="2"> 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Griezmann <Th_colspan="2"> La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards <Td_colspan="2"> 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi <Th_colspan="2"> Bravo Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H. Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi <Th_colspan="2"> World Soccer Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt VIAF : 42170021 LCCN : no2007130960 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 GND : 140422390 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) BIBSYS : 10046491 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 BNE : XX4898197 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=802039909 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriates in Spain UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links NFT template with ID same as Wikidata CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English from August 2016 Articles using Template : Medal with Winner Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Cristiano Ronaldo's career and achievements
2. Ronaldo's club career at Sporting CP, Manchester United, and Real Madrid
3. Ronaldo's international career with Portugal
4. Ronaldo's playing style and comparisons to Lionel Messi
5. Ronaldo's personal life, philanthropy, and controversies
|
6,942,227,185,617,912,000 |
when does a pitcher get credit for a win
|
Win -- loss record ( pitching ) - wikipedia Win -- loss record ( pitching ) Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In baseball and softball , a pitcher 's win -- loss record ( also referred to simply as their record ) indicates the number of wins ( denoted `` W '' ) and losses ( denoted `` L '' ) they have been credited with . For example , a 20 -- 10 win -- loss record would represent 20 wins and 10 losses . In each game , one pitcher on the winning team is awarded a win ( the `` winning pitcher '' ) and one pitcher on the losing team is given a loss ( the `` losing pitcher '' ) in their respective statistics . These pitchers are collectively known as the pitchers of record . The designation of win or loss for a pitcher is known as a decision , and only one pitcher for each team receives a decision . A starting pitcher who does not receive credit for a win or loss is said to have no decision . In certain situations , another pitcher on the winning team who pitched in relief of the winning pitcher can be credited with a save , and holds can be awarded to relief pitchers on both sides , but these are never awarded to the same pitcher who is awarded the win . The decisions are awarded by the official scorer of the game in accordance with the league 's rules . The official scorer does not assign a winning or losing pitcher in some games which are forfeited , such as those that are tied at the time of forfeiture . If the game is tied ( a rare event ) , no pitcher is awarded any decision . A pitcher 's winning percentage is calculated by dividing the number of wins by the number of decisions ( wins plus losses ) , and it is commonly expressed with three decimal places . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winning pitcher 2 Losing pitcher 3 Background 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Winning pitcher ( edit ) In Major League Baseball , the winning pitcher is defined as the pitcher who last pitched prior to the half - inning when the winning team took the lead for the last time . There are two exceptions to this rule . The first is that a starting pitcher must complete five innings to earn a win ( four innings for a game that lasts five innings on defense ) . If he fails to do so , he is ineligible to be the winning pitcher even if he last pitched prior to the half - inning when his team took the lead for the last time , and the official scorer awards the win to the relief pitcher who , in the official scorer 's judgment , was the most effective . The second exception applies if the relief pitcher who last pitched prior to the half - inning when the winning team took the lead for the last time was `` ineffective in a brief appearance '' in the official scorer 's judgment , in which case the win is awarded to the succeeding relief pitcher who , in the official scorer 's judgment , was the most effective . In the Major League Baseball All - Star Game , every pitcher is considered as a relief pitcher for the purpose of this rule . For example , a starting pitcher , Matt Cain , was awarded the win in the 2012 All - Star Game despite throwing only two innings . If a relief pitcher blew a save after the starting pitcher is subbed out on an easy - save , even if it is a shutout when he leaves the field , the starting pitcher will not be credited a win if they win in extra innings . Losing pitcher ( edit ) The losing pitcher is the pitcher who allows the go - ahead run to reach base for a lead that the winning team never relinquishes . If a pitcher allows a run which gives the opposing team the lead , his team comes back to lead or tie the game , and then the opposing team regains the lead against a subsequent pitcher , the earlier pitcher does not get the loss . If a pitcher leaves the game with his team in the lead or with the score tied , but with the go - ahead run on base , and this runner subsequently scores the go - ahead run , the pitcher who allowed this runner to reach base is responsible for the loss . This is true regardless of the manner in which this batter originally reached base , and how he subsequently scored . If the relief pitching successfully completes the half - inning without surrendering the go - ahead run , the departed pitcher can not receive a loss . For example , on April 13 , 2007 , Carlos Zambrano of the Chicago Cubs was facing the Cincinnati Reds in the top of the 5th inning . He was taken out of the game with the Cubs leading 5 -- 4 and the bases loaded . The pitcher who replaced him , Will Ohman , proceeded to allow two of the runners on base to score , giving the Reds a 6 -- 5 lead . Although Zambrano was not pitching at the time the runs were scored , he was charged with the loss , as the base runners who scored were his responsibility . Background ( edit ) The pitchers who receive the win and the loss are known , collectively , as the pitchers of record . A pitcher who starts a game but leaves without earning either a win or a loss ( that is , before either team gains or surrenders the ultimate lead ) is said to have received a no decision , regardless of his individual performance . A pitcher 's total wins and losses are commonly noted together ; for instance , a pitching record of 12 -- 10 indicates 12 wins and 10 losses . In the early years of Major League Baseball before 1900 it was common for an exceptional pitcher to win 30 or more games in one season with Old Hoss Radbourn of the defunct Providence Grays holding the record with 59 wins in 1884 . Since 1900 , however , pitchers have made fewer and fewer starts and the standard has changed . Gradually , as hitting improved , better pitching was needed . This meant , among other things , throwing the ball much harder , and it became unrealistic to ask a pitcher to throw nearly as hard as he could for over 100 pitches a game without giving him several days to recover . In the first third of the 20th century ( especially after the live - ball era ) , winning 30 games became the rare mark of excellent achievement ; this standard diminished to 25 games during the 1940s through 1980s ( the only pitcher to win 30 or more games during that time was Denny McLain in 1968 , in what was an anomalous pitching - dominated season ) . Since 1990 , this has changed even further , as winning 20 or more games in a single season is now achieved by only a handful of pitchers each season . For example , in 2004 only three of the more than five hundred major league pitchers did so . In 2006 and again in 2009 , no pitcher in either league won 20 games . The last pitcher to win 25 games was Bob Welch in 1990 . The New York Times wrote in 2011 that as advanced statistics have expanded , a pitcher 's win - loss record has decreased in importance . For example , Félix Hernández won the Cy Young Award in 2010 in spite of a 13 -- 12 record . Many times a win is substantially out of the pitcher 's control ; even a dominant pitcher can not record a win if his team does not score any runs for him . For instance , in 2004 , Milwaukee Brewers starting pitcher Ben Sheets had a losing record of 12 -- 14 , despite displaying a league - best 8 : 1 strikeout - to - walk ratio and was among the top 5 pitchers in ERA ( 2.70 ) and WHIP ( 0.98 ) . In addition to their dependence on run support , wins for a starting pitcher are also dependent on bullpen support . A starting pitcher can pitch brilliantly , leaving the game with the lead , and then watch helplessly from the dugout as the bullpen blows the save and gives up the lead . That would entitle the starting pitcher to a no - decision instead of a win despite the strong performances , regardless of whether or not the team ends up winning . Starting pitchers on teams with a weak bullpen tend to have fewer wins because of this . Likewise , a pitcher can give a poor performance and give up many runs and leave the game earlier than desired , but still win because his team scored even more runs . Some prefer the quality start statistic as an indication of how many times a starting pitcher gave his team a realistic chance to win . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders Quality start References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Rules '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` July 10 , 2012 All - Star Game Play - By - Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds vs. Chicago Cubs -- Play By Play -- April 13 , 2007 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB denied 20 - game winner in ' 09 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Hapless but Not Hopeless , Blue Jays ' Reyes Carries On '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Sheets Statistics and History -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Prospectus -- Prospectus Hit and Run : A Quality Stat , Better than Wins '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Since 1957 , Wins without facing a batter <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Win -- loss_record_ ( pitching ) &oldid = 801496407 '' Categories : Pitching statistics Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from February 2017 All articles that may contain original research Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano मराठी 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Pitcher's win-loss record
2. Winning pitcher
3. Losing pitcher
4. Pitcher's decision
5. Importance of win-loss record
|
9,137,058,170,445,738,000 |
how many episodes will be in wynonna earp season 2
|
Wynonna Earp ( TV series ) - wikipedia Wynonna Earp ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the comic book series , see Wynonna Earp . <Th_colspan="2"> Wynonna Earp <Td_colspan="2"> Wynonna Earp title card Genre Dark fantasy Drama Horror Western Supernatural Created by Emily Andras Based on Wynonna Earp by Beau Smith Starring Melanie Scrofano Shamier Anderson Tim Rozon Dominique Provost - Chalkley Opening theme `` Tell That Devil '' by Jill Andrews Composer ( s ) Robert Carli Peter Chapman Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian Dennis Ted Adams David Ozer Rick Jacobs Todd Berger Jordy Randall Tom Cox Emily Andras Location ( s ) Canada : Calgary , Alberta Didsbury , Alberta Springbank , Alberta Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) SEVEN24 Films IDW Entertainment Distributor IDW Entertainment Dynamic Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Syfy CHCH - DT ( season 1 ) Space ( season 2 -- ) Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( USA ) April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) -- present ( Canada ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Syfy www.syfy.com/wynonnaearp Seven24 Films seven24films.com/production/wynonna-earp/ Wynonna Earp ( / waɪˈnoʊnə ɜːr p / weye - NOH - nə urp ) is a Canadian - American supernatural Western horror television series . Developed by Emily Andras , it is based on the comic book series by Beau Smith . Melanie Scrofano plays the series ' titular character . Wynonna Earp premiered in the United States on Syfy on April 1 , 2016 , at 10 p.m. ET . Originally scheduled to premiere in Canada on March 28 , 2016 , at 10 p.m. on CHCH - DT , the series debut was moved to April 4 , 2016 , at 9 p.m. ET . On July 23 , 2016 , the renewal for a second season was announced at the Wynonna Earp panel at San Diego Comic - Con . Originally slated for ten episodes , the season was increased to 12 episodes in October 2016 . In Canada , Wynonna Earp moved from CHCH - DT to Space effective April 15 , 2017 . In anticipation of the premiere of Season 2 , Space began airing Season 1 on the same date with a special double - episode series debut . Season 2 premiered simultaneously on Syfy and Space on June 9 , 2017 , at 10 p.m. On July 22 , 2017 , David Ozer , president of IDW Entertainment , announced at the show 's San Diego Comic - Con panel that the series had been renewed for a third season with the premiere scheduled for 2018 . Space announced on the same day that it had ordered 12 episodes for a third season , together with Syfy . Andras credited Wynonna Earp 's passionate fan base ( nicknamed `` Earpers '' ) with gaining the renewal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Development and production 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Awards and nominations 6.1. 1 Canadian Screen Awards 6.1. 2 Dragon Awards 6.1. 3 GLAAD Media Award 6.1. 4 Rockie Awards 6.1. 5 Rosie Awards 6.1. 6 WGC Screenwriting Awards 6.2 Contests 6.2. 1 E ! Online 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Wynonna Earp , the outcast great - great - granddaughter of legendary lawman Wyatt Earp , battles demons and other supernatural beings that inhabit the Ghost River Triangle , a cursed territory near the Canadian Rockies that includes Purgatory , her home town . Upon her 27th birthday , Wynonna inherited the power to use her ancestor 's 16 - inch barrel special `` Peacemaker '' revolver . With Peacemaker , together with a close circle of allies centered on her younger sister Waverly , she is the only one that can bring the paranormal evil to justice . Her primary foes are revenants , outlaws executed by Wyatt Earp who revive with the death of the previous Earp heir . In Wynonna 's case , she inherited the position from her father Ward , who was accidentally killed by a teenage Wynonna during a revenant attack . The first season centers on the threat posed by Bobo Del Ray , the leader of the local revenants . Alongside Bobo is a woman revealed to be Willa Earp , Wynonna 's elder sister who was believed dead . Initially set up to resume her position as the true heir , Willa is too corrupted and the season finale sees Wynonna executing Bobo and mercy - killing Willa , resuming the position of undisputed heir . Over the course of the season , Waverly also realizes and then acts on her attraction to a local police officer , Nicole Haught . The second season sees Waverly ( and briefly Wynonna ) fighting off a possession brought on by the previous season finale . In the process , the sisters discover that Wynonna is pregnant , with the father being revealed to be Doc Holliday . To protect the child from the revenants , once Wynonna gives birth to a daughter the infant is smuggled out of the Ghost River Triangle . During her pregnancy , Wynonna also confronts the threat of two witches in the form of black widows who take human form to revive an ancient demon . The season ends with Wynonna re-contacting her absentee mother for advice on overcoming the newly - risen demon . Meanwhile , Waverly struggles with the revelation that a yet unknown supernatural force , not Ward Earp , was her father . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wynonna Earp episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Cast at `` Camp Conival '' during 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . From left : Melanie Scrofano , Shamier Anderson , Dominique Provost - Chalkley , Katherine Barrell and Tim Rozon . Main ( edit ) Melanie Scrofano as Wynonna Earp , a great - great - granddaughter of Wyatt Earp , who wields the power of Wyatt 's `` Peacemaker '' handgun . Shamier Anderson as Deputy Marshal Xavier Dolls , a special agent with the Black Badge division of the United States Marshals Service , a combustible mutant lizard - man generated by Black Badge . Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday , Wyatt Earp 's famed partner , cursed by the Stone Witch who cured his tuberculosis by way of eternal health . Dominique Provost - Chalkley as Waverly Earp , Wynonna 's younger sister and expert on Earp history who studied ancient cultures and languages . Recurring ( edit ) Greg Lawson as Sheriff Randy Nedley , the sheriff of Purgatory who is aware of the town 's supernatural nature . ( First appearance : `` Purgatory '' ) Michael Eklund as Bobo Del Rey ( né Robert Svane ) , leader of the revenants and former friend to Wyatt Earp . Executed by Wynonna in the season 1 finale but unexpectedly revived in season 2 . ( First appearance : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught , a deputy sheriff of Purgatory and Nedley 's intended successor who becomes Waverly 's girlfriend and collaborates with Black Badge . She has a cat , Calamity Jane , that dislikes men except for Sheriff Nedley . ( First appearance : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Rayisa Kondracki as Constance Clootie , also known as the Stone Witch . ( First appearance : `` Diggin ' Up Bones '' ; Season 1 ) Kate Drummond as Agent Lucado , Dolls ' superior officer at Black Badge . Killed by a demon . ( First appearance : `` Walking After Midnight '' ; Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Natalie Krill as Willa Earp ( first known by the name Eve ) , Wynonna and Waverly 's older sister , also able to wield the power of Wyatt 's `` Peacemaker '' . Mercy - killed by Wynonna in the Season 1 finale . ( First appearance : `` She Would n't Be Gone '' ; Season 1 ) Shaun Johnston as Juan Carlo , a mysterious local revealed to be Purgatory 's non-ageing priest . Mercy - killed by Dolls after being fatally wounded by The Widows . ( First appearance : `` Landslide '' ; Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Varun Saranga as Jeremy Chetri , a Black Badge Division scientist who helps the Earps against their BBD blood contract . ( First appearance : `` Steel Bars and Stone Walls '' ; Season 2 ) Tamara Duarte as Rosita Bustillos , a revenant and Doc 's girlfriend with advanced degrees in biochemistry and engineering whom he recruits , in exchange for his protection , to work as a bartender at Shorty 's while also helping to create Dolls 's serum . ( First appearance : `` Shed Your Skin '' ; Season 2 ) Dani Kind as Mercedes Gardner , Wynonna 's rich high - school best friend , head of the Gardner Family and its purse strings , but disliked by her siblings Beth and Tucker . Along with her sister Beth , her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders ( The Widows ) . ( First appearance : `` Shed Your Skin '' ; Season 2 ) Caleb Ellsworth - Clark as Tucker Gardner , younger brother of the Gardner sisters and local miscreant , who has an unhealthy obsession with Waverly . ( First appearance : `` Gonna Getcha Good '' ; Season 2 ) Meghan Heffern as Beth Gardner , the younger of the two Gardner sisters . Along with her sister Mercedes , her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders ( The Widows ) . ( First appearance : `` Gonna Getcha Good '' ; Season 2 ) Episodes of Season 1 featured Dylan Koroll as Champ Hardy , Waverly 's boyfriend before she met Officer Nicole Haught ; Natascha Girgis as Gus McCready , aunt of the Earp girls ; and David LeReaney as Judge Cryderman , an antagonist of Wynonna Earp . Development and Production ( edit ) Syfy acquired the U.S. rights to Wynonna Earp from SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment in July 2015 and placed an order for 13 episodes . International distribution of the series was acquired by Dynamic Television in September 2015 . On September 30 , 2015 , SEVEN24 Films announced the acquisition of Canadian broadcast rights by over-the - air independent station CHCH - DT . Melanie Scrofano was cast in the title role , with Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday and Shamier Anderson as Agent Dolls . Dominique Provost - Chalkley was cast as Waverly Earp . In recurring roles , Michael Eklund was cast as villain Bobo Del Rey and Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught . `` Tell That Devil '' by singer - songwriter Jill Andrews was selected as the theme music for the series . The titles of Wynonna Earp episodes are based on country and western songs . Viacom International Media Networks acquired the rights to broadcast Wynonna Earp on its multinational Spike channels in July 2016 . In March 2017 , Bell Media announced the new partnership between Space and SEVEN24 Films as Canadian co-producers of the series . Season 1 ( edit ) Filming of Season 1 took place from September 14 , 2015 , to February 12 , 2016 , in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Locations included Bridgeland , Inglewood , and Heritage Park . Didsbury , Alberta , was used as the setting for the series ' small town of Purgatory . Syfy released the first promotional images and synopsis for the series on November 6 , 2015 . The teaser trailer was released through IGN in January 2016 . Wynonna Earp premiered on April 1 , 2016 , on Syfy ; and on April 4 , 2016 , on CHCH - DT . Season 2 ( edit ) After the series was renewed for a second season , Melanie Scrofano found out that she was pregnant . Emily Andras decided to incorporate her pregnancy in the arc of the titular character , she informed IDW Entertainment of the prospective storyline , and Syfy added two more episodes , increasing Season 2 from 10 to 12 episodes . Season 2 began filming in Calgary and surrounding areas from December 12 , 2016 , to April 13 , 2017 . Additional location shooting took place in Springbank , Alberta . The recurring cast was joined by Varun Saranga in the role of Jeremy Chetri and Tamara Duarte as Rosita . The ' sneak peek ' of the teaser trailer for the new season was released on April 1 , 2017 , and the trailer released officially by IGN on May 19 , 2017 . Syfy released the poster for the season on May 24 , 2017 . Season 2 premiered on June 9 , 2017 , on Syfy and Space . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Wynonna Earp premiered in the United Kingdom on Spike on July 29 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 p.m. Season 2 premiered in the UK on June 13 , 2017 , at 10 : 00 p.m. The series premiered in Australia on Spike on February 5 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Wynonna Earp became available on Amazon Video as video on demand on May 6 , 2016 . In December 2016 , SEVEN24 Films producer Jordy Randall announced in an interview with the Calgary Herald that Season 1 would be streaming on Netflix . The series became available on Netflix on April 1 , 2017 . The Season 1 DVD and Blu - ray were released first in Australia ( Region 4 ) by Roadshow Entertainment on May 3 , 2017 . A crowdfunding campaign for a region free Blu - ray release was launched on May 23 , 2017 , by IDW Entertainment on Indiegogo . Reception ( edit ) In its new series review , Collider gave Wynonna Earp four stars , calling it `` a fresh and familiar take on zombies , the Wild West , and gunslinger culture '' and `` something that also feels different to anything we 're seeing on TV currently , thanks not only to its setting , but its prominent placement of so many strong , profane , kickass female characters . '' Digital Journal said the series was `` smart '' and `` complex '' with `` a lot going for it '' . The A.V. Club called Melanie Scrofano `` the right woman for the job ... an easy , authoritative presence '' ; and `` when it 's allowed the room to run , Wynonna Earp delights in itself , '' adding that the series `` could grow into the good - time Western pulp it has the potential to be . '' E ! Entertainment Television named Wynonna Earp the `` Best New Show '' of 2016 . It was chosen by Variety as one of the 20 best new series of 2016 , stating `` what this prairie - set Canadian import lacks in budget , it makes up for in gumption , sass and camaraderie . '' In a post-Season 1 review for Salon , Melanie McFarland wrote : `` This modern Western proved its mettle by dint of unexpectedly weird plotting and witty dialogue ... ( Melanie ) Scrofano lends a hardened and slightly feral swagger to Wynonna that 's vastly entertaining ... Much of the show 's winning spirit rests in its exploration of family loyalty and the popular conviction that one 's blood and dynastic ties compel one to fulfill a prescribed destiny . '' In the United States , Season 1 averaged a total rating of 0.13 with 0.56 viewers . The season received a 75 % approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 6.11 / 10 . Metacritic gave the season an average score of 68 out of 100 . Season 2 averaged a 0.12 rating in the United States with 0.50 viewers . In Canada , overall viewership increased 52 % on Space compared to Season 1 on CHCH - DT . The season received an average rating of 8.67 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes . There is no average score ( yet ) on Metacritic . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Canadian Screen Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Writing in a Dramatic Series Emily Andras ( episode : `` Purgatory '' ) Nominated Best Achievement in Make - Up Joanne Jacobsen , Jo - Dee Thomson ( episode : `` Diggin ' Up Bones '' ) Nominated Best Costume Design Jennifer Haffenden ( episode : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Nominated Best Original Music Score for a Series Robert Carli and Peter Chapman ( episode : `` House of Memories '' ) Nominated Best Visual Effects Geoff Scott , William Garrett , Sarah Wormsbecher , Eric Doiron , Nathan Larouche , Anthony DeChellis , Lon Molnar ( episode : `` I Walk the Line '' ) Nominated Best Cross-Platform Project -- Fiction Wynonna Earp Interactive ( Digital Howard Inc . ) , Daniel Dales , Jarrett Sherman , Alex Lalonde , Jordy Randall , Emily Andras Won Dragon Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Wynonna Earp Nominated GLAAD Media Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Outstanding Drama Series Wynonna Earp Nominated Rockie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Sci - Fi , Fantasy and Action Wynonna Earp Nominated Rosie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Dramatic Series Tom Cox and Jordy Randall , Producers , SEVEN24 Films Won Best Performance by an Alberta Actor Peter Skagen ( episode : `` Leavin On Your Mind '' ) Nominated Shaun Johnston ( episode : `` Landslide '' ) Nominated Best Overall Sound ( Drama Over 30 Minutes ) Michael Playfair , Robert `` Arjay '' Joly , Steve Forst , & Paul Shubat ( episode : `` I Walk the Line '' ) Nominated Best Production Designer / Art Director Trevor Smith ( episode : `` Two - Faced Jack '' ) Nominated Best Costume Designer Jennifer Haffenden ( episode : `` She Would n't Be Gone '' ) Nominated Best Make - Up & Hair Artist ( s ) Joanne Jacobsen , Jo - Dee Thomson , Gunther Schetterer & Linda Nelson ( episode : `` Diggin Up Bones '' ) Nominated WGC Screenwriting Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Script from a Rookie Series Alexandra Zarowny ( episode : `` Bury Me With My Guns On '' ) Won Contests ( edit ) E ! Online ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Girl on Top Melanie Scrofano Won See also ( edit ) Ghost Town Jonah Hex List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of fantasy television programs List of LGBT characters in television and radio List of science fiction TV and radio shows produced in Canada Weird West References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Syfy Acquires ' Wynonna Earp ' Series ; Melanie Scrofano To Star '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reid , Regan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Andras wrangles Wynonna Earp '' . Playback . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Megan ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` This is How You Carry A Show : Melanie Scrofano Dominates As Wynonna Earp '' . Inverse . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : First Teaser Trailer for Syfy 's Comic Book Adaptation '' . IGN . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoop , Doug ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` TV Picks for Friday , April 1 : ' Wynonna Earp ' series premiere on Syfy '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Media Release ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` CHCH announced as the Canadian Broadcaster for SEVEN24Films WYNONNA EARP '' ( PDF ) . CHCH - DT . Channel Zero . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp now has US and Canada Premiere Dates '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morning Live ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp premieres tonight on CHCH '' . CHCH - DT . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Wynonna Earp ' Renewed for Second Season at Syfy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Syfy Renews Wynonna Earp From SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment , a Subsidiary of IDW Media Holdings '' . Marketwired . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp Renewed for Season 2 '' . TVLine . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wynonna Earp ( @ WynonnaEarp ) ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking - Wynonna Earp season 2 was upped to 12 episodes '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : More depth , more villains and plenty of action planned for Season 2 of Calgary - shot sci - fi favourite '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Brings The Wild , Supernatural West To Space '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press Release ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Canadian Supernatural Sensation WYNONNA EARP Joins Space , Premiering April 15 '' . Bell Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season 2 to Air on Space Channel in Canada '' . thetvjunkies.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp swaps CHCH for Space '' . Playback . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Gets Season 2 Premiere Date , Cast Talks What 's Next '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season 2 Trailer , Return Date , and Other News '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Canadian supernatural sensation Wynonna Earp joins Space ; Season 2 begins June 9 '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Renewed for Third Season by Syfy '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp Renewed for Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press Release ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Space Renews Canadian Supernatural Sensation WYNONNA EARP for Third Season '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Volmers , Eric ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Calgary - shot Wynonna Earp picked up for a third season '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : Emily Andras Credits Fans With That Season 3 Renewal '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jetson , Kat ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp 's ' Secret Weapon : Feminism in a Demon - Haunted World '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Syfy Acquires WYNONNA EARP from SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment '' . IDW Publishing . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` IDW Entertainment And Seven24 Partner With Dynamic Television For International Distribution Of Wynonna Earp '' . IDW Media Holdings . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Erik ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Star Melanie Scrofano On Getting The Part ; Playing Her Strengths And Weaknesses '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.R. ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp 's Dominique Provost - Chalkley on Waverly '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Michael Eklund Talks Wynonna Earp '' . SciFi Vision . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bojarski , Jackie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Interview with `` Wynonna Earp '' Star Katherine Barrell `` . Talk Nerdy With Us . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Andrea Higgins makes sweet music for Wynonna Earp and Heartland '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emily Andras @ emtothea ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Yep ! All # WynonnaEarp episodes are named after country and western songs . '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs Associated With Wynonna Earp Episode Titles '' . Pixel 51 . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Regan ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp sharpens its int'l presence '' . Playback . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` IDW Entertainment , a Subsidiary of IDW Media Holdings , Goes Global with Wynonna Earp '' . IDW Media Holdings . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` New supernatural western series , Wynonna Earp , to shoot in Calgary '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta Film List for September 2015 -- TV Series '' . Reel West Magazine . 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes - Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary Economic Development . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Calgary - shot Wynonna Earp a supernatural western '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dabbs , Frank ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna 's crew makes filming possible '' . Innisfail Province . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` First `` Wynonna Earp '' Promotional Images Released `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : First Teaser Trailer for Syfy 's Comic Book Adaptation '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBCUniversal Media ( 2016 ) . `` Syfy / Wynonna Earp ( credits ) '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp 's Melanie Scrofano On Her Pregnant Demon - Hunting Superhero '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` No pregnant pause : Expecting a baby did n't slow down Wynonna Earp or the actress playing her '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Volmers , Eric ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Passionate fan base has high expectations for second season of Alberta - shot Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ACTRA ( April 2017 ) . `` What 's Shooting '' . ACTRA Alberta . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Has Flaming Hot Key Art for Season 2 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Wynonna Earp Season 2 Trailer Is As Badass As You Hoped It Would Be '' . E ! News . E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : Exclusive Season 2 Trailer '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBCUniversal Media ( 2017 ) . `` Syfy / Wynonna Earp ( credits ) '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Space Stacks Summer Schedule with Premieres of Original Hits and New Series BLOOD DRIVE , COSPLAY MELEE , and SHARKNADO 5 : GLOBAL SWARMING '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spike Picks Up UK Rights To Syfy 's ' Wynonna Earp ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Spike Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Wynonna Earp ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spike Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Wynonna Earp ' Season 2 '' . TVWise . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Rozon @ realtimrozon ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp premieres tonight in Australia mate it 's gon na be Dry as a dead dingo 's donger ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp , Season 1 '' . Instantwatcher . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynonna Earp ( @ WynonnaEarp ) ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` # WynonnaEarp is now on @ amazon ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp '' . New On Netflix . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp '' . Netflix . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 : DVD '' . DVD Warehouse . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 : Blu Ray '' . DVD Warehouse . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` IDW Turns to IndieGoGo for Wynonna Earp Blu - ray '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IDW Entertainment ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season One Blu - Ray '' . Indiegogo . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Review : Syfy 's Supernatural Western Is Smart , Kickass Fun '' . Collider . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.R. ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Wynonna Earp ' is a gleefully fun supernatural western '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Genevieve ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp rustles up a perfect leading lady , but has some work to do '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV Scoop Awards 2016 : And the Winners Are ... '' . E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` The 20 Best New TV Shows of 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get us out from under ... `` Wynonna Earp '' ? That 's right `` . Salon . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` LaRue , Felix & Paul win gold at CSAs '' . Playback . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the winners of the 2017 Dragon Awards '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD Media Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Rockie Awards Program Competition Nominees '' . BANFF World Media Festival . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Baroness Von Sketch Show , Wynonna Earp and Travelers top Rockie Awards noms '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Griwkowsky , Fish ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` And the 2017 AMPIA Rosies film and television winners are ... '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Alberta Film and Television Awards '' ( PDF ) . ampia.org . Alberta Media Production Industries Association . March 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Calgary productions top nominations for Alberta Film and Television Awards '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WGC Screenwriting Awards Finalists '' . Writers Guild of Canada . March 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp , Letterkenny and X Company top WGC Screenwriting Awards '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Girl on Top 2017 : Melanie Scrofano or Alycia Debnam - Carey ? The Winner Is ... '' . E !. E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Brodsky , Katherine ( Summer 2017 ) . `` Andras and The Making of Wynonna and The Revenants Relevant '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Screenwriter . Writers Guild of Canada . Liszewski , Bridget ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` 11 Things to Know About Wynonna Earp '' . The TV Junkies . Logan , Megan ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Andras Unbroke Wynonna Earp '' . Inverse . Meushaw , Catherine ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Showrunner Emily Andras Talks Finale , Spoilers , And The Show 's Future '' . 4 Your Excitement . Mullican , AJ ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Interview with Emily Andras and Melanie Scrofano of Wynonna Earp '' . Talk Nerdy With Us . Piccoli , Dana ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Wynonna Earp 's Dominique Provost - Chalkley and Katherine Barrell On The Finale and Defying The Lesbian Death Trope '' . The Mary Sue . Pickard , Michael ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The will to Wyn '' . Drama Quarterly . Podcast Kevin Bachelder ( 2017 ) . `` Tales of the Black Badge '' . Tuning in to SciFi TV ( Podcast ) . External links ( edit ) Official website Wynonna Earp at Space Wynonna Earp at CHCH - DT ( 2016 archive ) Wynonna Earp at CHCH - DT ( 2017 archive ) Wynonna Earp at SEVEN24 Films Wynonna Earp at IDW Entertainment Wynonna Earp Character Guide at Syfy Wynonna Earp Purgatory Case Files at Syfy Wynonna Earp on IMDb Wynonna Earp at TV Guide Wynonna Earp - Comic Creator Beau Smith . GeekWorldRadio interview , YouTube Eisinger , Justin ; Simon , Alonzo , eds. ( 2017 ) . Wynonna Earp Yearbook : Season 1 . IDW Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1631408939 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Syfy original programming Former 1990s debuts Farscape ( 1999 -- 2003 ) First Wave ( 1998 -- 2001 ) FTL Newsfeed ( 1992 -- 96 ) Good vs. Evil ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mission Genesis ( 1997 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Poltergeist : The Legacy ( 1999 ) Sightings ( 1996 -- 98 ) Sliders ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Welcome to Paradox ( 1998 ) 2000s debuts Andromeda ( 2000 -- 05 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 -- 09 ) Black Scorpion ( 2001 ) Cha $ e ( 2008 ) The Chronicle ( 2001 -- 02 ) Destination Truth ( 2007 -- 12 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Dresden Files ( 2007 ) ECW ( 2006 -- 10 ) Estate of Panic ( 2008 ) Eureka ( 2006 -- 12 ) Exposure ( 2000 -- 02 ) Flash Gordon ( 2007 -- 08 ) Ghost Hunters ( 2004 - 2016 ) Ghost Hunters Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Ghost Hunters International ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Invisible Man ( 2000 -- 02 ) Mad Mad House ( 2004 ) The Outer Limits ( 2001 -- 02 ) Painkiller Jane ( 2007 ) Proof Positive ( 2004 ) Sanctuary ( 2008 -- 11 ) Scare Tactics ( 2003 -- 13 ) The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne ( 2000 ) Stargate SG - 1 ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Stargate Atlantis ( 2004 -- 09 ) Stargate Universe ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tremors ( 2003 ) Tripping the Rift ( 2004 -- 05 ) Warehouse 13 ( 2009 -- 14 ) WCG Ultimate Gamer ( 2009 -- 10 ) Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) 2010s debuts Aftermath ( 2016 ) Alphas ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Almighty Johnsons ( 2014 ) Bazillion Dollar Club ( 2015 ) Beast Legends ( 2010 ) Being Human ( 2011 -- 14 ) Bitten ( 2014 -- 16 ) Blood Drive ( 2017 ) Caprica ( 2010 -- 11 ) Continuum ( 2013 -- 15 ) Dark Matter ( 2015 - 17 ) Deep South Paranormal ( 2013 ) Defiance ( 2013 -- 15 ) Dominion ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dream Machines ( 2012 ) Exit ( 2013 ) Fact or Faked : Paranormal Files ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fangasm ( 2013 ) Ghost Mine ( 2013 ) Haunted Collector ( 2011 -- 13 ) Haunted Highway ( 2012 -- 13 ) Haunting : Australia ( 2015 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 15 ) Helix ( 2014 -- 15 ) Heroes of Cosplay ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hollywood Treasure ( 2010 -- 12 ) Hot Set ( 2012 ) Hunters ( 2016 ) Incorporated ( 2016 ) Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Challenge ( 2014 ) Joe Rogan Questions Everything ( 2013 ) Killer Contact ( 2013 ) Legend Quest ( 2011 ) Lost Girl ( 2012 -- 16 ) Marcel 's Quantum Kitchen ( 2011 ) Métal Hurlant Chronicles ( 2014 ) Monster Man ( 2012 ) Naked Vegas ( 2013 ) Olympus ( 2015 ) Opposite Worlds ( 2014 ) Primeval : New World ( 2013 ) School Spirits ( 2012 ) Sinbad ( 2013 ) Stranded ( 2013 ) The Internet Ruined My Life ( 2016 ) Total Blackout ( 2012 -- 13 ) Troy : Street Magic ( 2015 ) Weird or What ? ( 2013 ) The Wil Wheaton Project ( 2014 ) WWE NXT ( TV series ) ( 2010 ) WWE SmackDown ( 2010 -- 15 ) Miniseries 5ive Days to Midnight ( 2004 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Ascension ( 2014 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Childhood 's End ( 2015 ) Dark Kingdom : The Dragon King ( 2004 ) Earthsea ( 2004 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Firestarter : Rekindled ( 2002 ) Frank Herbert 's Dune ( 2000 ) Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune ( 2003 ) Neverland ( 2011 ) Riverworld ( 2010 ) Taken ( 2002 ) The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Lost Room ( 2006 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) The Phantom ( 2009 ) Treasure Island ( 2012 ) Current 12 Monkeys ( since 2015 ) Channel Zero ( since 2016 ) Cosplay Melee ( since 2017 ) The Expanse ( since 2015 ) Face Off ( since 2011 ) Killjoys ( since 2015 ) The Magicians ( since 2015 ) Paranormal Witness ( since 2011 ) Wynonna Earp ( since 2016 ) Van Helsing ( since 2016 ) Z Nation ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Ghost Wars ( 2017 ) Happy ! ( 2017 ) Krypton ( 2018 ) Superstition ( 2017 ) The Purge ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wynonna_Earp_(TV_series)&oldid=801490766 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2016 Canadian television series debuts 2010s American television series 2010s Canadian television series American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series American supernatural television series Canadian fantasy television series Canadian horror fiction television series Canadian science fiction television series Canadian supernatural television series English - language television programs Lesbian - related television programmes Television programs based on comics Television series produced in Calgary Television series produced in Alberta Weird West Cultural depictions of Wyatt Earp Syfy original programs Space ( TV channel ) network shows Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Wynonna Earp TV series
2. Dark fantasy drama
3. Supernatural Western
4. Melanie Scrofano
5. Syfy network
|
-9,097,466,207,295,739,000 |
what are the requirement of material management and control
|
Materials management - wikipedia Materials management This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network administrator Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Materials management can deal with campus planning and building design for the movement of materials , or with logistics that deal with the tangible components of a supply chain . Specifically , this covers the acquisition of spare parts and replacements , quality control of purchasing and ordering such parts , and the standards involved in ordering , shipping , and warehousing the said parts . Materials management is the function responsible for the coordination of planning , sourcing , purchasing , moving , storing and controlling materials in an optimum manner in order to provide a pre decided service to the customer at a minimum cost . Contents 1 Supply chain materials management areas of concentration 1.1 Goals 1.2 Standards 1.3 Materials management 1.4 Improving circulation infrastructure 1.5 Materials management week 2 Materials management campus planning and building design 2.1 Overview 2.2 Costs 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Supply chain materials management areas of concentration ( edit ) Goals ( edit ) The goal of materials management is to provide an unbroken chain of components for production to manufacture goods on time for the customer base . The materials department is charged with releasing materials to a supply base , ensuring that the materials are delivered on time to the company using the correct carrier . Materials is generally measured by accomplishing on time delivery to the customer , on time delivery from the supply base , attaining a freight , budget , inventory shrink management , and inventory accuracy . The materials department is also charged with the responsibility of managing new launches . In some companies materials management is also charged with the procurement of materials by establishing and managing a supply base . In other companies the procurement and management of the supply base is the responsibility of a separate purchasing department . The purchasing department is then responsible for the purchased price variances from the supply base . In large companies with multitudes of customer changes to the final product over the course of a year , there may be a separate logistics department that is responsible for all new acquisition launches and customer changes . This logistics department ensures that the launch materials are procured for production and then transfers the responsibility to the plant materials management Standards ( edit ) There are no standards for materials management that are practiced from company to company . Most companies use ERP systems such as ARA5 , SAP , Oracle , BPCS , MAPICS , IFS and other systems to manage materials control . Small companies that do not have or can not afford ERP systems use a form of spreadsheet application to manage materials . Some other construction projects use barcode and GPS materials management systems like Track'em . Materials management is not a science and depending upon the relevance and importance that company officials place upon controlling material flow , the level of expertise changes . Some companies place materials management on a level whereby there is a logistics director , other companies see the importance level as managing at the plant level by hiring an inventory manager or materials manager , and still other companies employ the concept that the supervisors in the plant are responsible accompanied by a planners . Materials management ( edit ) The major challenge that materials managers face is maintaining a consistent flow of materials for production . There are many factors that inhibit the accuracy of inventory which results in production shortages , premium freight , and often inventory adjustments . The major issues that all materials managers face are incorrect bills of materials , inaccurate cycle counts , un-reported scrap , shipping errors , receiving errors , and production reporting errors . Materials managers have striven to determine how to manage these issues in the business sectors of manufacturing since the beginning of the industrial revolution . Although there are no known methods that eliminate the afore mentioned inventory accuracy inhibitors , there are best methods available to eliminate the impact upon maintaining an interrupted flow of materials for production . One challenge for materials managers is to provide timely releases to the supply base . On the scale of worst to best practices , sending releases via facsimile or PDF file is the worst practice and transmitting releases to the supplier based web site is the best practice . Why ? The flaw in transmitting releases via facsimile or email is that they can get lost or even interpreted incorrectly into the suppliers system resulting in a stock out . The problem with transmitting EDI releases is that not all suppliers have EDI systems capable of receiving the release information . The best practice is to transmit the releases to a common supplier web base site where the suppliers can view ( for free ) the releases . The other advantage is that the supplier is required to use the carrier listed in the web site , must transmit an ASN ( advanced shipping notification ) , and review the accumulative balances of the order . Improving circulation infrastructure ( edit ) Redundancy can be reduced and effectiveness is increased when service points are clustered to reduce the amount of redundancy . An effective materials management program can also resolve `` island '' approaches to shipping , receiving , and vehicle movement . Solutions can include creating a new central loading location , as well consolidating service areas and docks from separate buildings into one . Developing better campus circulation infrastructure also means re-evaluating truck delivery and service vehicle routes . Vehicle type , size , and schedules are studied to make these more monument for other uses . Materials management Week ( edit ) Sponsored by the Association for Healthcare Resource & Materials Management ( AHRMM ) , National Healthcare Resource & Materials Management Week ( MM Week ) provides an opportunity to recognize the integral role materials management professionals play in delivering high - quality patient care throughout the health care industry . In 2010 Material Management Week is October 4 -- 10 . Materials management campus planning and building design ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Materials management plans and designs for the delivery , distribution , storage , collection , and removal of occupant - generated streams of materials and services . It is usually an additional service that is offered as part of a campus planning process or a building design project . It is most beneficial for university , health care , and corporate environments . Materials management looks at the planning and design considerations needed to support the efficient delivery and removal of goods and services that support occupant activity . The streams of occupant - generated materials and activity include mail , office supplies , lab supplies , food , special deliveries , custodial services , building supplies , waste and recycling , and service calls . A materials management plan may include planning guidelines or full design for the following : Truck delivery and service vehicle routes , to reduce vehicle / pedestrian conflict Loading docks and delivery points , to increase accommodation and reduce queuing and vehicle idling Recycling , trash , and hazardous waste collection and removal , to increase waste diversion and reduce costs Service equipment and utility infrastructure relocation or concealment , to improve aesthetics and realize landscaping goals Regulatory and operation planning Costs ( edit ) An institutional campus , office , or housing complex will also get the highest and best use out of campus real estate . An effective materials management plan also means a more holistic approach to managing vehicle use and emissions , solid waste , hazardous waste , recycling , and utility services . As a result , this means a `` greener , '' more sustainable environment and a manifestation of the many demands today for institutions to become more environmentally friendly . In fact , thanks to such environmental advantages , creative materials management plans may qualify for LEAD Innovation in Design credits . And finally , an effective materials management plan can improve aesthetics . Removing unsafe and unsightly conditions , placing core services out of sight , and creating a more pedestrian - friendly environment will improve the visual and physical sense of place for those who live and work there . See also ( edit ) ABC analysis FSN analysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Innovative Perth software company wins major contract with construction market leader Leighton Contractors '' . SALEEM.COM.AU . Jump up ^ `` Materials Management FAQ '' ( PDF ) . seacon.com . Jump up ^ Going Green Through Materials Management External links ( edit ) Indian Institute of Materials Management Association for Healthcare Resource & Materials Management ( AHRMM ) GND : 4037937 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Materials_management&oldid=851262709 '' Categories : Supply chain management Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Italiano Polski Slovenčina தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 03 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. Materials management in supply chain
2. Coordination of planning, sourcing, and purchasing
3. Inventory management and accuracy
4. Improving circulation infrastructure
5. Materials management in campus planning and building design
|
2,464,631,125,635,868,000 |
countries that doesn't need visa for egyptian
|
Visa requirements for Turkish citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Turkish citizens This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search A Turkish passport Visa requirements for Turkish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Turkey . As of 1 January 2017 , Turkish citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 105 countries and territories , ranking the Turkish passport 52nd in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Palauan passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . The tables indicate visa requirements for normal passport holders for tourism and other visiting purposes but do not imply entry for work , journalism etc . Most of the countries below which are labelled as `` not requiring visa '' , request a valid return ticket , documents for confirmed accommodation arrangements and evidence of adequate funds to self - support . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 2.1 Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories 3 Non-ordinary passports 4 Non-visa restrictions 4.1 Passport validity length 4.2 Blank passport pages 4.3 Vaccination 4.4 Israeli stamps 4.5 Armenian ethnicity 5 See also 6 References Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for holders of Turkish normal passports Republic of Turkey Visa free Visa issued upon arrival Electronic authorization or eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 30 days Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Australia Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . Austria Visa required Azerbaijan eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days , only if arriving at Heydar Aliyev International Airport directly from Turkey . eVisa valid for 30 days available otherwise . Bahamas Visa not required 8 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days ; may apply for eVisa Bangladesh Visa required Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 30 days Belgium Visa required Belize Visa not required Benin Visa required Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Brunei Visa not required 30 days Bulgaria Visa required Burkina Faso Visa required Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days . Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa required Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required Colombia Visa not required 90 days - extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire eVisa Croatia Visa required Cuba Tourist Card required Cyprus Visa required Czech Republic Visa required Denmark Visa required Djibouti Visa on arrival Dominica Visa not required 21 days Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days ; must purchase tourist card valid for 30 days on arrival Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt Visa required Visa not required when travelling as part of the tourist group that consists of at least 10 persons . Visa on arrival for Turkish citizens younger than 20 or older than 45 years . El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa required Ethiopia Visa required Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa required France Visa required Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days ; must obtain an entry clearance from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel Georgia Visa not required 360 days ; ID card valid Germany Visa required Ghana Visa required Greece Visa required Grenada Visa required Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Guyana Visa required Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa required Iceland Visa required India Visa required Indonesia Visa not required 30 days . Select ports of entry . Iran Visa not required 3 months Iraq Visa not required Visa not required only if arriving at Baghdad Airport directly from Turkey or visa on arrival at Najaf , Erbil and Sulaimaniyah Airports . Ireland Visa required Israel Visa required Italy Visa required Jamaica Visa not required 90 days Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa not required 3 months Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa required North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 30 days Laos Visa required Latvia Visa required Lebanon Multiple - entry visa on arrival 3 months extendable for 1 additional month ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho eVisa Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa required Lithuania Visa required Luxembourg Visa required Macedonia Visa not required 60 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days free of charge Malawi Visa required Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa required Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Electronic Authorization System 30 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days Monaco Visa required Mongolia Visa not required 30 days Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa required New Zealand Visa required Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa required Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa required Portugal Visa required Qatar Visa not required 90 days Romania Visa required Russia Visa required Rwanda eVisa Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa required Slovenia Visa required Solomon Islands Visa required Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 30 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa required Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa on arrival Only if arriving directly from Turkey . Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa required Switzerland Visa required Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days at Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days ( maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air ) Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months . May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period ; ID card valid United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom Visa required Also transit visa required . United States Visa required Non-immigrant visas not issued . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa required Prearranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Phu Quoc or Da Nang airports . Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival up to 90 days Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Turkish citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries and restricted zones : Africa Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- Visa not required up to 3 months . Somaliland -- Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Sudan -- All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur -- Separate travel permit is required . Asia Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 90 days . India -- Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Mizoram , Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Kazakhstan -- Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island -- Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao -- Visa not required for 30 days . Sabah and Sarawak -- These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives -- With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine -- Visa not required . Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan -- Visa on arrival for 30 days . Also eligible for an eVisa . Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Turkmenistan -- A special permit , issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones . Phú Quốc -- can visit without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen -- Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Anguilla -- Visa required . Aruba -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . Bermuda -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US , UK or Canada visa . British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required - 30 days . Cayman Islands -- Visa required . Colombia -- Visitors arriving at San Andrés must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curacao -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . Montserrat -- Visa required - eVisa Application Possible . Greenland -- Visa required . Margarita Island -- All visitors are fingerprinted . Puerto Rico -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US visa Saint Barthelemy -- Visa required. Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . Saint Martin -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- Visa required. Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . Sint Maarten -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US , UK or Canada visa . U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US visa Europe Abkhazia -- Visa required . Artsakh -- Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos -- Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Republic of Crimea -- Visa regime of Russia is applied . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- unlimited access ; . ID card valid UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands -- Visa required . Gibraltar -- Visa required . Guernsey -- Visa required . Alderney -- Visa required . Sark -- Visa required . Isle of Man -- Visa required . Jan Mayen -- Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey -- Visa required . Kosovo -- Visa free for 90 days . Closed cities and regions in Russia -- special authorization required . South Ossetia -- Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria -- Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Oceania American Samoa -- Visa required ( entry permit ) . Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required . Clipperton Island -- special permit required . Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days . Lau Province -- Special permission required . If you are traveling to the Lau group of islands by yacht , you need special permission from your first port of entry into Fiji . French Polynesia -- Visa required . Guam -- Visa required . New Caledonia -- Visa required . Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa required . Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Tokelau -- Visa required ( entry permit ) . United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna -- Visa required . Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit . South America Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Entry Permit ( £ 25 ) for 183 days is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Arab League -- Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel . Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) In addition to countries that provide visa - free access to all Turkish passport holders , holders of diplomatic or service Turkish passports have visa - free access to the following additional countries : Type of passport Visa - free access Diplomatic passports only Afghanistan , Chad , India , Mexico , Niger , Nigeria , Russia , Senegal , United Kingdom , Uzbekistan Diplomatic , special and service passports Austria , Azerbaijan , Bangladesh , Belgium , Bulgaria , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Egypt , Estonia , Ethiopia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Guyana , Hungary , Iceland , Indonesia , Israel , Italy , Kuwait , Japan , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Mali , Malta , Mauritania , Namibia , Netherlands ( including the Caribbean ) , Norway , Pakistan , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Tajikistan , Tanzania , Turkmenistan , United Arab Emirates , Vietnam , Zimbabwe Bahrain , Burkina Faso , Cambodia and South Sudan allow holders of diplomatic , official , service and special passports issued to nationals of any country to obtain a visa on arrival . Yemen allows holders of diplomatic and service passports of Turkey to obtain a visa on arrival . Some of the countries that exempt Turkish citizens from visa requirement offer longer period of stay or more beneficial terms to diplomatic or service passport holders than to the ordinary passport holders . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . See also ( edit ) Turkey portal Visa policy of Turkey Turkish passport Foreign relations of Turkey References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Türkiye Vatandaşlarına Vize Verilmesi Kuralları ( in Turkish ) ^ `` President of Azerbaijan - President.az , Procedure for foreign nationals to travel to the Republic of Azerbaijan on a visa , Citizens of the Republic of Turkey holding a national passport '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Azerbaycan'a Seyahat Edecek Türk Vatandaşlarının Dikkatine Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey ( in Turkish ) ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/Visa%20Requirements%20for%20Belize%20December%202013%20-Web%20version.pdf ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ http://evisa.mfaic.gov.kh ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Gabon e-Visa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Entry clearance is not required if traveling as tourists on a charter flight . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Georgia , Civil . `` Civil.Ge - Georgia Restores One - Year Visa - Free Rules '' . www.civil.ge . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Electronic Visa Application System - Guinea Bissau '' . www.rgb-visa.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Korea , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of . `` Visit to Korea > Visa '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Kuwait e-Visa '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` visa lesotho tourism documents travel evisalesotho.com '' . Lesotho E-Visa . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Turkey introduces visa requirements for Libyans - Libyan officials : `` Libya would now also require Turks to get a visa . '' . Aug 25 , 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` Guidelines on the Entry of Temporary Visitors to the Philippines '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ STP , MNEC . `` Nota Informativa sobre Isenção de Vistos e Permanencia em São Tomé e Príncipe '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Ministério Negócios Estrangeiros e Comunidades de São Tomé Príncipe '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Syria terminates agreement on visa - free regime with Turkey -- foreign ministry '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Syria revokes visa waiver agreement with Turkey '' . 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Latin American Herald Tribune - Syria Cancels Mutual Visa Exemption Agreement with Turkey '' . www.laht.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` General Organization of Radio and TV - Syria '' . www.syriaonline.sy . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Tajikistan e-Visa '' . www.evisa.tj . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Ankara , Kiev to sign deal for passport - free travel '' . Anadolu Agency . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Phu Quoc Visa - Exemptions - Requirments - Vietnam '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` No visa required for tourists to Phu Quoc on short stay - Vietsea Tourist - Travel to Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia and Thailand - Vietnam Travel Tours '' . www.vietseatourist.vn . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Splinter , Hans van der . `` Ministry of Tourism - Tourism Service Center '' . www.eritrea.be . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Western Sahara travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ `` Sudan '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 4 ) ^ ( 5 ) ^ ( 6 ) ^ `` Kazakhstan '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 7 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Malaysia '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Maldives '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 8 ) ^ ( 9 ) ^ `` Tajikistan Visa '' . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 10 ) ^ `` How to get Tibet Travel Permit , Successful Application Tips '' . Tibet Travel and Tours - Tibet Vista . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` How to get a Tibet Travel Permits - Tibet Visa 2016 ? '' . www.tibettravelplanner.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Yemen '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/CO/VI/AI/ID45768&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Practical information - Find practial information '' . www.greenland-travel.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Venezuela '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements '' . France Diplomatie : : Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 11 ) ^ ( 12 ) ^ ( 13 ) ^ ( 14 ) ^ `` The Friends of Mount Athos - A Pilgrim 's Guide to Mount Athos : Planning Your Visit '' . www.athosfriends.org . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 15 ) ^ Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea ^ ( 16 ) ( 17 ) ^ `` VISA Regulations - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 18 ) ^ ( 19 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 20 ) ^ ( 21 ) ^ Ltd. , Maxima Systems . `` Isle of Man Guide - GOVERNMENT , Immigration '' . www.iomguide.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Crew , Jan Mayen . `` JAN MAYEN HOMESITE , EDITED BY THE JAN MAYEN CREW '' . www.jan-mayen.no . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 22 ) ^ Jersey , States of . `` Work permits and working in Jersey '' . www.gov.je . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 23 ) ^ ( 24 ) ^ `` О визах - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Rules and recommendations - Transnistria tour '' . transnistria-tour.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . ^ Quintero , Bruno . `` Clipperton - Ile de La Passion '' . www.clipperton.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ `` Fiji '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 25 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 26 ) ^ ( 27 ) ^ ( 28 ) ^ ( 29 ) ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ `` Redirect Page '' . www.fws.gov . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Galápagos , Consejo de Gobierno de Régimen Especial . `` INFORME DE RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS 2016 - Consejo de Gobierno de Régimen Especial Galápagos '' . gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Visit The Falkland Islands - Falklands '' . www.falklandislands.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Entry Permits - Ascension Island '' . www.ascension-island.gov.ac . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Entry requirements - St Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Grundy , Richard . `` Tristan da Cunha Tourism '' . www.tristandc.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.fco.gov.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 30 ) ^ `` Antarctic tourism - British Antarctic Survey '' . www.antarctica.ac.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` eTA Canada Visa Application -- Apply for ESTA Online in Visa Waiver '' . etacanadaonline.com . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Accès à l'Antarctique '' . www.taaf.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Accès aux Terres australes françaises '' . www.taaf.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Accès aux îles Eparses '' . www.taaf.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ ( 31 ) ^ `` Forms expeditioners must sign '' . www.antarctica.gov.au . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Division , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Department of the Environment and Energy ; ou = Australian Antarctic . `` Frequently asked questions '' . www.heardisland.aq . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . ^ ( 32 ) ^ `` International Travel Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual , 9 FAM 403.9 - 3 ( B ) ( 2 ) f '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ `` How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States ? '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Timatic ^ Timatic ^ `` Country Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations ; and malaria situation ; and other vaccination requirement ^ `` Travel Report - Kuwait '' . Voyage.gc.ca. 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Michael Freund , Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel , 2008 - 12 - 07 , Jerusalem Post ^ `` Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . and Syrian Ministry of Tourism ^ `` Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ `` Israel travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Iran#Admission_refused ^ Azerbaijan Country Page . NCSJ : Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia . Accessed 23 May 2010 . ^ Azerbaijan does n't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net ^ Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ ( advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia ) accessed 23 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 8 March 2009 ) ^ The Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Romania - Consular Issues - Visa Section <Th_colspan="2"> Visa requirements <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law <Th_colspan="2"> Visa policy by country <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty <Th_colspan="3"> Foreign relations of Turkey Africa Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Somalia South Africa Tunisia Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Mexico United States Asia Abkhazia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Malaysia Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Syria Tajikistan Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Kosovo Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Poland Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Multilateral European Union economic relations D8 Disputes Aegean dispute Armenian Genocide dispute / recognition Cyprus dispute Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus Syrian Civil War Turkish occupation of northern Syria Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Current minister : Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu past ministers Diplomatic missions of / in Turkey Turkish diplomats Turkish diaspora Australia Canada Europe United States Immigration to Turkey Presidential visits by Abdulah Gül Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Turkish_citizens&oldid=806568989 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Turkey Hidden categories : Articles with Turkish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Visa requirements for Turkish citizens
2. Travel freedom for Turkish passport holders
3. Visa-free or visa on arrival access for Turkish citizens
4. Visa requirements for tourism and visiting purposes
5. Non-visa restrictions for Turkish citizens
|
4,483,072,853,384,451,000 |
where were the treaty of versailles meetings held
|
Treaty of Versailles - wikipedia Treaty of Versailles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 , at the end of World War I . For other uses , see Treaty of Versailles ( disambiguation ) . Treaty of Versailles <Th_colspan="2"> Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the English version Signed 28 June 1919 Location Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles , Paris , France Effective 10 January 1920 Condition Ratification by Germany and three Principal Allied Powers . Signatories Central Powers Germany Allied Powers United States British Empire France Italy Japan Others ( show ) Belgium Bolivia Brazil China Cuba Ecuador Greece Guatemala Haiti The Hedjaz Honduras Liberia Nicaragua Panama Peru Poland Portugal Roumania The Serb - Croat - Slovene State Siam Czechoslovakia and Uruguay Depositary French Government Languages French and English <Td_colspan="2"> Treaty of Versailles at Wikisource Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( show ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry The Treaty of Versailles ( French : Traité de Versailles ) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which directly led to World War I . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . Of the many provisions in the treaty , one of the most important and controversial required `` Germany ( to ) accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage '' during the war ( the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles ) . This article , Article 231 , later became known as the War Guilt clause . The treaty forced Germany to disarm , make substantial territorial concessions , and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers . In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks ( then $31.4 billion or £ 6.6 billion , roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £ 284 billion in 2018 ) . At the time economists , notably John Maynard Keynes ( a British delegate to the Paris Peace Conference ) , predicted that the treaty was too harsh -- a `` Carthaginian peace '' -- and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive , views that , since then , have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries . On the other hand , prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently . The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one content : Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated , nor was it permanently weakened . The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties , which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers , and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan , the Young Plan , and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932 . Although it is often referred to as the `` Versailles Conference '' , only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace . Most of the negotiations were in Paris , with the `` Big Four '' meetings taking place generally at the Quai d'Orsay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 First World War 1.2 US entry and the Fourteen Points 1.3 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 1.4 Armistice 1.5 Occupation 1.6 Blockade 1.7 Polish uprising 2 Negotiations 2.1 French aims 2.2 British aims 2.3 American aims 3 Treaty content and signing 3.1 Territorial changes 3.2 Mandates 3.3 Military restrictions 3.4 Reparations 3.5 Guarantees 3.6 International organizations 4 Reactions 4.1 Among the allies 4.1. 1 Britain 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Italy 4.1. 4 Portugal 4.1. 5 United States 4.1. 6 China 4.1. 6.1 House 's views 4.2 In Germany 5 Implementation 5.1 Territorial changes 6 Violations 7 Historical assessments 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links Background First World war Main article : World War I On 28 June 1914 the Bosnian - Serb Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary , Archduke Franz Ferdinand , in the name of Serbian nationalism . This caused a diplomatic crisis , resulting in Austria - Hungary declaring war on Serbia and sparking the First World War . Due to a variety of reasons , within weeks the major powers of Europe -- divided into two alliances known as the Central Powers and the Triple Entente -- went to war . As the conflict progressed , additional countries from around the globe became drawn into the conflict on both sides . Fighting would rage across Europe , the Middle East , Africa and Asia for the next four years . In 1917 , two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire , which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin . US entry and the Fourteen Points Main article : Fourteen Points On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered the war against the Central Powers . The reasons were twofold : German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain , which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives ; and the interception of the German Zimmerman Telegram , urging for Mexico to declare war against the United States . The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies . The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions . On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . This speech outlined a policy of free trade , open agreements , democracy , and self - determination . It also called for a diplomatic end to the war , international disarmament , the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories , the creation of a Polish state , the redrawing of Europe 's borders along ethnic lines , and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states . Wilson 's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin 's Decree on Peace of November 1917 , which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations . The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry , a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign - policy advisor Edward M. House , into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 Main article : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk The borders of Eastern Europe , as drawn up in Treaty of Brest - Litovsk After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918 . This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles ( 3,400,000 km ) of territory and 62 million people . This loss equated to a third of the Russian population , a quarter of its territory , around a third of the country 's arable land , three - quarters of its coal and iron , a third of its factories ( totalling 54 percent of the nation 's industrial capacity ) , and a quarter of its railroads . Armistice Main article : Armistice with Germany During the autumn of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . Desertion rates within the German army began to increase , and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production . On the Western Front , the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies . Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied , which prompted uprisings in Germany , which became known as the German Revolution . The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points , and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered . Following negotiations , the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice , which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium . Occupation Main article : Occupation of the Rhineland The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium , France , and Luxembourg within fifteen days . In addition , it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland . In late 1918 , Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation . Blockade Main article : Blockade of Germany Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials , primarily from the Americas , which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean . The Blockade of Germany ( 1914 -- 1919 ) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers . The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade . The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade , although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people . Polish uprising Main article : Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) In late 1918 , a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed . In December , Poles launched an uprising within the German province of Posen . Fighting lasted until February , when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands , but technically still a German possession . Negotiations The heads of the `` Big Four '' nations at the Paris Peace Conference , 27 May 1919 . From left to right : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson Talks between the Allies to establish a common negotiating position started on 18 January 1919 , in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Initially , 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . Russia was excluded due to their signing of a separate peace ( the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) and early withdrawal from the war . Furthermore , German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically . Initially , a `` Council of Ten '' ( comprising two delegates each from Britain , France , the United States , Italy , and Japan ) met officially to decide the peace terms . This council was replaced by the `` Council of Five '' , formed from each countries foreign ministers , to discuss minor matters . Prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau , Prime Minister of Italy Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George , and President of the United States Woodrow Wilson formed the `` Big Four '' ( at one point becoming the `` Big Three '' following the temporally withdrawal of Vittorio Emanuele Orlando ) . These four men met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions , which were later ratified by the entire assembly . The minor powers attended a weekly `` Plenary Conference '' that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions . These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations , many of which were incorporated into the final text of the treaty . French aims France had lost 1.3 million soldiers killed , including 25 % of French men aged 18 -- 30 and 400,000 civilians . France had also been more physically damaged than any other nation ( the so - called zone rouge ( Red Zone ) ) ; the most industrialized region and the source of most coal and iron ore in the north - east had been devastated and in the final days of the war mines had been flooded and railways , bridges and factories destroyed . Clemenceau intended to ensure the security of France , by weakening Germany economically , militarily , territorially and by supplanting Germany as the leading producer of steel in Europe . A position , British economist and Versailles negotiator , John Maynard Keynes summarized as attempting to `` set the clock back and undo what , since 1870 , the progress of Germany had accomplished . '' Clemenceau told Wilson : `` America is far away , protected by the ocean . Not even Napoleon himself could touch England . You are both sheltered ; we are not '' . The French wanted a frontier on the Rhine , to protect France from a German invasion and compensate for French demographic and economic inferiority . American and British representatives refused the French claim and after two months of negotiations , the French accepted a British pledge to provide an immediate alliance with France if Germany attacked again , and Wilson agreed to put a similar proposal to the Senate . Clemenceau had told the Chamber of Deputies , in December 1918 , that his goal was to maintain an alliance with both countries . Clemenceau accepted the offer , in return for an occupation of the Rhineland for fifteen years and that Germany would also demilitarise the Rhineland . French negotiators wanted reparations , to make Germany pay for the damage caused during the war and to weaken Germany . The French also wanted the iron ore and coal of the Saar Valley , by annexation to France . The French were willing to accept a smaller amount of reparations than the Americans would concede and Clemenceau was willing discuss Germany capacity to pay with the German delegation , before the final settlement was drafted . In April and May 1919 , the French and Germans held separate talks , on mutually acceptable arrangements on issues like reparation , reconstruction and industrial collaboration . France , along with the British Dominions and Belgium , opposed mandates and favored annexation of former Germany colonies . British aims British Prime Minister David Lloyd George . Further information : Heavenly Twins ( Sumner and Cunliffe ) Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war . However , the British wartime coalition was re-elected during the so - called Coupon election at the end of 1918 , with a policy of squeezing the German `` ' til the pips squeak '' . Public opinion favoured a `` just peace '' , which would force Germany to pay reparations and be unable to repeat the aggression of 1914 , although those of a `` liberal and advanced opinion '' shared Wilson 's ideal of a peace of reconciliation . In private Lloyd George opposed revenge and attempted to compromise between Clemenceau 's demands and the Fourteen Points , because Europe would eventually have to reconcile with Germany . Lloyd George wanted terms of reparation that would not cripple the German economy , so that Germany would remain a viable economic power and trading partner . By arguing that British war pensions and widows ' allowances should be included in the German reparation sum , Lloyd George ensured that a large amount would go to the British Empire . Lloyd George also intended to maintain a European balance of power to thwart a French attempt to establish itself as the dominant European Power . A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia . Lloyd George also wanted to neutralize the German navy to keep the Royal Navy as the greatest naval power in the world ; dismantle the German colonial empire with several of its territorial possessions ceded to Britain and others being established as League of Nations mandates , a position opposed by the Dominions . American aims Prior to the American entry into the war , Wilson had talked of a ' peace without victory ' . This position fluctuated following the US entry into the war . Wilson talked of the German aggressors who there could be no compromised peace with . However , on 8 January 1918 , Wilson delivered a speech ( known as the Fourteen Points ) that declared the American peace objectives : the rebuilding of the European economy , self - determination of European ethnic groups , the promotion of free trade , the creation of appropriate mandates for former colonies , and above all , the creation of a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace . The aim of the latter was to provide a forum to revise the peace treaties as needed , and deal with problems that arose as a result of the peace and the rise of new states . Wilson brought along top intellectuals as advisors to the American peace delegation , and the overall American position echoed the Fourteen Points . Wilson firmly opposed harsh treatment on Germany . While the British and French wanted to largely annex the German colonial empire , Wilson saw that as a violation of the fundamental principles of justice and human rights of the native populations , and favored them having the right of self - determination via the creation of mandates . The promoted idea called for the major powers to act as disinterested trustees over a region , aiding the native populations until they could govern themselves . In spite of this position and in order to ensure that Japan did not refuse to join the League of Nations , Wilson favored turning over the former German colony of Shandong , in Eastern China , to Japan rather than return the area to Chinese control . Further confounding the Americans , was US internal partisan politics . In November 1918 , the Republican Party won the Senate election by a slim margin . Wilson , a Democrat , refused to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation making his efforts seem partisan , and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home . Treaty content and signing Further information : Full text of the treaty German Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him . In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including Articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . On 28 June 1919 , the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( the immediate impetus for the war ) , the peace treaty was signed . The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes , the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations , freedom of navigation on major European rivers , to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz . Territorial changes Germany after Versailles : Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles ( 65,000 km ) of territory and 7 million people . It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established . In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede control of the Eupen - Malmedy area . Within six months of the transfer , Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control , communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League 's decision . To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines , Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years ; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty . The treaty `` restored '' the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue . The sovereignty of Schleswig - Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time ( see Schleswig Plebiscites ) . In Eastern Europe , Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia . Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce `` all rights and title over the territory '' . Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland , with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite . The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality . The province of Posen ( now Poznan ) , which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising , was also to be ceded to Poland . Pomerelia ( Eastern Pomerania ) , on historical and ethnic grounds , was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor . The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area , which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig , was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite . An area of 51,800 square kilometres ( 20,000 square miles ) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany . Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers , for disposal according to their wishes . Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland , including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea , for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig . Mandates Main article : League of Nations mandate German colonies ( light blue ) made into League of Nations mandates . Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states . Togoland and German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) were transferred to France . Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium , whereas German South - West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa . As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa , Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique . Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong , China , to Japan , not to China . Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia , except for German Samoa , which was taken by New Zealand . Military restrictions The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces ( the Reichswehr ) . The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament . Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions . The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units , and the General Staff was to be dissolved . Military schools for officer training were limited to three , one school per arm , and conscription was abolished . Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years , with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises . To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men , the number of men allowed to leave early was limited . Workmen decommission a heavy gun , to comply with the treaty . The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size , with increases limited to population increases ; paramilitary forces were forbidden . The Rhineland was to be demilitarized , all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden . Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed . Germany was prohibited from the arms trade , limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons , armoured cars , tanks and military aircraft . The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers ( not exceeding 6,000 long tons ( 6,100 t ) ) , twelve destroyers ( not exceeding 800 long tons ( 810 t ) ) and twelve torpedo boats ( not exceeding 200 long tons ( 200 t ) ) and was forbidden submarines . The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men , including manning for the fleet , coast defences , signal stations , administration , other land services , officers and men of all grades and corps . The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed 1,500 men . Germany surrendered eight battleships , eight light cruisers , forty - two destroyers , and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning . Thirty - two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use . Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force , including naval air forces , and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials . In conjunction , Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty . Reparations Main article : World War I reparations In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war `` as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies . '' The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers , and it also established an Allied `` Reparation Commission '' to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take . The commission was required to `` give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard '' , and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921 . In the interim , the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( $5 billion ) in gold , commodities , ships , securities or other forms . The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany . Guarantees Location of the Rhineland To ensure compliance , the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years . If Germany had not committed aggression , a staged withdrawal would take place ; after five years , the Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated . After ten years , the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn . If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations , the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately . International organizations Main articles : Covenant of the League of Nations and International Labour Organization § History Part I of the treaty , as per all the treaties signed during the Paris Peace Conference , was the Covenant of the League of Nations , which provided for the creation of the League , an organization for the arbitration of international disputes . Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Officer , to regulate hours of work , including a maximum working day and week ; the regulation of the labour supply ; the prevention of unemployment ; the provision of a living wage ; the protection of the worker against sickness , disease and injury arising out of his employment ; the protection of children , young persons and women ; provision for old age and injury ; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad ; recognition of the principle of freedom of association ; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures . The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the International Opium Convention . Reactions Among the Allies Britain The surrender of the German High Seas Fleet following the Armistice and its internment ( and eventual scuttling ) in Scapa Flow meant that Britain had already accomplished her primary war goal even before the Paris Peace Conference opened . With the German naval threat removed , Britain began focusing on Germany as a bulwark against the threat posed by the new Soviet Union . Thus , British policy towards Germany began diverging from France 's almost from the moment the guns fell silent . British officials at the conference declared French policy to be `` greedy '' and `` vindictive , '' with Ramsay MacDonald later announcing , after Hitler 's re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 , that he was `` pleased '' that the treaty was `` vanishing '' , expressing his hope that the French had been taught a `` severe lesson '' . In 1938 , Lloyd George published a massive two - volume memoir titled The Truth About the Peace Treaties , in which he effectively repudiated the terms of the treaty that bore his signature . France The signing of the treaty was met with roars of approval , singing , and dancing from a crowd outside the Palace of Versailles . In Paris proper , people rejoiced at the official end of the war . The French people rejoiced that Alsace and Lorraine had been returned to France , and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations . Clemenceau faced a political backlash . The French Right saw the treaty as being too lenient and were dissatisfied with the treaty and saw it as failing to achieve all of France 's demands . Left - wing politicians attacked the treaty and Clemenceau for being too harsh ( the latter turning into a ritual condemnation of the treaty , for politicians remarking on French foreign affairs , as late as August 1939 ) . Marshal Ferdinand Foch stated `` this ( treaty ) is not peace . It is an Armistice for twenty years . '' ; a criticism over the failure to annex the Rhineland and for compromising French security for the benefit of the United States and Britain . When Clemenceau stood for election as President of France in January 1920 , he was defeated . Italy Reaction in Italy to the treaty was extremely negative . The country had suffered high casualties , yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals , notably gaining control of the Dalmatian coast and Fiume . President Wilson rejected Italy 's claims on the basis of `` national self - determination . '' For their part , Britain and France -- who had been forced in the war 's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse -- were disinclined to support Italy 's position at the peace conference . Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier Vittorio Orlando and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino further undermined Italy 's position at the conference . A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference ( though he later returned ) . He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed , effectively ending his active political career . Anger and dismay over the treaty 's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini 's dictatorship three years later . Portugal Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies , which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany . To this extent , she succeeded in her war aims . The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany 's bordering overseas colonies . Otherwise , however , Portugal obtained little at the peace conference . Her promised share of German reparations never materialized , and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new League of Nations went instead to Spain -- which had remained neutral in the war . In the end , Portugal ratified the treaty , but got little out of the war , which cost more than 8,000 Portuguese troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives . United States Senator Borah , Lodge and Johnson refuse Lady Peace a seat . Refers to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the League of Nations . After the Versailles conference , Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that `` at last the world knows America as the savior of the world ! '' However , the Republican Party , led by Henry Cabot Lodge , controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918 , and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two - thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . A discontent bloc of 12 -- 18 `` Irreconcilables '' , mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats , fiercely opposed the treaty . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty , even with reservations added by Lodge . A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Senator Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They wanted a treaty with reservations , especially on Article 10 , which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress . All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson , and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them . However , Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills . The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919 , as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two - thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification . Among the American public as a whole , the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the treaty , saying it favored the British . After Wilson 's presidency , his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations . Congress subsequently passed the Knox -- Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers . It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921 . Soon after , the US -- German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921 , the US -- Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921 , and the US -- Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921 . China China felt betrayed as the German territory in China was handed to Japan . The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China and the fall of the nascent Chinese Republic 's government and poisoned relations with the West . House 's views Wilson 's former friend Edward Mandell House , present at the negotiations , wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919 : I am leaving Paris , after eight fateful months , with conflicting emotions . Looking at the conference in retrospect , there is much to approve and yet much to regret . It is easy to say what should have been done , but more difficult to have found a way of doing it . To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement , I feel like admitting it . But I would also say in reply that empires can not be shattered , and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance . To create new boundaries is to create new troubles . The one follows the other . While I should have preferred a different peace , I doubt very much whether it could have been made , for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris . In Germany See also : Stab - in - the - back legend German delegates in Versailles : Professor Walther Schücking , Reichspostminister Johannes Giesberts , Justice Minister Otto Landsberg , Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau , Prussian State President Robert Leinert , and financial advisor Carl Melchior . On 29 April , the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau arrived in Versailles . On 7 May , when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors , including the so - called `` War Guilt Clause '' , von Brockdorff - Rantzau replied to Clemenceau , Wilson and Lloyd George : `` We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here . You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war ; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie . '' Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations , the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands , and a `` violation of honour '' , soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference . Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty -- particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war -- as an insult to the nation 's honor . They referred to the treaty as `` the Diktat '' since its terms were presented to Germany on a take - it - or - leave - it basis . Germany ′ s first democratically elected head of government , Philipp Scheidemann , resigned rather than sign the treaty . In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on 21 March 1919 , he called the treaty a `` murderous plan '' and exclaimed , Which hand , trying to put us in chains like these , would not wither ? The treaty is unacceptable . After Scheidemann ′ s resignation , a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer . President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible situation . Although he shared his countrymen 's disgust with the treaty , he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it . He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty , the Allies would invade Germany from the west -- and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion . With this in mind , he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war . If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out , Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty . Hindenburg -- after prodding from his chief of staff , Wilhelm Groener -- concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale . However , rather than inform Ebert himself , he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities . Upon receiving this , the new government recommended signing the treaty . The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138 , with five abstentions ( there were 421 delegates in total ) . This result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline . Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany . The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116 . Demonstration against the treaty in front of the Reichstag . Conservatives , nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the treaty . Politicians of the Weimar Republic who supported the treaty , socialists , communists , and Jews were viewed with suspicion as persons of questionable loyalty . It was rumored that Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling Germany out to its enemies . Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany and the newly formed Weimar Republic were regarded as having `` stabbed Germany in the back '' . Those who instigated unrest and strikes in the critical military industries on the home front or who opposed German nationalism were seen to have contributed to Germany 's defeat . These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918 , its armies were still on French and Belgian territory . Furthermore , on the Eastern Front , Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . In the West , Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918 . Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive , leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel . The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors , with the Jews taking most of the blame . Implementation Further information : Aftermath of World War I Territorial changes A crowd awaits the plebiscite results in Oppeln In February and March 1920 , the Schleswig Plebiscites were held . The people of Schleswig were presented with only two choices : Danish or German sovereignty . The northern Danish - speaking area voted for Denmark while the southern German - speaking area voted for Germany , resulting in the province being partitioned . The East Prussia plebiscite was held on 11 July 1920 . There was a 90 % turn out with 99.3 % of the population wishing to remain with Germany . Further plebiscites were held in Eupen , Malmedy , and Prussian Moresnet . On 20 September 1920 , the League of Nations allotted these territories to Belgium . These latter plebiscites were followed by a boundary commission in 1922 , followed by the new Belgian - German border being recognized by the German Government on on 15 December 1923 . The transfer of the Hultschin area , of Silesia , to Czechoslovakia was completed on 3 February 1921 . Following the implementation of the treaty , Upper Silesia was initially governed by Britain , France , and Italy . Between 1919 - 1921 , three major outbreaks of violence took place between German and Polish civilians , resulting in German and Polish military forces also becoming involved . In March 1921 , the Inter-Allied Commission held the Upper Silesia plebiscite , which was peaceful despite the previous violence . The plebiscite resulted in c. 60 per cent of the population voting for the province to remain part of Germany . Following the vote , the League of Nations debated the future of the province . In 1922 , Upper Silesia was partitioned : Oppeln , in the north - west , remained with Germany while Silesia Province , in the south - east , was transferred to Poland . Memel remained under the authority of the League of Nations , with a French military garrison , until January 1923 . On 9 January 1923 , Lithuanian forces invaded the territory during the Klaipėda Revolt . The French garrison withdrew , and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an `` autonomous territory '' to Lithuania . On 8 May 1924 , after negotiations between the Lithuanian Government and the Conference of Ambassadors and action by the League of Nations , the annexation of Memel was ratified . Lithuania accepted the Memel Statute , a power - sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status while responsibility for the territory remained with the great powers . The League of Nations mediated between the Germans and Lithuanians on a local level , helping the power - sharing arrangement last until 1939 . On 13 January 1935 , 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations , a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area . 528,105 votes were cast , with 477,119 votes ( 90 per cent of the ballot ) in favour of union with Germany ; 46,613 votes were cast for the status quo , and 2,124 votes for union with France . The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935 . When the result was announced 4,100 people , including 800 refugees from Germany fled to France . Violations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hitler announces the Anschluss of Austria in violation of Art . 80 on the Heldenplatz , Vienna , 15 March 1938 . The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency . Nonetheless , even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations ( 132 billion gold marks ) still placed a significant burden on the German economy . Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed , Germans blamed the near - collapse of their economy on the treaty , and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one - third of the hyper - inflation . In March 1921 , French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg , which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland , according to the Treaty of Versailles . In January 1923 , French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty . The German government answered with `` passive resistance '' , which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces . Production and transportation came to a standstill , but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany . Consequently , passive resistance was called off in late 1923 . The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan , which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925 . Some significant violations of the provisions of the treaty were : At the time of signing in 1919 , the dissolution of the General Staff according to Article 160 appeared to happen ; however , the core of the General Staff was reestablished and hidden in the Truppenamt . March 1935 , under the government of Adolf Hitler , Germany violated the Part V of the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military conscription in Germany and rebuilding the armed forces . March 1936 , Germany violated Article 43 of the treaty by reoccupying the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland . March 1938 , Germany violated Article 80 of the treaty by annexing Austria in the Anschluss . Historical assessments John Maynard Keynes , the principal representative of the British Treasury , referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' . According to David Stevenson , since the opening of French archives , most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference , though Stevenson notes that `` ( t ) he jury is still out '' , and that `` there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way . '' In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace , John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' , a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism , rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , which Germany had accepted at the armistice . He stated : `` I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible . '' Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference , and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others ( including some US officials ) had used at Paris . He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay , and that these would produce drastic instability . French economist Étienne Mantoux disputed that analysis . During the 1940s , Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes ' claims . More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments . It has been argued ( for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book A World At Arms ) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany . The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up , and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation ( in contrast to the situation following World War II ) . In a 1995 essay , Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria - Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe , that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe . The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was `` extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself , when she was expecting to win the war , had had in mind to impose on the Allies '' . Furthermore , he claimed , it was `` hardly a slap on the wrist '' when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918 , which had taken away a third of Russia 's population ( albeit of non-Russian ethnicity ) , one - half of Russia 's industrial undertakings and nine - tenths of Russia 's coal mines , coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks . Eventually , even under the `` cruel '' terms of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany ′ s economy had been restored to its pre-war status . Barnett also claims that , in strategic terms , Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914 . Germany ′ s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria , who had both in the past balanced German power . Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer , because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller , weaker states , Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war , and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany . In the West , Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium , both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany . Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany , the treaty `` much enhanced '' German power . Britain and France should have ( according to Barnett ) `` divided and permanently weakened '' Germany by undoing Bismarck 's work and partitioning Germany into smaller , weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again . By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe , Britain `` had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War '' . American contemporary view of German World War I reparations . Political cartoon 1921 . The British historian of modern Germany , Richard J. Evans , wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa . Consequently , any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them . Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles . Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition , namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , the social liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) and the Christian democratic Centre Party , were all equally opposed to Versailles , and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the Weimar Republic . Finally , Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic , instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy . He also argued that Versailles was not the `` main cause '' of National Socialism and the German economy was `` only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations '' . Ewa Thompson points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule , a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography , more interested in understanding the German point of view . In nations that found themselves free as the result of the treaty -- such as Poles or Czechs -- it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours . Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis , resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party . The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period , and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany . Rather , Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty , and it was this `` perception '' rather than the `` reality '' of the Versailles treaty that mattered . Peukert noted that because of the `` millenarian hopes '' created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe , any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash , and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash . Having noted that much , Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe , and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles . Finally , Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic , not the Treaty of Versailles . French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen - West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment , where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented . Cartier asserts that , out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen - West Prussia in 1921 , 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment . In 1926 , the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000 . These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler ′ s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland . See also United Nations portal World War I portal Aftermath of World War I Causes of World War II Decree on Peace International Opium Convention , incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles Little Treaty of Versailles Minority Treaties Neutrality Acts of 1930s Septemberprogramm Treaty of Rapallo ( 1920 ) Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ see the Reparations section . Jump up ^ Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers . Article 117 of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye with Austria , Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary , Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria and Article 231 of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey . Jump up ^ see The Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , The Treaty of Trianon , The Treaty of Neuilly , and The Treaty of Sèvres . Citations ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Preamble ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 114 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 107 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Signatures and Protocol Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) with Austria ; Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria ; Treaty of Trianon with Hungary ; Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire ; Davis , Robert T. , ed. ( 2010 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security : Chronology and Index for the 20th Century . 1 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger Security International . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38385 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. xxv and 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1078 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes & Hickey 2003 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bell , p. 19 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 429 Jump up ^ Fourteen Points Speech Jump up ^ Irwin Unger , These United States ( 2007 ) p. 561 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Truitt , p. 114 Jump up ^ Beller , pp. 182 -- 95 Jump up ^ Bessel , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Hardach , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Simkins , p. 71 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 638 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 101 ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , p. 102 Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 8 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 526 Jump up ^ Edmonds , ( 1943 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Martel ( 1999 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . 1940 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Frucht , p. 24 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 37 Jump up ^ Lentin , Antony ( 1985 ) ( 1984 ) . Guilt at Versailles : Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 41130 - 0 . Jump up ^ Phillips , p. 152 Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 12 Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 40 - 1 Jump up ^ Venzon , p. 439 Jump up ^ Lentin ( 2012 ) , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 43 Jump up ^ Lentin ( 2012 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Brown , p. 187 Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes , The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( Harcourt Brace and Howe , 1920 ) p. 34 Jump up ^ Keylor , p. 43 Jump up ^ Keylor , William R. ( 1998 ) . The Legacy of the Great War : Peacemaking , 1919 . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 669 - 41711 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lentin ( 1992 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Lentin ( 1992 ) , pp. 28 -- 32 Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Trachtenberg , p. 499 ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Schmitt106 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : David Thomson , Europe Since Napoleon . Penguin Books . 1970 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Haigh , p. 295 ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Brezina , p. 21 Jump up ^ Yearwood , p. 127 Jump up ^ Trachtenberg , p. 490 Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 48 Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 46 - 7 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 65 Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 73 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 227 -- 230 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XII Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 246 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 33 and 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 45 and 49 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Section V preamble and Article 51 ^ Jump up to : Peckham , p. 107 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 81 and 83 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 88 and annex Jump up ^ Martin , p. lii Jump up ^ Boemeke , p. 325 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 94 Jump up ^ Ingrao , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brezina , p. 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 99 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 100 -- 104 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 22 and 119 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 437 ^ Jump up to : Benians , p. 658 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 1224 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 496 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 156 Jump up ^ Shuster , p. 74 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V preamble Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 159 , 160 , 163 and Table 1 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 173 , 174 , 175 and 176 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 161 , 162 , and 176 ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles , Articles 42 , 43 , and 180 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 115 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 165 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 198 and tables No. II and III . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 181 and 190 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 185 and 187 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 198 , 201 , and 202 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Article 177 Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , Article 161 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine , Article 121 Jump up ^ Treaty of Sèvres , Article 231 Jump up ^ Martel ( 2010 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 232 -- 35 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 428 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 429 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 430 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part I Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XIII preamble and Article 388 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 295 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Lloyd George , 1938 , p . Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 75 Jump up ^ Sontag , p. 22 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 426 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 104 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 22 Jump up ^ Sontag , p. 22 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 1999 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ Ripsman , p. 110 Jump up ^ R. Henig , Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( London : Routledge , 1995 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ R. Henig , Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( London : Routledge , 1995 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses , Post-war Settlement ( Portugal ) in : 1914 -- 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War , ed. by Ute Daniel , Peter Gatrell , Oliver Janz , Heather Jones , Jennifer Keene , Alan Kramer , and Bill Nasson , issued by Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR . 66th Cong. , 1st sess . Senate Documents : Addresses of President Wilson ( May -- November 1919 ) , vol. 11 , no . 120 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal ( 1945 ) online Jump up ^ William C. Widenor , Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Ralph A. Stone , The Irreconcilables : The Fight Against the League of Nations ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) ch 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duff , John B. ( 1968 ) . `` The Versailles Treaty and the Irish - Americans '' . Journal of American History . 55 ( 3 ) : 582 -- 598 . doi : 10.2307 / 1891015 . JSTOR 1891015 . Jump up ^ Wimer , Kurt ; Wimer , Sarah ( 1967 ) . `` The Harding Administration , the League of Nations , and the Separate Peace Treaty '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 24 . doi : 10.1017 / S0034670500023706 . JSTOR 1405810 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` HARDING ENDS WAR ; SIGNS PEACE DECREE AT SENATOR 'S HOME . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Britains Forgotten Army , Director / Producer Simon Chu , Radio Times , p. 61 , 63 11 - 17 November 2017 Jump up ^ The Betrayed Ally , China in the Great War , Introduction , Christopher Arnander & Frances Wood , Pen and Sword , 2016 Jump up ^ Bibliographical Introduction to `` Diary , Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House '' . Archived 23 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foreign Minister Brockdorff - Ranzau when faced with the conditions on 7 May : `` Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses , die uns hier entgegentritt . Es wird von uns verlangt , daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Krieg bekennen ; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge '' . 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ Lauteinann , Geschichten in Quellen Bd. 6 , S. 129 . Jump up ^ Koppel S. Pinson ( 1964 ) . Modern Germany : Its History and Civilization ( 13th printing ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . p. 397 f . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martin , p. xiii Jump up ^ Martin , p. xii ^ Jump up to : Ther , p. 123 Jump up ^ Bartov , p. 490 Jump up ^ Bullivant , pp. 43 -- 4 Jump up ^ Albrecht - Carrie , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Steiner , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Lemkin , p. 198 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 45 and 49 Jump up ^ Russell , pp. 103 -- 6 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 160 Jump up ^ Michael Geyer , Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 , Frankfurt 1984 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V Jump up ^ Fischer , Klaus ( 1995 ) . Nazi Germany : A New History , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Parker ( 1956 ) , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ CBS World Roundup Broadcast 13 March 1938 Columbia Broadcasting System retrieved from http://otr.com/ra/news/CBS_Roundup_3-13-1938.mp3 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes . The Economic Consequences of the Peace at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Keynes ( 1919 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Ch VI . The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe -- nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours , nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe , nothing to reclaim Russia ; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves ; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy , or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New . The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues , being preoccupied with others -- Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy , Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week , the President to do nothing that was not just and right . It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes , was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four . Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field , and they settled it as a problem of theology , of polities , of electoral chicane , from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling . Jump up ^ Hantke , Max ; Spoerer , Mark ( 2010 ) . `` The imposed gift of Versailles : the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany 's armed forces , 1924 -- 9 '' ( PDF ) . Economic History Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 864 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2009. 00512. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David . ( 20 February 1994 ) . `` Over There , and There , and There . '' Review of : `` A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , '' by Gerhard L. Weinberg . New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard Germany , Hitler and World War II , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Correlli Barnett , The Collapse of British Power ( London : Pan , 2002 ) , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Richard In Hitler 's Shadow , New York : Panatheon 1989 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson , Rice University ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Peukert , Detlev The Weimar Republic , New York : Hill & Wang , 1992 page 278 . ^ Jump up to : La Seconde Guerre mondiale , Raymond Cartier , Paris , Larousse Paris Match , 1965 , quoted in : Pater Lothar Groppe ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Die `` Jagd auf Deutsche '' im Osten : Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem `` Bromberger Blutsonntag '' vor 50 Jahren `` . Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung / 28 . August 2004 ( in German ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . ' Von 1.058. 000 Deutschen , die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten ' , ist bei Cartier zu lesen , ' waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert . Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15 . Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt . ' Further reading Andelman , David A. ( 2008 ) . A Shattered Peace : Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today . New York / London : J. Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78898 - 0 . Bell , Origins of the Second World War Birdsall , Paul . Versailles twenty years after ( 1941 ) old but still useful summary Boemke , Manfred F. , Gerald D. Feldman , and Elisabeth Gläser ( eds . ) , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 Years . Washington , D.C. : German Historical Institute , 1998 . Cooper , John Milton . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Demarco , Neil ( 1987 ) . The World This Century . London : Collins Educational . ISBN 0 - 00 - 322217 - 9 . Fischer , Klaus . Nazi Germany : A New History . New York : Continuum , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 82640 - 797 - 9 Graebner , Norman A. and Edward M. Bennett , The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy : The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2011 . Herron , George D. ( 1924 ) . The Defeat in the Victory . Boston : Christopher Publishing House . xvi , ( 4 ) , 202 pp . Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Peacemakers . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5939 - 1 . Also published as Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76052 - 0 . Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829236 - 8 . Martel , Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Parker , R.A.C. `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' pages 355 -- 373 from World Politics , Volume 8 , Issue # 3 , April 1956 . Sharp , Alan ( 2011 ) . Consequences of Peace : The Versailles Settlement : Aftermath and Legacy 1919 -- 2010 . Haus Publishing . Sharp , Alan . The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking After the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2008 ) Shepley , Nick . The Paris Peace Conference 1919 : A student 's guide to the Treaty of Versailles ( 2015 ) ; 51pp online Sontag , Richard ( 1971 ) . A Broken World , 1919 - 1939 . Michigan : Harper and Row . Stevenson , David ( 1998 ) . `` France at the Paris Peace Conference : Addressing the Dilemmas of Security '' . In Robert W.D. Boyce . French Foreign and Defence Policy , 1918 -- 1940 : The Decline and Fall of a Great Power . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15039 - 2 . Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1972 ) . The Wreck of Reparations , being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement , 1932 . New York : H. Fertig . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Versailles . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Versailles Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Peace between Germany and the United States of America Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Photographs of the document The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today 's world Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty Woodrow Wilson Original Letters on Treaty of Versailles , Shapell Manuscript Foundation My 1919 -- A film from the Chinese point of view , the only country that did not sign the treaty `` Versailles Revisted '' ( Review of Manfred Boemeke , Gerald Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years . Cambridge , UK : German Historical Institute , Washington , and Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , Strategic Studies 9 : 2 ( Spring 2000 ) , 191 -- 205 Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty at omniatlas.com <Th_colspan="2"> Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France <Th_colspan="2"> World War I treaties <Td_colspan="2"> During the war Sykes -- Picot St. - Jean - de-Maurienne Damascus Protocol London Bucharest Brest - Litovsk Ukraine Batum <Td_colspan="2"> Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint - Germain - en - Laye Neuilly - sur - Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath <Td_colspan="2"> Rapallo ( 1920 ) Tartu ( 1920 ) Warsaw Riga ( 1920 ) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga ( 1921 ) Tartu ( 1921 ) Cilicia Ankara Kars Lausanne Rapallo ( 1922 ) Territories of the Former Austro - Hungarian Monarchy Italian Reparation Payments Sino - German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt British ( Egypt ) Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Fourteen Points Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire <Th_colspan="2"> World War I <Td_colspan="2"> Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan ( 1860 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan ( 1861 ) London Protocol ( 1862 ) Agreement of Paris ( 1864 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan ( 1866 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan ( 1866 ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan ( 1868 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Austria - Hungary and Japan ( 1869 ) Sino - Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty ( 1871 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan ( 1871 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan ( 1873 ) Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874 Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1882 Japan - Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty ( 1884 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1885 Convention of Tientsin ( 1885 ) Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan ( 1887 ) Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan ( 1888 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1894 ) Italo -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Japan - China Peace Treaty ( 1895 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan ( 1895 ) Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula ( 1895 ) ( ja ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Komura - Weber Memorandum ( 1896 ) Yamagata -- Lobanov Agreement ( 1896 ) Japan -- China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) ( ja ) Franco -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Japan -- Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan ( 1897 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan ( 1898 ) Nishi -- Rosen Agreement ( 1898 ) Japan - Thailand Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Treaty ( 1898 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Anglo - Japanese Alliance ( 1902 ) Japan - China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1903 ) ( ja ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1904 Japan -- Korea Agreement of August 1904 Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace ( 1905 ) Taft -- Katsura agreement ( 1905 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Additional Agreement of the Japan - China Treaty relating to Manchuria ( 1905 ) ( ja ) Franco - Japanese Treaty of 1907 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1907 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1907 Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Root -- Takahira Agreement ( 1908 ) Japan - China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao ( 1909 ) ( ja ) Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1910 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1911 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1912 World War I -- II ( 1912 -- 45 ) Japan - China Treaty of 1915 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1916 Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ( 1917 ) Japan - China Co-defense Military Pact ( 1918 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1919 ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( 1919 ) Svalbard Treaty ( 1920 ) Gongota Agreement of 1920 Treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1921 ) Four - Power Treaty ( 1921 ) Nine - Power Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues ( 1922 ) ( ja ) Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) Klaipėda Convention ( 1924 ) Soviet -- Japanese Basic Convention ( 1925 ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1927 ) Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) Japan - China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin - Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma ( 1954 ) Japan -- Philippines Reparations Agreement ( 1956 ) Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia ( 1958 ) Japan -- South Vietnam Reparations Agreement ( 1959 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Tokyo Convention ( 1963 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Ogasawara Reversion Agreement ( 1968 ) Okinawa Reversion Agreement ( 1971 ) Japan -- China Joint Communiqué ( 1972 ) Japan -- North Vietnam Agreement ( 1973 ) Japan -- China Trade Agreement ( 1974 ) Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia ( 1976 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) BNF : cb162047487 ( data ) GND : 4063141 - 2 HDS : 26467 NDL : 00574105 VIAF : 216082262 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Versailles&oldid=843565356 '' Categories : Treaty of Versailles 1919 in France Arms control treaties France -- Germany relations Germany -- Italy relations Germany -- Japan relations Germany -- United Kingdom relations Germany -- United States relations International relations Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Peace treaties of France Peace treaties of Germany Peace treaties of Italy Peace treaties of Japan Peace treaties of the United Kingdom Peace treaties of the United States Treaties concluded in 1919 Treaties entered into force in 1920 Treaties of the Empire of Japan Treaties of the French Third Republic Treaties of the German Empire Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) World War I treaties June 1919 events Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2011 Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles containing German - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Treaty of Versailles
2. World War I
3. Peace negotiations
4. Reparations
5. Territorial changes
|
1,038,589,113,139,627,900 |
who sang we are making plans for nigel
|
Making Plans for Nigel - wikipedia Making Plans for Nigel Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Making Plans for Nigel '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by XTC <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Drums and Wires B - side `` Bushman President '' `` Pulsing Pulsing '' Released 1979 ( 1979 ) Length 4 : 14 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Colin Moulding Producer ( s ) Steve Lillywhite <Th_colspan="2"> XTC singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Life Begins at the Hop '' ( 1979 ) `` Making Plans for Nigel '' ( 1979 ) `` Ten Feet Tall '' ( 1980 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Life Begins at the Hop '' ( 1979 ) `` Making Plans for Nigel '' ( 1979 ) `` Ten Feet Tall '' ( 1980 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Making Plans for Nigel '' is a song written by Colin Moulding for the English rock band XTC , released as the lead single from their 1979 album Drums and Wires . It spent 11 weeks on the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 17 . The song also reached number 12 on the Canadian chart and remained on the charts there for 22 weeks . The lyrics are told from the point of view of parents who are certain that their son Nigel is `` happy in his world '' , affirming that his future in British Steel `` is as good as sealed '' , and that he `` likes to speak and loves to be spoken to '' . As a response to the song , British Steel reportedly gathered four Sheffield employees named Nigel to talk about job satisfaction for the trade publication Steel News . In 2016 , `` Making Plans for Nigel '' was ranked number 143 on Pitchfork 's list of the 200 best songs of the 1970s . Personnel ( edit ) As written on the record sleeve : XTC Andy Partridge -- vocals , guitars , synthesizers Colin Moulding -- vocals , bass Dave Gregory -- guitars , keyboards , background vocals Terry Chambers -- drums , percussion , background vocals Technical Steve Lillywhite -- production Hugh Padgham -- engineering References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Charts : XTC '' . Official Charts . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . N.B. This site displays ' compressed ' ( with exclusion rules applied ) singles chart peaks between numbers 76 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly , 19 April 1980 '' . RPM Weekly . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pitchfork Staff ( 22 August 2016 ) . `` The 200 Best Songs of the 1970s '' . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ Drums and Wires , Virgin Records , 1979 - record sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> XTC <Td_colspan="2"> Andy Partridge Colin Moulding Barry Andrews Terry Chambers Dave Gregory Studio albums White Music Go 2 Drums and Wires Black Sea English Settlement Mummer The Big Express 25 O'Clock Skylarking Psonic Psunspot Oranges & Lemons Nonsuch Apple Venus Volume 1 Wasp Star ( Apple Venus Volume 2 ) EPs 3D - EP Compilations Waxworks : Some Singles 1977 -- 1982 Beeswax : Some B - Sides 1977 -- 1982 The Compact XTC Chips from the Chocolate Fireball Explode Together : The Dub Experiments 78 - 80 Rag and Bone Buffet : Rare Cuts and Leftovers Drums and Wireless : BBC Radio Sessions 77 -- 89 Fossil Fuel : The XTC Singles 1977 -- 92 Upsy Daisy Assortment Transistor Blast : The Best of the BBC Sessions Box sets Coat of Many Cupboards Apple Box Demos Remixes Homespun Homegrown Instruvenus Waspstrumental Singles `` Statue of Liberty '' `` Life Begins at the Hop '' `` Making Plans for Nigel '' `` Generals and Majors '' `` Senses Working Overtime '' `` Wonderland '' `` Dear God '' `` Mayor of Simpleton '' `` The Disappointed '' `` The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead '' Related articles Discography The Dukes of Stratosphear Urgh ! A Music War A Testimonial Dinner : The Songs of XTC Fuzzy Warbles Take Away / The Lure of Salvage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Making_Plans_for_Nigel&oldid=796661908 '' Categories : 1979 songs XTC songs Songs written by Colin Moulding Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 09 : 53 . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Making Plans for Nigel" - XTC song
2. Colin Moulding - songwriter for XTC
3. Drums and Wires - XTC album
4. British Steel - mentioned in the lyrics of the song
5. Pitchfork - ranked the song as one of the best of the 1970s
|
7,855,327,527,822,968,000 |
oracle virtual box and vmware are two types of
|
VirtualBox - wikipedia VirtualBox `` Virtual box '' redirects here . For virtual computers in general , see virtual machine . VirtualBox <Td_colspan="2"> VirtualBox logo since 2010 <Td_colspan="2"> Running Kubuntu Live CD with Oracle VM VirtualBox on Windows 7 Original author ( s ) Innotek GmbH Developer ( s ) Oracle Corporation Initial release 17 January 2007 ; 11 years ago ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Stable release 5.2. 16 / 17 July 2018 ; 26 days ago ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Repository https://www.virtualbox.org/browser/vbox/trunk Written in C , C++ , x86 Assembly Operating system Windows , macOS , Linux and Solaris Size 61 -- 118 MB depending on platform Type Hypervisor License Base Package ( USB support only for USB 1.1 ) : GNU General Public License version 2 ( Optionally CDDL for most files of the source distribution ) , `` Extension Pack '' ( including USB 3.0 support ) : PUEL Website www.virtualbox.org Oracle VM VirtualBox ( formerly Sun VirtualBox , Sun xVM VirtualBox and Innotek VirtualBox ) is a free and open - source hypervisor for x86 computers currently being developed by Oracle Corporation . Developed initially by Innotek GmbH , it was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2008 which was in turn acquired by Oracle in 2010 . VirtualBox may be installed on a number of host operating systems , including : Linux , macOS , Windows , Solaris , and OpenSolaris . There are also ports to FreeBSD and Genode . It supports the creation and management of guest virtual machines running versions and derivations of Windows , Linux , BSD , OS / 2 , Solaris , Haiku , OSx86 and others , and limited virtualization of macOS guests on Apple hardware . For some guest operating systems , a `` Guest Additions '' package of device drivers and system applications is available which typically improves performance , especially of graphics . Contents 1 History 2 Licensing 3 Emulated environment 3.1 Software - based virtualization 3.2 Hardware - assisted virtualization 3.3 Device virtualization 4 Feature set 4.1 Limitations 4.2 VirtualBox Extension Pack 5 Host OS support 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Logo of VirtualBox OSE , 2007 -- 2010 VirtualBox was initially offered by Innotek GmbH from Weinstadt , Germany , under a proprietary software license , making one version of the product available at no cost for personal or evaluation use , subject to the VirtualBox Personal Use and Evaluation License ( PUEL ) . In January 2007 , based on counsel by LiSoG , Innotek GmbH released VirtualBox Open Source Edition ( OSE ) as free and open - source software , subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , version 2 . Innotek GmbH also contributed to the development of OS / 2 and Linux support in virtualization and OS / 2 ports of products from Connectix which were later acquired by Microsoft . Specifically , Innotek developed the `` additions '' code in both Microsoft Virtual PC and Microsoft Virtual Server , which enables various host - guest OS interactions like shared clipboards or dynamic viewport resizing . Sun Microsystems acquired Innotek in February 2008 . Oracle Corporation acquired Sun in January 2010 and re-branded the product as `` Oracle VM VirtualBox '' . Licensing ( edit ) The core package is , since version 4 in December 2010 , free software under GNU General Public License version 2 ( GPLv2 ) . The separate `` VirtualBox Oracle VM VirtualBox extension pack '' providing support for USB 2.0 and 3.0 devices , Remote Desktop Protocol ( RDP ) , disk encryption , NVMe and Preboot Execution Environment ( PXE ) boot is under a proprietary license , called Personal Use and Evaluation License ( PUEL ) , which permits use of the software for personal use , educational use , or evaluation , free of charge . Oracle defines personal use as the installation of the software on a single host computer for non-commercial purposes . Prior to version 4 , there were two different packages of the VirtualBox software . The full package was offered free under the PUEL , with licenses for other commercial deployment purchasable from Oracle . A second package called the VirtualBox Open Source Edition ( OSE ) was released under GPLv2 . This removed the same proprietary components not available under GPLv2 . Building the BIOS for VirtualBox since version 4.2 requires the use of the Open Watcom compiler , for which the Sybase Open Watcom Public License is approved as `` Open Source '' by the Open Source Initiative but not as `` free '' by the Free Software Foundation or under the Debian Free Software Guidelines . Although VirtualBox has experimental support for Mac OS X guests , the end user license agreement of Mac OS X does not permit the operating system to run on non-Apple hardware , and this is enforced within the operating system by calls to the Apple System Management Controller ( SMC ) in all Apple machines , which verifies the authenticity of the hardware . Emulated Environment ( edit ) Play media Running Ubuntu Live CD under VirtualBox on Ubuntu Users of VirtualBox can load multiple guest OSs under a single host operating - system ( host OS ) . Each guest can be started , paused and stopped independently within its own virtual machine ( VM ) . The user can independently configure each VM and run it under a choice of software - based virtualization or hardware assisted virtualization if the underlying host hardware supports this . The host OS and guest OSs and applications can communicate with each other through a number of mechanisms including a common clipboard and a virtualized network facility . Guest VMs can also directly communicate with each other if configured to do so . Software - based virtualization ( edit ) In the absence of hardware - assisted virtualization , VirtualBox adopts a standard software - based virtualization approach . This mode supports 32 - bit guest OSs which run in rings 0 and 3 of the Intel ring architecture . The system reconfigures the guest OS code , which would normally run in ring 0 , to execute in ring 1 on the host hardware . Because this code contains many privileged instructions which can not run natively in ring 1 , VirtualBox employs a Code Scanning and Analysis Manager ( CSAM ) to scan the ring 0 code recursively before its first execution to identify problematic instructions and then calls the Patch Manager ( PATM ) to perform in - situ patching . This replaces the instruction with a jump to a VM - safe equivalent compiled code fragment in hypervisor memory . The guest user - mode code , running in ring 3 , generally runs directly on the host hardware in ring 3 . In both cases , VirtualBox uses CSAM and PATM to inspect and patch the offending instructions whenever a fault occurs . VirtualBox also contains a dynamic recompiler , based on QEMU to recompile any real mode or protected mode code entirely ( e.g. BIOS code , a DOS guest , or any operating system startup ) . Using these techniques , VirtualBox can achieve a performance comparable to that of VMware . Hardware - assisted virtualization ( edit ) VirtualBox supports both Intel 's VT - x and AMD 's AMD - V hardware - virtualization . Making use of these facilities , VirtualBox can run each guest VM in its own separate address - space ; the guest OS ring 0 code runs on the host at ring 0 in VMX non-root mode rather than in ring 1 . VirtualBox supports some guests ( including 64 - bit guests , SMP guests and certain proprietary OSs ) only on hosts with hardware - assisted virtualization . Device virtualization ( edit ) The system emulates hard disks in one of three disk image formats : VDI : This format is the VirtualBox - specific VirtualBox Disk Image and stores data in files bearing a ``. vdi '' filename extension . VMDK : This open format is used by VMware products such as VMware Workstation and VMware Player . It stores data in one or more files bearing ``. vmdk '' filename extensions . A single virtual hard disk may span several files . VHD : This format is used by Windows Virtual PC , and is the native virtual disk format of the Microsoft Windows operating system , starting with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 . Data in this format are stored in a single file bearing the ``. vhd '' filename extension . A VirtualBox virtual machine can , therefore , use disks previously created in VMware or Microsoft Virtual PC , as well as its own native format . VirtualBox can also connect to iSCSI targets and to raw partitions on the host , using either as virtual hard disks . VirtualBox emulates IDE ( PIIX4 and ICH6 controllers ) , SCSI , SATA ( ICH8M controller ) and SAS controllers to which hard drives can be attached . VirtualBox has supported Open Virtualization Format ( OVF ) since version 2.2. 0 ( April 2009 ) . Both ISO images and host - connected physical devices can be mounted as CD / DVD drives . For example , the DVD image of a Linux distribution can be downloaded and used directly by VirtualBox . By default VirtualBox provides graphics support through a custom virtual graphics - card that is VESA compatible . The Guest Additions for Windows , Linux , Solaris , OpenSolaris , or OS / 2 guests include a special video - driver that increases video performance and includes additional features , such as automatically adjusting the guest resolution when resizing the VM window or desktop composition via virtualized WDDM drivers . For an Ethernet network adapter , VirtualBox virtualizes these Network Interface Cards : AMD PCnet PCI II ( Am79C970A ) AMD PCnet - Fast III ( Am79C973 ) Intel Pro / 1000 MT Desktop ( 82540EM ) Intel Pro / 1000 MT Server ( 82545EM ) Intel Pro / 1000 T Server ( 82543GC ) Paravirtualized network adapter ( virtio - net ) The emulated network cards allow most guest OSs to run without the need to find and install drivers for networking hardware as they are shipped as part of the guest OS . A special paravirtualized network adapter is also available , which improves network performance by eliminating the need to match a specific hardware interface , but requires special driver support in the guest . ( Many distributions of Linux ship with this driver included . ) By default , VirtualBox uses NAT through which Internet software for end - users such as Firefox or ssh can operate . Bridged networking via a host network adapter or virtual networks between guests can also be configured . Up to 36 network adapters can be attached simultaneously , but only four are configurable through the graphical interface . For a sound card , VirtualBox virtualizes Intel HD Audio , Intel ICH AC'97 and SoundBlaster 16 devices . A USB 1.1 controller is emulated so that any USB devices attached to the host can be seen in the guest . The proprietary extension pack adds a USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 controllers and , if VirtualBox acts as an RDP server , it can also use USB devices on the remote RDP client as if they were connected to the host , although only if the client supports this VirtualBox - specific extension ( Oracle provides clients for Solaris , Linux and Sun Ray thin clients that can do this , and have promised support for other platforms in future versions ) . Feature set ( edit ) 64 - bit guests ( hardware virtualization support is required ) Snapshots Seamless mode -- the ability to run virtualized applications side by side with normal desktop applications Shared clipboard Shared folders Special drivers and utilities to facilitate switching between systems Command line interaction ( in addition to the GUI ) Public API ( Java , Python , SOAP , XPCOM ) to control VM configuration and execution Nested paging for AMD - V and Intel VT ( only for processors supporting SLAT and with SLAT enabled ) Limited support for 3D graphics acceleration ( including OpenGL up to ( but not including ) 3.0 and Direct3D 9.0 c via Wine 's Direct3D to OpenGL translation ) SMP support ( up to 32 virtual CPUs per virtual machine ) , since version 3.0 Teleportation ( aka Live Migration ) 2D video output acceleration ( not to be mistaken with video decoding acceleration ) , since version 3.1 EFI has been supported since version 3.1 Storage emulation features NCQ support for SATA , SCSI and SAS raw disks and partitions SATA disks hotplugging Pass - through mode for solid - state drives Pass - through mode for CD / DVD / BD drives -- allows users to play audio CDs , burn optical disks , play encrypted DVD disks Can disable host OS I / O cache Allows limitation of IO bandwidth PATA , SATA , SCSI , SAS , iSCSI , floppy disk controllers VM disk image encryption using AES128 / AES256 Storage support Raw hard disk access -- allows physical hard disk partitions on the host system to appear in the guest system VMware Virtual Machine Disk ( VMDK ) format support -- allows exchange of disk images with VMware Microsoft VHD support QEMU qed and qcow disks HDD format disks ( only version 2 ; versions 3 and 4 are not supported ) used by Parallels virtualization products Since version 3.2 Mac OS X Server guest support -- experimental Memory ballooning ( not available on Solaris hosts ) RAM deduplication ( Page Fusion ) for Windows guests on 64 - bit hosts CPU hot - plugging for Linux ( hot - add and hot - remove ) and certain Windows guests ( hot - add only ) Deleting snapshots while the VM is running Multi-monitor guest setups in the GUI , for Windows guests LSI Logic SAS controller emulation Remote Desktop Protocol ( RDP ) video acceleration via a non-free extension Run and control guest applications from the host -- for automated software deployments Since version 4.0 The PUEL / OSE separation was given up in favor of an open source base product and a closed source extension pack that can be installed on top of the base product . As part of this change , additional components of VirtualBox were made open source ( installers , documentation , device drivers ) Intel HD audio codec emulation Intel ICH9 chipset emulation A new VM storage scheme where all VM data is stored in one single folder to improve VM portability Several UI enhancements including a new look with VM preview and scale mode On 32 - bit hosts , VMs can each use more than 1.5 GB of RAM In addition to OVF , the single file OVA format is supported CPU use and I / O bandwidth can be limited per VM Support for Apple DMG images ( DVD ) Multi-monitor guest setups for Linux / Solaris guests ( previously Windows only ) Resizing of disk image formats from Oracle , VDI ( VirtualBox disk image ) , and Microsoft , VHD ( Virtual PC hard disk ) Since version 4.1 Windows Aero support ( experimental ) Virtual machine cloning Since version 4.2 Virtual machine groups -- allows management of a group of virtual machines as a single unit ( power them on or off , snapshot them , etc . ) Some VM settings can be altered during a VM execution Support up to 36 NICs in case of the ICH9 chipset Support for limiting network IO bandwidth Can automatically run VMs on a host system startup ( except on Windows host ) Since version 4.3 VM video capturing support Host touch devices support ( GUI passes host touch - events to guest ) / USB virtualization of such devices Since version 5.0 Paravirtualization support for Windows and Linux guests to improve time - keeping accuracy and performance USB3 controller based on Intel 's hardware implementation . It 's supported by any Windows version starting from Windows 7 , any Linux kernel starting from 2.6. 31 and Mac OS X starting from version 10.7. 4 . Bidirectional drag and drop support for Windows , Linux and Solaris guests VM disk image encryption via a non-free extension VM output scaling and HiDPI displays support Hotplugging of SATA disks using GUI USB traffic capturing VMs can be disconnected from a GUI session and run in background AVX , AVX - 2 , AES - NI , SSE 4.1 / 4.2 instructions ( if supported by the host CPU ) Limitations ( edit ) VirtualBox has a very low transfer rate from and to USB2 devices . Despite being an open source product , some of its features are available only in a binary form under a commercial license ( see `` VirtualBox Extension Pack '' below ) . USB3 devices pass through is not supported by older guest OSes like Windows Vista and Windows XP due to the lack of drivers . Guest Additions for MacOS are unavailable at this time . Guest Additions for Windows 9x ( Windows 95 , 98 and ME ) are not available . This results in poor performance due to the lack of graphics acceleration with the default 16 - bit color mode ( external third - party software is available to enable support for 32 - bit color mode , resulting in better performance ) . EFI support for guest systems is limited ( incomplete EFI is supported -- full support for EFI or support for UEFI is unavailable ) . Only older versions of DirectX and OpenGL passthrough are supported ( the feature can be enabled using the 3D Acceleration option for each VM individually ) . Video RAM is limited to 128 MiB ( 256 MiB with 2D Video Acceleration enabled ) due to technical difficulties ( merely changing the GUI to allow the user to allocate more video RAM to a VM or manually editing the configuration file of a VM would n't work and will result in a fatal error ) . VirtualBox extension Pack ( edit ) Some features require the installation of the closed - source `` VirtualBox Extension Pack '' : Support for a virtual USB 2.0 / 3.0 controller ( EHCI / xHCI ) VirtualBox RDP : support for proprietary remote connection protocol developed by Microsoft and Citrix Systems . PXE boot for Intel cards VM disk image encryption While Guest Additions are installed within suitable guest virtual machines , the Extension Pack is installed on the host running VirtualBox . Host OS support ( edit ) Since version 5 ( July 2015 ) , VirtualBox has stated that they are dropping support for Windows XP host , thus leaving its users with Windows XP hosts vulnerable to flaws of earlier releases . VirtualBox can also be run under GNU / Linux , macOS , Sun Solaris and FreeBSD . See also ( edit ) Free software portal Linux Containers Oracle VM Server for x86 Live USB Comparison of platform virtualization software References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oracle VM VirtualBox 5.2. 10 now available ! '' . Oracle Blog . Simon Coter. 2018 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Downloads -- Oracle VM VirtualBox '' . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox downloads '' . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox 5.2 Release Candidate 1 released '' . End user forums for VirtualBox . Oracle Corporation . 2017 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox -- FreeBSD Wiki '' . Wiki.freebsd.org. 2009 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Release notes for the Genode OS Framework 14.02 '' . Genode Labs . February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guest_OSes '' . VirtualBox. 2009 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` How to Install Mac OS X Snow Leopard in VirtualBox on Windows 7 '' . Jump up ^ Purdy , Kevin ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` VirtualBox 3.2 Beta Virtualizes Mac OS X ( On Macs ) '' . Lifehacker . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 Guest Additions '' . VirtualBox . Jump up ^ `` Oracle VM VirtualBox 4.3 Now Available '' ( Press release ) . Oracle Corporation . 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Generally available today , Oracle VM VirtualBox 4.3 delivers the latest enhancements to the world 's most popular , free and open source , cross-platform virtualization software . Jump up ^ `` Run Ubuntu Linux Within Windows Using VirtualBox '' . linux.about.com . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox_PUEL -- VirtualBox '' . VirtualBox. 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` GPL '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ong , Ronny . `` Additions Version History '' . Newsgroup : microsoft. public. virtualpc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Connectix Announces First Virtual Computing Solution for OS / 2 Users ; Virtual PC Lets Enterprises Run OS / 2 and Windows Concurrently on a Single PC Business Wire Find Articles at BNET '' . Findarticles.com. 2002 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Microsystems Announces Agreement to Acquire Innotek , Expanding Sun xVM Reach to the Developer Desktop '' ( Press release ) . Sun Microsystems . February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` E-Commerce News : Business : Sun Gets Desktop Virtualization Chops With Innotek Buy '' . Ecommercetimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Welcomes Innotek '' . Sun Microsystems , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . On February 20 Sun completed the acquisition of Innotek Jump up ^ `` Oracle and Virtualization '' . Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox Joins Oracle 's Enterprise Virtualization Portfolio '' . systemnews . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawley , Adam ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Oracle VM Product Line Welcomes Sun ! '' . Oracle Virtualization Blog . Oracle Corporation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox_PUEL '' . VirtualBox. 2010 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Licensing : Frequently Asked Questions '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Editions '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Copyright file of Virtualbox '' . Debian. 2016 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Open Source Licenses by Category '' . Palo Alto , California : Open Source Initiative . Non-reusable licenses . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Various Licenses and Comments about Them '' . Boston , Massachusetts : Free Software Foundation . Nonfree Software Licenses . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Andy Hall , Product Manager for Oracle VM VirtualBox '' . Jump up ^ `` Internal Networking '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox Manual , Section 10.4 Details about software virtualization '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dr. Diedrich , Oliver ( 2007 - 01 - 15 ) . `` heise open -- 15.01. 07 -- VirtualBox '' . Heise.de . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Perlow , Jason ( 2010 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Virtualization Smackdown 2 : Oracle VM VirtualBox 3.2 vs. VMware Workstation 7.1 '' . ZDNET . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox changelog '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 . Guest Additions '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 . Virtual networking '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 . Configuring Virtual Machines '' . VirtualBox . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` VirtualBox 4.1. 4 Manual -- Chapter 7 Remote Virtual Machines '' . Oracle . 2011 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Python API to the VirtualBox VM '' . Sun Microsystems . 2008 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 3 . Configuring virtual machines '' . www.virtualbox.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Changelog for VirtualBox 5.0 '' . Jump up ^ `` USB 3.0 Driver : Intel ® USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller Driver for Intel ® 7 Series / C216 Chipset Family '' . Jump up ^ `` New separate GUI / VMM mode '' . Jump up ^ `` # 2973 ( USB extremely slow with USB - 2.0 ( very similar to # 464 ) ) -- Oracle VM VirtualBox '' . Oracle . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # 4261 ( Slow transfer speeds from USB disk ) -- Oracle VM VirtualBox '' . Oracle . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 14 . Known limitations '' . www.virtualbox.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Windows 98 Second Edition Service Pack '' . www.majorgeeks.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 98SE Option Pack '' . www.majorgeeks.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 9x Power Pack '' . www.majorgeeks.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` virtualbox.org View topic - Tutorial : Windows 95 / 98 guest OSes '' . forums.virtualbox.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` virtualbox.org View topic - Win98SE with ACPI - Success At Last ! '' . forums.virtualbox.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` virtualbox.org View topic - Windows 98SE step by step '' . forums.virtualbox.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 . Guest Additions '' . www.virtualbox.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` virtualbox.org View topic - Reason behind the 256MB vram limit '' . forums.virtualbox.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 . First steps '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to VirtualBox . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oracle VirtualBox . Official website ( includes documentation in HTML and PDF formats ) Sub-site at Oracle VirtualBox Downloads All downloads index ( not to be removed ) . E.g. for guest additions RemoteBox : Open Source VirtualBox Client with Remote Management ( RemoteBox is not affiliated with Oracle ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Virtualization software <Td_colspan="2"> Comparison of platform virtualization software Hardware virtualization ( hypervisors ) Native Adeos CP / CMS Hyper - V KVM Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC Logical Partition ( LPAR ) LynxSecure PikeOS Proxmox VE SIMMON VMware ESXi VMware vSphere vCloud VMware Infrastructure Xen Oracle VM Server for x86 XenClient XtratuM z / VM Hosted Specialized Basilisk II bhyve Bochs Cooperative Linux DOSBox DOSEMU PCem PikeOS SheepShaver SIMH Windows on Windows Virtual DOS machine Win4Lin Independent Microsoft Virtual Server Parallels Workstation Parallels Desktop for Mac Parallels Server for Mac PearPC QEMU VirtualBox Virtual Iron VMware Fusion VMware Player VMware Server VMware Workstation Windows Virtual PC Tools Ganeti oVirt System Center Virtual Machine Manager Virtual Machine Manager OS - level virtualization OS containers FreeBSD jail iCore Virtual Accounts Linux - VServer lmctfy LXC OpenVZ Solaris Containers Workload Partitions Application containers Docker rkt Kernel features cgroups Namespaces seccomp Orchestration ECS Kubernetes Desktop virtualization Citrix XenApp Citrix XenDesktop Remote Desktop Services VMware Horizon View Ulteo Open Virtual Desktop Application virtualization Ceedo Citrix XenApp Dalvik InstallFree Microsoft App - V Remote Desktop Services Symantec Workspace Virtualization Turbo VMware ThinApp ZeroVM Network virtualization Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet ( DOVE ) NVGRE Open vSwitch Virtual security switch Virtual Extensible LAN ( VXLAN ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also : List of emulators <Th_colspan="2"> Sun Microsystems ( acquired by Oracle Corp , 2010 ) People Bill Joy Andy Bechtolsheim Scott McNealy Vinod Khosla List of notable employees Hardware Sun - 1 Sun - 2 Sun - 3 Sun386i Sun - 4 SPARCstation Netra Ultra Enterprise Sun Blade Sun Fire SPARC Enterprise SPARC JavaStation Sun Ray Sun Modular Datacenter more ... Software SunOS Solaris NIS ( + ) NFS ZFS SunView NeWS OpenWindows Java Desktop System Sun Studio Java StarOffice iPlanet / Sun ONE / Java Enterprise System Sun Secure Global Desktop MySQL Sun xVM GlassFish more ... Storage StorageTek Sun Open Storage QFS ZFS High - performance computing Sun Cloud Sun Constellation System Sun Visualization System Sun Grid Engine Lustre Research Sun Labs picoJava Fortress Project Looking Glass Education SCPs BlueJ Community Common Development and Distribution License Java Community Process NetBeans OpenOffice.org OpenSolaris OpenSPARC OpenJDK OSUM <Th_colspan="2"> Disk image file formats <Td_colspan="2"> Comparison of disc image software Optical discs BIN + CUE CSO DAA IMG + CCD + SUB ISO ISZ MDF + MDS MDX NRG UIF Hard disks DMG FVD IMG ISO NDIF QCOW UDIF VDI VHD VMDK WIM Floppy disks ADF , ADZ DC42 , DART DCF DMS IMG , IMA , IMZ VFD CD - DA Disc Description Protocol <Td_colspan="2"> Convention : Any item in this table that has the form of `` A + B '' or `` A + B + C '' indicates a disk format that spans multiple files , where A contains the bulk of the data , and B and C are sidecar files . GND : 7692387 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VirtualBox&oldid=854239525 '' Categories : Cross-platform free software Free emulation software Free software programmed in C++ Free virtualization software Platform virtualization software Software derived from or incorporating Wine Software that uses Qt Sun Microsystems software Virtualization - related software for Linux Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Namespaces Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikibooks Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 22 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. VirtualBox - free and open-source hypervisor
2. Virtual machine creation and management
3. Guest Additions for improved performance
4. Hardware-assisted virtualization support
5. USB and network device virtualization
|
-6,360,372,356,289,428,000 |
what is the measurement of the great wall china
|
Great Wall of China - wikipedia Great Wall of China `` Great Wall '' redirects here . For other uses , see Great Wall ( disambiguation ) . wall along the historical northern borders of China <Th_colspan="2"> Great Wall of China <Td_colspan="2"> 萬里 長城 <Td_colspan="2"> The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling <Td_colspan="2"> Map of all the wall constructions <Th_colspan="2"> General information Type Fortification Country China Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details Size 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name The Great Wall Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii , iv , vi Designated 1987 ( 11th session ) Reference no . 438 State Party China Region Asia - Pacific <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Great Wall of China Simplified Chinese 长城 Traditional Chinese 長城 Literal meaning `` The Long Wall '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángchéng Wade -- Giles Ch'ang - ch'eng IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Wu Romanization Saon sen <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Cheung sing IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Coeng sing <Th_colspan="2"> Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tn̂g - siân Tâi - lô Tn̂g - siânn <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 万里 长城 Traditional Chinese 萬里 長城 Literal meaning `` The 10,000 - li Long Wall '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Wu Romanization Vae - li saon - sen <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Maan lei Cheung sing IPA ( màːn. le̬i tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Maan - lei coeng - sing <Th_colspan="2"> Southern Min Tâi - lô Bān - lí tn̂g - siânn <Td_colspan="2"> The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone , brick , tamped earth , wood , and other materials , generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion . Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC ; these , later joined together and made bigger and stronger , are collectively referred to as the Great Wall . Especially famous is the wall built in 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang , the first Emperor of China . Little of that wall remains . The Great Wall has been rebuilt , maintained , and enhanced over various dynasties ; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . Apart from defense , other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls , allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road , regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration . Furthermore , the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers , troop barracks , garrison stations , signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire , and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor . The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses . Collectively , they stretch from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west , from present - day Sino - Russian border in the north to Qinghai in the south ; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe . A comprehensive archaeological survey , using advanced technologies , has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ) . This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall , 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers . Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) . Today , the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Early walls 2.2 Ming era 2.3 Foreign accounts 3 Course 4 Characteristics 5 Condition 6 Visibility from space 6.1 From the Moon 6.2 From low Earth orbit 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Names The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English . In Chinese histories , the term `` Long Wall ( s ) '' ( 長城 , changcheng ) appears in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor . The Chinese character 城 is a phono - semantic compound of the `` place '' or `` earth '' radical 土 and 成 , whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as * deŋ . It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states ; today , however , it is much more often the Chinese word for `` city '' . The longer Chinese name `` Ten - Thousand Mile Long Wall '' ( 萬里 長城 , Wanli Changcheng ) came from Sima Qian 's description of it in the Records , though he did not name the walls as such . The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to `` the long wall of 10,000 miles '' , closer to the modern name , but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise . The traditional Chinese mile ( 里 , lǐ ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile ( 540 m ) . Since China 's metrication in 1930 , it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet , which would make the wall 's name describe a distance of 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) . However , this use of `` ten - thousand '' ( wàn ) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means `` innumerable '' or `` immeasurable '' . Because of the wall 's association with the First Emperor 's supposed tyranny , the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name `` Long Wall '' . Instead , various terms were used in medieval records , including `` frontier ( s ) '' ( 塞 , sāi ) , `` rampart ( s ) '' ( 垣 , yuán ) , `` barrier ( s ) '' ( 障 , zhàng ) , `` the outer fortresses '' ( 外 堡 , wàibǎo ) , and `` the border wall ( s ) '' ( t 邊 牆 , s 边 墙 , biānqiáng ) . Poetic and informal names for the wall included `` the Purple Frontier '' ( 紫 塞 , Zǐsāi ) and `` the Earth Dragon '' ( t 土 龍 , s 土 龙 , Tǔlóng ) . Only during the Qing period did `` Long Wall '' become the catch - all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin , equivalent to the English `` Great Wall '' . The current English name evolved from accounts of `` the Chinese wall '' from early modern European travelers . By the 19th century , `` The Great Wall of China '' had become standard in English , French , and German , although other European languages continued to refer to it as `` the Chinese wall . '' History Main article : History of the Great Wall of China Early walls The Great Wall of the Qin The Great Wall of the Han The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall - building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC . During this time and the subsequent Warring States period , the states of Qin , Wei , Zhao , Qi , Yan , and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders . Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears , these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames . King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ( `` Qin Shi Huang '' ) in 221 BC . Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords , he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states . To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north , however , he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire 's northern frontier . `` Build and move on '' was a central guiding principle in constructing the wall , implying that the Chinese were not erecting a permanently fixed border . Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult , so builders always tried to use local resources . Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges , while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains . There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls . Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries , and very few sections remain today . The human cost of the construction is unknown , but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands , if not up to a million , workers died building the Qin wall . Later , the Han , the Sui , and the Northern dynasties all repaired , rebuilt , or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders . The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region . The Liao , Jin , and Yuan dynasties , who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th -- 13th centuries , constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it , within China 's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself . Ming era The extent of the Ming Empire and its walls Main article : Ming Great Wall The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century , and following the Ming army 's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu . The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles , and the long - drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire . The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China . Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert , the wall followed the desert 's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River . Unlike the earlier fortifications , the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth . Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall . As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years , the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls . Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong . Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall , faced sections of the ram - earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders . During the 1440s -- 1460s , the Ming also built a so - called `` Liaodong Wall '' . Similar in function to the Great Wall ( whose extension , in a sense , it was ) , but more basic in construction , the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province , protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north . While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall , most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides . Towards the end of the Ming , the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600 . Even after the loss of all of Liaodong , the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass , preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland . The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644 , after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng 's rebels . Before this time , the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid , but this time it was for conquest . The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general , Wu Sangui , who formed an alliance with the Manchus , hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing . The Manchus quickly seized Beijing , and eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China . Under Qing rule , China 's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire , so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued . On the other hand , the so - called Willow Palisade , following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall , was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria . Its purpose , however , was not defense but rather migration control . Foreign accounts Part of the Great Wall of China ( April 1853 , X , p. 41 ) The Great Wall in 1907 None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia , such as Marco Polo , Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , William of Rubruck , Giovanni de ' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone , mentioned the Great Wall . The North African traveler Ibn Battuta , who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca . 1346 , had heard about China 's Great Wall , possibly before he had arrived in China . He wrote that the wall is `` sixty days ' travel '' from Zeitun ( modern Quanzhou ) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling . He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an , which Dhul - Qarnayn ( commonly associated with Alexander the Great ) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog . However , Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it , suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time , they were n't significant . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European was to see it for another century . Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the `` Tartars '' ( i.e. Mongols ) , may be the one contained in João de Barros 's 1563 Asia . Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz , Bento de Goes , Matteo Ricci , and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza . In 1559 , in his work `` A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions , '' Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall , although later they slid into hyperbole , including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC . When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars , the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists . The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall , such that in the 20th century , a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars . Course The main sections of the Great Wall that are still standing today An area of the sections of the Great Wall at Jinshanling Although a formal definition of what constitutes a `` Great Wall '' has not been agreed upon , making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety , the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted . The Jiayu Pass , located in Gansu province , is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall . Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west , the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace . From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia , where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan . Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop . There at Piantou Pass ( t 偏 頭 關 , s 偏 头 关 , Piāntóuguān ) in Xinzhou , Shanxi province , the Great Wall splits in two with the `` Outer Great Wall '' ( t 外 長城 , s 外 长城 , Wài Chǎngchéng ) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province , and the `` inner Great Wall '' ( t 內 長城 , s 內 长城 , Nèi Chǎngchéng ) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km ( 250 mi ) , passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye ( 四海 冶 , Sìhǎiyě ) , in Beijing 's Yanqing County . The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous : they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today . The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall , for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People 's Republic of China , as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries . South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass ; when used by the Chinese to protect their land , this section of the wall had many guards to defend China 's capital Beijing . Made of stone and bricks from the hills , this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m ( 25 ft 7 in ) high and 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) wide . One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling . There it runs 11 km ( 7 mi ) long , ranges from 5 to 8 m ( 16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in ) in height , and 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) across the bottom , narrowing up to 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) across the top . Wangjinglou ( t 望 京 樓 , s 望 京 楼 , Wàngjīng Lóu ) is one of Jinshanling 's 67 watchtowers , 980 m ( 3,220 ft ) above sea level . Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty , cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km ( 1.40 mi ) . It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east . This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass , considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the `` First Pass Under Heaven '' . The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the `` Old Dragon Head '' . 3 km ( 2 mi ) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall ( 焦 山 長城 ) , the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall . 15 km ( 9 mi ) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou ( t 九 門口 , s 九 门口 , Jiǔménkǒu ) , which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge . Beyond Jiumenkou , an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall , in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border . In 2009 , 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills , trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices . In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km ( 6 mi ) , believed to be part of the Great Wall , were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province . Characteristics The Great Wall at Mutianyu , near Beijing Great Wall of China in tourist season Before the use of bricks , the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth , stones , and wood . During the Ming , however , bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall , as were materials such as tiles , lime , and stone . The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone , so construction quickened . Additionally , bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth . Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick , but is more difficult to use . Consequently , stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation , inner and outer brims , and gateways of the wall . Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall , with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm ( 12 in ) tall , and about 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) wide . From the parapets , guards could survey the surrounding land . Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall , including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements , was of high importance . Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility . Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through . Barracks , stables , and armories were built near the wall 's inner surface . Condition A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches throughout the mountains , here seen in slight disrepair The Great Wall of China at Badaling While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated , in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair . Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads . Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism , while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi . Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction . A 2012 report by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage states that 22 % of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared , while 1,961 km ( 1,219 mi ) of wall have vanished . More than 60 km ( 37 mi ) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years , due to erosion from sandstorms . In some places , the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) to less than 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared . Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud , rather than brick and stone , and thus are more susceptible to erosion . In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete . The work has been much criticized . Visibility from space From the Moon One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley . Stukeley wrote that , `` This mighty wall ( Hadrian 's wall ) of four score miles ( 130 km ) in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall , which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe , and may be discerned at the Moon . '' The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states `` besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon . '' The issue of `` canals '' on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long , thin objects were visible from space . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! strip and in Richard Halliburton 's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times , but is still ingrained in popular culture . The wall is a maximum 9.1 m ( 29 ft 10 in ) wide , and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it . Based on the optics of resolving power ( distance versus the width of the iris : a few millimeters for the human eye , meters for large telescopes ) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km ( 70 mi ) or more in diameter ( 1 arc - minute ) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon , whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km ( 238,851 mi ) . The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km ( 2 mi ) away . To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal ( 20 / 20 ) vision . Unsurprisingly , no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon . From low earth orbit A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi , running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right . The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km ( 7 mi × 7 mi ) . A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit ( an altitude of as little as 160 km ( 100 mi ) ) . NASA claims that it is barely visible , and only under nearly perfect conditions ; it is no more conspicuous than many other man - made objects . Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina , it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye , even from low orbit , and would require visual acuity of 20 / 3 ( 7.7 times better than normal ) . Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing . He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars , but said that `` it was n't visible to the unaided eye . '' U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s , but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts . Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated : `` At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles ( 160 to 320 km ) high , the Great Wall of China is , indeed , visible to the naked eye . '' Ed Lu , Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station , adds that , `` it 's less visible than a lot of other objects . And you have to know where to look . '' In 2001 , Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11 : `` I do not believe that , at least with my eyes , there would be any man - made object that I could see . I have not yet found somebody who has told me they 've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit ... I 've asked various people , particularly Shuttle guys , that have been many orbits around China in the daytime , and the ones I 've talked to did n't see it . '' In October 2003 , Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China . In response , the European Space Agency ( ESA ) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km ( 100 and 200 mi ) , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye . In an attempt to further clarify things , the ESA published a picture of a part of the `` Great Wall '' photographed from low orbit . However , in a press release a week later , they acknowledged that the `` Great Wall '' in the picture was actually a river . Leroy Chiao , a Chinese - American astronaut , took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall . It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it . Based on the photograph , the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from ' space ' with the naked eye , under favorable viewing conditions , if one knows exactly where to look . However , the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system , and the optics much better , rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye . Gallery `` The First Mound '' -- at Jiayuguan , the western terminus The Great Wall of China at Badaling A portion of the Great Wall of China at Simatai , overlooking the gorge Mutianyu Great Wall , China . This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored The Old Dragon Head , the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan See also Defense of the Great Wall Gates of Alexander Great Wall of China hoax Great Wall Marathon Great Wall of Qi Huangya Pass Jiankou List of World Heritage Sites in China Notes Jump up ^ `` China 's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers '' . Bloomberg . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus ( 2011 ) . The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . St. Martin 's Press of Macmillan Publishers . p. 1131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64302 - 7 . Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E , this wall , built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone , runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC . In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi ( Qin Shi Huang ) , the first emperor of a united China ( under the Qin dynasty ) , connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system . Traditionally , the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass ( Shanhaiguan ) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai ( Gulf of Chihli ) , and the wall 's length -- without its branches and other secondary sections -- was thought to extend for some 6,690 km ( 4,160 mi ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Wall of China ' even longer ' '' . BBC . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . History . April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Baxter , William H. & al. ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction , Version 1.1 '' ( PDF ) . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ See Lovell 2006 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 202 . Tan Daoji 's exact quote : `` So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li ! '' ( 乃 復 壞 汝 萬里 之 長城 ) Note the use of the particle 之 zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name . Jump up ^ Byron R. Winborn ( 1994 ) . Wen Bon : a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China . University of North Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929398 - 77 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Weights and Measures Act ( 1929 ) '' . The Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Beijing : Wuzhou Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 7 - 5085 - 1032 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 651 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1988 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler 2007 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ 歷代 王朝 修 長城 ( in Chinese ) . Chiculture.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 古代 长城 -- 战争 与 和平 的 纽带 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 万里 长城 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burbank , Jane ; Cooper , Frederick ( 2010 ) . Empires in World History : Power and the Politics of Difference . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , Mitchell & Matray 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defense and Cost of The Great Wall -- page 3 '' . Paul and Bernice Noll 's Window on the World . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall ' marooned outside China ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 654 ; Haw 2006 , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Karnow 2008 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Szabó , Dávid & Loczy 2010 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall at Mutianyu '' . Great Wall of China . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Part of the Great Wall of China '' . The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering : A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons . Wesleyan Missionary Society . X : 41 . April 1853 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruysbroek , Willem van ( 1900 ) ( 1255 ) . The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World , 1253 -- 55 , as Narrated by Himself , with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine . Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill . London : The Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , XVIII : `` The Cave '' . English translations hosted at Wikisource include Maulana Muhammad Ali 's , E.H. Palmer 's , and the Progressive Muslims Organization 's . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Barros , João de ( 1777 ) ( 1563 ) . Ásia de João de Barros : Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente . V. Lisbon . 3a Década , pp. 186 -- 204 ( originally Vol. II , Ch . vii ) . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579This section is the report of Góis 's travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 ) , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lindesay 2008 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` Jiaoshan Great Wall '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Shanhaiguan ancient city . It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain , which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass . Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as `` The first mountain of the Great Wall '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall : Liaoning Province '' . Global Times . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found '' . The Guardian . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newly - discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall '' . China Daily . April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( November 30 , 2006 ) . New law to keep China 's Wall looking great . Christian Science Monitor , Asia Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Edward ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` China Fears Loss of Great Wall , Brick by Brick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Doar : The Great Wall of China : Tangible , Intangible and Destructible . China Heritage Newsletter , China Heritage Project , Australian National University Jump up ^ `` China 's Wall becoming less and less Great '' . Reuters . August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang . `` China 's Great Wall covered in cement '' . Jump up ^ The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley ( 1887 ) Vol. 3 , p. 142 . ( 1754 ) . Jump up ^ Norman , Henry , The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , p. 215 . ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall of China , Ripley 's Believe It or Not , 1932 . Jump up ^ Urban Legends.com website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Can you see the Great Wall of China from the moon or outer space ? '' , Answers.com . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Cecil Adams , `` Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space ? '' , The Straight Dope . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Snopes , `` Great wall from space '' , last updated July 21 , 2007 . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? '' , Scientific American , February 21 , 2008 . `` ... the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions . And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point -- desert roads , for example -- appear more prominent from an orbital perspective . '' Jump up ^ `` Metro Tescos '' , The Times ( London ) , April 26 , 2010 . Found at The Times website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : López - Gil 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Great Wall of China '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose ; Dr. Douglas Brinkley ( September 19 , 2001 ) . `` Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript -- Neil Armstrong '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markus , Francis . ( April 19 , 2005 ) . Great Wall visible in space photo . BBC News , Asia - Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . References Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Evans , Thammy ( 2006 ) . Great Wall of China : Beijing & Northern China . Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 84162 - 158 - 7 . Haw , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Marco Polo 's China : a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan . Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34850 - 1 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Karnow , Mooney , Paul and Catherine ( 2008 ) . National Geographic Traveler : Beijing . National Geographic Books . p. 192 . ISBN 1 - 4262 - 0231 - 8 . Lindesay , William ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03149 - 4 . López - Gil , Norberto ( 2008 ) . `` Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Optometry. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.3921 / joptom. 2008.3 . PMC 3972694 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- AD 2000 . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Slavicek , Louise Chipley ; Mitchell , George J. ; Matray , James I. ( 2005 ) . The Great Wall of China . Infobase Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8019 - 6 . Szabó , József ; Dávid , Lóránt ; Loczy , Denes , eds. ( 2010 ) . Anthropogenic Geomorphology : A Guide to Man - made Landforms . Springer . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3057 - 3 . Turnbull , Stephen R ( January 2007 ) . The Great Wall of China 221 BC -- AD 1644 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 004 - 8 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 63 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Wall Myth : Its Origins and Role in Modern China '' . The Yale Journal of Criticism . Johns Hopkins University Press . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 104 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China . Issues 36 -- 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Printed for the Hakluyt society . Further reading Arnold , H.J.P , `` The Great Wall : Is It or Is n't It ? '' Astronomy Now , 1995 . Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) : Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13589 - 2 . Luo , Zewen , et al. and Baker , David , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Great Wall . Maidenhead : McGraw - Hill Book Company ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 070745 - 6 Man , John . ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall . London : Bantam Press . 335 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Michaud , Roland and Sabrina ( photographers ) , & Michel Jan , The Great Wall of China . Abbeville Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0736 - 2 Schafer , Edward H. ( 1985 ) The Golden Peaches of Samarkand . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05462 - 2 . Yamashita , Michael ; Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall -- From Beginning to End . New York : Sterling . 160 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3160 - 0 . External links Find more aboutGreat Wall of Chinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity International Friends of the Great Wall -- organization focused on conservation UNESCO World Heritage Centre profile Enthusiast / scholar website ( in Chinese ) Great Wall of China on In Our Time at the BBC . Photoset of lesser visited areas of the Great Wall Geographic data related to Great Wall of China at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="2"> Great Wall of China <Td_colspan="2"> Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan <Td_colspan="2"> History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in China East Classical Gardens of Suzhou Fujian Tulou Lushan Huangshan Mount Sanqing Mount Tai Wuyi Mountains Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and Kong Family Mansion in Qufu Xidi , and Hongcun West Lake Kulangsu South Central Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains Historic Centre of Macau Shennongjia Kaiping Diaolou and Villages Longmen Grottoes Historic Monuments of Dengfeng , including the Shaolin Monastery and Gaocheng Observatory Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Wulingyuan Yinxu Southwest Chengjiang Fossil Site Dazu Rock Carvings Potala Palace , including the Jokhang and Norbulingka Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Huanglong Jiuzhaigou Old Town of Lijiang Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha Mount Qingcheng and Dujiangyan Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries Three Parallel Rivers North Mount Wutai Chengde Mountain Resort , including Putuo Zongcheng Temple , Xumi Fushou Temple and Puning Temple Forbidden City Zhoukoudian Pingyao Summer Palace Temple of Heaven Xanadu Yungang Grottoes Northeast Koguryo sites Mukden Palace Northwest Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Mogao Caves Xinjiang Tianshan Qinghai Hoh Xil Multiple regions Great Wall China Danxia Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties South China Karst Grand Canal Silk Roads Tusi Sites BNF : cb119610997 ( data ) GND : 4090402 - 7 LCCN : sh85057016 NDL : 00955433 SUDOC : 027607410 VIAF : 242107420 China portal History of Imperial China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=846282869 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Walls World Heritage Sites in China Chinese architectural history Border barriers 7th - century BC establishments in China Fortification lines Qin Shi Huang Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from May 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ 130 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 17 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Great Wall of China
2. Historical northern borders of China
3. Fortification
4. Ming Dynasty
5. Defense against nomadic groups
|
2,998,550,250,453,709,000 |
when does the plane crash happen on grey's
|
Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Flight '' <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episode <Td_colspan="2"> Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=800008425 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 03 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Grey's Anatomy episode "Flight"
2. Aviation accident
3. Death of Lexie Grey
4. Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital
5. Season 8 finale
|
4,133,138,189,482,211,000 |
that's my purse i don't know you episode
|
Bobby goes Nuts - Wikipedia Bobby goes Nuts Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Bobby Goes Nuts '' <Td_colspan="2"> King of the Hill episode <Td_colspan="2"> Bobby kicking Hank in the groin Episode no . Season 6 Episode 1 Directed by Tricia Garcia Written by Norm Hiscock Production code 5ABE24 Original air date November 11 , 2001 <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Kidney Boy and Hamster Girl : A Love Story '' Next → `` Soldier of Misfortune '' <Td_colspan="2"> King of the Hill ( season 6 ) List of King of the Hill episodes `` Bobby Goes Nuts '' is the first episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series King of the Hill . The 105th episode of the series overall , it first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 11 , 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production information 3 Critical reception 4 Ending Credit Quote 5 References Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Connie invites Bobby over to liven up her slumber party . Chane Wassonasong ( Kahn 's ideally perfect boyfriend for Connie ) and his friends crash the party and begin to tease Bobby . Kahn catches the boys in Connie 's bedroom and orders them all to leave . Bobby is forced by Kahn to leave through the window , but due to his favoritism toward Chane , he allows him and his friends to leave through the front door . A bad situation only gets worse for Bobby when he is accosted by Chane and his friends and forced to eat dirt . Once Bobby returns home he tells Hank what happened , expecting that Hank will stand up for him and talk to Chane 's father . However , Hank is not willing to do it this time , instead telling Bobby that he is going to have to learn to fight back and defend himself . In order to do so , Hank comes up with what he believes is the perfect idea and suggests Bobby go to the local YMCA to enroll in a boxing class . Unfortunately for Bobby , when he goes to the Y to sign up for boxing , he finds out the class is full . Bobby asks to be enrolled in something , and is placed into a self - defense class for women because it is the only thing that is open . After some initial reluctance from the instructor , Bobby is allowed to stay in the class and quickly learns and masters the technique taught as self - defense : a hard kick to the testicles , usually preceded by a yell of `` that 's my purse , I do n't know you ! '' Bobby is able to use this the next day at school , where he once again is accosted by Chane . As Chane is trying to make Bobby eat more dirt , Bobby screams out `` let go of my purse '' , which causes Chane to get off of him in confusion . Bobby then uses his kick , which causes Chane to double over in severe pain . This earns Bobby a reputation around Tom Landry Middle School , and he uses it to push the bullies around , including his rival Clark Peters . However , since he is fighting back and defending himself , Hank and Peggy are overlooking these incidents - which is important , because Bobby is not telling his parents how he is winning the fights . Eventually , the Hills are called into the principal 's office for a conference over Bobby 's fighting . Hank is still proud of Bobby , but the principal finally makes Bobby tell his parents about his kicking students in their testicles . Hank and Peggy are horrified to hear that bit of information ( since groin attacks are considered a taboo amongst young men ) , and Hank is even more surprised when he hears where Bobby learned that technique from . Bobby is then suspended from school for a couple of days . Unwilling to give up , Hank decides to teach Bobby how to box on his own . He warns his son that he may have to take a few punches before he gets into a rhythm and then proceeds to try to teach him . However , Bobby is unable to deflect or counter any of his father 's shots , and he takes several shots to the face . Bobby eventually becomes enraged by Hank 's punching and kicks Hank in his testicles , causing him to drop to the ground in severe pain . Hank eventually passes out from the pain , awaking to find Bill standing over him . The paramedics inform Peggy that Hank 's groin area is severely swollen from Bobby 's kick and , due to that , can not `` find '' one of his testicles . With the injury he has suffered , Hank can neither walk straight nor sleep on his stomach , and is largely confined to a chair . He punishes Bobby for his actions , saying that he can not watch television or play video games until further notice . While talking with Connie the next day , Bobby is scolded severely by Kahn for what he did to Chane . However , Kahn is concurrently pleased that Bobby kicked Hank , which causes him to be conflicted . With Hank incapacitated , Kahn suggests to Bobby that he is the man of the house and that he should start going about his normal activities and challenging Hank . Bobby decides to take Kahn up on that offer . Later , at the house , Bobby decides to play his Game Boy in defiance of his punishment . Hank demands that Bobby give it to him , but since Hank can not physically do anything about it , Bobby just continues to play . Hank tries to get out of his chair to confiscate the game , but Peggy jumps into action . She orders Bobby to listen to his father , and after Bobby tells her not to intervene , she takes the Game Boy from him herself . An enraged Bobby tries to take his Game Boy back , but since Peggy is much taller than he is , he can not reach . They wrestle to the ground where Bobby decides again to use his kick to get his way , but it does not work for one obvious reason that Peggy mockingly reminds Bobby of -- as a woman , she has no testicles . Kahn is not convinced , shouting , `` She bluffing , finish her ! '' Peggy then headlocks and noogies Bobby in view of all of the neighbors . Dejected that his power play failed , Bobby asks Hank why he is being smug when he had to have his wife fight for him -- which Bobby feels is worse than kicking below the belt . Hank replies that `` it 's not so fun when someone does n't fight fair , is it ? '' and warns him that he can `` get ( Peggy ) to do that any time I want . '' After sending Bobby inside to wash up , Hank hobbles in behind him . Production information ( edit ) This was the first King of the Hill episode to use Digital ink and paint . For the rest of season 6 and 7 ( with the exceptions of Peggy 's nightmare scene from the season 6 episode `` Are You There God ? It 's Me , Margaret Hill '' and the season 7 episode `` Megalo Dale '' ) , the show went back to traditional ink - and - paint , finally going all - digital in season 8 . Critical reception ( edit ) Pamela Adlon won a Primetime Emmy for `` Outstanding Voice - Over Performance '' for her work in this episode . The episode itself was nominated for an Emmy Award and won an Annie Award for writing . Talmadge Blevins , IGN editorial director for video games , considers it a classic , and that Bobby 's line `` That 's my purse ! I do n't know you ! '' is one of the `` most memorable lines ever uttered on television . '' Ending credit quote ( edit ) Bobby : `` That 's my purse ! I do n't know you ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IMDB Jump up ^ AP via HighBeam Jump up ^ Annie Awards site Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IGN review of Season 6 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) King of the Hill <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Hank Hill Peggy Hill Bobby Hill Cotton Hill Dale Gribble Bill Dauterive Boomhauer John Redcorn Guest stars Episodes `` And They Call It Bobby Love '' `` Wo n't You Pimai Neighbor ? '' `` Bobby Goes Nuts '' `` My Own Private Rodeo '' `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit '' `` Death Picks Cotton '' `` To Sirloin with Love '' Media Home video Soundtrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Goes_Nuts&oldid=826899237 '' Categories : 2001 American television episodes King of the Hill episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 16 : 23 . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Bobby Goes Nuts" - King of the Hill episode
2. Bobby's self-defense class
3. Bobby's reputation as a fighter
4. Hank's injury from Bobby's kick
5. Bobby's power play and its consequences
|
-7,881,833,406,732,587,000 |
how do i get indefinite leave to remain in the uk
|
Indefinite leave to remain - wikipedia Indefinite leave to remain British citizenship and British nationality law Introduction British nationality law History Citizens of the Republic of Ireland in the United Kingdom Classes of British national status and other status British citizens British subjects ( under the British Nationality Act 1981 ) British Overseas Territories citizens British Nationals ( Overseas ) British Overseas citizens British Protected Persons Commonwealth citizens in the United Kingdom See also Right of abode Belonger status ( in certain British Overseas Territories and formerly certain former British Dependent territories ) Acts British Nationality Act 1948 Ireland Act 1949 Immigration Act 1971 British Nationality Act 1981 British Nationality ( Falkland Islands ) Act 1983 British Overseas Territories Act 2002 Indefinite leave to remain ( ILR ) or permanent residency ( PR ) is an immigration status granted to a person who does not hold the right of abode in the United Kingdom ( UK ) , but who has been admitted to the UK without any time limit on his or her stay and who is free to take up employment or study , without restriction . When indefinite leave is granted to persons outside the United Kingdom it is known as indefinite leave to enter ( ILE ) . A person who has indefinite leave to remain , the right of abode or Irish citizenship has settled status if resident in the United Kingdom ( all full British citizens have the right of abode ) . Indefinite leave is not a permanent status . It can lapse where the holder has stayed outside the United Kingdom for a continuous period of more than two years . Settled status is central to British nationality law , as the most usual route to naturalisation or registration as a British citizen requires that the applicant be settled in the UK . Settled status is also important where a child of non-British citizen parents is born in the UK , as unless at least one parent has settled status the child will not automatically be a British citizen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Advantages 1.1 Acquisition of British citizenship 1.2 Children born in the UK 1.3 Public funds 1.4 Home student status 1.5 Right to stand in elections 2 Acquisition of ILR 2.1 No residence 2.2 2 years ' residence 2.3 4 years ' residence 2.4 5 years ' residence 2.5 6 years ' residence 2.6 10 years ' residence 2.7 7 years ' residence 2.8 19 -- 22.5 years ' residence 2.9 30 years ' residence 2.10 Outside the Immigration Rules 3 Costs 4 Citizens of EEA member states 5 Immigration rule changes 5.1 HC 1016 5.2 HC 398 5.3 HC 194 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Advantages ( edit ) Acquisition of British citizenship ( edit ) Main article : British nationality law Holders of ILR may apply for British citizenship if they have held ILR for twelve months or longer , are over 18 and have been living in the United Kingdom for the last five years . There are seven requirements for naturalisation . The applicant : - must be aged 18 or over . must be of sound mind . must intend to continue living in the UK , or to continue in Crown service , the service of an international organisation of which the UK is a member , or the service of a company or association established in the UK . must be able to communicate in English , Welsh or Scottish Gaelic to an acceptable degree . must have sufficient knowledge of life in the UK . must be of good character . must meet the residential requirements . There are several residential requirements . The applicant must : - have been resident in the UK for at least five years ( this is known as the residential qualifying period ) ; and were present in the UK five years before the date of the application ; and not have spent more than 450 days outside the UK during the five - year period ; and not have spent more than 90 days outside the UK in the last 12 months of the five - year period ; and not have been in breach of the Immigration Rules at any stage during the five - year period . See `` Standard Requirements '' , April 2010 . Alternatively , there is a simpler procedure for holders of ILR applying for British citizenship if they are married to a British citizen . The residential requirements for those falling into this category need only hold ILR on the day they apply for British citizenship , but must also : - have been resident in the United Kingdom for at least three years ( this is known as the residential qualifying period ) ; and were present in the United Kingdom three years before the date of the application ; and have not spent more than 270 days outside the United Kingdom during the three - year period ; and have not spent more than 90 days outside the United Kingdom in the last 12 months of the three - year period ; and have not been in breach of the immigration rules at any stage during the three - year period . See `` Spouse or Civil Partner of citizen '' , April 2010 . Other people aged over 18 , who hold another form of British nationality and employees ( and their husband , wife or civil partner ) of the crown , civil service or designated service outside the United Kingdom may instead apply for registration , which is a simpler process than naturalisation . Children born in the UK ( edit ) A child born in the United Kingdom after 1983 to persons who are not British citizens will not automatically be a British citizen . Prior to 1 July 2006 , only a legitimate child ( born to parents who are married to each other ) could automatically derive British citizenship from the father , if the father was a British citizen or `` settled '' in the United Kingdom . However , if the parents are not married when the child is born in the United Kingdom , but then get married , and the marriage legitimates the child , then if the father was a British citizen or `` settled '' in the UK when the child was born , the child would become a British citizen and would be regarded as having been one from the date of marriage . This affects only children where the mother is neither a British citizen nor `` settled '' in the UK . For children born on or after 1 July 2006 , an unmarried father has broadly equivalent rights ( compared with a married father ) to pass on British citizenship to a child . Where a child would be a British citizen but for the fact that the parents are not married , the Home Office will usually register the child as a British citizen under section 3 ( 1 ) of the British Nationality Act provided that the child is still under 18 . If ILR is acquired after the child 's birth , the child will not automatically be a British citizen . However the child can be registered as a British citizen under s1 ( 3 ) of the British Nationality Act 1981 provided application is made before the age of 18 . Alternatively , if the child lives in the UK until age 10 , it will have a lifetime entitlement to registration as a British citizen under s1 ( 4 ) of the Act . Children born in the United Kingdom before 1983 are British citizens regardless of the immigration status of their parents ( unless the father was at the time of the child 's birth a diplomat accredited to the United Kingdom ) . Public funds ( edit ) Unlike people with Limited Leave to Remain ( LTR ) in the UK , ILR holders have access to public funds . `` No recourse to public funds '' is not written in ILR holders ' visas . As a result , they are able to claim job seekers ' allowances and other benefits that are usually available only to British , EU , and EEA citizens . Home student status ( edit ) Main article : Home student ( United Kingdom ) ILR holders pay home student rates ( i.e. the same rate as British , EU , EEA and Swiss citizens ) for study at higher education institutions in the UK . That is , they are not charged as international students , unlike LTR visa holders , if they want to study courses in any UK institutions . Right to stand in elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in the United Kingdom Commonwealth citizens who have ILR and are resident in the UK have the right to vote and stand as candidates in all elections . Acquisition of ILR ( edit ) ILR can be acquired in a number of ways . No residence ( edit ) A child ( including an adopted child ) aged under 18 who holds leave to enter or remain with a view to settlement with a parent , parents or a relative who is a settled person and resident in the UK can apply for ILR using Form SET ( F ) . A parent , grandparent or other dependant relative aged 18 or over of a person who is a settled person and resident in the UK can apply for ILR using Form SET ( F ) . People satisfying all of the below criteria can apply for ILR using Form SET ( DV ) : were given permission to come to the UK for up to 27 months or to extend his / her stay for two years as the husband , wife , civil partner , unmarried partner or same - sex partner of a permanent resident ( even if that permission is no longer valid ) were still in that relationship at the time they came to the UK or extended their stay as their husband , wife , civil partner , unmarried partner or same - sex partner can produce evidence that the relationship has broken down permanently since then as a result of domestic violence . 2 years ' residence ( edit ) A person who has lived in the UK for 2 years with temporary permission to remain in the UK as the husband , wife , civil partner or unmarried / same - sex partner of a British citizen or a settled person and who intends to continue living together ( and are still married or in a civil partnership , if applicable ) can apply for ILR using Form SET ( M ) , as long as he / she arrived in the UK or applied for permission to stay in the UK on or before 8 July 2012 . Note that a person living in the UK as the husband , wife , civil partner or unmarried / same - sex partner of a British citizen or a settled person who either arrives in the UK or applies for permission to stay in the UK on or after 9 July 2012 must live in the UK for 5 years ( and not 2 years ) to obtain ILR ( see below ) . 4 years ' residence ( edit ) A person who has lived in the UK for 4 years with a visa issued before 3 April 2006 under the Highly Skilled Migrant Programme ( HSMP ) and Employment Not Requiring Work Permit can apply for ILR using Form SET ( O ) . A commonwealth citizen who has served in the British Armed Forces for a minimum of four years : after leaving the Army can apply for ILR using Form SET ( AF ) . 5 years ' residence ( edit ) A person who has lived in the UK for 5 years with a visa issued in one of the following categories can apply for ILR using Form SET ( O ) : Tier 1 or Tier 2 of the points - based system ( excluding the Post-study work category of Tier 1 ) work permit businessperson innovator investor representative of an overseas newspaper , news agency or broadcasting organisation private servant in a diplomatic household domestic worker in a private household overseas government employee minister of religion , missionary or member of a religious order airport - based operational staff of an overseas - owned airline self - employed lawyer writer , composer or artist UK ancestry highly skilled migrant under the Highly Skilled Migrant Programme ( HSMP ) A person who has lived in the UK for 5 years with a visa issued in one of the following categories can apply for ILR using Form SET ( BUS ) : retired person of independent means sole representative of an overseas firm . A person who has been granted humanitarian protection since 30 August 2005 and whose current 5 - year permission to stay is due to expire can apply for ILR using Form SET ( Protection Route ) . A person who has lived in the UK for 5 years under the Gateway Protection Programme can apply for ILR using Form HPDL . A person who has lived in the UK for 5 years with temporary permission to remain in the UK as the husband , wife , civil partner or unmarried / same - sex partner of a British citizen or a settled person and who intends to continue living together ( and are still married or in a civil partnership , if applicable ) can apply for ILR , as long as he / she arrived in the UK or applied for permission to stay in the UK on or after 9 July 2012 . For those who arrived in the UK or applied for permission to stay in the UK on or before 8 July 2012 , a 2 - year period of residence ( instead of 5 years ) applies ( see above ) . 6 years ' residence ( edit ) A person who has lived in the UK for 6 years with Discretionary Leave can apply for ILR using SET ( O ) . Form HPDL was used as an alternative depending on circumstance but this practice has now ceased . 10 years ' residence ( edit ) A person who has lived in the UK for 10 years continuously can apply for ILR on the ground of ' long residence ' using Form SET ( LR ) as long as all time spent in the UK during the 10 years has been lawful , and he / she has not left the UK for more than 540 calendar days in total ( 18 months ) , or more than 180 calendar days ( 6 months ) at one time . In ' compelling or compassionate circumstances ' , the Home Office can exercise discretion over any excess absences over the threshold . If the person has gaps in lawful residence during the 10 - year period , ILR can still be granted as long as each gap did not exceed 28 days and ended before 24 November 2016 , or in ' exceptional circumstances ' where the gap exceeded 28 days , or where there was a ' good reason beyond the control of the applicant or their representative ' if the gap did not exceed 14 days and ended on or after 24 November 2016 . 7 years ' residence ( edit ) A person aged under 18 who has lived in the UK for 7 years continuously ( lawfully or unlawfully , but discounting any period of imprisonment ) can apply for leave to remain on the grounds of private life using Form FLR ( FP ) if it would not be reasonable to expect the applicant to leave the UK . During the 7 - year period of continuous residence , the person must not have left the UK for more than 540 calendar days in total ( 18 months ) , or more than 180 calendar days ( 6 months ) at one time . After living in the UK for 10 years continuously ( holding leave to remain on the grounds of private life during this period ) , he / she can apply for ILR . 19 -- 22.5 years ' residence ( edit ) A person aged between 18 and 25 who has lived in the UK for at least half of his / her life ( lawfully or unlawfully , but discounting any period of imprisonment ) can apply for leave to remain on the grounds of private life using Form FLR ( FP ) . During the period of continuous residence , the person must not have not left the UK for more than 540 calendar days in total ( 18 months ) , or more than 180 calendar days ( 6 months ) at one time . After living in the UK for 10 years continuously ( holding leave to remain on the grounds of private life during this period ) , he / she can apply for ILR . 30 years ' residence ( edit ) A person who has lived in the UK for 20 years continuously ( lawfully or unlawfully , but discounting any period of imprisonment ) can apply for leave to remain on the grounds of private life using Form FLR ( FP ) . During the 20 - year period of continuous residence , the person must not have not left the UK for more than 540 calendar days in total ( 18 months ) , or more than 180 calendar days ( 6 months ) at one time . After living in the UK for a further 10 years continuously ( holding leave to remain on the grounds of private life during this period ) , he / she can apply for ILR . Alternatively , a person who has lived in the UK for less than 20 years continuously ( lawfully or unlawfully , but discounting any period of imprisonment ) , but faces very significant obstacles to integrating into the country to which he / she would have to go if required to leave the UK , can apply for leave to remain on the grounds of private life using Form FLR ( FP ) . During the period of continuous residence , the person must not have not left the UK for more than 540 calendar days in total ( 18 months ) , or more than 180 calendar days ( 6 months ) at one time . After living in the UK for a further 10 years continuously ( holding leave to remain on the grounds of private life during this period ) , he / she can apply for ILR . Outside the Immigration Rules ( edit ) UK Visas and Immigration has discretion to grant ILR outside the Immigration Rules either where someone qualifies under one of the immigration policy concessions or for reasons that are particularly compelling in circumstance and it is almost certain that there will be no change in circumstances within five years . Costs ( edit ) Prior to 2003 , Indefinite Leave to Remain in the UK was free . However , since 2003 , fees have been introduced and have risen each year in April . ILR Fees were introduced at £ 155 in 2003 . Following record immigration in 2004 -- 05 , mainly from Eastern Europe , for the main applicant the fee was raised in 2005 to £ 335 , in 2007 to £ 750 , and in 2009 to £ 820 . In 2009 the Government introduced a £ 70m Migrants Impact Fund . Economic migrants and students coming to the UK from outside the EU are charged a £ 50.00 levy in addition to their normal visa application fee . The fund is used to support the communities in which they live . A fee was also introduced for dependent applicants , at £ 50.00 each . In 2009 Premium Applications with an in - person appointment at a regional office were introduced at a cost to the applicant of £ 1020 . In 2010 / 11 the application fee was raised to £ 840 ( £ 1095 premium ) including the Migrants Impact Levy . The dependents fee was also increased to £ 129.00 each . In August 2010 , the new government scrapped the Migrants Impact Fund . However , the levy is still charged ; the extra income `` will now contribute to the cost of the visa and will mitigate increases that the Government would otherwise have had to make . '' On 6 April 2011 , the application fee was raised to £ 972 ( £ 1,350 premium ) including the Migrants Impact Levy . The dependents fee was also increased to £ 486 ( £ 675 premium ) each . From 6 April 2012 , the application fee was raised to £ 991 ( £ 1,377 premium ) including the Migrants Impact Levy . The dependents fee was also increased to £ 496 ( £ 689 premium ) each . From 6 April 2015 , the application fee was raised to £ 1,500 ( £ 1,900 premium ) . From 6 April 2016 , the application fee was raised to £ 1,875 ( £ 2,375 premium ) per person ( dependants also pay the same fees ) . From 6 April 2017 , the application fee was raised to £ 2,297 ( £ 2,848 premium ) per person ( dependants also pay the same fees ) . From 6 April 2018 , the application fee was raised slightly to £ 2,389 ( £ 2,999 premium ) per person ( dependants also pay the same fees ) . Citizens of EEA member states ( edit ) Citizens of countries in the European Economic Area ( other than British and Irish citizens ) and Swiss citizens obtain permanent residence status automatically after five years ' residence in the United Kingdom exercising Treaty rights rather than ILR . The rights of EEA citizens are not governed by UK Immigration Regulations but rather the EEA Regulations . Under the law as it existed between 2 October 2000 and 29 April 2006 , a citizen of an EEA state or Switzerland could be granted permanent residence on application after four years ' residence in the United Kingdom exercising Treaty rights ( five years from 3 April 2006 ) . Prior to 2 October 2000 , citizens of EEA states were deemed to be permanent residents immediately upon taking up residence in the UK to exercise Treaty rights . The change in the law in 2000 was retroactive . Hence , for example , a French citizen who arrived to work in the UK on 1 July 1986 would have been treated as a permanent resident between that date and 1 October 2000 . From 2 October 2000 , the status would revert to that of a temporary resident if an application for ILR was not made . On 30 April 2006 , with five years ' residence exercising Treaty rights accrued , that person regained permanent resident status . Immigration rule changes ( edit ) Hc 1016 ( edit ) With effect from 3 April 2006 , the period of time required to obtain Indefinite Leave to Remain increases to five years . These changes were debated in House of Commons Standing Committee on 20 June 2006 . All Labour MPs voted for preserving the retroactive aspect of the changes , while all other MPs voted that the Government should bring in transitional arrangements to allow those already in the UK before the rule change to qualify under the previous four - year rule . These changes were protested in demonstrations and rallies in London on 16 June and 23 July 2006 . The changes were retroactive in the sense that people on a four - year visas must apply for a one - year extension before they can apply for ILR , but they did not affect people who had already been granted ILR after four years . Hc 398 ( edit ) As from 2 April 2007 , a new condition has been added that `` the applicant has sufficient knowledge of the English language and sufficient knowledge about life in the United Kingdom , unless he is under the age of 18 or aged 65 or over at the time he makes his application . '' There are two ways the applicant can meet this condition : by passing a test called the `` Life in the UK Test '' . The test is taken on a computer at one of the 100 or so Life in the UK Test centres in the UK . It consists of 24 questions based on the information contained in the handbook `` Life in the United Kingdom : A Journey to Citizenship '' ( 2nd Edition ) and requires a language ability the equivalent of ESOL Entry 3 . by attending an English for Speakers of Other Languages ( ESOL ) course which includes citizenship materials , and progressing from one ESOL level to the next . It is stated that on average students require between 200 and 450 hours of tuition for each ESOL level . Hc 194 ( edit ) On 9 July 2012 , the 14 - year rule ( paragraph 276B ( i ) ( b ) ) ( which provided a route to settlement on the grounds of long residence , lawful or unlawful ) was withdrawn . Instead , the new Immigration Rules provided that at least 20 years ' continuous residence , lawful or unlawful , would , subject to criminality and other criteria , normally be necessary to establish a claim to remain in the UK on the basis of the Article 8 right to respect for private life . ( The 10 - year rule ( paragraph 276B ( i ) ( a ) ) , which provides a route to settlement on the grounds of continuous lawful residence in the UK of at least 10 years , was unaffected and remains in place ) . ILR may also be curtailed by the Home Secretary for reasons of national security or if the holder of the ILR commits an offence that could lead to their deportation from the United Kingdom . A person may also lose ILR by leaving the United Kingdom for more than two years . However , in some circumstances , such a person may reapply for indefinite leave to enter the UK . British Overseas citizens , British subjects and British protected persons do not lose ILR no matter how long they stay outside the UK . See also ( edit ) British nationality law Leave to enter Life in the UK test Permanent residency Right of abode UK Ancestry Entry Clearance Long - term resident ( European Union ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Art . 13 ( 4 ) ( a ) , UK Parliament . The Immigration ( Leave to Enter and Remain ) Order 2000 as made , from legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Electoral Administration Act 2006 , Section 18 Jump up ^ `` Apply to settle in the UK - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Immigration Rules part 7 : other categories - Immigration Rules - Guidance - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Apply to settle in the UK : long residence : Eligibility - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Home Office : Long residence ( Version 15.0 ) '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Immigration Rules - Guidance - GOV.UK '' . www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Home Office Immigration Directorate Instruction ( Family Migration : Appendix FM Section 1.0 b ) , Section 8 ( pp. 39 - 46 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 01 : general provisions ( immigration directorate instructions ) - GOV.UK '' ( PDF ) . www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Immigration ( Leave to Remain ) ( Fees ) Regulations 2003 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - Rate of immigration ' set to rise ' '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Westminster , Department of the Official Report ( Hansard ) , House of Commons , . `` House of Commons Standing Committee '' . www.publications.parliament.uk . Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/britishcitizenship/feesfrom060410.pdf Jump up ^ Wintour , Patrick ( 6 August 2010 ) . `` Fund to ease impact of immigration scrapped by stealth '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Westminster , Department of the Official Report ( Hansard ) , House of Lords , . `` Lords Hansard text for 17 Nov 201017 Nov 2010 ( pt 0001 ) '' . www.publications.parliament.uk . Jump up ^ `` Visa fees - GOV.UK '' ( PDF ) . www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/aboutus/fees-table-spring-2012.pdf Jump up ^ `` Apply to settle in the UK - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/607212/Fees_table_April_2017.pdf Jump up ^ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/697987/Gov_uk_fees_revision_2018.pdf Jump up ^ `` European nationals and schemes ( entry clearance guidance ) - GOV.UK '' . www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Rules - Guidance - GOV.UK '' . www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC194 , June 2012 - GOV.UK '' ( PDF ) . www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk . External links ( edit ) UK Border Agency - Applying for settlement in the United Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> hide British nationality law Nationality Principal British citizen British Overseas Territories citizen British Overseas citizen British National ( Overseas ) Other British subject Commonwealth citizen British protected person Belonger status EU citizen Legislation Current British Nationality Act 1981 British Overseas Territories Act 2002 Immigration , Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 Previous Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 British Nationality Act 1948 Ireland Act 1949 Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 and 1968 Immigration Act 1971 British Nationality ( Falkland Islands ) Act 1983 General British Nationality Act History British Nationality Selection Scheme Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland British nationality law and Hong Kong Immigration Immigration Act 1971 Indefinite leave to remain Right of Abode ( United Kingdom ) Common Travel Area History of UK immigration control Home Office hostile environment policy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indefinite_leave_to_remain&oldid=849925707 '' Categories : Human migration Immigration to the United Kingdom International travel documents Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 10 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Indefinite leave to remain
2. British citizenship
3. British nationality law
4. Residence requirements
5. Immigration rules
|
3,032,321,176,752,011,000 |
who plays nikkis mom on switched at birth
|
List of switched at birth characters - wikipedia List of switched at birth characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Switched at Birth is an American television drama series centering on Bay Kennish and Daphne Vasquez , who at the age of 15 learn that they were switched at birth . The wealthy Kennish family must struggle with the fact that their biological daughter is deaf from having meningitis as a child and must accept the character of working - class , recovering alcoholic Regina Vasquez , Daphne 's single `` mother . '' Bay and Daphne attempt to find out how their lives would have been if they had n't been switched . The one - hour - long series premiered on June 6 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Bay Kennish 1.2 Daphne Vasquez 1.3 Regina Vasquez 1.4 John Kennish 1.5 Kathryn Kennish 1.6 Toby Kennish 1.7 Emmett Bledsoe 1.8 Angelo Sorrento 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Miles `` Tank '' Conroy 2.2 Melody Bledsoe 2.3 Travis Barnes 2.4 Mary Beth Tucker 2.5 Adriana Vasquez 2.6 Simone Sinclair 2.7 Ty Mendoza 2.8 Liam Lupo 2.9 James `` Wilkie '' Wilkerson 2.10 Lana 2.11 Natalie Pierce 2.12 Jace 2.13 Nikki 2.14 Cameron Bledsoe 2.15 Campbell Bingman 2.16 Garrett 3 Other characters 3.1 Craig Tebbe 3.2 Patrick 3.3 Amanda Burke 3.4 Olivia 3.5 Noah 3.6 Zarra 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Bay Kennish ( edit ) Played by Vanessa Marano , Bay Madeline Kennish - Vasquez ( born Daphne Paloma Vasquez ) is the rebellious legal daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish ; and biological daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento . Bay is often bratty , which tends to lead to most of the conflicts within the series , especially with her boyfriends and Daphne . She is shown to be a talented graffiti artist . In the pilot episode , Bay , upon learning that she does not share the same blood type as either of her parents , visits a geneticist with her parents . It is then that they are informed that there was a mix up with two babies at the hospital , and that John and Kathryn are not her biological parents . The discovery of the switch leads Bay to question her entire upbringing , resulting in her breaking up with her boyfriend , Liam and getting arrested for attempting to buy beer with a fake ID . She becomes attracted to Ty , who is an old friend of Daphne , and briefly dates him in the first season before he leaves for the army . They continue their relationship in the second season when he returns . The relationship ends again when Ty pretends to have cheated on Bay then soon after leaves for the army again . Upon being caught sneaking around with Ty , her parents invite him around for dinner , during which , Ty accidentally lets slip that he has enlisted in the army . On his last night in town , the two almost sleep together , but Bay refuses and departs in tears . Curious about her biological father , Bay sets out to search for him with help from Emmett . They are eventually reunited . She grows closer with her biological mother and father , even moving in with the two of them at one point . Bay is the first to find out that Angelo got another woman pregnant and now has another daughter as a result of a one - night stand . After Ty 's departure , Bay begins a relationship with Daphne 's deaf best friend , Emmett , after he assists her in her search for Angelo . The two have a turbulent relationship due to their differences , but remain together , even after experiencing a number of setbacks including Bay 's past relationship with Ty , Emmett 's disapproving mother and the language barrier between them . Toward the end of the first season , Bay breaks up with Emmett after she finds out at prom that he slept with Simone her old friend . Following her break up with Emmett , Bay comes home from her summer trip with a new boyfriend . However , things do not last long between them after it becomes clear that Bay is still not over Emmett . Her feelings become more complicated when she sees a mural Emmett painted depicting their relationship , leading to her breaking it off with Alex . After her initial break up with Emmett , Bay finds that she is immersing herself more and more in her street art , resulting in an unlikely friendship with a fellow artist by the name of Zarra . This friendship causes Bay to rebel against John and Kathryn to the point of her almost running away with Zarra to Mexico . She is stopped before leaving and brought home by Emmett and John . In the second season , Bay meets Noah , a fellow hearing student at Carlton . A short romance ensues , but Bay breaks up with Noah when she realizes that he has feelings for Daphne . Ty returns in the second half of season two , resulting in their resuming their relationship . Bay expresses concern for Ty 's mental well being following his time serving in Afghanistan . The two eventually reconnect , sleeping together for the first time . Bay lose her virginity to Ty . However , in the season two finale , Ty , about to be recalled to the army , lies to Bay about sleeping with someone else after she finds girl 's underwear on his bedroom floor , in an effort to save her from further hurt . In season three , Ty is shown to not be responding to any of Bay 's efforts to contact him . However , when he finally does message her , Bay , determined to move on , deletes the message without responding . Bay eventually discovers Ty 's lie , but remains adamant to move on with her life . In the second - season finale , upon learning that Ty had cheated on her , Bay turns to Emmett for comfort and support . In the third season , Emmett asks Bay 's help on an astronomy project , where it is revealed that he is dating a new girl , Mandy , whom he met online . Despite responding to Bay 's kiss , Emmett soon pulls away . He confesses to Bay that the reason they can not be together is because she can not let go of the past and forgive him for sleeping with Simone . Bay , however , apologizes and promises not to bring it up again , leaving some hope for the future . In the third - season premiere , Bay starts her senior year and her first day at a new college art class . She makes a new friend named Tank . During a class assignment in which they have to draw a partner , Bay , in search of Tank , finds herself going to a frat party . In an effort to forget about Ty , she winds up heavily intoxicated . In her drunk state , she and Tank have a heart to heart regarding her broken heart and about why Ty cheated on her . Later on , Toby and Daphne pick up Bay from the party . After noticing the hockey sticks in the back seat , Toby informs Bay that she will be joining the Carlton field hockey team . Bay begins dating frat boy and college football player , Tank , in the episode ' The Scream ' , despite having only having thought of him as a friend in the past . After Mary - Beth reveals to Bay that Ty had lied to her about cheating , she begins to question her relationship with Tank . Tank becomes even more irritated when he learns that Bay turned to Emmett for advice before consulting him . Things later take a turn for the worse when Bay accidentally reveals that Tank was the one who blew the whistle on a frat event , leading him to be blackballed from the fraternity . Later in the season , Bay faces a number of challenges . She injures her hand at a party and is later revealed to have snapped a tendon in her hand . This leaves her unable to paint or sign during her months of recovery . As a result , she is moody and takes it out on everyone in her family . In the spring finale , Bay researches online after having suspicions about Emmett 's new girlfriend , Mandy . Despite her warnings , Emmett chooses to meet with her anyway . Mandy is shown to be nothing more than a fake profile designed to set up by Matthew , a classmate wanting to get back at Emmett . Emmett is subsequently beaten up . Realizing this , Bay rushes to find Emmett . After a heartfelt conversation , Bay and Emmett finally admit that they still love each other before sharing a kiss and proceeding to sleep together , resulting in Bay cheating on Tank , and later breaking up with him to return to Emmett . Later , Bay experiences the loss of Angelo , her biological father and expresses regret that she did not spend more time with him . After Angelo 's cause of death is discovered , it is feared that she may share the same biological trait that lead to Angelo 's brain aneurysm . Ending season 3 , and starting season 4 , Bay is on probation after taking the fall for Daphne when she vandalized her mom 's ( Regina Vasquez ) worksite out of anger . Due to this , Bay and Emmett 's plan to move to L.A. has been postponed . While Emmett leaves for L.A. Bay starts her community service . However , after giving a convicted criminal on probation a sandwich that had heroin in it , she is given another 100 days and house arrest . During season 4 , Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together , with Bay unable to remember many events of the evening . This causes problems for her relationship with Emmett. in the end , this causes them to break up . In the season 4 episode `` Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows '' Bay tries to get over Emmett by moving on . Bay sees a guy walking with Travis walk past her at work and finds him attractive . She keeps her eye on him so she goes to their table and takes their order and they introduce each other . Garrett asks Bay if she was deaf , and she responds no but that her sister Daphne is deaf . Bay acknowledges that she knows how to sign really well . Bay asks Travis about Garret . Bay meets Daphne after work to find a new outfit ; Daphne asks for what . Bay tells her she met a guy and her plan is to ask him out with that top that she is going to wear . Daphne asks who he is because he is a few years older . When Daphne learns it 's Garrett , she says that he is a player and Bay said she can roll with that . Bay tells Daphne its time for her to move on . She asks him on a date . Bay gets a call to have her own gallery , only to find out that Travis paid for everything and asked the people who actually own the gallery to pretend for her . Travis admits that he loves her and kisses her outside the gallery . She ends up going to China with Daphne for the summer but months later she gets a call that brings her back home . Travis later follows her to China where they start dating . They live together in China for a year before moving back home . When they get home , Bay and Daphne move in together but Travis and Bay still date . Bay becomes a tattoo artist . In the finale , Bay and Emmett remain friends but nothing more . Travis asks Bay to move to Japan with him where he got a job as a professional baseball player but she decides to stay home because she is just starting a new career but that she knows they will survive a long distance relationship and that she loves him . Daphne Vasquez ( edit ) Played by Katie Leclerc , Daphne Paloma Vasquez - Kennish ( born Bay Madeline Kennish ) is the legal daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento and biological daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish . Daphne lost her hearing at a young age due to a bad case of meningitis . It is mentioned in the episode `` Portrait of My Father '' that Daphne 's father abandoned her and Regina when she was little . It is later revealed that Angelo left upon learning that Daphne was not his biological daughter . She was raised by Regina , a single mother , with help from Regina 's mother Adriana . In the pilot episode , Daphne and her mother learn of the switch and move into the Kennishes ' guest house after experiencing financial difficulty . Daphne , like her biological father , shows a strong interest in athletics and sports throughout the series . She is also shown to be a vegetarian . At age eight , Daphne became best friends with future classmate Emmett Bledsoe after he defended her from school yard bullies ... Daphne has many love interests throughout the series , including Bay 's ex-boyfriend Liam Lupo ( with whom she breaks up with on Bay 's request ) , Toby 's friend Wilke , former employer Jeff Reycraft , Travis , Jace , Jorge , Campbell and her current love interest , Mingo . In the second season , after learning that her high school is being faced with closure , Daphne organizes a rally and succeeds in keeping Carlton 's doors open . Later , Daphne 's relationship with her mother struggles after Regina reveals her preference to live with Bay , over her . Frustrated at her mother 's decision to live with Bay and Angelo , Daphne jumps into a relationship with Jace , a guy who works in John 's office . Together , they get caught up in the blackmailing of a United States Senator , ending the Senator 's career and marriage . After breaking up with Jace , Daphne finds herself charged with blackmail and facing potential jail time . In the opening of the third season , it is shown that Daphne escaped prison , instead being ordered to serve out her time at a local free clinic . At the clinic , she befriends Campbell , a wheelchair - bound pre-med student paralyzed from a snowboarding accident . She also runs into trouble at school , facing conflict with a new - hearing girl named Sharee , who was taken on as part of Carlton 's bid to stay open by opening its doors to hearing kids . After taking up field hockey to impress John ( with whom she feels she has grown apart since being charged with blackmail ) , Daphne befriends Sharee . There is tension between the two at first , but after bonding over field hockey the two become friends . After finding out that Sharee 's mother is severely mentally ill , they conspire to bring her into the clinic to be diagnosed under the pretense of Sharee getting a flu shot . After the psychologist is late to arrive , Sharee 's mother lashes out , stabbing Daphne 's boss with a pair of scissors . Daphne successfully saves Doctor Jay , leading her to consider a career in medicine . While working at the clinic , Daphne finds herself the focus of the attentions of Campbell and her supervisor Jorge . After talking to Bay , Daphne decides not to act on her feelings for Campbell as he already has a girlfriend . She instead , accepts a date with Jorge , which turns awry when she faces criticism from his sister over her blackmailing of Senator Coto . After walking out of her date , she meets Campbell to shoot hoops , where he confesses his feelings for her , in spite of him being involved with someone else . Daphne , although admitting that she likes him , rebuffs his advances . Later , Daphne is seen kissing Jorge by Campbell , who then informs her that he has broken up with his girlfriend for her , leaving Daphne conflicted . Daphne , upon learning it is Campbell 's 21st birthday , decides to throw him a surprise party . Upon seeing how much attention Daphne pays Campbell , Jorge ends their relationship , causing tension in their working relationship . After much deliberation , Daphne finally decides it is Campbell she wants to be with . Despite initial tension , the two finally get together . However , after Daphne is offered a paid position in the Clinic , her relationship with Campbell starts to deteriorate . He is jealous over the fact that he has been in the Clinic longer , but he was never offered a paid position . After following through with Daphne 's suggestion to ask Dr. J for a paid position , Campbell obtains a paid position . However , this position is in another clinic on the other side of town , so Campbell tells Daphne that they might not be seeing each other often . Throughout season 3 , the relationship between Angelo and Daphne improved as father and daughter , significantly after Daphne asked him to learn sign language as to be able to communicate to each other more effectively . Due to Regina 's project at East Riverside , Daphne and Angelo became increasingly worried for her safety . One night , after learning to shoot using a gun by Wes , Regina almost shot Daphne when she heard some noises at her store . That resulted in a heated argument between Angelo and Regina at the store . Angelo left the store full of anger and drove off . Then , Angelo swirled off the road , ending up in the hospital . The next day , Daphne was to retake her SAT examination to improve her score to get into a better medical school . She was unable to focus and left before she finished her exam as Angelo 's condition was deteriorating . Unfortunately , Angelo was pronounced brain dead . The family decided to pull the plug on his life support after reading his will stating that if he were to be in a vegetative state , he wished to be let off life support . After learning that Angelo suffered a brain aneurysm while driving which may have occurred due to stress and anger , Daphne blamed Regina for his death . Currently Daphne is studying to become a doctor at UMKC . In the episode `` Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows '' Daphne Introduce Mingo to John and Kathryn . His full name is Greg Shimingo , and John and Kathryn are in shock to find out that Greg 's dad is Larry Shimingo . Mingo starts learning ASL to communicate with Daphne better and it increases their close bond but after Daphne kisses another guy in Mexico things start to spiral downwards and they end up breaking up so Daphne can go to China . After living in China for a year with Bay and Travis they come home . Once home Daphne returns to school to find out that Mingo is now in a relationship . Daphne struggles a bit in school and thinks about quitting trying to be a Doctor as she know that being deaf will make it extra hard but after talking with family and friends she decides that she will still try to be a Doctor . In the end Daphne and Mingo get back together . Regina Vasquez ( edit ) Played by Constance Marie , Regina Lourdes Vasquez is the legal mother of Daphne Vasquez and the biological mother of Bay Kennish . Before moving into the Kennishes ' guest house , she , Daphne , and her mother Adriana lived in fictional working - class neighborhood East Riverside , Missouri , where she worked as a hair stylist . Prior to the beginning of the series , Regina had been raising Daphne as a single mother . Daphne 's legal father , Angelo , abandoned their family after finding out that Daphne was not his daughter . After Angelo 's leaving , Regina had Daphne tested again , only for the tests to reveal that Daphne was not her biological daughter either . In spite of this revelation , Regina chooses to keep the information to herself for fear of Daphne being taken away from her . This fact comes to light when photos of Bay are discovered , Regina having had a Private Investigator keep tabs on her biological daughter throughout the years . After running into financial troubles , Regina and her family move into the Kennish 's guest house so that the two families might get to know each other better . She is also shown to be a talented artist , indicating that Bay inherited her skills as an artist from her biological mother . At first , there is tension between Regina and Kathryn and John , particularly regarding the way in which their daughters are raised . Despite these personality clashes , Regina and Kathryn become close friends . Regina later assists Kathryn in writing her book . John and Regina are even seen to get along , despite John 's longstanding resentment toward Regina over her keeping quiet about Daphne 's true parentage . Regina 's best friend is Melody Bledsoe , the mother of Daphne 's best friend Emmett . Throughout the first season , Regina enters into a short - lived casual relationship with Bruce , the ex-husband of Kathryn 's friend and Patrick , an art gallery owner . Angelo , Bay 's father , reenters her life after reading an article about the switch , wanting to get to know Bay . He indicates to Regina that he wishes for them to get back together , but she refuses . Later , Angelo flees the Kennish household and it is revealed that he is under threat of being deported for an outstanding warrant for arrest in Italy . When he first returns , Regina wants nothing to do with him , but eventually she relents , even marrying him in order for him to avoid deportation . Her relationship with Patrick is effectively ended by this marriage . She later gets half of Angelo 's money as a result of the marriage . In `` The Awakening Conscience '' , Angelo tells Regina that he got a woman named Lana pregnant , and upset , Regina walks out . Even though it happened before they married , Regina goes to tell Kathryn and tries to figure out how to tell Bay . Later however , when she 's having lunch with Bay , she finds out Bay already knows and that Bay had gotten into a quarrel with him about it . Regina then realizes that Angelo told her about the pregnancy simply because he was afraid Bay might tell her first . Later , however , Lana decides to give the child up for adoption . In the second season , Regina finds out that she can no longer cut hair or sign anymore , due to a medical problem with her wrists . She gets a new job , but is fired after the first day , because she oversleeps due to being drunk from a celebratory glass of Champagne . After this , and through the influence of Zane , a friend from her past , she starts drinking again . Bay , after finding out about Regina 's drinking , confronts her about it and the two get into fight . Regina realize what she said to Bay she later apologize and asks her to forgive her and keep it a secret with the promise of returning to AA . Daphne later discovers her mother 's alcohol problem when she finds her passed out on the sofa , smelling of alcohol . This further strains their relationship , which had already been suffering due to Regina 's inability to sign . In `` Introducing the Miracle '' , Regina 's drinking is discovered on all sides and she 's sent to rehab . Regina returns early from rehab , only to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family . Feeling left out , she decides to move in with Angelo . Hours later , Bay also moves with Angelo , leading to her and Regina developing a stronger mother - daughter bond , and form a strong mother - daughter relationship . Daphne and Regina begin to grow apart , culminating in Regina confessing to Daphne that she finds easier to live with Bay . However the two eventually patch things up and move back in together . Regina later supports Daphne when she is charged with blackmail . Angelo and Regina eventually reevaluate their relationship , deciding to get back together . However , Regina insists that they do n't move in together until after Bay and Daphne graduate from high school and leave for college . Regina eventually gets a second chance at the job that she was fired from and begins to enjoy her work . However , in the third season premiere , her boss announces that she is selling the business and Regina will lose her job . After getting advice from Bay , Regina decides to open her own business as an interior decorator with Angelo as chief investor . She is later hired by a property developer named Wes and her business begins to expand , unfortunately she finds out that Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . As a result of this , the community retaliates and a brick is thrown through the window of Regina 's store . After she begins carrying a gun in order to defend herself , Regina accidentally pulls the gun on Daphne after she enters Regina 's store unannounced . This causes Angelo and Regina to get into a big fight during which Angelo storms off . He is later shown to have suffered a brain aneurysm and died . As a result of this fight , Daphne blames her mother for Angelo 's sudden death . John Kennish ( edit ) Played by D.W. Moffett , John is the biological father of Toby Kennish and Daphne Vasquez , and the adopted father of Bay Kennish . He used to play professional baseball , and he and Daphne share a love for athletics . John later becomes friends with Daphne 's basketball coach , Melody Bledsoe . Toward the end of the first season , John announces his intention to run for office . John 's relationship with his children , although close , is often strained . He and Bay clash repeatedly over her choices regarding her street art , particularly after his car wash gets tagged by graffiti artists . John and Toby find themselves at odds when Toby reveals his decision to get married , despite only being nineteen . His relationship with Daphne comes under strain when he finds out that she was charged with blackmailing a United States Senator . Despite this , John remains a dedicated father to all three of his children and husband to Kathryn . Throughout the first two seasons , John frequently finds himself at loggerheads with Regina . The two strong personalities often clash over how to raise their children . For example , they run into conflict when John attempts to buy Daphne a car for her sixteenth birthday , much to Regina 's disapproval . Their biggest argument , however , comes after John revealing his longstanding resentment toward Regina from keeping Daphne from him for thirteen years . The strain of the fight causes John to have a heart attack , Regina in effect , saving his life . While in an altered state , John has a dream in which he sees how different and dark their lives would have been had Regina told the hospital of the switch after learning about it . In the dream , Regina has lost her life due to alcoholism and the girls did not get along . John see now how the switch was better for everyone . He comes to appreciate Regina and her place in their lives . The third season sees John and Kathryn run into marriage troubles . A confused John struggles to understand the plight of an unhappy Kathryn , who is beginning to feel a little lost . Eventually , the situation becomes so desperate that John , in a drunken haze , kisses Nikki 's mother Jennyne , for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house . In turn , John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friend 's from John 's baseball days . She finally tells him how unhappy she is , stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut . John , determined to make things work with his wife , does not give up . An argument with Renzo leads him to the realization that their biggest blunder may be his inability to change . After a failed attempt at winning Kathryn back , he finally gives her the ' adventure ' she so longs for , staging a full scale dance number involving the whole family . After Angelo 's death , John feels guilt over denying Angelo a loan . He feels that this may have contributed to the stress that caused Angelo 's brain aneurysm and subsequent death . Kathryn Kennish ( edit ) Played by Lea Thompson , Kathryn is the mother of Bay and Toby Kennish and the biological mother of Daphne Vasquez . At first , she was n't too excited about telling her friends that Bay and Daphne were switched at birth for the sake of maintaining her reputation , but after some pressing from Regina , she finally comes clean at a fundraiser . Despite initial tension and disagreement , Kathryn forms a close relationship with Regina . Kathryn helps get Regina a job at a local salon and , in turn , Regina helps Kathryn write her book based around the switch . Kathryn is committed to caring and looking after her children . She finds a way to get a mopey Toby out of the house after his break - up with Simone and consults with Regina about how to tell Bay about Angelo 's baby . Kathryn later finds out from Bay that Regina has begun drinking again and was sent to rehab . In the third season , Kathryn going to therapy , stating that she has been feeling ' lost ' since the switch . Her psychiatrist proves to be unhelpful , cutting her short to prescribe her drugs and send her on her way . While wandering the streets , Kathryn decides , on impulse , to attend a tap dancing class . Here , she befriends Renzo . Kathryn also comes to realise that she is unhappy with herself and in her marriage . Even after confessing her unhappiness to John , he fails to understand her emotions and situation . Eventually , the situation becomes so desperate that John , in a drunken haze , kisses Nikki 's mother Jennyne , for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house . In turn , John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friends from John 's baseball days . She finally tells him how unhappy she is , stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut . After John tried to win her back by unintentionally buying her a piece of jewelry identical to one he had given her years before , Kathryn tells him that she wants adventure in their lives and that they have just grown apart . However , John , intent on winning his wife back , finally decides give her the ' adventure ' she so longs for , staging a full scale dance number involving the whole family . After realising that John had gone to the effort to plan the entire event and was willing to do anything to make their marriage work , the two reconcile . Toby Kennish ( edit ) Played by Lucas Grabeel , Toby Christopher Kennish is the older brother of Bay and the biological brother of Daphne . Toby plays guitar in a band called Guitar Face with his best friend Wilkie and Daphne 's best friend , Emmett , who joins the band in `` Dance Amongst Daggers . '' Toby is an avid poker player , and it has gotten him into some trouble in the past . He tells his parents that he 's playing miniature golf with his friends when , in reality , he is gambling . He has Daphne and Emmett help him win several poker games to help him get out of debt with Wilkie , but after Daphne misreads Wilkie 's intentions , he loses a lot of money and is furious with Daphne . He subsequently sells his band equipment to help pay off the debt . He begins dating Simone , an ex-friend of Bay 's with a known reputation . She ultimately ends up cheating on him with Bay 's boyfriend , Emmett . Toby breaks up with Simone upon learning about the affair . Toby soon begins to consider starting a new band after another hanging out with Nikki , a girl he meets while performing gospel music , at his mother 's request . As a result of his time with Nikki , he has a change of heart about Emmett and rekindles their friendship . Nikki eventually becomes his girlfriend . Their relationship is rocky as Nikki refuses to have sex with Toby because of a pledge she took . Emmett shows Toby a picture of Nikki at a party topless . Toby questions her about it and she explains that she is a changed person and owes him no explanation . Toby later realizes that he was wrong and surprises her at her youth group to apologize . When Nikki then tells Toby that she is leaving for to work in Peru , Toby proposes , and she accepts . Later , when the man who killed Nikki 's father is imprisoned , Toby decides to arrange a visit with him for Nikki in hopes that she will find closure over her father 's death . After Nikki walks away from the man in the visiting center , Toby begins to chastise the killer . During the conversation , Toby is told that Nikki 's father was a meth dealer and was killed as part of a deal gone bad . He eventually tells Nikki and the two then find that Nikki 's mother had known all along . Wedding plans for the two are made during the second half of Season two . Upon realizing the resistance to their nuptials by Toby 's parents and Nikki 's mother , the two call off the ceremony on the actual day , after sleeping together the night before , and they choose to elope instead . Nikki and Toby later separate as she is offered a permanent job in Peru . Determined to find himself , Toby subsequently packs up and leaves the country for his own adventure . He returns home in `` In And We Bring the Light '' During season three Toby begins to date a Carlton teacher named Lily . The two date for the first half of season four , but break up after Lily develops a crush on a teacher at UMKC . It was revealed during the mid-season premiere of season four that Lily is expecting Toby 's baby . After Lily finds out she is having a baby , she discovers the baby has Down Syndrome . After many bumps in the road they decide to keep the baby . Lily gives birth in the last episode and the child is named Carlton after the school at which Toby and Lily met . Emmett Bledsoe ( edit ) Played by Sean Berdy , Emmett is Bay 's ex-boyfriend , and the longtime best friend of Daphne . He is deaf and rarely speaks verbally , preferring to communicate through American Sign Language . He rides a motorcycle and drives Daphne to their school , much to the dismay of the Kennishes . Despite their concerns and his being deaf , Emmett is proven to be a good driver . He is very protective of Daphne and has had a long - time crush on her , but does n't make his feelings known to her . He is the only child in an all - deaf family , and for this reason has grown up having trouble relating to people who hear . In the first season , despite of the language barrier , Bay and Emmett form a bond after he assists her in finding her father . The two eventually begin a relationship . When they first get together , Daphne realises her feelings for her long - time best friend , culminating in them kissing in a car wash . Emmett , however , reaffirms his loyalty to Bay . He reassures Bay of their relationship by communicating with her verbally for the first time . This relationship , however , runs into a multitude of troubles throughout its course , including Emmett 's family troubles and the interference of third parties . Throughout his relationship with Bay , Emmett faces difficulties at home . He learns that his parents are getting a divorce and that his father has moved in with another woman . Bay , concerned for Emmett 's well - being , goes behind his back to confide in his mother about her fears regarding Emmett living with her father . Emmett learns about their discussion and a fight ensues , resulting in Emmett sleeping with Simone , Bay 's former friend and Toby 's girlfriend . He does not reveal his actions to Bay until the night of prom , after which she promptly breaks up with him and leaves in tears . Emmett , however , is determined to win her back . Months later , in an effort to win Bay back , Emmett paints their relationship in a timeline on a brick wall . Bay and Emmett meet and Emmett tells Bay that he is deeply sorry about what happened between him and Simone , and that it meant nothing to either him or Simone . However , Bay does n't think they will ever be the same . Despite this , Emmett tells Bay he 's going to keep trying to win her back no matter how long it takes , which is later confirmed by Daphne , who tells Bay that if Emmett has as so much as a sliver of hope , he 'll wait forever . After Bay attempts to run away from home , it is Emmett who helps John find her . Bay and Emmett share a moment where he tells her that he will ' always come and find her ' . They almost kiss but are interrupted by Bay 's father . At the beginning of the second season , a nervous Bay tells Emmett that she has begun a new relationship with Noah , in response , Emmett kisses her and asks her whether she has really moved on from him before he walking away . Later , Emmett tells Bay about the kiss between Noah and Daphne . He also meets a deaf girl ( Ashley Fiolek ) who is a fellow motorcycle enthusiast . Daphne , who is eager for Emmett to simply move on from Bay for the sake of his happiness , tells him that the new girl is perfect for him because she 's deaf and into motorcycles , but Emmett tells her that he already has found his perfect girl in Bay . Over the course of the second season , Emmett and Toby reconnect , with Toby even forgiving Emmett for sleeping with Simone . The two renew their friendship and form another band . Emmett even stands as best man at Toby 's wedding . At which he makes a toast ( appearing to subtly be directed at Bay ) saying that He and Bay are meant to be together saying that she is the one he found . In the final episode of season 2 , Emmett comforts a crying Bay after finding out about the end of her relationship with Ty . The third season sees Emmett dealing with the integration of hearing kids into Carlton . He finds himself somewhat of an outcast among his peers after revealing the identity of a friend who had been slashing tires in order to make the new kids look bad . Emmett asks Bay 's help on an astronomy project , where it is revealed that he is dating a new girl , Mandy , whom he met online . Despite responding to Bay 's kiss , Emmett soon pulls away . He confesses to Bay that the reason they can not be together is because she can not let go of the past and forgive him for sleeping with Simone . Bay , however , apologizes and promises not to bring it up again , leaving some hope for a future for the two of them . In a later episode , after seeing Bay struggle to paint with a hand injury , Emmett helps inspire her by taking her to a replica of 1950 's Las Vegas built by a millionaire for his dying wife . He also helps her create the project and submit it to her class . In the spring finale Emmett goes to meet Mandy for the first time . However , Mandy is revealed to be Matthew , a classmate wanting to get back at Emmett for having him suspended earlier in the season . Bay later finds him and after admitting their love for each other , the two sleep together After some initial apprehension due to the two of them having unprotected sex , Bay reaffirms her commitment to Emmett and promises to break things off with Tank . He also runs into some trouble with Matthew , who is now blackmailing him into staying quiet about the beating . In ' Oh , Future ' Emmett 's father surprises his guests at a housewarming party with a wedding and the revelation that Emmett is to become a big brother . Emmett is initially angry with his father , but after some advice from Bay and his mother , he warms up to the idea of a new sibling . In the beginning of season four Emmett decides to go to film school in LA after much persuasion by Bay which leads them to have a long distance relationship . He does n't make friends at first but then meets Skye . Skye instantly become fast friends with Emmett and accidentally kisses Emmett on a movie set . Emmett discovers the hardships of the long distance with Bay and wants Bay to come to LA despite her on probation . Emmett finds out about Tank and disconnects with Bay in anger . She flies down to LA only to find out Emmett made a script about personal things in their relationship . Emmett admits he feels that they have changed too much and he wants to break up with Bay . She says it 's forever if he does this now and they end up going separate ways . After the breakup , Emmett decides to start dating Skye as they have common interests but when Travis comes to visit he thinks that she is only hurting him . Emmett also comes to visit on the Mexico trip to help deaf kids there which ultimately leads to Bay finding out about Skye . Bay tries to make Emmett jealous out of anger and in the end the two come to an understanding to not hurt each other anymore . Later on , in season 5 `` -- The Call '' , he said to Bay that he never should let Bay go meaning that he still has feelings for Bay . Angelo Sorrento ( edit ) Played by Gilles Marini , Angelo Sorrento is Bay 's biological father , Daphne 's legal father and Regina 's husband . When Daphne was three , he became suspicious that she was n't his daughter due to her fair skin , red hair , and green eyes . When Daphne contracted meningitis , he has a DNA test done and discovers the Daphne is not biologically his . Believing that Regina had an affair and not wanting to raise another man 's child , he leaves Regina and Daphne . After learning about the switch , Angelo returns looking for Bay in `` The Homecoming '' , surprising her at her art show . Despite resistance from the rest of her family , Bay forms a relationship with him , while Daphne and Regina want nothing to do with him . Angelo later implies to Regina that he would like to get back together with her and that had the girls not been switched , they would still be together . When it comes out that Regina knew about the switch , Angelo is furious with her and felt that she kept him away from his daughter . They later reconcile and end up sleeping together , much to the dismay of Regina 's mother . Angelo is arrested due to an outstanding warrant in Italy and faces deportation . When he was drunk , he beat a man for having an affair with his ex-fiancee . Regina 's mother contacts the police so that Angelo would be arrested , and he is ordered back to Italy . In order to keep him in the country , Regina marries him so that he can gain US citizenship . He sues the hospital for switching the girls and is awarded $5 million . Right after that , it is revealed that he got a woman , Lana , pregnant in a one - night stand . Regina is furious with him at first but they later reconcile . Lana wants to give the baby up for adoption , but Angelo convinces her not to at first . After Regina relapsed with her alcoholism , she shows up at Angelo 's apartment drunk . Angelo contacts Bay , who then gets Daphne , and they go to retrieve Regina . Angelo instead promises he will take care of Regina and asks Bay to go to the hospital with Lana , who is in labor . Lana gives birth to Bay 's half sister . In the third season , Angelo and Regina continue their relationship , having decided to wait until Bay and Daphne go off to college before moving in together . Daphne asks him to learn ASL and to move in with them since Regina has been in danger due to her job . Angelo dies following a car accident as a result of a brain aneurysm . After doctors attempt to save his life , he is declared brain dead and the decision to take him off life support rests with the family . While searching his apartment for a way to contact Angelo 's mother , Bay and Emmett discover Angelo 's Last Will and Testament , which states that he should be taken off life support . Bay calls Angelo 's mother who also is Bay 's biological grandmother and speaks to her in French for the first time and gives his mother the opportunity to say goodbye to him over the phone . The family decides to have Angelo 's organs donated . Recurring characters ( edit ) Miles `` Tank '' conroy ( edit ) Played by Max Adler . He is a fraternity pledge and ex-boyfriend of Bay Kennish in season three . The two met in an art class and bonded after he gave Bay advice on handling her break up with Ty . After taking care of an injured Bay at a party , the two get together . Despite many tensions in their relationship , Tank de-pledges his fraternity for Bay . The two break up after Bay cheats on him with Emmett . Tank is next seen running into Travis , Toby , Mary Beth and Emmett at a club . Emmett initially conceals his identity from Tank , but after he is discovered an intoxicated Tank attempts to swing a punch at Emmett . He is shown to still have feelings for Bay . In season four , Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together . Bay does n't remember parts of the evening , and during her attempt to figure out what exactly happened , the situation is reported to the college against her wishes . Despite Bay not remembering the night or coming to any conclusion as to what happened , the school ignores Bay 's request not to punish anyone , and Tank is expelled . His fate after that is working at a restaurant revealed awkwardly on a date as he expresses that it is hard to get a job now that rape is on his record and Bay wants to fix it but comes to peace that she can not . Melody Bledsoe ( edit ) Played by Marlee Matlin , Melody Bledsoe is the mother of Emmett Bledsoe and the best friend of Regina Vasquez . She is divorced from her ex-husband , Cameron , her polar opposite when it comes to parenting . Like her son , Melody is deaf although she can speak on some occasions due to being forced to attend speech therapy when she was young . She is overprotective and judgmental . Melody is upset when Emmett initially tells her that he wants to date Bay , believing that hearing and deaf relationships can not succeed . This leads her to humiliate Bay at a dinner night with Emmett , Bay , and Regina . She gets into a dispute with Regina , but they reconcile and Melody eventually opens up to Bay when she realizes that Bay had good intentions . She also dates Daphne 's boss Jeff but he breaks it off after realizing he loves Daphne . In the second season , Melody and Emmett welcome Travis into their home after his father kicked him out . Melody now sees Travis as another son , even helping him with college applications and interviews . Later , in season 3 Melody endangers her job after getting rough with a student , Matthew , who had beaten up her son . She is dating Gabel and they soon get engaged . Gabe expresses wanting to adopt another deaf kid and after lots of thinking she finally agrees . Travis barnes ( edit ) Played by Ryan Lane , Travis is a deaf student who attends Carlton with Daphne and Emmett . His hearing parents do not sign and are said to be uninterested in his progress at school . After losing his job as a janitor at Carlton , Daphne helps him get a job at John Kennish 's carwash . Feeling isolated and lonely due to his inability to communicate fluently with his family at home , and fearing that his parents will soon kick him out when he turns 18 , Travis sometimes secretly sleeps in the offices of the Kennish Carwash before moving in with Melody and Emmett . He is shown to have romantic feelings for Daphne . The two date briefly before breaking up . Mary - Beth and Travis started dating in the second season finale . They broke up in season 4 . In the Episodes `` Instead of Damning the Darkness '' , and `` It 's Better to Light a little lantern '' Travis and Bay hang out at a bar in Mexico both and after getting drinks , Bay insisted that they both do body shots which made Emmett mad . Both Travis and Emmett get into a fight but in the end they made up . Emmett asked Travis if he liked Bay , in which he just looked at Emmett , which proves that he likes Bay . He ends up paying for the gallery Bay believed was her big break and kisses her outside . Bay latter decides to go to China with Daphne for the summer but after going to visit Bay in China Travis decides to stay there with her and they begin to date . After living there for a year they move back home . Travis go to college and joins the baseball team . Emmett and Travis have a falling out because Travis is with Bay . Travis gets in a fight after a guy makes fun of people with disabilities and Travis hits him . This causes Travis to get kicked off the baseball team but he is offered to join a baseball team in Japan . Travis asks Bay to move with him but Bay decides to stay as she has just started a new career but that she knows they will survive a long distance relationship and that she loves him . In the end Emmett and Travis make up and Emmett is going to go with him to Japan . Mary Beth tucker ( edit ) Played by B.K. Cannon , is a friend of Bay and Ty and ex-girlfriend of Travis . Mary Beth works a summer job alongside Bay and Ty . She lost her brother , a former soldier , by way of suicide . As a result , she and Ty , who was stationed with her brother overseas , have a close relationship . In season two she also grows close to Ty 's then - girlfriend , Bay . In the second season finale , Ty makes her promise not to tell Bay that he did not really cheat on her . However , this information is revealed early in the following season . At the end of the second season she begins dating Travis . She then breaks up with him in season 4 . Adriana Vasquez ( edit ) Played by Ivonne Coll , Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez , the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez , and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish . she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina . She had lived with Regina and Daphne for quite some time and is living with the two in the Kennishes ' guest house . She had taken a huge disliking to Regina 's ex-husband Angelo and ends up reporting him to the police . Regina told Adriana that she married Angelo and Adriana was not happy about it , and moved out of the guest house after she found out , but she later moved back into the guest house after she and Regina patched things up . Simone Sinclair ( edit ) Played by Maiara Walsh , Simone Sinclair is a classmate of Toby , Bay , and Wilkie at Buckner Hall . She used to be in a relationship with Wilkie Wilkerson and used to be best friends with Bay Kennish . They broke off their friendship when Bay figured out Simone 's mean streak . She is described as the `` school slut . '' She later starts a relationship with Toby , despite warnings given to him by Bay and Wilkie . During Daphne 's time at Buckner , she becomes friends with Simone , but their friendship ends when Simone insults a Latina girl from Daphne 's old neighborhood . At a basketball tournament , Simone had sex with Emmett . Despite constantly apologizing , Bay and Daphne have both refused to forgive her , thus dissolving both their friendships . When she is trying to have a conversation with Toby , he ignores her as well . She is last seen picking up an AA pamphlet , before bumping into Regina and quickly storming out of the room . Regina then finds Simone asking someone to buy her alcohol . Regina then goes up to Simone and talks to her in her car about why she was trying to buy alcohol . Simone told her that Bay and Daphne did not tell her what happened . Regina assures her that she knows what happened and Simone is frustrated that everyone hates her . Later on she lends Bay money to replace the money Bay got from her dad 's safe to try to make amends . Simone returns in the alternate reality episode , where she is shown to be Daphne 's best friend . Ty Mendoza ( edit ) Played by Blair Redford , Tyler `` Ty '' Mendoza is the older ex-boyfriend of Bay Kennish . He is an old friend of Regina and Daphne . Daphne considers him her older brother . In the episode `` Dogs Playing Poker , '' Ty admits he has enlisted in the army . He calls Bay later and she tells him she is dating Emmett . In `` Mother and Daughter Divide '' Ty returns home and hopes that he and Bay will start back up where they left off , but struggles to readjust to life after war . When he 's scheduled to return to combat , Bay tries to get him to stay in Mission Hills . Later , at Toby and Nikki 's wedding rehearsal dinner , Bay tells Ty about her plans to graduate early and go to art school in Berlin so they might still be together . Ty appears less than excited about Bay 's plan and tells her no one knows what will happen . Ty makes it appear that he is cheating on her in order for him to return to fighting in the war . Ty later explains to Mary Beth that he did it because the area he is being deployed to is even more dangerous than before and it would be easier to have Bay hate him now and move on with her life , rather than suffer his death overseas . Liam Lupo ( edit ) Played by Charles Michael Davis , he is Bay Kennish 's ex-boyfriend and Daphne 's ex-boyfriend . He goes to Buckner Hall with Bay and Toby . His family owns a restaurant called Fondo Di Lupo . In the episode `` American Gothic , '' he takes Daphne to a music store , and all goes well until a couple of his friends show up and begin ridiculing Daphne . This leads Daphne to leave . Liam later brings fried zucchini to Daphne , knowing it 's her favorite , but she takes the zucchini without any signs of forgiveness . However , she comes to Liam , and they get together . Daphne ends things with Liam a short time later as Bay is uncomfortable with the two of them dating . James `` Wilkie '' Wilkerson ( edit ) Played by Austin Butler , Wilkie is the best friend of Toby Kennish and the ex-boyfriend of Daphne Vasquez . He had scoliosis when he was 10 ( as said in the episode 15 ) and had spinal fusion surgery , afterwards he wore a brace . He used to be in a relationship with Simone , but she was too controlling . Wilkie and Daphne begin their relationship after much pursuing on his part and were together until Wilkie was sent away to boarding school at the end of the first season . Lana ( edit ) Played by Annie Ilonzeh , Lana is the mother of Angelo 's baby . She becomes friends with Toby when he gives her a ride home from the mechanic and she tells him that her family lives in Boston and they are n't aware that she 's pregnant . After giving birth to her daughter , she puts the baby up for adoption and leaves for the airport . Natalie pierce ( edit ) Played by Stephanie Nogueras , Natalie is a deaf student at Carlton who dislikes the idea of the pilot program due to the amount of funding having been cut from multiple programs at Carlton to fund the pilot program . As such , Natalie and some of her friends torment the hearing students , particularly Bay . When Bay and Natalie 's rivalry appears to get out of hand , Melody hosts a mandatory retreat in the woods in order to bring the hearing and deaf students closer and dispel any animosity . At the end of the retreat , Bay and Natalie declare a truce . It is later revealed that Natalie is a lesbian . Jace ( edit ) Portrayed by Matthew Kane . Jace is from Britain and is a coffee shop barista as well as Daphne 's ex-boyfriend . He grew up geocaching & he explains to Daphne that geocaching 's like a treasure hunt . Jace decides he 'd like to learn how to use sign language for a month & he learns quickly . Jace was a temporary love interest of Daphne . In `` The Departure Of Summer '' He and Daphne expose Senator Chip Coto as corrupt and a shameless womanizer ending his career and marriage . Jace was subsequently deported , although he was happy he got the truth about the corrupt Senator out . Nikki ( edit ) Played by Cassi Thomson , Nikki was married to Toby Kennish . She is a Christian musician and begins a new band with Toby and Emmett , soon after which she and Toby begin dating , however she quickly realizes that she does n't think it would work out to be dating someone who does not believe in God . She later reconciles with Toby , and they then become engaged . On the night before the wedding , they have sex and the next day call off the ceremony and elope to the courthouse . At the start of the third season , Nikki and Toby are in a long distance relationship as Nikki is doing aid work overseas . Nikki and Toby later separate after Nikki is offered a permanent job in Peru . Cameron Bledsoe ( edit ) Played by Anthony Natale , Cameron Bledsoe is the father of Emmett Bledsoe . He is the ex-husband of Melody Bledsoe . Unlike Melody , he takes a carefree approach to parenting his son , while causes problems between him and his ex-wife , as she believes that he is not a good influence on Emmett . Emmett moves in with him in due to Melody 's disapproval of Bay . After his divorce Cameron dated a younger woman named Olivia . Concern for Emmett 's wellbeing is raised by Bay after the discovery of Olivia 's bongs around the house and her use of marijuana . He subsequently breaks up with Olivia . Later on , he marries a woman named Debbie . They are expecting their first child . Campbell bingman ( edit ) Played by RJ Mitte is a pre-med student and fellow volunteer at the free clinic where Daphne is ordered to serve out her hours at community service . Campbell is a former snowboarder and became a wheelchair user after an accident he suffered on the slopes . Despite having a girlfriend , he displays interest in Daphne , even ending his relationship for her . Despite initial tension , the two begin dating . However their romance comes to an end when Daphne is promoted over Campbell , simultaneously causing him to seek a position at another clinic across town and end their relationship . Garrett ( edit ) Played By Nyle DiMarco , Garrett is a deaf friend of Travis in season 4 . He is a few years older than Travis and the other guys ; in fact , he is in his early or mid twenties . It is said that he attended Carlton School . In ' Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows ' , he first meets Bay and instantly finds her attractive . They start dating , even though Travis does not like the idea . Other characters ( edit ) Craig Tebbe ( edit ) Played by Samuel Page , Craig Tebbe is the newly appointed lawyer for the Kennishes ' case against the hospital for the switch of Bay and Daphne . He is shown to have an affinity for redheads and tries to kiss Kathryn before she pulls away . Patrick ( edit ) Played by Christopher Wiehl , Patrick is the ex-boyfriend of Regina Vasquez . He is an art gallery owner and first met Regina at the hair salon that she worked at . She later tells him to look at Bay 's artwork , but he ends up commending her on her own art , eventually placing one of her pieces on exhibition , much to Bay 's dismay . Patrick broke up with Regina after Regina told him she married Angelo in order for him to stay in the country . Amanda Burke ( edit ) Played by Meeghan Holaway , Amanda Burke is the former lawyer of John and Kathryn Kennish . She was the first lawyer that the Kennishes appointed to help them with their case against the hospital , but they later fire her when they find out that she was in a relationship with one of the hospital board members . While she denied that her relationship would have any effect on how she 'd perform for them in the case but John and Kathryn did not want to take any chances . Olivia ( edit ) Played by TL Forsberg , Olivia is the ex-girlfriend of Cameron Bledsoe . She is a bad influence on Emmett , as she encouraged him to drink away his stress . And she is very sex - crazed , always sharing details about her sex life . She is revealed to be a drug dealer , working out of Cameron 's home . Noah ( edit ) Played by Max Lloyd - Jones , Noah is a hearing student at Carlton as part of the pilot program . He becomes friends with Bay and reveals to her that he has lost 60 percent of the hearing in his right ear due to Meniere 's disease , and that he will eventually go deaf . He has begins a relationship with Bay , but Bay soon ends their relationship after she finds out from Emmett that Noah and Daphne kissed . Theoretically , it was rehearsing for the school play of Romeo and Juliet , but Noah admitted to Bay that he felt a connection with Daphne . Zarra ( edit ) Played by Tania Raymonde , Zarra is a street artist who works under the pseudonym `` Medusa . '' Bay initially gets angry at Zarra for finishing Bay 's piece on a van without permission , but eventually Bay befriends Zarra , feeling that she gets Bay 's artistic way of life that she feels no one else understands . John and Kathryn disapprove of this friendship . Zarra encourages Bay to join her on her hunt for an artist named `` Smak '' who ruins other people 's street art by marking his name on the pieces . Eventually this lands her in jail . Zarra asks Bay to post a $1,500 bail without telling her that her friend was also jailed for the same reason , driving Bay to steal it from John 's safe at the carwash . Zarra and Bay and some friends of Zarra 's were caught by the police while doing street art in an alleyway . They were let go due to Bay 's Dad being John Kennish , the former baseball player . After John yells at her , Bay temporarily moves in with Zarra in her trailer , where the two make plans to drive to Mexico with . when it becomes clear that Zarra has no idea where they are going , Bay begins to realize that Zarra is n't exactly the greatest friend . She later bails on Bay and runs away to Mexico . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pavlica , Carissa ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Switched at Birth Review : Alternate Endings '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Switched_at_Birth_characters&oldid=803701019 '' Categories : Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 02 : 21 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Switched at Birth characters
2. Bay Kennish
3. Daphne Vasquez
4. Regina Vasquez
5. John Kennish
|
-7,820,467,548,157,356,000 |
which part of ireland is part of eu
|
Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia Republic of Ireland This article is about the sovereign state . For related topics , see Ireland ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ireland Éire ( Irish ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : `` Amhrán na bhFiann '' ( English : `` The Soldiers ' Song '' ) <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Ireland ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) Capital and largest city Dublin 53 ° 20.65 ′ N 6 ° 16.05 ′ W / 53.34417 ° N 6.26750 ° W / 53.34417 ; - 6.26750 Official languages English Irish National language Irish Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) 82.2 % White Irish 9.5 % Other White 2.6 % Not stated 2.1 % Other Asian / Asian Irish 1.5 % Other 1.2 % Black Irish / Black African 0.7 % Irish Traveller 0.1 % Other Black Demonym Irish Government Unitary parliamentary republic <Td_colspan="2"> President Michael D. Higgins Taoiseach Leo Varadkar Tánaiste Simon Coveney <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature Oireachtas Upper house Seanad Lower house Dáil <Th_colspan="2"> Independence from the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Proclamation 24 April 1916 Declaration 21 January 1919 Anglo - Irish Treaty 6 December 1921 1922 constitution 6 December 1922 1937 constitution 29 December 1937 Republic Act 18 April 1949 Joined the EEC 1 January 1973 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 70,273 km ( 27,133 sq mi ) ( 118th ) Water ( % ) 2.00 <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2018 estimate 4,857,000 ( 123rd ) Density 69.1 / km ( 179.0 / sq mi ) ( 142nd ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $382 billion ( 56th ) Per capita $79,925 ( 7th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $385 billion ( 42nd ) Per capita $80,641 ( 4th ) Gini ( 2014 ) 30.0 medium 23rd HDI ( 2017 ) 0.938 very high 4th Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone UTC ( GMT / WET ) Summer ( DST ) UTC + 1 ( IST / WEST ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy Driving side left Calling code + 353 ISO 3166 code IE Internet TLD . ie <Td_colspan="2"> ^ Article 4 of the Constitution of Ireland declares that the name of the state is Ireland ; Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 declares that Republic of Ireland is `` the description of the State '' . ^ The . eu domain is also used , as it is shared with other European Union member states . Ireland ( Irish : Éire ( ˈeːɾjə ) ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north - western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern part of the island , and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country 's 4.8 million inhabitants . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , Saint George 's Channel to the south - east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally ' Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo - Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named `` Ireland '' and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 . It joined the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , the predecessor of the European Union , in 1973 . The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century , but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to `` the Troubles '' . Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 , the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North - South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement . Ireland ranks among the top twenty - five wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita , and as the tenth most prosperous country in the world according to The Legatum Prosperity Index 2015 . After joining the EEC , Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth . The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007 , which became known as the Celtic Tiger period . This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008 , in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash . However , as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015 , Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally . For example , in 2015 , Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth ( with Germany ) most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index . It also performs well in several national performance metrics , including freedom of the press , economic freedom and civil liberties . Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a founding member of the Council of Europe and the OECD . The Irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non-alignment since immediately prior to World War II and the country is consequently not a member of NATO , although it is a member of Partnership for Peace . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Home - rule movement 2.2 Revolution and steps to independence 2.3 Irish Civil War 2.4 Constitution of Ireland 1937 2.5 Recent history 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Politics 4.1 Local government 4.2 Law 4.3 Foreign relations 4.4 Military 5 Economy 5.1 Taxation policy 5.2 Trade 5.3 Energy 5.4 Transport 6 Demographics 6.1 Functional urban areas 6.2 Languages 6.3 Healthcare 6.4 Education 6.5 Religion 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Music and dance 7.3 Architecture 7.4 Media 7.5 Cuisine 7.6 Sports 7.7 Society 7.8 State symbols 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Name Main article : Names of the Irish state The 1922 state , comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland , was `` styled and known as the Irish Free State '' . The Constitution of Ireland , adopted in 1937 , provides that `` the name of the State is Éire , or , in the English language , Ireland '' . Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states , `` It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland . '' The 1948 Act does not name the state as `` Republic of Ireland '' , because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution . The government of the United Kingdom used the name `` Eire '' ( without the diacritic ) and , from 1949 , `` Republic of Ireland '' , for the state ; it was not until the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that it used the name `` Ireland '' . As well as `` Ireland '' , `` Éire '' or `` the Republic of Ireland '' , the state is also referred to as `` the Republic '' , `` Southern Ireland '' or `` the South '' . In an Irish republican context it is often referred to as `` the Free State '' or `` the 26 Counties '' . History Main article : History of the Republic of Ireland For the history of the entire island , see History of Ireland . Home - Rule movement Main article : Home Rule movement From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801 , until 6 December 1922 , the island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . During the Great Famine , from 1845 to 1849 , the island 's population of over 8 million fell by 30 % . One million Irish died of starvation and / or disease and another 1.5 million emigrated , mostly to the United States . This set the pattern of emigration for the century to come , resulting in constant population decline up to the 1960s . The Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell ( 1846 -- 1891 ) . From 1874 , and particularly under Charles Stewart Parnell from 1880 , the Irish Parliamentary Party gained prominence . This was firstly through widespread agrarian agitation via the Irish Land League , that won land reforms for tenants in the form of the Irish Land Acts , and secondly through its attempts to achieve Home Rule , via two unsuccessful bills which would have granted Ireland limited national autonomy . These led to `` grass - roots '' control of national affairs , under the Local Government Act 1898 , that had been in the hands of landlord - dominated grand juries of the Protestant Ascendancy . Home Rule seemed certain when the Parliament Act 1911 abolished the veto of the House of Lords , and John Redmond secured the Third Home Rule Act in 1914 . However , the Unionist movement had been growing since 1886 among Irish Protestants after the introduction of the first home rule bill , fearing discrimination and loss of economic and social privileges if Irish Catholics achieved real political power . In the late 19th and early 20th century unionism was particularly strong in parts of Ulster , where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island , and where the Protestant population was more prominent , with a majority in four counties . Under the leadership of the Dublin - born Sir Edward Carson of the Irish Unionist Party and the Ulsterman Sir James Craig of the Ulster Unionist Party , unionists became strongly militant in order to oppose `` the Coercion of Ulster '' . After the Home Rule Bill passed parliament in May 1914 , to avoid rebellion with Ulster , the British Prime Minister H.H. Asquith introduced an Amending Bill reluctantly conceded to by the Irish Party leadership . This provided for the temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings of the bill for a trial period of six years , with an as yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area to be temporarily excluded . Revolution and steps to independence Easter Proclamation , 1916 Though it received the Royal Assent and was placed on the statute books in 1914 , the implementation of the Third Home Rule Act was suspended until after the First World War which defused the threat of civil war in Ireland . With the hope of ensuring the implementation of the Act at the end of the war through Ireland 's engagement in the war , Redmond and his Irish National Volunteers supported Britain and its Allies . 175,000 men joined Irish regiments of the 10th ( Irish ) and 16th ( Irish ) divisions of the New British Army , while Unionists joined the 36th ( Ulster ) divisions . The remainder of the Irish Volunteers , who opposed any support of Britain , launched an armed insurrection against British rule in the 1916 Easter Rising , together with the Irish Citizen Army . This commenced on 24 April 1916 with the declaration of independence . After a week of heavy fighting , primarily in Dublin , the surviving rebels were forced to surrender their positions . The majority were imprisoned but fifteen of the prisoners ( including most of the leaders ) were executed as traitors to Britain . This included Patrick Pearse , the spokesman for the rising and who provided the signal to the volunteers to start the rising , as well as James Connolly , socialist and founder of the Industrial Workers of the World union and both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements . These events , together with the Conscription Crisis of 1918 , had a profound effect on changing public opinion in Ireland . In January 1919 , after the December 1918 general election , 73 of Ireland 's 106 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) elected were Sinn Féin members who refused to take their seats in the British House of Commons . Instead , they set up an Irish parliament called Dáil Éireann . This first Dáil in January 1919 issued a Declaration of Independence and proclaimed an Irish Republic . The Declaration was mainly a restatement of the 1916 Proclamation with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a part of the United Kingdom . The new Irish Republic was recognised internationally only by the Russian Soviet Republic . The Irish Republic 's Aireacht ( Ministry ) sent a delegation under Ceann Comhairle ( Head of Council , or Speaker , of the Daíl ) Seán T. O'Kelly to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , but it was not admitted . In 1922 a new parliament called the Oireachtas was established , of which Dáil Éireann became the lower house . After the War of Independence and truce called in July 1921 , representatives of the British government and the Irish treaty delegates , led by Arthur Griffith , Robert Barton and Michael Collins , negotiated the Anglo - Irish Treaty in London from 11 October to 6 December 1921 . The Irish delegates set up headquarters at Hans Place in Knightsbridge , and it was here in private discussions that the decision was taken on 5 December to recommend the treaty to Dáil Éireann . The Second Dáil Éireann narrowly ratified the Treaty . In accordance with the treaty , on 6 December 1922 the entire island of Ireland became a self - governing Dominion called the Irish Free State ( Saorstát Éireann ) . Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State , the Parliament of Northern Ireland had the option to leave the Irish Free State one month later and return to the United Kingdom . During the intervening period , the powers of the Parliament of the Irish Free State and Executive Council of the Irish Free State did not extend to Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland exercised its right under the treaty to leave the new Dominion and rejoined the United Kingdom on 8 December 1922 . It did so by making an address to the King requesting , `` that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland . '' The Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy sharing a monarch with the United Kingdom and other Dominions of the British Commonwealth . The country had a governor - general ( representing the monarch ) , a bicameral parliament , a cabinet called the `` Executive Council '' , and a prime minister called the President of the Executive Council . Irish civil War Éamon de Valera ( 1882 -- 1975 ) The Irish Civil War ( June 1922 -- May 1923 ) was the consequence of the creation of the Irish Free State . Anti-treaty forces , led by Éamon de Valera , objected to the fact that acceptance of the treaty abolished the Irish Republic of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty , arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the `` people have no right to do wrong '' . They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the British Empire and that members of the Free State Parliament would have to swear what the Anti-treaty side saw as an oath of fidelity to the British King . Pro-treaty forces , led by Michael Collins , argued that the treaty gave `` not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop , but the freedom to achieve it '' . At the start of the war , the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) split into two opposing camps : a pro-treaty IRA and an anti-treaty IRA . The pro-treaty IRA disbanded and joined the new National Army . However , because the anti-treaty IRA lacked an effective command structure and because of the pro-treaty forces ' defensive tactics throughout the war , Michael Collins and his pro-treaty forces were able to build up an army with many tens of thousands of World War I veterans from the 1922 disbanded Irish regiments of the British Army , capable of overwhelming the anti-treatyists . British supplies of artillery , aircraft , machine - guns and ammunition boosted pro-treaty forces , and the threat of a return of Crown forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty . The lack of public support for the anti-treaty forces ( often called the Irregulars ) and the determination of the government to overcome the Irregulars contributed significantly to their defeat . Constitution of Ireland 1937 Following a national plebiscite in July 1937 , the new Constitution of Ireland ( Bunreacht na hÉireann ) came into force on 29 December 1937 . This replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State and called the state Ireland , or Éire in Irish . While Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution defined the national territory to be the whole island , they also confined the state 's jurisdiction to the area that had been the Irish Free State . The former Irish Free State government had abolished the Office of Governor - General in December 1936 . Although the constitution established the office of President of Ireland , the question over whether Ireland was a republic remained open . Diplomats were accredited to the king , but the president exercised all internal functions of a head of state . For instance , the President gave assent to new laws with his own authority , without reference to King George VI who was only an `` organ '' , that was provided for by statute law . Ireland remained neutral during World War II , a period it described as the Emergency . Ireland 's link with the Commonwealth was terminated with the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 , which came into force on 18 April 1949 and declared that the state was a republic . At the time , a declaration of a republic terminated Commonwealth membership . This rule was changed 10 days after Ireland declared itself a republic , with the London Declaration of 28 April 1949 . Ireland did not reapply when the rules were altered to permit republics to join . Later , the Crown of Ireland Act was repealed in Ireland by the Statute Law Revision ( Pre-Union Irish Statutes ) Act 1962 . Recent History In 1973 Ireland joined the European Economic Community along with the United Kingdom and Denmark . The country signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 , after having been denied membership because of its neutral stance during the Second World War and not supporting the Allied cause . At the time , joining the UN involved a commitment to using force to deter aggression by one state against another if the UN thought it was necessary . Interest towards membership of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) developed in Ireland during the 1950s , with consideration also given to membership of the European Free Trade Area . As the United Kingdom intended on EEC membership , Ireland applied for membership in July 1961 due to the substantial economic linkages with the United Kingdom . However , the founding EEC members remained skeptical regarding Ireland 's economic capacity , neutrality , and unattractive protectionist policy . Many Irish economists and politicians realised that economic policy reform was necessary . The prospect of EEC membership became doubtful in 1963 when French President General Charles de Gaulle stated that France opposed Britain 's accession , which ceased negotiations with all other candidate countries . However , in 1969 his successor , Georges Pompidou , was not opposed to British and Irish membership . Negotiations began and in 1972 the Treaty of Accession was signed . A referendum held in 1972 confirmed Ireland 's entry , and it finally joined the EEC in 1973 . The economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the Fianna Fáil government 's budget , the abolition of the car tax , excessive borrowing , and global economic instability including the 1979 oil crisis . There were significant policy changes from 1989 onwards , with economic reform , tax cuts , welfare reform , an increase in competition , and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending . This policy began in 1989 -- 1992 by the Fianna Fáil / Progressive Democrat government , and continued by the subsequent Fianna Fáil / Labour government and Fine Gael / Labour / Democratic Left government . Ireland became one of the world 's fastest growing economies by the late 1990s in what was known as the Celtic Tiger period , which lasted until the global Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . However , since 2014 , Ireland has experienced increased economic activity . In the Northern Ireland question , the British and Irish governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict involving many paramilitaries and the British Army in Northern Ireland known as `` The Troubles '' . A peace settlement for Northern Ireland , known as the Good Friday Agreement , was approved in 1998 in referendums north and south of the border . As part of the peace settlement , the territorial claim to Northern Ireland in Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland was removed by referendum . In its white paper on Brexit the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Good Friday Agreement . With regard to Northern Ireland 's status , it said that the UK Government 's `` clearly - stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland 's current constitutional position : as part of the UK , but with strong links to Ireland '' . Geography Main article : Geography of Ireland The Cliffs of Moher on the Atlantic coast The state extends over an area of about five - sixths ( 70,273 km or 27,133 sq mi ) of the island of Ireland ( 84,421 km or 32,595 sq mi ) , with Northern Ireland constituting the remainder . The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the North Channel . To the east , the Irish Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean via St George 's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . The western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs , hills and mountains . The central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand , as well as significant areas of bogland and several lakes . The highest point is Carrauntoohil ( 1,038 m or 3,406 ft ) , located in the Macgillycuddy 's Reeks mountain range in the southwest . River Shannon , which traverses the central lowlands , is the longest river in Ireland at 386 kilometres or 240 miles in length . The west coast is more rugged than the east , with numerous islands , peninsulas , headlands and bays . Macgillycuddy 's Reeks , mountain range in County Kerry includes the highest peaks in Ireland Before the arrival of the first settlers in Ireland about 9,000 years ago , the land was largely covered by forests of oak , ash , elm , hazel , yew , and other native trees . The growth of blanket bog and the extensive clearing of woodland to facilitate farming are believed to be the main causes of deforestation during the following centuries . Today , about 12 % of Ireland is forested , of which a significant majority is composed of mainly non-native coniferous plantations for commercial use . Ideal soil conditions , high rainfall and a mild climate give Ireland the highest growth rates for forests in Europe . Hedgerows , which are traditionally used to define land boundaries , are an important substitute for woodland habitat , providing refuge for native wild flora and a wide range of insect , bird and mammal species . Glendalough valley in County Wicklow Agriculture accounts for about 64 % of the total land area . This has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats , in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements . The long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods , such as pesticide and fertiliser use , has placed pressure on biodiversity . Climate Main article : Climate of Ireland The Atlantic Ocean and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream affect weather patterns in Ireland . Temperatures differ regionally , with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme . However , due to a temperate oceanic climate , temperatures are seldom lower than − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) in winter or higher than 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in summer . The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was 33.3 ° C ( 91.9 ° F ) on 26 June 1887 at Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny , while the lowest temperature recorded was − 19.1 ° C ( − 2.4 ° F ) at Markree Castle in Sligo . Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer . Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds , while Dublin receives the least . Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country . The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe , with great potential for wind energy generation . Ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year , most areas averaging between 3.25 and 3.75 hours a day . The sunniest months are May and June , which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over most of the country . The extreme southeast gets most sunshine , averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer . December is the dullest month , with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast . The sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887 , according to measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin ; 1980 was the dullest . Politics Main article : Politics of the Republic of Ireland Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government . The Oireachtas is the bicameral national parliament composed of the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the Oireachtas : Seanad Éireann ( Senate ) and Dáil Éireann ( House of Representatives ) . Áras an Uachtaráin is the official residence of the President of Ireland , while the houses of the Oireachtas meet at Leinster House in Dublin . President Michael D. Higgins The President serves as head of state , and is elected for a seven - year term and may be re-elected once . The President is primarily a figurehead , but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the Council of State . The office has absolute discretion in some areas , such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a judgment on its constitutionality . Michael D. Higgins became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011 . The Taoiseach ( Prime Minister ) serves as the head of government and is appointed by the President upon the nomination of the Dáil . Most Taoisigh have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections . It has become customary for coalitions to form a government , as there has not been a single - party government since 1989 . Leo Varadkar succeeded Enda Kenny as Taoiseach on 14 June 2017 . Taoiseach Leo Varadkar The Seanad is composed of sixty members , with eleven nominated by the Taoiseach , six elected by two universities , and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis . The Dáil has 158 members ( Teachtaí Dála ) elected to represent multi-seat constituencies under the system of proportional representation and by means of the single transferable vote . The Government is constitutionally limited to fifteen members . No more than two members can be selected from the Seanad , and the Taoiseach , Tánaiste ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and Minister for Finance must be members of the Dáil . The Dáil must be dissolved within five years after its first meeting following the previous election , and a general election for members of the Dáil must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution . According to the Constitution of Ireland , parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years , though a lower limit may be set by statute law . The current government is a Fine Gael led minority government led by Leo Varadkar as Taoiseach and Simon Coveney as Tánaiste . It is supported by a number of independents including Shane Ross and former Senator Katherine Zappone . The minority government is held in place by a confidence and supply deal with Fianna Fáil . Opposition parties in the current Dáil are Fianna Fáil , Sinn Féin , the Labour Party , Solidarity -- People Before Profit , Social Democrats , Workers and Unemployed Action , the Green Party as well as a number of independents . Ireland has been a member state of the European Union since 1973 , but has chosen to remain outside the Schengen Area . Citizens of the United Kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the Common Travel Area , which is a passport - free zone comprising the islands of Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . However , some identification is required at airports and seaports . Local government Main article : Local government in the Republic of Ireland Government Buildings The Local Government Act 1898 is the founding document of the present system of local government , while the Twentieth Amendment to the constitution of 1999 provided for its constitutional recognition . The twenty - six traditional counties of Ireland are not always coterminous with administrative divisions although they are generally used as a geographical frame of reference by the population of Ireland . The Local Government Reform Act 2014 provides for a system of thirty - one local authorities - twenty - six county councils , two city and county councils and three city councils . Below this ( with the exception of the Dublin Region and the three city councils ) are municipal districts , replacing a previous system of town councils . Fingal Dublin City Dún Laoghaire -- Rathdown South Dublin Wicklow Wexford Carlow Kildare Meath Louth Monaghan Cavan Longford Westmeath Offaly Laois Kilkenny Waterford Cork City Cork Kerry Limerick Tipperary Clare Galway Galway City Mayo Roscommon Sligo Leitrim Donegal Local authorities are responsible for matters such as planning , local roads , sanitation , and libraries . Dáil constituencies are required to follow county boundaries as much as possible . Counties with greater populations have multiple constituencies , some of more than one county , but generally do not cross county boundaries . The counties are grouped into eight regions , each with a Regional Authority composed of members delegated by the various county and city councils in the region . The regions do not have any direct administrative role as such , but they serve for planning , coordination and statistical purposes . Law Main articles : Law of the Republic of Ireland , Courts of the Republic of Ireland , and Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland The Four Courts , completed in 1802 , is the principal building for civil courts Ireland has a common law legal system with a written constitution that provides for a parliamentary democracy . The court system consists of the Supreme Court , the Court of Appeal , the High Court , the Circuit Court and the District Court , all of which apply the Irish law and hear both civil and criminal matters . Trials for serious offences must usually be held before a jury . The High Court , Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court have authority , by means of judicial review , to determine the compatibility of laws and activities of other institutions of the state with the constitution and the law . Except in exceptional circumstances , court hearings must occur in public . The Criminal Courts of Justice is the principal building for criminal courts Garda Síochána na hÉireann ( Guardians of the Peace of Ireland ) , more commonly referred to as the Gardaí , is the state 's civilian police force . The force is responsible for all aspects of civil policing , both in terms of territory and infrastructure . It is headed by the Garda Commissioner , who is appointed by the Government . Most uniformed members do not routinely carry firearms . Standard policing is traditionally carried out by uniformed officers equipped only with a baton and pepper spray . The Military Police is the corps of the Irish Army responsible for the provision of policing service personnel and providing a military police presence to forces while on exercise and deployment . In wartime , additional tasks include the provision of a traffic control organisation to allow rapid movement of military formations to their mission areas . Other wartime roles include control of prisoners of war and refugees . Ireland 's citizenship laws relate to `` the island of Ireland '' , including islands and seas , thereby extending them to Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . Therefore , anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen , such as birth on the island of Ireland to an Irish or British citizen parent or a parent who is entitled to live in Northern Ireland or the Republic without restriction on their residency , may exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship , such as an Irish passport . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland See also : Ireland -- NATO relations Foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the European Union , although bilateral relations with the United Kingdom and United States are also important . It held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on six occasions , most recently from January to June 2013 . Ireland has been a member state of the European Union since 1973 . Ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy ; thus the country is not a member of NATO and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality . This policy has helped the Irish Defence Forces to be successful in their contributions to peace - keeping missions with the United Nations since 1960 , during the Congo Crisis and subsequently in Cyprus , Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Despite Irish neutrality during World War II , Ireland had more than 50,000 participants in the war through enlistment in the British armed forces . During the Cold War , Irish military policy , while ostensibly neutral , was biased towards NATO . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , Seán Lemass authorised the search of Cuban and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and passed the information to the CIA . Ireland 's air facilities were used by the United States military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the 2003 invasion of Iraq through Shannon Airport . The airport had previously been used for the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 , as well as the First Gulf War . Since 1999 , Ireland has been a member of NATO 's Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program and NATO 's Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC ) , which is aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union . Military Main article : Defence Forces ( Ireland ) Soldiers of the Garda Onór The Defence Forces are made up of the Army , Naval Service , Air Corps and Reserve Defence Force . It is small but well equipped , with almost 10,000 full - time military personnel and over 2,000 in reserve . Ireland is a neutral country , and has `` triple - lock '' rules governing the participation of Irish troops in conflict zones , whereby approval must be given by the UN , the Dáil and Government . Daily deployments of the Defence Forces cover aid to civil power operations , protection and patrol of Irish territorial waters and EEZ by the Irish Naval Service , and UN , EU and PfP peace - keeping missions . By 1996 , over 40,000 Irish service personnel had served in international UN peacekeeping missions . The Irish Air Corps is the air component of the Defence Forces and operates sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters . The Irish Naval Service is Ireland 's navy , and operates eight patrol ships , and smaller numbers of inflatable boats and training vessels , and has armed boarding parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit of frogmen . The military includes the Reserve Defence Forces ( Army Reserve and Naval Service Reserve ) for part - time reservists . Ireland 's special forces include the Army Ranger Wing , which trains and operates with international special operations units . The President is the formal Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces , but in practice these Forces answer to the Government via the Minister for Defence . Economy Main article : Economy of the Republic of Ireland See also : Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland Ireland is part of the EU ( dark blue & light blue ) and Eurozone ( dark blue ) . Ireland is an open economy ( 6th on the Index of Economic Freedom ) , and ranks first for `` high - value '' FDI flows . Using the metric global GDP per capita , Ireland ranks 5th of 187 ( IMF ) and 6th of 175 ( World Bank ) . The alternative metric modified Gross National Income ( GNI ) is intended to give a more accurate view of `` activity in the domestic economy '' . This is particularly relevant in Ireland ' s small globalized economy as GDP includes income from non-Irish owned companies which flows out of Ireland . Indeed , foreign multinationals are the driver of Ireland 's economy , employing a quarter of the private sector workforce , and paying 80 % of Irish business taxes . 14 of Ireland 's top 20 firms ( by 2017 turnover ) are US - based multinationals ( 80 % of foreign mutinationals in Ireland are US ; there are no non-US / no - UK foreign firms in Ireland 's top 50 firms by turnover , and only one by employees being German retailer Lidl at No. 41 ) . Ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along with eleven other EU member states . The country officially exited recession in 2010 , assisted by a growth in exports from US multinationals in Ireland . However , due to a rise in the cost of public borrowing due to government guarantees of private banking debt , the Irish government accepted an € 85 billion programme of assistance from the EU , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Sweden and Denmark . Following three years of contraction , the economy grew by 0.7 % in 2011 and 0.9 % in 2012 . The unemployment rate was 14.7 % in 2012 , including 18.5 % among recent immigrants . In March 2016 the unemployment rate was reported by the CSO to be 8.6 % , down from a peak unemployment rate of 15.1 % in February 2012 . In addition to unemployment , net emigration from Ireland between 2008 and 2013 totalled 120,100 , or some 2.6 % of the total population according to the Census of Ireland 2011 . One - third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and 24 . Ireland exited its EU - IMF bailout programme on 15 December 2013 . Having implemented budget cuts , reforms and sold assets , Ireland was again able to access debt markets . Since then , Ireland has been able to sell long term bonds at record rates . However , the stabilisation of the Irish credit bubble required a large transfer of debt from the private sector balance sheet ( highest OECD leverage ) , to the public sector balance sheet ( almost unleveraged , pre-crisis ) , via Irish bank bailouts and public deficit spending . The transfer of this debt means that Ireland , in 2017 , still has one of the highest levels of both public sector indebtedness , and private sector indebtedness , in the EU - 28 / OECD . Ireland continues to de-leverage its domestic private sector while growing its US multinational - driven economy . Ireland became the main destination for US corporate tax inversions from 2009 - 2016 ( mostly pharmaceutical ) , peaking with the blocked $160 bn Allergan / Pfizer inversion ( worlds largest inversion , and circa 85 % of Irish GNI * ) . Ireland also became the largest foreign location for US `` big cap '' technology multinationals ( i.e. Apple , Google , Microsoft , Facebook ) , which deliverd a GDP growth rate of 26.3 % ( and GNP growth rate of 18.7 % ) in 2015 . This growth was subsequently shown to be due to Apple restructuring its `` double Irish '' subsidiary ( Apple Sales International , currently under threat of a € 13bn EU `` illegal state aid '' fine for preferential tax treatment ) . Taxation policy Ireland 's economy was transformed with the creation of a 10 % low - tax `` special economic zone '' , called the International Financial Services Centre ( or `` IFSC '' ) , in 1987 . In 1999 , the entire country was effectively `` turned into an IFSC '' , with the reduction of Irish corporation tax from 32 % to 12.5 % ( the birth of Ireland 's `` low - tax '' model ) . This accelerated Ireland 's transition from a predominantly agricultural economy , into a knowledge economy focused on attracting US multinationals from high - tech , life sciences and financial services industries , seeking to avail of Ireland 's attractive corporate tax rates and unique corporate tax system . The `` multinational tax schemes '' foreign firm use in Ireland materially distort Irish economic statistics . This reached a climax with the famous `` leprechaun economics '' GDP / GNP growth rates of 2015 ( as Apple restructured its Irish subsidiaries in 2015 ) . The Central Bank of Ireland introduced a new statistic , `` modified GNI '' ( or GNI * ) , to remove these distortions . GNI * is 30 % below GDP ( or , GDP is 143 % of GNI ) . Ireland 's GDP and GNP should no longer be used . From the creation of the IFSC , the country experienced strong and sustained economic growth , which fuelled a dramatic rise in Irish consumer borrowing and spending , and Irish construction and investment , which became known as the Celtic Tiger period . By 2007 , Ireland had the highest private sector debt in the OCED with a household debt - to - disposable income ratio of 190 % . Global capital markets , who had financed Ireland 's build - up of debt in the Celtic Tiger period , by enabling Irish banks to borrow in excess of the domestic deposit base ( to over 180 % at peak ) , withdrew support in the global financial crisis . Their withdrawal , from an over-borrowed Irish credit system , would precipitate a deep Irish property correction , which would then lead to the collapse of the Irish banking system . Ireland 's successful `` low - tax '' economy opens it to accusations of being a `` corporate tax haven '' , and led to it being `` black listed '' . A 2017 study ranks Ireland as the 5th largest global Conduit OFC ( conduits legally route funds to tax havens ) . A serious challenge is the passing of the US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ( whose FDII and GILTI regimes target Ireland 's `` multinational tax schemes '' ) . The EU 's 2018 Digital Sales Tax ( DST ) ( and desire for a CCCTB ) , is also seen as an attempt to restrict Irish `` multinational tax schemes '' by US technology firms . Trade The International Financial Services Centre in Dublin Although multinational corporations dominate Ireland 's export sector , exports from other sources also contribute significantly to the national income . The activities of multinational companies based in Ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents , medical devices and software - related goods and services in the world . Ireland 's exports also relate to the activities of large Irish companies ( such as Ryanair , Kerry Group and Smurfit Kappa ) and exports of mineral resources : Ireland is the seventh largest producer of zinc concentrates , and the twelfth largest producer of lead concentrates . The country also has significant deposits of gypsum , limestone , and smaller quantities of copper , silver , gold , barite , and dolomite . Tourism in Ireland contributes about 4 % of GDP and is a significant source of employment . Other goods exports include agri - food , cattle , beef , dairy products , and aluminum . Ireland 's major imports include data processing equipment , chemicals , petroleum and petroleum products , textiles , and clothing . Financial services provided by multinational corporations based at the Irish Financial Services Centre also contribute to Irish exports . The difference between exports ( € 89.4 billion ) and imports ( € 45.5 billion ) resulted an annual trade surplus of € 43.9 billion in 2010 , which is the highest trade surplus relative to GDP achieved by any EU member state . The EU is by far the country 's largest trading partner , accounting for 57.9 % of exports and 60.7 % of imports . The United Kingdom is the most important trading partner within the EU , accounting for 15.4 % of exports and 32.1 % of imports . Outside the EU , the United States accounted for 23.2 % of exports and 14.1 % of imports in 2010 . Energy A wind farm in County Wexford Main article : Energy in Ireland ESB , Bord Gáis Energy and Airtricity are the three main electricity and gas suppliers in Ireland . There are 19.82 billion cubic metres of proven reserves of gas . Natural gas extraction previously occurred at the Kinsale Head until its exhaustion . The Corrib gas field was due to come on stream in 2013 / 14 . In 2012 , the Barryroe field was confirmed to have up to 1.6 billion barrels of oil in reserve , with between 160 and 600 million recoverable . That could provide for Ireland 's entire energy needs for up to 13 years , when it is developed in 2015 / 16 . There have been significant efforts to increase the use of renewable and sustainable forms of energy in Ireland , particularly in wind power , with 3,000 MegaWatts of wind farms being constructed , some for the purpose of export . The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland ( SEAI ) has estimated that 6.5 % of Ireland 's 2011 energy requirements were produced by renewable sources . The SEAI has also reported an increase in energy efficiency in Ireland with a 28 % reduction in carbon emissions per house from 2005 to 2013 . Transport Main articles : Transport in Ireland , Rail transport in Ireland , and Roads in Ireland Terminal 1 and 2 at Dublin Airport The country 's three main international airports at Dublin , Shannon and Cork serve many European and intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights . The London to Dublin air route is the ninth busiest international air route in the world , and also the busiest international air route in Europe , with 14,500 flights between the two in 2017 . In 2015 , 4.5 million people took the route , at that time , the world 's second - busiest . Aer Lingus is the flag carrier of Ireland , although Ryanair is the country 's largest airline . Ryanair is Europe 's largest low - cost carrier , the second largest in terms of passenger numbers , and the world 's largest in terms of international passenger numbers . InterCity Mark IV train at Heuston station Railway services are provided by Iarnród Éireann ( Irish Rail ) , which operates all internal intercity , commuter and freight railway services in the country . Dublin is the centre of the network with two main stations , Heuston station and Connolly station , linking to the country 's cities and main towns . The Enterprise service , which runs jointly with Northern Ireland Railways , connects Dublin and Belfast . The whole of Ireland 's mainline network operates on track with a gauge of 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) , which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs . Dublin has a steadily improving public transport network including the DART , Luas , Dublin Bus , and dublinbikes . Motorways , national primary roads and national secondary roads are managed by the National Roads Authority , while regional roads and local roads are managed by the local authorities in each of their respective areas . The road network is primarily focused on the capital , but motorways have been extended to other cities as part of the Transport 21 capital investment programme , as a result motorways have been completed between Dublin and a number of other major Irish cities including Cork , Limerick , Waterford and Galway . Dublin has been the focus of major projects such as the East - Link and West - Link toll - bridges , as well as the Dublin Port Tunnel . The Jack Lynch Tunnel , under the River Lee in Cork , and the Limerick Tunnel , under the River Shannon , were two major projects outside Dublin . Several by - pass projects are underway in other urban areas . Demographics Main article : Demographics of the Republic of Ireland See also : Irish population analysis Population of Ireland since 1951 . Genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers migrated from Iberia following the most recent ice age . After the Mesolithic , Neolithic and Bronze Age , migrants introduced a Celtic language and culture . Migrants from the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of most Irish people . Gaelic tradition expanded and became the dominant form over time . Irish people are a combination of Gaelic , Norse , Anglo - Norman , French , and British ancestry . The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011 , an increase of 8.2 % since 2006 . As of 2011 , Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union ( 16 births per 1,000 of population ) . In 2014 , 36.3 % of births were to unmarried women . Annual population growth rates exceeded 2 % during the 2002 - 2006 intercensal period , which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration . This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006 - 2011 intercensal period , with an average annual percentage change of 1.6 % . At the time of the 2016 census , the number of non-Irish nationals was recorded at 535,475 . This represents a 2 % decrease from the 2011 census figure of 544,357 . The five largest sources of non-Irish nationals were Poland ( 122,515 ) , the UK ( 103,113 ) , Lithuania ( 36,552 ) , Romania ( 29,186 ) and Latvia ( 19,933 ) respectively . Compared with 2011 , the number of UK , Polish , Lithuanian and Latvian nationals fell . There were four new additions to the top ten largest non-Irish nationalities in 2016 : Brazilian ( 13,640 ) , Spanish ( 12,112 ) , Italian ( 11,732 ) , and French ( 11,661 ) . See also : List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population <Th_colspan="8"> Largest urban centres by population ( 2016 census ) Dublin Limerick # Settlement Population # Settlement Population Cork Galway Dublin 1,173,179 11 Kilkenny 26,512 Cork 208,669 12 Ennis 25,276 Limerick 94,192 13 Carlow 24,272 Galway 79,934 14 Tralee 23,691 5 Waterford 53,504 15 Newbridge 22,742 6 Drogheda 40,956 16 Portlaoise 22,050 7 Swords 39,248 17 Balbriggan 21,722 8 Dundalk 39,004 18 Naas 21,393 9 Bray 32,600 19 Athlone 21,349 10 Navan 30,173 20 Mullingar 20,928 Functional urban areas The following is a list of functional urban areas in Ireland and their population as of 2014 . Functional urban areas Population 2014 Dublin 1,836,119 Cork 371,004 Galway 209,669 Limerick 165,800 Waterford 111,525 Languages Main articles : Languages of Ireland , Irish language , Hiberno - English , and Mid Ulster English The percentage who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census . The Irish Constitution describes Irish as the `` national language '' , but English is the dominant language . In the 2006 census , 39 % of the population regarded themselves as competent in Irish . Irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west and south of the country , collectively known as the Gaeltacht . Except in Gaeltacht regions , road signs are usually bilingual . Most public notices and print media are in English only . While the state is officially bilingual , citizens can often struggle to access state services in Irish and most government publications are not available in both languages , even though citizens have the right to deal with the state in Irish . Irish language media include the TV channel TG4 , the radio station RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta and online newspaper Tuairisc.ie . In the Irish Defence Forces , all foot and arms drill commands are given in the Irish language . As a result of immigration , Polish is the most widely spoken language in Ireland after English , with Irish as the third most spoken . Several other Central European languages ( namely Czech , Hungarian and Slovak ) , as well as Baltic languages ( Lithuanian and Latvian ) are also spoken on a day - to - day basis . Other languages spoken in Ireland include Shelta , spoken by Irish Travellers , and a dialect of Scots is spoken by some Ulster Scots people in Donegal . Most secondary school students choose to learn one or two foreign languages . Languages available for the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate include French , German , Italian and Spanish ; Leaving Certificate students can also study Arabic , Japanese and Russian . Some secondary schools also offer Ancient Greek , Hebrew and Latin . The study of Irish is compulsory for Leaving Certificate students , but some may qualify for an exemption in some circumstances , such as learning difficulties or entering the country after age 11 . Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland RCSI Disease and Research Centre at Beaumont Hospital in Dublin city . Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers . The Minister for Health has responsibility for setting overall health service policy . Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system , which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation . A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received ; this depends on income , age , illness or disability . All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months . Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital emergency department . However , visitors to emergency departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their GP may incur a fee of € 100 . In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived . Anyone holding a European Health Insurance Card is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals . Outpatient services are also provided for free . However , the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges . Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it . The average life expectancy in Ireland in 2012 is 81 years ( OECD average life expectancy in 2012 was 80 years ) , with 78.2 years for men and 83.6 years for women . It has the highest birth rate in the EU ( 16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants , compared to an EU average of 10.7 ) and a very low infant mortality rate ( 3.5 per 1,000 live births ) . The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by Health Consumer Powerhouse . The same report ranked the Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe . Education Main article : Education in the Republic of Ireland University College Cork was founded in 1845 and is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland . Ireland has three levels of education : primary , secondary and higher education . The education systems are largely under the direction of the Government via the Minister for Education and Skills . Recognised primary and secondary schools must adhere to the curriculum established by the relevant authorities . Education is compulsory between the ages of six and fifteen years , and all children up to the age of eighteen must complete the first three years of secondary , including one sitting of the Junior Certificate examination . There are approximately 3,300 primary schools in Ireland . The vast majority ( 92 % ) are under the patronage of the Catholic Church . Schools run by religious organisations , but receiving public money and recognition , can not discriminate against pupils based upon religion or lack thereof . A sanctioned system of preference does exist , where students of a particular religion may be accepted before those who do not share the ethos of the school , in a case where a school 's quota has already been reached . Longroom at the Trinity College Library The Leaving Certificate , which is taken after two years of study , is the final examination in the secondary school system . Those intending to pursue higher education normally take this examination , with access to third - level courses generally depending on results obtained from the best six subjects taken , on a competitive basis . Third - level education awards are conferred by at least 38 Higher Education Institutions - this includes the constituent or linked colleges of seven universities , plus other designated institutions of the Higher Education and Training Awards Council . The Programme for International Student Assessment , coordinated by the OECD , currently ranks Ireland as having the fourth highest reading score , ninth highest science score and thirteenth highest mathematics score , among OECD countries , in its 2012 assessment . In 2012 , Irish students aged 15 years had the second highest levels of reading literacy in the EU . Ireland also has 0.747 of the World 's top 500 Universities per capita , which ranks the country in 8th place in the world . Primary , secondary and higher ( university / college ) level education are all free in Ireland for all EU citizens . There are charges to cover student services and examinations . In addition , 37 percent of Ireland 's population has a university or college degree , which is among the highest percentages in the world . Religion Main article : Religion in the Republic of Ireland <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in the Republic of Ireland Religion Percent <Td_colspan="2"> Roman Catholic <Td_colspan="2"> 78.3 % <Td_colspan="2"> Non-religious <Td_colspan="2"> 10.1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Protestant <Td_colspan="2"> 4.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Muslim <Td_colspan="2"> 1.3 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> 6.1 % Religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in Ireland . Christianity is the predominant religion , and while Ireland remains a predominantly Catholic country , the percentage of the population who identified as Catholic on the census has fallen sharply from 84.2 percent in the 2011 census to 78.3 percent in the most recent 2016 census . Other results from the 2016 census are : 4.2 % Protestant , 1.3 % as Muslim , and 9.8 % as having no religion . According to a Georgetown University study , before 2000 the country had one of the highest rates of regular Mass attendance in the Western world . While daily attendance was 13 % in 2006 , there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81 % in 1990 to 48 % in 2006 , although the decline was reported as stabilising . In 2011 , it was reported that weekly Mass attendance in Dublin was just 18 % , with it being even lower among younger generations . St Mary 's Pro-Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church in Dublin . St Patrick 's Cathedral , Dublin , is the national Cathedral of the Church of Ireland . The Church of Ireland , at 2.7 % of the population , is the second largest Christian denomination . Membership declined throughout the twentieth century , but experienced an increase early in the 21st century , as have other small Christian denominations . Significant Protestant denominations are the Presbyterian Church and Methodist Church . Immigration has contributed to a growth in Hindu and Muslim populations . In percentage terms , Orthodox Christianity and Islam were the fastest growing religions , with increases of 100 % and 70 % respectively . Ireland 's patron saints are Saint Patrick , Saint Bridget and Saint Columba . Saint Patrick is the only one commonly recognised as the patron saint . Saint Patrick 's Day is celebrated on 17 March in Ireland and abroad as the Irish national day , with parades and other celebrations . As with other predominantly Catholic European states , Ireland underwent a period of legal secularisation in the late twentieth century . In 1972 , the article of the Constitution naming specific religious groups was deleted by the Fifth Amendment in a referendum . Article 44 remains in the Constitution : `` The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God . It shall hold His Name in reverence , and shall respect and honour religion . '' The article also establishes freedom of religion , prohibits endowment of any religion , prohibits the state from religious discrimination , and requires the state to treat religious and non-religious schools in a non-prejudicial manner . Religious studies was introduced as an optional Junior Certificate subject in 2001 . Although many schools are run by religious organisations , a secularist trend is occurring among younger generations . Culture Main article : Culture of Ireland Ireland 's culture was for centuries predominantly Gaelic , and it remains one of the six principal Celtic nations . Following the Anglo - Norman invasion in the 12th century , and gradual British conquest and colonisation beginning in the 16th century , Ireland became influenced by English and Scottish culture . Subsequently , Irish culture , though distinct in many aspects , shares characteristics with the Anglosphere , Catholic Europe , and other Celtic regions . The Irish diaspora , one of the world 's largest and most dispersed , has contributed to the globalisation of Irish culture , producing many prominent figures in art , music , and science . Literature Main article : Irish literature Jonathan Swift ( 1667 -- 1745 ) Ireland has made a significant contribution to world literature in both the English and Irish languages . Modern Irish fiction began with the publishing of the 1726 novel Gulliver 's Travels by Jonathan Swift . Other writers of importance during the 18th century and their most notable works include Laurence Sterne with the publication of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy , Gentleman and Oliver Goldsmith 's The Vicar of Wakefield . Numerous Irish novelists emerged during the 19th century , including Maria Edgeworth , John Banim , Gerald Griffin , Charles Kickham , William Carleton , George Moore , and Somerville and Ross . Bram Stoker is best known as the author of the 1897 novel Dracula . James Joyce ( 1882 -- 1941 ) published his most famous work Ulysses in 1922 , which is an interpretation of the Odyssey set in Dublin . Edith Somerville continued writing after the death of her partner Martin Ross in 1915 . Dublin 's Annie M.P. Smithson was one of several authors catering for fans of romantic fiction in the 1920s and 1930s . After the Second World War , popular novels were published by , among others , Brian O'Nolan , who published as Flann O'Brien , Elizabeth Bowen , and Kate O'Brien . During the final decades of the 20th century , Edna O'Brien , John McGahern , Maeve Binchy , Joseph O'Connor , Roddy Doyle , Colm Tóibín , and John Banville came to the fore as novelists . W.B. Yeats ( 1865 -- 1939 ) Patricia Lynch was a prolific children 's author in the 20th century , while Eoin Colfer 's works were NYT Best Sellers in this genre in the early 21st century . In the genre of the short story , which is a form favoured by many Irish writers , the most prominent figures include Seán Ó Faoláin , Frank O'Connor and William Trevor . Well known Irish poets include Patrick Kavanagh , Thomas McCarthy , Dermot Bolger , and Nobel Prize in Literature laureates William Butler Yeats and Seamus Heaney ( born in Northern Ireland but resided in Dublin ) . Prominent writers in the Irish language are Pádraic Ó Conaire , Máirtín Ó Cadhain , Séamus Ó Grianna , and Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill . The history of Irish theatre begins with the expansion of the English administration in Dublin during the early 17th century , and since then , Ireland has significantly contributed to English drama . In its early history , theatrical productions in Ireland tended to serve political purposes , but as more theatres opened and the popular audience grew , a more diverse range of entertainments were staged . Many Dublin - based theatres developed links with their London equivalents , and British productions frequently found their way to the Irish stage . However , most Irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves . In the 18th century , Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan were two of the most successful playwrights on the London stage at that time . At the beginning of the 20th century , theatre companies dedicated to the staging of Irish plays and the development of writers , directors and performers began to emerge , which allowed many Irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their reputations in Ireland rather than in Britain or the United States . Following in the tradition of acclaimed practitioners , principally Oscar Wilde , Literature Nobel Prize laureates George Bernard Shaw ( 1925 ) and Samuel Beckett ( 1969 ) , playwrights such as Seán O'Casey , Brian Friel , Sebastian Barry , Brendan Behan , Conor McPherson and Billy Roche have gained popular success . Other Irish playwrights of the 20th century include Denis Johnston , Thomas Kilroy , Tom Murphy , Hugh Leonard , Frank McGuinness , and John B. Keane . Music and dance Main articles : Irish music and Irish dance Irish traditional music has remained vibrant , despite globalising cultural forces , and retains many traditional aspects . It has influenced various music genres , such as American country and roots music , and to some extent modern rock . It has occasionally been blended with styles such as rock and roll and punk rock . Ireland has also produced many internationally known artists in other genres , such as rock , pop , jazz , and blues . Ireland 's best selling musical act is the rock band U2 , who have sold 170 million copies of their albums worldwide since their formation in 1976 . Dublin - based rock group U2 . There are a number of classical music ensembles around the country , such as the RTÉ Performing Groups . Ireland also has three opera organisations . Opera Ireland produces large - scale operas in Dublin , the Opera Theatre Company tours its chamber - style operas throughout the country , and the annual Wexford Opera Festival , which promotes lesser - known operas , takes place during October and November . Ireland has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 1965 . Its first win was in 1970 , when Dana won with All Kinds of Everything . It has subsequently won the competition six more times , the highest number of wins by any competing country . The phenomenon Riverdance originated as an interval performance during the 1994 contest . Irish dance can broadly be divided into social dance and performance dance . Irish social dance can be divided into céilí and set dancing . Irish set dances are quadrilles , danced by 4 couples arranged in a square , while céilí dances are danced by varied formations of couples of 2 to 16 people . There are also many stylistic differences between these two forms . Irish social dance is a living tradition , and variations in particular dances are found across the country . In some places dances are deliberately modified and new dances are choreographed . Performance dance is traditionally referred to as stepdance . Irish stepdance , popularised by the show Riverdance , is notable for its rapid leg movements , with the body and arms being kept largely stationary . The solo stepdance is generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid upper body , straight arms , and quick , precise movements of the feet . The solo dances can either be in `` soft shoe '' or `` hard shoe '' . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Ireland The ruins of Monasterboice in County Louth are of early Christian settlement . Ireland has a wealth of structures , surviving in various states of preservation , from the Neolithic period , such as Brú na Bóinne , Poulnabrone dolmen , Castlestrange stone , Turoe stone , and Drombeg stone circle . As the Romans never conquered Ireland , architecture of Greco - Roman origin is extremely rare . The country instead had an extended period of Iron Age architecture . The Irish round tower originated during the Early Medieval period . Christianity introduced simple monastic houses , such as Clonmacnoise , Skellig Michael and Scattery Island . A stylistic similarity has been remarked between these double monasteries and those of the Copts of Egypt . Gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied ringforts or crannógs . Church reforms during the 12th century via the Cistercians stimulated continental influence , with the Romanesque styled Mellifont , Boyle and Tintern abbeys . Gaelic settlement had been limited to the Monastic proto - towns , such as Kells , where the current street pattern preserves the original circular settlement outline to some extent . Significant urban settlements only developed following the period of Viking invasions . The major Hiberno - Norse Longphorts were located on the coast , but with minor inland fluvial settlements , such as the eponymous Longford . Dublin Custom House is a neoclassical building from the late 18th century . Castles were built by the Anglo - Normans during the late 12th century , such as Dublin Castle and Kilkenny Castle , and the concept of the planned walled trading town was introduced , which gained legal status and several rights by grant of a Charter under Feudalism . These charters specifically governed the design of these towns . Two significant waves of planned town formation followed , the first being the 16th - and 17th - century plantation towns , which were used as a mechanism for the Tudor English kings to suppress local insurgency , followed by 18th - century landlord towns . Surviving Norman founded planned towns include Drogheda and Youghal ; plantation towns include Portlaoise and Portarlington ; well - preserved 18th - century planned towns include Westport and Ballinasloe . These episodes of planned settlement account for the majority of present - day towns throughout the country . Brick architecture of multi-storey buildings in Dame Street in Dublin Gothic cathedrals , such as St Patrick 's , were also introduced by the Normans . Franciscans were dominant in directing the abbeys by the Late Middle Ages , while elegant tower houses , such as Bunratty Castle , were built by the Gaelic and Norman aristocracy . Many religious buildings were ruined with the Dissolution of the Monasteries . Following the Restoration , palladianism and rococo , particularly country houses , swept through Ireland under the initiative of Edward Lovett Pearce , with the Houses of Parliament being the most significant . With the erection of buildings such as The Custom House , Four Courts , General Post Office and King 's Inns , the neoclassical and Georgian styles flourished , especially in Dublin . Georgian townhouses produced streets of singular distinction , particularly in Dublin , Limerick and Cork . Following Catholic Emancipation , cathedrals and churches influenced by the French Gothic Revival emerged , such as St Colman 's and St Finbarre 's . Ireland has long been associated with thatched roof cottages , though these are nowadays considered quaint . The Elysian tower in Cork is the tallest storeyed building in the Republic of Ireland . Beginning with the American designed art deco church at Turner 's Cross in 1927 , Irish architecture followed the international trend towards modern and sleek building styles since the 20th century . Other developments include the regeneration of Ballymun and an urban extension of Dublin at Adamstown . Since the establishment of the Dublin Docklands Development Authority in 1997 , the Dublin Docklands area underwent large - scale redevelopment , which included the construction of the Convention Centre Dublin and Grand Canal Theatre . Completed in 2008 , the Elysian tower in Cork is the tallest storeyed building in the Republic of Ireland ( the Obel Tower in Belfast , Northern Ireland being the tallest in Ireland ) , at a height of 71 metres ( 233 feet ) , surpassing Cork County Hall . The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland regulates the practice of architecture in the state . Media Main article : Media of the Republic of Ireland Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) is Ireland 's public service broadcaster , funded by a television licence fee and advertising . RTÉ operates two national television channels , RTÉ One and RTÉ Two . The other independent national television channels are Virgin Media One , Virgin Media Two , Virgin Media Three and TG4 , the latter of which is a public service broadcaster for speakers of the Irish language . All these channels are available on Saorview , the national free - to - air digital terrestrial television service . Additional channels included in the service are RTÉ News Now , RTÉjr , and RTÉ One + 1 . Subscription - based television providers operating in Ireland include Virgin Media and Sky . Supported by the Irish Film Board , the Irish film industry grew significantly since the 1990s , with the promotion of indigenous films as well as the attraction of international productions like Braveheart and Saving Private Ryan . A large number of regional and local radio stations are available countrywide . A survey showed that a consistent 85 % of adults listen to a mixture of national , regional and local stations on a daily basis . RTÉ Radio operates four national stations , Radio 1 , 2fm , Lyric fm , and RnaG . It also operates four national DAB radio stations . There are two independent national stations : Today FM and Newstalk . Ireland has a traditionally competitive print media , which is divided into daily national newspapers and weekly regional newspapers , as well as national Sunday editions . The strength of the British press is a unique feature of the Irish print media scene , with the availability of a wide selection of British published newspapers and magazines . Eurostat reported that 82 % of Irish households had Internet access in 2013 compared to the EU average of 79 % but only 67 % had broadband access . Cuisine Main article : Irish cuisine Further information : List of Irish dishes A pint of Guinness Irish cuisine was traditionally based on meat and dairy products , supplemented with vegetables and seafood . Examples of popular Irish cuisine include boxty , colcannon , coddle , stew , and bacon and cabbage . Ireland is famous for the full Irish breakfast , which involves a fried or grilled meal generally consisting of rashers , egg , sausage , white and black pudding , and fried tomato . Apart from the influence by European and international dishes , there has been an emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways . This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables , fish , oysters , mussels and other shellfish , and the wide range of hand - made cheeses that are now being produced across the country . Shellfish have increased in popularity , especially due to the high quality shellfish available from the country 's coastline . The most popular fish include salmon and cod . Traditional breads include soda bread and wheaten bread . Barmbrack is a yeasted bread with added sultanas and raisins , traditionally eaten on Halloween . Popular everyday beverages among the Irish include tea and coffee . Alcoholic drinks associated with Ireland include Poitín and the world - famous Guinness , which is a dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James 's Gate in Dublin . Irish whiskey is also popular throughout the country and comes in various forms , including single malt , single grain , and blended whiskey . Sports Main article : Sport in Ireland Croke Park stadium is the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association . Gaelic football and hurling are the traditional sports of Ireland as well as most popular spectator sports . They are administered by the Gaelic Athletics Association on an all - Ireland basis . Other Gaelic games organised by the association include Gaelic handball and rounders . Soccer is the third most popular spectator sport and has the highest level of participation . Although the League of Ireland is the national league , the English Premier League is the most popular among the public . The Republic of Ireland national football team plays at international level and is administered by the Football Association of Ireland . The Irish Rugby Football Union is the governing body of rugby union , which is played at local and international levels on an all - Ireland basis , and has produced players such as Brian O'Driscoll and Ronan O'Gara , who were on the team that won the Grand Slam in 2009 . The success of the Irish Cricket Team in the 2007 Cricket World Cup has led to an increase in the popularity of cricket , which is also administered on an all - Ireland basis by Cricket Ireland . Netball is represented by the Ireland national netball team . Golf is another popular sport in Ireland , with over 300 courses countrywide . The country has produced several internationally successful golfers , such as Pádraig Harrington and Paul McGinley . Horse Racing has a very large presence in Ireland , with one of the most influential breeding and racing operations based in the country . Racing takes place at courses at The Curragh Racecourse in County Kildare and at Leopardstown Racecourse , racing taking place since the 1860s , but racing taking place as early as the early 1700s . Popular race meetings also take place at Galway . Operations include Coolmore Stud and Ballydoyle , the base of Aidan O'Brien arguably one of the world 's most successful horse trainers . Ireland has produced champion horses such as Galileo , Montjeu , and Sea the Stars . Boxing is Ireland 's most successful sport at an Olympic level . Administered by the Irish Athletic Boxing Association on an all - Ireland basis , it has gained in popularity as a result of the international success of boxers such as Bernard Dunne , Andy Lee and Katie Taylor . Some of Ireland 's highest performers in athletics have competed at the Olympic Games , such as Eamonn Coghlan and Sonia O'Sullivan . The annual Dublin Marathon and Dublin Women 's Mini Marathon are two of the most popular athletics events in the country . Rugby league is represented by the Ireland national rugby league team and administered by Rugby League Ireland ( who are full member of the Rugby League European Federation ) on an all - Ireland basis . The team compete in the European Cup ( rugby league ) and the Rugby League World Cup . Ireland reached the quarter finals of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup as well as reaching the semi finals in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup . The Irish Elite League is a domestic competition for rugby league teams in Ireland . The profile of Australian rules football has increased in Ireland due to the International rules series that take place annually between Australia and Ireland . Baseball and basketball are also emerging sports in Ireland , both of which have an international team representing the island of Ireland . Other sports which retain a strong following in Ireland include cycling , greyhound racing , horse riding , motorsport , and softball . Society See also : Abortion in the Republic of Ireland and LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality . In 2011 , Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe , and second most charitable in the world . Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979 , however , the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularised society . In 1983 , the Eighth Amendment recognised `` the right to life of the unborn '' , subject to qualifications concerning the `` equal right to life '' of the mother . The case of Attorney General v. X subsequently prompted passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments , guaranteeing the right to have an abortion performed abroad , and the right to learn about `` services '' that are illegal in Ireland but legal abroad . The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment . Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages ( 0.7 divorced people per 1,000 population in 2011 ) while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average ( 4.6 marriages per 1,000 population per year in 2012 ) . Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland , while discrimination based on age , gender , sexual orientation , marital or familial status , religion , race or membership of the travelling community is illegal . The legislation which outlawed homosexual acts was repealed in 1993 . In 2010 , the Dáil and the Seanad passed the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act , which recognised civil partnerships between same - sex couples . It permits same - sex couples to register their relationship before a registrar . A Sunday Times poll carried out in March 2011 showed that 73 % of people believe that same - sex couples should be allowed to marry , while 60 % believe that same - sex couples should be allowed to adopt children . In April 2012 , the Constitutional Convention voted overwhelmingly in favour of extending marriage rights to same - sex couples . On 23 May 2015 , Ireland became the first country to legalise same - sex marriage by popular vote . Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004 . Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively , and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union . It was the first country in Europe to ban incandescent lightbulbs in 2008 and the first EU country to ban in - store tobacco advertising and product display in 2009 . In 2015 Ireland became the second country in the world to introduce plain cigarette packaging . Despite the above measures to discourage tobacco use , smoking rates in Ireland remain above 20 % of the adult population and above those in other developed countries . State symbols Further information : Symbols of the Republic of Ireland The seal of the President of Ireland , incorporating a harp The state shares many symbols with the island of Ireland . These include the colours green and blue , animals such as the Irish wolfhound and stags , structures such as round towers and celtic crosses , and designs such as Celtic knots and spirals . The shamrock , a type of clover , has been a national symbol of Ireland since the 17th century when it became customary to wear it as a symbol on St. Patrick 's Day . These symbols are used by state institutions as well as private bodies in the Republic of Ireland . The flag of Ireland is a tricolour of green , white and orange . The flag originates with the Young Ireland movement of the mid-19th century but was not popularised until its use during the Easter Rising of 1916 . The colours represent the Gaelic tradition ( green ) and the followers of William of Orange in Ireland ( orange ) , with white representing the aspiration for peace between them . It was adopted as the flag of the Irish Free State in 1922 and continues to be used as the sole flag and ensign of the state . A naval jack , a green flag with a yellow harp , is set out in Defence Forces Regulations and flown from the mast head of ships in addition to the national flag in limited circumstances ( e.g. when a ship is not underway ) . It is based on the unofficial green ensign of Ireland used in the 18th and 19th centuries and the traditional green flag of Ireland dating from the 16th century . Like the national flag , the national anthem , Amhrán na bhFiann ( English : A Soldier 's Song ) , has its roots in the Easter Rising , when the song was sung by the rebels . Although originally published in English in 1912 , the song was translated into Irish in 1923 and the Irish - language version is more commonly sung today . The song was officially adopted as the anthem of the Irish Free State in 1926 and continues as the national anthem of the state . The first four bars of the chorus followed by the last five comprise the presidential salute . The arms of Ireland originate as the arms of the monarchs of Ireland and was recorded as the arms of the King of Ireland in the 12th century . From the union of the crowns of England , Scotland and Ireland in 1603 , they have appeared quartered on the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom . Today , they are the personal arms of the President of Ireland whilst he or she is in office and are flown as the presidential standard . The harp symbol is used extensively by the state to mark official documents , Irish coinage and on the seal of the President of Ireland . See also Ireland portal Celtic Studies portal Outline of the Republic of Ireland List of Ireland - related topics Notes Jump up ^ Prior to 2002 , Ireland used the punt ( Irish pound ) as its circulated currency . The euro was introduced as an accounting currency in 1999 . References ^ Jump up to : `` Official Languages Act 2003 '' . Office of the Attorney - General . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSO Census 2016 Chapter 6 - Ethnicity and Irish Travellers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population and migration estimates april 2018 '' . 29 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ireland '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' . United Nations Development Programme. 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ John Coakley ( 20 August 2009 ) . Politics in the Republic of Ireland . Taylor & Francis . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47672 - 0 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ L. Prakke ; C.A.J.M. Kortmann ; J.C.E. van den Brandhof ( 2004 ) , Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States , Deventer : Kluwer , p. 429 , ISBN 9013012558 , Since 1937 Ireland has been a parliamentary republic , in which ministers appointed by the president depend on the confidence of parliament Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : GDP -- per capita ( PPP ) '' . World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Legatum Prosperity Index '' ( PDF ) . The Legatum Institute . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU : Causes of Growth differentials in Europe '' , WAWFA think tank Jump up ^ Nicoll , Ruaridh ( 16 May 2009 ) . `` Ireland : As the Celtic Tiger roars its last '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' . ft.com . FT . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NATO - Member countries '' . NATO . NATO . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Marie ( 2013 ) . The Irish Revolution , 1916 - 1923 . Routledge . p. 230 . ISBN 1317801466 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Michael , `` The changing constitution '' , in Gallagher , Michael ; Coakley , John , eds. ( 2010 ) . Politics in the Republic of Ireland . 0415476712 . ISBN 0415476712 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Oliver , J.D.B. , What 's in a Name , in Tiley , John , ed. ( 2004 ) . Studies in the History of Tax Law . Hart Publishing . pp. 181 -- 3 . ISBN 1841134732 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Note : the author incorrectly uses `` Éire '' , with the diacritic Jump up ^ Oliver ( 2004 ) , p. 178 ; Daly ( 2007 ) , p. 80 Jump up ^ Acciano , Reuben ( 2005 ) . Western Europe . Lonely Planet . p. 616 . ISBN 1740599276 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , M.L.R ( 2002 ) . Fighting for Ireland ? : The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement . Routledge . p. 2 . ISBN 1134713975 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Mokyr , Joel ( 1984 ) . `` New Developments in Irish Population History 1700 -- 1850 '' . Irish Economic and Social History . XI : 101 -- 121 . hdl : 10197 / 1406 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Ireland 1841 - 2011 '' . CSO . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Wesley Johnston , Patrick Abbot . `` Prelude to the Irish Famine - Demographics '' . Wesleyjohnston.com . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Population Change and Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . CSO . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Bardon , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . A History of Ulster . Blackstaff Press . pp. 402 , 405 . ISBN 0856404985 . Jump up ^ Coogan , Tim Pat ( 2009 ) . Ireland In The 20th Century . Random House . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 9781407097213 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Soldiers in the First World War '' . 1916 Commemorations . Department of the Taoiseach. 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Hennessy , Dave . `` The Hay Plan & Conscription in Ireland During WW1 '' . Waterford County Museum . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Fennell , Desmond ( 1993 ) . Heresy : the Battle of Ideas in Modern Ireland . Belfast : Blackstaff Press . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 85640 - 513 - 2 . Both the new Irish Republic and the labour movement were sympathetic to the new soviet regime in Russia . The government of the Soviet Union recognised the Republic , and the Dáil authorised the establishment of diplomatic relations . Jump up ^ `` Dáil Éireann - Volume 3 - 7 January 1922 ( Record of Dáil debate on the Treaty and vote ) '' . Government of Ireland . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Parliamentary Report , 7 December 1922 '' . Stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk. 7 December 1922 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Coogan , Tim Pat ( 1993 ) . `` 21 de Valera Stands Tall '' . De Valera : Long Fellow , Long Shadow . Jump up ^ `` Dáil Éireann - Volume T - 19 December , 1921 ( DEBATE ON TREATY ) '' . Dáil Éireann . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Ireland , 1 July , 1937 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ T. Garvin , 1922 : the birth of Irish democracy , Gill & Macmillan : Dublin , 2005 . Peter Cottrell ( 2008 ) . The Irish Civil War 1922 -- 23 . Osprey Publishing . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 270 - 7 . Irish voters approved a new constitution , Bunreacht na hÉireann , in 1937 renaming the country Éire or simply Ireland . Dr. Darius Whelan ( June 2005 ) . `` Guide to Irish Law '' . Retrieved 11 September 2009 . This Constitution , which remains in force today , renamed the state Ireland ( Article 4 ) and established four main institutions -- the President , the Oireachtas ( Parliament ) , the Government and the Courts . John T. Koch , Celtic culture : a historical encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO : Santa Barbara , 2006 . Jump up ^ Daly , Mary E. ( January 2007 ) . `` The Irish Free State / Éire / Republic of Ireland / Ireland : `` A Country by Any Other Name '' ? `` . Journal of British Studies . 46 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 90 . doi : 10.1086 / 508399 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 508399 . After the enactment of the 1936 External Relations Act and the 1937 Constitution , Ireland 's only remaining link with the crown had been the accreditation of diplomats . The president of Ireland was the head of state . When opposition deputies asked de Valera whether Ireland was a republic -- a favorite pastime in the mid-1940s -- he tended to resort to dictionary definitions showing that Ireland had all the attributes of a republic . Jump up ^ Girvin , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Emergency : Neutral Ireland 1939 - 45 . Pan . ISBN 9780330493291 . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision ( Pre-Union Irish Statutes ) Act , 1962 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ November getaways ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` Ireland at the UN '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ November getaways ( 26 June 2010 ) . `` Ireland 's UN affairs '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Ireland and European Unity '' . Nationalarchives.ie . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joining the European Community '' . Ec.europa.eu. 31 July 1961 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Francis ; Warrington . `` Taxations And savings in Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Trinity Economic Papers Series . Trinity College , Dublin . p. 19 . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Income and Expenditure 2017 ( Figure 1.1 Growth Rates ) '' . CSO . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union . Cm 9417 ( Report ) . HM Government . February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of Forestry in Ireland '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forests cover around 40 % of the EU27 land area '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hedgerows '' . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in Ireland '' . Teagasc.ie . Archived from the original on 4 October 1999 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Land cover and land use '' . Environmental Protection Agency . 2000 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ireland '' . CIA World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate in Ireland '' . Met.ie . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Ireland Climate and What to Wear '' . TravelInIreland.com . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Temperature in Ireland '' . Met.ie . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wind over Ireland '' . Met.ie . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine and Solar Radiation '' . Met.ie . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Article 15.2 of the Constitution of Ireland . Jump up ^ `` Office of the President -- Powers and Functions '' . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` President Michael D promises seven years of new ideas '' . Irish Independent . 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Conor ; Eoin O'Malley ( 2007 ) . Conor McGrath , Eoin O'Malley , ed . Irish political studies reader : key contributions . Routledge . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 44648 - 8 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Section 33 of the Electoral Act , 1992 ( Public Act No. 23 of 1992 ) . Act of the Irish Parliament . ^ Jump up to : `` Local Government Reform Act 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Environ.ie . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Should the Garda Síochána be armed ? '' . TheJournal.ie. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Defence Forces '' . Rdf.ie . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish citizenship through birth or descent '' . Citizensinformation.ie . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Irish Nationality and Citizenship Acts 1956 -- 2011 ( unofficial consolidated version ) Jump up ^ See Michael J. Geary , An Inconvenient Wait : Ireland 's Quest for Membership of the EEC , 1957 -- 73 ( Institute of Public Administration , 2009 ) ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 904541 - 83 - 7 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Journal of the European Union '' . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland and the United Nations '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Ireland 's Role in Post-War Transatlantic Aviation and Its Implications for the Defence of the North Atlantic Area '' . Royal Irish Academy . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Irish Times , 28 December 2007 p. 1 Archived 7 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Private Members ' Business . -- Foreign Conflicts : Motion ( Resumed ) '' . Government of Ireland . 30 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . -- Tony Gregory speaking in Dáil Éireann Jump up ^ Patrick Smyth ( 29 November 1999 ) . `` State joins Partnership for Peace on Budget day '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document '' . NATO website . 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lally , Conor ( 25 November 2009 ) . `` Numbers in Defence Forces hit 40 - year low '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Written Replies Nos. 437 to 450 - Defence Forces Reserve '' . Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas ( Hansard ) . 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilland 2001 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` Minister for Defence , Mr. Willie O'Dea TD secures formal Cabinet approval today for Ireland 's participation in an EU Battlegroup '' . Department of Defense . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ United States . National Archives and Records Administration , United States . Office of the Federal Register ( 1996 ) . Weekly compilation of Presidential documents , Volume 32 , Issue 2 . Office of the Federal Register , National Archives and Records Service , General Services Administration . p. 1050 . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland named best country for high - value FDI for sixth year in a row '' . Irish Times . 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Statement Macroeconomic Releases Year 2016 and Quarter 1 2017 - CSO - Central Statistics Office '' . www.cso.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Modified Gross National Income - CSO - Central Statistics Office '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` IRELAND Trade and Statistical Note 2017 '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 multinationals paid half of all Corporation tax paid in 2016 '' . RTE News . 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most of Ireland 's huge corporate tax haul last year came from foreign firms '' . sunday Business Post FORA. 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An Analysis of 2015 Corporation Tax Returns and 2016 Payments '' ( PDF ) . Revenue Commissioners. April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ireland 's Top 1000 Companies '' . Irish Times . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winning FDI 2015 - 2019 Strategy '' . IDA Ireland . March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IDA Ireland Competitiveness '' . IDA Ireland . March 2018 . Jump up ^ Fottrell , Quentin ( 30 June 2010 ) . `` Ireland Officially Exits Recession '' . Wall Street Journal . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland to receive € 85 billion bailout at 5.8 % interest rate '' . Irishtimes.com. 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish economy grew by 0.9 % in 2012 - CSO '' . RTÉ. 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Crosbie , Judith ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Irish anti-immigrant attitudes growing , report shows '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Unemployment March 2016 - CSO - Central Statistics Office '' . www.cso.ie . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Irish person emigrates every six minutes '' . Financial Times . 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Henry ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` Ireland becomes first country to exit eurozone bailout programme '' . Retrieved 30 July 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland raises € 3.75 billion from sale of new 10 - year benchmark bond '' . cbonds.com . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish government debt four times pre-crisis level , NTMA says '' . 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 42 % of Europe 's banking crisis paid by Ireland '' . 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who owes more money - the Irish or the Greeks ? '' . Irish Times . 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why do the Irish still owe more than the Greeks ? '' . Irish Times . 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's colossal level of indebtedness leaves any new government with precious little room for manoeuvre '' . Irish Independent . 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish public debt levels 4th highest in EU28 June 2017 FAR Slide 7 '' ( PDF ) . Irish Fiscal Advisory Council . June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish household debt still amongst the highest in Europe '' . Irish Times . 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Net National debt now € 44000 per head , 2nd highest in the World '' . Irish Independent . 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Tax Runaways '' . Bloomberg News . 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pfizer pulls out of € 140bn Irish Allergan merger '' . Irish Independent . 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dermot Desmond on the IFSC past and future '' . Finance Dublin. 2003 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Irish Corporate Tax System '' ( PDF ) . Ernst and Young . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report on Ireland 's Relationship with Global Corporate Taxation Architecture '' ( PDF ) . Department of Finance . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CSO paints a very different picture of Irish economy with new measure '' . Irish Times . 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New economic Leprechaun on loose as rate of growth plunges '' . Irish Independent . 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESRG Presentation and CSO Response '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistics Office . 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun - proofing economic data '' . RTE News . 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the ESRG Review Group on GNI * '' . Central Statistics Office ( Ireland ) . February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN OWNED COMPANIES '' ( PDF ) . IMK Institute , Berlin . January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESRI -- Irish Economy '' . Esri.ie . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Banks continue to grow deposits as loan books shrink '' . Irish Examiner . December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IRELAND FINANCIAL SYSTEM STABILITY ASSESSMENT 2016 '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland named world 's 6th worst corporate tax haven '' . journal.ie. 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States ' new view of Ireland : ' tax haven ' '' . Irish Times . January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe points finger at Ireland over tax avoidance '' . Irish Times . 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blacklisted by Brazil , Dublin funds find new ways to invest '' . Reuters. 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Department of Revenue made a recommendation that Ireland be included as a ' listed jurisdiction ' or tax haven '' . Irish Independent . 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's US tax reform a significant challenge for Ireland '' . Irish Times . 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US corporations could be saying goodbye to Ireland '' . Irish Times . 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump singles out Ireland in tax speech '' . Irish Times . 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law '' . Harvard Business Review . 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MEPs approve new EU corporate tax plan which embraces `` digital presence '' `` . European Parliament . 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What the EU 's new taxes on the tech giants mean - and how they would hurt Ireland '' . thejournal.ie. 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shake - up of EU tax rules a ' more serious threat ' to Ireland than Brexit '' . Irish Independent . 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ireland faces a fight on the corporate tax front '' . Irish Times . 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU digital levy could hit tech FDI and tax revenue here '' . Irish Independent . 21 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CSO -- Main Trading Partners 2010 '' . Cso.ie . Archived from the original on 11 February 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Bord Gáis ( 2006 ) . Natural Gas In Ireland . Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Gas and the Environment . Retrieved on 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Providence hits high as potential oil yield revised . The Irish Times ( 26 July 2012 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Archived 21 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Staff , Fora . `` Ireland 's state power supplier is planning a major leap into solar energy '' . thejournal.ie . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wind farm firm to create 2,000 jobs by 2018 - RTÉ News . RTÉ.ie . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit ( June 2012 ) , `` Renewable Energy in Ireland 2011 '' ( PDF ) , 2012 Report , Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland , p. 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2013 , retrieved 5 August 2013 Jump up ^ date December 2013 accessdate = 19 December 2013 Archived 19 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : O'Halloran , Barry ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` Dublin - London second - busiest route in world '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McSorley , Anita ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Dublin to London named Europe 's busiest air route in new OAG report '' . Irish Mirror . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash makes Ryanair cancel flights until Monday '' . Forbes . 16 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 -- via Wayback machine . Jump up ^ `` WATS Scheduled Passengers Carried 53rd Edition '' . International Air Transport Association . 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transport 21 Website -- What is Transport 21 ? '' . Transport21.ie . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Myths of British ancestry '' Prospect magazine Jump up ^ Origins of the British , Stephen Oppenheimer , 2006 Jump up ^ McEvoy , B ; Richards , M ; Forster , P ; Bradley , DG ( October 2004 ) . `` The Longue Durée of genetic ancestry : multiple genetic marker systems and Celtic origins on the Atlantic facade of Europe '' . Am. J. Hum . Genet. 75 : 693 -- 702 . doi : 10.1086 / 424697 . PMC 1182057 . PMID 15309688 . Jump up ^ `` This is Ireland - Highlights from Census 2011 , part 1 '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistics Office Ireland . March 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC News - Ireland continues to have highest birth rate in the European Union . Bbc.co.uk ( 20 December 2012 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vital Statistics Yearly Summary 2014 - CSO - Central Statistics Office '' . www.cso.ie . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's population still fastest - growing in EU '' . Thomas Crosbie Media . 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2016 . Non-Irish Nationalities Living in Ireland '' . Central Statistics Office . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Dublin City And Suburbs '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Cork City And Suburbs '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Limerick City And Suburbs '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Galway City And Suburbs '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Waterford City And Suburbs '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Drogheda '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Swords '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Dundalk '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Bray '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement Navan ( An Uaimh ) '' . Central Statistics Office . 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Functional Urban Areas in OECD Countries : Ireland '' , June 2016 Jump up ^ `` S.I. No. 164 / 1970 : ROAD TRAFFIC ( SIGNS ) ( AMENDMENT ) REGULATIONS , 1970 '' . Irish Statute Book . 16 July 1970 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Irish is third most used language - Census '' . rte.ie. 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ An introduction to the Ulster - Scots Language , Ulster - Scots Agency . Jump up ^ `` Pupils exempt from the study of the Irish language ( per Circular M10 / 94 -- Revision of Rule 46 of the `` Rules and Programme for Secondary Schools '' in relation to exemption from Irish ) `` . Department of Education and Skills . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Health care '' . Irish Citizens Information Board . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Charges for hospital services , Citizens Information board , 26 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` OECD Better Life Index '' . www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland has EU 's highest birth rate '' . Irishtimes.com. 7 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Health Consumer Index 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Health Consumer Powerhouse. 15 May 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Education ( Welfare ) Act , 2000 ( Section 17 ) Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Minister Hanafin announces intention to pilot new additional model of Primary School Patronage '' . Department of Education and Skills. 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Education Ireland -- Leaving Certificate '' . Educationireland.ie . Archived from the original on 29 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish teens perform significantly above average in maths , reading and science - OECD '' . Education . RTÉ News . 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CSO -- Measuring Ireland 's Progress 2013 '' . Central Statistics Office . 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's top 500 Universities per capita '' . Nationmaster.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Third - level student fees '' . Free fees . Citizens Information Board . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Sauter and Alexander E.M. Hess , The Most Educated Countries in the World , 24 / 7 Wall St. , 21 September 2012 Jump up ^ Samantha Grossman , And the World 's Most Educated Country Is ... , Time , 27 September 2012 Jump up ^ Smyth , Declan ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Profile 8 - Irish Travellers Ethnicity and Religion '' ( Press release ) . CSO.ie . Central Statistics Office . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2016 Summary Results - Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Weekly Mass Attendance of Catholics in Nations with Large Catholic Populations , 1980 -- 2000 -- World Values Survey ( WVS ) Jump up ^ Irish Mass attendance below 50 % Catholic World News 1 June 2006 Jump up ^ Smyth , Jamie ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` Fewer than one in five attend Sunday Mass in Dublin ' '' . Irishtimes.com . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Final Principal Demographic Results 2006 ( PDF ) . Central Statistics Office . 2007 . pp. 31 ( Table Q ) . ISBN 0 - 7557 - 7169 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniszewski , John ( 17 April 2005 ) . `` Catholicism Losing Ground in Ireland '' . LA Times . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Lawler , Phil ( 17 September 2007 ) . `` Ireland threatened by secularism , Pope tells new envoy '' . Catholic World News . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . `` Irish poll shows parents no longer want to force religion on to children '' . United Kingdom : National Secular Society . 13 April 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eoin Colfer signs Artemis Fowl spin - off series deal '' . Irish Times . 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Colfer is The New York Times best - selling author of eight books in the Artemis Fowl series , with sales in excess of 25 million copies Jump up ^ Houston , Eugenie ( 2001 ) . Working and Living in Ireland . Working and Living Publications . ISBN 0 - 9536896 - 8 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mason , Anthony ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` U2 : What they 're still looking for '' . CBS News . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Music Ireland '' . Contemporary Music Centre -- Links . Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Showband legend Butch Moore dies '' . RTÉ. 4 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dana '' . The Daily Show : Celebrity Guests . RTÉ Television . 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest Statistics '' . eurovisioncovers.co.uk. 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Little Bit Eurovision '' . RTÉ Television . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On The Road with Riverdance '' . RTÉ Radio 1 . 1 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Megalithic Monuments of Ireland '' . Megalithomania . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Prehistoric Monuments of Ireland '' . About.com . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AD 43 -- 410 Roman Iron Age '' . WorldTimelines.org.uk . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Meinardus 2002 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : `` AD 410 -- 1066 Early medieval '' . WorldTimelines.org.uk . Archived from the original on 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Moody 2005 , p. 735 . Jump up ^ `` Altman 2007 Unpublished thesis '' . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Castles '' . Castles.me.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Butlin RA ( 1977 ) : The Development of the Irish Town , Croom Helm Jump up ^ Butlin RA : op cit Jump up ^ Greenwood 2003 , p. 813 . Jump up ^ `` The Later Middle Ages : 1350 to 1540 '' . AskAboutIreland.ie . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Early Tudor Ireland : 1485 to 1547 '' . AskAboutIreland.ie . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood 2003 , p. 815 . Jump up ^ `` Thatching in Ireland '' . BallyBegVillage.com . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exterior of Church of Christ the King , Turner 's Cross '' . Parish of Turner 's Cross . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Adamstown '' . South Dublin County Council . Archived from the original on 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Docklands Authority -- About Us '' . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the RIAI '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About RTÉ '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What is Saorview ? '' . Saorview official website . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media landscape : Ireland '' . European Journalism Centre . 5 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listenership 2011 / 1 Summary Results '' ( PDF ) . JNLR / Ipsos MRB. 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Ireland still lags behind EU counterparts in access to broadband The Irish Times , 18 December 2013 ( accessed on 19 December 2013 ) Archived 29 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McElwain , Aoife ( 28 October 2017 ) . `` Now we know ... What 's so spooky about barmbrack ? '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Food & Drink in Ireland '' . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GAA attendances hold firm '' . GAA official website . 21 July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the GAA '' . GAA official website . Archived from the original on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Social and Economic Value of Sport in Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Daire ( 2006 ) . Who Stole Our Game ? . Gill & Macmillan Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7171 - 4004 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` About FAI '' . FAI official website . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland Are Grand Slam Champions ! '' . IRFU. 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Selvey , Mike ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Ireland is learning to love cricket and deserves more visits from the elite '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golf courses of Ireland '' . WorldGolf . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A long and winding road '' . Dublin Marathon official website . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland rugby league nation overview '' . Rugby League Planet . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Eye Super League '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland ' best country for gender equality ' '' . BBC News . 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland ' most charitable ' country in Europe '' . RTÉ News . 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Health ( Family Planning ) Act , 1979 '' . Office of the Attorney General . 23 July 1979 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NORRIS v. IRELAND -- 10581 / 83 ( 1988 ) ECHR 22 '' . European Court of Human Rights . 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Though Senator David Norris challenged the law in the European Court of Human Rights in 1988 , but the Irish Government were tardy in not legislating to rectify the issue until 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Civil partnership bill backed by Irish politicians '' . BBC News . 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Carl ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` ' Historic advance ' for equality as Civil Partnership Bill passed '' . The Irish Times . Dublin , Ireland . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly three - quarters of Irish people in favour of gay marriage '' . Irish Times . 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional convention backs extension of marriage rights to same - sex couples '' . Irish Times . 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland becomes first country to approve same - sex marriage by popular vote '' . Irish Times . 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional light bulbs to be scrapped '' . RTÉ. 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on in - store tobacco advertising '' . RTÉ. 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Mark ( 10 March 2015 ) , `` Plain packaging for cigarettes signed into law in Ireland '' , Irishtimes.com , retrieved 13 March 2015 Jump up ^ accessed 10 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Flags Used in Northern Ireland '' . cain.ulst.ac.uk . Cain Web Service . Jump up ^ `` National Flag '' . taoiseach.gov.ie . Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ `` Ireland : The Naval Service '' . crwflags.com . CRW Flags . ^ Jump up to : Sherry , Ruth ( Spring 1996 ) . `` The Story of the National Anthem '' . History Ireland . Dublin. 4 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Ceisteannea -- Questions . Oral answers . -- Saorstát National Anthem '' . Dáil Éireann -- Volume 16 . 20 July 1926 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Bibliography Gilland , Karin ( 2001 ) . Ireland : Neutrality and the International Use of Force . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21804 - 7 . Greenwood , Margaret ( 2003 ) . Rough guide to Ireland . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 059 - 7 . Mangan , James Clarence ( 2007 ) . James Clarence Mangan -- His Selected Poems . Read Books . ISBN 1 - 4086 - 2700 - 0 . Meinardus , Otto Friedrich August ( 2002 ) . Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity . American Univ in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 757 - 4 . Moody , Theodore William ( 2005 ) . A New History of Ireland : Prehistoric and early Ireland . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 821737 - 4 . Further reading Bunreacht na hÉireann ( the 1937 constitution ) The Irish Free State Constitution Act , 1922 J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor ( ed ) , Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland ( Gill & Macmillan , 1995 ) ( ISBN 0 - 7171 - 2276 - X ) FSL Lyons , Ireland Since the Famine Alan J. Ward , The Irish Constitutional Tradition : Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782 -- 1992 ( Irish Academic Press , 1994 ) ( ISBN 0 - 7165 - 2528 - 3 ) Michael J. Geary , An Inconvenient Wait : Ireland 's Quest for Membership of the EEC , 1957 -- 73 ( Institute of Public Administration , 2009 ) ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 904541 - 83 - 7 ) External links Find more aboutIrelandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Irish State -- Official governmental portal Áras an Uachtaráin -- Official presidential site Taoiseach -- Official prime ministerial site General information `` Ireland '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Ireland information from the United States Department of State Portals to the World at the Wayback Machine ( archived 29 July 2010 ) from the United States Library of Congress ( Archived by the WayBackMachine ) Ireland at UCB Libraries GovPubs Ireland at Curlie Ireland profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Ireland Geographic data related to Republic of Ireland at OpenStreetMap Key Development Forecasts for Ireland from International Futures <Th_colspan="2"> Ireland topics <Td_colspan="2"> Republic of Ireland topics Northern Ireland topics <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline Prehistory Protohistory Early history Gaelic Ireland / Lordship of Ireland 800 -- 1169 1169 -- 1536 Kingdom of Ireland 1536 -- 1691 1691 -- 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 -- 1923 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1922 Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) Ireland ( since 1922 ) Events Battles of Tara / Glenmama / Clontarf Norman invasion Bruce campaign Black Death Tudor conquest Desmond Rebellions Spanish Armada Tyrone 's Rebellion Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion / Confederate War Cromwellian conquest / Settlement of 1652 Williamite War Penal Laws First Great Famine 1798 Rebellion Act of Union ( 1800 ) 1803 Rebellion Tithe War Second Great Famine Land War Fenian Rising Dublin Lock - out Home Rule crisis Easter Rising War of Independence Anglo - Irish Treaty Civil War The Emergency IRA Northern Campaign IRA Border Campaign The Troubles Peace process Economy of the Republic of Ireland Celtic Tiger Post-2008 Irish economic downturn Post-2008 Irish banking crisis Other topics List of conflicts in Ireland List of Irish tribes List of Irish kingdoms List of High Kings Gaelic clothing and fashion List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Natural Climate Coastline Extreme points Fauna Islands Loughs Mountains Rivers list List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland / in Northern Ireland Human Architecture Notable buildings Tallest buildings and structures Cities Counties Demographics of the Republic of Ireland / of Northern Ireland Ports Provinces ROI -- UK border Towns Tourist attractions Transport <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Ideologies Nationalism Republicanism Ulster loyalism Unionism Republic of Ireland Constitution Economy Education Foreign relations Government local Oireachtas parliament Dáil Éireann ( lower house ) Seanad Éireann ( upper house ) President Northern Ireland Assembly D'Hondt method Economy Education Government local Peace process <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Cuisine Food List of dishes Barmbrack Boxty Champ Coddle Colcannon Drisheen Goody Skirts and kidneys Soda bread Stew Ulster fry Drinks Coffee Cream Guinness Mist Poitín Whiskey Dance Jig Sean - nós Set dancing Stepdance Festivals Imbolc Saint Patrick 's Day Bealtaine The Twelfth Lúnasa Rose of Tralee Samhain / Halloween Wren Day Languages Hiberno - English Irish Shelta Ulster Scots Literature Annals Fiction Gaeilge Poetry Theatre Triads Music Ballads Céilí Folk music session Instruments Rock music Traditional singing Mythology Cycles Fenian Mythological Ulster Aos Sí Echtrai Immrama Tuatha Dé Danann Legendary creatures People Anglo - Irish Gaels Gaelic Ireland Hiberno - Normans Irish diaspora List of Irish people Travellers Ulster Scots Sport Association football Camogie Gaelic football Gaelic handball Hurling Martial arts Road bowling Rounders Rugby union Symbols Brighid 's Cross Cláirseach County coats of arms Flags N. Ireland flags issue Irish Wolfhound National coat of arms Red Hand Shamrock Other Calendar Homelessness Names Place names in Ireland / outside Ireland Prostitution ( Republic ) / in Northern Ireland Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland / in Northern Ireland Public houses <Td_colspan="2"> Ireland portal <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Gaels General history Gaelic Ireland High King of Ireland Gaelic Irish kingdoms Dál Riata Alba Nine Years ' War Statutes of Iona Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 Jacobite risings Bliadhna Theàrlaich Penal Laws Great Hunger Irish diaspora Highland Clearances Gaelic Revival Gaeltacht Gàidhealtachd Gaelic culture Ogham Brehon law Gaelic mythology Lebor Gabála Érenn Gaelic warfare Gaelic astrology Gaelic kinship Bardic poetry Gaelic literature ( Early Irish , Modern Irish , Scottish Gaelic & Manx ) Gaelic type Insular script Fáinne Gaelic music Sean - nós song Oireachtas na Gaeilge Am Mòd Gaelic games Highland games Insular Christianity Gaelic Christian mission Language Primitive Irish Old Irish Middle Irish Classical Gaelic Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic Major tribes or clans Connachta ( incl . Uí Néill , Clan Colla , Clan Donald , Uí Maine , etc ) Dál gCais ( incl . Déisi ) Eóganachta Érainn ( incl . Dál Riata , Corcu Loígde , Clan Conla , Dál Fiatach , etc ) Laigin Ulaid ( incl . Dál nAraidi , Conmhaícne , Ciarraige , etc ) Related organisations Údarás na Gaeltachta Foras na Gaeilge Bòrd na Gàidhlig Culture Vannin Conradh na Gaeilge An Comunn Gàidhealach Manx Gaelic Society Seachtain na Gaeilge Gael Linn ULTACH Trust Comunn na Gàidhlig Columba Project Clans of Ireland An Coimisinéir Teanga An Comunn Gàidhealach America Related subjects Haplogroup R - M269 ( human genetics ) Celts Norse -- Gaels ( incl . Uí Ímair and Clan MacLeod ) Kingdom of the Isles Gaelicisation <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of the Republic of Ireland Official languages Irish English Minority languages Scots Ulster Scots Shelta Sign languages Irish Sign Language <Th_colspan="3"> Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British - Irish Agreement <Td_colspan="3"> Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf . Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . <Th_colspan="2"> British Isles <Td_colspan="2"> Terminology Alba Albion Prydain Britain Éire Hibernia Naming dispute Politics Sovereign states Ireland United Kingdom ( England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales ) Crown dependencies Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Sark Political cooperation Ireland -- United Kingdom relations British -- Irish Council British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly Common Travel Area Geography Island groups Channel Islands Islands of the Clyde Great Britain Hebrides Inner Outer Ireland Isle of Man Northern Isles Orkney Shetland Isles of Scilly Lists of islands of Bailiwick of Guernsey Ireland Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man United Kingdom England Scotland Wales History Island groups Ireland Current states Ireland United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Former states Irish Free State Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland Kingdom of Scotland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Society Modern languages Germanic English Scots Celtic Cornish Scottish Gaelic Irish Manx Welsh Romance Auregnais French Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Other British Sign Language Irish Sign Language Northern Ireland Sign Language Shelta People British Cornish English English Gypsies Irish Irish Travellers Kale Manx Northern Irish Scottish Ulster - Scots Welsh <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Portal <Th_colspan="2"> British -- Irish Council <Td_colspan="2"> Good Friday Agreement Member jurisdictions United Kingdom Ireland Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Member bodies Government of the United Kingdom Government of Ireland Policy Council of Guernsey Isle of Man Government Council of Ministers of Jersey Northern Ireland Executive Scottish Government Welsh Government Work areas Demography eHealth Environment Indigenous , minority and lesser - used languages Knowledge economy Misuse of drugs Social inclusion Tourism Transport Representatives of states May Varadkar St Pier Quayle Gorst Vacant Sturgeon Jones <Th_colspan="3"> Member states of the European Union <Td_colspan="2"> Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ( see also Northern Cyprus ) Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom <Td_colspan="3"> Future enlargement of the European Union <Th_colspan="3"> Council of Europe Institutions Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Saar ( assoc. 1950 -- 1956 ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2003 -- 2006 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ; see Macedonia naming dispute . <Th_colspan="2"> Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) History Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Guidelines Multinational Enterprises Testing of Chemicals <Th_colspan="2"> World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) 11th ( 2017 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . <Th_colspan="3"> Pan-Celticism Nations Celtic League definition Brittany Cornwall Ireland Isle of Man Scotland Wales Other claimants Asturias Auvergne Cantabria Cumbria Galicia Norte Y Wladfa Nova Scotia Limosin France England Nationalisms Breton nationalism ( history ) Cornish nationalism Welsh nationalism Scottish nationalism Irish nationalism ( incl . Republicanism ) Manx nationalism Pan-Celtic groups Celtic Congress Celtic League Columba Project Languages Brythonic ( Breton , Cornish & Welsh ) Goidelic ( Irish , Manx & Scottish Gaelic ) Mixed ( Shelta & Bungee ) Peoples Britons ( Bretons , Cornish & Welsh ) Gaels ( Irish incl . Irish Travellers , Manx & Highland Scots incl . Scottish Travellers ) Culture Brittany Cornwall Ireland Isle of Man Scotland Wales Celtic art Music Brittany Cornwall Ireland Isle of Man Scotland Wales Festivals Festival Interceltique de Lorient Pan Celtic Festival Hebridean Celtic Festival Celtic Connections Celtic Media Festival Sport Bando Bataireacht Camogie Cammag Cnapan Cornish hurling Cornish wrestling Curling Gaelic football ( Ladies ' ) Gaelic handball Gouren Rounders Highland games Hurling Road bowls Shinty <Td_colspan="3"> Celts portal Media Category Templates WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Irish states since 1171 <Td_colspan="2"> Ireland ( 1937 onward ) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 onward ) Medieval period Gaelic Ireland ( until 1607 ) Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 -- 1541 ) Modern period Kingdom of Ireland ( 1541 -- 1801 ) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) Twentieth century Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 37 ) Notable declared states Republic of Connacht ( 1798 ) Irish Republic ( 1919 -- 22 ) See also Confederate Ireland ( 1642 -- 53 ) Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland ( 1649 -- 60 ) Patriot Parliament ( 1689 ) <Td_colspan="2"> This date marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state . Official name was changed in 1927 . Coordinates : 53 ° N 8 ° W / 53 ° N 8 ° W / 53 ; - 8 WorldCat Identities BNF : cb11864622v ( data ) GND : 4027667 - 3 HDS : 3357 ISNI : 0000 0001 2359 1198 LCCN : n79063445 NARA : 10035801 NDL : 00560111 NKC : ge130752 SUDOC : 026389452 VIAF : 158208597 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland&oldid=866319402 '' Categories : Republic of Ireland English - speaking countries and territories Island countries Northern European countries Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the European Union NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union Republics Western European countries Countries in Europe States and territories established in 1949 1949 establishments in Ireland Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use Irish English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ 233 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 17 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Republic of Ireland
2. Irish Free State
3. Anglo-Irish Treaty
4. Irish Civil War
5. Constitution of Ireland
|
5,274,867,175,919,128,000 |
who has the most super bowl championships in the nfl
|
List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters <Th_colspan="2"> Super Bowl champions <Td_colspan="2"> I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles <Th_colspan="2"> Super Bowl <Td_colspan="2"> NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) <Td_colspan="2"> People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings <Td_colspan="2"> Super Bowl Sunday Curse <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs <Td_colspan="2"> 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=833105797 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Super Bowl champions
2. NFL playoffs
3. AFC vs NFC
4. Consecutive Super Bowl wins
5. Teams with no Super Bowl appearances
|
7,921,405,414,696,324,000 |
indian financial system – components of the financial system and their relative size
|
Financial system - wikipedia Financial system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A financial system ( within the scope of finance ) is a system that allows the exchange of funds between lenders , investors , and borrowers . Financial systems operate at national , global , and firm - specific levels . They consist of complex , closely related services , markets , and institutions intended to provide an efficient and regular linkage between investors and depositors . Money , credit , and finance are used as medium of exchange in financial systems . They serve as a medium of known value for which goods and services can be exchanged as an alternative to bartering . A modern financial system may include banks ( public sector or private sector ) , financial markets , financial instruments , and financial services . Financial systems allow funds to be allocated , invested , or moved between economic sectors . They enable individuals and companies to share the associated risks . Contents ( hide ) 1 The components of a financial system 1.1 Financial institutions 1.1. 1 Banks 1.1. 2 Non-bank financial institutions 1.1. 3 Primary markets 1.1. 4 Secondary markets 1.2 Financial instruments 1.2. 1 Cash instruments 1.2. 2 Derivative instruments 1.3 Financial services 2 See also 3 References The components of a financial system ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) Financial institutions ( edit ) Financial institutions provide financial services for members and clients . Banks ( edit ) Banks are financial intermediaries that lend money to borrowers to generate revenue . They are typically regulated heavily , as they provide market stability and consumer protection . Banks include : Public banks Commercial banks Central banks Cooperative banks State - managed cooperative banks State - managed land development banks Non-Bank financial institutions ( edit ) Non-bank financial institutions facilitate financial services like investment , risk pooling , and market brokering . They generally do not have full banking licenses or are not supervised by a bank regulation agency . Non-bank financial institutions include : Finance and loan companies Insurance companies Mutual funds Commodity traders Financial markets are markets in which securities , commodities , and fungible items are traded at prices representing supply and demand . The term `` market '' typically means the institution of aggregate exchanges of possible buyers and sellers of such items . Primary markets ( edit ) The primary market ( or initial market ) generally refers to new issues of stocks , bonds , or other financial instruments . The primary market is divided in two segment , the money market and the capital market . Secondary markets ( edit ) The secondary market refers to transactions in financial instruments that were previously issued . Financial instruments ( edit ) Financial instruments are tradable financial assets of any kind . They include money , evidence of ownership interest in an entity , and contracts . Cash instruments ( edit ) A cash instrument 's value is determined directly by markets . They may include securities , loans , and deposits . Derivative instruments ( edit ) A derivative instrument is a contract that derives its value from one or more underlying entities ( including an asset , index , or interest rate ) . Financial services ( edit ) Financial services are offered by a large number of businesses that encompass the finance industry . These include credit unions , banks , credit card companies , insurance companies , stock brokerages , and investment funds . See also ( edit ) Global financial system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 551 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gurusamy , S. ( 2008 ) . Financial Services and Systems 2nd edition , p. 3 . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 0 - 07 - 015335 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Back to Basics : What Is Money ? - Finance & Development , September 2012 '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Allen , Franklin ; Gale , Douglas ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Comparing Financial Systems . MIT Press . ISBN 9780262011778 . Jump up ^ Development and Regulation of Non-Bank Financial Institutions . The World Bank . 2002 - 03 - 05 . doi : 10.1596 / 0 - 8213 - 4839 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 4839 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Online Manual - BSA InfoBase - FFIEC '' . www.ffiec.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Accounting for Financial Instruments '' . www.fasb.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Derivatives : Markets and Infrastructure '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_system&oldid=832420005 '' Categories : Banking Financial services Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Tagalog Українська Winaray 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Financial system
2. Exchange of funds
3. Financial institutions
4. Financial instruments
5. Financial services
|
-2,170,210,872,258,787,000 |
when did oxygen first appear in earth's atmosphere
|
Geological History of oxygen - wikipedia Geological History of oxygen Jump to : navigation , search O build - up in the Earth 's atmosphere . Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago ( Ga ) . Stage 1 ( 3.85 -- 2.45 Ga ) : Practically no O in the atmosphere . Stage 2 ( 2.45 -- 1.85 Ga ) : O produced , but absorbed in oceans and seabed rock . Stage 3 ( 1.85 -- 0.85 Ga ) : O starts to gas out of the oceans , but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer . Stages 4 and 5 ( 0.85 Ga -- present ) : O sinks filled , the gas accumulates . Before photosynthesis evolved , Earth 's atmosphere had no free oxygen ( O ) . Photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that produced O as a waste product lived long before the first build - up of free oxygen in the atmosphere , perhaps as early as 3.5 billion years ago . The oxygen they produced would have been rapidly removed from the atmosphere by weathering of reducing minerals , most notably iron . This `` mass rusting '' led to the deposition of iron oxide on the ocean floor , forming banded iron formations . Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event . This mass oxygenation of the atmosphere resulted in rapid buildup of free oxygen . At current rates of primary production , today 's concentration of oxygen could be produced by photosynthetic organisms in 2,000 years . In the absence of plants , the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis was slower in the Precambrian , and the concentrations of O attained were less than 10 % of today 's and probably fluctuated greatly ; oxygen may even have disappeared from the atmosphere again around 1.9 billion years ago . These fluctuations in oxygen concentration had little direct effect on life , with mass extinctions not observed until the appearance of complex life around the start of the Cambrian period , 541 million years ago . The presence of O provided life with new opportunities . Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic pathways , and the presence of oxygen undoubtedly created new possibilities for life to explore . Since the start of the Cambrian period , atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15 % and 35 % of atmospheric volume . The maximum of 35 % was reached towards the end of the Carboniferous period ( about 300 million years ago ) , a peak which may have contributed to the large size of insects and amphibians at that time . Whilst human activities , such as the burning of fossil fuels , affect relative carbon dioxide concentrations , their effect on the much larger concentration of oxygen is less significant . Effects on life ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary ice ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is often cited as a possible contributor to large - scale evolutionary phenomena , such as the origin of the multicellular Ediacara biota , the Cambrian explosion , trends in animal body size , and other extinction and diversification events . The large size of insects and amphibians in the Carboniferous period , when the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere reached 35 % , has been attributed to the limiting role of diffusion in these organisms ' metabolism . But Haldane 's essay points out that it would only apply to insects . However , the biological basis for this correlation is not firm , and many lines of evidence show that oxygen concentration is not size - limiting in modern insects . There is no significant correlation between atmospheric oxygen and maximum body size elsewhere in the geological record . Ecological constraints can better explain the diminutive size of post-Carboniferous dragonflies - for instance , the appearance of flying competitors such as pterosaurs , birds and bats . Rising oxygen concentrations have been cited as one of several drivers for evolutionary diversification , although the physiological arguments behind such arguments are questionable , and a consistent pattern between oxygen concentrations and the rate of evolution is not clearly evident . The most celebrated link between oxygen and evolution occurs at the end of the last of the Snowball glaciations , where complex multicellular life is first found in the fossil record . Under low oxygen concentrations and before the evolution of nitrogen fixation , biologically - available nitrogen compounds were in limited supply and periodic `` nitrogen crises '' could render the ocean inhospitable to life . Significant concentrations of oxygen were just one of the prerequisites for the evolution of complex life . Models based on uniformitarian principles ( i.e. extrapolating present - day ocean dynamics into deep time ) suggest that such a concentration was only reached immediately before metazoa first appeared in the fossil record . Further , anoxic or otherwise chemically `` nasty '' oceanic conditions that resemble those supposed to inhibit macroscopic life re-occur at intervals through the early Cambrian , and also in the late Cretaceous -- with no apparent effect on lifeforms at these times . This might suggest that the geochemical signatures found in ocean sediments reflect the atmosphere in a different way before the Cambrian - perhaps as a result of the fundamentally different mode of nutrient cycling in the absence of planktivory . Oxygen in the atmosphere can cause phosphorus and iron to be freed from rock , and these elements can then be used for building new species which require these elements . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/361/1470/903.full.pdf ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutkiewicz , A. ; Volk , H. ; George , S.C. ; Ridley , J. ; Buick , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Biomarkers from Huronian oil - bearing fluid inclusions : an uncontaminated record of life before the Great Oxidation Event '' . Geology. 34 ( 6 ) : 437 . Bibcode : 2006Geo ... 34 ... 437D . doi : 10.1130 / G22360. 1 . Jump up ^ Anbar , A. ; Duan , Y. ; Lyons , T. ; Arnold , G. ; Kendall , B. ; Creaser , R. ; Kaufman , A. ; Gordon , G. ; Scott , C. ; Garvin , J. ; Buick , R. ( 2007 ) . `` A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event ? '' . Science . 317 ( 5846 ) : 1903 -- 1906 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 317.1903 A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1140325 . PMID 17901330 . Jump up ^ Dole , M. ( 1965 ) . `` The Natural History of Oxygen '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 49 ( 1 ) : Suppl : Supp5 -- 27 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 49.1. 5 . PMC 2195461 . PMID 5859927 . Jump up ^ Frei , R. ; Gaucher , C. ; Poulton , S.W. ; Canfield , D.E. ( 2009 ) . `` Fluctuations in Precambrian atmospheric oxygenation recorded by chromium isotopes '' . Nature . 461 ( 7261 ) : 250 -- 253 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461 ... 250F . doi : 10.1038 / nature08266 . PMID 19741707 . Lay summary . ^ Jump up to : Butterfield , N.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time '' . Palaeontology. 50 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 55 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006. 00613. x . Jump up ^ Freeman , Scott ( 2005 ) . Biological Science , 2nd . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson -- Prentice Hall . pp. 214 , 586 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 140941 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Butterfield , N.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Oxygen , animals and oceanic ventilation : An alternative view '' . Geobiology. 7 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1472 - 4669.2009. 00188. x . PMID 19200141 . Jump up ^ Berner , R.A. ( Sep 1999 ) . `` Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time '' ( Free full text ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 20 ) : 10955 -- 10957 . Bibcode : 1999PNAS ... 9610955B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.20. 10955 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 34224 . PMID 10500106 . Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . `` Oxygen '' . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements . Oxford , England , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 297 -- 304 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850340 - 7 . Jump up ^ J.B.S. Haldane in `` On Being the Right Size '' paragraph 7 Jump up ^ Navarro - González , Rafaell ; McKay , Christopher P. ; Nna Mvondo , Delphine ( Jul 2001 ) . `` A possible nitrogen crisis for Archaean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning '' . Nature . 412 ( 5 July 2001 ) : 61 -- 64 . doi : 10.1038 / 35083537 . PMID 11452304 . External links ( edit ) First breath : Earth 's billion - year struggle for oxygen ( subscription required ) New Scientist , # 2746 , 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane . The Mystery of Earth 's Oxygen New York Times , 3 October 2013 by Carl Zimmer . Out of Thin Air , Dinosaurs , Birds and Earth 's Ancient Atmosphere Joseph Henry Press , ISBN 0 - 309 - 10061 - 5 2006 by Peter D. Ward . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geological_history_of_oxygen&oldid=838721288 '' Categories : Oxygen Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français සිංහල Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Geological history of oxygen
2. Evolution of atmospheric oxygen
3. Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere
4. Great Oxygenation Event
5. Oxygen's impact on life and evolution
|
4,471,997,670,010,745,000 |
pinch poke you owe me a coke rhyme
|
Jinx ( Children 's game ) - wikipedia Jinx ( Children 's game ) Jump to : navigation , search Jinx is a children 's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Rules ( edit ) A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time . One of them then calls `` jinx '' on the other . The game ends when someone speaks the jinxee 's name or the jinxee speaks . In the latter case , the jinxee loses the game , and often a penalty is exacted , typically a punch on the arm . An alternative penalty is the individual who initiates the jinx begins counting , and the individual who was jinxed is required to provide a coke for every additional number added to the count , prior to the jinx ending . In America , if there are two people that say something at the same time , then one person can say `` Jinx , you owe me a coke '' The person who says it first gets a free coke from the other person . See also ( edit ) Games portal Punch buggy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roud , Steve ( 2010 ) . The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions . Random House UK . p. 379 . ISBN 1905211511 . Jump up ^ Oremland , Jerome D. ( 1973 ) . `` The Jinx game : A ritualized expression of separation - individuation . '' . The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child . 28 : 419 -- 431 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Judith ( 1989 ) . Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents . Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated . p. 292 . ISBN 0880482826 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Henrietta L. ; Goldberger , Erica A. ; Rapoport , Judith L. ; Cheslow , Deborah L. ; Swedo , Susan E. ( 1990 ) . `` Childhood Rituals : Normal Development or Obsessive - Compulsive Symptoms ? '' . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 29 ( 1 ) : 18 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004583 - 199001000 - 00004 . External links ( edit ) Barrett , Grant ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Jinx and padiddle '' . The Star . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . McSpaden , Cheri ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Even Johnny Depp got jinxed '' . The Holland Sentinel . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . December 17 , 2006 comic strip from Big Nate in which the characters play a game of Jinx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinx_(children%27s_game)&oldid=806268821 '' Categories : Children 's games Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 21 : 16 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Jinx - children's game
2. Rules of Jinx
3. Penalties in Jinx
4. Alternative penalty in Jinx
5. Jinx and "Jinx, you owe me a coke"
|
2,226,122,331,441,593,900 |
what is the theme of the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy
|
The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) - wikipedia The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy <Td_colspan="2"> The cover of the booklet included with the Collector 's Edition CD set release of the first two Hitchhiker 's radio series . Genre Comic science fiction Running time 30 minutes Aprox . Country of origin United Kingdom Language ( s ) English Home station BBC Radio 4 Syndicates NPR , CBC Radio , BFBS Starring Simon Jones Geoffrey McGivern Mark Wing - Davey Susan Sheridan Stephen Moore Created by Douglas Adams Written by Douglas Adams ( Series 1 -- 2 ) John Lloyd ( Co-writer series 1 ) Dirk Maggs ( Series 3 -- 6 ) Produced by Simon Brett ( Pilot ) Geoffrey Perkins ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Bruce Hyman ( Series 3 -- 5 ) Dirk Maggs ( Series 3 - 6 ) Helen Chattwell ( Series 3 -- 6 ) David Morley ( Series 6 ) Narrated by Peter Jones ( Series 1 - 2 ) William Franklyn ( Series 3 - 5 ) John Lloyd ( Series 6 ) Original release 8 March 1978 -- 12 April 2018 No. of episodes 32 Audio format Stereo , surround Opening theme Journey of the Sorcerer Website www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/hitchhikers The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy radio series written by Douglas Adams ( with some material in the first series provided by John Lloyd ) . It was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom by BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , and afterwards the BBC World Service , National Public Radio in the US and CBC Radio in Canada . The series was the first radio comedy programme to be produced in stereo , and was innovative in its use of music and sound effects , winning a number of awards . The series follows the adventures of hapless Englishman Arthur Dent and his friend Ford Prefect , an alien who writes for The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a pan-galactic encyclopaedia and travel guide . After Earth is destroyed in the first episode , Arthur and Ford find themselves aboard a stolen spaceship piloted by a motley crew including Zaphod Beeblebrox ( Ford 's semi-cousin and Galactic President ) , depressed robot Marvin , and Trillian , the only other human survivor of Earth 's destruction . A pilot programme was commissioned in March 1977 , and was recorded by the end of the following June . A second series was commissioned in 1979 , transmitted in 1980 . Episodes of the first series were re-recorded for release on LP records and audio cassettes and Adams adapted the first series into a best - selling novel in 1979 . After the 1980 transmissions of the second radio series , a second novel was published and the first series was adapted for television . This was followed by three further novels , a computer game , and various other media . Adams considered writing a third radio series to be based on his novel Life , the Universe and Everything in 1993 , but the project did not begin until after his death in 2001 . Dirk Maggs , with whom Adams had discussed the new series , directed and co-produced the radio adaptation as well as adaptations of the remaining Hitchhiker 's Guide novels So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish and Mostly Harmless . These became the third , fourth and fifth radio series , transmitted in 2004 and 2005 . A sixth series , adapting Eoin Colfer 's sixth part in the `` trilogy '' , And Another Thing ... was broadcast in March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Early development 1.2 Pilot and commissioning 1.3 Casting 2 First and second radio series 2.1 Plot 2.2 Production 2.3 Music 2.4 International broadcasts and repeats 3 Reception and awards 4 Third , fourth and fifth radio series 4.1 Announcement 4.2 Adaptation 4.3 Plot 4.4 Broadcast 5 Sixth radio series 6 Media releases 6.1 Special editions 6.2 Commercial rights issues 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) Early development ( edit ) Douglas Adams had contributed comedy sketches for BBC radio programmes produced by Simon Brett ( including The Burkiss Way and Week Ending ) , and was asked to pitch a radio sitcom in February 1977 . Adams initially pitched a `` bedsit comedy '' because that `` seemed to be what most situation comedies tended to be about . '' Adams said in an interview that when Brett proposed a radio science fiction comedy series , he `` fell off his chair ... because it was what I 'd been fighting for all these years '' . Adams wrote his first outlines in February 1977 . Originally to be called The Ends of the Earth , each episode would have ended with the planet Earth meeting its demise in a different way . While writing the first episode , Adams realised that he needed a character who knew what was going to happen to Earth before the other characters . He made this character an alien and , remembering an idea he supposedly had had while lying drunk in a field in Innsbruck , Austria in 1971 , decided that this character would be a `` roving reporter '' for The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a pan-galactic encyclopaedia and travel guide . Recollections by his friends at the time indicate that Adams first spoke of the idea of `` hitchhiking around the galaxy '' while on holiday in Greece in 1973 . As the first episode 's writing progressed , the Guide became the central focus of his story , and Adams decided to base the whole series around it , with the initial destruction of Earth being the only holdover from the `` Ends of the Earth '' proposal . In Adams ' February 1977 outline , the character of Arthur Dent was called `` Aleric B '' , the joke being that the audience initially assume the character is also an alien rather than a human . Adams renamed the character for the pilot to `` Arthur Dent '' . Adams ' biographer M.J. Simpson suggested that the character was almost certainly named after the 17th century puritan writer Arthur Dent , author of The Plain Man 's Pathway to Heaven first published in 1601 , although Adams himself claimed no recollection of consciously choosing the name . Pilot and commissioning ( edit ) Douglas Adams shortly before his death in 2001 A pilot episode was commissioned on 1 March 1977 and the recording was completed on 28 June 1977 . Brett and Adams recounted different parts of the pilot episode 's genesis , including convincing the BBC that such a programme could not be recorded with a studio audience , and insisting that the programme be recorded in stereo sound . To win the latter argument , Hitchhiker 's was briefly classified internally as a drama instead of a comedy , as in 1977 BBC Radio Drama programmes were allowed to be recorded in stereo , and BBC Radio Comedy programmes were not . A full series of six episodes ( five new episodes , plus the pilot ) was commissioned on 31 August 1977 . However , Adams had in the meantime sent a copy of the Hitchhiker 's pilot episode to the BBC 's Doctor Who production office , and was commissioned to write a four - part Doctor Who serial ( `` The Pirate Planet '' ) a few weeks later . In addition , Brett had left the BBC , and the final five episodes in the first series were produced by Geoffrey Perkins . With conflicting writing commitments , Adams engaged his friend and flatmate John Lloyd to assist in writing the fifth and sixth episodes . The second episode was produced in November 1977 . The script of the last episode of the first series ( later retitled `` The Primary Phase '' ) was completed in February 1978 , and production ( including sound mixing and effects ) was completed on 3 March 1978 . Casting ( edit ) Adams wrote the main parts of Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect with actors Simon Jones and Geoffrey McGivern in mind . According to Jones , Adams telephoned him when he was writing the pilot to ask whether he would essentially play himself ; Adams later stated that although Dent was not a portrayal of Jones , he wrote the part to play to Jones 's strengths as an actor . The radio series ( and the LP and TV versions ) featured narration by comedy actor Peter Jones as `` The Book '' . He was cast after it was decided that a `` Peter - Jonesy '' sort of voice was required . This led to a three - month search for an actor with sonorous , avuncular tones who sounded exactly like Jones , after which the producers hired Jones himself . Following another actor dropping out of the production , Bill Wallis was called in at short notice to play two parts , Mr Prosser and Vogon Jeltz . One character appearing in the pilot who was dropped from subsequent incarnations of the story was Lady Cynthia , an aristocrat who helps demolish Dent 's house , played by another ex-Cambridge Footlights actress , Jo Kendall . The pilot featured only a small cast of characters , and following its commission into a series there was a need for additional characters . Many were picked for their roles in previous series ; Mark Wing - Davey had played a character in The Glittering Prizes `` who took advantage of people and was very trendy '' , making him suitable for the role of Zaphod , according to Adams . Richard Vernon , noted for his portrayal of `` grandfatherly types '' , was chosen as Slartibartfast . Other characters included Susan Sheridan as Trillian and Stephen Moore as Marvin . First and second radio series ( edit ) Plot ( edit ) See also : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases Earthman Arthur Dent learns his house is about to be demolished to make way for a new road . His friend Ford Prefect informs him that the planet is about to be demolished by a Vogon constructor fleet `` to make way for a hyperspace bypass '' , and that Ford is in fact an alien writer for The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a pan-galactic encyclopaedia and travel guide . Hitching a ride aboard the Vogon ship which has just destroyed Earth , the pair find themselves aboard a stolen spaceship , The Heart of Gold . On board is Ford 's semi-cousin and President of the Galaxy , Zaphod Beeblebrox ; a woman Dent met at a party , Trisha `` Trillian '' MacMillan ; and a depressed robot , Marvin . Beeblebrox is searching for the mythical planet of Magrathea and the answer to the `` Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe and Everything '' , which it turns out is `` 42 '' . Dent and the others find themselves at the Restaurant at the End of the Universe , then held captive aboard a Golgafrincham ship about to crash - land on prehistoric Earth . In series two , Zaphod , wanted for stealing the Heart of Gold amongst other misdemeanors , attempts to contact the editor of The Guide while escaping mercenaries from Frogstar , `` the most totally evil place in the Galaxy '' . Arthur and Ford are rescued after being stranded on prehistoric Earth for years and reunited aboard the Heart of Gold , where they are pursued by Vogons . Finding themselves on the planet of Brontitall , populated by a race of bird people , they hear about the rudest word in the universe and the Shoe Event Horizon . Escaping using a 900 - year - old spaceship , the three find themselves in the offices of the Guide editor , Zarniwoop , and we discover that it was Zaphod who accidentally signed off the Earth for destruction . Production ( edit ) The recording session of Fit the Seventh at the BBC 's Paris Theatre recording studio ; from left David Tate , Alan Ford , Geoffrey McGivern , Douglas Adams , Mark Wing - Davey , Simon Jones One of Adams 's stated goals was to be experimental in the use of sound . Being a fan of Pink Floyd and the Beatles , and especially the experimental concept albums both bands produced in the late 1960s and early 1970s , Adams wanted the programme to have the feel of a `` rock album ... to convey the idea that you actually were on a spaceship or an alien planet -- that sense of a huge aural landscape '' . The first series was therefore the first BBC radio comedy to use stereophonic techniques . Adams later said that before Hitchhiker 's , stereo was deemed impossible for radio comedy and after it was made compulsory . Producer Geoffrey Perkins recalled that the technology available in 1978 for mixing sound effects at the BBC 's Paris Theatre radio studio was limited . The production had one eight track tape recorder at their disposal and so many of the effects in the programme were mixed `` live '' with tape loops of background sound effects strung around the recording studio . Actors whose speech needed to be modified in post-production by Radiophonic technicians , such as Stephen Moore 's performance as Marvin the Android , were recorded in isolation from the main `` humanoid '' characters . Allegedly , Moore recorded most of his performance in a cupboard and met the other actors only after the first session was complete . Sound and effects were created by Paddy Kingsland , Dick Mills and Harry Parker of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop . Several of the sound effects recorded by Dick Mills for the first series were released on the album BBC Sound Effects No. 26 - Sci - Fi Sound Effects . Other BBC staff members who worked on the first two radio series included Alick Hale - Munro ( chief sound engineer ) and Anne Ling ( production secretary ) and the `` Technical Team '' is given as : Paul Hawdon , Lisa Braun ( studio manager ) , Colin Duff ( studio manager ) , Eric Young , Martha Knight , Max Alcock and John Whitehall . The first radio series ( first six episodes ) was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in March and April 1978 . A seventh episode was broadcast on 24 December 1978 . This seventh episode was commonly known as the Christmas Episode . This had nothing to do with Christmas except in an early draft ( which would have had Marvin the Paranoid Android as the `` star '' that was followed by the Three Wise Men ) ; it was called the Christmas Episode because it was first broadcast on Christmas Eve . Production on the second series was delayed several times . While Adams was meant to be working on scripts for a stage adaptation of Hitchhiker 's in April 1979 , he was also employed as the Script Editor for Doctor Who and turned down an offer from John Lloyd to submit material for Not the Nine O'Clock News . The recording on the first day scheduled for the second radio series , 19 May 1979 , was left incomplete because Adams had not yet finished the script . Further scheduled recordings on 11 July and 1 August of that year were also cancelled , this time due in part to Adams trying to work on the LP re-recordings of the first series , as well as its novelisation . Further recording attempts were made on 23 October and 3 December . The recording of the final episode in the second series was completed on 13 January 1980 : the audio mixing of the episode was not finished until 25 January , the day it was transmitted . The tape `` arrived just a few minutes before transmission '' . The final five episodes , completing the second radio series , were broadcast in January 1980 . Music ( edit ) The theme tune used for the radio series ( and all subsequent adaptations ) is `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' , an instrumental piece composed by Bernie Leadon and recorded by The Eagles on their album One of These Nights . Adams chose this song for its futuristic - sounding nature , but also for the fact that it had a banjo in it , which , as Geoffrey Perkins recalls , Adams said would give it an `` on the road , hitch - hiking feel '' . Adams also wanted to incorporate music from a variety of pop , rock and classical artists . Series one ( `` The Primary Phase '' ) included an eclectic range of modern classical , experimental rock and electronic music . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts lists works including A Modern Mass for the Dead ( Requiem ) by György Ligeti , A Rainbow in Curved Air by Terry Riley , Volumina by György Ligeti , Wind on Water by Robert Fripp and Brian Eno , Poppy Nogood and the Phantom Band by Terry Riley , Cachaca by Patrick Moraz , Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( intro ) by Pink Floyd , Rock and Roll Music by The Beatles , Also sprach Zarathustra ( intro ) by Richard Strauss , Katakomben by Gruppe Between , Space Theme by Stomu Yamashta , Oxygène by Jean Michel Jarre , That 's Entertainment by Howard Dietz and Arthur Schwartz , Over Fire Island by Eno ( with Fripp ) , Miracles of the Gods by Absolute Elsewhere , Mikrophoniet by Karlheinz Stockhausen , Melodien by György Ligeti , The Engulfed Cathedral by Isao Tomita , Volkstanz by Gruppe Between and What a Wonderful World by Louis Armstrong . This diverse range of music was only featured during the first series due to the difficulty in obtaining rights for commercial releases ( leading to episodes of the first series being remade as an LP album without the proprietary background music in 1979 ) . For series two Paddy Kingsland was commissioned to provide background music and for the third to fifth series Paul ' Wix ' Wickens was chosen . International broadcasts and repeats ( edit ) The series was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 at 10.30 pm on Wednesday 8 March 1978 . Simon Jones recalled that Adams was initially disappointed at the scheduling as the timeslot was allegedly guaranteed to turn a programme into a `` cult '' ( i.e. a small but dedicated listenership ) . As it happened , the programme gained listeners through the lack of any competition elsewhere on television or radio , but primarily through word of mouth ; several Sunday newspapers included reviews and it was mentioned in Radio 4 's Pick of the Week . As a result of its exposure through these reviews , the BBC received numerous requests for a repeat from people who had missed the initial episodes . A repeat of the series was broadcast on 23 April , only two weeks after the last episode had aired . In the end , the complete first series was rebroadcast twice by the BBC in 1978 and once in 1979 , as well as on the BBC World Service . The complete second series was rebroadcast once in 1980 , and the complete original run of 12 episodes was broadcast twice over a twelve - week period , once from April to June 1981 and the second time from the end of March to the start of June 1983 . Broadcasting by National Public Radio in the United States followed in March 1981 with a repeat broadcast in September . This was one of their first transmissions in stereo . The following year , 1982 , the series was carried by CBC Radio ( Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ) . A German radio version of the first six radio episodes , Per Anhalter ins All was transmitted in 1981 and the twelve original radio episodes have been translated and transmitted in Finland , France , The Netherlands and Sweden . All of the episodes , including those completed after Adams 's death , are referred to as `` Fits '' after Lewis Carroll 's `` The Hunting of the Snark : an Agony in Eight Fits '' . In 1981 , upon a rebroadcast of the twelve episodes of the first two series , it was decided that the Christmas episode , which previously had no episode number , would be called `` Fit the Seventh '' and the episodes in the second series , which had first been billed as Fit the First to Fit the Fifth ( representing five parts of the second series ) would become Fit the Eighth to Fit the Twelfth . Reception and awards ( edit ) The first series was noted for its unusual concept , out - of - context parodies , `` semantic and philosophical jokes '' , compressed prose and `` groundbreaking deployment of sound effects and voice techniques '' . The programme was a hit with listeners , although a BBC World Service listener in India allegedly `` strongly objected to ' Robots taking part in a comedy show ' '' and another in Sierra Leone thought that `` as a source of information it is misleading '' . One listener complained to the Radio Times that `` In just about 50 years of radio and latterly TV listening and watching , this strikes me as the most fatuous , inane , childish , pointless , codswallopping drivel ... It is not even remotely funny '' . BBC Radio 3 's Critics Forum thought the show had `` the sort of effect that a Monty Python programme actually has , of making everything that appears immediately after it on radio or television or whatever , seem absolutely ludicrous '' . By the time the sixth episode was broadcast , the show had become a cult hit . The success of the series encouraged Adams to adapt it into a novel , which was based on the first four Fits and released in the second week of October 1979 . While the second radio series was being recorded in 1979 , Adams was commissioned to deliver a pilot script for a television adaptation , which , after a number of delays , was delivered by 1981 . The storyline set out by the initial radio series has since appeared in numerous formats including a 1984 video game and a 2005 feature film . The original series was the recipient of a number of awards including the Imperial Tobacco Award ( 1978 ) , The Sony Award ( 1979 ) , The Society of Authors / Pye Awards ' Best Programme for Young People ' ( 1980 ) and the Mark Time Awards ' Grand Master Award ' ( Adams ) and ' Hall of Fame ' ( 1998 ) . It was the only radio show ever to be nominated for the Hugo science fiction awards , in 1979 , in the ' Best Dramatic Presentation ' category . As a result of the series , Douglas Adams was inducted into the Radio Academy 's Hall of Fame . Third , fourth and fifth radio series ( edit ) Announcement ( edit ) In November 2003 , two years after Adams 's death and 23 years after the production on the Secondary Phase had ceased , a new radio adaptation of Adams ' unadapted novel Life , the Universe and Everything was announced . This would become the third series of the Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy on radio . Dirk Maggs , a friend of Adams , was chosen to create , direct and co-produce the adaptations . Maggs had previously consulted with Adams on potential radio adaptations for the final three books in 1993 and 1997 . The project was restarted in September 2001 by Maggs , Helen Chattwell and Bruce Hyman , with help from Jane Belson and Ed Victor . At the time of the announcement , it was stated that the original goal was to transmit the six - part adaptation of the third novel starting in February 2004 , with the remaining eight episodes comprising the final two novels . A fourth and fifth series based on So Long , and Thanks For All the Fish and Mostly Harmless were to have been transmitted in September 2004 . However , soon after the six episodes comprising the third series had been recorded by Above the Title Productions , a minor legal dispute over the online availability of episodes arose between the production company and The Walt Disney Company , which had started production on the Hitchhiker 's movie , also in 2003 . This led to a delay in transmitting the third series and an immediate cessation in the production of series four and five . Eventually a deal was worked out , and the Tertiary Phase was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 21 September 2004 . Adaptation ( edit ) Maggs stated in the series ' script book that he felt bound by his promise to Douglas Adams to allow the scripts of the Tertiary Phase to closely follow the plot of the third book ; `` I myself was willing to give the Tertiary Phase 7 out of 10 on the grounds that I was a little too reverential to the text and the pace suffered as a result . '' But in adapting the final two novels , the only instructions Maggs got from Adams was `` They do n't need more than four episodes each . '' Thus Maggs was able to use many of the major plot elements of the final two books ( though not necessarily in the same order ) , and attempt to reconnect plot threads from all five radio series . The new episodes reunited most of the living original cast . The parts of The Book , Eddie the Computer and Slartibartfast were recast to replace actors now deceased , with William Franklyn , Roger Gregg and Richard Griffiths taking over these three roles , respectively . Peter Jones , the original narrator , had died in 2000 ; Richard Vernon , the original Slartibartfast , had died in 1997 ; and David Tate , who had voiced Eddie the Computer ( among many other roles ) , had died in 1996 . Bill Wallis , who played Mr. Prosser and Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in the original series , was unavailable , and Toby Longworth took the role of Jeltz in the new series . John Marsh , who had been the continuity announcer for Fits Two to Twelve , was rehired to reprise this role . There was also a posthumous cameo role by Adams as Agrajag , edited from his BBC audiobook recording of the novel . Plot ( edit ) See also : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases In series 3 , after the events of series 2 are revealed to be a hallucination , Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect find themselves again stuck on prehistoric Earth . After being rescued , they find themselves transported to Lord 's Cricket Ground just before it is destroyed by 11 white robots . Slartibartfast teaches Dent how cricket is based on the history of the worst wars in the galaxy , and the pair travel to Krikkit in order to prevent another war . In the final part , Dent and Trillian meet the computer behind the Supernova Bomb and there is another attempt to find the Ultimate Question to Life , the Universe and Everything . In the fourth series , Dent discovers that Earth has been recreated again and meets Fenchurch , the woman of his dreams . Meanwhile , a spaceship lands in Knightsbridge , God 's Last Message to his Creation is discovered , and Marvin makes his last appearance . In the fifth series , a tenth planet in the solar system is discovered and Ford discovers that The Guide has become a much more sinister place to work . Arthur Dent discovers that he is a father and his new daughter , Random , flies to Earth to meet him . There are three potential endings to the series . Broadcast ( edit ) The third series ran on BBC Radio 4 from Tuesday 21 September to 26 October 2004 , with repeats on the following Thursdays . The series was also streamed in RealPlayer and Windows Media formats ( including versions in a 5.1 surround mix ) were made available on Radio 4 's website until the following Thursday . In another continuity nod , the term `` Fit '' is still used in place of `` episode '' ; episodes of the third series were subtitled Fits the Thirteenth to Eighteenth . The six - part `` Tertiary Phase '' was broadcast in September and October 2004 . The four - part `` Quandary Phase '' was broadcast in May 2005 , and the four - part `` Quintessential Phase '' was broadcast immediately following , in May and June 2005 . The names for these series were chosen because they sound `` less daunting , more memorable and are a bit easier to spell '' than the standard terms quaternary and quinary . Sixth radio series ( edit ) A six episode series dubbed the `` Hexagonal Phase '' was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 beginning on 8 March 2018 , exactly 40 years after the first series ' initial broadcast in 1978 , and concluding 12 April 2018 . The series , written by director Dirk Maggs with some dialogue and ideas based on unfinished ideas in Adams 's papers , is based on the sixth novel And Another Thing ... by Eoin Colfer . Dirk Maggs produced the series which features members of the original radio and television casts . `` The Hexagonal Phase '' changes the ending of Colfer 's book ( which ends with Arthur Dent and his beachfront shack about to be destroyed by the Vogons ) to end the series on a happier note ( Arthur is reunited with Fenchurch at Arthur 's shack , which is being swept out by an actually rebuilt and alive Marvin and which will NOT be destroyed by the Vogons thanks to the proper paperwork being filled out and aubmitted by Fenchurch ) . Media releases ( edit ) The first two series were first released on record ( as broadcast radio in 1979 ) , audio cassette ( revised from radio ) and CD ( revised revised ) in 1988 , marking the tenth anniversary of the first broadcast of the first episode . These were the first programmes of any kind released on CD by the BBC Radio Collection . The two radio series were known simply as `` the first series '' and `` the second series '' until 1992 when the BBC made its first re-release in separate boxes as `` The Primary Phase '' and `` The Secondary Phase '' . The episodes were released with those titles in 1993 , and again in 1998 , for the series ' twentieth anniversary . In 2001 , they became the first programmes of any kind re-released by the BBC Radio Collection in an MP3 - CD format . A 3 - CD set of the Tertiary Phase was released in mid-October 2004 , before the final episodes were broadcast . These CDs contain extended material , previously cut to make 27 - minute episodes for radio . A 2 - CD set of the Quandary Phase was released at the end of May 2005 , and a 2 - CD set of the Quintessential Phase was released at the end of June 2005 . Both sets again include material that was originally cut for reasons of timing . The sixth series is scheduled for release on CD on 13 April 2018 . A script book for the final fourteen episodes was released in July 2005 . The book is entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Dirk Maggs writes in his introduction that the `` book is a companion volume to The Original Radio Scripts ... '' A box set entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Complete Radio Series was released on 3 October 2005 . It contains fifteen CDs , subdivided per radio series , and bonus material exclusive to the box set . BBC Audio released a DVD version of the Tertiary Phase , featuring that series in 5.1 surround sound , in October 2006 . Contrary to previous announcements , this was merely a DVD - Video disc with Dolby Digital sound and other features , rather than a DVD - Audio disc . While it had been stated that BBC Audio plans on also releasing the fourth and fifth radio series on DVD , no dates have been set . Special editions ( edit ) Special editions of the Primary and Secondary Phases were released in November 2008 . These have , according to the BBC , been given `` a thorough clean - up and remaster '' by Dirk Maggs . This includes using the new Philip Pope signature tune , so the material can be released worldwide , which has required John Marsh to re-record his announcements so they could be mixed in . Cleaning up the recordings aims to reduce the hiss produced by the overdubbing in the original and also re-levelling the episodes to produce a greater clarity in the sound . According to the inlay which comes with the Special Edition , all previous CD editions of the Primary & Secondary Phases played back slightly fast due to capstan wear on the mastering tape machine , with the result that the audio was pitch - shifted up by half a semitone . That was corrected for the special editions and has the effect of making the episodes nearly a minute longer . Commercial rights issues ( edit ) A number of scenes from Fit the Third were cut from commercially released recordings of the radio series because they featured copyrighted music . For example , in one scene Marvin `` hums '' like Pink Floyd , using the opening to `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' , then `` sings '' `` Rock and Roll Music '' by The Beatles , and finally the theme music from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , the opening `` Sunrise '' movement from Richard Strauss 's Also sprach Zarathustra . It would have been very cost prohibitive in the 1980s to get clearances to release a recording of Fit the Third with this music , though agreements were reached on most of the rest of the copyrighted music used during the first series . As a result , all commercial recordings of Fit the Third are about two minutes shorter than other episodes . Recordings of the original radio broadcasts still contain it . For the CD and cassette releases of the Tertiary Phase in the United States , and all CD and cassette releases of the Quandary and Quintessential Phases , the instrumental title theme , `` Journey of the Sorcerer , '' composed by Bernie Leadon and originally recorded by US rock band the Eagles , was re-interpreted by The Illegal Eagles , a tribute band , using an arrangement by Philip Pope . This was done for licensing reasons ( though the original track was used for the original radio transmissions and the on - demand downloads ) . In a 2005 interview with Simon Jones , the use of this song was mentioned as a major cause for the delay in releasing recordings of the new series in the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide has varied in different editions . For consistency this article always spells it this way . See Spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide . ^ Jump up to : Gaiman , Neil ( 1988 ) . Do n't Panic : the official Hitch - Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion . Pocket Books . p. 45 . ISBN 1852860138 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Dirk Maggs , dramatisations and editor. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Pan Books . p. xiv . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43510 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ DouglasAdams.se Webchat with Dirk Maggs Archived 18 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . 16 June 2005 . Accessed 5 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams . Justin , Charles & Co. pp. 87 -- 90 . ISBN 1 - 932 - 11235 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Gaiman , Neil ( 2003 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Titan Books . pp. 208 -- 211 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 742 - 2 . Jump up ^ Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First U.S. ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. pp. 339 -- 340 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Hitchhiker , 92 Jump up ^ Simpson , Hitchhiker , 93 ^ Jump up to : Adams , Douglas . ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Hitchhiker , 99 Jump up ^ Simpson , Hitchkiker , 105 Jump up ^ Simpson , Hitchhiker , 105 Jump up ^ Simpson , Hitchhiker , 108 -- 110 ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Hitchhiker , 97 ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Hitchhiker , 98 ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Hitchhiker , 107 Jump up ^ `` The Primary Phase ( 1978 ) '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Secondary Phase ( 1978 ) '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Hitchhiker , 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 12 Jump up ^ Webb , pages 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 147 . ^ Jump up to : Pixley , Andrew ( October 2004 ) . `` One Step Beyond '' . Doctor Who Magazine : Special Edition ( # 9 : The Complete Fourth Doctor Volume Two ) : Pages 29 -- 34 . ISSN 0963 - 1275 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 246 Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 33 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 51 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 62 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 63 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 71 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 88 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 107 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 128 . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 127 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Hitchhiker , 143 ^ Jump up to : Website with a digital version of an original , off - air recording of `` Fit the Third '' , which contains the scene deleted from all commercial releases , due to musical copyrights . Accessed 9 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Hitchhiker , 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 252 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2004 ) . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : 25th Anniversary Illustrated Collector 's Edition . Introduction by M.J. Simpson . Harmony Books . p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5293 - 9 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Hitchhiker , 254 Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 253 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio Comedy : The Hitch - hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 252 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 33 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Andrew Pixley ( 22 December 2004 ) . `` One Step Beyond '' . Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition : the Complete Fourth Doctor Volume Two : Page 30 . Jump up ^ The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy at British Comedy Guide Jump up ^ Paul Donovan , The Radio Companion , ( HarperCollins , 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` 1979 Hugo Awards '' . World Science Fiction Society . Archived from the original on 7 May 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame '' . The Radio Academy . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Dirk Maggs , dramatisations and editor. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Pan Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43510 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dominic May , editor ( November 2003 ) . `` The TV Zone News : The Guide , Part Three '' . TV Zone ( 170 ) : Page 10 . ISSN 0957 - 3844 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Webb , page 324 . Jump up ^ Steve O'Brien , editor ( May 2004 ) . `` Strange Tales : New Hitchhiker 's Postponed '' . SFX ( 117 ) : Page 16 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Adams , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Dirk Maggs , dramatisations and editor. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Pan Books . p. 364 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43510 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Adams . Maggs , ( ed . ) , page 149 . Jump up ^ Adams . Maggs , ( ed . ) , pages viii -- x . Jump up ^ Adams . Perkins ( ed . ) Additional material by M.J. Simpson . Page 23 . Jump up ^ Adams . Maggs , ( ed . ) , page xii . Jump up ^ `` The Tertiary Phase ( 2004 ) '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Quandary Phase ( 2005 ) '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Quintessential Phase ( 2005 ) '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Episode Synopses , including original broadcast dates and times , on the BBC Radio 4 Hitchhiker 's Guide page . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Dirk Maggs , dramatisations and editor. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Pan Books . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43510 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy at BBC Programmes Jump up ^ Gitlin , Jonathan ( 8 March 2018 ) . `` The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy returns -- with the original cast '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy to land back on Radio 4 in 2018 '' . BBC Media Centre . 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Hexagonal Phase '' . Radio Times . 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harrison Jones ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Do n't panic ! Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy in line for radio reboot '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 83 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Web chat with Dirk Maggs from 22 June 2005 , which discussed the material cut for broadcast but included on cassette and CD releases . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hitchhikers-Guide-Galaxy-Hexagonal-Another/dp/B078GVVW3Z/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1523630998&sr=1-1&keywords=the+hitchhiker%27s+guide+to+the+galaxy+-+hexagonal+phase Jump up ^ Adams . Maggs , ( ed . ) , page xv . Jump up ^ BBC Shop page for `` The Complete Radio Series '' set , including release date . Jump up ^ BBC Shop page for the Tertiary Phase DVD . Jump up ^ News item in ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha magazine , Mostly Harmless , issue # 109 , July 2008 Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 Hitchhiker 's Production Diary entry by Dirk Maggs . Accessed 3 August 2006 Jump up ^ Interview with Archived 27 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Simon Jones at the Friends of Old Time Radio convention , 21 October 2005 . Accessed 9 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Hitchhiker 's Guide production diary entry for 22 October ( towards the end of the web page ) . Accessed 13 August 2006 . Bibliography Adams , Douglas . ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Gaiman , Neil ( 1988 ) . Do n't Panic : the official Hitch - Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 1852860138 . Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams . Justin , Charles & Co . ISBN 1 - 932 - 11235 - 9 . Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . Discography Adams , Douglas ( 1986 ) . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( US audiocassette edition of the double LP adaptation ed . ) . Simon & Schuster Audioworks . ISBN 0 - 671 - 62964 - 6 . Adams , Douglas ( 1986 ) . The Restaurant at the end of the Universe ( US audiocassette edition of the LP adaptation ed . ) . Simon & Schuster Audioworks . ISBN 0 - 671 - 62958 - 1 . Note : This title is correct -- Simon & Schuster did not capitalise the word `` End '' on the cassette release , though it was capitalised for the US book releases . The Hitch - Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Part One , 2 - LP set . Hannibal Records , 1982 , HNBL2301 . The Hitch - Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Part Two : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe , LP . Hannibal Records , 1982 , HNBL 1307 . The Guide to Twenty Years ' Hitchhiking Radio 4 programme , broadcast 5 March 1998 . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy UK DVD release , featuring a behind - the - scenes look at `` Fit the Ninth . '' BBC Video , catalogue number BBCDVD 1092 . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Collector 's Edition 8 - CD set , containing the original 12 radio episodes from 1978 and 1980 , as well as an untransmitted interview with Ian Johnstone and the twentieth anniversary programme . ISBN 0 - 563 - 47702 - 4 . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Tertiary Phase 3 - CD set . ISBN 0 - 563 - 51043 - 9 . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Quandary Phase 2 - CD set . ISBN 0 - 563 - 50496 - X . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Quintessential Phase 2 - CD set . ISBN 0 - 563 - 50407 - 2 . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Complete Radio Series ISBN 0 - 563 - 50419 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy at BBC Online ( includes information on the new radio series ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy at Above The Title Productions The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy at British Comedy Guide <Th_colspan="2"> Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Books Main series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless Related works `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' The Salmon of Doubt by Eoin Colfer And Another Thing ... Media Radio series Phases 1 & 2 Phases 3 , 4 , 5 & 6 The Original Radio Scripts TV series Film Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Cast lists Games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion media Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Characters Arthur Dent Ford Prefect Zaphod Beeblebrox Marvin the Paranoid Android Trillian Slartibartfast The Guide Minor characters Races and species Vogons Miscellanea Phrases Places Technology Somebody else 's problem Encyclopedia Galactica In culture h2g2 Hitchcon Towel Day `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' 18610 Arthurdent 25924 Douglasadams Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Erechthias beeblebroxi <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Category <Th_colspan="2"> BBC Radio 4 Programmes Comedy Bleak Expectations Cabin Pressure Chain Reaction Count Arthur Strong 's Radio Show ! Clare in the Community Dead Ringers Down the Line Ed Reardon 's Week Fags , Mags and Bags Giles Wemmbley - Hogg Goes Off The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy I 'm Sorry I Have n't a Clue I 've Never Seen Star Wars Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation Just a Minute Ladies of Letters The Museum of Curiosity The News Quiz The Now Show Old Harry 's Game One Quote ... Unquote That Mitchell and Webb Sound The Unbelievable Truth You 'll Have Had Your Tea : The Doings of Hamish and Dougal Entertainment 15 Minute Drama A Good Read Afternoon Drama The Archers Book at Bedtime Book of the Week Bookclub Brain of Britain Classic Serial Counterpoint Desert Island Discs Home Front Loose Ends The Lord of the Rings Poetry Please Round Britain Quiz The Saturday Play The Write Stuff News and factual Analysis Any Answers ? Any Questions ? Bottom Line Broadcasting House Case Notes Costing the Earth Crossing Continents Desert Island Discs Face the Facts Farming Today Feedback File on 4 The Film Programme The Food Programme From Our Own Correspondent Front Row Fry 's English Delight Gardeners ' Question Time Great Lives The House I Grew Up In In Business In Our Time Inside Health Inside Science The Kitchen Cabinet Last Word Midweek Money Box The Moral Maze More or Less PM Punt PI Reith Lectures Saturday Live Saturday Review Shipping Forecast Start the Week Thinking Allowed Today Tweet of the Day The Westminster Hour Woman 's Hour Word Of Mouth The World at One The World Tonight You and Yours Letter from America Americana Religious Bells on Sunday Beyond Belief The Daily Service Prayer for the Day Something Understood Sunday Thought for the Day Other Radio 4 Appeal Test Match Special Other Radio 4 UK Theme Sailing By Greenwich Time Signal BBC Home Service Radio 4 News FM BBC Radio 4 Extra Timeline of BBC Radio 4 <Td_colspan="2"> Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(radio_series)&oldid=837760958 '' Categories : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) BBC World Service programmes Science fiction radio programs British radio dramas 1978 radio dramas BBC Radio comedy programmes BBC Radio 4 programmes English fiction Radio programs adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2018 EngvarB from March 2018 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy radio series
2. Douglas Adams
3. Science fiction comedy
4. Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect
5. BBC Radio 4
|
7,407,616,353,691,512,000 |
declaration of rights of man and declaration of independence
|
Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen - Wikipedia Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , a second declaration , written in 1793 but never formally adopted . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( French : Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen ) , passed by France 's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789 , is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights . The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson , working with General Lafayette , who introduced it . Influenced also by the doctrine of `` natural right '' , the rights of man are held to be universal : valid at all times and in every place , pertaining to human nature itself . It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law . It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic ( 1946 ) and Fifth Republic ( 1958 ) and is still current . Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers , the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide . The Declaration , together with Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the United States Bill of Rights , inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Philosophical and theoretical context 3 Substance 3.1 Articles 3.2 Active and passive citizenship 3.3 Women 's rights 3.4 Slavery 4 Legacy 4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic 5 See also 5.1 Other early declarations of rights 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment . The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson . In August 1789 , Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 27 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution , as the first step toward writing a constitution for France . Inspired by the Enlightenment , the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau , led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé . The draft was later modified during the debates . A second and lengthier declaration , known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , was written in 1793 but never formally adopted . Philosophical and theoretical context ( edit ) The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment , such as individualism , the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau , and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu . As can be seen in the texts , the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ) . The declaration is in the spirit of `` secular natural law '' , which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority , in contrast with traditional natural law theory , which does . The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places . For example , `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good . '' They have certain natural rights to property , to liberty , and to life . According to this theory , the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights . Furthermore , government should be carried on by elected representatives . At the time of writing , the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men . Furthermore , the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality . The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time . The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution . It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion . The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future . Substance ( edit ) The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being `` natural , unalienable and sacred '' and consisting of `` simple and incontestable principles '' on which citizens could base their demands . In the second article , `` the natural and imprescriptible rights of man '' are defined as `` liberty , property , security and resistance to oppression '' . It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation , freedom and equal rights for all `` Men '' , and access to public office based on talent . The monarchy was restricted , and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process . Freedom of speech and press were declared , and arbitrary arrests outlawed . The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty , in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy , and social equality among citizens , `` All the citizens , being equal in the eyes of the law , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents , '' eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy . Articles ( edit ) Article I -- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good . Article II -- The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man . These rights are liberty , property , safety and resistance against oppression . Article III -- The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation . No body , no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it . Article IV -- Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights . These borders can be determined only by the law . Article V -- The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society . Anything which is not forbidden by the law can not be impeded , and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order . Article VI -- The law is the expression of the general will . All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation . It must be the same for all , either that it protects , or that it punishes . All the citizens , being equal in its eyes , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents . Article VII -- No man can be accused , arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law , and according to the forms which it has prescribed . Those who solicit , dispatch , carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders , must be punished ; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once ; he renders himself culpable by resistance . Article VIII -- The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary , and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied . Article IX -- Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him , any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law . Article X -- No one may be disturbed for his opinions , even religious ones , provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law . Article XI -- The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man : any citizen thus may speak , write , print freely , except to respond to the abuse of this liberty , in the cases determined by the law . Article XII -- The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force : this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted . Article XIII -- For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration , a common contribution is indispensable ; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens , according to their ability to pay . Article XIV -- Each citizen has the right to ascertain , by himself or through his representatives , the need for a public tax , to consent to it freely , to know the uses to which it is put , and of determining the proportion , basis , collection , and duration . Article XV -- The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration . Article XVI -- Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured , nor the separation of powers determined , has no Constitution . Article XVII -- Property being an inviolable and sacred right , no one can be deprived of private usage , if it is not when the public necessity , legally noted , evidently requires it , and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity . Active and passive citizenship ( edit ) While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population , there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not . Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens . Active citizenship was granted to men who were French , at least 25 years old , paid taxes equal to three days work , and could not be defined as servants ( Thouret ) . This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights . The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions . This distinction directly affects articles 6 , 12 , 14 , and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government . With the decree of 29 October 1789 , the term active citizen became embedded in French politics . The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen . Because of the requirements set down for active citizens , the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen out of a population of around 29 million . These omitted groups included women , slaves , children , and foreigners . As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly , they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) . This legislation , passed in 1789 , was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen . The power to vote was then , however , to be granted solely to substantial property owners . Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution . This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights , or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens . This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences . In the cartoon , a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work . The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place . Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence . Women 's rights ( edit ) The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens ( who could only be male ) . This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789 , women presented the Women 's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights . In 1790 , Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women . Condorcet declared that `` he who votes against the right of another , whatever the religion , color , or sex of that other , has henceforth abjured his own '' . The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women 's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791 . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution , which had been devoted to equality . It states that : `` This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition , and of the rights , they have lost in society '' . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as `` almost a parody ... of the original document '' . The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be based only on common utility . '' The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied : `` Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights . Social distinctions may only be based on common utility '' . De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable , yet denied equal rights , declaring `` Women have the right to mount the scaffold , they must also have the right to mount the speaker 's rostrum '' . Slavery ( edit ) The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery , as lobbied for by Jacques - Pierre Brissot 's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac . Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration , slave uprisings in Saint - Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words , as discussed in C.L.R. James ' history of the Haitian Revolution , The Black Jacobins . Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint - Domingue , the most profitable slave colony in the world , led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World . Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794 . However , Napoleon reinstated it in 1802 . In 1804 , the colony of Saint - Domingue became an independent state , the Republic of Haiti . Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights - based liberal democracy throughout the world . It was translated as soon as 1793 -- 1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño , who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so . In 2003 , the document was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World register . Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the French Fifth Republic According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( adopted on 4 October 1958 , and the current constitution ) , the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value . Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ( `` Constitutional Council of France '' ) or by the Conseil d'État ( `` Council of State '' ) . Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional . Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would , by birth , enjoy greater rights . See also ( edit ) Human rights in France Universality Other early declarations of rights ( edit ) Magna Carta ( England , 1215 ) Statute of Kalisz ( Poland , 1264 ) Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa ( Poland , 1573 ) Petition of Right ( England , 1628 ) Bill of Rights ( England , 1689 ) Claim of Right ( Scotland , 1689 ) Bill of Rights ( United States , 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont ( modern - day Belgium , 1789 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated as `` Declaration of Human and Civic Rights '' . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein ( 2000 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order . Cambridge UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp 143 - 45 Jump up ^ Keith Baker , `` The Idea of a Declaration of Rights '' in Dale Van Kley , ed . The French Idea of Freedom : The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 ( 1997 ) pp 154 - 96 . Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report ( Archives parlementaires , 1 , série , tome VIII , débats du 12 août 1789 , p. 431 ) . Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires , 1 série , tome VIII , débats du 19 août 1789 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 159 vol 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Merryman , John Henry ; Rogelierdomo ( 2007 ) . The civil law tradition : an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America . Stanford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780804755696 . Jump up ^ First Article , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights : visions seen . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780812218541 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , Jackson J. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : 1300 to 1815 . Wadsworth Publishing . p. 580 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50289 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Nelson Cengage . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Thouret 1789 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/ Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Social Causes of the Revolution '' ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ `` Active / Passive Citizen '' , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/ . Jump up ^ De Gouges , `` Declaration of the Rights of Women '' , 1791 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 , 324 . Jump up ^ Women 's Petition to the National Assembly Jump up ^ Williams , Helen Maria ; Neil Fraistat ; Susan Sniader Lanser ; David Brookshire ( 2001 ) . Letters written in France . Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1854 - 1 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France 's overseas dominions , for fear `` that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly '' , as Robin Blackburn expressed it ( Blackburn , The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 ( 1988 : 174f ) ) ; see also the speech of Jean - Baptiste Belley Jump up ^ Cf . Heinrich August Winkler ( 2012 ) , Geschichte des Westens . Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert , Third Edition , Munich ( Germany ) , p. 386 References ( edit ) Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2001 . Susan Dalton , Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland , Canadian Journal of History , 36 , no . 2 ( 2001 ) : 259 -- 83 . William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite , A Political Revolution for Women ? The Case of Paris , In The French Revolution : conflicting interpretations . 5th ed . Malabar , Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co. , 2002 . 317 -- 46 . Jeremy Popkin , A History of Modern France , Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , Inc. , 2006 . `` Active Citizen / Passive Citizen '' , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution ( accessed 30 October 2011 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Gérard Conac , Marc Debene , Gérard Teboul , eds , La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ; histoire , analyse et commentaires , Economica , Paris , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 7178 - 2483 - 4. ( in French ) McLean , Iain . `` Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and the Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen '' in The Future of Liberal Democracy : Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 ) online External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource `` Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 '' . Conseil constitutionnel ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil constitutionnel . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . <Th_colspan="2"> French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Influential thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cultural impact <Td_colspan="2"> La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution <Th_colspan="2"> Human rights <Td_colspan="2"> Children 's Intersex Men 's Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies <Td_colspan="2"> Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Rights Portal : Human rights <Th_colspan="2"> Thomas Jefferson <Td_colspan="2"> 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← John Adams James Madison → <Th_colspan="2"> George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishments Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v. Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) <Th_colspan="2"> Constitutions of France <Td_colspan="2"> 1791 1793 ( Year I ) 1795 ( Year III ) 1799 ( Year VIII ) 1802 ( Year X ) 1804 ( Year XII ) 1814 1815 1830 1848 1852 1875 1940 1945 1946 1958 ( Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment ) Proposed : Girondin constitutional project ( 1793 ) VIAF : 185684735 LCCN : no90010771 GND : 4200626 - 0 Human rights portal Law portal France portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&oldid=815535267 '' Categories : 1789 in law 1789 events of the French Revolution French law Human rights instruments Human rights in France Government of France Memory of the World Register Political charters History of human rights Popular sovereignty Age of Enlightenment 18th century in Paris 1789 documents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing French - language text All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2. French Revolution
3. Human rights
4. Enlightenment philosophers
5. Women's rights
|
-4,800,422,931,691,649,000 |
who was the individual who is credited with establishing the size of earth
|
Heliocentrism - wikipedia Heliocentrism Jump to : navigation , search `` Heliocentric '' redirects here . For the albums , see Heliocentric ( Paul Weller album ) and Heliocentric ( The Ocean Collective album ) . For heliocentric orbit , see Heliocentric orbit . Andreas Cellarius 's illustration of the Copernican system , from the Harmonia Macrocosmica ( 1708 ) . Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System . Historically , Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos , but at least in the medieval world , Aristarchus 's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era . It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented , by the Renaissance mathematician , astronomer , and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus , leading to the Copernican Revolution . In the following century , Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits , and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope . With the observations of William Herschel , Friedrich Bessel , and others , astronomers realized that the sun , although near the center of the solar system , was not the center of the universe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient and medieval astronomy 1.1 Classical Antiquity 1.1. 1 Pythagoreans 1.1. 2 Aristarchus of Samos 1.1. 3 Seleucus of Seleucia 1.1. 4 Late Antiquity 1.2 Medieval Islamic world 1.3 Later medieval period 2 Renaissance - era astronomy 2.1 European astronomy before Copernicus 2.2 Copernican heliocentrism 3 Reception in Early Modern Europe 3.1 Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) 3.2 Publication of de Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) 3.3 Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 3.4 Galileo Galilei 3.4. 1 Publication of Starry messenger ( 1610 ) 3.4. 2 Publication of Letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) 3.4. 3 1616 ban against Copernicanism 3.4. 4 Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) 3.4. 5 Publication of Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems 3.5 Age of Reason 3.6 Reception in Judaism 4 The view of modern science 4.1 Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Ancient and medieval astronomy ( edit ) A hypothetical geocentric model of the solar system ( upper panel ) in comparison to the heliocentric model ( lower panel ) . While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco - Roman astronomy from at least the 3rd century BCE , the Earth 's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution . While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BCE in Pythagoreanism , and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE , these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth , and from the 2nd century CE the predominant model , which would be inherited by medieval astronomy , was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy 's Almagest . The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy . Ptolemy himself , in his Almagest , points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device , and since there is no actual way to know which is true , the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used . However , he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds . His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon , sun , planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits ' celestial spheres as contiguous realities . This made the stars ' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units , a regression , since Aristarchus of Samos 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant . Problems with Ptolemy 's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy , and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy . Classical antiquity ( edit ) See also : Greek astronomy Pythagoreans ( edit ) The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus ( d . 390 BC ) , who taught that at the center of the Universe was a `` central fire '' , around which the Earth , Sun , Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion . This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire , with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth . The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year , and the stars were stationary . The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire , rendering both it and the `` counter-earth '' invisible from Earth . The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years , and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary . Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans ' `` central fire '' as the Sun , `` as most sects purposely hid ( e ) their teachings '' . Heraclides of Pontus ( 4th century BC ) said that the rotation of the Earth explained the apparent daily motion of the celestial sphere . It used to be thought that he believed Mercury and Venus to revolve around the Sun , which in turn ( along with the other planets ) revolves around the Earth . Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius ( AD 395 -- 423 ) later described this as the `` Egyptian System , '' stating that `` it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians , '' though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt . Aristarchus of Samos ( edit ) Aristarchus 's 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of the Earth , Sun and Moon , from a 10th - century CE Greek copy The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system , however , was Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 270 BC ) . Like Eratosthenes , Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth , and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , in a treatise which has survived . From his estimates , he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous . His writings on the heliocentric system are lost , but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries , such as Archimedes . Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it . Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model . Archimedes wrote : You King Gelon are aware the ' universe ' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth , while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth . This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers . But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses , wherein it appears , as a consequence of the assumptions made , that the universe is many times greater than the ' universe ' just mentioned . His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle , the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit , and that the sphere of fixed stars , situated about the same center as the Sun , is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface . Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away , and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax , that is , an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun . The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times , which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes . Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars ' distance larger , suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations . He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule . Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught . Heliocentrism had been in conflict with religion before Copernicus : One of the few pieces of information we have about the reception of Aristarchus 's heliocentric system comes from a passage in Plutarch 's dialogue , Concerning the Face which Appears in the Orb of the Moon . According to one of Plutarch 's characters in the dialogue , the philosopher Cleanthes had held that Aristarchus should be charged with impiety for `` moving the hearth of the world '' . Seleucus of Seleucia ( edit ) Since Plutarch mentions the `` followers of Aristarchus '' in passing , it is likely that there were other astronomers in the Classical period who also espoused Heliocentrism , but whose work was lost . The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b . 190 BC ) , a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid empire . Seleucus adopted the heliocentric system of Aristarchus and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory . According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden , Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model . He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time , as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus . A fragment of a work by Seleucus has survived in Arabic translation , which was referred to by Rhazes ( b . 865 ) . Alternatively , his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides , which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth - Moon ' center of mass ' . Late antiquity ( edit ) Nicholas of Cusa , 15th century , asked whether there was any reason to assert that any point was the center of the universe . There were occasional speculations about Heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus . In Roman Carthage , the pagan Martianus Capella ( 5th century A.D. ) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun . Capella 's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th - century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work . The Ptolemaic system was also received in Indian astronomy . Aryabhata ( 476 -- 550 ) , in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya ( 499 ) , propounded a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun . He accurately calculated many astronomical constants , such as the periods of the planets , times of the solar and lunar eclipses , and the instantaneous motion of the Moon . Early followers of Aryabhata 's model included Varahamihira , Brahmagupta , and Bhaskara II . Medieval Islamic world ( edit ) See also : Astronomy in medieval Islam and Islamic cosmology An illustration from al - Biruni 's astronomical works , explains the different phases of the moon , with respect to the position of the sun . Al - Biruni suggested that if the Earth rotated on its axis this would be consistent with astronomical theory . He discussed Heliocentrism but considered it a problem of natural philosophy . Muslim astronomers generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model . Beginning in the 11th century , a tradition criticizing Ptolemy developed within Islamic astronomy , beginning with Ibn al - Haytham 's Al - Shukūk ' alā Baṭlamyūs ( `` Doubts Concerning Ptolemy '' ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d.c. 1020 ) accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to Al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` That the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the Geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b . 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun , but in his Masudic Canon , he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own . He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis , this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters , but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics . In the 12th century , some Islamic astronomers developed complete alternatives to the Ptolemaic system ( although not heliocentric ) , such as Nur ad - Din al - Bitruji , who considered the Ptolemaic model as mathematical , and not physical . Al - Bitruji 's alternative system spread through most of Europe in the 13th century , with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century . Later medieval period ( edit ) The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid - era Persia further developed `` non-Ptolemaic '' planetary models involving Earth 's rotation . Notable astronomers of this school are Al - Urdi ( d . 1266 ) Al - Katibi ( d . 1277 ) , and Al - Tusi ( d . 1274 ) . The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth 's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism . The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid - era Samarkand observatory under Qushji ( 1403 -- 1474 ) . European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and by the 13th century was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model . In the 14th century , bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis , while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in his Learned Ignorance asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun ( or any other point ) was the center of the universe . In parallel to a mystical definition of God , Cusa wrote that `` Thus the fabric of the world ( machina mundi ) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere . '' In India , Nilakantha Somayaji ( 1444 -- 1544 ) , in his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model , in which the planets orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits the Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . In the Tantrasangraha ( 1500 ) , he further revised his planetary system , which was mathematically more accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models , but did not propose any specific models of the universe . Nilakantha 's planetary system also incorporated the Earth 's rotation on its axis . Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model . Renaissance - era astronomy ( edit ) European astronomy before Copernicus ( edit ) Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory , in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple , influenced Renaissance - era European astronomy , and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance - era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus . Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources . Furthermore , the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al - Shatir ( d.c. 1375 ) of Damascus . Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus . The state of knowledge on planetary theory received by Copernicus is summarized in Georg von Peuerbach 's Theoricae Novae Planetarum ( printed in 1472 by Regiomontanus ) . By 1470 , the accuracy of observations by the Vienna school of astronomy , of which Peuerbach and Regiomontanus were members , was high enough to make the eventual development of heliocentrism inevitable , and indeed it is possible that Regiomontanus did arrive at an explicit theory of heliocentrism before his death in 1476 , some 30 years before Copernicus . While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit , the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school , postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957 , remains an open question . Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of the `` Islamic Golden Age '' ( 10th to 12th centuries ) in De Revolutionibus : Albategnius ( Al - Battani ) , Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) , Thebit ( Thabit Ibn Qurra ) , Arzachel ( Al - Zarqali ) , and Alpetragius ( Al - Bitruji ) , but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school . It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid , which Copernicus cited . Another possible source for Copernicus 's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme , who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al - Tusi . Copernican Heliocentrism ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1578 ) Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( `` On the revolution of heavenly spheres '' , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg ) , presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest . Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system , elaborated it in geometrical detail , used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model , and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets . In doing so , Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy . In reality , Copernicus 's system did not predict the planets ' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system . This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent , rather than real : it was a parallax effect , as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon . This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system ; the latter , however , while eliminating the major epicycles , retained as a physical reality the irregular back - and - forth motion of the planets , which Kepler characterized as a `` pretzel '' . Copernicus cited Aristarchus in an early ( unpublished ) manuscript of De Revolutionibus ( which still survives ) , stating : `` Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth , and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion . '' However , in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans , Heraclides Ponticus , Philolaus , and Ecphantus . These authors had proposed a moving earth , which did not , however , revolve around a central sun . Reception in early modern Europe ( edit ) Main article : Copernican Revolution Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) ( edit ) The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1 , 1514 . Although only in manuscript , Copernicus ' ideas were well known among astronomers and others . His ideas contradicted the then - prevailing understanding of the Bible . In the King James Bible ( first published in 1611 ) , First Chronicles 16 : 30 states that `` the world also shall be stable , that it be not moved . '' Psalm 104 : 5 says , `` ( the Lord ) Who laid the foundations of the earth , that it should not be removed for ever . '' Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 states that `` The sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose . '' Nonetheless , in 1533 , Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus ' theory . The lectures were heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals . On November 1 , 1536 , Archbishop of Capua Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome encouraging him to publish a full version of his theory . However , in 1539 , Martin Luther said : `` There is talk of a new astrologer who wants to prove that the earth moves and goes around instead of the sky , the sun , the moon , just as if somebody were moving in a carriage or ship might hold that he was sitting still and at rest while the earth and the trees walked and moved . But that is how things are nowadays : when a man wishes to be clever he must ... invent something special , and the way he does it must needs be the best ! The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside - down . However , as Holy Scripture tells us , so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth . '' This was reported in the context of a conversation at the dinner table and not a formal statement of faith . Melanchthon , however , opposed the doctrine over a period of years . Publication of De Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) ( edit ) Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543 . Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530 , but did not publish it until the year of his death . Although he was in good standing with the Church and had dedicated the book to Pope Paul III , the published form contained an unsigned preface by Osiander defending the system and arguing that it was useful for computation even if its hypotheses were not necessarily true . Possibly because of that preface , the work of Copernicus inspired very little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years . There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of Heliocentrism should be banned , but nothing came of it at the time . Some years after the publication of De Revolutionibus John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who `` pervert the order of nature '' by saying that `` the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns '' . On the other hand , Calvin is not responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him : `` Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit ? '' It has long been established that this line can not be found in any of Calvin 's works . It has been suggested that the quotation was originally sourced from the works of Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovius . Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 ( edit ) Main article : Tychonic system In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the Moon and the Sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the Sun . Around all is a sphere of fixed stars , located just beyond Saturn . Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus , the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy , in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it . Tycho Brahe , arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time , advocated against Copernicus 's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system : a geo - heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun , while the sun and the moon orbit the earth . Tycho appreciated the Copernican system , but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics , astronomy , and religion . The Aristotelian physics of the time ( modern Newtonian physics was still a century away ) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth , whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort substance called aether that moved naturally . So Tycho said that the Copernican system `` ... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy . On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics . Yet it ascribes to the Earth , that hulking , lazy body , unfit for motion , a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches , and a triple motion at that . '' Likewise , Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax . Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars ( now known to be illusory -- see stellar magnitude ) , and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as Heliocentrism required , stars would have to be huge ( much larger than the sun ; the size of Earth 's orbit or larger ) . Regarding this Tycho wrote , `` Deduce these things geometrically if you like , and you will see how many absurdities ( not to mention others ) accompany this assumption ( of the motion of the earth ) by inference . '' He also cited the Copernican system 's `` opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place '' as a reason why one might wish to reject it , and observed that his own geoheliocentric alternative `` offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture '' . The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first unreceptive to Tycho 's system ; the most prominent , Clavius , commented that Tycho was `` confusing all of astronomy , because he wants to have Mars lower than the Sun . '' However , after the advent of the telescope showed problems with some geocentric models ( by demonstrating that Venus circles the sun , for example ) , the Tychonic system and variations on that system became very popular among geocentrists , and the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli would continue Tycho 's use of physics , stellar astronomy ( now with a telescope ) , and religion to argue against Heliocentrism and for Tycho 's system well into the seventeenth century ( see Riccioli ) . Galileo Galilei ( edit ) Publication of starry messenger ( 1610 ) ( edit ) In the 17th century AD Galileo Galilei opposed the Roman Catholic Church by his strong support for Heliocentrism Galileo was able to look at the night sky with the newly invented telescope . Then he published his discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius including ( among other things ) the moons of Jupiter and that Venus exhibited a full range of phases . These discoveries were not consistent with the Ptolemeic model of the solar system . As the Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo 's observations , the Jesuits moved toward Tycho 's teachings . Publication of letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) ( edit ) In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina , Galileo defended Heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures ( see Galileo affair ) . He took Augustine 's position on Scripture : not to take every passage literally when the scripture in question is in a Bible book of poetry and songs , not a book of instructions or history . The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world , and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set . In fact , it is the Earth 's rotation which gives the impression of the sun in motion across the sky . 1616 ban against Copernicanism ( edit ) Main article : Galileo affair In February 1615 , prominent Dominicans including Thomaso Caccini and Niccolò Lorini brought Galileo 's writings on Heliocentrism to the attention of the Inquisition , because they appeared to violate Holy Scripture and the decrees of the Council of Trent . Cardinal and Inquisitor Robert Bellarmine was called upon to adjudicate , and wrote in April that treating Heliocentrism as a real phenomenon would be `` a very dangerous thing , '' irritating philosophers and theologians , and harming `` the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false . '' In January 1616 Msgr . Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system . Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy , and the essay provided the `` chief direct basis '' for the ban . The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism . It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe , and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun . Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory `` clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size , as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself . '' Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay , but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments . Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624 . In February 1616 , the Inquisition assembled a committee of theologians , known as qualifiers , who delivered their unanimous report condemning Heliocentrism as `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' The Inquisition also determined that the Earth 's motion `` receives the same judgement in philosophy and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith . '' Bellarmine personally ordered Galileo `` to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it ... to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves , and henceforth not to hold , teach , or defend it in any way whatever , either orally or in writing . '' -- Bellarmine and the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , 1616 In March , after the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , the papal Master of the Sacred Palace , Congregation of the Index , and Pope banned all books and letters advocating the Copernican system , which they called `` the false Pythagorean doctrine , altogether contrary to Holy Scripture . '' In 1618 the Holy Office recommended that a modified version of Copernicus ' De Revolutionibus be allowed for use in calendric calculations , though the original publication remained forbidden until 1758 . Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) ( edit ) In Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) , Johannes Kepler had used an elliptical orbit to explain the motion of Mars . In Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae he developed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all the planets have elliptical orbits . This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets . Kepler 's ideas were not immediately accepted . Galileo for example completely ignored Kepler 's work . Kepler proposed Heliocentrism as a physical description of the solar system and Epitome astronomia Copernicanae was placed on the index of prohibited books despite Kepler being a Protestant . Publication of dialogue Concerning the two chief world systems ( edit ) Pope Urban VIII encouraged Galileo to publish the pros and cons of Heliocentrism . Galileo 's response , Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems ( 1632 ) , clearly advocated Heliocentrism , despite his declaration in the preface that , I will endeavour to show that all experiments that can be made upon the Earth are insufficient means to conclude for its mobility but are indifferently applicable to the Earth , movable or immovable ... and his straightforward statement , I might very rationally put it in dispute , whether there be any such centre in nature , or no ; being that neither you nor any one else hath ever proved , whether the World be finite and figurate , or else infinite and interminate ; yet nevertheless granting you , for the present , that it is finite , and of a terminate Spherical Figure , and that thereupon it hath its centre ... Some ecclesiastics also interpreted the book as characterizing the Pope as a simpleton , since his viewpoint in the dialogue was advocated by the character Simplicio . Urban VIII became hostile to Galileo and he was again summoned to Rome . Galileo 's trial in 1633 involved making fine distinctions between `` teaching '' and `` holding and defending as true '' . For advancing heliocentric theory Galileo was forced to recant Copernicanism and was put under house arrest for the last few years of his life . According to J.L. Heilbron , informed contemporaries of Galileo 's : `` appreciated that the reference to heresy in connection with Galileo or Copernicus had no general or theological significance . '' Age of reason ( edit ) Further information : Age of Reason , 17th - century philosophy , and Scientific revolution René Descartes postponed , and ultimately never finished , his treatise The World , which included a heliocentric model , but the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of Heliocentrism across Europe , as Kepler 's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades . By 1686 the model was well enough established that the general public was reading about it in Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds , published in France by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and translated into English and other languages in the coming years . It has been called `` one of the first great popularizations of science . '' In 1687 , Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , which provided an explanation for Kepler 's laws in terms of universal gravitation and what came to be known as Newton 's laws of motion . This placed Heliocentrism on a firm theoretical foundation , although Newton 's Heliocentrism was of a somewhat modern kind . Already in the mid-1680s he recognized the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' . Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest . Meanwhile , the Church remained opposed to Heliocentrism as a literal description , but this did not by any means imply opposition to all astronomy ; indeed , it needed observational data to maintain its calendar . In support of this effort it allowed the cathedrals themselves to be used as solar observatories called meridiane ; i.e. , they were turned into `` reverse sundials '' , or gigantic pinhole cameras , where the Sun 's image was projected from a hole in a window in the cathedral 's lantern onto a meridian line . In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus ( Index of Prohibited Books , published by order of Alexander VII , P.M. ) which included all previous condemnations of heliocentric books . In the mid-eighteenth century the Church 's opposition began to fade . An annotated copy of Newton 's Principia was published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims , two Catholic mathematicians , with a preface stating that the author 's work assumed Heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory . In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating Heliocentrism from the Index of Forbidden Books . The Observatory of the Roman College was established by Pope Clement XIV in 1774 ( nationalized in 1878 , but re-founded by Pope Leo XIII as the Vatican Observatory in 1891 ) . In spite of dropping its active resistance to Heliocentrism , the Catholic Church did not lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus or Galileo 's Dialogue . The affair was revived in 1820 , when the Master of the Sacred Palace ( the Church 's chief censor ) , Filippo Anfossi , refused to license a book by a Catholic canon , Giuseppe Settele , because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact . Settele appealed to pope Pius VII . After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office , Anfossi 's decision was overturned . Pius VII approved a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome . Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and Galileo 's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835 . Reception in Judaism ( edit ) Already in the Talmud , Greek philosophy and science under general name `` Greek wisdom '' were considered dangerous . They were put under ban then and later for some periods . The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system , albeit without mentioning Copernicus by name , was Maharal of Prague , his book `` Be'er ha - Golah '' ( 1593 ) . Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism , arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable , which he illustrates by the new - fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos . Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans ( 1541 -- 1613 ) , who worked with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Gans wrote two books on astronomy in Hebrew : a short one `` Magen David '' ( 1612 ) and a full one `` Nehmad veNaim '' ( published only in 1743 ) . He described objectively three systems : Ptolemy , Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe without taking sides . Joseph Solomon Delmedigo ( 1591 -- 1655 ) in his `` Elim '' ( 1629 ) says that the arguments of Copernicus are so strong , that only an imbecile will not accept them . Delmedigo studied at Padua and was acquainted with Galileo . An actual controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises only in the early 18th century . Most authors in this period accept Copernican heliocentrism , with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn . Both of these authors argued against heliocentrism on grounds of contradictions to scripture . Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion , whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus `` a first - born of Satan '' , though he also acknowledged that he would have found it difficult to counter one particular objection based on a passage from the Talmud . In the 19th century two students of the Hatam sofer wrote books that were given approbations by him even though one supported heliocentrism and the other geocentrism . The one , a commentary on Genesis Yafe'ah le - Ketz written by R. Israel David Schlesinger resisted a heliocentric model and supported geocentrism . The other , Mei Menuchot written by R. Eliezer Lipmann Neusatz encouraged acceptance of the heliocentric model and other modern scientific thinking . Since the 20th century most Jews have not questioned the science of heliocentrism . Exceptions include Shlomo Benizri and R.M.M. Schneerson of Chabad who argued that the question of heliocentrism vs. geocentrism is obsolete because of the relativity of motion . Schneerson 's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model . The view of modern Science ( edit ) Kepler 's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis . Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley , in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault . Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni . In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Thomas Henderson measured the parallaxes of other stars , Vega and Alpha Centauri . The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps . That the Sun was not the center of the universe , but one of innumerable stars , was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno . Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries , the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious . By the 20th century , even before the discovery that there are many galaxies , it was no longer an issue . The concept of an absolute velocity , including being `` at rest '' as a particular case , is ruled out by the principle of relativity , also eliminating any obvious `` center '' of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates . Some forms of Mach 's principle consider the frame at rest with respect to the distant masses in the universe to have special properties . Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet 's orbit , but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit . Furthermore , to the extent that a planet 's mass can not be neglected in comparison to the Sun 's mass , the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun . ( The masses of the planets , mostly Jupiter , amount to 0.14 % of that of the Sun . ) Therefore , a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small `` wobble '' in the Sun 's motion . Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric ( edit ) In modern calculations the terms `` geocentric '' and `` heliocentric '' are often used to refer to reference frames . In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth , of the Earth -- Moon system , of the Sun , of the Sun plus the major planets , or of the entire solar system can be selected ; see center - of - mass frame . Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates , used in Earth - based observations , while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations . This leads to such terms as `` heliocentric velocity '' and `` heliocentric angular momentum '' . In this heliocentric picture , any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun . A smaller body ( either artificial or natural ) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist -- this effect can change the body 's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame ( although it will not changed in the planetary one ) . However , such selection of `` geocentric '' or `` heliocentric '' frames is merely a matter of computation . It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model . From the point of view of General Relativity , inertial reference frames do not exist at all , and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space - time , which can have higher or lower precision . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Geocentric model Celestial spheres Copernican Revolution ( metaphor ) Copernican principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ optinonally capitalised , Heliocentrism or heliocentrism , according to The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed. , 2007 ) . The term is a learned formation based on Greek ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ; the adjective heliocentric is first recorded in English ( as heliocentrick ) in 1685 , after New Latin heliocentricus , in use from about the same time ( Johann Jakob Zimmermann , Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices , 1679 , p. 28 ) . The abstract noun in - ism is more recent , recorded from the late 19th century ( e.g. in Constance Naden , Induction and Deduction : A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays ( 1890 ) , p. 76 : `` Copernicus started from the observed motions of the planets , on which astronomers were agreed , and worked them out on the new hypothesis of Heliocentrism '' ) , modelled after German Heliocentrismus or Heliozentrismus ( c. 1870 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 ) , pp. 135 -- 48 ; Linton ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 9 ) . The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . Jump up ^ according to Lucio Russo , the heliocentric view was expounded in Hipparchus 's work on gravity . ( source : Lucio Rosso , The Forgotten Revolution , How Science was Born in 300BC and Why it had to be Reborn , pp 293 - 296 ) Jump up ^ Debus , Allen G. ( 1987 ) , Man and nature in the Renaissance , Cambridge University Press , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29328 - 6 , Chapter V , page 76 Jump up ^ In Book 1 section 7 he admits that a model in which the earth revolves with respect to the stars would be simpler but does n't go as far as considering a heliocentric system . Jump up ^ Dennis Duke , Ptolemy 's Universe Jump up ^ Boyer , C. A History of Mathematics . Wiley , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1618 -- 21 ) , Epitome of Copernican Astronomy , Book IV , Part 1.2 Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( November 1 , 1992 ) , `` Heraclides and Heliocentrism -- Texts Diagrams and Interpretations '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 23 : 233 , Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E Jump up ^ Otto E. Neugebauer ( 1975 ) , A history of ancient mathematical astronomy , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer , p. 695 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Rufus , W. Carl ( 1923 ) , `` The astronomical system of Copernicus '' , Popular Astronomy , 31 : 510 -- 521 ( 512 ) , Bibcode : 1923PA ... 31 ... 510R , at pp. 511 - 512 Jump up ^ Arenarius , I. , 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ D. Rawlins , Aristarchus 's vast universe : ancient vision , contends that all of Aristarchus 's huge astronomical estimates of distance were based upon his gauging the limit of human visual discrimination to be approximately a ten thousandth of a radian which is about right . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 , p. 138 ) ; Plutarch ( 1957 , p. 55 ) ( on - line copy available ) . According to a footnote in the latter reference , Diogenes Laertius listed a work of Cleanthes ' ( apparently now lost ) with the title Against Aristarchus ( Plutarch , 1957 , p. 54 ) . Jump up ^ Murdin , Paul , Murdin , Paul , ed. , Seleucus of Seleucia ( c. 190 BC - ? ) , Institute of Physics Publishing , Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE3998. , ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 , doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Index of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists , Ics.forth.gr , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Bartel , B.L. ( 1987 ) , `` The Heliocentric System in Greek , Persian and Hindu Astronomy '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 500 ( 1 ) : 525 -- 545 ( 527 -- 529 ) , Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 500 ... 525V , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb37224. x . Jump up ^ Shlomo Pines ( 1986 ) , Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science , 2 , Brill Publishers , pp. viii & 201 -- 17 , ISBN 965 - 223 - 626 - 8 Jump up ^ Lucio Russo , Flussi e riflussi , Feltrinelli , Milano , 2003 , ISBN 88 - 07 - 10349 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Stahl , trans. , Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts , vol. 2 , The Marriage of Philology and Mercury , 854 , 857 , New York : Columbia Univ . Pr , 1977 , pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 2007 ) , Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance , Leiden : Brill , pp. 244 -- 259 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) , `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus I , 10 '' , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 126 : 367 -- 394 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) . `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' . Perspectives on Science . 6 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 330 . at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ; Al - Qushji , Ali ( 2001b ) , `` Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy : An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science '' , Osiris , 2nd Series , 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 & 66 -- 71 , Bibcode : 2001Osir ... 16 ... 49R , doi : 10.1086 / 649338 Jump up ^ Adi Setia ( 2004 ) , `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World : A Preliminary Survey '' , Islam & Science , 2 , retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Bīrūnī 's Masudic Canon '' , Al - Abhath , 24 ( 1971 ) : 59 -- 81 ; reprinted in David A. King and Mary Helen Kennedy , ed. , Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences , Beirut , 1983 , pp. 573 -- 595 . Jump up ^ G. Wiet , V. Elisseeff , P. Wolff , J. Naudu ( 1975 ) . History of Mankind , Vol 3 : The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649 . George Allen & Unwin Ltd , UNESCO . ^ Jump up to : Saliba ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 2007 ) . `` Biṭrūjī : Nūr al ‐ Dīn Abū Isḥāq ( Abū Jaʿfar ) Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al ‐ Biṭrūjī '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hikmat al - ' Ain , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Toby E. Huff ( 1993 ) : The rise of early modern science : Islam , China , and the West ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas of Cusa , De docta ignorantia , 2.12 , p. 103 , cited in Koyré ( 1957 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ( 1998 ) , `` Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers '' , Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India , 26 : 11 -- 31 ( 23 -- 4 ) , Bibcode : 1998BASI ... 26 ... 11R Jump up ^ K. Ramasubramanian , et al. ( 1994 ) , p. 788 Jump up ^ Amartya Kumar Dutta ( May 2006 ) , `` Āryabhata and axial rotation of earth '' , Resonance , Springer , 11 ( 5 ) : 58 -- 72 ( 70 -- 1 ) , ISSN 0973 - 712X , doi : 10.1007 / BF02839373 Jump up ^ George G. Joseph ( 2000 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ; Srinivas , M.D. ; Sriram , M.S. ( 1994 ) , `` Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers ( c. 1500 AD ) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion '' , Current Science , 66 : 784 -- 790 . Jump up ^ Roberts , V. ; Kennedy , E.S. ( 1959 ) . `` The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir '' . Isis. 50 : 232 -- 234 . doi : 10.1086 / 348774 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) , `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' , The Observatory , 128 : 231 -- 239 ( 238 ) , Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy ( Autumn 1966 ) , `` Late Medieval Planetary Theory '' , Isis , University of Chicago Press , 57 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 378 ( 377 ) , JSTOR 228366 , doi : 10.1086 / 350144 Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814780237 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow , Noel M. ( 1973 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus 's Planetary Theory : A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 117 ( 6 ) : 424 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 986461 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn al ‐ Shāṭir : ʿAlāʾ al ‐ Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 569 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers , Penguin Books , 1959 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ N.K. Singh , M. Zaki Kirmani , Encyclopaedia of Islamic science and scientists ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Viktor Blåsjö , `` A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 45 ( 2014 ) , 183 - 195 ADS . Jump up ^ Freely , John ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) . Light from the East : How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World . I.B. Tauris . p. 179 . ISBN 9781784531386 . Jump up ^ Veselovsky , I.N. ( 1973 ) , `` Copernicus and Nasir al - Din al - Tusi '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 4 : 128 -- 30 , Bibcode : 1973JHA ... 4 ... 128V . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Otto ( 1975 ) , A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , 2 , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer - Verlag , p. 1035 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Kren , Claudia ( 1971 ) , `` The Rolling Device of Naṣir al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme '' , Isis , 62 ( 4 ) : 490 -- 498 , doi : 10.1086 / 350791 . Jump up ^ The image shows a woodcut by Christoph Murer , from Nicolaus Reusner 's Icones ( printed 1578 ) , allegedly after a ( lost ) self - portrait by Copernicus himself ; the Murer portrait became the template for a number of later ( 17th century ) woodcuts , copper engravings and paintings of Copernicus . Jump up ^ Henry , John ( 2001 ) . Moving heaven and earth : Copernicus and the solar system . Cambridge : Icon . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 251 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , ( 2004 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. `` Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus ? '' Journal for the History of Astronomy , Vol. 16 , NO. 1 / FEB , P. 37 , 1985 . As mentioned earlier in this article , Philolaus had the Earth moving round a Central Fire which was not the Sun , so Copernicus 's reference to Aristarchus 's model as possibly geodynamic does not necessarily imply that he thought it was heliocentric . Jump up ^ A library catalogue of a 16th - century historian , Matthew of Miechow , bears that date and contains a reference to the manuscript , so it must have begun circulating before that date ( Koyré , 1973 , p. 85 ; Gingerich , 2004 , p. 32 ) . Jump up ^ Speller ( 2008 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Objections to Copernicus '' . Jump up ^ Melanchthon , Elements of Physics , 1st . edition , 1549 Jump up ^ Revolution in Science , I. Bernard Cohen , page 497 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1995 , p. 159 ) . Rosen disputes the earlier conclusion of another scholar that this was referring specifically to Copernicus 's theory . According to Rosen , Calvin had very likely never heard of Copernicus and was referring instead to `` the traditional geokinetic cosmology '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , Edward ( 1960 ) , Calvin 's attitude toward Copernicus in Journal of the History of Ideas , volume 21 , no . 3 , July , pp. 431 -- 441 . Reprinted in Rosen ( 1995 , pp. 161 -- 171 ) . Jump up ^ Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) , The Book Nobody Read . New York : Walker and Co . Jump up ^ Hooykaas , R. ( 1973 ) . Religion and the rise of modern science . Reprint , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press , 1977 . Jump up ^ Bye , Dan J. ( 2007 ) . McGrath vs Russell on Calvin vs Copernicus : a case of the pot calling the kettle black ? in The Freethinker , volume 127 , no . 6 , June , pp. 8 -- 10 . Available online here . Jump up ^ Owen Gingerich , The eye of heaven : Ptolemy , Copernicus , Kepler , New York : American Institute of Physics , 1993 , 181 , ISBN 0 - 88318 - 863 - 5 Jump up ^ Blair , Ann , `` Tycho Brahe 's critique of Copernicus and the Copernican system '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 51 , 1990 , 364 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. & Voelkel , J.R. , J. Hist . Astron. , Vol. 29 , 1998 , page 1 , 24 Jump up ^ Fantoli , 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 433 ) Jump up ^ Langford ( 1992 ) , p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 240 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 111 ) , Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 297 − 298 ) Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 115 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 68 - 69 ) Ingoli 's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2010 , pp. 72 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 71 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 66 - 76 , 164 - 175 , 187 - 195 ) Jump up ^ Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 320 ) Archived May 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Domínguez ( 2014 ) ; arXiv : 1402.6168 Original text of the decision ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2010 ) , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Finochiario , Maurice ( 2007 ) . Retrying Galileo . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : The Systeme of the World : in Four Dialogues ( 1661 ) Thomas Salusbury translation of Dialogo sopra i Due Massi Sistemi del Mondo ( 1632 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 491 ) Jump up ^ Heilbronn ( 1999 , p. 203 ) ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , David A. Is Pluto a Planet , p. 66 , Princeton University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kepler 's Laws of Planetary Motion : 1609 -- 1666 '' , J.L. Russell , British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 2 , No. 1 , June 1964 Jump up ^ Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) , The General History of Astronomy , Volume 2A , at page 233 ^ Jump up to : ( text quotations from 1729 translation of Newton Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Pontifical Decrees Against the Doctrine of the Earth 's Movement , and the Ultramontane Defence of Them '' , Rev. William Roberts , 1885 , London Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron , Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo ( in McMullin , Ernan ed. , The Church and Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , 2005 , p. 307 , IN . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2005 , pp. 279 , 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ Noah J. Efron . Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe . Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1997 ) , pp. 719 -- 732 Jump up ^ Sefer Elim , Amsterdam , 1629 , стр. 304 Jump up ^ Neher ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ In a marginal note in his Massé Touvia ( part 2 , p. 52b ) : `` Remark of the author : I fear that the incredulous may draw an objection from a text of Midrash Bereshit Rabba ( V , 8 ) in which our Teachers , the Rabbis , of blessed memory , explain that if the Earth is called in Hebrew `` eretz '' it is because it hastens ( `` ratseta '' ) before the Creator in order to accomplish His will . I acknowledge that the answer to this objection seems difficult for me to find `` , as translated by Neher ( 1977 , p. 220 ) . Jump up ^ `` יפח לקץ - חלק א - שלזינגר , ישראל דוד ( page 13 of 134 ) '' . www.hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Brown ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . `` Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe '' ( PDF ) . The Torah u-Madda Journal . 15 : 142 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ `` HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail : מי מנוחות -- נויזץ , אליעזר ליפמן '' . hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ RABBI NATAN , SLIFKIN . `` The Sun 's Path at Night : The Revolution in Rabbinic Perspectives on the Ptolemaic Revolution '' . Rationalist Judaism . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . Jump up ^ `` on the basis of the presently accepted scientific view ( in accordance with the theory of Relativity ) that where two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , it is impossible scientifically to ascertain which revolves around which , or which is stationary and the other in motion . Therefore , to say that there is , or can be , ' scientific proof ' that the earth revolves around the sun is quite an unscientific and uncritical statement . '' `` '' Igrot Kodesh '' v. 7 , p. 134 , letter number 1996 `` . Otzar770.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . External links ( edit ) Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary ? Heliocentric Pantheon The Copernican Model : a Sun Centered Solar System References ( edit ) Baker , A. and Chapter , L. ( 2002 ) , `` Part 4 : The Sciences '' . In M.M. Sharif , `` A History of Muslim Philosophy '' , Philosophia Islamica . Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) , A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler , New York , NY : Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60079 - 3 Fantoli , Annibale ( 2003 ) . Galileo -- For Copernicanism and the Church , 3rd English edition , tr . George V. Coyne , SJ . Vatican Observatory Publications , Notre Dame , IN . ISBN 88 - 209 - 7427 - 4 . Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Barbera . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn 's fine books , and here . Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) , Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs , Springer , ISBN 978 - 9048132003 Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) . The Book Nobody Read . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 01315 - 3 . Graney , Christopher M. ( 2015 ) , Setting Aside All Authority : Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 978 - 0268029883 Heath , T.L. ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos , the ancient Copernicus : a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus , Oxford , Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24188 - 2 ( 1981 Dover reprint ) . Heilbron , John L. ( 1999 ) , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674005368 Heilbron , John L. ( 2005 ) . `` Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo '' . In McMullin , Ernan . The Church and Galileo . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 . Heilbron , John L. ( 2010 ) . `` Biography of Galileo '' . Galileo . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Joseph , George G. ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics , 2nd edition . Penguin Books , London . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8 . Koestler , Arthur , ( 1959 ) The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe , Penguin Books ; 1986 edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 055212 - X , 1990 reprint : ISBN 0 - 14 - 019246 - 8 Koyré , Alexandre ( 1957 ) . From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Pr . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1973 ) . The Astronomical Revolution : Copernicus -- Kepler -- Borelli . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0504 - 1 . Langford , Jerome K. , O.P. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . Galileo , Science and the Church ( third ed . ) . St. Augustine 's Press . ISBN 1 - 890318 - 25 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Original edition by Desclee ( New York , NY , 1966 ) Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) , From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 Neher , André ( 1977 ) , `` Copernicus in the Hebraic Literature from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 38 ( No. 2 ) : 221 -- 26 , JSTOR 2708908 Plutarch ( 1957 ) , Plutarch 's Moralia in Fifteen Volumes , XII , Loeb Classical Library edition , translated by Harold Cherniss and William C. Helmbold , London : William Heinemann Qadir , Asghar ( 1989 ) . Relativity : An Introduction to the Special Theory . World Scientific . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0612 - 2 . Rosen , Edward ( 1995 ) , Copernicus and his Successors , London : Hambledon Press , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 071 - X Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' , Perspectives on Science , 6 : 288 -- 330 . Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 20687 - 2 Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Speller , Jules ( 2008 ) , Galileo 's Inquisition Trial Revisited , Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 56229 - 1 Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis , eds. ( 1989 ) , Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 Thurston , Hugh ( 1994 ) . Early Astronomy . Springer - Verlag , New York . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94107 - X . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy GND : 4131692 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliocentrism&oldid=800019505 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Obsolete scientific theories History of ideas Early scientific cosmologies Solar System Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links CS1 maint : Date format All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Heliocentrism
2. Copernican Revolution
3. Geocentrism
4. Aristarchus of Samos
5. Renaissance astronomy
|
-8,739,769,755,016,868,000 |
who sang the song love potion number 9
|
Love potion No. 9 ( song ) - wikipedia Love potion No. 9 ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Love Potion No. 9 '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Clovers B - side `` Stay Awhile '' Released September 1959 Length 2 : 02 Label United Artists Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller <Th_colspan="2"> `` Love Potion Number Nine '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Searchers <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Meet the Searchers B - side `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' Released 1964 Genre Rock and roll Length 2 : 05 Label Kapp KJB - 27 Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller <Th_colspan="2"> The Searchers singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1964 ) `` Love Potion Number Nine '' ( 1964 ) `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' ( 1964 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1964 ) `` Love Potion Number Nine '' ( 1964 ) `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' ( 1964 ) `` Love Potion No. 9 '' is a song written in 1959 by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . It was originally performed by the Clovers , who took it to number 23 on the US as well as R&B charts that year . History ( edit ) The song describes a man seeking help to find love , so he talks to a Gypsy who determines , by means of palmistry , that he needs `` love potion number 9 '' . The potion , an aphrodisiac , causes him to fall in love with everything he sees , kissing whatever is in front of him , eventually kissing a policeman on the street - corner , who breaks his bottle of love potion . In one recorded version of the ending of the song , The Clovers used the alternative lyrics : `` I had so much fun that I 'm going back again , I wonder what 'll happen with Love Potion Number Ten ? '' The `` kissing a cop '' lyric led to the song being banned by some radio stations . The lyrics also have the narrator describe himself as being `` a flop with chicks since 1956 '' ; later recordings of the song have often changed the year to suit the year of recording or the age of the performer . A notable exception is the Australian alternative rock band Tlot Tlot 's recording , which leaves the year in the song as 1956 . It also uses the alternative Love Potion No. 10 lyrics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 14 - Big Rock Candy Mountain : Rock ' n ' roll in the late fifties . ( Part 4 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . Digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Clovers ' charting singles Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 124 . External links ( edit ) Sample of the song The Searchers - Love Potion No. 9 Lyrics Songlyrics.com ; n.d. , retrieved 4 April 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> The Searchers <Td_colspan="2"> John McNally Frank Allen Spencer James Scott Ottaway Tony Jackson Mike Pender Chris Curtis Billy Adamson John Blunt Eddie Rothe Studio albums Meet The Searchers Sugar and Spice It 's the Searchers Sounds Like Searchers Take Me for What I 'm Worth Hungry Hearts Singles `` Sweets for My Sweet '' `` Sugar and Spice '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` Needles and Pins '' `` Do n't Throw Your Love Away '' `` Someday We 're Gonna Love Again '' `` When You Walk in the Room '' `` Love Potion No. 9 '' `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' `` Goodbye My Love '' `` He 's Got No Love '' `` When I Get Home '' `` Take Me for What I 'm Worth '' `` Take It or Leave It '' `` Have You Ever Loved Somebody '' `` Popcorn , Double Feature '' `` Western Union '' `` Second Hand Dealer '' `` Umbrella Man '' `` Kinky Kathy Abernathy '' `` Desdemona '' `` Love Is Everywhere '' `` Sing Singer Sing '' `` Needles and Pins '' `` Vahevala '' `` Solitaire '' `` I Do n't Want To Be The One '' `` Hearts In Her Eyes '' `` It 's Too Late '' `` Love 's Melody '' `` Another Night '' Related Discography Mike Pender 's Searchers <Td_colspan="2"> Book : The Searchers <Th_colspan="2"> The Clovers <Td_colspan="2"> Harold Winley King Raymond Green Franklen Poole Carlos Wilson Tyrone Burwell Singles `` Do n't You Know I Love You '' `` Fool , Fool , Fool '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Ting - A-Ling '' `` Lovey Dovey '' `` Blue Velvet '' `` Devil or Angel '' `` Love Potion No. 9 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Potion_No._9_(song)&oldid=807890162 '' Categories : 1959 singles 1963 singles Songs written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller The Clovers songs The Coasters songs The Searchers ( band ) songs Herb Alpert songs The Ventures songs Neil Diamond songs The White Stripes songs Gary Lewis & the Playboys songs United Artists Records singles Pye Records singles 1959 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 17 : 46 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Love Potion No. 9 - song by The Clovers and The Searchers
2. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller - songwriters of Love Potion No. 9
3. The Clovers - original performers of Love Potion No. 9
4. The Searchers - band that covered Love Potion No. 9
5. Lyrics and controversy of Love Potion No. 9
|
5,740,522,862,407,540,000 |
where was the rolling and puddling process invented
|
Puddling ( Metallurgy ) - wikipedia Puddling ( Metallurgy ) Jump to : navigation , search Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace Puddling was one step in one of the most important processes of making the first appreciable volumes of high - grade bar iron ( malleable wrought iron ) during the Industrial Revolution . In the original puddling technique , molten iron in a reverberatory furnace was stirred with rods , which were consumed in the process . It was one of the first processes for making bar iron without charcoal in Europe , although much earlier coal - based processes had existed in China . Eventually , the furnace would be used to make small quantities of specialty steels . Though it was not the first process to produce bar iron without charcoal , puddling was by far the most successful , and replaced the earlier potting and stamping processes , as well as the much older charcoal finery and bloomery processes . This enabled a great expansion of iron production to take place in Great Britain , and shortly afterwards , in North America . That expansion constitutes the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution so far as the iron industry is concerned . Most 19th century applications of wrought iron , including the Eiffel Tower , bridges , and the original framework of the Statue of Liberty , used puddled iron . Later the furnaces were also used to produce a good - quality carbon steel . This was a highly skilled art , and both high - carbon and low - carbon steels were successfully produced on a small scale , particularly for the gateway technology of tool steel as well as high quality swords , knives and other weapons . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The need for puddling 1.2 Invention 2 Process 3 Puddling furnace 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Further reading History ( edit ) The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron , the right half of the illustration ( not shown ) displays men working a blast furnace , Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia published in 1637 , written by Song Yingxing ( 1587 -- 1666 ) . The puddling process was already known in ancient China during the Han Dynasty by the 1st century AD . The improvement of steel making processes improved the overall quality of steel by repeated forging , folding , and stacking of wrought iron from pig iron to make swords . Modern puddling was one of several processes developed in the second half of the 18th century in Great Britain for producing bar iron from pig iron without the use of charcoal . It gradually replaced the earlier charcoal - fueled process , conducted in a finery forge . The need for puddling ( edit ) Pig iron contains much free carbon and is brittle . Before it can be used , and before it can be worked by a blacksmith , it must be converted to a more malleable form as bar iron , the early stage of wrought iron . Abraham Darby 's successful use of coke for his blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709 reduced the price of iron , but this coke - fuelled pig iron was not initially accepted as it could not be converted to bar iron by the existing methods . Sulphur impurities from the coke made it ' hot short ' , or brittle when heated , and so the finery process was unworkable for it . it was not until around 1750 , when steam powered blowing increased furnace temperatures enough to allow sufficient lime to be added to remove the sulfur , that coke pig iron began to be adopted . Also , better processes were developed to refine it . Invention ( edit ) Abraham Darby II , son of the blast furnace innovator , managed to convert pig iron to bar iron in 1749 , but no details are known of his process . The Cranage brothers , also working alongside the River Severn , achieved this experimentally by using a coal - fired reverbatory furnace , in which the iron and the sulphurous coal could be kept separate . They were the first to hypothesise that iron could be converted from pig iron to bar iron by the action of heat alone . Although they were unaware of the necessary effects of the oxygen supplied by the air , they had at least abandoned the previous misapprehension that mixture with materials from the fuel were needed . Their experiments were successful and they were granted patent No851 in 1766 , but no commercial adoption seems to have been made of their process . In 1783 , Peter Onions at Dowlais constructed a larger reverbatory furnace . He began successful commercial puddling with this and was granted patent No1370 . The puddling furnace was re-invented by Henry Cort at Fontley in Hampshire in 1783 -- 84 and patented in 1784 . Cort improved over Onions ' furnace by adding dampers to the chimney , avoiding some of the risk of overheating and ' burning ' the iron . Cort 's process consisted of stirring molten pig iron in a reverberatory furnace in an oxidising atmosphere , thus decarburising it . When the iron `` came to nature '' , that is , to a pasty consistency , it was gathered into a puddled ball , shingled , and rolled ( as described below ) . This application of grooved rollers to the rolling mill , to roll narrow bars , was also Cort 's invention . Cort was successful in licensing this process and receiving revenue from it , even from ironworks like Cyfarthfa , where the earlier process had been invented previously by their neighbours at Dowlais . Cort is now generally regarded as the ' inventor ' of puddling . Ninety years after Cort 's invention , an American labor newspaper recalled the advantages of his system : `` When iron is simply melted and run into any mold , its texture is granular , and it is so brittle as to be quite unreliable for any use requiring much tensile strength . The process of puddling consisted in stirring the molten iron run out in a puddle , and had the effect of so changing its anotomic arrangement as to render the process of rolling more efficacious . '' Cort 's process ( as patented ) only worked for white cast iron , not grey cast iron , which was the usual feedstock for forges of the period . This problem was resolved probably at Merthyr Tydfil by combining puddling with one element of a slightly earlier process . This involved another kind of hearth known as a ' refinery ' or ' running out fire ' . The pig iron was melted in this and run out into a trough . The slag separated , and floated on the molten iron , and was removed by lowering a dam at the end of the trough . The effect of this process was to desiliconise the metal , leaving a white brittle metal , known as ' finers metal ' . This was the ideal material to charge to the puddling furnace . This version of the process was known as ' dry puddling ' and continued in use in some places as late as 1890 . The alternative to refining gray iron was known as ' wet puddling ' , also known as ' boiling ' or ' pig boiling ' . This was invented by a puddler named Joseph Hall at Tipton . He began adding scrap iron to the charge . Later he tried adding iron scale ( in effect , rust ) . The result was spectacular in that the furnace boiled violently . This was a chemical reaction between the oxidised iron in the scale and the carbon dissolved in the pig iron . To his surprise , the resultant puddle ball produced good iron . One big problem with puddling was that almost 50 % of the iron was drawn off with the slag because sand was used for the bed . Hall substituted roasted tap cinder for the bed , which cut this waste to 8 % , declining to 5 % by the end of the century . Hall subsequently became a partner in establishing the Bloomfield Iron Works at Tipton in 1830 , the firm becoming Bradley , Barrows and Hall from 1834 . This is the version of the process most commonly used in the mid to late 19th century . Wet puddling had the advantage that it was much more efficient than dry puddling ( or any earlier process ) . The best yield of iron achievable from dry puddling is a ton of iron from 1.3 tons of pig iron ( a yield of 77 % ) , but the yield from wet puddling was nearly 100 % . The production of mild steel in the puddling furnace was achieved circa 1850 in Westphalia , Germany and was patented in Great Britain on behalf of Lohage , Bremme and Lehrkind . It worked only with pig iron made from certain kinds of ore . The cast iron had to be melted quickly and the slag to be rich in manganese . When the metal came to nature , it had to be removed quickly and shingled before further carburisation occurred . The process was taken up at the Low Moor Ironworks at Bradford in Yorkshire ( England ) in 1851 and in the Loire valley in France in 1855 . It was widely used . The puddling process began to be displaced with the introduction of the Bessemer process , which produced steel . This could be converted into wrought iron using the Aston process for a fraction of the cost and time . For comparison , an average size charge for a puddling furnace was 800 -- 900 lb ( 360 -- 410 kg ) while a Bessemer converter charge was 15 short tons ( 13,600 kg ) . The puddling process could not be scaled up , being limited by the amount that the puddler could handle . It could only be expanded by building more furnaces . Process ( edit ) Exterior view of a single puddling furnace . A. Damper ; B. Work door The process begins by preparing the puddling furnace . This involves bringing the furnace to a low temperature and then fettling it . Fettling is the process of painting the grate and walls around it with iron oxides , typically hematite ; this acts as a protective coating keeping the melted metal from burning through the furnace . Sometimes finely pounded cinder was used instead of hematite . In this case the furnace must be heated for 4 -- 5 hours to melt the cinder and then cooled before charging . Either white cast iron or refined iron is then placed in hearth of the furnace , a process known as charging . For wet puddling , scrap iron and / or iron oxide is also charged . This mixture is then heated until the top melts , allowing for the oxides to begin mixing ; this usually takes 30 minutes . This mixture is subjected to a strong current of air and stirred by long bars with hooks on one end , called puddling bars or rabbles , through doors in the furnace . This helps the oxygen from the oxides to react with impurities in the pig iron , notably silicon , manganese ( to form slag ) and to some degree sulfur and phosphorus , which form gases that escape with the exhaust of the furnace . More fuel is then added and the temperature raised . The iron completely melts and the carbon starts to burn off . When wet puddling , the formation of carbon dioxide due to reactions with the added iron oxide will cause bubbles to form that cause the mass to appear to boil . This process causes the slag to puff up on top , giving the rabbler a visual indication of the progress of the combustion . As the carbon burns off , the melting temperature of the mixture rises from 1,150 to 1,540 ° C ( 2,100 to 2,800 ° F ) , so the furnace has to be continually fed during this process . The melting point increases since the carbon atoms within the mixture act as a solute in solution which lowers the melting point of the iron mixture ( like road salt on ice ) . Working as a two - man crew , a puddler and helper could produce about 1500 kg of iron in a 12 - hour shift . The strenuous labor , heat and fumes caused puddlers to have a very short life expectancy , with most dying in their 30s . Puddling was never able to be automated because the puddler had to sense when the balls had `` come to nature '' . Puddling furnace ( edit ) Horizontal ( lower ) and vertical ( upper ) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace . A. Fireplace grate ; B. Firebricks ; C. Cross binders ; D. Fireplace ; E. Work door ; F. Hearth ; G. Cast iron retaining plates ; H. Bridge wall The puddling furnace is a metalmaking technology used to create wrought iron or steel from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace . The furnace is constructed to pull the hot air over the iron without the fuel coming into direct contact with the iron , a system generally known as a reverberatory furnace or open hearth furnace . The major advantage of this system is keeping the impurities of the fuel separated from the charge . Double puddling furnace layout The hearth is where the iron is charged , melted and puddled . The hearth 's shape is usually elliptical ; 1.5 -- 1.8 m ( 4.9 -- 5.9 ft ) in length and 1 -- 1.2 m ( 3.3 -- 3.9 ft ) wide . If the furnace is designed to puddle white iron then the hearth depth is never more than 50 cm ( 20 in ) . If the furnace is designed to boil gray iron then the average hearth depth is 50 -- 75 cm ( 20 -- 30 in ) . Due to the great heat required to melt the charge the grate had to be cooled , lest it melt with the charge . This was done by running a constant charge of cool air on it , or by throwing water on the bottom of the grate . The fireplace , where the fuel is burned , used a cast iron grate which varied in size depending on the fuel used . If bituminous coal is used then an average grate size is 60 cm × 90 cm ( 2.0 ft × 3.0 ft ) and is loaded with 25 -- 30 cm ( 9.8 -- 11.8 in ) of coal . If anthracite coal is used then the grate is 1.5 m × 1.2 m ( 4.9 ft × 3.9 ft ) and is loaded with 50 -- 75 cm ( 20 -- 30 in ) of coal . A double puddling furnace is similar to a single puddling furnace , with the major difference being there are two work doors allowing two puddlers to work the furnace at the same time . The biggest advantage of this setup is that it produces twice as much wrought iron . It 's also more economical and fuel efficient compared to a single furnace . See also ( edit ) Engineering portal Crucible steel Decarburization Double hammer Steelmaking Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chen , Cheng - Yih ( 1987 ) . Science and Technology in Chinese Civilization . World Scientific Pub Co Inc. ( published May 1987 ) . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 9971501921 . Jump up ^ Schubert ( 1958 ) , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Schubert ( 1958 ) , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Tylecote , R.F. ( 1992 ) . A History of Metallurgy , Second Edition . London : Maney Publishing , for the Institute of Materials . ISBN 978 - 0901462886 . ^ Jump up to : Schubert ( 1958 ) , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Schubert ( 1958 ) , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` The Puddling of Iron , '' The Workingman 's Advocate ( Chicago ) , vol. 9 , no . 9 ( January 25 , 1873 ) , pg. 1 . Jump up ^ Referred to as a `` finery '' and `` run - out fire '' by Overman , but not to be confused with the finery in the finery forge . Jump up ^ Landes ( 1969 ) , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Overman , Fredrick ( 1854 ) . The Manufacture of Iron , in All Its Various Branches . Philadelphia : H.C. Baird . pp. 267 , 268 , 287 , 283 , 344 . Jump up ^ Rajput , R.K. ( 2000 ) . Engineering Materials . S. Chand . p. 223 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1960 - 6 . Jump up ^ W.K.V. Gale , The Iron and Steel Industry : a Dictionary of Terms ( David and Charles , Newton Abbot 1971 ) , 165 . Jump up ^ R.F. Tylecote , ' Iron in the Industrial Revolution ' in R.F. Tylecote , The Industrial Revolution in Metals ( Institute of Metals , London 1991 ) , 236 - 40 . Jump up ^ Smith , Carroll ( 1984 ) . Engineer to Win . MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 186 - 8 . Jump up ^ W.K.V. Gale , The British Iron and Steel Industry ( David and Charles , Newton Abbot , 1967 ) , 70 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Ian ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . p. 165 . ISBN 0415147921 . Jump up ^ Landes ( 1969 ) , p. 218 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Puddling ( metallurgy ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puddling furnaces . Schubert , H.R. ( 1958 ) . Extraction and Production of Metals : Iron and Steel . A History of Technology . IV : The Industrial Revolution . Oxford University press . W.K.V. Gale , Iron and Steel ( Longmans , London 1969 ) , 55ff . W.K.V. Gale , The British Iron and Steel Industry : a technical history ( David & Charles , Newton Abbot 1967 ) , 62 -- 66 . Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . R.A. Mott , ' Dry and Wet Puddling ' Trans . Newcomen Soc. 49 ( 1977 -- 78 ) , 153 -- 58 . R.A. Mott ( ed . P. Singer ) , Henry Cort : the great finer ( The Metals Society , London 1983 ) . K. Barraclough , Steelmaking : 1850 -- 1900 ( Institute of Materials , London 1990 ) , 27 -- 35 . Overman , Fredrick ( 1854 ) . The Manufacture of Iron , in All Its Various Branches . Philadelphia : H.C. Baird . pp. 259 -- 302 . Paul Belford 's paper on N. Hingley & Sons Ltd The Iron Puddler : My Life in the Rolling Mills and What Came of It. by James J. Davis . New York : Grosset and Dunlap , 1922 . ( ghostwritten by C.L. Edson ) <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Iron and steel production <Td_colspan="3"> History of ferrous metallurgy List of steel producers Iron production ( Ironworks ) Smelting Bloomery ( produces sponge iron ) Blast furnace ( produces pig iron ) Cold blast Hot blast Anthracite iron Direct reduced iron Secondary Wrought iron ( via Finery forge or Reverberatory Puddling Furnace ) Cast iron ( via Cupola furnace or Induction furnace ) Steelmaking ( Steel mill ) Primary ( Pre-1850 ) Pattern welding ( Damascus steel ) Crucible steel Tatara furnace Cementation process Primary ( Post-1850 ) Bessemer process Open hearth furnace Electric arc furnace Basic oxygen process Secondary Electro - slag remelting Vacuum arc remelting Argon oxygen decarburization Production by country Bangladesh China Italy Luxembourg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puddling_(metallurgy)&oldid=829956385 '' Categories : Steelmaking Chinese inventions English inventions Metallurgical processes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Puddling process in metallurgy
2. Making bar iron without charcoal
3. Industrial Revolution and iron production
4. Puddling furnace and its operation
5. Advantages and limitations of puddling process
|
4,467,821,774,174,741,500 |
why did the united states provide loans to latin america
|
Latin America -- United States relations - wikipedia Latin America -- United States relations Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Article needs restructuring and fixing of continuous grammar / spelling issues . Please help improve this article if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the United States of America Map of Latin America Historically speaking , bilateral relations between the United States of America and the various countries of Latin America have been multifaceted and complex , at times defined by strong regional cooperation and at others filled with economic and political tension and rivalry . Although relations between the U.S. government and most of Latin America were limited prior to the late 1800s , for most of the past century , the U.S. has unofficially regarded parts of Latin America as within its sphere of influence , and for much of the Cold War , actively vied with the Soviet Union for influence in the Western Hemisphere . Today , ties between the U.S. and most of Latin America ( with the exception of certain countries such as Venezuela ) are generally cordial , but there remain areas of contention between the two sides . Latin America is the largest foreign supplier of oil to the United States and its fastest - growing trading partner , as well as the largest source of drugs and U.S. immigrants , both documented and otherwise , all of which underline the continually evolving relationship between the two . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 19th century to World War I 2.1 Venezuelan Independence 2.2 Chilean independence 2.3 Monroe Doctrine 2.4 The Anderson -- Gual Treaty 2.5 The Anfictionic Congress of Panama 2.6 Mexican - American war ( April , 1846 - February 1848 ) 2.7 The Ostend Manifesto 2.8 The War of the Pacific ( 1879 - 1883 ) 2.9 The Big Brother policy 2.10 Venezuelan crisis of 1895 2.11 The Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) 2.12 Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 1903 2.13 The Platt Amendment 2.14 The Panama Canal 2.15 The Roosevelt Corollary and Venezuelan Economic Issues 2.16 The Dollar Diplomacy 2.17 The Mexican Revolution , 1910 - 1920 2.18 Banana Wars 3 1930s -- 1940s 4 Expulsion of Germans from Latin America to the U.S. during World War II 5 1940s -- 1960s : the Cold War and the `` hemispheric defense '' doctrine 6 1960s : the Cuban Revolution and the U.S. response 7 1970s 8 1980s -- 1990s : democratization and the Washington Consensus 9 2000s : Pink Tide 9.1 Free trade and others regional integration 9.2 Bilateral investment treaties 9.3 The ALBA 9.4 The U.S. military coalition in Iraq 9.5 Bolivia 's nationalization of natural resources 10 Academic research 11 See also 11.1 Binational relationships 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Overview ( edit ) Until the end of the 19th century , the United States had a special relationship primarily with nearby Mexico and Cuba . Otherwise , relationships with other Latin American countries were of minor importance to both sides , consisting mostly of a small amount of trade . Apart from Mexico , there was little migration to the United States and little American financial investment . Politically and economically , Latin America ( apart from Mexico and the Spanish colony of Cuba ) was largely tied to Britain . The United States had no involvement in the process by which Spanish possessions broke away and became independent around 1820 . In cooperation with , and help from , Britain , the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 , warning against the establishment of any additional European colonies in Latin America . Texas , which had been settled by colonies of Americans , fought a successful war of independence against Mexico in 1836 . Mexico refused to recognize the independence and warned that annexation to the United States meant war . Annexation came in 1845 and war in 1846 . The American military was easily triumphant . The result was the Mexican Cession of Santa Fe de Nuevo México and Alta California . About 60,000 Mexicans remained in the territories and became US citizens . France took advantage of the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , using its army to take over Mexico . Due to defeats in Europe , France pulled out troops , leaving the Imperialists and Maximilian I of Mexico to face defeat from the Benito Juarez - led Republicans ( backed by the US ) . The Anglo - Venezuelan boundary dispute of Guayana Esequiba in 1895 asserted for the first time a more outward - looking American foreign policy , particularly in the Americas , marking the United States as a world power . This was the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine , in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas . By the late nineteenth century the rapid economic growth of the United States increasingly troubled Latin America . A Pan-American Union was created under American aegis , but it had little impact as did its successor the Organization of American States . As unrest in Cuba escalated in the 1890s , the United States demanded reforms that Spain was unable to accomplish . The result was the short Spanish -- American War of 1898 , in which United States acquired Puerto Rico and set up a protectorate over Cuba under the Platt Amendment rule passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill . The building of the Panama Canal absorbed American attention from 1903 . The US facilitated a revolt that made Panama independent and set up the Panama Canal Zone as an American owned and operated district that was finally returned to Panama in 1979 . The Canal opened in 1914 and proved a major factor in world trade . The United States paid special attention to protection of the military approaches to the Panama Canal , including threats by Germany . Repeatedly it seized temporary control of several countries , especially Haiti and Nicaragua . The Mexican Revolution started in 1911 ; it alarmed American business interests that had invested in Mexican mines and railways . The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution , include , among other violations of sovereignty , the ambassadorial backing of a coup and assassination of President Francisco I. Madero and the military occupation of Veracruz . Large numbers of Mexicans fled the war - torn revolution into the southwestern United States . Meanwhile , the United States increasingly replaced Britain as the major trade partner and financier throughout Latin America . The US adopted a `` Good Neighbor Policy '' in the 1930s , which meant friendly trade relations would continue regardless of political conditions or dictatorships . United States signed up the major countries as allies against Germany and Japan in World War II . However , Argentina refused to accede . The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp - up of the Cold War in 1945 , as the United States felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from Soviet Union influence and a potential rise of communism . These changes conflicted with the Good Neighbor Policy 's fundamental principle of non-intervention and led to a new wave of US involvement in Latin American affairs . The turn of Castro 's revolution in Cuba after 1959 toward Soviet communism alienated Cuba from the United States . An attempted invasion failed and at the peak of the Cold War in 1962 , the Cuban Missile Crisis threatened major war as the Soviet Union installed nuclear weapons in Cuba to defend it from an American invasion . There was no invasion , but the United States imposed an economic boycott on Cuba that remains in effect , as well as a broke off diplomatic relations , that lasted until 2015 . The US also saw the rise of left - wing governments in central America as a threat and , in some cases , overthrew democratically elected governments perceived at the time as becoming left - wing or unfriendly to U.S. interests . Examples include the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état , the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the support of the Contra rebels in Nicaragua . After 1960 , Latin America increasingly supplied illegal drugs , especially marijuana and cocaine to the rich American market . One consequence was the growth of extremely violent drug gangs in Mexico and other parts of Central America attempting to control the drug supply . In the 1970s and 80s , the United States gave strong support to violent anti-Communist forces in Latin America . The fall of Soviet communism in 1989 -- 92 largely ended the communist threat . The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) took effect in 1994 and dramatically increased the volume of trade among Mexico , the United States and Canada . As of late , several left - wing parties have gained power through elections , and Venezuela under the late Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro has been particularly critical of U.S. foreign policy ; Nicaragua , Bolivia , and Ecuador currently have governments sometimes seen as aligned with Venezuela , while Cuba and the U.S. continue to have non-existent relations . Left - wing governments in nations such as Brazil , Peru , Paraguay , Argentina , and Uruguay are considerably more centrist and neutral ; Argentina is a major non-NATO ally , but it is one of the most anti-U.S. nations in the world , having long since suspended its automatic alignment policy and distanced itself from the U.S. , and is still embroiled in the Falkland Islands dispute with the U.K. , the U.S. 's closest ally . The relatively right - wing governments in Mexico , Panama , Chile , and Colombia have closer relations with the U.S. , with Mexico being the U.S 's largest economic partner in Latin America and its third largest overall trade partner after Canada and China . Thanks to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) signed with Canada and Mexico in 1994 , the United States enjoys virtual duty - free trade with Mexico . Since 1994 , the United States has signed other notable free - trade agreements with Chile in 2004 , Peru in 2007 , and most recently Colombia and Panama in 2011 . By 2015 , relations remain tense between United States and Venezuela . Large - scale immigration from Latin America to the United States grew since the late twentieth century . Today approximately 18 % of the U.S. population is Hispanic and Latino Americans , totaling more than 50 million people , mostly of Mexican background . Furthermore , over 10 million illegal immigrants live in the United States , most of them with Hispanic origins . Many send money back home to family members and contribute considerably to the domestic economies of their countries of origin . Large - scale immigration to the United States came primarily from Mexico , Puerto Rico and Cuba . Smaller , though still significant , immigrant populations from El Salvador , the Dominican Republic , Guatemala and Colombia exist in the United States . Most of Latin America is still part of the Organization of American States , and with the exception of six governments , including Mexico ( who withdrew by 2004 ) , remain currently bound by the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance . 19th century to World War I ( edit ) Venezuelan independence ( edit ) Following the events of the Revolution of April 19 , 1810 , the Captain General Vicente Emparan , designated by Joseph Bonaparte to govern the Captaincy General of Venezuela , were deposed by an expanded municipal government in Caracas that called itself the Supreme Junta to Preserve the Rights of Ferdinand VII ( La Suprema Junta Conservadora de los Derechos de Fernando VII ) . One of the first acts of the Junta was to send a diplomatic mission to the United States to seek the recognition of the Supreme Junta of Caracas as the legitimate government of Venezuela in the absence of the King . Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios , Jose Rafael Revenga and Telesforo Orea managed to attract the interest of the government of President James Madison to support the Supreme Junta . Chilean independence ( edit ) In 1811 , the arrival of Joel Roberts Poinsett in Santiago de Chile marked the beginning of U.S. involvement in Chilean politics . He had been sent by President James Madison in 1809 as a special agent to the South American Spanish colonies to investigate the prospects of the revolutionaries in their struggle for independence from Spain . Monroe Doctrine ( edit ) Main article : Monroe Doctrine The 1823 Monroe Doctrine , which began the United States ' policy of isolationism , deemed it necessary for the United States to refrain from entering into European affairs , but to protect nations in the Western hemisphere from foreign military intervention . In cooperation with The United Kingdom , The United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 , warning against the establishment of any additional European colonies in Latin America . Despite this , European interventions continued to occur in American countries with the tacit or explicit support of the United States . These interventions include the occupation of the Falkland Islands by Britain in 1833 , the French naval blockade of Argentine ports between 1839 and 1840 , the Anglo - French blockade of the River Plate from 1845 to 1850 , the Spanish invasion of the Dominican Republic between 1861 and 1865 , the French intervention in Mexico between 1862 and 1865 , the British occupation of the Mosquito coast in Nicaragua and the occupation of the Guayana Essequiba in Venezuela by Great Britain in 1855 . The Anderson -- Gual treaty ( edit ) The Anderson -- Gual Treaty ( formally , the General Convention of Peace , Amity , Navigation , and Commerce ) was an 1824 treaty between the United States and Gran Colombia ( now the modern day countries of Venezuela , Colombia , Panama and Ecuador ) . It was the first bilateral treaty concluded by the United States with another American country . The treaty was signed in Santafe de Bogotá on October 3 , 1824 by U.S. diplomat , Richard Clough Anderson , and by Venezuelan minister , Pedro Gual Escandón . It was ratified by both countries and began enforcement in May 1825 . The commercial provisions of the treaty granted reciprocal most - favored - nation status and were maintained despite the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 . The treaty contained a clause that stated it would be in force for 12 years after ratification by both parties ; the treaty therefore expired in 1837 . The anfictionic Congress of Panama ( edit ) The notion of an international union in the New World was first put forward by the Venezuelan Liberator Simón Bolívar who , at the 1826 Congress of Panama ( still being part of Gran Colombia ) , proposed a league of all American republics with a common military , a mutual defense pact and a supranational parliamentary assembly . Bolívar 's dream of Latin American unity was meant to unify Hispanic American nations against external powers , including the United States . The meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia , Peru , Bolivia , the United Provinces of Central America , and Mexico but the grandly titled `` Treaty of Union , League , and Perpetual Confederation '' was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia . The United States ' delegates to the Congress were delayed by internal politics in the United States . Though delegates were eventually dispatched by President John Quincy Adams , one ( Richard Clough Anderson ) died en route to Panama , and the other ( John Sergeant ) arrived after the Congress had concluded . Thus Great Britain , which attended with only observer status , managed to negotiate many trade deals with Latin American countries . Bolívar 's dream soon foundered , with civil war in Gran Colombia , the disintegration of Central America and the emergence of national , rather than New World , outlooks in the newly independent American republics . Mexican - American War ( April , 1846 - February 1848 ) ( edit ) Texas , settled primarily by Americans , fought a successful war of independence against Mexico in 1836 . Mexico refused to recognize the independence and warned that annexation to the United States meant war . Annexation came in 1845 ; war came in 1846 . The American military was easily triumphant . The result was the American purchase of New Mexico , Arizona , California and adjacent areas . About 60,000 Mexicans remained in the new territories and became US citizens . In 1862 , French forces under Napoleon III invaded and conquered Mexico , giving control to the puppet monarch Emperor Maximilian I. Washington denounced this as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine , but was unable to intervene because of the American Civil War . In 1865 , the United States stationed a large combat army on the border to emphasize its demand that France leave . France did pull out and Mexican nationalists executed Maximilian . The Ostend Manifesto ( edit ) The Ostend Manifesto of 1854 was a proposal circulated by American diplomats that proposed the United States offer to purchase Cuba from Spain , while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused . Nothing came of it . Diplomatically , the US was content to see the island remain in Spanish hands so long as it did not pass to a stronger power such as Britain or France . The War of the Pacific ( 1879 - 1883 ) ( edit ) Main article : War of the Pacific The United States tried to bring an early end to the War of the Pacific in 1879 , mainly because of US business interests in Peru , but also because its leaders worried that the United Kingdom would take economic control of the region through Chile . Peace negotiations failed when a stipulation required Chile to return the conquered lands . Chileans suspected the new US initiative was tainted with a pro-Peruvian bias . As a result , relations between Chile and the United States took a turn for the worse . Chile instead asked that the United States remain neutral and the United States , unable to match Chilean naval power , backed down . The Big Brother policy ( edit ) US Secretary of State , James G. Blaine , created the Big Brother policy in the 1880s , aiming to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and to open Latin American markets to U.S. traders . Blaine served as United States Secretary of State in 1881 in the cabinet of President James Garfield and again from 1889 to 1892 in the cabinet of President Benjamin Harrison . As part of the policy , Blaine arranged for and lead as the first president the First International Conference of American States in 1889 . Venezuelan crisis of 1895 ( edit ) President Cleveland twist the tail of the British Lion ; cartoon in Puck by J.S. Pughe , 1895 Map showing : * The extreme border claimed by Britain * The current boundary ( roughly ) and * The extreme border claimed by Venezuela The Venezuelan crisis of 1895 occurred over Venezuela 's longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom about the territory of Essequibo and Guayana Esequiba , which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory . As the dispute became a crisis , the key issue became Britain 's refusal to include the territory east of the `` Schomburgk Line '' , in the proposed international arbitration , which a surveyor had drawn half a century earlier as a boundary between Venezuela and the former Dutch territory of British Guiana . By December 17 , 1895 , President Grover Cleveland delivered an address to the United States Congress reaffirming the Monroe Doctrine and its relevance to the dispute . The crisis ultimately saw the Britain Prime Minister , Lord Salisbury , accept the United States ' intervention to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory and tacitly accept the United States ' right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine . A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter , and in 1899 , awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana . For the first time , the Anglo - Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward - looking American foreign policy , particularly in the Americas , marking the United States as a world power . This was the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine , in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas . The Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor , leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The sinking of the USS Maine occurred on February 15 , resulting in the deaths of 266 people and causing the United States to blame Spain , since the ship had been sent to Havana in order to protect a community of U.S. citizens there . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . Revolts against Spanish rule had been occurring for some years in Cuba as is demonstrated by the Virginius Affair in 1873 . In the late 1890s , journalists Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism , anti-Spanish propaganda , to agitate U.S. public opinion And encourage war . However , the Hearst and Pulitzer papers circulated among the working class in New York City and did not reach a national audience . After the mysterious sinking of the US Navy battleship Maine in Havana harbor , political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid . Spain promised time and again that it would reform , but never delivered . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding it surrender control of Cuba . First Madrid , then Washington , formally declared war . Although the main issue was Cuban independence , the ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . US naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . Numerically superior Cuban , Philippine and US forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . With two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts , Madrid sued for peace . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favorable to the US , which allowed temporary U.S. control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $575,760,000 today ) to Spain by the US to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The war began exactly fifty - two years after the beginning of the Mexican -- American War . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by Congress . Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 1903 ( edit ) A map of Middle America , showing the places affected by U.S. interventions The Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 03 was a naval blockade imposed against Venezuela by Britain , Germany and Italy and lasted from December 1902 to February 1903 . The blockade was a result of President Cipriano Castro 's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in the recent Venezuelan civil war . Castro assumed that the United States ' Monroe Doctrine would see the US prevent European military intervention , but at the time , President Roosevelt interpreted the Doctrine to concern European seizure of territory , rather than intervention per se . With prior promises that no such seizure would occur , the US allowed the action to go ahead without objection . The blockade quickly disabled Venezuela 's small navy , but Castro refused to give in . Instead , he agreed in principle to submit some of the claims to international arbitration , which he had previously rejected . Germany initially objected to this , particularly because it felt some claims should be accepted by Venezuela without arbitration . U.S. President , Theodore Roosevelt , forced the blockading nations to back down by sending his own larger fleet under Admiral George Dewey and threatening war if the Germans landed . With Castro failing to back down , increased US and British pressure , and American press reaction to the affair , the blockading nations agreed to a compromise . However , the blockade remained during negotiations over the details of the compromise . The Washington Protocols agreement was signed on February 13 , 1903 . The agreement lifted the blockade and obligated Venezuela commit 30 % of its customs duties to settling claims . When the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague subsequently awarded preferential treatment to the blockading powers against the claims of other nations , the US feared this would encourage future European intervention . This incident was a major driver of the Roosevelt Corollary and the subsequent U.S. Big Stick policy and Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America . The Platt Amendment ( edit ) On March 2 , 1901 , the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill . It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish -- American War and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions . The amendment defined the terms of Cuban and U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal , with U.S. dominance over Cuba . On December 25 , 1901 , Cuba amended its constitution to contain the text of the Platt Amendment . On May 22 , 1903 , Cuba entered into a treaty with the United States to allow the United States to intervene unilaterally in Cuban affairs and a pledge to lease land to the United States for naval bases on the island as Guantanamo . The Panama Canal ( edit ) Further information : History of the Panama Canal Theodore Roosevelt , who became President of the United States in 1901 , believed that a U.S. - controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest to the United States . This idea gained wide impetus following the destruction of the battleship USS Maine in Cuba on February 15 , 1898 . The USS Oregon , a battleship stationed in San Francisco , was dispatched to take her place , but the voyage -- around Cape Horn -- took 67 days . Although she was in time to join in the Battle of Santiago Bay , the voyage would have taken just three weeks via Panama . A voyage through a canal in Panama or Nicaragua would have reduced travel time by 60 - 65 % and shortened the travel to 20 - 25 days . Roosevelt was able to reverse a previous decision by the Walker Commission in favour of a Nicaragua Canal and pushed through the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort . Panama was then part of Colombia , so Roosevelt opened negotiations with the Colombians to obtain the necessary permission . In early 1903 , he Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations , but the Colombian Senate failed to ratify the treaty . Controversially , Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted , the U.S. Navy would assist their cause for independence . Panama proceeded to proclaim its independence on November 3 , 1903 and the USS Nashville in local waters impeded any interference from Colombia . The Panama Canal Zone -- which was established on shaky legal grounds and cut the country of Panama in half -- led to incidents such as Martyrs ' Day and the United States invasion of Panama . The victorious Panamanians returned the favor to Roosevelt by allowing the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23 , 1904 , for US $10,000,000 ( as provided in the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty , signed on November 18 , 1903 ) . The Roosevelt Corollary and Venezuelan economic issues ( edit ) When the Venezuelan government , under Cipriano Castro was no longer able to placate the demands of European bankers in 1902 , naval forces from Britain , Italy , and Germany erected a blockade along the Venezuelan coast and even fired upon coastal fortifications . The U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt 's concern with the threat of penetration into the region by Germany and the increasingly negative British and American press reactions to the affair led to the blockading nations agreement to a compromise . The blockade was maintained during negotiations over the details of refinacial the debt on Washington Protocols . The U.S. president then formulated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine , in December 1904 , which asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American nations ' affairs . In its altered state , the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region , along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere . In addition , the corollary proclaimed the explicit right of the United States to intervene in Latin American conflicts exercising an international police power . Roosevelt first used the Corollary to act in the Dominican Republic in 1904 , which at the time was severely indebted and becoming a failed state . The dollar diplomacy ( edit ) From 1909 to 1913 , President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign policy characterized as `` dollar diplomacy . '' Taft shared the view held by Knox ( a corporate lawyer who had founded the giant conglomerate U.S. Steel ) that the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad and , through this stability , promote American commercial interests . Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities , but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas . `` Dollar diplomacy '' was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in Cuba , Central America and Venezuela , especially in measures undertaken by the United States government to safeguard American financial interests in the region . During the presidency of Juan Vicente Gómez , Venezuela provided a very favorable atmosphere for USA activities at that time petroleum was discovered under Lake Maracaibo basin in 1914 . Gómez managed to deflate Venezuela 's staggering debt by granting concessions to foreign oil companies , which won him the support of the United States and the European powers . The growth of the domestic oil industry strengthened the economic ties between the U.S. and Venezuela . In spite of successes , `` dollar diplomacy '' failed to counteract economic instability and the tide of revolution in places like Mexico , the Dominican Republic , Nicaragua and China . The Mexican Revolution , 1910 - 1920 ( edit ) Main article : United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution The United States appears to have pursued an inconsistent policy toward Mexico during the Mexican Revolution , but in fact it was the pattern for U.S. diplomacy . `` Every victorious faction between 1910 and 1919 enjoyed the sympathy , and in most cases the direct support of U.S. authorities in its struggle for power . In each case , the administration in Washington soon turned on its new friends with the same vehemence it had initially expressed in supporting them . '' The U.S. turned against the regimes it helped install when they began pursuing policies counter to U.S. diplomatic and business interests . The U.S. sent troops to the border with Mexico when it became clear in March 1911 that the regime of Porfirio Díaz could not control revolutionary violence . Díaz resigned , opening the way for free elections that brought Francisco I. Madero to the presidency in November 1911 . The U.S. Ambassador to Mexico , Henry Lane Wilson , conspired with opposition forces to topple Madero 's regime in February 1913 , during what is known as the Ten Tragic Days . The U.S. intervened in Mexico twice under the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson . The first time was the United States occupation of Veracruz by the Navy in 1914 . The second time , the U.S. mounted a punitive operation in northern Mexico in the Pancho Villa Expedition , aimed at capturing the northern revolutionary who had attacked Columbus , New Mexico . Banana Wars ( edit ) Further information : Banana Wars William Allen Rogers 's 1904 cartoon recreates the Big Stick ideology as an episode in Gulliver 's Travels US Marines with the captured flag of Augusto César Sandino in Nicaragua in 1932 . At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century , the US carried on several military interventions under principles of Big Stick policy in what became known as the Banana Wars . The term arose from the connections between the interventions and the preservation of US commercial interests . An example is the United Fruit corporation , which had significant financial stakes in production of bananas , tobacco , sugar cane , and various other agricultural products throughout the Caribbean , Central America and the northern portions of South America . US citizens advocating imperialism in the pre -- World War I era often argued that these conflicts helped central and South Americans by aiding in stability . Some imperialists argued that these limited interventions did not serve US interests sufficiently and argued for expanded actions in the region . Anti-imperialists argued that these actions were a first step down a slippery slope towards US colonialism in the region . Some modern observers have argued that if World War I had not lessened American enthusiasm for international activity these interventions might have led to the formation of an expanded U.S. colonial empire , with Central American states either annexed into Statehood like Hawaii or becoming American territories , like the Philippines , Puerto Rico and Guam . However , this view heavily disputed , especially as , after a decrease in activity during and after World War I , the U.S. government intervened again in the 1920s while again stating that no colonial ambitions were held . The Banana Wars ended with the 1933 Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ; no official American colonies had been created . The countries involved in the Banana Wars include : Cuba -- Sometimes not counted among the banana wars , as the Platt Amendment granted the United States the right to militarily intervene on any occasion in which Cuba 's independence was threatened US Occupation of the Dominican Republic Honduras Haiti ( see United States occupation of Haiti ) Nicaragua ( see United States occupation of Nicaragua ) Colombian banana massacre Panama Though many other countries in the region may have been influenced or dominated by American banana or other companies , there is no history of U.S. military intervention during this period in those countries . 1930s -- 1940s ( edit ) The Great Depression made overseas military expeditions too costly for the U.S. In January 1931 , Henry Stimson , then Secretary of State , announced that all U.S. soldiers in Nicaragua would be withdrawn following the 1932 election in the country . The Good Neighbor policy was the foreign policy of the new administration of United States , President Franklin Roosevelt , toward the countries of Latin America . The United States wished to have good relations with its neighbors , especially at a time when conflicts were beginning to rise once again and this policy was more or less intended to garner Latin American support . Giving up unpopular military intervention , the United States shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America : Pan-Americanism . Pan Americanism supports for strong local leaders , the training of national guards , economic and cultural penetration , Export - Import Bank loans , financial supervision , and political subversion . The Good Neighbor Policy meant that the United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful tone . On March 4 , 1933 , Roosevelt stated during his inaugural address that : `` In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor -- the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and , because he does so , respects the rights of others . '' This position was affirmed by Cordell Hull , Roosevelt 's Secretary of State , at a conference of American states in Montevideo in December 1933 . Hull said : `` No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another '' ( LaFeber , 376 ) . This is apparent when in December of the same year , Roosevelt again gave verbal evidence of a shift in U.S. policy in the region when he stated : `` The definite policy of the United States from now on is one opposed to armed intervention . '' Expulsion of Germans from Latin America to the US during World War II ( edit ) Further information : Internment of German Americans § Deportation of Germans from Latin America After the United States declared war on Germany , the Federal Bureau of Investigation drafted a list of Germans in fifteen Latin American countries it suspected of subversive activities and demanded their eviction to the U.S. for detention . In response , several countries expelled a total of 4,058 Germans to the U.S. Some 10 % to 15 % of them were Nazi party members , including some dozen recruiters for the Nazis ' overseas arm and eight people suspected of espionage . Also among them were 81 Jewish Germans who had only recently fled persecution in Nazi Germany . The bulk were ordinary Germans who were residents in the Latin American states for years or decades . Some were expelled because corrupt Latin American officials took the opportunity to seize their property or ordinary Latin Americans were after the financial reward that U.S. intelligence paid informants . Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Mexico did not participate in the U.S. expulsion program . 1940s -- 1960s : the Cold War and the `` hemispheric defense '' Doctrine ( edit ) Further information : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) `` Most Latin Americans have seen their neighbor to the north ( the United States ) growing richer ; they have seen the elite elements in their own societies growing richer -- but the man in the street or on the land in Latin America today still lives the hand - to - mouth existence of his great , great grandfather ... They are less and less happy with situations in which , to cite one example , 40 percent of the land is owned by 1 percent of the people , and in which , typically , a very thin upper crust lives in grandeur while most others live in squalor . '' -- U.S. Senator J. William Fulbright , in a speech to Congress on United States policy in Latin America Officially started in 1947 with the Truman doctrine theorizing the `` containment '' policy , the Cold War had important consequences in Latin America . Latin America was considered by the United States to be a full part of the Western Bloc , called `` free world '' , in contrast with the Eastern Bloc , a division born with the end of World War II and the Yalta Conference held in February 1945 . It `` must be the policy of the United States '' , Truman declared , `` to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures . '' Truman rallied to spend $400.000. 000 to intervene in the Greek civil war , while the CIA ( created by the National Security Act of 1947 ) intervention in Greece was its first act in its infancy . By aiding Greece , Truman set a precedent for U.S. aid to regimes , no matter how repressive and corrupt , that requested help to fight communists . Washington began to sign a series of defense treaties with countries all over the world , including the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 , which created NATO , and the ANZUS in 1951 with Australia and New Zealand . Moscow response to NATO and to the Marshall Plan in Europe included the creation of the COMECON economic treaty and the Warsaw Pact defense alliance , gathering Eastern Europe countries which had fallen under its sphere of influence . After the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union , the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) was one of the first conflicts of the Cold War , while the US succeeded France in the counter-revolutionary war against Viet - minh in Indochina . In Latin America itself , the US defense treaty was the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( aka Rio Treaty or TIAR ) of 1947 , known as the `` hemispheric defense '' treaty . It was the formalization of the Act of Chapultepec , adopted at the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace in 1945 in Mexico City . The US had maintained a hemispheric defense policy under the Monroe Doctrine and , during the 1930s , had been alarmed by Axis overtures toward military cooperation with Latin American governments , in particular apparent strategic threats against the Panama Canal . During the war , Washington had been able to secure Allied support from all individual governments except Uruguay , which remained neutral , and wished to make those commitments permanent . With the exceptions of Trinidad and Tobago ( 1967 ) , Belize ( 1981 ) and the Bahamas ( 1982 ) , no countries that became independent after 1947 have joined the treaty . In April 1948 , the Organization of American States ( OAS ) was created during the Ninth International Conference of American States held in Bogotá and led by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall . Member states pledged to fight communism on the American continent . Twenty - one American countries signed the Charter of the Organization of American States on April 30 , 1948 . Operation PBSUCCESS , which overthrew the democratically - elected President of Guatemala , ( Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán ) in 1954 , was to be one of the first in a long series of US interventions in Latin America during the Cold War . It immediately followed the overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran ( 1953 ) . Also , the Inter-American Development Bank was established in 1959 . 1960s : the Cuban Revolution and the US response ( edit ) `` The slogan ' we will not allow another Cuba ' hides the possibility of perpetrating aggressions without fear of reprisal , such as the one carried out against the Dominican Republic or before that the massacre in Panama -- and the clear warning stating that Yankee troops are ready to intervene anywhere in America where the ruling regime may be altered , thus endangering their interests . '' -- Che Guevara , April 16 , 1967 The 1959 Cuban Revolution , headed by Fidel Castro , was one of the first defeats of the US foreign policy in Latin America . In 1961 , Cuba became a member of the newly created Non-Aligned Movement , which succeeded the 1955 Bandung Conference . After the implementation of several economic reforms , including complete nationalizations by Cuba 's government , US trade restrictions on Cuba increased . The U.S. halted Cuban sugar imports , on which Cuba 's economy depended the most . Additionally , the U.S. refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil , creating a devastating effect on the island 's economy . In March 1960 , tensions increased when the freighter La Coubre exploded in Havana harbor , killing over 75 people . Fidel Castro blamed the United States and compared the incident to the 1898 sinking of the USS Maine , which had precipitated the Spanish -- American War ; he could provide no evidence for his accusation . That same month , President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the CIA to organize , train and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force to overthrow Castro , which would lead to the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion authorized by president John F. Kennedy . Every time the Cuban government nationalized US properties , the US government took countermeasures , resulting in the prohibition of all exports to Cuba on October 19 , 1960 . Consequently , Cuba began to consolidate trade relations with the Soviet Union , leading the US to break off all remaining official diplomatic relations . Later that year , U.S. diplomats Edwin L. Sweet and Wiliam G. Friedman were arrested and expelled from the island , having been charged with `` encouraging terrorist acts , granting asylum , financing subversive publications and smuggling weapons '' . The U.S. began the formulation of new plans aimed at destabilizing the Cuban government , collectively known as `` The Cuban Project '' ( aka Operation Mongoose ) . This was to be a co-ordinated program of political , psychological and military sabotage , involving intelligence operations as well as assassination attempts on key political leaders . The Cuban project also proposed false flag attacks , known as Operation Northwoods . A U.S. Senate Select Intelligence Committee report later confirmed over eight attempted plots to kill Castro between 1960 and 1965 , as well as additional plans against other Cuban leaders . `` We ( the U.S. ) have not only supported a dictatorship in Cuba -- we have propped up dictators in Venezuela , Argentina , Colombia , Paraguay and the Dominican Republic . We not only ignored poverty and distress in Cuba -- we have failed in the past eight years to relieve poverty and distress throughout the hemisphere . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- President John F. Kennedy , October 6 , 1960 Besides this aggressive policy towards Cuba , John F. Kennedy tried to implement the Alliance for Progress , an economic aid program which proved to be too shy signed at an inter-American conference at Punta del Este , Uruguay , in August 1961 . Romulo Betancourt 's inaugural address in 1959 In Venezuela , president Rómulo Betancourt faced determined opposition from extremists and rebellious army units , yet he continued to push for economic and educational reform . A fraction split from the government party AD and formed the Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR ) . When leftists were involved in unsuccessful revolts at navy bases ( El Barcelonazo , El Carupanazo , El Porteñazo ) , Betancourt suspended civil liberties in 1962 . Elements of the left parties then formed the Armed Forces for National Liberation ( FALN ) , a communist guerrilla army , to overthrow Betancourt democratic regime . This drove the leftists underground , where they engaged in rural and urban guerrilla activities , including sabotaging oil pipelines , bombing a Sears Roebuck warehouse , kidnapping American Colonel Michael Smolen , seizing soccer star Alfredo Di Stefano , and bombing the United States Embassy in Caracas . FALN failed to rally the rural poor and to disrupt the December 1963 presidentials elections . After numerous attacks , he finally arrested the MIR and Communist Party of Venezuela ( PCV ) members of Congress . It became clear that Fidel Castro had been arming the rebels , so Venezuela protested to the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . At the same time , the U.S. suspended economic and / or broke off diplomatic relations with several dictatorships between 1961 and JFK 's assassination in 1963 , including Argentina , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras and Peru . However , these suspensions were imposed only temporarily , for periods of only three weeks to six months . However , the US finally decided it best to train Latin American militaries in counter-insurgency tactics at the School of the Americas . In effect , the Alliance for Progress included U.S. programs of military and police assistance to counter Communism , including Plan LAZO in Colombia from 1959 to 1964 . The nuclear arms race brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war . In 1962 , President John F. Kennedy responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade -- a show of force that brought the world close to nuclear war . The Cuban Missile Crisis showed that neither superpower was ready to use nuclear weapons for fear of the other 's retaliation , and thus of mutually assured destruction . The aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis led to the first efforts toward nuclear disarmament and improving relations . ( Palmowski ) By 1964 , under President Johnson , the program to discriminate against dictatorial regimes ceased . In March 1964 , the US supported a military coup in Brazil , overthrowing left - wing president , João Goulart , and was prepared to help if called upon under Operation Brother Sam . In 1965 , the US dispatched 24,000 soldiers to the Dominican Republic to prevent a possible left - wing take over under Operation Power Pack . Earlier the OAS issued a resolution calling the combatants to end all hostilities . On May 5 , the OAS Peace Committee arrived in Santo Domingo and a second definite cease fire agreement was signed , ending the main phase of the civil war . Under the Act of Santo Domingo , OAS was tasked with overseeing the implementation of the peace deal as well as distributing food and medication through the capital . The treaties failed to fully prevent violations such as small scale firefights and sniper fire . A day later , OAS members established the Inter-American Peace Force ( IAPF ) with the goal of serving as a peacekeeping formation in the Dominican Republic . IAPF consisted of 1,748 Brazilian , Paraguayan , Nicaraguan , Costa Rican , Salvadoran and Honduran troops and was headed by Brazilian general Hugo Panasco Alvim , with Bruce Palmer serving as his deputy commander . On May 26 , U.S. forces began gradually withdrawing from the island . The first post war elections were held on July 1 , 1966 , pitting Reformist Party candidate , Joaquín Balaguer , against former president Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño . Balaguer emerged victorious in the elections , after building his campaign on promises of reconciliation . On September 21 , 1966 , the last OAS peacekeepers withdrew from the island , ending the foreign intervention in the conflict . Through the Office of Public Safety , an organization dependent of the USAID and close to the CIA , the US assisted Latin American security forces , training them in interrogation methods , riot control , and sending them equipment . Dan Mitrione , in Uruguay , and Luis Posada Carriles , in Venezuela , became infamous for his systematic use of torture . 1970s ( edit ) Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution and the local implementation in several countries of Che Guevara 's foco theory , the US waged a war in South America against what it called `` Communist subversives '' , leading to support of coups against democratically elected presidents such as the backing of the Chilean right wing , which would culminate with Augusto Pinochet 's 1973 Chilean coup against democratically - elected Salvador Allende . By 1976 , all of South America was covered by similar military dictatorships , called juntas . In Paraguay , Alfredo Stroessner had been in power since 1954 ; in Brazil , left - wing President João Goulart was overthrown by a military coup in 1964 with the assistance of the US in what was known as Operation Brother Sam ; in Bolivia , General Hugo Banzer overthrew leftist General Juan José Torres in 1971 ; in Uruguay , considered the `` Switzerland '' of South America , Juan María Bordaberry seized power in the 27 June 1973 coup . In Peru , leftist General Velasco Alvarado in power since 1968 , planned to use the recently empowered Peruvian military to overwhelm Chilean armed forces in a planned invasion of Pinochetist Chile . A `` Dirty War '' was waged all over the subcontinent , culminating with Operation Condor , an agreement between security services of the Southern Cone and other South American countries to repress and assassinate political opponents , which was backed by the US government . The armed forces also took power in Argentina in 1976 , and then supported the 1980 `` Cocaine Coup '' of Luis García Meza Tejada in Bolivia , before training the `` Contras '' in Nicaragua , where the Sandinista National Liberation Front , headed by Daniel Ortega , had taken power in 1979 , as well as militaries in Guatemala and in El Salvador . In the frame of Operation Charly , supported by the US , the Argentine military exported state terror tactics to Central America , where the `` dirty war '' was waged until well into the 1990s , making hundreds of thousands `` disappeared '' . With the election of President Jimmy Carter in 1977 , the US moderated for a short time its support to authoritarian regimes in Latin America . It was during that year that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , an agency of the OAS , was created . At the same time , voices in the US began to denounce Pinochet 's violation of human rights , in particular after the 1976 assassination of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington D.C. 1980s -- 1990s : democratization and the Washington Consensus ( edit ) The inauguration of Ronald Reagan in 1981 meant a renewed support for right - wing authoritarian regimes in Latin America . In the 1980s , the situation progressively evolved in the world as in South America , despite a renewal of the Cold War from 1979 to 1985 , the year during which Mikhail Gorbachev replaced Konstantin Chernenko as leader of the USSR , and began to implement the glasnost and the perestroika democratic - inspired reforms . South America saw various states returning progressively to democracy . This democratization of South America found a symbol in the OAS ' adoption of Resolution 1080 in 1991 , which requires the Secretary General to convene the Permanent Council within ten days of a coup d'état in any member country . However , at the same time , Washington started to aggressively pursue the `` War on Drugs '' , which included the invasion of Panama in 1989 to overthrow Manuel Noriega , who had been a long - time ally of the US and had even worked for the CIA before his reign as leader of the country . The `` War on Drugs '' was later expanded through Plan Colombia in the late 1990s and the Mérida Initiative in Mexico and central america . Gente 's `` Estamos ganando '' headline ( `` We 're winning '' ) Reagan 's support of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during the 1982 Malvinas / Falklands War against the military junta in Argentina had a key role in the change of relations between Washington and Buenos Aires , which had been actively helping Reagan when the Argentine intelligence service was training and arming the Nicaraguan Contras against the Sandinista government ( Operation Charly ) . The 601 Intelligence Battalion , for example , trained Contras at Lepaterique base in Honduras , under the supervision of US ambassador John Negroponte . While the US were fighting against Nicaragua , leading to the 1986 Nicaragua v. United States case before the International Court of Justice , Washington , D.C. supported authoritarian regimes in Guatemala and Salvador . The support to General Ríos Montt during the Guatemalan Civil War and the alliance with José Napoleón Duarte during the Salvadoran Civil War were legitimized by the Reagan administration as full part of the Cold War , although other allies strongly criticized this assistance to dictatorships ( i.e. , the French Socialist Party 's 110 Propositions ) . In fact , many Latin American countries view the 1982 conflict as a clear example of how the so called Hemispheric relations works . A deep weakening of hemispheric relations occurred due to the US support given , without mediation , to the United Kingdom during the Malvinas / Falklands war in 1982 . Some argue this definitively turned the TIAR into a dead letter . In 2001 , the United States invoked the Rio Treaty after the 11 September attacks , but Latin American democracies did not join the War on Terror . ( Furthermore , Mexico withdrew from the treaty in 2001 citing the Falklands example . ) On the economic plane , hardly affected by the 1973 oil crisis , the refusal of Mexico in 1983 to pay the interest of its debt led to the Latin American debt crisis and subsequently to a shift from the Import substitution industrialization policies followed by most countries to export - oriented industrialization , which was encouraged by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the World Bank and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . While globalization was making its effects felt in the whole world , the 1990s were dominated by the Washington Consensus , which imposed a series of neo-liberal economic reforms in Latin America . The First Summit of the Americas , held in Miami in 1994 , resolved to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas ( ALCA , Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas ) by 2005 . The ALCA was supposed to be the generalization of the North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada , the US and Mexico , which came into force in 1994 . Opposition to both NAFTA and ALCA was symbolized during this time by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation insurrection , headed by Subcomandante Marcos , which became active on the day that NAFTA went into force ( 1 January 1994 ) and declared itself to be in explicit opposition to the ideology of globalization or neoliberalism , which NAFTA symbolized . 2000s : pink tide ( edit ) Chávez visiting the USS Yorktown , a US Navy ship docked at Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles , in 2002 The political context evolved again in the 2000s , with the election in several South American countries of socialist governments . This `` pink tide '' thus saw the successive elections of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela ( 1998 ) , Lula in Brazil ( 2002 ) , Néstor Kirchner in Argentina ( 2003 ) , Tabaré Vázquez in Uruguay ( 2004 ) , Evo Morales in Bolivia ( 2005 ) ( re-elected with 64.22 % of the vote in Bolivian general election , 2009 ) , Michelle Bachelet in Chile ( 2006 ) , Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua ( 2006 ) , Rafael Correa in Ecuador ( 2007 ) , Fernando Lugo in Paraguay ( August 15 , 2008 ) , José Mujica in Uruguayan general election , 2009 , Ollanta Humala in Peru ( June 5 , 2011 ) and most recently Luis Guillermo Solís in Costa Rica ( 2014 ) . Although these leaders vary in their policies and attitude towards both Washington , D.C. and neoliberalism , while the states they govern also have different agendas and long - term historic tendencies , which can lead to rivalry and open contempt between themselves , they seem to have agreed on refusing the ALCA and on following a regional integration without the United States ' overseeing the process . In particular , Chávez and Morales seem more disposed to ally together , while Kirchner and Lula , who has been criticized by the left - wing in Brazil , including by the Movimento dos Sem Terra ( MST ) landless peasants movement ( who , however , did call to vote for him on his second term ) , are seen as more centered . The state of Bolivia also has seen some friction with Brazil , while Chile has historically followed its own policy , distinct from other South American countries and closer to the United States . Thus , Nouriel Roubini , professor of economics at New York University , declared in a May 2006 interview : `` On one side , you have a number of administrations that are committed to moderate economic reform . On the other , you 've had something of a backlash against the Washington Consensus ( a set of liberal economic policies that Washington - based institutions urged Latin American countries to follow , including privatization , trade liberalization and fiscal discipline ) and some emergence of populist leaders '' In the same way , although a leader such as Chávez verbally attacked the George W. Bush administration as much as the latter attacked him , and claimed to be following a democratic socialist Bolivarian Revolution , the geo - political context has changed a lot since the 1970s . Larry Birns , director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs , thus stated : `` La Paz has found itself at the economic and political nexus of the pink tide , linked by ideology to Caracas , but economically bound to Brasilia and Buenos Aires . One thing that Morales knew , however , was that he could n't repudiate his campaign pledges to the electorate or deprive Bolivia of the revenue that is so urgently needed . One sign of the US setback in the region has been the OEA 2005 Secretary General election . For the first time in the OEA 's history , Washington 's candidate was refused by the majority of countries , after two stalemates between José Miguel Insulza , member of the Socialist Party of Chile and former Interior Minister of the latter country , and Luis Ernesto Derbez , member of the conservative National Action Party ( PAN ) and former Foreign Minister of Mexico . Derbez was explicitly supported by the US , Canada , Mexico , Belize , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Bolivia ( then presided by Carlos Mesa ) , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Honduras and Nicaragua , while Chilean minister José Insulza was supported by all the Southern Cone countries , as well as Brazil , Ecuador , Venezuela and the Dominican Republic . José Insulza was finally elected at the third turn , and took office on 26 May 2005 Free trade and others regional integration ( edit ) While the Free Trade Area of the Americas ( ALCA ) was abandoned after the 2005 Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas , which saw protests against the venue of US President George W. Bush , including Argentine piqueteros , free trade agreements were not abandoned . Regional economic integration under the sign of neoliberalism continued : under the Bush administration , the United States , which had signed two free - trade agreements with Latin American countries , signed eight further agreements , reaching a total of ten such bilateral agreements ( including the United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement in 2003 , the Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement in 2006 , etc . ) . Three others , including the Peru - United States Free Trade Agreement signed in 2006 , are awaiting for ratification by the US Congress . The Cuzco Declaration , signed a few weeks before at the Third South American Summit , announced the foundation of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasul - Unasur ) grouping Mercosul countries and the Andean Community and which as the aim of eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and sensitive products by 2019 . On the other hand , the CAFTA - DR free - trade agreement ( Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ) was ratified by all countries except Costa Rica . The president of the latter country , Óscar Arias , member of the National Liberation Party and elected in February 2006 , pronounced himself in favor of the agreement . Costa Rica then held a national referendum in which the population voted to approve CAFTA , which was then done by the parliament . Canada , which also has a free - trade agreement with Costa Rica , has also been negotiating such an agreement with Central American country , named Canada Central American Free Trade Agreement . On the other hand , Chile , which has long followed a policy differing from that of its neighbors ) , has signed the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( aka P4 free - trade agreement ) with Brunei , New Zealand and Singapore . The P4 came into force in May 2006 . All signatory countries are member of the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) forum . The United States will be joining the group as well . Bilateral investment treaties ( edit ) Further information : Bilateral investment treaty Apart from binational free - trade agreements , the US has also signed a number of bilateral investment treaties ( BIT ) with Latin American countries , establishing the conditions of foreign direct investment . These treaties include `` fair and equitable treatment '' , protection from expropriation , free transfer of means and full protection and security . Critics point out that US negotiators can control the pace , content and direction of bilateral negotiations with individual countries more easily than they can with larger negotiating frameworks . In case of a disagreement between a multinational firm and a state over some kind of investment made in a Latin American country , the firm may depose a lawsuit before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( International Center for the Resolution of Investment Disputes ) , which is an international court depending on the World Bank . Such a lawsuit was deposed by the US - based multinational firm Bechtel following its expulsion from Bolivia during the Cochabamba protests of 2000 . Local population had demonstrated against the privatization of the water company , requested by the World Bank , after poor management of the water by Bechtel . Thereafter , Bechtel requested $50 millions from the Bolivian state in reparation . However , the firm finally decided to drop the case in 2006 after an international protest campaign . Such BIT were passed between the US and numerous countries ( the given date is not of signature but of entrance in force of the treaty ) : Argentina ( 1994 ) , Bolivia ( 2001 ) , Ecuador ( 1997 ) , Grenada ( 1989 ) , Honduras ( 2001 ) , Jamaica ( 1997 ) , Panama ( 1991 , amended in 2001 ) , Trinidad and Tobago ( 1996 ) . Others where signed but not ratified : El Salvador ( 1999 ) , Haiti ( 1983 -- one of the earliest , preceded by Panama ) , Nicaragua ( 1995 ) . The ALBA ( edit ) Manuel Santos , Hillary Clinton , Sebastián Piñera and Hugo Chávez meeting on 1 January 2011 , Brasília Main article : Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas In reply to the ALCA , Chavez initiated the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) . Venezuela , Cuba and Bolivia signed the TCP ( or People 's Trade Agreement ) , while Venezuela , a main productor of natural gas and of petroleum ( it is member of the OPEC ) has signed treaties with Argentina , Brazil and Nicaragua , where Daniel Ortega , former leader of the Sandinistas , was elected in 2006 -- Ortega , however , cut down his anti-imperialist and socialist discourse , and is hotly controversial ; both on the right - wing and on the left - wing . Chávez also implemented the Petrocaribe alliance , signed by 12 of the 15 members of the Caribbean Community in 2005 . When Hurricane Katrina ravaged Florida and Louisiana , Chávez , who called the `` Yanqui Empire '' a `` paper tiger '' , even ironically proposed to provide `` oil - for - the - poor '' to the US after Hurricane Katrina the same year , through Citgo , a subsidiary of PDVSA the state - owned Venezuelan petroleum company , which has 14,000 gas stations and owns eight oil refineries in the US . The US military coalition in Iraq ( edit ) In June 2003 , some 1,200 troops from Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Honduras , and Nicaragua joined forces along with Spaniard forces ( 1,300 troops ) to form the Plus Ultra Brigade in Iraq . The Brigade was dissolved in April 2004 following the retirement of Spain from Iraq , and all Latin American nations , except El Salvador , withdrew their troops . In September 2005 , it was revealed that Triple Canopy , Inc. , a private military company present in Iraq , was training Latin American mercenaries in Lepaterique in Honduras . Lepaterique was a former training base for the Contras . 105 Chilean mercenaries were deported from the country . According to La Tribuna Honduran newspaper , in one day in November , Your Solutions shipped 108 Hondurans , 88 Chileans and 16 Nicaraguans to Iraq . Approximatively 700 Peruvians , 250 Chileans and 320 Hondurans work in Baghdad 's Green Zone for Triple Canopy , paid half price in comparison to North - American employees . The news also attracted attention in Chile , when it became known that retired military Marina Óscar Aspe worked for Triple Canopy . The latter had taken part to the assassination of Marcelo Barrios Andrade , a 21 - year - old member of the FPMR , who is on the list of victims of the Rettig Report -- while Marina Óscar Aspe is on the list of the 2001 Comisión Ética contra la Tortura ( 2001 Ethical Commission Against Torture ) . Triple Canopy also has a subsidiary in Peru . In July 2007 , Salvadoran president Antonio Saca reduced the number of deployed troops in Iraq from 380 , to 280 soldiers . Four Salvadoran soldiers died in different situations since deployment in 2003 , but on the bright side , more than 200 projects aimed to rebuild Iraq were completed . Bolivia 's nationalization of natural resources ( edit ) Further information : History of Bolivia 2003 Poster for a photo exhibition of the Bolivian Gas War , which lead to the resignation of US - supported president Gonzalo Sanchez de Losada and the subsequent election of Evo Morales , first Aymara president of Bolivia and opponent of US - sponsored coca eradication programs . The struggle for natural resources and the US defense of its commercial interests has not ceased since the zenith period of the banana republics supported by the US . The general context has changed significantly and each country 's approach has evolved accordingly . Thus , the Bolivian Gas War in 2003 -- 04 was sparked after projects by the Pacific LNG consortium to export natural gas -- Bolivia possessing the second largest natural gas reserves in South America after Venezuela -- to California ( Baja California and US California ) via Chile , resented in Bolivia since the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1884 ) which deprived it of an access to the Pacific Ocean . The ALCA was also opposed during the demonstrations , headed by the Bolivian Workers ' Center and Felipe Quispe 's Indigenous Pachakuti Movement ( MIP ) . A proof of the new geopolitical context can be seen in Evo Morales ' announcement , in concordance with his electoral promises , of the nationalization of gas reserves , the second highest in South America after Venezuela . First of all , he carefully warned that they would not take the form of expropriations or confiscations , maybe fearing a violent response . The nationalizations , which , according to Vice President Álvaro García , are supposed to make the government 's energy - related revenue jump to $780 million in the following year , expanding nearly sixfold from 2002 , led to criticisms from Brazil , which Petrobras company is one of the largest foreign investors in Bolivia , controlling 14 percent of the country 's gas reserves . Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in South America and was heavily affected by protests in the 1980s -- 90s , largely due to the shock therapy enforced by previous governments , and also by resentment concerning the coca eradication program -- coca is a traditional plant for the Native Quechua and Aymara people , who use it for therapeutical ( against altitude sickness ) and cultural purposes . Thus , Brazil 's Energy Minister , Silas Rondeau , reacted to Morales ' announcement by condemning the move as `` unfriendly . '' According to Reuters , `` Bolivia 's actions echo what Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez , possibly Morales ' biggest ally , did in the world 's fifth - largest oil exporter with forced contract migrations and retroactive tax hikes -- conditions that major oil companies largely agreed to accept . '' The Bolivian gas company YPFB , privatized by former President Gonzalo Sanchez de Losada , was to pay foreign companies for their services , offering about 50 percent of the value of production , although the decree indicated that companies exploiting the country 's two largest gas fields would get just 18 percent . After initially hostile reactions , Repsol `` expressed its willingness to cooperate with the Bolivian government , '' while Petrobras retreated its call to cancel new investment in Bolivia . However , still according to Larry Birns , `` The nationalization 's high media profile could force the ( US ) State Department to take a tough approach to the region , even to the point of mobilizing the CIA and the U.S. military , but it is more likely to work its way by undermining the all - important chink in the armor -- the Latin American armed forces . '' Academic research ( edit ) There are two broad schools of thought on Latin America -- United States relations : The `` establishment '' school which sees US policy towards Latin America as an attempt to exclude extraterritorial rivals from the hemisphere as a way to defend the United States . This grouping of scholars generally sees the US presence in Latin America as beneficial for the region , as it has made warfare rare , led to the creation of multilateral institutions in the region and promoted democracy . The `` revisionist synthesis '' school of scholarship that emerged during the 1980s and 1990s and saw US policy towards Latin America as imperial . This grouping of scholars emphasizes the role of US business and government elites in shaping a foreign policy to economically dominate Latin America . See also ( edit ) American Empire Foreign relations of the United States List of United States military bases List of free trade agreements List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States Organization of American States Anti Americanism Binational relationships ( edit ) Argentina -- United States relations Bolivia - United States relations Brazil -- United States relations Chile -- United States relations Colombia -- United States relations Cuba -- United States relations Ecuador -- United States relations Mexico -- United States relations Nicaragua -- United States relations Panama -- United States relations United States -- Venezuela relations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sometimes called the `` first Venezuelan crisis '' , the crisis of 1902 -- 03 being the second . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US - Latin America Relations Jump up ^ `` Latin America 's Left Turn '' . foreignaffairs.org . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Jump up ^ `` Panama : A Country Study '' . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1987 . Jump up ^ M.M. McAllen , Maximilian and Carlota : Europe 's Last Empire in Mexico ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=y-7zk_kK9dgC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=James+G.+Blaine+Chile+England&source=bl&ots=1FAl8dgfGu&sig=oJk3NsGVWssa1sRqB9oeynDWC8Y&hl=en&ei=Rs5kSui-FYSksgO0-IRn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) page 70 Jump up ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/war-of-the-pacific.htm Jump up ^ King ( 2007 : 249 ) Jump up ^ Graff , Henry F. , Grover Cleveland ( 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6923 - 2 . pp123 - 25 Jump up ^ Ferrell , Robert H. `` Monroe Doctrine '' . ap.grolier.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hoganson , Kristin ( 2017 ) . American Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Marin 's . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67705 - 3 -- via Open edition . Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1980 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Edmund Morris , `` ' A Matter Of Extreme Urgency ' Theodore Roosevelt , Wilhelm II , and the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 , '' Naval War College Review ( 2002 ) 55 # 2 pp 73 -- 85 Jump up ^ 1901 Platt Amendment commentary at the US Archives online Jump up ^ US archives online Archived April 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Date of ratification by Cuba Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=iKsRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=panama+canal+USS+Maine+sinks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKqLOQhLTWAhWGdSYKHe_DDpAQ6wEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=panama%20canal%20USS%20Maine%20sinks&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=iKsRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=panama+canal+USS+Maine+sinks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKqLOQhLTWAhWGdSYKHe_DDpAQ6wEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=panama%20canal%20USS%20Maine%20sinks&f=false Jump up ^ Shoultz , Lars . Beneath the United States pg. 166 -- 169 . The U.S. violated Colombian sovereignty in that they supported the secession of Panama through the use of the U.S. navy . Senator Edward Carmack was quoted as saying , `` There never was any real insurrection in Panama . To all intents and purposes ( sic ) there was but one man in that insurrection , and that man was the President of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Glickman , Robert Jay . Norteamérica vis - à - vis Hispanoamérica : ¿ oposición o asociación ? Toronto : Canadian Academy of the Arts , 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.adst.org/Readers/Venezuela.pdf Jump up ^ Friedrich Katz , The Secret War in Mexico : Europe , the United States , and the Mexican Revolution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1981 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Katz , Secret War in Mexico , p. 564 . Jump up ^ John Womack , Jr . `` The Mexican Revolution '' in Mexico Since Independence , ed . Leslie Bethell . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1991 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin Delano . `` First Inaugural Address . '' Washington , D.C. March 4 , 1933 Jump up ^ Edgar B. Nixon , ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs : Volume I , 559 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Adam , Thomas , ed. ( 2005 ) . Transatlantic relations series . Germany and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia . II . ABC - CLIO . pp. 181 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 628 - 0 . Jump up ^ Inter-American economic affairs Volumes 15 -- 16 , by Institute of Inter-American Studies in Washington , D.C. , Inter-American Affairs Press , 1975 Jump up ^ LaFeber , Walter . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 7th ed. ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Latin America and the United States : A Documentary History , by Robert H. Holden & Eric Zolov , Oxford University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 512994 - 6 Jump up ^ Fursenko and Naftali , The Cuban Missile Crisis . p40 -- 47 Jump up ^ Bay of Pigs Global Security.org Jump up ^ `` Castro marks Bay of Pigs victory '' BBC News Jump up ^ Interim Report : Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders Original document Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner , Cincinnati , Ohio , October 6 , 1960 '' from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Jump up ^ `` Cold War '' , Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Craig Calhoun , ed . Oxford University Press . 2002 . Jump up ^ Bell , P.M.H. ( 2001 ) . The World Since 1945 . Oxford University Press . 0340662360 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference NukEm was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference SFaq was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference JiHx was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ According to the National Security Archive , the Argentine junta led by Jorge Rafael Videla , believed it had United States ' approval for its all - out assault on the left in the name of `` national security doctrine '' . The U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires complained to Washington that the Argentine officers were `` euphoric '' over signals from high - ranking U.S. officials , including Secretary of State Henry Kissinger . See ARGENTINE MILITARY BELIEVED U.S. GAVE GO - AHEAD FOR DIRTY WAR , National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 73 -- Part II , CIA classified documents released in 2002 Jump up ^ `` Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad -- The Brazilian foreign policy and the hemispheric security '' . Socialsciences.scielo.org . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Correa highligts new socialism in Latin America '' . Cre.com.ec . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sao Paulo Journal ; Lula 's Progress : From Peasant Boy to President ? '' . New York Times . December 27 , 1993 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela championing a new socialist agenda '' . Findarticles.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Néstor Kirchner : Peronism Without the Tears '' . Coha.org . January 27 , 2006 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Socialist takes oath as Uruguay president Archived January 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Neo-liberalism and the New Socialism -- speech by Alvaro Garcia Linera ( Vicepresident of Bolivia ) Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( March 11 , 2006 ) . `` Chile 's Socialist President Exits Enjoying Wide Respect '' . The New York Times . Chile . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Ortega -- the Sandinista is back as president of Nicaragua '' . Internationalanalyst.wordpress.com . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paraguay 's new president believes in God and 21st - Century Socialism '' . En.rian.ru. April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Aftermath of Bolivia 's Gas Golpe Archived December 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Larry Birns and Michael Lettieri , Political Affairs magazine , July 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ Interview with Geraldo Fontes of the MST , In Motion magazine , March 26 , 2005 Jump up ^ MST calls for Congress - Brazilian people alliance , Radiobras , June 23 , 2005 Jump up ^ Bolivia 's Nationalization of Oil and Gas Archived July 19 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , US Council on Foreign Relations , May 12 , 2006 Jump up ^ Le Figaro , March 8 , 2007 , George Bush défie Hugo Chavez sur son terran ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Latin America : Bilateral Trade Deals Favor U.S. Interests '' . Stratfor.com . November 12 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bechtel vs Bolivia Archived July 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Democracy Center , URL accessed on March 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Chavez offers oil to Europe 's poor , The Observer , May 14 , 2006 Jump up ^ Chavez ' Surprise for Bush Archived November 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York Daily News , September 18 , 2005 , mirrored by Common Dreams ^ Jump up to : Capítulos desconocidos de los mercenarios chilenos en Honduras camino de Iraq Archived May 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , La Nación , September 25 , 2005 -- URL accessed on February 14 , 2007 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Latin American mercenaries guarding Baghdad 's Green Zone , December 28 , 2005 Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Contingente IX con menos soldados a Iraq , La Prensa Grafica , July 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of State issued a statement on October 13 declaring its support for Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada , calling for `` Bolivia 's political leaders ( to ) publicly express their support for democratic and constitutional order . The international community and the United States will not tolerate any interruption of constitutional order and will not support any regime that results from undemocratic means . '' This statement followed the death of 60 Bolivians during the police and army repression , in particular in El Alto , the Aymara suburb of La Paz `` Call for Respect for Constitutional Order in Bolivia '' . US State Department . October 13 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 2006 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bolivia 's military takes control of gas fields '' . Reuters . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia gas under state control '' . BBC News . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ministro de Minas e Energia classifica decreto boliviano de `` inamistoso '' '' ( in Portuguese ) . Folha de S. Paulo . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Latin America Confronts the United States by Tom Long '' . Cambridge Core . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) LaRosa , Michael J. and Frank O. Mora . Neighborly Adversaries : Readings in U.S. -- Latin American Relations ( 2006 ) Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) . The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . When States Kill : Latin America , the U.S. , and Technologies of Terror , ed. by Cecilia Menjivar and Nestor Rodriguez , University of Texas Press , 2005 Rodríguez Hernández , Saúl , La influencia de los Estados Unidos en el Ejército Colombiano , 1951 -- 1959 , Medellín , La Carreta , 2006 , ISBN 958 - 97811 - 3 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Latin America : Trouble at the U.S. Doorstep ? from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Tensions Rise in Latin America over US Military Plan to Use Three Bases in Colombia -- video by Democracy Now ! `` How Obama can Earn his Nobel Peace Prize '' by Ariel Dorfman , The Los Angeles Times <Th_colspan="2"> United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations <Th_colspan="3"> Foreign relations of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Bilateral relations <Td_colspan="2"> Africa East Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe North Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland West Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Aruba Barbados Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Northern Bermuda Canada trade relations Mexico South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Japan Macau Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan South Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan ( military relations ) Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel military relations Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe East Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Ukraine North Denmark Estonia Finland Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden United Kingdom South Andorra Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Kosovo Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Vatican City West Austria Belgium France Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Former states Kingdom of Hawaii Republic of Texas Russian Empire Soviet Union <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Multilateral relations <Td_colspan="2"> Arab League Commonwealth of Nations European Union Latin America United Nations Third Border Initiative International organizations <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Doctrines , policies , concepts <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential doctrines Proclamation of Neutrality Monroe Roosevelt Corollary Good Neighbor policy Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Carter Reagan Clinton Bush Obama Other doctrines Lodge Corollary Stimson Kirkpatrick Weinberger Powell Rumsfeld Wolfowitz Policies and concepts Blowback Containment Domino theory Non-interventionism Progressive realism Rollback Special Relationship Taiwan Relations Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America -- United_States_relations&oldid = 806921545 '' Categories : History of South America United States -- South American relations United States -- Central American relations United States -- Caribbean relations Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with broken reference names Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Articles with French - language external links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Use mdy dates from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 23 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Latin America - United States relations
2. Bilateral cooperation and tension
3. Cold War rivalry with the Soviet Union
4. Oil, trade, and immigration
5. Historical events and conflicts
|
-566,027,641,088,023,500 |
who has the most cups in the nhl
|
Stanley Cup Finals - wikipedia Stanley Cup Finals Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the NHL championship series . For the NHL post-season in general , see Stanley Cup playoffs . For the 2017 finals , see 2017 Stanley Cup Finals . <Th_colspan="2"> Stanley Cup Finals <Td_colspan="2"> The Stanley Cup is awarded to the winner of the championship series . First awarded 1893 Most recent 2017 Current champions Pittsburgh Penguins ( 2017 ) ( 5th title ) Most titles Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) The Stanley Cup Finals in ice hockey ( also known as the Stanley Cup Final among various media , French : Finale de la Coupe Stanley ) is the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's championship series to determine the winner of the Stanley Cup , North America 's oldest professional sports trophy . Originally inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy was donated in 1892 by Lord Stanley of Preston , then -- Governor General of Canada , initially as a `` challenge trophy '' for Canada 's top - ranking amateur ice hockey club . The champions held onto the Cup until they either lost their league title to another club , or a champion from another league issued a formal challenge and defeated the reigning Cup champion in a final game to claim their win . Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906 . Starting in 1915 , the Cup was officially held between the champion of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) and the champion of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . After a series of league mergers and folds , it became the championship trophy of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in 1926 . Today , the championship round of the NHL 's playoffs is a best - of - seven series played between the champions of the Eastern and Western Conferences . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Broadcasting 1.1. 1 American local / national coverage policy for Stanley Cup Finals 2 Series format 3 Champions 4 Records 4.1 Team 4.1. 1 Stanley Cup Final consecutive appearances 4.2 Individual 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Stanley Cup was first awarded to the Montreal Hockey Club in 1893 when the team won the 1893 AHAC season . The team then had to defend its champion - title both through league championships and challenge games organised by the Stanley Cup trustees . Until 1912 , these challenges could take place before or during a league season . After 1912 , the trustees ordered that challenges only take place after all league games were completed . The last challenge , in 1914 , was the inauguration of the first `` World Series '' of ice hockey , a series between the Stanley Cup and league champion Toronto Hockey Club of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) and the Victoria Aristocrats , champions of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . The series was pre-arranged between the two leagues prior to the season after post-season exhibitions held in their previous seasons . The inaugural series was to be held in the city of the NHA champion , and alternate annually following the series . After the series got under way , there was some concern that the series would not produce an `` official '' Stanley Cup champion . The Victoria club had not formally applied to the Stanley Cup trustees to challenge for the Cup . A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , because they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger , as they had not verified themselves with the trustees . However , on March 18 , trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Lester Patrick , PCHA President , had not filed a challenge , because he had expected Emmett Quinn of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being purposely ignored . The Victoria challenge was accepted . Any tension was disffused as Toronto successfully defended the Cup by sweeping a best - of - five series in three games . This began the end of the influence of the Stanley Cup trustees on the challengers and series for the Cup . In March 1914 , trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup . '' Victoria vs. Toronto Date Winning Team Score Losing Team Rules Notes March 14 , 1914 Toronto HC 5 -- 2 Victoria Aristocrats NHA March 17 , 1914 Toronto HC 6 -- 5 Victoria Aristocrats PCHA 15 : 00 , OT March 19 , 1914 Toronto HC 2 -- 1 Victoria Aristocrats NHA <Th_colspan="6"> Toronto Hockey Club wins best - of - five series 3 games to 0 All games played at Arena Gardens in Toronto . Part of their 1913 agreement to set up drafting and player rights ownership , the NHA and PCHA leagues agreed to have their respective champions face each other for the Cup . At the same time , the NHA concluded a similar agreement with the Maritime Hockey League but the MHL champions abandoned their 1914 challenge and did not challenge again . From 1914 onwards , the Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year , with alternating games played according to NHA and PCHA rules . The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement , because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada , the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy . After the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , joined the PCHA in 1914 , the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . Two years later , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship finals . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA dissolved , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place . In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions , with the third having a bye directly to the finals . In 1924 , the PCHA and the WCHL merged to form the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) and the championship reverted to a single series . After winning in the 1924 -- 25 season , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . The WHL folded in 1926 , and most of the players moved to the NHL . This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup . Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges , but from that year forward , no non-NHL team has played for it , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the cup to the NHL , allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup . A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley 's conditions in the 1947 agreement . The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating , as was the case in the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of American Stanley Cup Finals television announcers and List of Canadian Stanley Cup Finals television announcers The first television broadcast was in 1953 . English - language coverage was aired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) , with the play - by - play called by Danny Gallivan and colour commentary by Keith Dancy , hosted by Wes McKnight . The Hockey Night in Canada team of Gallivan and Dancy would cover the next eight Finals . Gallivan would call his last championship series in 1978 . Hockey Night in Canada on CBC remains the exclusive English - language broadcaster across Canada despite 1972 when a lengthy NABET strike forced coverage to be instead aired on CTV , from 1985 to 1988 when the series was split between CBC and either CTV or Global TV , and since 2015 when it became a Rogers Media - produced broadcast under a sub-license agreement . French - language broadcasts in Canada also began in 1953 , with play - by - play commentator René Lecavalier and colour commentator Jean - Maurice Bailly on CBC 's Télévision de Radio - Canada ( SRC ) division . SRC would continue to be the exclusive French - language broadcaster until 2003 when Réseau des sports ( RDS ) took over . Since 2015 , under a sub-license agreement with Rogers , TVA has been the exclusive home of French - language broadcasts in Canada . The first broadcast in the United States was in 1962 , covered by local Chicago station WGN , while network broadcasts started in 1966 on NBC . However , national coverage on American television , like the rest of the NHL season , remained in a state of flux for decades . From 1966 to 1975 , NBC and CBS held the rights at various times , but they each only covered selected games of the series . It was then carried on syndication from 1976 to 1979 through the 1970s NHL Network . In 1980 , the Hughes broadcast network simulcast CBC 's feed before the series was moved to cable . During its time on cable from 1980 to 1993 , rights to the series was held at various times by USA , SportsChannel America and ESPN , but there was no exclusive coverage of games and thus local broadcasters could also still televise them regionally as well . In 1995 , Fox signed on to be the exclusive national broadcast network of selected games of the final round , splitting it with ESPN . This splitting of exclusive national coverage on cable / broadcast networks remains , first being passed to ABC and ESPN in 2000 , and then NBC and Versus ( now NBCSN ) in 2006 . American local / National coverage Policy for Stanley Cup Finals ( edit ) 1995 -- present : National coverage ( network and cable ) exclusive . 1981 -- 1994 : Local coverage permitted for all games . National coverage ( cable ) not exclusive . 1976 -- 1980 : National coverage on syndicated network exclusive . 1968 -- 1975 : Local coverage permitted for non-network games . National network telecasts exclusive . Series format ( edit ) See also : Stanley Cup playoffs § History The championship series began with the interleague ' World Series ' played in one city . The series alternated between a rink of the NHA and later the NHL and a rink of the PCHA and later the WCHL / WHL . It was not until the demise of the WHL , that the final series alternated games between the two finalists ' home ice . The series allowed ties until 1928 . As the two and later three leagues differed , the series would alternate using each league 's rules . The PCHA continued to use seven - man team play , and games would alternate with six and seven - man games . After the NHL became the last remaining league to compete for the Cup , the trophy was then awarded to the winner of the NHL 's championship playoff round . This first took place in 1927 between the Boston Bruins and the Ottawa Senators , which was planned to be a best - of - three series , although the series allowed ties . The series ended after four games , when the Senators defeated the Bruins in the fourth game . The NHL has changed its playoff format several times since 1927 , and thus the final round has not always pitted conference or division playoff champions against each other . In the playoff format used from 1929 to 1938 , the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other ( i.e. the first place teams played each other , the second place teams play each other , and likewise for the third place teams ) . The winner of the first place series would automatically advance to the final round . The winner of the second and third place series would then play each other , with the winner of that series earning the other berth to the championship round . During the Original Six era , the top four teams made the playoffs , with the first and third place teams battling in one semifinal series , while the second and fourth place teams battled in the other . And from 1975 to 1981 , all the playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference . Since 1982 , the NHL 's final round has pitted the league 's two conference playoff champions . Years Format Notes 1914 -- 1922 best - of - five 1923 -- 1924 best - of - three 1925 -- 1926 best - of - five 1927 best - of - three Ties allowed , series ended in four games . 1928 best - of - five 1929 -- 1930 best - of - three 1931 -- 1938 best - of - five 1939 -- present best - of - seven 2005 Finals canceled due to lockout Champions ( edit ) Further information : List of Stanley Cup champions Most recent Finals Year Winning team Coach Losing team Coach Result Series - winning goal 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) Mike Sullivan Nashville Predators ( WC ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 2 Patric Hornqvist ( 18 : 25 , third ) 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) Mike Sullivan San Jose Sharks ( WC ) Peter DeBoer 4 -- 2 Kris Letang ( 7 : 46 , second ) 2015 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) Joel Quenneville Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) Jon Cooper 4 -- 2 Duncan Keith ( 17 : 13 , second ) 2014 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) Darryl Sutter New York Rangers ( EC ) Alain Vigneault 4 -- 1 Alec Martinez ( 14 : 43 , 2OT ) 2013 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) Joel Quenneville Boston Bruins ( EC ) Claude Julien 4 -- 2 Dave Bolland ( 19 : 01 , third ) 2012 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) Darryl Sutter New Jersey Devils ( EC ) Peter DeBoer 4 -- 2 Jeff Carter ( 12 : 45 , first ) Most Final appearances ( Top Five ) ( Bold indicates Cup wins ) Appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Years of Appearance 34 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA / NHL ) 24 9 . 727 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1925 , 1930 , 1931 , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 24 Detroit Red Wings 11 13 . 458 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 13 8 . 619 1918 , 1922 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1967 19 Boston Bruins 6 13 . 315 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 2011 , 2013 13 Chicago Blackhawks 6 7 . 462 1931 , 1934 , 1938 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1971 , 1973 , 1992 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 Notes ^ 1 . The NHL includes the Toronto Hockey Club ( Toronto Arenas ) 1918 win and the 1922 Toronto St. Patricks win in the Toronto Maple Leafs total . ^ 2 . The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986 -- 87 season . ^ 3 . The Montreal Canadiens totals include the 1919 Final that ended with a no - decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic . Records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) Most losses : Detroit Red Wings ( 13 ) , Boston Bruins ( 13 ) Least losses : Colorado Avalanche ( 0 ) Most consecutive wins : Montreal Canadiens ( 5 in 1956 -- 1960 ) Most consecutive losses : Toronto Maple Leafs ( 3 in 1938 -- 1940 ) , St. Louis Blues ( 3 in 1968 -- 1970 ) Most consecutive appearances : Montreal Canadiens ( 10 in 1951 -- 1960 ) Most appearances without a loss : Montreal Canadiens ( 9 from 1968 to 1986 ) Most appearances without a win : Toronto Maple Leafs ( 6 from 1933 to 1940 ) , Detroit Red Wings ( 6 from 1956 to 1995 ) , Philadelphia Flyers ( 6 from 1976 to 2010 ) Most seasons between wins : New York Rangers ( 54 between 1940 and 1994 ) Most seasons between appearances : Toronto Maple Leafs ( 50 between 1967 and the present ) Stanley Cup Final consecutive appearances ( edit ) Team Stanley Cup Final appearance streak Consecutive Stanley Cup Final appearances Stanley Cup championships during streak Montreal Canadiens 10 seasons 1950 -- 51 through to 1959 -- 60 6 : 1952 -- 53 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 Montreal Canadiens 05 seasons 1964 -- 65 through to 1968 -- 69 4 : 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 New York Islanders 05 seasons 1979 -- 80 through to 1983 -- 84 4 : 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 Montreal Canadiens 04 seasons 1975 -- 76 through to 1978 -- 79 4 : 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 Detroit Red Wings 03 seasons 1940 -- 41 through to 1942 -- 43 1 : 1942 -- 43 Toronto Maple Leafs 03 seasons 1946 -- 47 through to 1948 -- 49 3 : 1946 -- 47 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 Detroit Red Wings 03 seasons 1947 -- 48 through to 1949 -- 50 1 : 1949 -- 50 Detroit Red Wings 03 seasons 1953 -- 54 through to 1955 -- 56 2 : 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 Toronto Maple Leafs 03 seasons 1961 -- 62 through to 1963 -- 64 3 : 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 St. Louis Blues 03 seasons 1967 -- 68 through to 1969 -- 70 none Philadelphia Flyers 03 seasons 1973 -- 74 through to 1975 -- 76 2 : 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 Edmonton Oilers 03 seasons 1982 -- 83 through to 1984 -- 85 2 : 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 Individual ( edit ) Career Most years in Final ( 12 ) - Maurice Richard , Red Kelly , Jean Beliveau , Henri Richard Most games played in Final ( 65 ) - Red Kelly , Henri Richard Most consecutive games in Final ( 53 ) - Bernie Geoffrion Most career points in Final ( 62 ) - Jean Beliveau Most career goals in Final ( 34 ) - Maurice Richard Most career assists in Final ( 35 ) - Wayne Gretzky Most career game - winning goals in Final ( 9 ) - Jean Beliveau Most career shutouts in Final ( 8 ) - Clint Benedict Series Most points , one series ( 13 ) - Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) Most goals , one series ( 14 ) - Bernie Morris ( 1917 ) Most assists , one series ( 10 ) - Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) Most shutouts , one series ( 3 ) - Clint Benedict ( 1926 ) , Frank McCool ( 1945 ) , Martin Brodeur ( 2003 ) See also ( edit ) List of Stanley Cup champions List of Stanley Cup challenge games List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) Bibliography Coleman , Charles ( 1964 -- 1969 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vols. 1 -- 3 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Diamond , Dan ; Eric Zweig ; James Duplacey ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 2000 ) . Total Stanley Cup . Total Sports Canada . ISBN 1 - 892129 - 07 - 8 . McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . Dan Diamond Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Podnieks , Andrew ; Hockey Hall of Fame ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Citations Jump up ^ Roarke , Shawn P. ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stanley Cup has incredible history '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreiser , John ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Stanley Cup timeline , from 1892 to today '' . NHL . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , p. 25 Jump up ^ Coleman 1966 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest In a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond ( 1992 ) , p. 46 Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Season At Coast Opens With Exhibition Game Tomorrow '' . Ottawa Citizen . November 27 , 1913 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , p. 20 Jump up ^ Diamond ( 1992 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Podnieks , p. 51 Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , pp. 20 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig and Duplacey , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN. 2006 - 02 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . 2005 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Final Series Record Book , 1918 - 2011 Page 1 - Stanley Cup Playoffs '' . Nhl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond ( 2000 ) , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Diamond ( 2000 ) , p. 89 Endnotes Jump up ^ The NHL officially began referring to the championship series as a singular `` Final '' circa 2006 . However , various North American media still continue to refer to it as plural `` Finals '' , similar to the NBA Finals . Jump up ^ Note that one of the above ( most points , most goals ) is incorrect , as 14 goals are also 14 points . The discrepancy seems to be whether the years prior to 1918 are included in NHL Stanley Cup history . External links ( edit ) `` List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . `` List of Stanley Cup Playoff Formats : 1917 to date '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 25 . `` Stanley Cup - winning goals '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . `` STC List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . LegendsofHockey.net . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . `` Stanley Cup Playoffs -- Winners and Finalists Since 1893 '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . <Th_colspan="2"> National Hockey League <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Western Conference <Td_colspan="2"> Eastern Conference <Th_colspan="2"> Pacific Division <Td_colspan="2"> Anaheim Ducks <Td_colspan="2"> Arizona Coyotes <Td_colspan="2"> Calgary Flames <Td_colspan="2"> Edmonton Oilers <Td_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Kings <Td_colspan="2"> San Jose Sharks <Td_colspan="2"> Vancouver Canucks <Td_colspan="2"> Vegas Golden Knights <Th_colspan="2"> Central Division <Td_colspan="2"> Chicago Blackhawks <Td_colspan="2"> Colorado Avalanche <Td_colspan="2"> Dallas Stars <Td_colspan="2"> Minnesota Wild <Td_colspan="2"> Nashville Predators <Td_colspan="2"> St. Louis Blues <Td_colspan="2"> Winnipeg Jets <Th_colspan="2"> Atlantic Division <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Bruins <Td_colspan="2"> Buffalo Sabres <Td_colspan="2"> Detroit Red Wings <Td_colspan="2"> Florida Panthers <Td_colspan="2"> Montreal Canadiens <Td_colspan="2"> Ottawa Senators <Td_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Lightning <Td_colspan="2"> Toronto Maple Leafs <Th_colspan="2"> Metropolitan Division <Td_colspan="2"> Carolina Hurricanes <Td_colspan="2"> Columbus Blue Jackets <Td_colspan="2"> New Jersey Devils <Td_colspan="2"> New York Islanders <Td_colspan="2"> New York Rangers <Td_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Flyers <Td_colspan="2"> Pittsburgh Penguins <Td_colspan="2"> Washington Capitals <Td_colspan="2"> Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures <Td_colspan="2"> Portal 2017 -- 18 season <Th_colspan="3"> Stanley Cup Finals <Td_colspan="3"> Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials <Td_colspan="3"> Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup_Finals&oldid=816558298 '' Categories : Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup Annual sporting events in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Stanley Cup Finals
2. NHL championship series
3. Montreal Canadiens
4. Pittsburgh Penguins
5. National Hockey League
|
-208,063,688,495,237,120 |
list the causes and effects of the spanish american war
|
Spanish -- American war - wikipedia Spanish -- American war Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish -- American War <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Philippine Revolution and the Cuban War of Independence <Td_colspan="2"> ( clockwise from top left ) Signal Corps extending telegraph lines from trenches USS Iowa Filipino soldiers wearing Spanish pith helmets outside Manila The defeated side signing the Treaty of Paris Roosevelt and his Rough Riders at the captured San Juan Hill Replacing of the Spanish flag at Fort Malate <Td_colspan="2"> Date April 21 , 1898 -- August 13 , 1898 ( 3 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Cuba and Puerto Rico ( Caribbean Sea ) Philippines and Guam ( Asia - Pacific ) Result American victory Treaty of Paris of 1898 Territorial changes Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba , cedes Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States Cuban revolutionaries Filipino revolutionaries Spain Cuba Philippines Guam Puerto Rico <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders William McKinley Nelson A. Miles Theodore Roosevelt William R. Shafter George Dewey William Sampson Wesley Merritt Joseph Wheeler Charles D. Sigsbee Máximo Gómez Demetrio Castillo Duany Emilio Aguinaldo Apolinario Mabini Antonio Luna Maria Christina Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías Ramón Blanco Antero Rubín Valeriano Weyler Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes José Toral y Velázquez Diego de los Ríos <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 72,339 troops ( total ) 53,000 rebels 40,000 rebels 206,000 troops ( Caribbean ) Unknown ( Philippines ) <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses American : 281 killed and 1,577 wounded ( Army ) 16 killed and 68 wounded ( Navy ) 2,061 dead from disease 11 prisoners 1 cargo ship sunk 1 cruiser damaged Spanish : 200 killed and 400 wounded ( Army ) 500 -- 600 killed and 300 -- 400 wounded ( Navy ) 15,000 dead from disease 40,000 + prisoners 6 small ships sunk 11 cruisers sunk 2 destroyers sunk <Td_colspan="2"> The higher naval losses may be attributed to the disastrous naval defeats inflicted on the Spanish at Manila Bay and Santiago de Cuba . <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish -- American War <Td_colspan="2"> Atlantic Ocean Theater Cuba Puerto Rico Pacific Ocean Theater The Philippines Guam <Th_colspan="2"> Banana Wars <Td_colspan="2"> Cuba First US Occupation ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Second US Occupation ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Campaign ( 1898 ) Honduras ( 1903 -- 1925 ) Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Granada Masaya Coyotepe Hill 1926 -- 1927 civil war La Paz Centro Ocotal San Fernando Santa Clara Telpaneca Sapotillal 1st Las Cruces 2nd Las Cruces Quilali El Bramadero La Flor Achuapa Agua Carta El Sauce Mexico ( 1914 ) Veracruz Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Fort Dipitie Fort Rivière 1st Port - au - Prince 2nd Port - au - Prince Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Santo Domingo Guayacanas San Francisco de Macoris Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Spanish -- American War ( Spanish : Guerra hispano - americana or Guerra hispano - estadounidense ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol - Amerikano ) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish -- American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , U.S. public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism to call for war . The business community across the United States had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . The United States Navy armoured cruiser Maine had mysteriously sunk in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid . President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20 , 1898 . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . On April 23 , Spain stated that it would declare war if the U.S. forces invaded its territory . On April 25 , Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba , but due to Spain not replying soon enough , the United States had assumed Spain had ignored the ultimatum and continued to occupy Cuba . The ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . As the American agitators for war well knew , U.S. naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . American , Cuban , and Philippine forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . Madrid sued for peace after two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favorable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $588,320,000 today ) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The defeat and loss of the last remnants of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain 's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of ' 98 . The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by the U.S. Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Spain 's attitude towards its colonies 1.2 American interest in the Caribbean 2 Path to war 2.1 Cuban struggle for independence 2.2 Spanish attitude 2.3 U.S. response 2.4 USS Maine dispatch to Havana and loss 2.5 Declaring war 2.6 Alternative historical interpretations 3 Pacific theater 3.1 Philippines 3.2 Guam 4 Caribbean theater 4.1 Cuba 4.1. 1 Cuban sentiment 4.1. 2 Land campaign 4.1. 3 Naval operations 4.1. 4 U.S. withdrawal 4.2 Puerto Rico 5 Making peace 6 Aftermath 6.1 Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico 7 In film and television 8 Military decorations 8.1 United States 8.1. 1 Wartime service and honors 8.1. 2 Postwar occupation service 8.2 Other countries 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Source citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Media 13.2 Reference materials 13.3 Newspapers Historical background ( edit ) Spain 's attitude towards its colonies ( edit ) The combined problems arising from the Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) , the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th - century Spanish American wars of independence , and three Carlist Wars ( 1832 -- 1876 ) marked the low point of Spanish colonialism . Liberal Spanish elites like Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Emilio Castelar offered new interpretations of the concept of `` empire '' to dovetail with Spain 's emerging nationalism . Cánovas made clear in an address to the University of Madrid in 1882 his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- that tied Spain 's territories together . Cánovas saw Spanish imperialism as markedly different in its methods and purposes of colonization from those of rival empires like the British or French . Spaniards regarded the spreading of civilization and Christianity as Spain 's major objective and contribution to the New World . The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba , which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years , and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation . The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain 's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . American interest in the Caribbean ( edit ) In 1823 , American fifth President James Monroe ( 1758 -- 1831 , served 1817 -- 1825 ) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine , which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake , expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere ; at the same time , the doctrine stated that the U.S. would respect the status of the existing European colonies . Before the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave territory . The Ostend Manifesto proposal of 1854 failed , and national attention shifted to the growing sectional conflict and threat of civil war . After the American Civil War and Cuba 's Ten Years ' War , U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba . In 1894 , 90 % of Cuba 's total exports went to the United States , which also provided 40 % of Cuba 's imports . Cuba 's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country , Spain . U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba , economic authority in Cuba , acting - authority , was shifting to the US . The US became interested in a trans - isthmus canal across Central America , either in Nicaragua , or in Panama , where the Panama Canal would later be built ( 1903 -- 1914 ) , and realized the need for naval protection . Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an especially influential theorist ; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt , as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 -- 1898 and was an aggressive supporter of an American war with Spain over Cuban interests . Meanwhile , the `` Cuba Libre '' movement , led by Cuban intellectual José Martí , had established offices in Florida and New York to buy and smuggle weapons . It mounted a large propaganda campaign to generate sympathy that would lead to official pressure on Spain . Protestant churches and Democratic farmers were supportive , but business interests called on Washington to ignore them . Although Cuba attracted American attention , little note was made of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Historians note that there was little popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire , though at this time the longtime colonial empires of the United Kingdom ( Great Britain ) with its British Empire `` on which the sun never set '' and France 's French Empire maintained theirs with some added growths and additions , now joined by the German Empire , Italian Empire and the Empire of Japan . These new and growing empires were dramatically expanding their overseas holdings during the late 19th century in unclaimed areas among native and indigenous peoples in the less developed continents of Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Path to war ( edit ) Cuban struggle for independence ( edit ) Main article : Cuban War of Independence The first serious bid for Cuban independence , the Ten Years ' War , erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later . Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the Pact of Zanjón ( February 1878 ) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and ultimately independence . One such revolutionary , José Martí , continued to promote Cuban financial and political autonomy in exile . In early 1895 , after years of organizing , Martí launched a three - pronged invasion of the island . The plan called for one group from Santo Domingo led by Máximo Gómez , one group from Costa Rica led by Antonio Maceo Grajales , and another from the United States ( preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida ) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising . While their call for revolution , the grito de Baíre , was successful , the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected . With a quick victory effectively lost , the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign . Antonio Cánovas del Castillo , the architect of Spain 's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time , ordered General Arsenio Martínez - Campos , a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba , to quell the revolt . Campos 's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of Oriente earned him criticism in the Spanish press . The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler , a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole . Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry , supplies , and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters . This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion . In the United States , this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda . In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels . He even said this `` was not civilized warfare '' but `` extermination '' . Spanish attitude ( edit ) A Spanish satirical drawing published in La Campana de Gràcia ( 1896 ) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Cuba by Manuel Moliné . Upper text reads ( in old Catalan ) : `` Uncle Sam 's craving '' , and below : `` To keep the island so it wo n't get lost . '' An American cartoon published in Judge , February 6 , 1897 : Columbia ( representing the American people ) reaches out to the oppressed Cuba ( the caption under the chained child reads `` Spain 's 16th Century methods '' ) while Uncle Sam ( representing the US government ) sits blindfolded , refusing to see the atrocities or use his guns to intervene ( cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton ) . The Spanish Government regarded Cuba as a province of Spain rather than a colony , and depended on it for prestige and trade , and as a training ground for the army . Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that `` the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory '' . He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics . He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo , leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige . U.S. response ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of William McKinley The eruption of the Cuban revolt , Weyler 's measures , and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City , where Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies . Both papers denounced Spain , but had little influence outside New York . American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba . American Catholics were divided before the war began , but supported it enthusiastically once it started . The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about the future of Cuba . Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved . These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt . Other American business concerns , specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar , looked to the Spanish to restore order . Stability , not war , was the goal of both interests . How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically . While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish Government , popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States , due to the emergence of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement and the fact that many Americans had drawn parallels between the American Revolution and the Cuban revolt , seeing the Spanish Government as the tyrannical colonial oppressor . Historian Louis Pérez notes that `` The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter . Such was the sense of the public mood . '' At the time many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement . At the same time , many African Americans , facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights , wanted to take part in the war because they saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality , service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population . President McKinley , well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict , wanted to end the revolt peacefully . In accordance with this policy , McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government , hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States , and therefore , end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain . An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office , however , the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations . In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain , who again offered to negotiate a peace . In October 1897 , the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans , but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy . However , with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November , Spain began to change their policies in Cuba . First , the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies ( the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States ) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities . This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba . The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba . This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain . The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General , Ramon Blanco , arrived in Cuba . U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba . This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba . While the Maine was docked in Havana , an explosion sank the ship . The sinking of the Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim . Throughout the negotiation process , the major European powers , especially Britain , France , and Russia , generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in . Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver ; American patience ran out . USS Maine dispatch to Havana and loss ( edit ) Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) The sunken USS Maine in Havana harbor McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests , and to underscore the urgent need for reform . Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided . As Maine left Florida , a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico . Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon , and still others were moved to Hong Kong . At 9 : 40 on the evening of February 15 , 1898 , Maine sank in Havana Harbor after suffering a massive explosion . While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion , the deaths of 250 out of 355 sailors on board focused American attention . McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense , and Congress unanimously obliged . Most American leaders took the position that the cause of the explosion was unknown , but public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war . Spain appealed to the European powers , most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war . Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action . The U.S. Navy 's investigation , made public on March 28 , concluded that the ship 's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship 's hull . This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S. , making the war inevitable . Spain 's investigation came to the opposite conclusion : the explosion originated within the ship . Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions , but had no bearing on the coming of the war . In 1974 , Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion . A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999 , using AME computer modelling , stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine , but no definitive evidence was found . Declaring war ( edit ) Main article : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War United States Army Colonel Charles A. Wikoff was the most senior U.S. military officer killed in the Spanish -- American War . After the Maine was destroyed , New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame , and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers . They both used sensationalistic and astonishing accounts of `` atrocities '' committed by the Spanish in Cuba by using headlines in their newspapers , such as `` Spanish Murderers '' and `` Remember The Maine '' . Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners . The stories were based on factual accounts , but most of the time , the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers . A common myth falsely states that when illustrator Frederic Remington said there was no war brewing in Cuba , Hearst responded : `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war . '' This new `` yellow journalism '' was , however , uncommon outside New York City , and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood . Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action , overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community to find a negotiated solution . Wall Street , big business , high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace . After years of severe depression , the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897 . However , the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery . `` War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years , '' warned the New Jersey Trade Review . The leading railroad magazine editorialized , `` From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace . '' McKinley paid close attention to the strong anti-war consensus of the business community , and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba . A speech delivered by Republican Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont on March 17 , 1898 , thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause . Proctor concluded that war was the only answer . Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war , switched sides , leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war . On April 11 , McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there , knowing that Congress would force a war . The American transport ship Seneca , a chartered vessel that carried troops to Puerto Rico and Cuba On April 19 , while Congress was considering joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence , Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the Teller Amendment to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war . The amendment , disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , passed the Senate 42 to 35 ; the House concurred the same day , 311 to 6 . The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain . President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , 1898 , and the ultimatum was sent to Spain . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . Spain stated , it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory , on April 23 . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . Spanish Vessels captured up to evening of May 1 , 1898 The Navy was ready , but the Army was not well - prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies . In the spring of 1898 , the strength of the Regular U.S. Army was just 25,000 men . The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of state National Guard units , even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of the USS Maine . Alternative Historical interpretations ( edit ) The Department of State of the United States of America summarizes the aftermath of the war for the Filipino people : After its defeat in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . On February 4 , 1899 , just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo , who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers . The ensuing Philippine - American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants . As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence , famine , and disease . The last stand of the Spanish Garrison in Cuba by Murat Halstead , 1898 In 1901 , novelist Mark Twain wrote about the aftermath of the war for the Philippines : We have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty ; we have invited clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandit 's work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear , not to follow ; we have debauched America 's honor and blackened her face before the world . In his War and Empire , Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts ( Boston ) writes : The Spanish -- American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the USS Maine was deliberately , and falsely , attributed to Spanish villainy ... In a cryptic message ... Senator lodge wrote that ' There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things . We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana , and our fleet , which overmatches anything the Spanish have , is masked at the Dry Tortugas . In his autobiography , Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war : Our own direct interests were great , because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar , and especially because of Cuba 's relation to the projected Isthmian ( Panama ) Canal . But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity ... It was our duty , even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest , to stop the devastation and destruction . Because of these considerations I favored war . Pacific theater ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) The Pacific theatre of the Spanish -- American War In the 333 years of Spanish rule , the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities . The Spanish - speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe . Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal , who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities . This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule . The revolution had been in a state of truce since the signing of the Pact of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 , with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country . On April 23 , 1898 , a document appeared in the Manila Gazette newspaper warning of the impeding war and calling for Filipinos to participate on the side of Spain . The Battle of Manila Bay The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where , on May 1 , Commodore George Dewey , commanding the U.S. Navy 's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia , in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . Dewey managed this with only nine wounded . With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897 , Dewey 's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own , and was beset with coal and ammunition problems . Despite these problems , the Asiatic Squadron not only destroyed the Spanish fleet but also captured the harbor of Manila . Following Dewey 's victory , Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain , Germany , France , and Japan . The German fleet of eight ships , ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests , acted provocatively -- cutting in front of American ships , refusing to salute the United States flag ( according to customs of naval courtesy ) , taking soundings of the harbor , and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish . The Germans , with interests of their own , were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford . There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession . The Americans called the bluff of the Germans , threatening conflict if the aggression continued , and the Germans backed down . At the time , the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat , with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo , a Filipino leader who had led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896 , from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . By June 9 , Aguinaldo 's forces controlled the provinces of Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna , Batangas , Bataan , Zambales , Pampanga , Pangasinan , and Mindoro , and had laid siege to Manila . On June 12 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines . On August 5 , on instructions from Spain , Governor General Basilo Augistin turned over command of the Philippines to his deputy , Fermin Jaudenes . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a cease - fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day in Washington D.C. , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . This battle marked the end of Filipino -- American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines . On August 14 , 1899 , Spanish Captain - General Jaudenes formally capitulated and U.S. Generally Merritt formally accepted the surrender and declared the establishment of a U.S. military government in occupation . That same day , the Schurman Commission recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines , possibly granting independence in the future . On December 10 , 1898 , the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war , resulting in the Philippine -- American War . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Guam On June 20 , a U.S. fleet commanded by Captain Henry Glass , consisting of the protected cruiser USS Charleston and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines , entered Guam 's Apra Harbor , Captain Glass having opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to Guam and capture it . Charleston fired a few cannon rounds at Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire . Two local officials , not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute , came out to Charleston to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder . Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war . The following day , Glass sent Lt. William Braunersruehter to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there . Some 54 Spanish infantry were captured and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war . No U.S. forces were left on Guam , but the only U.S. citizen on the island , Frank Portusach , told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned . Caribbean theater ( edit ) Cuba ( edit ) See also : San Juan Hill order of battle and El Caney order of battle The Spanish armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , which was destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3 , 1898 Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill , July 2 , 1898 depicting the Battle of San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba , both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine . While Assistant Secretary of the Navy , he placed the Navy on a war - time footing and prepared Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron for battle . He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all - volunteer regiment , the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry . Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the `` Rough Riders '' . The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García . Cuban sentiment ( edit ) For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence , and even annexation was considered for a time , which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish Government , due to years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish . The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction . While the Cubans were wary of the United States ' intentions , the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind , because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence . However , with the imposition of the Platt Amendment of 1903 after the war , as well as economic and military manipulation on the part of the United States , Cuban sentiment towards the United States became polarized , with many Cubans disappointed with continuing American interference . Land campaign ( edit ) From June 22 to 24 , the Fifth Army Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established an American base of operations . A contingent of Spanish troops , having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23 , had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas . An advance guard of U.S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution . They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General Antero Rubín who effectively ambushed them , in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24 . The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago . The U.S. Army employed Civil War - era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns . Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed , including Hamilton Fish II ( grandson of Hamilton Fish , the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant ) , and Captain Allyn K. Capron , Jr. , whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met . Only Oklahoma Territory Pawnee Indian , Tom Isbell , wounded seven times , survived . The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U.S. that quick - thinking American soldiers would not stick to the linear tactics which did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents , and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense . Americans advanced by rushes and stayed in the weeds so that they , too , were largely invisible to the Spaniards who used un-targeted volley fire to try to mass fires against the advancing Americans . While some troops were hit , this technique was mostly a waste of bullets as the Americans learned to duck as soon as they heard the Spanish word Fire , `` Fuego '' yelled by the Spanish officers . Spanish troops were equipped with smokeless powder arms that also helped them to hide their positions while firing . Receiving the news of the surrender of Santiago Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger - loaded , 7 mm 1893 Spanish Mauser rifles and using smokeless powder . The high - speed 7 × 57mm Mauser round was termed the `` Spanish Hornet '' by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead . Other irregular troops were armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles in . 43 Spanish using smokeless powder and brass - jacketed bullets . US regular infantry were armed with the . 30 -- 40 Krag -- Jørgensen , a bolt - action rifle with a complex rotating magazine . Both the US regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition . In later battles , state volunteers used the . 45 -- 70 Springfield a single - shot black powder rifle . On July 1 , a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments , including all four of the army 's `` Colored '' regiments , and volunteer regiments , among them Roosevelt and his `` Rough Riders '' , the 71st New York , the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , and 1st North Carolina , and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War - style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago . More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting , thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish put down range at the Americans . Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault . Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later . First Lieutenant John J. Pershing , nicknamed `` Black Jack '' , oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war . Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill . Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle . The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege , and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines . This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo , which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege . After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney , the American advance halted . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city . During the nights , Cuban troops dug successive series of `` trenches '' ( raised parapets ) , toward the Spanish positions . Once completed , these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward . American troops , while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire , suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito - borne disease . At the western approaches to the city , Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city , causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces . Naval operations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Santiago Campaign ( 1898 ) Crewmen pose under the gun turrets of Iowa in 1898 The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season ; Guantánamo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen . The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened between June 6 and 10 , with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support . On April 23 , a council of senior admirals of the Spanish Navy had decided to order Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete 's squadron of four armored cruisers and three torpedo boat destroyers to proceed from their present location in Cape Verde ( having left from Cadiz , Spain ) to the West Indies . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish -- American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( also known as the Flota de Ultramar ) . In May , the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted by American forces in Santiago harbor , where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack . A two - month stand - off between Spanish and American naval forces followed . When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3 , the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships . Only one Spanish vessel , the new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , survived , but her captain hauled down her flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her . The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured , including Admiral Cervera , were sent to Seavey 's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September . During the stand - off , U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor , Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet . The mission was a failure , and Hobson and his crew were captured . They were exchanged on July 6 , and Hobson became a national hero ; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933 , retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman . U.S. withdrawal ( edit ) Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force , crippling it . A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army , a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter , who described his force as an `` army of convalescents '' . By the time of his letter , 75 % of the force in Cuba was unfit for service . On August 7 , the American invasion force started to leave Cuba . The evacuation was not total . The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation . The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease ; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed `` Immunes '' . Still , when the Ninth left , 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Spanish troops before they departed to engage the American forces at Hormigueros , Porto Rico In May 1898 , Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission , sponsored by the Army 's Bureau of Military Intelligence . He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government before the invasion . The American offensive began on May 12 , 1898 , when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the archipelago 's capital , San Juan . Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal , the Americans established a blockade in the city 's harbor , San Juan Bay . On June 22 , the cruiser Isabel II and the destroyer Terror delivered a Spanish counterattack , but were unable to break the blockade and the Terror was damaged . The land offensive began on July 25 , when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Miles disembarked off the coast of Guánica . The first organized armed opposition occurred in Yauco in what became known as the Battle of Yauco . This encounter was followed by the Battle of Fajardo . The United States seized control of Fajardo on August 1 , but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican - Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city , while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse . The Americans encountered larger opposition during the Battle of Guayama and as they advanced towards the main island 's interior . They engaged in crossfire at Guamaní River Bridge , Coamo and Silva Heights and finally at the Battle of Asomante . The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated . A battle in San Germán concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to Lares . On August 9 , 1898 , American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in Aibonito in a mountain known as Cerro Gervasio del Asomante and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured . They returned three days later , reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack . In the subsequent crossfire , confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured , which prompted a retreat order . All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13 , after U.S. President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon , acting on behalf of the Spanish Government , signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico . Making peace ( edit ) Jules Cambon , the French Ambassador in the U.S. , signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines , and both of its fleets destroyed , Spain sued for peace and negotiations were opened between the two parties . After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson - Walker , American admiral George Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila , Édouard André , to take Rawson - Walker 's place as intermediary with the Spanish Government . Hostilities were halted on August 12 , 1898 , with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain . After over two months of difficult negotiations , the formal peace treaty , the Treaty of Paris , was signed in Paris on December 10 , 1898 , and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6 , 1899 . The United States gained all of Spain 's colonies outside of Africa in the treaty , including the Philippines , Guam and Puerto Rico with the exception of Cuba , which became a U.S. protectorate . The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11 , 1899 , with Cubans participating only as observers . Having been occupied since July 17 , 1898 , and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government ( USMG ) , Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20 , 1902 , with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island . However , the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government , including prohibiting alliances with other countries , and reserved the right to intervene . The U.S. also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay . Aftermath ( edit ) With the end of the war , Colonel Theodore Roosevelt musters out of the U.S. Army after the required 30 - day quarantine period at Montauk , Long Island , in 1898 . The war lasted ten weeks . John Hay ( the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ) , writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt , declared that it had been `` a splendid little war '' . The press showed Northerners and Southerners , blacks and whites fighting against a common foe , helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War . Exemplary of this was the fact that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war , now in the US Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks . These officers included Matthew Butler , Fitzhugh Lee , Thomas L. Rosser and Joseph Wheeler , though only the latter had seen action . Still , in an exciting moment during the Battle of Las Guasimas , Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting , having supposedly called out `` Let 's go , boys ! We 've got the damn Yankees on the run again ! '' The war marked American entry into world affairs . Since then , the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world , and entered many treaties and agreements . The Panic of 1893 was over by this point , and the U.S. entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth , and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s . The war redefined national identity , served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind , and provided a model for all future news reporting . The idea of American imperialism changed in the public 's mind after the short and successful Spanish -- American War . Due to the United States ' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily , Cuba 's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions . Two major developments emerged from the Spanish -- American War : one , it greatly enforced the United States ' vision of itself as a `` defender of democracy '' and as a major world power , and two , it had severe implications for Cuban -- American relations in the future . As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , the Spanish -- American War of 1898 `` fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves : a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose '' . The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire . Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon 's invasion . The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba , which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony . Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings : Spanish West Africa ( Spanish Sahara ) , Spanish Guinea , Spanish Morocco , and the Canary Islands . The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera , who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign , published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans , saying , `` I have never seen such a servile , ungrateful country ( i.e. , Puerto Rico ) ... In twenty - four hours , the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American ... They humiliated themselves , giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord . '' He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet . A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . Culturally , a new wave called the Generation of ' 98 originated as a response to this trauma , marking a renaissance in Spanish culture . Economically , the war benefited Spain , because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain . This massive flow of capital ( equivalent to 25 % of the gross domestic product of one year ) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel , chemical , financial , mechanical , textile , shipyard , and electrical power industries . However , the political consequences were serious . The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII . The Teller Amendment , which was enacted on April 20 , 1898 , was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba , but to help it gain its independence from Spain . The Platt Amendment was a move by the United States ' government to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment . The cover of Puck from April 6 , 1901 . Caricatures an Easter bonnet made out of a warship that alludes to the gains of the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Congress had passed the Teller Amendment before the war , promising Cuban independence . However , the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill , forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt . The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U.S. power abroad ( in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U.S. rule ) . The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed . In addition , the Platt Amendment permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if its freedom and independence was ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force . The Platt Amendment also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba . Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations in 1903 . Thus , despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended , the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs . The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . The notion of the United States as an imperial power , with colonies , was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who had supported the war . The American public largely supported the possession of colonies , but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain , who wrote The War Prayer in protest . Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero , and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president . At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley . 1900 Campaign poster The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South . The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865 , and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty . This was an important development , since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides . Segregation in the U.S. military , 1898 The African - American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba , supported entry into the war , and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army . Spokesmen noted that 33 African - American seamen had died in the Maine explosion . The most influential Black leader , Booker T. Washington , argued that his race was ready to fight . War offered them a chance `` to render service to our country that no other race can '' , because , unlike Whites , they were `` accustomed '' to the `` peculiar and dangerous climate '' of Cuba . One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment . In March 1898 , Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by `` at least ten thousand loyal , brave , strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land , and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down , and the sacrifices made , that Blacks might have their freedom and rights . '' In 1904 , the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War . Today , that organization is defunct , but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish -- American War Veterans , created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans . According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict , Nathan E. Cook , died on September 10 , 1992 , at age 106 . ( If the data is to be believed , Cook , born October 10 , 1885 , would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war . ) The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States ( VFW ) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two veterans organizations which both arose in 1899 : the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines . The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish -- American War , while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine -- American War . Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government . To pay the costs of the war , Congress passed an excise tax on long - distance phone service . At the time , it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones . However , the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later , and the tax remained in place for over 100 years until , on August 1 , 2006 , it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax . Postwar American Investment in Puerto Rico ( edit ) The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico , like the occupation of Cuba , brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies . Before 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century . In the second half of the nineteenth century , technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry . Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production , which required less capital and land accumulation . However , these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony . Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land . This , along with the large capital reserves of American businesses , led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes . At the same time , the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area , effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade , increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection . In 1897 the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico 's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports . By 1905 these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent , respectively . However , coffee was not protected , as it was not a product of the mainland . At the same time , Cuba and Spain , traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee , now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs . These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry . From 1897 to 1901 coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent . The tariff system also provided a protected market place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports . The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country 's agricultural sector . In film and television ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role . The Library of Congress archives contain many films and film clips from the war . In addition , a few feature films have been made about the war . These include The Rough Riders , a 1927 silent film A Message to Garcia , 1936 Rough Riders , a 1997 television miniseries directed by John Milius , and featuring Tom Berenger ( Theodore Roosevelt ) , Gary Busey ( Joseph Wheeler ) , Sam Elliott ( Buckey O'Neill ) , Dale Dye ( Leonard Wood ) , Brian Keith ( William McKinley ) , George Hamilton ( William Randolph Hearst ) , and R. Lee Ermey ( John Hay ) The Spanish -- American War : First Intervention , a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel Baler , a 2008 film about the Siege of Baler Los últimos de Filipinas ( `` The Last Ones of the Philippines '' ) , a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by Antonio Román Amigo , 2010 1898 , Our Last Men in the Philippines , a well - acclaimed 2016 film about the Siege of Baler Military decorations ( edit ) U.S. Army `` War with Spain '' campaign streamer United States ( edit ) The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish -- American War were as follows : Wartime service and honors ( edit ) Medal of Honor Specially Meritorious Service Medal Spanish Campaign Medal -- upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism . West Indies Campaign Medal Sampson Medal , West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson Dewey Medal , service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey Spanish War Service Medal , U.S. Army homeland service Postwar occupation service ( edit ) Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Other countries ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish , Cuban , and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict . See also ( edit ) Spain portal United States portal War portal Battles of the Spanish -- American War Bolton Hall ( activist ) , opposed the war Commonwealth of the Philippines Ostend Manifesto Panama Canal Zone Spain -- United States relations Timeline of the Spanish -- American War Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States List of weapons of the Spanish -- American War 1st Separate Brigade ( Philippine Expedition ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unrecognized as participants by the primary belligerents . Jump up ^ The U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25 , 1898 , but dated the beginning of the war retroactively to April 21 Jump up ^ Number is the total for all Cuban rebels active from 1895 to 1898 . Jump up ^ 196,000 in Cuba and 10,000 in Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ ( hide ) Text of the document which appeared in the Manila Gazette on April 23 , 1898 Further Notes : 1 . This is the English language text of the document as published by the supporting source cited , possibly as translated from the original Spanish or Tagalog . In 1898 , Spanish , Tagalog , and English were official languages in the Spanish colonial Philippines . 2 . In the Spanish colonial Philippiines , the term Filipino was reserved for full - blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines ( insulares ) . Full - blooded Spaniards born in the Spanish peninsula were termed peninsulares . The Filipinos that we know today were then termed indios . The text of the document as published in the cited source was as follows : OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND OF THE CAPTAIN - GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES Fellow Spaniards , Hostilities between Spain and the United States have broken out . The moment has come for us to show the world that we are more than courageous to triumph over those , who , feigning to be loyal friends , took advantage of our misfortunes and capitalized on our nobility by making use of the means civilized nations consider as condemnable and contemptible . The Americans , gratified with their social progress , have drained off our patience and have instigated the war through wicked tactics , treacherous acts , and violations of human rights and internal agreements . Fighting will be short and decisive . God of victories will render this victory glorious and complete as demanded by reason and justice to our cause . Spain , counting on the sympathies of all nations , will come out in triumph from this new test , by shattering and silencing the adventurers of those countries which , without cohesiveness and post , offer to humanity shameful traditions and the ungrateful spectacle of some embassies within which jointly dwell intrigues and defamation , cowardice and cynicism . A US squadron , manned by strangers , by ignorant undisciplined men , is coming into the Archipelago for the purpose of grabbing from us what we consider to be our life , honor freedom . It tries to inspire ( motivate ) American sailors by saying that we are weak , they are encouraged to keep on with an undertaking that can be accomplished ; namely of substituting the Catholic religion with Protestantism , they consider you as a people who impedes growth ; they will seize your wealth as if you do not know your rights to property ; they will snatch away from you those they consider as useful to man their ships , to be exploited as workers in their fields and factories . Useless plans ! Ridiculous boastings ! Your indomitable courage suffices to hold off those who dare to bring it to reality . We know you will not allow them to mock the faith you are professing , their feet to step on the temple of the true God , incredulity to demolish the sacred images you honor ; you will not allow the invaders to desecrate the tombs of your forefathers ; to satisfy their immodest passions at the expense of your wives and daughters ' honor ; you will not allow them to seize all the properties you have put up through honest work in order to assure your future ; you will not allow them to commit any of those crimes inspired by their wickedness and greed , because your bravery and patriotism suffice in scaring them away and knocking down the people who , calling themselves civilized and cultured , resort to the extermination of the natives of North America instead of trying to attract them to live a civilized life and of progress . Filipinos ! Prepare yourself for the battle and united together under the glorious Spanish flag , always covered with laurels , let us fight , convinced that victory will crown our efforts and let us reply the intimations of our enemies with a decision befitting a Christian and patriot , with a cry of `` Long live Spain ! '' Manila , April 23 , 1898 Your general BASILO AUGISTIN Jump up ^ The American squadron consisted of nine ships : Olympia ( flagship ) , Boston Baltimore , Raleigh , Concord , Petrel . McCulloch , Zapphire , and Nashan . The Spanish squadron consisted of seven ships : the Reina Cristina ( flagship ) , Castilla , Don Juan de Austria , Don Antonio de Ulloa , Isla de Luzon , Isla de Cuba , and Marques del Duero . The Spanish ships were of inferior quality to the American ships ; the Castilla was unpowered and had to be towed into position by the transport ship Manila . Source citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 254 - 255 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan 2001 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars : Factsheet . '' U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . Office of Public Affairs . Washington DC . Published April 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Alan . `` POWs in American History : A Synoposis '' . National Park Service . 1998 . Jump up ^ See : USS Merrimac ( 1894 ) . ^ Jump up to : Keenan 2001 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter describes the Americans capturing 30,000 prisoners ( plus 100 cannons , 19 machine guns , 25,114 rifles , and various other equipment ) in the Oriente province and around Santiago . He also states that the 10,000 - strong Puerto Rican garrison capitulated to the Americans after only minor fighting . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands . examples : Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Benjamin R. Beede ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Thomas David Schoonover ; Walter LaFeber ( 2005 ) , Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9122 - 5 Virginia Marie Bouvier ( 2001 ) , Whose America ? : the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96794 - 9 Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 24 , 33 Stat. 738 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Paul ( 2010 ) . War and Empire . New York : Pluto Press . pp. 98 -- 102 . ISBN 978 0 7453 2764 8 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign relations since 1777 ( 2008 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poddar , Prem ( 2008 ) . Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Continental Europe and its Empires . Edinburgh University Press . p. 601 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 3027 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ( November 1882 ) . `` Discurso sobre la nación '' ( in Spanish ) . cervantesvirtual.com . Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nowara , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Conquest of History : Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century . Pitt Latin American series . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 34 -- 42 . ISBN 9780822971092 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p. 149 Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p. 138 Jump up ^ Gary R. Mormino , `` Cuba Libre , Florida , and the Spanish American War '' , Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal ( 2010 ) Vol. 31 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 43 -- 54 Jump up ^ G. Wayne King , `` Conservative Attitudes in the United States toward Cuba ( 1895 -- 1898 ) '' , Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association , ( 1973 ) pp. 94 -- 104 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Edward P. Crapol , `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century . American Foreign Relations '' , Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 597 Jump up ^ Hugh DeSantis , `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 '' , in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Jump up ^ James A. Field , Jr. , `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 668 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Krohn , `` Review of Tone , John Lawrence , War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 . `` H - War , H - Net Reviews . '' May 2008 . online Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 8 -- 10 ; Carr 1982 , pp. 379 -- 388 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley : First Annual Message '' . The American Presidency Project . December 6 , 1897 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes ( 2007 ) , The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations 1897 -- 1909 , READ BOOKS , pp. 44 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3464 - 5 , citing an annual message delivered December 6 , 1897 , from French Ensor Chadwick ( 1968 ) , The relations of the United States and Spain : diplomacy , Russell & Russell Jump up ^ Quoted in Trask 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Angiolillo Died Bravely '' , August 22 , 1897 , The New York Times . Jump up ^ Octavio Ruiz , `` Spain on the Threshold of a New Century : Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898 '' , Mediterranean Historical Review ( June 1998 ) , Vol. 13 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 7 -- 27 Jump up ^ Scott Wright , `` The Northwestern Chronicle and the Spanish -- American War : American Catholic Attitudes Regarding the ' Splendid Little War , ' '' American Catholic Studies 116 # 4 ( 2005 ) : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ However , three Catholic newspapers were critical of the war after it began . Benjamin Wetzel , `` A Church Divided : Roman Catholicism , Americanization , and the Spanish -- American War . '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 348 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Trade with Cuba had dropped by more than two thirds from a high of US $100 million . Offner 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment : American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere , 1865 -- 1900 ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez Jr. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Russell , Timothy Dale ( 2013 ) . African Americans and the Spanish - American War and Philliipine Insurrection . Military Participation , Recognition and Memory 1898 - 1904 ( First . Published dissertation ed . ) . California , U.S.A : University of California , Riverside . p. 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Harold ( 1963 ) . Politics , reform , and expansion , 1890 -- 1900 . New York : Harper . p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Tone , John ( 2006 ) . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis ( 1998 ) . The war of 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 54 -- 69 Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 86 -- 110 Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2010 ) . The War Lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the Rush to Empire , 1898 . Little , Brown and Co. p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. `` european + powers '' 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 614 . Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 57 . For a minority view that downplays the role of public opinion and asserts that McKinley feared the Cubans would win their insurgency before the U.S. could intervene , see Louis A. Pérez , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( August 1989 ) , pp. 293 -- 322 . Jump up ^ For a summary of all the studies see Louis Fisher , `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Evan Thomas , The war lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the rush to empire , 1898 ( Little , Brown , 2010 ) pp 4 -- 5 , 209 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Vicki L. 2006 . `` Nuestra América : Latino History as United States History . '' Journal of American History P. 655 Jump up ^ Campbell , W. Joseph ( August 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : the Remington - Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smythe 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 163 -- 201 . quotes on page 168 . Page 173 states : `` an overwhelming preponderance of the local business interests of the country strongly desired peace . '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 131 -- 35 ; Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War , '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Paul T. McCartney , `` Religion , the Spanish -- American War , and the Idea of American Mission '' , Journal of Church and State 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 257 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) ch. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2016 ) . `` Evan Thomas : War Lovers and American Power '' . Military History , September 2010 , 14 World History Collection -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Department of State , United States of America , Office of the Historian . `` The Philippine - American War , 1899 -- 1902 '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( Samuel Clemens ) ( 1901 ) . `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Penny , Ralph John ( 2002 ) . A History of the Spanish Language . Cambridge University Press . p. `` official + language '' 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01184 - 6 . Jump up ^ Duka , Cecilio D. ( 2008 ) . Struggle for Freedom ' 2008 Ed . Rex Bookstore , Inc. p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Language and National Identity in Asia . OUP Oxford . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 153308 - 2 . Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , pp. 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , pp. 11 -- 13 , 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Patrick McSherry . `` The Battle of Manila Bay '' . spanamwar.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Battle of Manila Bay , May 1 , 1898 , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey , The War Times Journal . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : James A. Field , Jr . ( June 1978 ) , `` American Imperialism : the Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , The American Historical Review , American Historical Association , 83 ( 3 ) : 659 , doi : 10.2307 / 1861842 , JSTOR 1861842 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. x . Jump up ^ Dewey characterized the German interests as a single import firm ; Admiral Otto von Diederichs responded with a list of eleven . ^ Jump up to : Seekins , Donald M. ( 1991 ) , `` Historical Setting -- Outbreak of War , 1898 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : Library of Congress , retrieved April 28 , 2013 ( LOC call Number DS655. P598 1993 ) Jump up ^ Susan K. Harris ( June 1 , 2011 ) . God 's Arbiters : Americans and the Philippines , 1898 -- 1902 . Oxford University Press , US . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978107 - 2 . Benjamin R. Beede ; Vernon L. Williams ; Wolfgang Drechsler ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . David F. Trask ( 1981 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Augusto V. de Viana ( September 21 , 2006 ) , What ifs in Philippine history , Manila Times , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 ^ What ifs in Philippine history , Conclusion , Manila Times , September 22 , 2006 , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi , citing Hubatsch , Walther , Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik , Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau ( August 1944 ) , pp. 130 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : The World of 1898 : the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved January 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Our flag is now waving over Manila '' , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved December 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 2006 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , pp. 129 -- 137 Jump up ^ Brune & Burns 2003 , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Beede 1994 , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Rogers 1995 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1899 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2014 ) . A People and a Nation , Volume II : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . p. 582 . Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Theodore , The Rough Riders , Scribner 's Magazine , Vol. 25 ( January -- June ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 572 Jump up ^ The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ The Crowded Hour : The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ Parker 2003 Jump up ^ History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , John Henry Parker at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Escario 's Column , Francisco Jose Diaz Diaz . Jump up ^ Daley 2000 , pp. 161 -- 71 Jump up ^ McCook 1899 Jump up ^ Information from abroad : War notes , Issues 1 - 8 ( 1899 ) , Office of Naval Intelligence , pp. 60 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Vincent J. Cirillo. 2004 . Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine . ( Rutgers University Press ) . ^ Jump up to : The American Army Moves on Puerto - Rico , Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Edgardo Pratts ( 2006 ) , De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante ( in Spanish ) ( First ed . ) , Puerto Rico : Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts , ISBN 0 - 9762185 - 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Wolff 1961 , p. 175 , `` When the British consul died , intermediation was taken over by the Belgian consul , M. Edouard Andre ; and , as US troops poured in , everything began to fall into place . Jaudenes promised that he would not use his artillery if the ... '' Jump up ^ Cooling 2007 , p. 99 , `` Fearful of what the Filipinos might do , the American and Spanish authorities anxiously negotiated a way out of the thorny issue of Manila City . Aided by Belgian consul Edouard Andre , Dewey , Merritt , and Augustin '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 , p. 175 , `` After Rawson - Walker 's sickness and death , Belgian consul Edouard André carried on the diplomatic exchanges between Dewey , General Wesley Merritt , * and Jaudenes . Through these diplomatic exchanges , early in August Jaudenes began to ... '' Jump up ^ Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries , Washington , D.C. , U.S.A. , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved October 17 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Paris , 1898 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands Breen Williams Gross , American Stories `` A History of the United States '' , Pearson , p. 536 , ISBN 9780205243617 Jump up ^ Bethell , John ( November -- December 1998 ) , `` A Splendid Little War '' ; Harvard and the commencement of a new world order , Harvard magazine , retrieved December 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Millis 1979 , p. 340 This source provides a more complete quote : It has been a splendid little war ; begun with the highest motives , carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit , favored by the fortune which loves the brave . It is now to be concluded , I hope , with that firm good nature which is after all the distinguishing trait of our American character . Jump up ^ Montoya 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Johnson & Bongard 1992 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1961 , p. 657 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Richard L. 2003 . `` American Journalism Goes to War , 1898 -- 2001 : a manifesto on media and empire '' , p. 211 Jump up ^ Pérez 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Negrón - Muntaner 2004 , p. 11 , citing Julio Cervera Baviera ( 1898 ) , La defensa militar de Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II -- Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera , 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico , retrieved February 6 , 2008 ( an excerpt from Carreras & Tafunell 2004 ) Jump up ^ Albert Carreras & Xavier Tafunell : Historia Económica de la España contemporánea , p. 200 -- 208 , ISBN 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` MILESTONES : 1899 -- 1913 : The United States , Cuba , and the Platt Amendment , 1901 '' . Milestones . Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Confederate & Federal Veterans of ' 98 : Civil War Veterans who served in the Spanish -- American War , Philippine Insurrection , and China Relief Expedition by Micah J. Jenkins . Retrieved on October 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Gatewood 1975 , pp. 23 -- 29 ; there were some opponents , ibid . p. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` VFW at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . VFW . September 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2006 . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Senators want to nix 1898 telecom tax '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Telecom tax imposed in 1898 finally ends '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ The Spanish American War in Motion Picture , U.S. Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Early Motion Pictures , 1897 -- 1920 , U.S. Library of Congress References ( edit ) American Peace Society ( 1898 ) , The Advocate of Peace , American Peace Society , retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 1961 ) , The American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Heath . Baycroft , Timothy ; Hewitson , Mark ( 2006 ) , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929575 - 3 . Beede , Benjamin R. , ed. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . An encyclopedia . Bergad , Laird W. ( 1978 ) . `` Agrarian History of Puerto Rico , 1870 -- 1930 '' . Latin American Research Review . 13 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 94 ... Botero , Rodrigo ( 2001 ) , `` Ambivalent embrace : America 's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War '' , Contributions to the study of world history , Greenwood Publishing Group , 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31570 - 1 . Brune , Lester H. ; Burns , Richard Dean ( 2003 ) , `` Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1607 -- 1932 '' , Volume 1 of Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations , Richard Dean Burns , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93914 - 0 ( 2 ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93915 - 7 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( 2001 ) , Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths , Defining the Legacies , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96686 - 0 . Carr , Raymond ( 1982 ) , Spain , 1808 -- 1975 , Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 822128 - 2 . Carreras , Albert ; Tafunell , Xavier ( 2004 ) , Historia económica de la España Contemporánea , Crítica , ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ( 2007 ) , USS Olympia : Herald of Empire , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 126 - 6 . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ; Johnson , Curt ; Bongard , David L. ( 1992 ) , The Harper encyclopedia of military biography Dyal , Donald H ; Carpenter , Brian B. ; Thomas , Mark A. ( 1996 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28852 - 6 . Gatewood , Willard B. ( 1975 ) , Black Americans and the White Man 's Burden , 1898 -- 1903 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 00475 - 2 Gaudreault , André ( 2009 ) , American cinema , 1890 -- 1909 : themes and variations , Rutgers University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4443 - 4 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Spanish -- American War , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31662 - 3 . short summary Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American & Philippine - American Wars . ABC - CLIO . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Pub . House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 . Levy , Jack S. ; Thompson , William R. ( 2010 ) , Causes of War , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7559 - 3 Millis , Walter ( 1979 ) , The martial spirit , Ayer Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11866 - 1 Montoya , Arthur ( 2011 ) , America 's Original Sin : Absolution & Penance , Xlibris Corporation , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4628 - 4434 - 0 Negrón - Muntaner , Frances ( 2004 ) , Boricua Pop : Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture , NYU Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5818 - 2 . Offner , John L. ( 1992 ) , An Unwanted War : the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Offner , John L. ( 2004 ) , `` McKinley and the Spanish -- American War '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2004. 00034. x , ISSN 0360 - 4918 . Parker , John H. ( 2003 ) , The Gatlings at Santiago , Indypublish.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4043 - 8137 - 7 Pérez , Louis A. Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2003 . Print . Pérez , Louis A. ( 2008 ) , Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , UNC Press Books . Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) , Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam ( illustrated ed . ) , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1678 - 0 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1899 ) , `` I. RAISING THE REGIMENT '' , The Rough Riders , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Smithsonian Institution ( 2005 ) , The Price of Freedom : Americans at War -- Spanish American War , National Museum of American History ( U.S. ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9744202 - 3 - 3 . Santamarina , Juan C. `` The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba , 1898 -- 1915 '' . The Business History Review 74.01 ( Spring 2000 ) : 41 -- 83 . Print Saravia , José Roca de Togores y ; Garcia , Remigio ( 2003 ) , Blockade and Siege of Manila in 1898 , National Historical Institute , ISBN 978 - 971 - 538 - 167 - 3 Smith , Mark . `` The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba , 1898 -- 1923 '' . Environmental History Review 19.04 ( Winter 1995 ) : 31 -- 48 . Print Smythe , Ted Curtis ( 2003 ) , The Gilded Age press , 1865 -- 1900 , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30080 - 6 . Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) online review Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , U of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2009 ) , The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) , Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy , National Historical Institute . Wolff , Leon ( 1961 ) , Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn , Wolff Productions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Spanish -- American War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Barnes , Mar . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 : An Annotated Bibliography ( Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies ) ( 2010 ) Berner , Brad K . The Spanish - American War : A Historical Dictionary ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Berner , Brad K. , ed . The Spanish - American War : A Documentary History with Commentaries ( 2016 ) , 289pp ; includes primary sources Bradford , James C. ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , essays on diplomacy , naval and military operations , and historiography . Cirillo , Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine ( 2004 ) Corbitt , Duvon C. `` Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba 's Struggle for Independence , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 32 ( August 1963 ) : 395 -- 404 . in JSTOR Cosmas , Graham A. An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) , organizational issues Crapol , Edward P. `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Cull , N.J. , Culbert , D. , Welch , D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion : A Historical Encyclopedia , 1500 to the Present . `` Spanish -- American War '' . ( 2003 ) . 378 -- 379 . Daley , L. ( 2000 ) , `` Canosa in the Cuba of 1898 '' , in Aguirre , B.E. ; Espina , E. , Los últimos días del comienzo : Ensayos sobre la guerra , Santiago de Chile : RiL Editores , ISBN 956 - 284 - 115 - 4 DeSantis , Hugh . `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Dirks , Tim . `` War and Anti-War Films '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Dobson , John M. Reticent Expansionism : The Foreign Policy of William McKinley . ( 1988 ) . Feuer , A.B. The Spanish -- American War at Sea : Naval Action in the Atlantic ( 1995 ) online edition Field , Jr. , James A. `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 , past of the `` AHR Forum , '' with responses in JSTOR Freidel , Frank . The Splendid Little War ( 1958 ) , well illustrated narrative by scholar ISBN 0 - 7394 - 2342 - 8 Fry , Joseph A. `` From Open Door to World Systems : Economic Interpretations of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Pacific Historical Review 65 ( May 1996 ) : 277 -- 303 Fry , Joseph A. `` William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish -- American War : A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image , '' Diplomatic History 3 ( Winter 1979 ) : 77 -- 97 Funston , Frederick . Memoirs of Two Wars , Cuba and Philippine Experiences . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1911 online edition Gould , Lewis . The Spanish -- American War and President McKinley ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Foner , Philip , The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism , 1895 -- 1902 ( 1972 ) Hamilton , Richard . President McKinley , War , and Empire ( 2006 ) . Harrington , Peter , and Frederic A. Sharf . `` A Splendid Little War . '' The Spanish -- American War , 1898 . The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill , 1998 . Harrington , Fred H. `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1935 ) , pp. 211 -- 230 in JSTOR Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) , the latest survey Hoganson , Kristin . Fighting For American Manhood : How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars ( 1998 ) Holbo , Paul S. ( 1967 ) , `` Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs : William McKinley and the Turpie - Foraker Amendment '' , The American Historical Review , 72 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1335 , doi : 10.2307 / 1847795 , JSTOR 1847795 . Keller , Allan . The Spanish -- American War : A Compact History ( 1969 ) Killblane , Richard E. , `` Assault on San Juan Hill , '' Military History , June 1998 , Vol. 15 , Issue 2 . LaFeber , Walter , The New Empire : An Interpretation of American Expansion , 1865 -- 1898 ( 1963 ) Leeke , Jim . Manila and Santiago : The New Steel Navy in the Spanish -- American War ( 2009 ) Linderman , Gerald F. The Mirror of War : American Society and the Spanish -- American War ( 1974 ) , domestic aspects Maass , Matthias . `` When Communication Fails : Spanish -- American Crisis Diplomacy 1898 , '' Amerikastudien , 2007 , Vol. 52 Issue 4 , pp 481 -- 493 May , Ernest . Imperial Democracy : The Emergence of America as a Great Power ( 1961 ) McCartney , Paul T. American National Identity , the War of 1898 , and the Rise of American Imperialism ( 2006 ) McCook , Henry Christopher ( 1899 ) , The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba , G.W. Jacobs & Co . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Miles , Nelson Appleton ( 2012 ) . Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain ; . HardPress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 290 - 02902 - 5 . Miller , Richard H. ed. , American Imperialism in 1898 : The Quest for National Fulfillment ( 1970 ) Millis , Walter . The Martial Spirit : A Study of Our War with Spain ( 1931 ) Morgan , H. Wayne. , America 's Road to Empire : The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion ( 1965 ) Muller y Tejeiro , Jose . Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba . Marques , Madrid : 1898 . 208 p . English translation by U.S. Navy Dept . O'Toole , G.J.A. The Spanish War : An American Epic -- 1898 ( 1984 ) Paterson , Thomas G. `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher , Vol. 29 , No. 3 ( May 1996 ) , pp. 341 -- 361 in JSTOR Pérez , Jr . Louis A. ( 1989 ) , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , 58 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 322 , doi : 10.2307 / 3640268 , JSTOR 3640268 . Pérez Jr . Louis A . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press , 1998 Smith , Ephraim K. `` William McKinley 's Enduring Legacy : The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands , '' in James C. Bradford , ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , pp. 205 -- 49 Pratt , Julius W. ( May 1934 ) . `` American Business and the Spanish - American War '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . Duke University Press . 14 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2506353 . Pratt , Julius W . The Expansionists of 1898 ( 1936 ) Schoonover , Thomas . Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. ( 2003 ) Smith , Joseph . The Spanish -- American War : Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific ( 1994 ) Stewart , Richard W. `` Emergence to World Power 1898 -- 1902 '' Ch. 15 , in `` American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' , Center of Military History , United States Army . ( 2004 ) , official U.S. Army textbook Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) U.S. War Dept . Military Notes on Cuba . 2 vols . Washington , DC : GPO , 1898 . online edition US Army Center for Military History , Adjutant General 's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain ; with Losses From All Causes . US Army Center for Military History , Washington : Government Printing Office , 1899 . Wheeler , Joseph . The Santiago Campaign , 1898 . ( 1898 ) . online edition Zakaria , Fareed , From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America 's World Role ( 1998 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish - American War . The Spanish American War lesson from EDSITEment America 's Black Patriots -- Spanish American War Spanish -- American War Centennial Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty Individual state 's contributions to the Spanish -- American War : Illinois , Pennsylvania Sons of Spanish American War Veterans From ' Dagoes ' to ' Nervy Spaniards , ' American Soldiers ' Views of their Opponents , 1898 by Albert Nofi Excerpts from The National Museum of American history . Reenactment of Spanish -- American War ( video ) on YouTube Spanish -- American War reenactment groups The American Peril -- An Examination of the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin Media ( edit ) William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence , 1898 at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 1 , 2010 ) from the state archives of Florida ( archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 01 ) Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war Art and images from the War with Spain at the United States Army Center of Military History Spanish -- American War photographic collections , via Calisphere , California Digital Library The Spanish -- American War in Motion Pictures -- U.S. Library of Congress Wehman Collection of Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Ensminger Brothers Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Reference materials ( edit ) United States Department of State , Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5 , 1898 especially pp. 558 -- 1085 . Joint Resolution Resolution of Congress April 19 , 1898 , point 4 is the Teller amendment Operations of the U.S. Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish -- American War Emergence to World Power , 1898 -- 1902 ( an extract from Matloff 's American Military History a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History ) Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks Black Jack in Cuba -- General John J. Pershing 's service in the Spanish -- American War , by Kevin Hymel The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War -- Library of Congress Hispanic Division Centennial of the Spanish -- American War 1898 -- 1998 by Lincoln Cushing History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , and other items of interest , by Edward Augustus Johnston , published 1899 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . The War of 98 ( The Spanish -- American War ) The Spanish -- American War from a Spanish perspective ( in English ) . Name Index to New York in the Spanish -- American War 1898 1898 : El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish -- American war . Spanish -- American War Service Summary Cards from the Georgia Archives . Spanish -- American War Veterans Surveys A finding aid listing photographs , diaries , personal papers held at the US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Newspapers ( edit ) Spain to Use Privateers ; An Official Decree Declares that She is Determined to Reserve This Right ( Headline , NY Times , April 24 , 1898 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces <Td_colspan="2"> listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish Empire <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Timeline <Td_colspan="2"> Catholic Monarchs Habsburgs Golden Age Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Eighty Years ' War Portuguese Restoration War Bourbons Napoleonic invasion Independence of Spanish continental Americas Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish -- American War German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Territories <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , northernmost France Franche - Comté Portugal Philippines East Pacific ( Guam , Mariana , Caroline , Palau , Marshall , Micronesia , Moluccas ) Northern Taiwan Tidore Florida New Spain ( Western United States , Mexico , Central America , Spanish Caribbean ) Spanish Louisiana ( Central United States ) Coastal Alaska Haiti Belize Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela , Western Guyana New Granada ( Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon ) Peru ( Peru , Acre ) Río de la Plata ( Argentina , Paraguay , Charcas ( Bolivia ) , Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , Falkland Islands ) Chile Equatorial Guinea Spanish North Africa ( Ifni , Cape Juby , Spanish Morocco and Western Sahara ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Administration <Td_colspan="2"> Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Trial of residence Laws of the Indies Royal Decree of Graces Exequatur Papal bull School of Salamanca <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Administrative subdivisions <Td_colspan="2"> Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Provincias Internas Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba New Andalusia ( 1501 -- 1513 ) New Andalusia New Castile New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Currencies Dollar Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Camino Real de Tierra Adentro <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military <Td_colspan="2"> Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Spanish Armada Indian auxiliaries Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Bernardo de Gálvez Sailors Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Battles Old World Won Bicocca Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island San Juan Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Pensacola Lost La Noche Triste Tucapel Chacabuco Carabobo Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish colonizations <Td_colspan="2"> Canary Islands Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Peru Chile <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other civil topics <Td_colspan="2"> Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain <Th_colspan="2"> Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars <Th_colspan="3"> Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society <Td_colspan="2"> Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita <Td_colspan="3"> Book Category Philippines portal <Th_colspan="2"> Armed conflicts involving Philippines Pre-modern Manila ( 1365 ) Manila ( 1500 ) Early modern Mactan Dagami Bangkusay Channel Manila ( 1574 ) Conspiracy of the Maharlikas Dingras Cagayan Magalat Igorot Gaddang La Naval de Manila Sumuroy Palaris Manila ( 1762 ) Cavite Late modern Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Moro ( 1899 - 1913 ) World War II Japanese invasion Allied invasion Hukbalahap Communist Moro ( 1969 - present ) Cold War Korean War Vietnam War <Th_colspan="2"> Cuba topics <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History <Td_colspan="2"> Pre-Revolution Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years ' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of the USS Maine Spanish -- American War Platt Amendment World War I Republic 1932 hurricane World War II Revolution Post-Revolution Escambray Rebellion Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Special Period Fidel 's transfer of power United States -- Cuban thaw Cities History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines : Camagüey , Cienfuegos , Guantánamo , Holguín , Matanzas , Santiago de Cuba <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Cities Bayamo Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Guantánamo Havana Holguín Las Tunas Matanzas Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Provinces Artemisa Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Ciudad de La Habana Granma Guantánamo Holguín Isla de la Juventud Las Tunas Matanzas Mayabeque Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santiago de Cuba Villa Clara Other Almendares River Earthquakes List of islands Sierra Maestra Tropical cyclones World Heritage Sites <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Governance Security Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Governance <Td_colspan="2"> Armed Forces Castroism Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Politics Presidency Cuba -- United States relations Bay of Pigs Invasion Brothers to the Rescue Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American Cuban - American lobby Cuban dissident movement Cuban Five Cuban Missile Crisis Elián González affair Fair Play for Cuba Committee Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act Cuba -- United States hijackings Luis Posada Carriles Mariel boatlift Orlando Bosch Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Platt Amendment Spanish -- American War United States ambassador United States embargo United States Interests Section Political parties Current Communist Party Christian Democratic Democratic Social - Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Current Democratic Solidarity Liberal Liberal Movement Social Democratic Co-ordination Former Auténtico Cuban National Democratic Union Independent Republican Ortodoxo Popular Socialist Republican ( Havana ) Security Military Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( MINFAR ) Air Force Army Navy Territorial Troops Militia Law enforcement National Revolutionary Police Force Intelligence Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate Economy Agriculture Agrarian reform Cooperatives Central bank Peso ( currency ) Convertible peso International rankings Telecommunications Tourism Transport airline <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Society Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Society Censorship Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Education Health care Human rights LGBT LGBT history Women Language Rationing Scouting and Guiding Sociolismo Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Internet Literature Media Newspapers TV Music Musical theater Festivals Public holidays Radio Religion Santería Sport baseball boxing football Universities <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Demographics People <Td_colspan="2"> Demographics Cubans Afro - Cubans Americans Cape Verdean Chinese Ciboney Filipino French German Haitian Isleños Italian Japanese Jews Koreans Lebanese Mexicans Spanish White People By name Desi Arnaz Fulgencio Batista Leo Brouwer Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Celia Cruz Ibrahim Ferrer Osmani García Máximo Gómez Elián González Nicolás Guillén José Martí Pablo Milanés Omara Portuondo Silvio Rodríguez Compay Segundo Félix Varela By occupation Academics Activists Actors Architects Artists Athletes baseball players Ballet dancers Businesspeople Chefs Comedians Composers Cosmonauts Criminals Dancers Economists Educators Engineers Entertainers Farmers Film directors Film producers Geographers Heads of State Colonial heads Historians Illustrators Journalists Judges Lawyers Librarians Mathematicians Military personnel Models Musicians Notaries Painters abstract Philosophers Photographers Physicians Poets Politicians Presidents Psychologists Radio personalities Rappers Rebels Religious leaders Revolutionaries Sailors Scientists Sculptors Sex workers Singers Social scientists Soldiers Songwriters Television personalities Women Writers women <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America <Td_colspan="2"> Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations <Th_colspan="3"> Rough Riders Officers Leonard Wood Theodore Roosevelt Alexander Oswald Brodie James H. McClintock Buckey O'Neill Seth Bullock John Campbell Greenway John Avery McIlhenny Allyn K. Capron Jr . Allyn K. Capron Sr . George Curry Woodbury Kane Thomas H. Rynning Enlisted men George G. McMurtry Chris Madsen Hamilton Fish Thomas Grindell Henry Barrett Billy McGinty Juan Alamia Frank Frantz Craig Wadsworth Henry Nash Ben Daniels Frank Knox Robert Wrenn Engagements Spanish -- American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Siege of Santiago Memorials Rough Riders Memorial Buckey O'Neill Cabin Bucky O'Neill Monument Bronco Buster Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage Film The Rough Riders ( 1927 film ) Teddy , the Rough Rider ( 1940 film ) Rough Riders ( 1997 mini-series ) See also Buckhorn Saloon Arizona Rangers Three Guardsmen Canyon Diablo Train Robbery Tiburón Island Tragedy Roosevelt 's World War I volunteers The Lost Battalion <Th_colspan="2"> History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps <Td_colspan="2"> 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy <Td_colspan="2"> By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society <Td_colspan="2"> Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Book Category Portal GND : 4182065 - 4 NDL : 00560582 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish -- American_War&oldid = 826635437 '' Categories : Spanish -- American War Conflicts in 1898 Spanish East Indies Spanish West Indies Wars involving Spain Wars involving the United States Wars involving Cuba Wars involving the Philippines Wars involving Hong Kong 1898 in Cuba 1898 in Guam 1898 in the Philippines 1898 in Puerto Rico 1898 in Spain 1898 in the Spanish East Indies 1898 in the Spanish West Indies 1898 in the Spanish Empire 1898 in the United States Military history of Spain Military history of the United States Spain -- United States relations Cuba -- United States relations Philippines -- United States relations United States -- Caribbean relations United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1890s in the Spanish Empire 1890s in the United States 19th - century conflicts History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Filipino - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 05 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Spanish-American War
2. Cuban War of Independence
3. Treaty of Paris
4. American victory
5. Philippine Revolution
|
8,262,632,644,923,486,000 |
who won mvp of the world series 2017
|
World Series Most Valuable player award - wikipedia World Series Most Valuable player award Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Willie Mays World Series MVP Award <Td_colspan="2"> George Springer , 2017 World Series MVP Given for Annual Most Valuable Player of the World Series Country United States Presented by Major League Baseball <Th_colspan="2"> History First award 1955 Most recent George Springer , 2017 Houston Astros Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson won the 1973 and 1977 World Series MVPs. Jackson hit five home runs in the 1977 World Series , and took the nickname `` Mr. October '' . The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award is given to the player deemed to have the most impact on his team 's performance in the World Series , which is the final round of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) postseason . The award was first presented in 1955 as the SPORT Magazine Award , but is now decided during the final game of the Series by a committee of reporters and officials present at the game . On September 29 , 2017 , it was renamed in honor of Willie Mays in remembrance of the 63rd anniversary of The Catch . Mays never won the award himself . The series follows a best - of - seven playoff format , and occurs after the Division Series and the League Championship Series ( LCS ) . It is played by the winners of the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) and the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) . The most recent champions are the Houston Astros , who won in the 2017 World Series . Pitchers have been named Series MVP twenty - seven times ; four of them were relief pitchers . Twelve of the first fourteen World Series MVPs were won by pitchers ; from 1969 until 1986 , the proportion of pitcher MVPs declined -- Rollie Fingers ( 1974 ) and Bret Saberhagen ( 1985 ) were the only two pitchers to win the award in this period . From 1987 until 1991 , all of the World Series MVPs were pitchers , and , since 1995 , pitchers have won the award nine times . Bobby Richardson of the 1960 New York Yankees is the only player in World Series history to be named MVP despite being on the losing team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Winners ( edit ) Don Larsen won the World Series MVP in the 1956 World Series with the New York Yankees . Larsen is the only pitcher to pitch a perfect game in World Series history . Hall of Famer Brooks Robinson won the 1970 World Series MVP Award . Hall of Famer Rollie Fingers won the 1974 World Series MVP with the Oakland Athletics . Pete Rose won the 1975 World Series MVP with the Cincinnati Reds , and became the second third baseman to win the award . Hall of Famer Johnny Bench won the World Series MVP in the 1976 World Series . Hall of Famer Mike Schmidt won the 1980 World Series MVP with the Philadelphia Phillies . Steve Yeager was one of the three 1981 World Series MVPs for the Los Angeles Dodgers . Orel Hershiser won the NL Cy Young Award , the NLCS MVP and the World Series MVP in the 1988 season . Dave Stewart won the 1989 World Series MVP with the Oakland Athletics . Tom Glavine won the World Series MVP in the 1995 World Series with the Atlanta Braves . Mariano Rivera won the 1999 World Series MVP with the New York Yankees . Derek Jeter won the World Series MVP in 2000 World Series with the New York Yankees . Randy Johnson ( top ) and Curt Schilling shared the World Series MVP Award in 2001 . Troy Glaus won the MVP award in 2002 with the Anaheim Angels . Mike Lowell won the World Series MVP in the 2007 World Series with the Boston Red Sox . In 2009 , Hideki Matsui became the first Japanese - born player , as well as the first full - time designated hitter , to win the award . Pablo Sandoval was MVP in 2012 for the San Francisco Giants . Ben Zobrist won the MVP award in 2016 with the Chicago Cubs . Key Year Links to the article about that corresponding World Series Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Active player * Indicates player also won the LCS MVP Award in the same postseason § Indicates losing team in the World Series Indicates multiple award winners in the same World Series ( # ) Indicates number of times winning World Series MVP at that point ( if he won multiple times ) Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Note 1955 Podres , Johnny Johnny Podres Brooklyn Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games - 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 18 innings pitched 10 strikeouts 1956 Larsen , Don Don Larsen New York Yankees Starting pitcher 1 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; 1 perfect game in Game 5 7 strikeouts Pitched first no - hitter in World Series history 1957 Burdette , Lew Lew Burdette Milwaukee Braves Starting pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; all were complete games - 2 shutouts 2 earned runs allowed over 27 innings pitched 13 strikeouts 1958 Turley , Bob Bob Turley New York Yankees Pitcher 2 -- 1 record and 1 save over 4 appearances ( 2 starts ) ; 1 shutout 5 earned runs allowed over 16 ⁄ innings pitched 13 strikeouts 1959 Sherry , Larry Larry Sherry Los Angeles Dodgers Relief pitcher 2 -- 0 record and 2 saves over 4 appearances 1 earned run allowed over 12 ⁄ innings pitched 5 strikeouts 1960 Richardson , Bobby Bobby Richardson New York Yankees Second baseman . 367 batting average 1 grand slam 12 runs batted in 1961 Ford , Whitey Whitey Ford New York Yankees Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; 1 shutout 14 scoreless innings pitched 7 strikeouts 1962 Terry , Ralph Ralph Terry New York Yankees Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started ; 2 complete games - 1 shutout 5 earned runs allowed over 25 innings pitched 16 strikeouts 1963 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax Los Angeles Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games 3 earned runs allowed over 18 innings pitched 23 strikeouts 1964 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson St. Louis Cardinals Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started ; 2 complete games 27 innings pitched 31 strikeouts 1965 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 2 ) Los Angeles Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started ; 2 shutouts 1 earned run allowed over 24 innings pitched 29 strikeouts 1966 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson Baltimore Orioles Outfielder . 286 batting average 2 home runs 3 runs batted in 1967 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals Starting pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; all were complete games ; 1 shutout 3 earned runs allowed over 27 innings pitched 26 strikeouts 1968 Lolich , Mickey Mickey Lolich Detroit Tigers Starting pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; all were complete games 5 earned runs allowed over 27 innings pitched 21 strikeouts 1969 Clendenon , Donn Donn Clendenon New York Mets First baseman . 357 batting average 3 home runs 4 runs batted in 1970 Robinson , Brooks Brooks Robinson Baltimore Orioles Third baseman . 429 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 1971 Clemente , Roberto Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh Pirates Outfielder . 414 batting average 2 home runs 4 runs batted in 1972 Tenace , Gene Gene Tenace Oakland Athletics Catcher . 348 batting average 4 home runs 9 runs batted in 1973 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Oakland Athletics Outfielder . 310 batting average 1 home run 6 runs batted in Fingers , Rollie Rollie Fingers Oakland Athletics Relief pitcher 1 -- 0 record and 2 saves over 4 appearances 2 earned runs allowed over 9 ⁄ innings pitched 6 strikeouts Rose , Pete Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds Third baseman . 370 batting average 10 hits 2 runs batted in 1976 Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds Catcher . 533 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 1977 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson ( 2 ) New York Yankees Outfielder . 450 batting average 5 home runs ( 3 in Game 6 ) 8 runs batted in 1978 Dent , Bucky Bucky Dent New York Yankees Shortstop . 417 batting average 10 hits 7 runs batted in 1979 * Stargell , Willie Willie Stargell Pittsburgh Pirates First baseman . 400 batting average 7 extra-base hits 7 runs batted in 1980 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt Philadelphia Phillies Third baseman . 381 batting average 2 home runs 7 runs batted in 1981 ^ Cey , Ron Ron Cey Los Angeles Dodgers Third baseman . 350 batting average 1 home run 6 runs batted in 1981 ^ Guerrero , Pedro Pedro Guerrero Los Angeles Dodgers Outfielder . 333 batting average 4 extra-base hits 7 runs batted in 1981 ^ Yeager , Steve Steve Yeager Los Angeles Dodgers Catcher . 286 batting average 2 home runs 4 runs batted in 1982 * Porter , Darrell Darrell Porter St. Louis Cardinals Catcher . 286 batting average 1 home run 5 runs batted in Dempsey , Rick Rick Dempsey Baltimore Orioles Catcher . 385 batting average 5 hits ; all were extra-base hits - ( 4 doubles and 1 home run ) 2 runs batted in 1984 Trammell , Alan Alan Trammell Detroit Tigers Shortstop . 450 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 1985 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games - 1 shutout 1 earned run allowed over 18 innings pitched 10 strikeouts 1986 Knight , Ray Ray Knight New York Mets Third baseman . 391 batting average Series - winning home run in 7th inning of Game 7 5 runs batted in Viola , Frank Frank Viola Minnesota Twins Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started 8 earned runs allowed over 19 ⁄ innings pitched 16 strikeouts 1988 * Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games - 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 18 innings pitched 17 strikeouts 1989 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; 1 shutout 3 earned runs allowed over 16 innings pitched 14 strikeouts 1990 Rijo , José José Rijo Cincinnati Reds Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started 1 earned run allowed over 15 ⁄ innings pitched 14 strikeouts 1991 Morris , Jack Jack Morris Minnesota Twins Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; 10 - inning shutout in Game 7 3 earned runs allowed over 23 innings pitched 15 strikeouts 1992 Borders , Pat Pat Borders Toronto Blue Jays Catcher . 450 batting average 1 home run 3 runs batted in 1993 Molitor , Paul Paul Molitor Toronto Blue Jays Designated hitter , first baseman , third baseman . 500 batting average 12 hits ; 6 extra-base hits 8 runs batted in / 10 runs scored 1994 -- -- -- Series cancelled due to player 's strike 1995 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine Atlanta Braves Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started 2 earned runs allowed over 14 innings pitched 11 strikeouts Wetteland , John John Wetteland New York Yankees Relief pitcher 4 saves over 5 appearances 1 earned run allowed over 4 ⁄ innings pitched 6 strikeouts 1997 * Hernández , Liván Liván Hernández Florida Marlins Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started 13 ⁄ innings pitched 7 strikeouts 1998 Brosius , Scott Scott Brosius New York Yankees Third baseman . 471 batting average 2 home runs in Game 3 6 runs batted in 1999 Rivera , Mariano Mariano Rivera New York Yankees Relief pitcher 1 -- 0 record and 2 saves in 3 appearances 4 ⁄ scoreless innings pitched 3 strikeouts 2000 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees Shortstop . 409 batting average 2 home runs / 19 total bases 6 runs scored 2001 ^ Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Arizona Diamondbacks Pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 appearances ( 2 starts ) ; 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 17 ⁄ innings pitched 19 strikeouts 2001 ^ Schilling , Curt Curt Schilling Arizona Diamondbacks Starting pitcher 1 -- 0 record over 3 games started 4 earned runs allowed over 21 ⁄ innings pitched 26 strikeouts 2002 Glaus , Troy Troy Glaus Anaheim Angels Third baseman . 385 batting average 3 home runs 8 runs batted in 2003 Beckett , Josh Josh Beckett Florida Marlins Starting pitcher 1 -- 1 record over 2 games started ; 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 16 ⁄ innings pitched 19 strikeouts Ramirez , Manny Manny Ramirez Boston Red Sox Outfielder . 412 batting average 1 home run 4 runs batted in 2005 Dye , Jermaine Jermaine Dye Chicago White Sox Outfielder . 438 batting average 1 home run 3 runs batted in 2006 Eckstein , David David Eckstein St. Louis Cardinals Shortstop . 364 batting average 8 hits 4 runs batted in 2007 Lowell , Mike Mike Lowell Boston Red Sox Third baseman . 400 batting average 1 home run 4 runs batted in 2008 * Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels Philadelphia Phillies Starting pitcher 1 -- 0 record over 2 games started 4 earned runs allowed over 13 innings pitched 8 strikeouts 2009 Matsui , Hideki Hideki Matsui New York Yankees Designated hitter . 615 batting average 3 home runs 8 runs batted in Rentería , Edgar Edgar Rentería San Francisco Giants Shortstop . 412 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 2011 * Freese , David David Freese St. Louis Cardinals Third baseman . 348 batting average Game tying triple in the 9th and Walk - off home run in 11th inning of Game 6 7 runs batted in 2012 Sandoval , Pablo Pablo Sandoval San Francisco Giants Third baseman . 500 batting average 3 home runs in Game 1 4 runs batted in 2013 Ortiz , David David Ortiz Boston Red Sox Designated hitter . 688 batting average 2 home runs / 4 intentional walks 6 runs batted in 2014 * Bumgarner , Madison Madison Bumgarner San Francisco Giants Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record and 1 save over 3 appearances ( 2 starts ) ; 1 shutout 1 earned run allowed over 21 innings pitched 17 strikeouts 2015 Pérez , Salvador Salvador Pérez Kansas City Royals Catcher . 364 batting average 51 innings caught in 5 games played 3 runs scored 2016 Zobrist , Ben Ben Zobrist Chicago Cubs Outfielder . 357 batting average 10 hits ; including go ahead , RBI double in 10th inning of Game 7 5 runs scored 2017 Springer , George George Springer Houston Astros Outfielder . 379 batting average 5 home runs , 7 RBI 8 runs scored , 11 hits See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Babe Ruth Award List of Major League Baseball awards Baseball awards # United States Notes ( edit ) Johnny Podres won the inaugural award in 1955 with the Brooklyn Dodgers . Podres , with nine wins and ten losses during the regular season , beat the Yankees twice in the series ; both victories were complete games . Don Larsen won the 1956 World Series MVP after pitching the only no - hitter in World Series history , in the fifth game of the series ; the no - hitter was also a perfect game . Bobby Richardson won the 1960 World Series MVP while playing for the losing team in the series , the New York Yankees , and had 12 runs batted in , a World Series record ; he is also the only second baseman to win the World Series MVP . Depending upon definitions , the first non-American to win the award was either Roberto Clemente in 1971 or Pedro Guerrero in 1981 . In 1977 , Reggie Jackson hit three home runs in the deciding game , taking the nickname `` Mr. October '' , in which October is the month of the MLB postseason ; Jackson had a total of five home runs in the series , a World Series record . Willie Stargell won the 1979 World Series MVP at the age of 39 , and is the oldest World Series MVP . In 1996 , John Wetteland won the World Series MVP , setting a World Series record with four saves . Sixteen World Series MVPs were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; Alan Trammel ( 1984 ) , Jack Morris ( 1991 ) , Paul Molitor ( 1993 ) , Tom Glavine ( 1995 ) , and Randy Johnson ( 2001 ) are the only Hall of Famers to have won the World Series MVP since 1981 . Molitor is also the first designated hitter to win the World Series MVP . Hideki Matsui , the 2009 winner , batted in six runs in the sixth game of the 2009 World Series , tying Richardson 's record of most runs batted in for a single World Series game . Matsui became the first Japanese - born player to win the award , as well as the first player to win it as a full - time designated hitter . He is also the only player named both a World Series and a Japan Series MVP . Hall of Famer Sandy Koufax won the award twice . Three players have won the award twice : Sandy Koufax ( 1963 , 1965 ) , Gibson ( 1964 , 1967 ) , and Jackson ( 1973 , 1977 ) ; Jackson is the only player to have won the award with two different teams . There have been two occasions on which multiple winners were awarded in the same World Series : Ron Cey , Pedro Guerrero , and Steve Yeager in 1981 , and Johnson and Schilling in 2001 . The duo of Johnson and Schilling combined for all four of Arizona 's wins in the 2001 World Series ; Johnson had three of them . Twelve of the fifty - eight World Series MVPs have also won the MLB MVP , the Cy Young Award , or the LCS MVP in the same season . Koufax ( 1963 ) , Frank Robinson ( 1966 ) , Jackson ( 1973 ) , Stargell , and Mike Schmidt ( 1980 ) are the only players to have won the MLB MVP and the World Series MVP . A total of six players won the Cy Young Award and the World Series MVP in the same season : Bob Turley ( 1958 ) , Whitey Ford ( 1961 ) , Koufax ( 1963 , 1965 ) , Bret Saberhagen ( 1985 ) , Orel Hershiser ( 1988 ) , and Johnson ( 2001 ) . Seven players have won the World Series MVP in the same season in which they won the LCS MVP : Stargell ( 1979 ) , Darrell Porter ( 1982 ) , Hershiser ( 1988 ) , Liván Hernández ( 1997 ) , Cole Hamels ( 2008 ) , David Freese ( 2011 ) , and Madison Bumgarner ( 2014 ) -- all of them were the NLCS MVPs . Koufax ( 1963 ) is the only person to have won the Cy Young Award , the MLB MVP , and the World Series MVP in the same season , while Stargell ( 1979 ) is the only person to have won the MLB MVP , the LCS MVP and the World Series MVP in the same season . Hershiser ( 1988 ) won the Cy Young Award , the LCS MVP and the World Series MVP in the same season . In the 4th inning of the 2015 All Star Game , 2014 World Series MVP Madison Bumgarner pitched to future 2015 World Series MVP Salvador Pérez , who struck out but reached first due to a passed ball . This was the first time the previous year 's MVP faced the current year 's future MVP in the All Star Game . Bumgarner and Pérez also faced each other in the final play of the 2014 World Series : Pérez popped out . References ( edit ) General `` World Series History : Most Valuable Players '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . `` Post-Season Awards & All - Star Game MVP Award Winners '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . `` Playoff and World Series Stats '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ Rand , Michael ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday ( Derek Jeter over Joe Mauer for MVP ? ) edition : Wha ' Happened ? '' . Minneapolis Star - Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Most Valuable Player Award '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series MVP Award renamed for Mays '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Gary ; Palmer , Pete , eds. ( 2006 ) . The 2006 ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia . Sterling . p. 1656 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3625 - 8 . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vass , George ( January 1 , 1994 ) . `` Major League Baseball Embarks on a New Era in ' 94 '' . Baseball Digest . Lakeside Publishing Company . 53 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 45 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1955 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series : Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1981 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Howard ( 2005 ) . Juicing the Game . Penguin Group . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03445 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Livan Hernandez Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Schilling Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Glaus Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Beckett Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manny Ramirez Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine Dye Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Eckstein Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Lowell Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Hamels Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hideki Matsui Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Renteria Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Freese Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pablo Sandoval Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Ortiz Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Most Valuable Papi : Ortiz outstanding '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` MadBum seals MVP with outing , postseason for the ages '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Bumgarner Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Perez voted unanimous World Series MVP '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's heroics net MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joshua ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Live Analysis : Twins vs. Yankees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series : Game 5 ; Three words : Larsen 's Perfect Game '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - time and Single - Season WS Batting Leaders '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series History : Most Valuable Players by Position '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Clemente was born in 1934 in Puerto Rico , which has been a U.S. territory since 1898 but has its own Olympic committee and national sports teams . Puerto Ricans were collectively given U.S. citizenship in 1917 , but Puerto Ricans were not unequivocally granted U.S. citizenship by birth until a 1952 law that applied to all natives of the island born on or after April 11 , 1899 . ( For more details on this issue , see United States nationality law and Jones -- Shafroth Act . ) Guerrero , a native of the Dominican Republic , is indisputably non-American . Jump up ^ Boeck , Scott ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Reggie `` Mr. October '' Jackson thanks the Dodgers for his nickname `` . USA Today . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` World Series MVP rewarding to Lowell '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time and Single - Season WS Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Hall of Fame '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matsui Becomes 1st Japanese - Born World Series MVP '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statsui : MVP delivers jaw - dropping numbers '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jim ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Matsui backs idea of global World Series '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Award winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Perfect Hamels is World Series MVP '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . <Th_colspan="2"> World Series MVP Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1955 : Podres 1956 : Larsen 1957 : Burdette 1958 : Turley 1959 : Sherry 1960 : Richardson 1961 : Ford 1962 : Terry 1963 : Koufax 1964 : Gibson 1965 : Koufax 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Gibson 1968 : Lolich 1969 : Clendenon 1970 : B. Robinson 1971 : Clemente 1972 : Tenace 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Fingers 1975 : Rose 1976 : Bench 1977 : Jackson 1978 : Dent 1979 : Stargell 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Cey , Guerrero & Yeager 1982 : Porter 1983 : Dempsey 1984 : Trammell 1985 : Saberhagen 1986 : Knight 1987 : Viola 1988 : Hershiser 1989 : Stewart 1990 : Rijo 1991 : Morris 1992 : Borders 1993 : Molitor 1994 : No series 1995 : Glavine 1996 : Wetteland 1997 : Hernandez 1998 : Brosius 1999 : Rivera 2000 : Jeter 2001 : Johnson & Schilling 2002 : Glaus 2003 : Beckett 2004 : Ramirez 2005 : Dye 2006 : Eckstein 2007 : Lowell 2008 : Hamels 2009 : Matsui 2010 : Rentería 2011 : Freese 2012 : Sandoval 2013 : Ortiz 2014 : Bumgarner 2015 : Pérez 2016 : Zobrist 2017 : Springer <Th_colspan="2"> World Series <Td_colspan="2"> No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Book : World Series Category : World Series <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Series_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=824489540 '' Categories : World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners World Series lists World Series trophies and awards Major League Baseball trophies and awards Most valuable player awards Awards established in 1955 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. World Series Most Valuable Player award
2. Willie Mays World Series MVP Award
3. George Springer, 2017 World Series MVP
4. History and winners of the World Series MVP award
5. Impact of pitchers on the World Series MVP award
|
-5,952,445,509,835,997,000 |
who played the surgeon general in escape from la
|
List of General Hospital characters - wikipedia List of General Hospital characters This is a list of characters that have appeared or been mentioned on the American ABC soap opera General Hospital . Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abigail ( Ivy Bethune , 1987 ) Sarah Abbott ( Eileen Dietz , 1981 -- 83 ) Roommate to Heather Webber in the Forest Hill Sanitarium . Keeps all of Heather 's secrets when Heather is escaping the sanitarium to kill Diana Taylor . Heather 's gun is secretly hidden in a doll , kept closely in Sarah 's hands . Sarah is convinced that she drowned her sister , a fact found to not be true . She falls in love with Joe Kelly who was investigating the murder . Used by Heather during her stay at Forest Hill , Sarah eventually wised up to her after recovering and left town after telling her that she was onto her . Benny Abrahms ( deceased ) ( Richard Fancy , 1997 -- 2003 ) Corinthos and Morgan 's original financier , identical twin brother of Bernie . Dies after suffering a heart attack . Bernie Abrahms ( deceased ) ( Richard Fancy , 2006 -- 12 ) The Jewish financier for Corinthos and Morgan and Benny 's identical twin brother . Born Bernard K. Abrahms in 1943 , a widower and uncle of Conan . He funds Sam McCall and Damian Spinelli 's private eye agency . Shot in 2011 , and blackmailed by Cesar Faison , posing as Duke Lavery . Dies during a shootout , after being shot by Joe Scully , Jr. and Faison . Rachel Adair ( deceased ) ( Amy Grabow , 2005 ) Works with lover A.J. Quartermaine to frame Courtney Matthews for his supposed murder . Dates Steven Lars Webber . Killed by Dr. Asher Thomas after being injected with digitalis . Dr. Tracy Adams ( Kim Hamilton , 1968 -- 69 ) An African American kidney specialist , advocated for by Dr. Steve Hardy . Dr. Addison ( Richard Guthrie , 1989 ) A doctor who competes for the Assistant Chief of Staff position , which at the time was previously held by Dr. Monica Quartermaine . Louise Addison ( Cara Pifko , 2009 ) Assistant District Attorney appointed to office in 2009 . Best friends with Lisa Niles . Sister Agatha ( Fran Ryan , 1989 ) Head of the orphanage where Monica 's illegitimate daughter , Dawn Winthrop was raised . Albert ( William Beckley , 1981 ) Helena Cassadine 's butler . Diego Alcazar ( deceased ) ( Ignacio Serricchio , 2004 -- 06 , 2008 ) Son of Maria Sanchez and Lorenzo Alcazar , raised thinking Maria is his sister to hide him from his father . Thought to have been shot to death by Sam McCall in self defense , but resurfaces in February 2008 as the Text Message Killer . Died when he hung himself accidentally . Lila Rae Alcazar ( Gianna Maria Crane , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 ; Kayla Madison , 2012 ) Daughter of Lorenzo Alcazar and Skye Chandler Quartermaine . Adoptive member of the Quartermaine family , named after her adoptive great - grandmother Lila Quartermaine , and her grandmother Rae Cummings . Lives in London , England with Skye and Rae . Lorenzo Alcazar ( deceased ) ( Ted King , 2003 -- 07 ) Brother of Luis Alcazar ; father of Diego Alcazar and Lila Rae Alcazar . Comes to Port Charles to seek revenge for his brother 's death , and remains always at war with Sonny Corinthos . Ex-husband of Carly Corinthos . Presumably killed by Jason Morgan . Luis Alcazar ( deceased ) ( Ted King , 2002 ) Brother of Lorenzo Alcazar and father of Sage Alcazar . Holds Brenda Barrett captive for four years , leading everyone to believe she is dead . Responsible for the death of Kristina Cassadine , in an attempt to kill Sonny Corinthos . Killed in self - defense by Alexis Davis after being pushed off his balcony in 2002 . Sage Alcazar ( deceased ) ( Eileen Boylan , 2003 ; Katie Stuart , 2003 -- 04 ) Daughter of Luis Alcazar , niece of Lorenzo Alcazar . Killed by Mary Bishop at the Quartermaine mansion . Alfred ( Jack Donner , 2006 -- 10 ) Butler of Prince Nikolas Cassadine . Poisoned and almost killed by Colleen McHenry . A kind and quiet man . Ali ( deceased ) ( Maitland McConnell , 2010 -- 11 ) Friend of Kristina Davis and has a crush on Michael Corinthos III . Dies from injuries after a bus accident . Cynthia Allison ( Carolyn Craig , 1963 ) Part of the original cast , Cynthia has an affair with Dr. Phil Brewer , causing marital problems between him and his wife Jessie Brewer . When Phil goes back to Jessie , Cynthia marries Dr. Ken Martin . Karen Anderson see : Betsy Frank Ruby Anderson ( deceased ) ( Norma Connolly , 1979 -- 98 ) Aunt to Luke Spencer and Bobbie Spencer . Former madam ; longtime manager of Kelly 's Diner and at one time , a cleaning woman at both General Hospital and the Webber residence . A mentor to many young residents whom she rented rooms to at Kelly 's . Dies in her sleep in 1999 , leaving Kelly 's to Bobbie and Luke . Grant Andrews ( Brian Patrick Clarke , 1983 -- 85 ) Former Russian spy named Andre Chermin ; assumes the alias Grant Putnam . Briefly marries Celia Quartermaine . Dimitra Antoinelli ( Linda Cristal , 1988 ) Mother of Dino Antoinelli . Mistress of Victor Jerome . Sent to prison along with her son for trying to kill Victor 's daughter , Olivia . Dino Antoinelli ( Chris DeRose , 1988 ) Son of Victor Jerome with Dimitra Antoinelli . Half - brother to Julian Jerome , Olivia St. John , Evan Jerome Sr. , and Ava Jerome . Tried to kill his sister Olivia and later sent to prison along with his mother . Andy Archer ( deceased ) ( Ron Melendez , 2007 -- 09 ) Anesthesiologist at General Hospital , addicted to sleeping gas . Briefly gets involved with Kelly Lee . The first victim of a biotoxin accidentally released in the hospital . Nelle killers Zack swin Venus `` V '' Ardanowski ( Lisa Cerasoli , 1997 -- 99 ) Former police officer , secretary to Jasper Jacks , and music executive at L&B Records . leaves Port Charles with Simon Prentiss , a gambler she meets in Monte Carlo . David Arnett ( deceased ) ( Mentioned character , 1976 ) Psychiatrist at General Hospital , married to Terri Webber . Dies in the Vietnam War . Terri Webber Arnett ( Bobbi Jordan , 1976 -- 77 ) Sister to Jeff Webber and Rick Webber . Widow of David Arnett . Has a brief fling with Dr. Mark Dante . Curtis Ashford ( Donnell Turner , 2015 -- ) Brother of Thomas `` Tommy '' Ashford . Uncle of TJ Ashford . Ex-police officer who now works as a private investigator . Came to town under the alias Curtis Gooden . Jordan Ashford ( Vinessa Antoine , 2014 -- ) Mother of TJ Ashford . Widow of Thomas `` Tommy '' Ashford Sr. Former agent with the DEA . Currently the police commissioner of Port Charles . TJ Ashford ( Krys Meyer , 2012 ; Tequan Richmond , 2012 -- ) Son of the Shawn Butler and Jordan Ashford ; legal son of Thomas `` Tommy '' Ashford . Dating Molly Lansing . Briefly dated Taylor DuBois . Ashton ( Salina Marie Carter , 2010 ) Friend of Kiefer Bauer and Willow , who bullied Kristina Davis because of her family . Arielle Gastineau Ashton ( Jane Higginson , 1988 -- 89 ) Niece of Nicholas Van Buren . Marries to Larry Ashton , previously married to Colton Shore . Comes to Port Charles during the Dragon Bone quest . Brook Lynn Ashton ( Brooke Radding , 1999 -- 2001 ; Adrianne Leon , 2004 -- 06 , 2010 -- 11 ) Singer . Daughter of Ned Ashton and Lois Cerullo , named after Brooklyn , New York , her mother 's home town . Moves home to Bensonhurst in 2006 , but returns to Port Charles in 2010 . Leaves town again in 2011 to pursue a singing career . Ned Ashton ( Kurt McKinney , 1988 -- 91 ; Wally Kurth , 1991 -- 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 - ) Son of Larry Ashton and Tracy Quartermaine , part of the Quartermaine family . Father of Brook Lynn Ashton . Once led a double life -- corporate CEO Ned Ashton by day , rock star Eddie Maine by night . Larry Ashton ( Hugo Napier , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2014 , 2016 ) Ex-husband of Tracy Quartermaine , father of Ned Ashton . Marries Arielle Gastineau ( whom he later divorced ) and was utilized by Tracy in many of her schemes . He was involved in an ELQ take - over . Left Port Charles after Tracy turned down his marriage proposal . Came back briefly as part of another ELQ take - over attempt . Lives in England . Cal Atkins ( deceased ) ( Leif Riddell , 1992 ) Brother of Joe Atkins . Robs Kelly 's Diner and shoots Jagger Cates when Jagger protects Ruby Anderson . Assaults Karen Wexler . Supposedly falls to his death after fighting with Jason Quartermaine and Jagger Cates , but resurfaces and is sent to prison . Joe Atkins ( Scott Lincoln , 1992 ) Brother of Cal Atkins . Murders a police officer and escapes from jail . Penpal of Bobbie Spencer . breaks out of prison and holds her and Tony Jones hostage before being sent back to prison . Bobby Chandler Baldwin ( deceased ) ( Ted Eccles , 1975 -- 76 ) Son of Carolyn Chandler Baldwin ; stepson of Lee Baldwin . Medical student in New York . Father to baby boy Chandler . Husband to Samantha Livingston . Was lost at sea . Carolyn Chandler Baldwin ( deceased ) ( Augusta Dabney , 1975 -- 76 ) Adoption Agent . Mother of Bobby Chandler . Widow of Mr. Chandler . Married to Lee Baldwin until her death . Grandmother to baby boy Chandler . Was lost at sea . Christina Gail Baldwin ( Angela and Michelle Mora , 1999 -- 2000 ; Kaitlyn Maggio , 2001 -- 03 ( Port Charles ) ) Biological child of Julie Devlin and Frank Scanlon . Adopted daughter of Lucy Coe and Scott Baldwin . Dominique Stanton Baldwin ( deceased ) ( Tawny Fere Ellis , 1991 ; Shell Danielson , 1992 -- 93 ) Married to Scott Baldwin at the time of her death . Biological mother of Serena Baldwin . Died of a brain tumor before Serena 's birth . Gail Adamson Baldwin ( Susan Brown , 1977 -- 85 , 1992 -- 2001 , 2002 , 2004 ) Wife of Lee Baldwin , surrogate mother of Monica Quartermaine . Former psychiatrist at General Hospital . Lee Baldwin ( deceased ) ( Ross Elliott , 1963 -- 65 ; Peter Hansen , 1965 -- 86 , 1992 -- 2001 , 2002 , 2004 ) Attorney . Adoptive father of Scott Baldwin , husband of Gail Adamson Baldwin . Meg Bentley Baldwin ( deceased ) ( Patricia Breslin , 1966 -- 69 ; Elizabeth MacRae ; 1969 -- 70 , 1972 -- 73 ) Mother of Scott Baldwin . Wife of Lee Baldwin . Registered nurse at General Hospital . Scott Baldwin ( Johnny Whitaker , 1965 ; Teddy Quinn , 1966 ; Tony Camp , 1969 - 72 ; Don Clarke , 1973 - 74 ; Johnny Jensen , 1974 - 75 ; Kin Shriner , 1977 -- 80 , 1981 -- 83 , 1987 -- 93 , 1998 , 2000 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- ) Son of David Bordisso and Meg Bentley , adopted by Lee Baldwin . Ex-husband of Laura Webber and Lucy Coe ; widower of Susan Moore and Dominique Stanton . Father of Robert `` Franco '' Frank , Karen Wexler , Logan Hayes , and Serena Baldwin ; adoptive father of Christina Baldwin . Serena Lee Baldwin ( Carly Schroeder , 1997 -- 2003 , 2017 ) Daughter of Scott Baldwin and Dominique Stanton Baldwin . Adoptive and surrogate daughter of Lucy Coe . Sister of Robert `` Franco '' Frank , Karen Wexler , Logan Hayes and Christina Baldwin . Tom Baldwin ( Paul Savior , 1967 -- 72 ; Don Chastain , 1976 -- 77 ) Brother of Lee Baldwin . Ex-husband of Audrey March . Father of Thomas Steven Hardy , Sr. and grandfather of Thomas Hardy , Jr . Hayden Barnes ( Rebecca Budig , 2015 -- 17 ) Born Rachel Berlin . Daughter of Jeff Webber and Naomi Dreyfus . Raised by Raymond Berlin . Younger paternal half - sister of Elizabeth , Sarah , and Steven Lars Webber . Widow of Nikolas Cassadine . Had a relationship with Hamilton Finn . Ran away , and lied about miscarrying Finns baby after Finn found out her lies . Alec Barrett ( Quinn Friedman , 2011 ) Biological son of Brenda Corinthos and the late Aleksander Janacek . Legal son of Dante Falconeri . Named Aleksander Janacek Jr . Hidden away by his grandmother Suzanne Stanwyck . Formerly known by the alias Alec Scott . Brenda Barrett ( Vanessa Marcil , 1992 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 ) Daughter of Harlan Barrett and Veronica Wilding . Paternal half - sister of Julia Barrett . Ex-wife of Jason Morgan and Sonny Corinthos . Mother of Alec Barrett . Believed to be dead for four years . Lives in Italy with her son . Cooper Barrett ( deceased ) ( Jason Gerhardt , 2007 -- 08 ) Former soldier in Iraq . One of the seven assailants that take the Metro Court Hotel hostage . Dated Maxie Jones . He was found dead in January 2008 , murdered by Diego Alcazar . Harlan Barrett ( deceased ) ( Michael Cole , 1991 ) Father of Julia Barrett and Brenda Barrett . Founder of Barrett Industries , member of the Cartel , shot and killed by Bill Eckert , his heir . Grandfather of Alec Barrett . Julia Barrett ( Crystal Carson , 1991 -- 93 , 1997 , 1998 ) Daughter of Harlan Barrett . Paternal half - sister of Brenda Barrett . Dated Jerry Jacks before Brenda met Jax . Aunt of Alec Barrett . Intelligent businesswoman , launched Deception with Scott Baldwin and Dominique Stanton . Dated Bill Eckert , Ned Ashton and A.J. Quartermaine . Lucian Barrett ( Elvis Martinez , 2011 ) Fake son of Brenda Barrett and Aleksander Janacek . Used as a decoy by Suzanne Stanwyck to throw Brenda off the trail of her real son Alec Barrett . Roger Barrett ( deceased ) ( Nat Christian , 1987 ) DVX agent . Held the General Hospital café hostage , threatening to contaminate the whole room with a MOX 36 virus toxin if his demands were not met . Held Bobbie Spencer hostage while trying to make a run for it , later poisoning her with the toxin . Stabbed by Frisco Jones with his own toxin . Alison Barrington ( deceased ) ( Erin Hershey Presley , 2000 , 2013 ; 2000 -- 03 ( Port Charles ) ) Daughter of Elizabeth Barrington . Did not get along with Emily Quartermaine . Kissed Juan Santiago , which made Emily jealous . Returned to Port Charles with her son Rafe on January 30 , 2013 , so they can find Lucy Coe to help them . Stabbed in the chest by Caleb Morley . Amanda Barrington ( deceased ) ( Anne Jeffreys , 1984 -- 87 , 1998 , 2004 ) Wealthy socialite . Friend to Lila and Edward Quartermaine . Mother of Derek Barrington and grandmother of Alison Barrington . Died sometime between 2004 and 2013 . Derek Barrington ( Mark Goddard , 1984 -- 86 ) Biological father of Mike Webber by Ginny Blake Webber . Son of Amanda Barrington . Married to Lorena Sharpe . Elizabeth Barrington ( Unknown actress ; Rebecca Staab , 2002 -- 03 ( Port Charles ) ) Wealthy socialite and fashion designer . Mother of Alison Barrington . Ex-wife of Malcolm Barrington . Lorena Sharpe Barrington ( Shelley Taylor Morgan , 1984 -- 86 ) Possible cousin of Monica Quartermaine . Lover and housemate of Jimmy Lee and nemesis of Celia Quartermaine . Lorena moved to Port Charles to open Avalon Spa and was soon joined by her partner in crime , Leo Russell . Together they blackmailed wealthy matrons . Lorena 's dubious achievement was causing Edward Quartermaine 's heart attack . Prior to leaving Port Charles , she married Derek , the son of one of her blackmail subjects , and moved to Nebraska to decorate her new mansion . Evelyn Bass ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) Ex-wife of Cody McCall . Mother of Danny McCall . Adoptive mother of Sam McCall . Abandoned Sam and left her with Cody when Sam was very young . Was killed in a house fire set by her mentally handicapped son Danny McCall . Kiefer Bauer ( deceased ) ( Christian Alexander , 2009 -- 10 ) Son of Warren and Melinda Bauer . Classmate and boyfriend of Kristina Davis . Was abusive towards Kristina , pressuring her into having sex with him and hospitalizing her twice in early spring 2010 . Was the victim of a hit - and - run accident caused by Alexis Davis , dying from his internal injuries shortly after arriving to General Hospital . Melinda Bauer ( Lisa Waltz , 2010 ) Mother of Kiefer Bauer . Widow of Warren Bauer . Warren Bauer ( deceased ) ( Bradley Cole , 2010 ) Father of Kiefer Bauer . Believed to have abused Kiefer . Became obsessed with getting revenge on Alexis Davis and Kristina Davis after Kiefer 's death . Shot Mac Scorpio and Ethan Lovett to avenge his son 's demise . Shot by Mac in self - defense . Jesse Beaudry ( deceased ) ( Matt Marraccini , 2005 -- 06 ) Undercover police officer , partner of Lucky Spencer . Dated Maxie Jones . Shot and killed in the line of duty . Had an older brother , Will , and an older sister . Claudette Beaulieu ( Bree Williamson , 2016 ) Ex-wife of Nathan West . Ex-lover of Griffin Munro and Valentin Cassadine . Surrogate and foster mother of Charlotte Cassadine . Left town trying to get away from Valentin , leaving Charlotte with Griffin . Presumed dead . Brian Beck ( Michael McLafferty , 2003 -- 04 ) Police officer , attempted to date Courtney Matthews ; shot and killed by Andy Capelli . Melissa Bedford ( Sharisse Baker - Bernard , 2001 ; Jensen Buchanan , 2001 -- 02 ) Lover of Roy DiLucca , killed terminally ill patients at General Hospital ( attempted to kill Edward Quartermaine ) , and went to prison . Katherine Bell ( deceased ) ( Mary Beth Evans , 1993 -- 99 ) Half - sister of Dominique Stanton . Ex-fiancée of Stefan Cassadine and ex-lover of Damian Smith and Nikolas Cassadine . Presumed dead after she fell to her death from a balcony , but was revived by Helena Cassadine . She was later murdered in the same manner by Helena , who then framed Cesar Faison . Clarice Bennett ( Kym Hoy , 2007 - 08 ) Assistant to Kate Howard ; worked at Crimson Magazine . Nelle Benson ( Chloe Lanier , 2016 -- ) Comes to town claiming to be the kidney donor for Josslyn Jacks , and is revealed to be the daughter of the late Frank Benson , Carly Corinthos 's adoptive father . Nelle becomes Charlotte Cassadine 's nanny and falls in love with Carly 's son Michael Corinthos . Kristin Bergman ( deceased ) ( Unknown actress ) Swedish opera singer who uses the stage name Kristin Nilsson . Ex-lover of Mikkos Cassadine . Mother of Alexis Davis and Kristina Cassadine . Throat slit by Helena Cassadine in a jealous rage over Kristin 's long - term affair with Mikkos . Jennifer Biles ( Jennifer Lyons , 2010 ) Secretary for Bernie Abrahms . Very good with numbers . Went on a couple of dates with Ethan Lovett causing Kristina Davis to become jealous . Connor Bishop ( deceased ) ( Tyler Christopher , 2004 -- 05 ) Nikolas Cassadine look - alike . Killed by Emily Quartermaine in self - defense . Mary Bishop ( deceased ) ( Catherine Wadkins , 2004 ) Widow of Connor Bishop . Brainwashed Nikolas Cassadine after a car accident . Killed Sage Alcazar and Trent Parker in the Quartermaine mansion . Killed by Lorenzo Alcazar after he allegedly switched her medication . Ginny Blake ( Judith Chapman , 1984 -- 86 ) Biological mother of Mike Webber , who was adopted by Dr. Rick Webber . Was married to Rick Webber after his wife Lesley Webber was thought to have been killed . Mother of Rick Webber , Jr . Accidentally killed D.L. Brock when he threatened to expose her past . David Bordisso ( deceased ) ( Granville Van Dusen , 1999 Port Charles ) Father of Scott Baldwin . Underground fashion designer . Brother of Mark Bordisso . Dated Meg Bentley . Page Bowen ( deceased ) ( Riley Steiner , 1995 ) Biological mother of Emily Quartermaine and Rebecca Shaw . Befriended Monica at the La Mesa Wellness Center in Arizona . Died of breast cancer . Jessie Brewer ( deceased ) ( Emily McLaughlin , 1963 -- 91 ) Married to Dr. Phil Brewer and good friends with Dr. Steve Hardy . Phil Brewer ( deceased ) ( Roy Thinnes , 1963 -- 66 ; Robert Hogan , 1966 ; Rick Falk , 1966 ; Ron Hayes , 1967 ; Craig Huebring , 1967 ; Martin West , 1967 -- 75 ) Married to Jessie Brewer three times . Killed by Augusta McLeod on December 6 , 1974 . Jessie Brewer was accused . Augusta was pregnant with Peter Taylor 's child , given up for adoption . Joey Brezetta ( deceased ) ( Unknown actor ) Worked for Anthony Zacchara . Was one of the thugs who drugged Lucky Spencer . Shot and killed by Johnny Zacchara . Mary Briggs ( Anne Helm , 1971 - 73 ) Nurse at General Hospital who is married to a convict . Becomes close with Lee Baldwin while Meg Baldwin is in a sanitarium . Runs away from her husband when he tries to blackmail her . D.L. Brock ( deceased ) ( David Groh , 1983 -- 85 ) Abusive husband of Bobbie Spencer and father of Terry Brock . Was killed in self - defense by Ginny Webber . Terry Brock ( Robyn Bernard , 1984 -- 90 ) Daughter of D.L. Brock . Saw Kevin O'Connor strangle Earl Moody . Formerly married to Kevin O'Connor . Framed for the murders of Sheriff Broder and Ted Holmes by Sarah Simon , who blamed her for Earl 's death . Dated Kevin 's brother Patrick until he did n't want her to pursue her music career . Dated Dusty Walker . Marty Brown ( Andrew T. Lee , 2006 -- 09 ) Desk Clerk at the Metro Court Hotel . Natalie Buchanan ( Melissa Archer , One Life to Live 2001 -- 12 ; mentioned character on GH ) Forensic technician at Llanview Police Department . Serious live - in girlfriend of John McBain . Mother of Liam McBain . Separated from her boyfriend , John McBain , after she gets a letter and a photo from her uncle , Todd Manning , that shows John cheating on her with Sam Morgan and the fact that John has been neglecting both her and their son Liam while staying at Port Charles . Dr. Ellen Burgess ( Debbi Morgan , 1997 -- 98 ; Marie - Alise Recasner , 1998 - 1999 ) Daughter of Alice Morgan , sister of Winston Morgan and widow of Sam Burgess . Former doctor at General Hospital . Dated Matt Harmon and Sebastian Dupree . Shawn Butler ( Sean Blakemore , 2011 -- 15 , 2016 ) Mysterious mercenary who worked for Theo Hoffman / The Balkan . Ex-Marine with post-traumatic stress disorder . Has two sisters , and his mother is deceased . Father of T.J. Ashford . Former bodyguard for Carly Corinthos and Josslyn Jacks . Formerly employed by Sonny Corinthos . Dated Alexis Davis and Jordan Ashford . Sent to prison for attempted murder . Eddie Cabrera ( Christian Monzon , 2012 ) Husband of Delores Padilla . Framed for beating up local strippers by Ronnie Dimestico , a police detective . Andrew `` Drew '' Cain ( Billy Miller , 2017 -- ) Twin brother of Jason Morgan . Son of Alan Quartermaine and Susan Moore . Brain was altered through a technology called memory - mapping , making him believe that he was Jason . Father of Oscar Nero and Scout Morgan . Asher Caldwell ( DaJuan Johnson , 2011 ) Employee at E.L.Q Industries . Clashed with Michael Corinthos in the workplace . Worked for Anthony Zacchara . Esther `` Mom '' and Pop Calhoon ( Unknown actors , 1980 ) Owned a diner which employed Luke and Laura while they were on the run . Good friends to the Whittakers . Florence Campbell ( Lynne Moody , 2000 -- 02 ) Mother of Gia Campbell and former PCPD detective Marcus Taggert . Gia Campbell ( Marisa Ramirez , 2000 -- 02 ; Andrea Pearson , 2002 -- 03 ) Daughter of Florence Campbell . Half - sister of former police detective Marcus Taggert . Former student at Columbia Law School . Became world famous model as `` The Face of Deception '' . Ex-fiancée of Nikolas Cassadine . Ex-lover of Alexander `` Zander '' Smith . Andy Capelli ( deceased ) ( Jay Bontatibus , 2002 -- 04 ) Detective for the Port Charles Police Department . Shot Officer Brian Beck and framed Jason Morgan . Later killed by Jason Morgan in self - defense . Mark Carlin ( Gary McGurk , 1987 , 1989 - 91 ) Reporter who exposes that Duke Lavery ( Ian Buchanan ) helped Camellia McKay ( Elizabeth Keifer ) cover her murder of Evan Jerome in 1983 . Gillian Carlyle ( Marsha Thomason , 2009 ) Publicist for mysterious artist Franco . Resides in Europe . Fled with Franco after the disappearances of Sam McCall and Lulu Spencer . Peter Carroll ( Dakin Matthews , 2010 ) Judge who presided over the trial against Sonny Corinthos for the death of Claudia Zacchara . Ultimately sentenced Michael Corinthos III to five years in the Pentonville prison when his involvement was revealed . Tammy Carson ( Patricia Healy , 1998 -- 2000 ; Tamara Clatterbuck , 2000 -- 01 ) Dated Mike Corbin . Friend of Felicia Jones , Dr. Tony Jones , Bobbie Spencer , and Luke Spencer . Former manager of Kelly 's Diner . Carter ( deceased ) ( Josh Wingate , 2010 ; 2011 ; 2013 ) Inmate in Pentonville prison hired by Franco to rape Michael Corinthos . Killed by Jason Morgan . Theresa Carter ( deceased ) ( Alicia Arden , 2002 ) Had an affair with Rick Webber in 1978 . Killed by Laura Webber during a fight . Althea Cartwright ( deceased ) ( Donna Denton , 1989 ) Katharine Delafield 's cousin who schemed with Katharine 's fiancee Paul DeVore to kill her for her inheritance . She ended up being shot instead and came back as a ghost to venge herself on Paul which lead to his death . Charlotte Cassadine ( Scarlett Fernandez , 2016 -- ) Daughter of Valentin Cassadine and Lulu Spencer Falconeri ; carried by Claudette Beaulieu via surrogacy . Maternal half - sister of Rocco Falconeri . Dimitri Cassadine ( Michael Carvin , 1986 ) Mikkos , Victor and Tony 's cousin . Came to Port Charles from Brazil as the poor Cassadine , and used Sean Donely to gain a hold of the Quartermaine fortune . Helena Cassadine ( deceased ) ( Elizabeth Taylor , 1981 ; Dimitra Arliss , 1996 ; Constance Towers , 1997 -- 2002 , 2003 , 2004 -- 07 , 2009 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 , 2017 ) Rich widow of Mikkos Cassadine . Mother of Stefan Cassadine , Stavros Cassadine and Irina Cassadine . Grandmother of Nikolas Cassadine . Cursed Luke and Laura Spencer on their wedding day on November 16 , 1981 . Sought revenge on the Spencer family after her husband and sons were murdered by them . Had a heart attack and died after cursing Sam Morgan . Irina Cassadine ( deceased ) ( Alyshia Ochse , 2011 -- 12 ) Daughter of Helena Cassadine and part of the Cassadine family . Came to town with Dr. Ewen Keenan as his patient and developed a relationship with Ethan Lovett while under the name Cassandra . Shot and killed on Helena 's orders when she refused to be part of her mother 's plots anymore . Kristina Cassadine ( deceased ) ( Jaime Ray Newman , 2001 -- 02 ) Daughter of Mikkos Cassadine and Kristin Bergman . Sister of Alexis Davis . Part of the Cassadine family . Died after an explosion meant for Sonny Corinthos . Her niece , Kristina , is named in honor of her . Ex-lover of Ned Ashton . Mikkos Cassadine ( deceased ) ( John Colicos , 1981 ) Patriarch of the Cassadine family . Was the chief villain in the Ice Princess affair , where he put North America into a deep freeze in mid-July . Was killed while fighting Luke Spencer , who threw him into the ice chamber in self - defense . Nikolas Cassadine ( deceased ) ( Tyler Christopher , 1996 -- 99 , 2003 -- 11 , 2013 -- 16 ; Coltin Scott , 1999 -- 2003 ; Nick Stabile , 2016 ) Son of Laura Spencer and Stavros Cassadine , making him part of both the Spencer family and Cassadine family . Maternal half - brother of Lucky Spencer and Lulu Spencer . Father of Spencer Cassadine . Husband of Hayden Barnes ; widower of Emily Quartermaine and ex-husband of Lydia Karenin . Supposedly killed by his uncle Valentin Cassadine . Petros Cassadine ( deceased ) ( John Colicos , 1984 -- 85 ) Cousin of Mikkos , Anthony , and Victor of the Cassadine family . Looked identical to Mikkos . Spencer Cassadine ( Nathan and Spencer Casamassima , 2006 -- 07 ; Lance Doven , 2008 ; Rami Yousef , 2009 ; Davin Ransom , 2009 -- 11 ; Nicholas Bechtel , 2013 -- ) Son of Nikolas Cassadine and Courtney Matthews , making him part of the Corinthos and Cassadine family . Originally believed to be Jasper Jacks ' son . Stavros Cassadine ( deceased ) ( John Martinuzzi , 1983 ; Robert Kelker - Kelly , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2013 -- 14 ) Son of Mikkos Cassadine and Helena Cassadine of the Cassadine family . Father of Nikolas Cassadine ; grandfather of Spencer Cassadine . Presumed dead multiple times , and revived multiple times with his mother 's help . Developed an obsession with Laura Spencer , then with her daughter , Lulu . Shot and killed by Dante Falconeri . Stefan Cassadine ( deceased ) ( Stephen Nichols , 1996 -- 2002 , 2003 ) Son of Mikkos Cassadine and Helena Cassadine of the Cassadine family . Raised his nephew , Nikolas Cassadine . Ex-husband of Bobbie Spencer . Ex-fiancé of Katherine Bell . Ex-lover of Laura Spencer . Fell to his death from a cliff after being stabbed by Luke Spencer . Tony Cassadine ( deceased ) ( Andre Landzaat , 1981 ) Part of the Cassadine family . Former lover of Alexandria Quartermaine . He and Alexandria were frozen to death in 1981 when they unknowingly walked into Mikkos Cassadine 's ice chamber . Valentin Cassadine ( James Patrick Stuart , 2016 -- ) Son of Mikkos Cassadine of the Cassadine family . Biologically born a Cassadine , but was later disowned . Mercenary and smuggler . Father of Charlotte Cassadine . Husband of Nina Reeves . Victor Cassadine ( deceased ) ( Thaao Penghlis , 1981 , 2014 ) AKA Victor Castle . Brother of Mikkos and Anthony of the Cassadine family . Took part in the Ice Princess scheme with his brothers . Former head of the WSB . Ex-lover of Tiffany Hill and Liesl Obrecht . Shot and killed by Obrecht . Gina Cates ( Nikki Cox , 1993 -- 95 ; Gina Gallagher , 1996 ; Stephanie Dicker , 1996 -- 97 ) Sister of Jagger Cates and Stone Cates . AIDS activist and former student at Port Charles University . Adopted by the Williamses as a child . Jagger Cates ( Antonio Sabato , Jr. , 1992 -- 94 , 1995 ; 2008 ( General Hospital : Night Shift ) Brother of Stone Cates and Gina Cates . Ex-husband of Karen Wexler . Ex-lover of Brenda Barrett . Returned to Port Charles in July 2008 as a widower with his young son Stone in order to obtain treatment for Stone 's autism , but left later that year to return to San Francisco . Stone Cates ( deceased ) ( Michael Sutton , 1993 -- 95 , 2010 , 2017 ) Died of AIDS complications in 1995 . Love of his life was Robin Scorpio . Best friend was Sonny Corinthos . Sonny named his second son Morgan Stone after Jason Morgan and Stone . Brother of Jagger Cates and Gina Cates . His nephew , Stone , is also named in honor of him . Re-appeared as a hallucination to both Robin and Sonny . Carmine Cerullo ( John Capodice , 1994 -- 96 ) Father of Lois , Mark , Patrick , and Vincent Cerullo . Husband of Gloria Cerullo . Grandfather of Brook Lynn Ashton , and Angie Cerullo . Resides in the neighborhood of Bensonhurst , in Brooklyn , New York . Gloria Cerullo ( Ellen Travolta , 1994 -- 96 ) Mother of Lois Cerullo . Wife of Carmine Cerullo . Grandmother of Brook Lynn Ashton . Lives in Bensonhurst . Grandpa Cerullo ( Mike Robelo , 1995 ) Father of Carmine Cerullo . Grandfather of Lois , Mark , Patrick and Vincent . Lois Cerullo ( Rena Sofer , 1994 -- 96 , 1997 ; Lesli Kay , 2004 -- 05 ) Formerly married to Ned Ashton . Mother of Brook Lynn Ashton . Good friends with Brenda Barrett and Sonny Corinthos . Band manager and founder of L&B Records . Lives in Bensonhurst , in Brooklyn , New York . Louie Cerullo ( Tony Mangano , 1994 , 1995 ) Cousin of Lois and her brothers . Mark Cerullo ( Richard Tanner , 1994 , 1995 ) Son of Carmine and Gloria Cerullo . Brother of Lois , Patrick and Vincent Cerullo . Noreen Cerullo ( Rae Dubow , 1994 , 1995 ) Cousin of Lois Cerullo and her brothers . Patrick Cerullo ( Jason Himber , 1994 ) Son of Carmine and Gloria Cerullo . Brother of Lois , Mark and Vincent Cerullo . Vincent Cerullo ( Drew Himber , 1994 ) Son of Carmine and Gloria Cerullo . Brother of Lois , Mark and Patrick Cerullo Rico Chacone ( deceased ) ( John Vargas , 1990 ) Brutally raped Carla Greco after she turned down his marriage proposal . Took several residents and the president of Santo Moro hostage in Port Charles . Tried to assassinate the president of Santo Moro . Killed in self - defense by Carla Greco . Ryan Chamberlain ( deceased ) ( Jon Robert Lindstrom , 1992 -- 95 ) Pediatrician . Identical twin brother of Kevin Collins . Son of Victor Collins and Melanie Chamberlain . Committed several murders ; fixated on Felicia Jones because of her resemblance to his mother , who sexually abused him while growing up . Died after he set himself up to die in a bombing . Betsy Chilson ( Kristin Davis , 1991 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Friends with Dawn Winthrop and Meg Lawson . Yank Se Chung ( Patrick Bishop , 1985 -- 87 ) Doctor at General Hospital . Was the grandson of a very respected member of the Asian Quarter , the Ancient One . Yank 's younger brother Tei was killed early on in the Asian Quarter mystery , spurring him to help Robert Scorpio and his pals break up Wu 's gang . In the process , he fell in love with Wu 's granddaughter , Jade . Joined the staff at GH , and eventually moved to Asia with Jade when his grandfather asked him to use his medical expertise to help their people . Judy Clampett ( Robin Blake , 1964 -- 74 ) Former nurse at General Hospital . Stephen Clay ( deceased ) ( Michael Easton , 2013 ) Former rock singer turned mental patient , after his wife , Livvie Locke , died . Based on the Port Charles character Caleb Morley . Went on a killing spree , believing he was an actual vampire named Caleb Morley . Came to town looking for his `` son , '' Rafe Kovich , Jr. , and Sam Morgan , a lookalike of his wife . Committed several crimes and pinned them on John McBain , a detective who was his lookalike . Stephen was stabbed by John McBain in self - defense and presumed dead . Dr. Silas Clay ( deceased ) ( Michael Easton , 2013 -- 15 ) Estranged brother of Stephen Clay . Uncle of Rafe Kovich , Jr . Ex-lover of Ava Jerome . Father of Kiki Jerome . Ex-husband of Nina Reeves . Murdered by Madeline Reeves . Autumn Clayton ( Linda Sanders , 1987 -- 88 ) Assistant to Herbert Quartermaine . Inherited Hebert 's money when he died . Moved to France . Josh Clayton ( deceased ) ( James Vincent McNichol , 1984 -- 85 ) Musician . A close friend of Frisco Jones , Josh had a huge crush on Holly Scorpio . One of his songs was stolen by Blackie Parrish . During the Asian Quarter storyline , Josh was killed by mistake by Mr. Wu 's men because Josh was wearing Frisco 's jacket . When Frisco realized what had happened , he went undercover to get revenge , joining escapee Sean Donely in his quest to bring Wu down . Brooke Bentley Clinton ( deceased ) ( Adrienne Hayes , 1965 -- 68 ) ; Indus Arthur , 1970 -- 73 ) Daughter of Lloyd Bentley , stepdaughter of Meg Bentley and half - sister of Scott Baldwin . Has an affair with Howie Dawson . Father Coates ( Anthony Michael Jones , 2002 -- 10 , 2011 ) Priest at St. Timothy 's church . Father Coates is known best for his performing of weddings , christenings , and funerals . Lucy Coe ( Lynn Herring , 1986 -- 92 , 1992 -- 97 , 1997 - 2003 , 2004 , 2012 -- ) Ex-wife of Scott Baldwin , Tony Jones , and Alan Quartermaine . Wife of Kevin Collins . Surrogate and adoptive mother of Serena Baldwin and adoptive mother of Christina Baldwin . Former chair of the Nurses ' Ball . Character moved to the General Hospital spin - off , Port Charles , in 1997 . Lived in Paris with Kevin , Serena , and Christina . CEO of Coe Coe Cosmetics in New York City . Returned to Port Charles in 2012 to help plan the Nurses ' Ball . Darby Collette ( Jessica Ahlberg , 2015 -- ) College classmate of Molly Lansing and T.J. Ashford . Dated Morgan Corinthos and Dillon Quartermaine . Kevin Collins ( Jon Robert Lindstrom , 1994 -- 97 , 1997 - 2003 , 2004 , 2013 -- ) Psychiatrist , formerly on staff at GH . Husband of Lucy Coe . Father of Livvie Locke . Identical twin brother of Ryan Chamberlain . Son of Victor Collins and Melanie Chamberlain . Came to Port Charles to learn more about Ryan 's mental illness . Has suffered from mental illness himself . Character moved to the General Hospital spin - off , Port Charles , in 1997 . Lived in Paris with Lucy , Serena , and Christina . Returned to Port Charles in 2013 when Lucy was committed to Ferncliff . Mary Scanlon Collins ( Patricia Crowley , 1997 -- 2003 ) Owner of the Recovery Room . Widow of Francis Xavier Scanlon , Sr. Married to Victor Collins . Mother of Francis Xavier Scanlon , Jr. and Joseph Scanlon . Grandmother of Neil Kanelos and Christina Baldwin . Adoptive grandmother to Lark Madison . Victor Collins ( Nicholas Pryor , 1997 - 2003 ) Father of Kevin Collins and his evil twin brother Ryan Chamberlain . Former spy / private investigator . Married to Mary Scanlon . Dr. Vivian Collins ( Marie Windsor , 1982 , 1987 - 88 ) Former obstetrician at General Hospital . Friend of Steve Hardy . Ray Conway ( deceased ) ( Stephen Burleigh , 1993 ) Abused Karen Wexler when she was younger . Dated and physically abused Rhonda Wexler . Accidentally killed by Dr. Alan Quartermaine . Cook ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) Worked for the Quartermaines as their cook for many years . Hated when anyone else was in her kitchen , and thus people at the house were afraid of her . She quit a few times but always came back . Cook was the first fatality in September 2012 when Jerry Jacks released a deadly pathogen into the Port Charles water supply . Cook II ( mentioned character , 2013 -- , Carla Hall 2018 -- ) Replaced the deceased `` Cook '' ; first mentioned in August 2013 . Cook II is asked by Olivia Falconeri ( Lisa LoCicero ) to help cook for the 2018 Nurse 's Ball since Carly Corinthos ( Laura Wright ) is in jail . Brad Cooper ( Parry Shen , 2013 -- ) Biological son of Kim Soong . Nephew of Jade Soong . Lab Manager , Phlebotomist . Cohort and friend of Britta `` Britt '' Westbourne . Dated Felix DuBois . Husband of Lucas Jones . Greg Cooper ( David Holcomb , 1997 - 2000 Port Charles ) Medical intern at General Hospital . Son of Marsha Cooper . Assaulted Audrey March Hardy . Was later revealed that he was the General Homicide killer . Marsha Cooper ( deceased ) ( Unknown actress ) Mother of Greg Cooper . Had an affair with Victor Collins . Killed by Ryan Chamberlain . Mike Corbin ( Born Michael Corinthos Sr ) ( Ron Hale , 1995 -- 2010 ) Deadbeat father of Sonny Corinthos and Courtney Matthews . Left Sonny 's mother , Adela , when Sonny was little and chose not to be part of Courtney 's life after losing her mother 's money from poker , leaving them near bankruptcy . Former manager at Kelly 's Diner . Left town to seek treatment for a gambling addiction . Adela Corinthos ( deceased ) ( Maria Rangel , 1995 ; Iris Almario , 2003 -- 06 ) Mother of Sonny Corinthos and Ric Lansing , part of the Corinthos family . Ex-wife of Mike Corbin . Ex-fiancée of Trevor Lansing . Avery Corinthos ( Harper & Presley Carlson 2014 Ava & Grace Scarola , 2014 -- ) Daughter of Sonny Corinthos and Ava Jerome . Paternal half - sister of Dante Falconeri , Kristina Davis and Morgan Corinthos . Adoptive parental half - sister of Michael Corinthos III . Maternal half - sister of Kiki Jerome . Carly Corinthos ( Sarah Brown , 1996 -- 2001 ; Tamara Braun , 2001 -- 05 ; Jennifer Bransford , 2005 ; Laura Wright , 2005 -- ) Co-owner of the Metro Court Hotel . Only daughter of John Durant and Bobbie Spencer . Married to Sonny Corinthos ; formerly married to A.J. Quartermaine , Lorenzo Alcazar and Jasper Jacks . Part of the Spencer family . Mother of Michael Corinthos III , Morgan Corinthos and Josslyn Jacks . Originally came to town to get revenge on her mother Bobbie for giving her up for adoption . Lily Corinthos ( deceased ) ( Lilly Melgar , 1994 -- 96 , 2001 ) First wife of Sonny Corinthos . While pregnant with Sonny 's child , she was killed by her mob boss father Hernando Rivera ( deceased ) in a car bombing meant for Sonny . Dated Miguel Morez and had a son with him ( Juan Santiago ) . Sonny Corinthos ( Born Michael Corinthos Jr ) ( Maurice Benard , 1993 -- 97 , 1998 -- ) Mob boss , owner of clubs in the Caribbean , and legitimate coffee importer . Most notable member of the Corinthos family . Husband of Carly Corinthos ; ex-husband of Brenda Barrett ; widower of Lily Rivera and Claudia Zacchara . Father of Dante Falconeri , Kristina Davis , Morgan Corinthos , Lila McCall ( stillborn ) and Avery Corinthos ; adoptive father of Michael Corinthos III . Michael Corinthos III ( Michael Quartermaine ) ( Dylan and Blake Hopkins , 1997 -- 2001 ; Tiarnan Cunningham , 2001 -- 02 ; Dylan Cash , 2002 -- 08 ; Drew Garrett , 2009 -- 10 ; Chad Duell , 2010 -- ) Son of Carly Corinthos and A.J. Quartermaine , adopted by Sonny Corinthos . Maternal half - brother of Morgan Corinthos ( also adoptive full brother ) and Josslyn Jacks ; adoptive paternal half - brother of Kristina Davis , Dante Falconeri , Lila McCall and Avery Corinthos . Fell into a coma for a year after suffering a gunshot wound to the head in a hit meant for Sonny . CEO of ELQ . Morgan Corinthos ( deceased ) ( Jake Simms , 2005 ; George Juarez , 2005 -- 09 ; Aaron Refvem , 2009 -- 10 ; Aaron Sanders , 2010 -- 11 ; Bryan Craig , 2013 -- 16 ) Son of Sonny Corinthos and Carly Corinthos . Paternal half - brother of Dante Falconeri , Kristina Davis , Lila McCall and Avery Corinthos . Maternal half - brother of Michael Corinthos III ( also adoptive full brother ) and Josslyn Jacks . Named after Stone Cates and Jason Morgan . Ex-husband of Kiki Jerome . Killed by a car bombing meant for Julian Jerome . Elena Cosgrove ( deceased ) ( Rebecca Holden , 1987 -- 88 ) Songwriter who co-wrote the song `` 40 Million Stars '' . Was thought of as a sister by Dusty Walker . Killed after being struck by a bus . Angie Costello ( Jana Taylor , 1963 - 1965 , 1993 ) Part of the original cast . Daughter of Mike Costello . First patient of Dr. Steve Hardy . Gave birth to a child with Eddie Weeks , which was initially given up for adoption to Fred and Janet Fleming . Angie and Eddie get married , and take back their baby ; they then moved to Chicago . Mike Costello ( Ralph Manza , 1963 ) Part of the original cast . Father of Angie Costello . Sues the Weeks family after Eddie Weeks is driving the car during an accident with Angie . Blair Cramer ( Kassie DePaiva , 1993 -- 2012 on One Life to Live ; 2012 on General Hospital ) Ex-wife of Asa Buchanan , Todd Manning , Max Holden , Victor Lord Jr. , John McBain , and Elijah Clarke . Mother of Starr Manning and Jack Manning with Todd Manning , Brendan Thornhart ( stillborn ) with Patrick Thornhart , and adoptive mother of Sam Manning with Victor Lord Jr . Grandmother of Hope Manning - Thornhart ( deceased ) . Came to Port Charles in 2012 to comfort her daughter , Starr , as she grieves for loss of Cole and Hope . Returned to Llanview one week later . Comes back to Port Charles to watch Starr at the nightclub grand opening and to announce that she 's marrying Tomas Delgado . Jolene Crowell ( Amanda Baker 2007 -- 08 ) Student nurse at General Hospital . Sister of Nadine Crowell . Slept with Damian Spinelli . Niece of Raylene Crowell . Worked for a company trying to buy GH and was the source of a number of deaths and accidents to discredit GH . Was shot and left in a coma after trying to save Spinelli . Nadine Crowell ( Claire Coffee , 2007 -- 09 ) Former nurse at General Hospital . Dated Nikolas Cassadine . Sister of Jolene Crowell and niece of Raylene Crowell . Marco Dane ( deceased ) ( Gerald Anthony , 1992 -- 93 ) Opportunist from Llanview who becomes Jagger Cates 's boxing promoter . Blackmails many citizens of Llanview and Port Charles . Hired by Tracy Quartermaine to dig up Jenny Eckert 's past . Nico Dane ( deceased ) ( Ryan Alosio , 2004 ) Ex-boyfriend of Sam McCall . Had run a carjacking ring with Sam , who eventually testifies against him to avoid her own criminal charges . After getting out of jail , he comes to Port Charles as an employee of Faith Rosco in order to get Sam back , kidnapping her twice . Shot and killed by Jason Morgan , who saves Sam . Mark Dante ( John York , 1976 ; Michael Delano , 1976 ; Gerald Gordon 1982 -- 83 ) , 1976 -- 78 , Doctor at General Hospital . Has an affair with Terri Webber Arnett . Married to Mary - Ellen , later marries and becomes a widower of Katie Corbin Dante . Mary Ellen Dante ( Lee Warrick , 1976 -- 77 ) Wife of Mark Dante . Has a mental breakdown and is sent to a sanitarium . Gina Dante - Lansing ( Anna Stuart , 1977 -- 78 ; Donna Baccala , 1978 -- 79 ) Doctor at General Hospital . Sister of Mark Dante . Married to Gary Lansing . Sophia Cassadine Davidovitch ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) Daughter of Adara and Adrian Cassadine , sister of Victor , Mikkos , and Anthony Cassadine and part of the Cassadine family . Wife of Alexi Davidovitch . Alexis Davis ( born Natasha Cassadine ) ( Nancy Lee Grahn , 1996 -- ) Daughter of Mikkos Cassadine and Kristin Bergman ; part of the Cassadine family . Mother of Sam McCall , Kristina Davis , and Molly Lansing . Ex-wife of Ric Lansing , Jasper Jacks , and Julian Jerome . Engaged at one point to Ned Ashton . Defense attorney for Sonny Corinthos and law firm partner of Diane Miller . Harrison Davis ( Kevin Best , 1990 ) Neurosurgeon at General Hospital who treats Tony Jones . Obsessed with Simone Ravelle Hardy , with whom he has an affair . Marries Meg Lawson . Later leaves town . Kristina Adela Corinthos Davis ( Sarah and Emma Smith , 2003 -- 05 ; Kali Rodriguez , 2005 -- 09 ; Lindsey Morgan , 2012 -- 13 ; Lexi Ainsworth , 2009 -- 11 , 2015 -- 17 ) Daughter of Sonny Corinthos and Alexis Davis ; part of the Cassadine family and Corinthos family . Maternal half - sister of Sam Morgan and Molly Lansing . Paternal half - sister of Dante Falconeri , Morgan Corinthos , Lila McCall and Avery Corinthos ; adoptive paternal half - sister of Michael Corinthos III . Has a complicated relationship with her father . Ex-wife of Trey Mitchell . Molly Lansing Davis ( Hope and Faith Dever , 2005 -- 07 ; Iris and Ivy Kaim , 2007 -- 08 ; Haley Pullos , 2009 -- ) Daughter of Ric Lansing and Alexis Davis ; part of the Cassadine family and Corinthos family . Half - sister of Sam McCall and Kristina Corinthos - Davis . Dating T.J. Ashford . Howie Dawson ( Ray Girardin , 1968 -- 74 ) Marries Jane Dawson , has numerous affairs with other women . Administrator at General Hospital . Moves to New York City . Jane Harland Dawson ( Shelby Hiatt , 1968 -- 75 ) Previously married to Howie Dawson . Cousin of Augusta McLeod . Adoptive mother of Joanne Dawson . Nurse at General Hospital . Mrs. Dawson ( Maxine Stuart , 1968 ; Phyllis Hill , 1970 -- 74 ) Howie Dawson 's mother . Katherine Delafield ( Edie Lehmann , 1988 -- 90 ) Famous pianist . Katherine 's family mysteriously dies in accidents secretly arranged by Katherine 's cousin and fiancé . She and Robert Scorpio spar when they first meet , but the duo quickly becomes attracted to one another . Robert and Katherine become engaged , but Duke Lavery 's death interrupts and indefinitely postpones their marriage . After Robert realizes he can not fully commit to her , she leaves in 1990 with her adopted son King Delafield . King Delafield ( Christopher Babers , 1990 ) Adopted son of Katherine Delafield . Téa Delgado ( Florencia Lozano , 2012 ) Attorney . Mother of Danielle Manning and Victor Lord III ( stillborn ) . Comes to Port Charles in 2012 to provide legal counsel for Starr Manning , who had held mobster Sonny Corinthos at gunpoint . Returns to Llanview with her son that really is the baby of Sam and Jason Morgan , who is later returned and named Daniel Morgan . Desiree ( deceased ) ( Chi - en Telemaque , 1990 ) Mistress of Cesar Faison . Murdered by Faison , but her death is ruled a suicide . Anna Devane ( Finola Hughes , 1985 -- 91 , 1995 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2012 -- ; Camilla Moore , 1991 -- 92 ) Ex-PCPD Police - Commissioner . Mother of Robin Scorpio and Leora Hayward . Marries Duke Lavery , Robert Scorpio and David Hayward . Grandmother of Emma Drake and Noah Scorpio - Drake . Bennett Devlin ( deceased ) ( Edward Albert , 1997 -- 99 ) Father of Buddy and Julie Morris - Devlin . Surgeon at General Hospital . Marries Nicole Devlin . Has an affair with Eve Lambert . Killed by his daughter Julie Morris - Devlin , while under the control of Greg Cooper . Julie Morris Devlin ( Lisa Ann Hadley , 1997 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 ) Intern at General Hospital . Marries Chris Ramsey . Daughter of Bennett Devlin . Sister to Buddy Devlin . Mother to Christina Baldwin , whom she gives up for adoption . Dates Frank Scanlon . Ian Devlin ( deceased ) ( Seamus Dever , 2008 ) Doctor at General Hospital who is involved in a drug - importing scheme with Claudia Zacchara . Friend of Patrick Drake in medical school . Shoots Michael Corinthos in a botched attempt on Sonny Corinthos ' life , and is later killed by Jason Morgan . Tried to begin a friendship with Sam McCall after he treated her several times . Mickey Diamond ( deceased ) ( Nick Chinlund , 2014 ) Works for the fake Luke Spencer , whom ordered him to keep an eye on Julian Jerome . Flirted with Jordan Ashord , who was undercover . Shot and killed by Julian after he blew up Alexis Davis ' house . His heart was donated to Alice Gunderson . Roy DiLucca ( Asher Brauner , 1978 -- 79 ) ; ( A Martinez , 1999 -- 2002 ) Father of Hannah Scott . Fakes his death in 1979 after a failed assassination attempt on Sen. Mitch Williams . Mob associate of Luke Spencer . Lover of Bobbie Spencer . Ronnie Dimestico ( deceased ) ( Ronnie Marmo , 2009 -- 12 ) Police detective and Dante Falconeri 's lieutenant . Grows up with Dante and Olivia Falconeri in Bensonhurst . Has a mysterious past with Franco . Shows signs of corruption , such as hiding Johnny Zacchara 's gun after he is shot by Sonny Corinthos in self - defense . Revealed to be the man attacking strippers and the gunman that tried to shoot Dante in the Metro Court parking garage . Kidnaps Lulu Spencer and Sam McCall , eventually holding them hostage at The Haunted Star . Killed by John McBain in a shootout . Landon Dixon ( Troy Ruptash , 2016 ) Arms dealer working with Paul Hornsby . Took hostages at the wedding of Julian Jerome and Alexis Davis . Caught and sent to prison . Andrew Domman ( deceased ) ( Unknown actor ) Thug shot and killed by Jason Morgan in 2005 . Anna Donely ( Courtney Halverson , 2013 ) Daughter of Sean Donely and Tiffany Hill . Sister of Connor Olivera . Cousin of Lucas Jones . Born off - screen in Boston , Massachusetts in late 1995 . Appears on - screen for the first time when Luke Spencer and Holly Sutton go to Ireland and meet her when they arrive at the Donely family home . Named after Anna Devane . Sean Donely ( John Reilly , 1984 -- 95 , 2013 , 2008 ( General Hospital : Night Shift ) ) Police Commissioner of Port Charles . Husband of Tiffany Hill . Father of Connor Olivera and Anna Donely . Commits adultery with Jessica Holmes , and she becomes pregnant . It is not known whether Sean is the father of the child , as Jessica is murdered by Ryan Chamberlain before the baby is born . Tiffany Hill Donely ( also known as Elsie Mae Crumholz ) ( Sharon Wyatt , 1981 -- 83 , 1986 -- 95 , 2008 ( General Hospital : Night Shift ) Sister of Cheryl Stansbury . Wife of Sean Donely . Mother of Anna Donely . Biological aunt of Lucas Jones . Sasha Donev ( deceased ) ( Sandra Hess , 2008 ) Lawyer for Russian crime lord Andre Karpov . Has Jake Spencer kidnapped . Shot and killed by an unknown sniper . Pierce Dorman ( deceased ) ( Bradley White , 1996 ; Rob Youngblood , 1996 ; Tuc Watkins , 1996 -- 97 ) Physician at General Hospital . Has an affair with Monica Quartermaine . Sues Monica for sexual harassment . Murdered by a drug dealer at the hospital . Emma Grace Scorpio - Drake ( Gianna and Jessie , 2009 -- 11 ; Francesca Cistone , 2011 ; Brooklyn Rae Silzer , 2011 -- 16 ) Daughter of Patrick Drake and Robin Scorpio . Sister of Noah Robert Scorpio - Drake . Paternal half - sister of Gabriel Santiago . Moved to Berkeley , California with her parents . Noah Robert Scorpio - Drake Son of Patrick Drake and Robin Scorpio . Brother of Emma Drake . Paternal half - brother of Gabriel Santiago . Martin Drake ( Ward Costello 1983 - 1989 ) Noah Drake 's uncle . He was a New York Senator . He visited his nephew in Port Charles from time to time . Noah Drake ( Rick Springfield , 1981 -- 83 , 2005 -- 07 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 ) Neurosurgeon at General Hospital . Look - alike of rock star Eli Love . Recovering alcoholic . Father of Patrick Drake and Matt Hunter . Has returned on several occasions in 2008 , 2012 , and 2013 . Patrick Drake ( Jason Thompson , 2005 -- 16 ) Neurosurgeon . Husband of Robin Scorpio . Father of Emma Drake , Gabriel Santiago and Noah Scorpio - Drake . Son of Noah Drake and Mattie Drake . Paternal half - brother of Matt Hunter . Moved family to Berkeley , California . Mattie Drake ( deceased ) ( Mentioned character ) Mother of Patrick Drake . Was married to Noah Drake . Died in 1993 . Naomi Dreyfus ( Robin Riker , 2016 ) Mother of Hayden Barnes . Ex-wife of Raymond Berlin . Amy Driscoll ( Risa Dorken , 2016 -- ) Nurse at General Hospital . Sister of Chet Driscoll . Chet Driscoll ( Chris Van Etten , 2017 -- ) Sister of Amy Driscoll . Army veteran who was wounded in action . Felix DuBois ( Marc Anthony Samuel , 2012 -- ) Nurse at General Hospital . Friend of Sabrina Santiago . Brother of Taylor DuBois . Dated Lucas Jones and Brad Cooper . Taylor DuBois ( Samantha Logan , 2013 ; Pepi Sonuga , 2013 - 14 ) Sister of Felix DuBois . Toussaint Dubois ( Billy Dee Williams , 2009 ) Hospital janitor with a mysterious past . Friend of Epiphany Johnson . John Durant ( deceased ) ( Corbin Bernsen , 2004 -- 06 ) Father of Carly Corinthos . Prosecuting attorney . Killed by Manny Ruiz in 2006 . Algernon Durban ( Nicholas Hammond , 1984 , 1985 ) Con - artist cousin of Holly Scorpio . Brother of Alistair Durban . Alistair Durban ( Charles Shaughnessy , 1984 ) Con artist cousin of Holly Scorpio . Brother of Algernon Durban . James Duvall ( deceased ) ( Arthur Roberts ) Pushed down the stairs by Alexandria Quartermaine . Once dates Alexandria Quartermaine . Angela Dwire ( mentioned character ) Attorney for the Zacchara family . Arranges to have Brandon Lowell and Anthony Zacchara set free . Angela Eckert ( Carol Lawrence , 1991 -- 92 ) Mother of Bill and Jenny Eckert . Married to Fred Eckert . Grandmother of Sly Eckert and Paul Hornsby Jr . Bill Eckert ( deceased ) ( Anthony Geary , 1991 -- 93 ) Brother of Jenny Eckert and look - alike cousin of Luke Spencer . Was an employee of Harlan Barrett and member of the cartel . Killed by Frank Smith 's men after being mistaken for Luke Spencer . Fred Eckert ( deceased ) ( William Boyett , 1991 ) Father of Bill and Jenny Eckert . Husband of Angela Moscini . Brother of Lena Eckert - Spencer . Grandfather to Paul Hornsby Jr. and Sly Eckert . Died of a fatal heart attack . Jenny Eckert ( Cheryl Richardson , 1991 -- 94 , 1996 ) An environmentalist once married to Ned Ashton . Married to Paul Hornsby . Nancy Eckert ( deceased ) ( Linda Dona , 1991 ) Ex-wife of Bill Eckert . Murdered by her son Sly 's babysitter . Sly Eckert ( Glenn Walker Harris , Jr. , 1991 -- 96 ) Son of Bill Eckert and Nancy Eckert . Nephew of Jenny Eckert . William Eichner ( deceased ) ( Mitchell Fink , 2014 ) Associate at the Crichton - Clark Clinic . Presumably killed in an explosion at the clinic . Angel Sorel Ellis ( Angel Boris , 2001 ) Private investigator . Daughter of Joseph Sorel . Widow of Donnie Ellis . Helped Sonny after he was stabbed by Sorel . Fled town after the police learned that she killed Sorel . Former lover of Sonny and Jax . Marianna Erosa ( Yeniffer Behrens , 2008 ) Waitress in Martha 's Vineyard . Hired by Trevor Lansing to manipulate his son , Ric Lansing . Had a very mysterious past . Dated Ric Lansing . Iris Fairchild ( Peggy McCay , 1967 -- 70 ) A reformed alcoholic that becomes close with Lee Baldwin while working in his office . When Lee returns to his while Meg Baldwin , Iris returns to nursing at General Hospital . Cesar Faison ( Anders Hove , 1990 -- 92 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 - ) International criminal and arms dealer . Developed an obsession with Anna Devane , which led to him terrorizing many residents of Port Charles over the years . Often conspired with Helena Cassadine . Father of Britt Westbourne and Nathan West . Dante Falconeri ( Dominic Zamprogna , 2009 -- ) Detective at the PCPD . Son of Olivia Falconeri and Sonny Corinthos . Husband of Lulu Spencer . Father of Rocco Falconeri . Paternal half - brother of Kristina Davis , Morgan Corinthos , Lila McCall , and Avery Corinthos , and maternal half - brother of Leo Falconeri . Adoptive paternal half - brother of Michael Corinthos III . Originally came to town as an undercover police officer wanting to take down Sonny , not knowing he was his father . Leo Falconeri ( Unknown child actors , 2015 -- ) Son of Julian Jerome and Olivia Falconeri . Paternal half - brother of Sam McCall and Lucas Jones . Maternal half - brother of Dante Falconeri . Lesley Lu `` Lulu '' Spencer Falconeri ( Amanda and Kerrianne Harrington , 1994 -- 95 ; Alisyn and Kelli Griffith , 1995 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2001 ; Stephanie Allen , 2001 -- 04 ; Tessa Allen , 2004 -- 05 ; Julie Marie Berman , 2005 -- 13 ; Emme Rylan , 2013 -- ) Only daughter of Luke Spencer and Laura Spencer . Part of the Spencer family and part of the Corinthos family by marriage . Sister of Lucky Spencer . Maternal half - sister of Nikolas Cassadine and paternal half - sister of Ethan Lovett . Wife of Dante Falconeri . Was impregnated by Dillon Quartermaine in 2006 and had an abortion . Biological mother of Rocco Falconeri and Charlotte Cassadine . Owner of The Haunted Star . Olivia Falconeri ( Lisa Lo Cicero , 2008 -- ) Romanced Sonny Corinthos back in Bensonhurst when the two were teenagers . Cousin of Kate Howard . Mother of Dante Falconeri with Sonny and Leo Falconeri with Julian Jerome . Ex-lover of Johnny Zacchara . Once engaged to Steve Webber . Runs the Metro Court Hotel with Carly Jacks . Injected with LSD by Heather Webber . Rocco Falconeri ( Nolan and Michael Webb , 2013 ; Diego and Mateo , 2013 - 14 ; Liam and Oliver , 2014 -- 15 ; Charles and Ethan Losie , 2015 -- 16 ; Mason Tannous , 2016 -- ) Biological son of Dante Falconeri and Lulu Spencer . Carried by Britt Westbourne via surrogacy ; Britt claimed Rocco was her son with Patrick Drake . Maternal half - brother of Charlotte Cassadine . Part of the Corinthos , Spencer and Webber families . Stella Fields ( deceased ) ( Jeff Donnell , 1979 -- 88 ) Former Quartermaine maid who quit when she won the lottery . In 2013 , it was referenced that Stella died sometime after 1988 . Hamilton Finn ( Michael Easton , 2016 -- ) Infectious Disease Doctor at General Hospital . Friends with Hayden Barnes . Helps Josslyn Jacks through her troubles . Suffers from an illness and needs a constant antidote to survive . Fred Fleming ( Simon Scott , 1963 ) Part of the original cast , Fred is the husband of Janet Fleming . Together they adopt the illegitimate child of Angie Costello and Eddie Weeks . Angie and Eddie marry and kidnap the baby back . Janet Fleming ( Ruth Phillips , 1963 ) Part of the original cast , Janet is the wife of Fred Fleming . Dr. Phil Brewer performs a hysterectomy on her to save her life , but faces charges for performing the procedure without Fred 's knowledge . Janet and Fred adopt the illegitimate child of Angie Costello and Eddie Weeks . Angie and Eddie marry and kidnap the baby back . Nurse Fletcher ( Mary - Pat Green , 2012 ) Nurse who takes care of Robin Scorpio while she is held captive by Ewen Keenan and Jerry Jacks on behalf of Cesar Faison . Andrea Floyd ( deceased ) ( Martha Byrne , 2009 ) Wife of former Port Charles Mayor Garrett Floyd . Became a suspect in the murder of Garrett 's mistress , Brianna Hughes . In an attempt to keep the truth hidden , she planted evidence in the home of District Attorney Alexis Davis to make her look like a jealous ex-lover . Also poisoned Edward Quartermaine to keep him quiet about the murder . Later that day , in an ironic twist , Edward suffered a heart attack because of the poisoning , causing him to lose control of his car and run down Andrea . She later died at General Hospital . Garrett Prescott Floyd ( John Bolger , 2006 -- 12 ) Mayor of Port Charles from 2006 until 2012 , when he was replaced by Janice Lomax . Widower of Andrea Floyd . Initially a suspect in the murder of his mistress Brianna Hughes , for which his wife Andrea was later found guilty . In an attempt to protect himself , he brought to light his brief 2006 affair with District Attorney Alexis Davis . Floyd announced in December 2011 that he would be going by his middle name , Prescott . Catherine Flynn ( deceased ) ( Gloria Stuart , 2002 -- 03 ) Owned a club in the 1920s in Port Charles . Married to Marco and had a son given up for adoption . Grandmother of Faith Rosco . Killed by Faith so that she could gain her inheritance . Russell Ford ( deceased ) ( Richard Gant , 2007 -- 08 ) Doctor and former Chief of Staff at General Hospital . Killed when a car crashed into the Emergency Room . Parker Forsyth ( Ashley Jones , 2016 ) Professor at Wesleyan University and Port Charles University . Formally Married to a woman named Amanda . Kristina Davis had a crush on Parker , her professor , but she claims she did n't reciprocate . After Parker is fired from PCU , she proclaimed her love for Kristina and they 've run away to Oregon to live happily off screen . Foster ( deceased ) ( Foster the Dog , 1994 -- 98 ) A French mastiff adopted by Luke , Laura and Lucky Spencer . As a stray , he was hit by a car , prompting Lucky Spencer to walk again after being shot . Foster 's death was faked after he was arrested for biting a bully , and he was `` re-born '' as Foster II . Alerted family when Laura fell down the basement steps and went into labor with Lulu Spencer . Fathered Raoul after running away with Annabelle , the Quartermaine 's French Briard , making him the enemy of Edward Quartermaine . Last actual appearance on August 7 , 1998 . Only referred to off - screen after Lucky left the Spencer home . Date of death unknown . Trained by Cheryl Harris . Irma Foster ( Dwan Smith , 1987 ) Head of the Psychiatric Department at General Hospital . Rock Fowler ( Matt Iseman , 2003 ) A Thug Betsy Frank ( Betsy Franco , 2010 , 2013 ; Deborah Strang , 2017 - ) Adoptive mother of Robert `` Franco '' Frank . Heather Webber sold her son to Betsy Frank , who then proceeded to raise Franco as her own . She later changed her name to Karen Anderson . Robert `` Franco '' Frank ( James Franco , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 12 ; Roger Howarth , 2013 -- ) Also known as Franco Baldwin and at one time Franco Quartermaine . Artist and serial killer who terrorized Jason Morgan and many people who Jason cared about . Biological son of Scott Baldwin and Heather Webber . Formerly believed to be Jason 's fraternal twin . Thought to have been killed by Jason as revenge for the many crimes he committed against Jason 's family . Garvey ( deceased ) ( Rick Ravanello , 2017 ) Ex-con looking for revenge on Sonny Corinthos for killing his brother . Kidnapped Spencer Cassadine . Died of complications after being shot by Sonny . Ivy Gatling ( Kelly Frye , 2014 -- 15 ) Daughter of Richard Gatling . Briefly dated Nikolas Cassadine . Richard Gatling ( Holmes Osborne , 2015 ) New York state governor . Father of Ivy Gatling . Granted Sonny Corinthos a pardon from his prison sentence after he saved Ivy 's life . Max Giambetti ( Derk Cheetwood , 2002 -- ) Bodyguard for Sonny Corinthos and Jason Morgan . Briefly a security guard at the Metro Court Hotel . Son of Maximus Giambetti and brother of Milo Giambetti . Had a major crush on Sonny 's ex-wife , Carly Corinthos , but later started dating mob lawyer Diane Miller . Maximus Giambetti ( Vincent Pastore , 2008 ) A well - known and legendary mob boss , deported from the country . Father of Max and Milo Giambetti . Max tells his father that he is the boss of the crime family in Port Charles , and pleads everyone to play along , including Maxie Jones , Carly Corinthos and Claudia Zacchara . Maximus later reveals that he knew of the ruse all along and that he is proud of Max for earning enough respect to get everyone to lie for him . Maximus then flees the country in order to avoid the FBI . Milo Giambetti ( Drew Cheetwood , 2006 -- ) Bodyguard for Sonny Corinthos and Jason Morgan . Son of Maximus Giambetti . Brother of Max Giambetti . Has a major crush on Lulu Spencer ; later fell for Epiphany Johnson . Also known as `` Magic Milo '' on many different occasions , preferably the Nurses ' Ball . Alice Grant ( deceased ) ( Camilla Ashland , 1976 -- 77 ; Lieux Dressler , 1978 -- 83 ) Mother of Heather Webber and aunt of Susan Moore . Housekeeper for Lesley and Rick Webber . Murders Diana Taylor to keep Diana from killing her daughter Heather . Dies of a cerebral hemorrhage . Carla Greco ( Laura Harring , 1990 -- 91 ) Shoots and kills Rico Chacone in self - defense in 1990 . Had been formerly engaged to Rico and was brutally beaten by him . Has a brother named Frankie and is friends with Colton Shore . Frankie Greco ( Robert Fontaine , 1990 -- 91 ) Has a sister named Carla and is friends with Colton Shore , Decker and Dawn . Works at Body Heat and is a photographer . David Gray ( deceased ) ( Paul Rosilli , 1981 -- 82 ) Wants to steal the treasures of Malcuth . Hypnotizes Laura Spencer and sends her out to sea , where the Cassadines later capture her . Eventually killed by Luke Spencer . Alice Gunderson ( Bergen Williams , 2001 -- ) Maid for the Quartermaine family . Devoted to Luke Spencer . Also works as a professional wrestler during her free time ; her stage name is `` The Dominator '' . 5 % Shareholder of ELQ . Edna Hadley ( Lesley Woods , 1977 - 78 , 1980 ) Edna was the New York landlady who arranged for Heather Webber to sell her baby , Steven Lars . Richard Halifax ( Randolph Mantooth , 1993 ) Enemy of Bill Eckert . David Hamilton ( deceased ) ( Jerry Ayres , 1977 - 78 ) Dated Laura Spencer , who accidentally killed him after he rejected her . Previously made advances to Laura 's mother , Lesley Webber . John Hanley ( deceased ) ( Lee Mathis , 1994 -- 96 ) AIDS patient who spoke at the 1995 Nurses ' Ball . Became friends with Lucy Coe , Stone Cates , Robin Scorpio and many other residents . Audrey March Hardy ( Rachel Ames , 1964 -- 2007 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 ) Mother of Tom Hardy Grandmother to Tommy Hardy . Step - grandmother of Elizabeth , Sarah , Steven Lars Webber and Hayden Barnes . Sister of Lucille March . Widow of Steve Hardy . Was married to Dr. Tom Baldwin , brother of Lee Baldwin . Simone Ravelle Hardy ( Laura Carrington , 1987 -- 89 ; Stephanie Williams , 1990 -- 93 ; Felecia Bell , 1993 -- 96 ) Pediatrician . Ex-wife of Tom Hardy Steve Hardy ( deceased ) ( John Beradino , 1963 -- 96 ) Father of Jeff Webber . Grandfather of Elizabeth , Sarah , and Steven Webber and Hayden Barnes . Husband of Audrey March Hardy . Tom Hardy ( born as Thomas Baldwin Jr . ) ( Christine Cahill , 1971 -- 74 ; David Comfort , 1977 -- 81 ; Bradley Green , 1981 -- 82 ; David Wallace , 1987 -- 89 , 1993 ; Matthew Ashford , 1995 -- 97 ) Biological son of Thomas Baldwin and Audrey March Hardy . Adoptive son of Dr. Steve Hardy . Nephew of Lee and Gail Baldwin . Cousin of Scott Baldwin . Ex-husband of Dr. Simone Ravelle Hardy . Tommy Hardy ( Catherine and Noelle Paige , 1989 -- 92 ; Christian Michel and Jean - Paul Rene Piette , 1992 -- 93 ; Zachary Ellington Jr. , 1994 -- 97 ) Son of Tom Hardy and Simone Ravelle Hardy . David Harper ( Jay Pickett , 2007 -- 08 ) Detective at Port Charles Police Department . Brought in to help investigate the Corinthos / Zacchara mob war . Maureen Harper ( Christie Lynn Smith , 2007 , December 22 , 2008 ) Guest on Sam McCall 's former show Everyday Heroes . Kidnapped Jacob Spencer . Peter Harrell ( deceased ) ( Judson Scott , 1984 -- 85 ; David Gautreaux , 2014 ) Former fiancé of Felicia Cummings . Father of Peter Harrell , Jr . Attempted to acquire the Aztec Jewels . Presumed dead until 2014 , when he was revealed to be alive . Died after being shot in the back by Nathan West . Peter Harrell , Jr. ( deceased ) ( Zachary Garred , 2014 ) Son of Peter Harrell . Attempted to marry Maxie Jones , the daughter of Felicia Cummings , in order to acquire the Aztec Jewels . Used the alias of Levi Dunkleman . Revealed to be working for Victor Cassadine . Died when being stabbed in the back by Maxie . Abby Haver ( deceased ) ( Andrea Bogart , 2010 -- 11 ) Friend of Sam McCall . Dated Michael Corinthos . Formerly worked as a stripper under the name Candy and attended college part - time to become a paralegal . Clashed with Carly over Michael . Died after being struck in the head by construction debris in Chicago . Bryce Hawthorne ( Chad W. Smathers , 2010 -- 11 ) Best friend of Kiefer Bauer . Classmate of Kristina Davis and Michael Corinthos . Bullied and harassed both Kristina and Michael after Kiefer 's death . Logan Hayes ( deceased ) ( Josh Duhon , 2007 -- 08 ) Veteran of the Iraq War . Illegitimate son of Scott Baldwin and Jacqueline Hayes . Brother of Robert `` Franco '' Frank , Karen Wexler , Serena Baldwin , and Christina Baldwin . Killed by Lulu Spencer in self - defense after an ill - fated romance . James Hobart ( deceased ) ( James B. Sikking , 1973 -- 76 ) Doctor at General Hospital , briefly marries Audrey March Hardy . Alcoholic . Theo Hoffman ( also known as The Balkan ) ( deceased ) ( Daniel Benzali , 2010 -- 11 ) Brenda Barrett 's defense attorney . Father of the deceased Aleksander Janacek , whom Brenda accidentally killed . His secret alias was `` The Balkan '' , and he worked as an international criminal dealing in drugs and the exploitation of women and children . Married to Suzanne Stanwyck . Killed by Suzanne before he had the chance to meet his grandson , Alec . Summer Holloway ( deceased ) ( Brittney Powell , 2002 -- 03 ) Killed by Stefan Cassadine . Friend of Luke Spencer and lover of Lucky Spencer . Jessica Holmes ( deceased ) ( Starr Andreeff , 1991 -- 93 ) Ex-Assistant District Attorney . Had an affair with Sean Donely and became pregnant with his child . Murdered by Ryan Chamberlain but both Sean Donely and TIffany Hill were suspected of committing the crime . Ted Holmes ( deceased ) ( David Doyle , 1986 -- 87 ) Lawyer to Jennifer Talbot . Murdered by Sarah , Earl Moody 's housekeeper . Teddy Holmes ( James Westmoreland , 1972 ; John Gabriel , 1972 -- 73 ) Boarder living with Jessie Brewer at the same time with Jessie 's niece and nephew Caroline and Kent Murray . Attempted to seduce Caroline for her money . Charity Gatlin Holt ( Gloria Carlin , 1986 ) Wife of Jimmy Lee Holt . As of 2012 , according to Edward , Jimmy Lee and Charity do not have any children . Jimmy Lee Holt ( born Eric Quartermaine ) ( Steve Bond , 1983 -- 87 ) Illegitimate son of Edward Quartermaine and Beatrice LeSeur . Part of the Quartermaine family . His best friend was Dr. Buzz Stryker , whose daughter Sandy had a huge crush on him . Divorced from Celia Quartermaine . Married Charity Gatlin . As of 2012 , according to Edward , Jimmy Lee and Charity do not have any children . Revealed to have been disinherited by Edward in 2013 . Paul Hornsby ( Paul Satterfield , 1991 -- 94 ; Richard Burgi , 2015 -- 16 ) Father of Dillon Quartermaine , Susan Hornsby , and Paul Hornsby Jr . Ex-husband of Tracy Quartermaine and Jenny Eckert . Paul Hornsby Jr . ( mentioned character ) Son of Paul Hornsby and Jenny Eckert . Paternal half - brother of Dillon Quartermaine and Susan Hornsby . Susan Hornsby ( Irina Cashen , 1991 ; Alina Patra , 2016 ) Daughter of Paul Hornsby . Paternal half - sister to Dillon Quartermaine and Paul Hornsby Jr . Katherine Hardwicke `` Kate '' Howard ( deceased ) ( Megan Ward , 2007 -- 10 ; Kelly Sullivan , 2011 -- 13 ) Born Constanza Louise `` Connie '' Falconeri . Had a childhood romance with Sonny Corinthos back in Bensonhurst . Raped by Joe Scully , Jr. as a teenager ; as a result , biological mother of Trey Mitchell . Editor - in - chief of Crimson Magazine . Co-owner of the Metro Court Hotel with Carly Jacks . Cousin of Olivia Falconeri and Dante Falconeri . Ex-lover of Jasper Jacks and Coleman Ratcliffe . Ex-wife of Johnny Zacchara as her split personality Connie Falconeri . Was engaged to Sonny Corinthos . Shot and Killed by Ava Jerome . Brianna Hughes ( deceased ) ( Kathryn Condidorio , 2009 ) Mistress of Port Charles Mayor Garrett `` Prescott '' Floyd . Allegedly slipped and fell in the shower at the Metro Court . Died in a surgery conducted by Matt Hunter . Matt Hunter ( Jason Cook , 2008 -- 12 ) Son of Noah Drake and Donna Hunter . Brother of Patrick Drake . Uncle of Emma Grace Scorpio - Drake . Resident doctor at General Hospital . Ex-husband of Maxie Jones . Went to prison for five years for the murder of Lisa Niles . Donna Hunter ( Mentioned character ) Mother of Matt Hunter through an affair with Noah Drake . Iona Huntington ( Janis Paige , 1989 -- 90 ) Aunt to Katherine Delafield . When Ned Ashton bought an old , abandoned house on Spoon Island , Iona returned to Port Charles because she realized that , long ago , she had hidden plates for an old counterfeiting machine within the house . She broke into the house , stole back the counterfeiting plates and , not being able to resist temptation , began printing phony five - dollar bills in Katherine 's home . She later had open - heart surgery and received the much younger heart of the recently deceased David McAllister . Jefferson Smith Hutchins ( also known as Hutch ) ( Rick Moses ) Henchman of Frank Smith who , originally ordered to get rid of Luke and Laura , became friends with them . Worked with Luke and Laura at Mom and Pop Calhoun 's Diner and lived with them on the Whitakers ' farm . Pretended to help Luke and Laura search for the Left - Handed Boy but was instead after Frank Smith 's gold . Eric Ingstorm ( John Ericson , 1987 -- 88 ) Husband of Greta Ingstorm . Doctor at General Hospital . Held hostage on the Biscayne Islands . Rescued by Robert Scorpio , Anna Devane , and Frisco Jones . Greta Ingstorm ( Kristina Wayborn , 1987 -- 88 ) Scientist . Fell for Sean Donely . Wife of Eric Ingstorm . Was almost killed on several occasions by her co-worker Malcolm . Irina ( deceased ) ( Olga Vilner , 2007 ) Ex-girlfriend of Jerry Jacks ( deceased ) . Raped Jasper Jacks . Threatened Carly Corinthos . Shot and killed by Jerry Jacks . Kalup Ishamel ( Kalup Linzy , 2010 ) Performer . Helped Franco in his schemes . Anton Ivanov ( Maksim Chmerkovskiy , 2013 ) Introduced as handyman for the Metro Court hotel . Revealed as a dancer who helps choreograph the 2013 Nurses ' Ball performances . J. ( edit ) Jane Jacks ( deceased ) ( Barbara Tarbuck , 1996 -- 2010 ) Mother of Jasper Jacks and Jerry Jacks . Widow of John Jacks . Grandmother of Josslyn Jacks . Died peacefully in her sleep offscreen in April of 2017 ( Barbara Tarbuck had died in December 2016 ) . Jasper `` Jax '' Jacks ( Ingo Rademacher , 1996 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 11 , 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , 2017 ; Gideon Emery , temp. 2008 ) Australian business tycoon . Son of John and Jane Jacks . Brother of Jerry Jacks . Father of Josslyn Jacks . Ex-husband of Miranda Jameson , Alexis Davis , Courtney Matthews , Skye Chandler Quartermaine and Carly Corinthos . Once engaged to Brenda Barrett . Jerry Jacks ( Julian Stone , 1998 -- 99 ; Sebastian Roché , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 ) International criminal . Also known as James Craig and James Brosnan , he is responsible for the Metro Court Hotel hostage crisis in February 2007 . Son of John and Jane Jacks . Brother of Jasper Jacks . Once engaged to Bobbie Spencer . Briefly dates Alexis Davis . Presumed dead many times . Sent to prison by Anna Devane and Robert Scorpio for kidnapping and trying to kill their daughter , Robin Scorpio . John Jacks ( deceased ) ( Peter Renaday , 1996 -- 2003 ) Father of Jasper and Jerry Jacks . Husband of Jane Jacks . Grandfather of Josslyn Jacks . Murdered by Ewen Keenan . Josslyn Jacks ( McKenna and Karleigh Larson , 2009 -- 12 ; Sarah Johnson , 2012 -- 13 , Paige Olivier , 2013 ; Hannah Nordberg , 2014 -- 15 ; Eden McCoy , 2015 -- ) Daughter of Carly Corinthos and Jasper Jacks . Part of the Spencer family . Maternal half - sister of Michael Corinthos and Morgan Corinthos . Elizabeth Jackson ( Joan Pringle , 1994 ) Elizabeth is the former secretary of Bradley Ward . In the early 1970s , Elizabeth and Bradley have an extramarital affair that Lee Baldwin , Jack Boland and Edward Quartermaine used to blackmail Bradley . Eric `` Edge '' Jackson ( deceased ) ( Mark St. James , 1990 -- 91 ) Con artist and filmmaker . Murders Dawn Winthrop and frames Decker Moss for her murder . Impersonates Evan Jerome , but Anna Devane and Jerome family lawyer Broxton prove that he is a fraud . Later killed by German bootleggers when he doublecrossed . Terrell Jackson ( Khary Payton , 2011 ) Pediatrician at General Hospital with an unknown past with Lisa Niles . Tries to seduce Robin Scorpio as part of a scheme concocted by Lisa . Operates on Josslyn Jacks , saving her life . Jake ( Stella Stevens , 1996 -- 99 ) Owner of Jake 's Bar for a while . Allows Jason Morgan to live upstairs when he moves out of the Quartermaine mansion in 1996 . Miranda Jameson ( Leslie Horan , 1996 -- 97 ) Previously married to Jasper Jacks and presumed dead after an explosion , but actually hidden by John Jacks . Friend of Katherine Bell . Leaves Port Charles to rebuild her life . Cal Jamison ( Larry Block , 1978 ) Mobster . Has a fling with Bobbie Spencer , who pays him to conceal the secrets of her past . Reveals that Steven Lars Webber is alive . Aleksander Janáček ( deceased ) ( Antonie Knoppers , 2010 ) Son of Theo Hoffman and Suzanne Stanwyck . Lover of Brenda Barrett and father of Alec Barrett . Works in organized crime . Killed by Brenda after he becomes obsessed with her and attacks her bodyguard Dante Falconeri . Ross Janelle ( Tony Dow , 1974 -- 75 ) Police officer investigating Phil Brewer 's murder . Briefly dates Nurse Beth Maynard , sister of Diana Maynard Taylor . Javier ( Kurt Caceres , 2011 ) Owner of a bordello in Jacksonville , Florida . Hires Lulu Spencer as a waitress when she is in Jacksonville looking for her father Luke . Associate of Luke Spencer . Has a crush on Lulu . Kills Lupe and says that she died in the shower . Jennings ( Frank Killmond , 1984 -- 92 ) Butler for the Quartermaine family . Uncle of Reginald Jennings . Reginald Jennings ( Stephen Kay , 1992 -- 2004 ) Butler for the Quartermaine family . Nephew of their previous butler Jennings . Dates the Corinthos ' nanny , Leticia Juarez . Poisons Katherine Bell . Locks Luke Spencer and Felicia Jones in the Quartermaine crypt . Dara Jensen ( Vanita Harbour , 1996 -- 2004 ) Prosecutor . Cousin of Jamal Woods and Hope Hartman . Dates Justus Ward and Marcus Taggert . Ava Jerome ( Maura West , 2013 -- ) Daughter of Victor Jerome & Delia Ryan ; sister of Julian Jerome , Olivia St. John , and Evan Jerome , Sr. Mother of Kiki Jerome and Avery Corinthos . Evan Jerome , Sr. ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) Son of Victor Jerome . Brother of Julian Jerome , Olivia St. John , and Ava Jerome . Husband of Veronica and father of Evan Jerome , Jr . In 1983 , Evan raped Camellia McKay and she killed him in self defense ; Duke Lavery covers up his murder . Evan Jerome , Jr. ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) Drug addict son of Evan Jerome and his wife Veronica . Once worked for Eric `` Edge '' Jackson . From 1990 to 1991 , Edge impersonated Evan , Jr. to get his inheritance from the Jerome family . Later revealed to have died in a car accident . Julian Jerome ( Jason Culp , 1988 -- 90 ; William deVry , 2013 -- ) Son of mob boss Victor Jerome . Paternal half - brother of Olivia St. John , Evan Jerome , Sr. , and Ava Jerome . Ex-husband of Alexis Davis . Biological father of Lucas Jones , Sam McCall , and Leo Falconeri . Presumed dead for almost over 20 years . Lauren `` Kiki '' Katherine Jerome ( Kristen Alderson , 2013 -- 15 ; Hayley Erin , 2015 -- ) Daughter of Ava Jerome . Originally believed to be the daughter of Robert `` Franco '' Frank , but revealed to be the biological daughter of Silas Clay . Ex-wife of Morgan Corinthos . Victor Jerome ( deceased ) ( Jack Axelrod , 1987 -- 89 ) One of the most powerful mob bosses of Port Charles . Father of Julian Jerome , Olivia St. John , Evan Jerome , Sr. , and Ava Jerome . Chokes on a pendant after being rebuffed by Lucy Coe and thrown in the water . Amelia Joffe ( Annie Wersching , 2007 ) Television producer of Everyday Heroes . Comes to town to get revenge on Sam McCall for murdering her father . Has a fling with Sonny Corinthos . Assists Jason Morgan in saving Jake Spencer when he is kidnapped . Epiphany Johnson ( Sonya Eddy , 2006 -- ) Head nurse at General Hospital . Mother of Stan Johnson . Stan Johnson ( deceased ) ( Gomez Warren , 2003 -- 06 ; Karim Prince , 2006 -- 07 ; Kiko Ellsworth , 2007 ) Computer expert . Son of Epiphany Johnson . Employee of Sonny Corinthos and Jason Morgan . Killed in 2008 while in Florida on business . Andrew `` Frisco '' Jones ( Jack Wagner , 1984 -- 88 , 1989 -- 91 , 1994 , 1995 , 2013 ; Kevin Bernhardt , 1985 ) Head of the World Security Bureau . Freelance adventurer . Lead singer of the rock n ' roll band `` Blackie and the Riff - Raff '' . Ex-husband of Felicia Jones . Father of Georgie and Maxie Jones . Brother of Tony Jones . Part of the Scorpio / Jones family . Anthony `` Tony '' Jones ( deceased ) ( Brad Maule , 1984 -- 2006 ) Neurologist at General Hospital . Widower of Tania Roskov ; Ex-husband of Lucy Coe and Bobbie Spencer . Father of B.J. Jones ; adoptive father of Lucas Jones . Dies during the encephalitis outbreak in 2006 . B.J. Jones ( deceased ) ( Brighton Hertford , 1989 -- 94 ; Kirsten Storms , 2009 ( in a dream ) ) Daughter of Tony Jones and Tania Roskov . Adoptive daughter of Bobbie Spencer . Adoptive sister of Carly Jacks and Lucas Jones . Dies when her school bus is hit by a drunk driver , and her heart is donated to her cousin Maxie Jones . Felicia Scorpio - Jones ( Kristina Wagner , 1984 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- ; Sandra Ferguson , 2005 ) Aztec Princess . Wife of Mac Scorpio . Ex-wife of Frisco Jones and Colton Shore . Mother of Maxie Jones and Georgie Jones . Grandmother of Georgie Spinelli . Georgie Jones ( deceased ) ( Alana and Marina Norwood , 1995 ; Ryan and Caitlin Cohen , 1995 ; Caroline and Elizabeth van Heil , 1996 ; Breck Bruns , 1997 -- 2002 ; Lindze Letherman , 2002 -- 07 , 2010 , 2013 ) Daughter of Frisco Jones and Felicia Jones . Stepdaughter of Mac Scorpio . Younger sister of Maxie Jones . Ex-wife of Dillon Quartermaine . Has a crush on Damian Spinelli . Murdered by Diego Alcazar . Has returned as a ghost on several different occasions . Lucas Jones ( Kevin and Chuckie Gravino , 1989 -- 94 ; Kevin and Christopher Graves , 1990 ; Jay Sacane , 1994 -- 96 ; Justin Cooper , 1996 -- 98 ; Logan O'Brien , 1998 -- 2002 ; J. Evan Bonifant , 2002 ; C.J. Thomason , 2002 -- 03 ; Ryan Carnes , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- ; Ben Hogestyn , 2005 -- 06 ) Biological son of Julian Jerome and Cheryl Stansbury . Adoptive son of Tony Jones and Bobbie Spencer . Biological paternal half - brother of Sam Morgan and Leo Falconeri . Adoptive brother of Carly Corinthos and B.J. Jones . Discloses his homosexuality to his parents . Husband of Brad Cooper . Maxie Jones ( Chelsey and Kahley Cuff , 1990 -- 91 ; Ashley and Jessica Clark , 1992 ; Elaine and Melanie Silver , 1992 -- 93 ; Robyn Richards , 1993 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 04 ; Danica Stewart , 2002 ; Kirsten Storms , 2005 -- 11 , 2012 -- ; Jen Lilley , 2011 -- 12 ; Molly Burnett , temp. 2016 ) Born Mariah Maximilliana `` Maxie '' Jones ; daughter of Frisco Jones and Felicia Jones . Step - daughter of Mac Scorpio . Older sister of Georgie Jones . Mother of Georgie Spinelli and James West . Widow of Nathan West ; Ex-wife of Matt Hunter . Slick Jones ( Eddie Ryder , 1981 -- 83 ) Friend of Luke and Laura , Robert Scorpio , Tiffany Hill , and Emma Lutz . Helps Luke when he is looking for the Ice Princess treasures and with the opening of the Haunted Star . Tania Roskov Jones ( deceased ) ( Hilary Edson , 1984 -- 87 ) Speech therapist at General Hospital . Mother of B.J. Jones . Wife of Tony Jones . Joonie ( Dea Vise , 2001 ) Woman drinking and chatting with Lucky in a bar who helps Lucky get back on track in his hunt for Luke . Leticia Juarez ( deceased ) ( Christine Carlo , 1998 -- 2006 ; Jessi Morales , 2006 -- 07 ) Nanny of Michael and Morgan Corinthos . Dates Reginald Jennings . First victim of the Text Message Killer , ( Diego Alcazar ) , in September 2007 . Mercedes Juarez ( Chrissie Fit , 2007 -- 11 ) Nanny of Michael and Morgan Corinthos , later nanny of Emma Drake . Cousin of Leticia Juarez and a maid at the Metro Court . Dr. Leo Julian ( Dominic Rains , 2007 - 11 JT ( deceased ) ( Greg Cipes , 2011 ) Drug dealer working for Anthony Zacchara . Drugs Lucky Spencer . Dies in a shootout caused by Johnny Zacchara . Lydia Karenin ( Jessica Ferrarone , 2003 ; J. Robin Miller , 2003 ) Socialite who is briefly married to Nikolas Cassadine . Runs away with A.J. Quartermaine . Andrei Karpov ( deceased ) ( Ilia Volok , 2008 ) Eastern European mafia leader seeking an alliance with Sonny Corinthos so he can put several operations into motion in Port Charles . Shot multiple times and killed by Sonny . Dr. Ewen Keenan ( deceased ) ( Nathin Butler , 2011 -- 12 ) Psychiatrist at Shadybrook Sanitarium and General Hospital . Counsels Elizabeth Webber and helps Shawn Butler with his post-traumatic stress disorder . Treats Kate Howard with her dissociative identity disorder . Dates Elizabeth Webber . Holds Robin Scorpio captive while working for Jerry Jacks , who blackmails him due to his long history with the Jacks family . He dies after being shot by Jason Morgan as Jason is saving Elizabeth Webber from Ewen after Ewen kidnaped Elizabeth . Joe Kelly ( Doug Sheehan , 1978 -- 83 ) Private detective turned lawyer who investigates Diana Taylor 's murder . Stepson of Rose Kelly . Romantic feelings for virginal Ann Logan . Paddy Kelly ( deceased ) ( Frank Parker , 1980 ) Husband to Rose Kelly and father of Joe Kelly . Murdered by the mob in Port Charles . Rose Kelly ( Loanne Bishop , 1980 -- 84 ) Original owner of Kelly 's Diner . Husband Paddy Kelly is killed by the mob . Stepmother of Joe Kelly and foster mother of Lou Swenson . Gets involved with Jake Meyer . Cassius Kibideaux ( Reign Morton , 2007 -- 08 ) Orderly at General Hospital . Helps Epiphany Johnson cope with her son 's death and subsequent heart attack . Rafe Kovich , Jr. ( deceased ) ( Jimmy Deshler , 2013 -- 14 ) Son of Caleb Morley and Alison Barrington ; named after his mother 's husband . Friends with Molly Lansing . Involved in a car crash that caused him to go brain dead . David Langton ( deceased ) ( Jeff Pomerantz , 1992 ) Father of Dawn Winthrop , with Monica Quartermaine , and Nicki Langton , with Penelope Adler . A humanitarian and Vietnam veteran ; dies of a heart attack . Nikki Langton ( Camille Cooper , 1992 -- 93 ) Daughter of David Langton and Penelope Adler . Sues Monica Quartermaine for malpractice as revenge for her father 's death . Engaged to A.J. Quartermaine but paid by Alan Quartermaine to leave town . Gary Lansing ( Steve Carlson , 1977 -- 79 ) Doctor at General Hospital . Son of Dr. Steven Lansing . Nephew of Roy Lansing . Brother of Howard Lansing . Husband of Gina Dante - Lansing . Implied to be the grandfather of Ric during a conversation between Alexis Davis and Sonny Corinthos in 2005 , but this has never been publicly confirmed . Howard Lansing ( Richard Sarradet , 1978 -- 81 ) Attorney . Son of Dr. Steven Lansing . Nephew of Roy Lansing . Brother of Gary Lansing . Dates Lesley Webber while she is separated from Rick . Richard `` Ric '' Lansing ( Rick Hearst , 2002 -- 09 , 2014 -- ; Nick Kiriazis , temp. 2007 ) Son of Trevor Lansing and Adela Corinthos . Maternal half - brother of Sonny Corinthos . Ex-husband of Elizabeth Webber , Alexis Davis and Nina Reeves . Father of Molly Lansing . Roy Lansing ( Robert Clarke , 1963 , Liam Sullivan , 1963 -- 64 ) Part of the original cast , Roy is an unsuccessful novelist that dates Peggy Mercer after her engagement to Dr. Steve Hardy ends . Brother of Dr. Steven Lansing and uncle of Dr. Gary Lansing . Steven Lansing ( Matthew S. Infante , 1963 -- 65 ) Doctor at General Hospital . Father of Dr. Gary Lansing . Trevor Lansing ( deceased ) ( Kerry Aissa , 2003 -- 04 ; Stephen Macht , 2007 -- 08 ) Father of Ric Lansing , once engaged to Adela Corinthos . Grandfather of Molly Lansing . Attorney for Anthony Zacchara . Jumps to his death from the roof of General Hospital while fighting with Sam McCall over a biotoxin . Duke Lavery ( deceased ) ( Ian Buchanan , 1986 -- 89 , 2012 -- 15 ; Gregory Beecroft , 1990 ) Reformed mobster . Husband of Anna Devane and stepfather to Robin Scorpio . Presumed dead in 1989 . Presumed to return in 1990 , later to be revealed an impostor . Revealed to be alive in 2012 and held captive by Cesar Faison , who impersonates him before going to prison . Went to work for Sonny Corinthos . Father of Griffin Munro . Killed by Carlos Rivera , who delivered a hit ordered by Julian Jerome . Meg Lawson ( Alexia Robinson , 1990 -- 94 ; Lisa Canning , 1994 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Friend of Dawn Winthrop . Kelly Lee ( Gwendoline Yeo , 2006 ; Minae Noji , 2006 -- 12 , 2015 -- 16 ) Obstetrician at General Hospital . Roommates with Lainey Winters . Good friends with Robin Scorpio . Winnifred Leeds ( Senta Moses , 2009 ) FBI agent whose first undercover assignment leads to the arrest of Damian Spinelli . Beatrice LeSeur ( deceased ) ( Marcella Markham , 1984 ) Has an affair with Edward Quartermaine which produces a son , Jimmy Lee Holt . Tries to blackmail Edward . Dies from an accidental overdose . Cameron Lewis ( deceased ) ( Lane Davies , 2002 -- 04 ) Dies in 2004 after being struck by falling debris during the Port Charles Hotel fire . Father of Zander Smith . Grandfather of Cameron Spencer . Joey Limbo ( deceased ) ( Sal Landi , 2009 ) Mafioso from Bensonhurst . Associate of Luke Spencer when he was in the mob . Killed by Franco . Anne Logan ( Susan Pratt , 1978 -- 82 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Niece of Lucille March Weeks and Audrey March Hardy . Daughter of Edith and Lou Logan . Adoptive mother of Jeremy Hewitt Logan . Jeremy Logan ( Philip Tanzini , 1978 -- 82 ) Adoptive son of Anne Logan . Revealed to be the carrier of Lassa Fever which resulted in hospital quarantined . Janice Lomax ( Saidah Arrika Ekulona , 2012 -- 16 ; Shari Belafonte , 2016 ) Mayor of Port Charles , New York . Succeeded Garret Floyd as mayor . Hired Anna Devane as police commissioner in 2012 . Priscilla Longworth ( Allison Hayes , 1963 -- 64 ) Part of the original cast , Priscilla is the daughter of the chairman of the hospital board . She briefly dates Dr. Steve Hardy . Victor Lord Jr . ( Trevor St. John , mentioned character ) Identical twin brother of Todd Manning . Husband of Tea Delgado . Father of Sam Manning . Father of Tea Delgado 's stillborn son , Victor Lord III . Was brainwashed and went through plastic surgery to pose as `` Todd Manning '' for eight years while Todd was held captive . Shot and supposedly killed by Todd as revenge . Victor Lord III ( deceased ) ( mentioned character , 2012 ) Son of Victor Lord , Jr. and Téa Delgado . He was stillborn on June 1 , 2012 . He was switched at birth with Danny Morgan , and buried next to Lila McCall . When the switch was revealed , Téa mourned her son 's death . Eli Love ( Rick Springfield , 2007 ) Rock star who bore striking resemblance to Dr. Noah Drake . Was a patient at General Hospital . Ex-lover of Anna Devane . Ethan Lovett ( Nathan Parsons , 2009 -- 12 , 2013 , 2015 ) Son of Luke Spencer and Holly Sutton . Part of the Spencer family . Adopted by Frank and Nancy Lovett . Grew up in Australia , and later became a conman . Ex-husband of Maya Ward . Left town to escape from Helena Cassadine . Brandon Lowell ( deceased ) ( Ross Thomas , 2011 ) Abusive ex-boyfriend of Abby Haver . Beaten up by Michael Corinthos and arrested by Dante Falconeri , but eventually released after Anthony Zacchara arranges to set him free . Brandon continues to beat up Abby and threaten Michael until Anthony hires a hit woman to kill him and frame Abby . Lupe ( deceased ) ( Priscilla Garita , 2011 ) Prostitute working for Javier at the bordello , who keeps Luke Spencer company when he visits . Warns Lulu Spencer about Javier . Murdered by Javier for helping Lulu . Charlie Lutz ( Ken Smolka , 1981 ) Cab driver married to Emma Lutz . Responsible for stealing many things , including the Ice Princess . Charlie gives the Ice Princess to his wife Emma , who then gives it to Luke Spencer . Angered , Charlie steals it again and frames Luke . Emma Lutz ( Merrie Lynn Ross , 1981 -- 84 ) Wife of Charlie Lutz . Friends with Lila Quartermaine . Huxley Lynch ( Trent Dawson , 2016 ) Shady art dealer who kidnapped Ava Jerome and Nikolas Cassadine to get a piece of artwork . Andre Maddox ( Anthony Montgomery , 2015 -- 18 ) Psychiatrist at General Hospital . Previously involved with the WSB as an undercover agent . Had a brief relationship with Jordan Ashford . Invented the memory - mapping technology that made Andrew Cain believe he was Jason . Revealed the truth when the real Jason returned . Was arrested and sent to prison . Starr Manning ( Kristen Alderson , 2012 -- 13 ) Former One Life to Live character . Daughter of Todd Manning and Blair Cramer . Part of the Lord family . Mother of Hope Manning Thornhart . Former co-owner of the Haunted Star with Lulu Spencer . Dated Michael Corinthos . Todd Manning ( Roger Howarth , 2012 -- 13 ) Former One Life to Live character . Part of the Lord family . Identical twin brother of Victor Lord Jr ... Ex-husband of Blair Cramer and Téa Delgado . Father of Starr Manning , Jack Manning , and Danielle Manning . Was held captive for eight years , while his brother Victor took his place . Owner of the newspaper , The Port Charles Sun . Pete Marquez ( Eddie Matos , 2006 -- 07 ) Professor at Port Charles University . Good friends with Dr. Patrick Drake . Jake Marshak ( deceased ) ( Rib Hillis , 1997 ) Intern . Killed by serial killer Greg Cooper . Reese Marshall ( deceased ) ( Meghan Lynch , 2005 ; Kari Wuhrer , 2005 ) Born Charlotte `` Carly '' Roberts . FBI agent who investigated the kidnapping of Sonny Corinthos ' children in 2005 . Was revealed to be Charlotte Roberts , Carly Corinthos ' childhood best friend who was presumed dead in a car accident and whose name Carly used when she first came to Port Charles . Died in a train accident in 2005 . Ken Martin ( Hunt Powers , 1963 ) Part of the original cast , Ken Martin is a doctor at General Hospital . He gets engaged to Cynthia Allison and marries her after Phil Brewer leaves her for his wife Jessie . Rosalie Martinez ( Linda Elena Tovar , 2014 -- 15 ) Former nurse and personal assistant of Nina Clay . Conspired with Nikolas Cassadine to help him gain control of ELQ through corporate espionage . Ex-wife of Brad Cooper . Wendy Masters ( deceased ) ( Terri Hawkes , 1987 -- 89 ) Blackmailed Ned and Monica with a tape of their affair at the spa . Developed an obsession with Ned . Slashed Dawn 's wedding veil . Was found stabbed to death and seated on a carousel horse after a police charity event . Before her death , she had been sneaking voice - altered tapes to reporter Shep Casey , which eventually helped Shep and Anna Devane discover the secret of Decker 's past in Midvale . Courtney Matthews ( deceased ) ( Alicia Leigh Willis , 2001 -- 06 , 2015 ) Only daughter of Mike Corbin and Janine Matthews . Mother of Spencer Cassadine . Ex-wife of A.J. Quartermaine , Jason Morgan , and Jasper Jacks . Part of the Corinthos family . Died during the encephalitis outbreak after giving birth to son Spencer . Janine Matthews ( DeLane Matthews , 2001 -- 03 , 2006 ) Mother of Courtney Matthews . Tried to blackmail Edward Quartermaine . Moved to New Jersey . Matthew Mayes ( deceased ) ( Matt Riedy , 2016 ) Chief of neurosurgery . Clashed with other doctors and patients for being strictly by the book . Murdered by Paul Hornsby . Beth Maynard ( Michele Conaway , 1975 -- 76 ) Sister of Diana Maynard Taylor . Nurse at General Hospital . John McBain ( Michael Easton , 2003 -- 12 on One Life to Live ; 2012 -- 13 on General Hospital ) Police detective . Father of Liam McBain . Ex-husband of Blair Cramer . Friends with Anna Devane and Sam Morgan . Baby Girl McCall ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) Stillborn daughter of Sonny Corinthos and Sam McCall . Part of the Corinthos family , Jerome family and Cassadine family . Though never officially named , both Lila and Adela were considered . Cody McCall ( deceased ) ( Stanley Kamel , 2003 -- 04 ) Father of Danny McCall . Adoptive father of Sam McCall . Ex-husband of Evelyn Bass . Stated to be the descendant of historical figure Jack McCall , assassin of Wild Bill Hickok . Posed as a butler to the Cassadine family . Con artist who taught Sam the same skills . Was hanged by his former business partner in the tunnels at Wyndemere Castle . Danny McCall ( deceased ) ( Henri Lubatti , 2004 ; David Greenman , 2005 -- 06 ) Mentally handicapped son of Cody McCall and Evelyn Bass . Adoptive brother of Sam McCall . Accidentally killed his mother in a house fire . Was cared for by Sam , who ran cons to provide for him , after his mother died . Died during the encephalitis outbreak in 2006 . Colleen McHenry ( Amanda Tepe , 2006 -- 07 ) Nanny hired by Helena Cassadine to take care of Spencer Cassadine . Developed an unhealthy obsession with Nikolas Cassadine , later drugging him and his butler Alfred . Kidnapped Spencer Cassadine . Was sent to prison . Angus McKay ( deceased ) ( Guy Doleman , 1986 - 87 ) Father of Duke Lavery . Dated Mary Lavery . Drank poison to end a long war against the Jerome family . Camellia McKay ( also known as Sister Mary Camellia ) ( Elizabeth Keifer , 1987 ) Nun . Raised to believe she was the daughter of mobster Angus McKay . Camellia fell in love with Duke Lavery , who rejected her because he was secretly McKay 's biological son . After learning she was adopted , Camellia left her order to pursue a relationship with Duke , but she failed to come between him and Anna Devane . Became a psychiatric nurse at GH . Janet McKay ( Lynn Wood , 1987 ) Aunt of Duke and Camellia ; sister of Angus . Tried to prevent Camellia from remembering her past and encouraged her to return to the convent . Joshua `` Skeeter '' McKee ( Jamie McEnnan , 1987 -- 88 ) Son of Martha McKee . Brother of Melissa McKee . Martha McKee ( Nancy Becker - Kennedy , 1987 -- 89 ) Friend of Bobbie Spencer who was confined to a wheelchair . Raised two kids , Melissa and Joshua McKee . Melissa McKee ( Ami Dolenz , 1987 -- 89 ) Daughter of Martha McKee . Sister of Skeeter McKee . Foster daughter of Bobbie Spencer and Jake Meyer . Dated Greg Howard . Fell in with a bad crowd and she and her friend Val Tuesday Knight tried to rob Kelly 's . Crushed on Colton Shore and worked at Kelly 's to make it up to Ruby . Meghan McKenna ( Teri Reeves , 2011 ) Daughter of Thomas McKenna and Shannon O'Reilly . Sister of Fiona and Siobhan McKenna . Used to get Siobhan to work against Lucky Spencer and for the Balkan . Lucky and Siobhan saved her , and she moved to Spain to get away from the danger . Came back to Port Charles after Siobhan 's death to find out what had happened and blamed Lucky for her sister 's death . Siobhan McKenna ( deceased ) ( Erin Chambers , 2010 -- 11 ) Daughter of Thomas McKenna and Shannon O'Reily . Sister of Fiona McKenna and Meghan McKenna . Married to Lucky Spencer . Killed by Anthony Zacchara . Augusta McLeod ( Judith McConnell , 1973 -- 75 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Was sent to prison for murdering Phil Brewer . Had Peter Taylor 's son in prison . Boy was adopted out . Nanny McTavish ( deceased ) ( Helena Carroll , 1992 ) Mother of Cesar Faison . Nanny to a young Anna Devane and Holly Sutton . Was killed by her son with a bullet that was meant for Robert Scorpio . James Meadows ( John J. York , 1998 ) Double of Mac Scorpio who took his place to try to frame Mac for the murder of Jasper Jacks . Peggy Mercer ( K.T. Stevens , 1963 -- 65 ) Part of the original cast , Peggy is a socialite that is engaged to Dr. Steve Hardy , but upset that he always puts his work ahead of her . She leaves Steve and returns to her former love , Roy Lansing . Philip Mercer ( Neil Hamilton , 1963 ) Part of the original cast , Phillip Mercer is the father of Peggy Mercer . Jake Meyer ( Sam Behrens , 1983 -- 87 ) Attorney . Ex-husband of Bobbie Spencer . Dated Rose Kelly . Resides in South America . Diane Miller ( Carolyn Hennesy , 2007 -- ) Ex-Attorney of Jason Morgan and Sonny Corinthos . Ex-lover of Max Giambetti . Good friends with Alexis Davis and Kate Howard . Partner with Alexis Davis and Claire Walsh in the Mason , Petrovich , and Miller Law Firm . Farah Mir ( Rosie Malek - Yonan , 2008 ) Mother of Leyla Mir . Leyla Mir ( deceased ) ( Nazanin Boniadi , 2007 -- 09 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Slept with Dr. Patrick Drake . Had a feud with Dr. Robin Scorpio . Was friends with Nadine Crowell . Had one date with Damien Spinelli . Died after a biotoxin was released in General Hospital in 2009 . Was engaged when she died . Trey Mitchell ( deceased ) ( Erik Valdez , 2012 -- 13 ) Biological son of Joe Scully , Jr. and Kate Howard . Grad student at Yale University . Former Producer of Kristina Davis ' reality show , Mob Princess . Friend of Starr Manning . Ex-husband of Kristina Davis . Manipulated Kristina into marrying him to get to her father , Sonny Corinthos . Dies after being taken off life support , due to a car accident that left him brain - dead . Maia `` Madame Maia '' Montebello ( Anita Dangler , 1995 ) Psychic ; brought to Port Charles by Damian Smith to con Lucy Coe . Alicia Montenegro ( Kelly Monaco , 2005 ) Was expected to marry a man named Andrew Olsen by her mother Allegra . Jason Morgan and Sam McCall met her in 2005 . She looked exactly like Sam , and so Allegra forced Sam to marry Andrew in her daughter 's place . Andrew was killed and Sam was initially blamed for it , but then Allegra exposed her daughter and Alicia went to prison . Allegra Montenegro ( Meg Bennett , 2005 ) Mother of Alicia Montenegro . Kidnapped Jason Morgan and Sam McCall and forced Sam to pose as her daughter Alicia so that she could win Andrew Olsen 's inheritance . Marcella Montoya ( Lilly Melgar , 2003 ) Former prostitute hired by Lorenzo Alcazar . Look - alike of Sonny Corinthos ' first wife Lily Rivera . Earl Moody ( deceased ) ( Unknown actor ) Brother of Kathleen Moody . Uncle of Patrick and Kevin O'Connor . Strangled to death by his nephew , Kevin O'Connor . Susan Moore ( deceased ) ( Gail Ramsey , 1978 -- 83 ) Daughter of Mary Anne and Bert Moore . Birth mother of twins Jason Morgan and Drew Cain , whose father was Alan Quartermaine . Killed by Crane Tolliver while attempting to blackmail Edward Quartermaine . Was married to Scott Baldwin . Miguel Morez ( Ricky Martin , 1994 -- 96 ) Singer . Protégé of Lois and Brenda at L&B Records . Formally engaged to Lily Rivera , with whom he had a child named Juan when they were sixteen . Fled to United States to avoid a hit put on him by Lily 's father , Hernando Rivera . Found B.J. Jones after her school van crashed . Chloe Morgan ( deceased ) ( Tava Smiley , 1999 -- 2001 ) Distant cousin of Lila Quartermaine and Hal Morgan . Dated Jasper Jacks . Had a marriage of convenience with Ned Ashton . Killed by Stavros Cassadine . Daniel `` Danny '' Morgan ( Gage and Gavin , 2012 ; Claire and Juliette , 2012 ; Jaxon and Jakob Kring , 2012 -- 14 ; Caden and Corben Rothweiler , 2014 -- 15 ; Braiden and Dylan Kazowski , 2015 -- 16 ; TK Weaver , 2016 -- ) Son of Jason Morgan and Sam McCall . Maternal Half - brother of Scout Morgan and Lila McCall ( deceased ) ; paternal half - brother of Jake Spencer . Gertrude Morgan ( Donna Pescow , 1999 -- 2001 ) Trouble making aunt of Chloe Morgan who came to Port Charles to prove Chloe 's marriage to Ned Ashton was invalid . Hal Morgan ( deceased ) ( Unknown actor , 1978 ) Brother of Lila Quartermaine . Killed in battle when his plane was shot down . Jason Morgan ( Quin Carlson , 1982 ; Brian Beck , 1983 -- 86 ; Steve Burton , 1991 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 -- 12 , 2017 -- ; Billy Miller , 2014 -- 17 ) Mob enforcer for Sonny Corinthos . Illegitimate son of Alan Quartermaine and Susan Moore . Adoptive son of Monica Quartermaine . Father of Jacob Spencer and Danny Morgan . Ex-husband of Sam McCall , Courtney Matthews , and Brenda Barrett . Presumed dead for over two years . Was Jason Quartermaine until a car accident left him with amnesia ; he changed his last name to Morgan . Samantha `` Sam '' Morgan ( Kelly Monaco , 2003 -- ) Daughter of Alexis Davis and Julian Jerome . Adoptive daughter of Cody McCall and Evelyn Bass . Mother of Lila McCall ( stillborn ) , Danny Morgan , and Scout Morgan . Wife of Drew Cain ; ex-wife of Jason Morgan . Scout Morgan ( Lori and Sevan Andonian , 2017 ; Palmer and Poe Parker , 2017 -- ) Daughter of Drew Cain and Sam McCall . Maternal half - Sister of Danny Morgan and Lila McCall ( deceased ) . Decker Moss ( Michael Watson , 1989 -- 91 ) Former bartender and co-owner of the club Body Heat . Half - brother of Colton Shore . Engaged to Dawn Winthrop before her death . Cousin of Lucy Coe . Griffin Munro ( Matt Cohen , 2016 -- ) Neurosurgeon and priest . Son of Duke Lavery and Mary Munro . Ex-lover of Claudette Beaulieu . Came to Port Charles following his father 's death . Chase Murdock ( Ivan Bonar , 1966 -- 71 , 1973 -- 79 ) Caroline Murray ( Anne Wyndham , 1972 -- 75 ) Sister of Kent Murray . Niece of Jessie Brewer . Kent Murray ( Mark Hamill , 1972 -- 73 ) Nephew of Jessie Brewer . Brother of Caroline Murray . Peggy Nelson ( deceased ) ( Ann Morrison , 1971 ) Strangled by Arnold Nelson in 1971 . General Hospital 's first death . Kim Nero ( Tamara Braun , 2017 -- ) Mother of Oscar Nero . Oscar Nero ( Rio Mangini , 2017 ; Garren Stitt , 2017 -- ) Classmate of Josslyn Jacks , whom she dated . Son of Kim Nero and Drew Cain . Lisa Niles ( deceased ) ( Julie Mond , 2009 -- 10 ; Brianna Brown , 2010 -- 11 ) Ex-girlfriend and medical school classmate of Patrick Drake . Best friends with Louise Addison . Had a relationship with Terrell Jackson . Ex-lover of Johnny Zacchara . Obsessed with winning Patrick back and getting rid of his wife , Robin Scorpio . Murdered by Matt Hunter . O ( edit ) Kevin O'Connor ( deceased ) ( Kevin Bernhardt , 1985 -- 86 ) Doctor at General Hospital . Brother of Patrick . Was married to Terry Brock . Responsible for the Laurelton Murders and the Brownstone Murders . Tried to kill Terry Brock . Was hit over the head by Terry with a rock and fell off a cliff . Patrick O'Connor ( Guy Mack , 1985 -- 88 ) Resident doctor at General Hospital . Brother of Kevin O'Connor . Dated Terry Brock , but did n't support her music career . When they broke up , he dated Amy Vining but was drawn again to Terry . He eventually gave up on Terry and left Port Charles . Olin ( Beulah Quo , 1985 -- 91 ) Chinese woman from the Asian Quarter . Grandmother of Suki . Friend of The Ancient One . Became Anna 's housekeeper and Robin 's caretaker after Filomena 's death . Connor Olivera ( Michael Lynch , 1991 -- 92 ) Friend of Mac Scorpio . Tried to protect Dominique Stanton from her abusive husband . Was on the run from immigration . Son of Sean Donely . Managed and sang at The Outback . Liesl Obrecht ( Kathleen Gati , 2012 -- ) Born Liesl Westbourne . Sister of Madeline Reeves . Chief of Staff at General Hospital . Former director of a clinic in Lucerne , Switzerland . Helped Cesar Faison keep Robin Scorpio captive . Ex-lover of Cesar Faison and Victor Cassadine . Mother of Britt Westbourne and Nathan West . Brighton O'Reilly ( deceased ) ( Billie Hayes , 1981 , 1985 ) WSB Agent . Shot and killed by Victor Cassadine in 1981 . Remembered in a series of flashbacks in 1985 showcasing the early adventures of WSB Agents Robert Scorpio and Anna Devane . Ronan O'Reilly ( deceased ) ( Mentioned character , 2010 ) Assassin from Ireland . Lookalike of Lucky Spencer . Murdered Siobhan McKenna 's boyfriend . Had ties to The Balkan . Killed after an accident at a soccer game . Lucky impersonates O'Reilly after his death while working undercover for Interpol . Finian O'Toole ( Arte Johnson , 1991 -- 92 ) Mac Scorpio 's first friend in Port Charles , having helped him escape and hide from his angry brother Robert . Was a very colorful man , having had five wives and numerous jobs . Became Sly Eckert 's caretaker and was arrested after killing Sly 's slimy mother , Nancy , who had been threatening to take custody away from Bill Eckert . Delores Padilla ( Rebeka Montoya , 2011 -- 12 ) Detective for the Port Charles Police Department . Takes on several of Dante Falconeri 's cases after he is shot . Married to Eddie Cabrera , who is suspected of assaulting strippers in Port Charles . Incriminates herself while working for Johnny Zacchara to get evidence against Sonny . Jonathan Paget ( deceased ) ( Gregory Beecroft , 1990 ) The pseudonym used by a presumed Duke Lavery after undergoing plastic surgery . Duke had been presumed dead in a building explosion and Paget claims he joined the Witness Protection Program . Unable to go on without Anna and Robin , a desperate Duke becomes Paget to return to his family . Robin immediately takes to Paget , but Anna is suspicious of him and it is not until Olivia Jerome blurts out Paget 's identity that Anna finally accepts that he is Duke . Paget is killed soon after by Julian Jerome . In 2012 , it was revealed that Paget was an impostor , trying to steal Duke 's identity under orders from Julian . Trent Parker ( deceased ) ( Trent Cameron , 2004 ) Killed by Mary Bishop in 2004 . Blackie Parrish ( John Stamos , 1982 -- 84 ) Foster son of Rick and Lesley Webber . Foster brother of Laura Spencer . Sent to prison for eighteen months for manslaughter . Cody Paul ( Graham Shiels , 2007 -- 08 ) An Iraq war veteran with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder . Seeks Dr. Lainey Winters for treatment . Former army buddy of Cooper Barrett , with a vendetta against Logan Hayes . Goes to prison for the murder of Lainey 's father , Roger , after turning off the life support machine , believing it to be the wishes of both Lainey and her father . Returns in 2008 and briefly works for Jason Morgan . Penny ( Peyton McCormick , 2013 ) A nurse who works at General Hospital . Met Michael Corinthos at the Floating Rib and had a one - night stand with him . Later attended Morgan Corinthos and Kiki Jerome 's wedding reception as Michael 's date , but left after realizing Michael is not over Kiki . Bryan Phillips ( Todd Davis , 1978 -- 86 ) Son of Eddie and Estelle Phillips . Husband of Claudia Johnston Phillips . Father of twin daughters . Shot while being held hostage in 1983 with Monica Quartermaine and Bobbie Spencer . Claudia Johnston Phillips ( Bianca Ferguson , 1978 -- 87 ) Wife of Bryan Phillips . Mother of twin daughters . Donna Phillips ( Unknown actress , 1987 ) Daughter of Bryan and Claudia Phillips . Sister of Francine Phillips . Eddie Phillips ( Sammy Davis Jr. , 1983 ) The alcoholic father of Bryan Phillips . Sammy Davis Jr. was a fan of the series and requested the role . Francine Phillips ( Unknown actress , 1987 ) Daughter of Bryan and Claudia Phillips . Sister of Donna Phillips . Henry Pinkham ( Peter Kilman , 1969 -- 75 ) Doctor at General Hospital that marries Sharon McGillis . Takes drugs after being overworked , and is blackmailed by pushers until Steve Hardy and Lee Baldwin help him . The character is written off in October 1975 . Sharon McGillis Pinkham ( Sharon DeBord , 1965 -- 74 ) Nurse at General Hospital that marries Henry Pinkham . After their child is born , Sharon has a hard time returning to work . She is upset when Henry hires Nurse Linda Cooper and divorces Henry when she leaves town to care for her mother . Andy Plummer ( Scott Cooper Ryan , 2015 ) College intern that shoots behind the scenes footage for Dillon Quartermaine 's movie ( Dillon later cancelled production ) . Recorded scandalous footage of Valerie Spencer admitting to Dillon that she slept with Dante Falconeri . Dillon , out of jealousy , shows the footage at the Halloween party on the Haunted Star , which exposes Dante 's tryst with Valerie to Lulu Spencer . Buddy Powers ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) First husband of Mary Mae Ward . Was killed during World War II , and left Mary Mae a widow at age 18 . John Prentice ( deceased ) ( Barry Atwater , 1964 -- 67 ) Obstetrician at General Hospital , cousin of Jan Brown . Marries Jessie Brewer in 1967 and shortly dies of an accidental prescription overdose . His daughter Polly Prentice tries to frame Jessie for his murder . Jared Preston Jr . ( Matt Corboy , 2017 ) Ex-husband of Hayden Barnes . Went to prison for hit - and - run that Hayden caused , in exchange for money . Tried to blackmail Hayden , but his plan failed . Polly Prentice ( deceased ) ( Kathy Ferrar , 1966 ; Jennifer Billingsley , 1967 -- 69 ) Polly disapproves of her father John Prentice 's marriage to Jessie Brewer . When John dies , Polly tries to frame Jessie for the murder , but it is deemed an accident . Jessie remarries Phil Brewer , and Polly has an affair with him . Phil is suspected of murdering Polly and goes on the run , but Polly 's death is deemed an accident . Charlie Prince ( Michael Tylo , 1989 ) Paternal half - brother of Larry Ashton . Uncle of Ned Ashton . Great - uncle of Brook Lynn Ashton . Grant Putnam ( Brian Patrick Clarke , 1984 , 1987 -- 88 ) Frames Grant Andrews for attempted murder . Tries to kill former fiancee Celia Quartermaine in 1984 and tries to sabotage her wedding to Grant Andrews . Arrested by Robert Scorpio , and in an attempt to get revenge kidnaps Anna Devane and tries to kidnap Robin Scorpio in 1988 . Murders Filomena Soltini . Sent back to the sanitarium after finally being caught . Also known as the Snowman . Q ( edit ) Alan Quartermaine ( deceased ) ( Stuart Damon , 1977 -- 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 ) Former chief of Staff at General Hospital . Son of Edward and Lila Quartermaine . Ex-husband of Lucy Coe . Married to Monica Quartermaine until his death . Father of A.J. Quartermaine , Jason Morgan and Drew Cain . Adoptive father of Emily Quartermaine and Skye Chandler Quartermaine . Part of the Quartermaine family . Died after suffering numerous heart attacks during the Metro Court Hostage Crisis . Haunted his sister Tracy because she altered his will after he died . Appeared as a ghost on several occasions . Alan `` A.J. '' Quartermaine Jr. ( deceased ) ( Eric Kroh , 1979 -- 83 ; Abraham Geary , 1983 ; Jason Marsden , 1986 -- 88 ; Christopher Ren Nelson , 1988 -- 89 ; Justin Whalin , 1989 ; Gerald Hopkins , 1989 -- 92 ; Sean Kanan , 1993 -- 97 , 2012 -- 14 ; Billy Warlock , 1997 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Son of Alan and Monica Quartermaine . Part of the Quartermaine family . Biological father of Michael Corinthos . Forced to sign away his paternal rights to Michael after he was assaulted and blackmailed by Sonny Corinthos . Ex-husband of Carly Corinthos and Courtney Matthews . Died from complications after being shot by Sonny Corinthos . Alexandria Quartermaine ( deceased ) ( Renee Anderson , 1981 ) Niece of Edward Quartermaine . Was accidentally frozen to death in Mikkos Cassadine 's ice chamber , along with her fiancé Tony Cassadine . Betsy Quartermaine ( Peggy Walton - Walker , 1987 ) Third wife of Quentin Quartermaine , stepmother of Celia and daughter - in - law of Herbert ; Betsy kills her father - in - law Herbert in 1987 and a murder mystery ensues . She is discovered a month later . Celia Quartermaine ( Sherilyn Wolter , 1983 -- 86 ) 1st and twice - removed Cousin of Edward Quartermaine via her grandfather Herbert Quartermaine . Once married to Grant Andrews and Jimmy Lee Holt . Best friend of Holly Sutton - Scorpio . Dillon Quartermaine ( Scott Clifton , 2003 -- 07 ; Robert Palmer Watkins , 2015 -- 17 ) Son of Paul Hornsby and Tracy Quartermaine . Maternal half - brother of Ned Ashton ; paternal half - brother of Susan Hornsby and Paul Hornsby Jr . Part of the Quartermaine family . Aspiring filmmaker . Ex-husband of Georgie Jones . Edward Quartermaine ( deceased ) ( David Lewis , 1978 -- 90 , 1991 -- 93 ; Les Tremayne , 1988 ; John Ingle , 1993 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 12 ; Jed Allan , 2004 -- 06 ) Chief Executive Officer of E.L.Q. Industries . Patriarch of the Quartermaine family . Widower of Lila Quartermaine ; Ex-husband of Heather Webber . Father of Alan Quartermaine , Tracy Quartermaine , Jimmy Lee Holt and Bradley Ward . Died of natural causes . Emily Quartermaine ( born Emily Bowen ) ( deceased ) ( Amber Tamblyn , 1995 -- 2001 ; Natalia Livingston , 2003 -- 08 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 ) Daughter of Hank and Paige Bowen , later adopted by Alan and Monica Quartermaine . Medical intern at General Hospital . Part of the Quartermaine family . Ex-wife of Zander Smith and Nikolas Cassadine . Was engaged to Nikolas again on the night of her death . Strangled to death by the Text Message Killer . Has returned several times as a spirit in following years . Herbert Quartermaine ( deceased ) ( Will B. Hunt , 1987 ) Cousin of Edward Quartermaine . Father of Quentin Quartermaine . Grandfather of Celia Quartermaine . Lila Quartermaine ( deceased ) ( Anna Lee , 1978 -- 2004 ) Daughter of Harold Morgan . Wife of Edward Quartermaine . Mother of Alan and Tracy Quartermaine . Matriarch of the Quartermaine family , who was often the voice of reason in her dysfunctional family . Died in her sleep . Her adoptive great - granddaughter , Lila Rae Alcazar , was named in honor of her . Monica Quartermaine ( Patsy Rahn , 1976 -- 77 ; Leslie Charleson , 1977 -- ) Chief cardiologist at General Hospital and board member of E.L.Q. Industries . Mother of A.J. Quartermaine and Dawn Winthrop . Adoptive mother of Emily Quartermaine and Jason Morgan . Widow of Dr. Alan Quartermaine . Ex-wife of Jeff Webber . Quentin Quartermaine ( Alex Sheafe , 1983 - 1986 , recurring , Allan Miller , 1987 -- 88 ) 1st and once removed Cousin of Edward Quartermaine . Son of Herbert Quartermaine and father of Celia Quartermaine . Adopted the three children of his second wife . His third wife Betsy was responsible for the death of Herbert . Skye Chandler Quartermaine ( Robin Christopher , 2001 -- 08 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) Daughter of Rae Cummings . Adoptive daughter of Alan Quartermaine . Originally believed to be Alan 's biological daughter ; Alan legally adopted her after she was revealed to not be his daughter , terminating her previous adoption by Adam Chandler . Ex-wife of Jasper Jacks . Mother of Lila Rae Alcazar . Left town with Lila Rae , and makes periodic returns . Tracy Quartermaine ( Jane Elliot , 1978 -- 80 , 1989 -- 93 , 1996 , 2003 , 2004 - 17 ; Christine Jones , temp. 1989 ) Daughter of Edward and Lila Quartermaine . On several occasions , Tracy has been exiled from Port Charles by the Quartermaine family . Ex-wife of Larry Ashton , Mitch Williams , mob boss Gino Soleito ( twice ) , Paul Hornsby , Luke Spencer , and Anthony Zacchara . Mother of Dillon Quartermaine and Ned Ashton . Bryce Ramirez ( deceased ) ( Douglas Morabito ) Police lieutenant in Port Charles . Killed by a car bomb which had been planted by the brother of a criminal he arrested . Maria Ramirez ( deceased ) ( June Lockhart , 1984 -- 86 , 1988 , 1990 -- 92 , 1998 ) Grandmother of Felicia Jones . Owner of a Texan hacienda . Burt Ramsey ( Bob Hastings , 1979 -- 86 ) Police captain in Port Charles . Becomes co-chief of police with Anna Devane . Also `` Mr. Big '' , the leader of a money - laundering ring . Coleman Ratcliffe ( Blake Gibbons , 2002 -- 14 ) Runs The Floating Rib , previously known as Jake 's Bar . Once hired by Helena Cassadine , his former lover , to kidnap Emily Quartermaine . Also gets involved with Skye Quartermaine and Kate Howard . Kyle Ratcliffe ( deceased ) ( Andrew St. John , 2003 ) High school classmate of Maxie Jones . Sleeps with Maxie and posts video footage on a website . Drug addict , and dies of an overdose . Thomas Rayner ( Mark Pinter , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 ) FBI agent charged with curtailing the mob in Port Charles . Madeline West Reeves ( Donna Mills , 2014 -- 15 ) Born Magda Westbourne . Sister of Liesl Obrecht . Mother of Nina Clay . Aunt of Britt Westbourne and Nathan West ; raised Nathan as her son . Sent to prison for murdering Silas Clay . Nina Reeves ( Michelle Stafford , 2014 -- ) Daughter of Madeline Reeves . Adoptive sister of Nathan West . Wife of Valentin Cassadine ; Ex-wife of Silas Clay and Ric Lansing . Was in a coma for over 20 years . Matt Reynolds ( deceased ) ( Jonathan Bouck , 1997 ) Introduces Emily Quartermaine to drugs . Dies of an overdose . Revealed to have been receiving drugs from Pierce Dorman , whom Monica Quartermaine was having an affair with at the time , then supplying them to Emily . Zoe Richardson ( mentioned character ) Younger half - sister of Maya Ward . Maya 's mother is Faith Ward , with Zoe and Maya sharing the same father . Zoe 's mother dies in a car accident in late 2009 , according to Maya 's letter . Madelyn Richmond ( Sheila Margaret MacRae , 1991 ) Character appears December 3 , 1991 Episode 7,336 . Carlos Rivera ( deceased ) ( Jeffrey Vincent Parise , 2013 -- 16 ) Mob soldier for Ava and Julian Jerome . Married to Sabrina Santiago at the time of his death . Father of Teddy Rivera . Killed by Julian . Hernando Rivera ( deceased ) ( Ismael `` East '' Carlo , 1994 -- 96 , 1997 ) Father of Lily Rivera Corinthos . Attempts to kill Sonny Corinthos in a car bombing , but his daughter is killed instead . He shoots and kills himself with a gun provided by Sonny . Joe Rivera ( Jeffrey Vincent Parise , 2016 ) Doctor who is the twin brother of Carlos Rivera . Arrived in Port Charles to connect with his sister - in - law , Sabrina , and his nephew , Teddy , following Carlos ' death . After Sabrina 's death , Joe took Teddy and returned to Puerto Rico . Eduardo `` Teddy '' Rivera ( Unknown baby , 2016 ) Son of Carlos Rivera and Sabrina Santiago . Taken back to Puerto Rico by his uncle , Joe , following the death of both his parents . Cruz Rodriguez ( Adrian Alvarado , 2005 -- 08 ) Detective for the Port Charles Police Department . Partners with Lucky Spencer . Aaron Roland ( John DeLuca , 2016 ) Barista who briefly dated Kristina Davis . Casey Rogers ( Bradley Lockerman , 1990 ) Alien from the planet Lumina , befriended by Robin Scorpio . Searching for the crystal that will send him back home , found on Spoon Island with enemy Cesar Faison . The night he leaves , his doppelgänger Shep Casey is seen . Dan Rooney ( Frank Maxwell , 1978 -- 88 ) The kindly Administrator at General Hospital . Involved with Jessie Brewer and Ruby Anderson . He was a key factor in dealing with the W.S.B. and Cassadine family during the Ice Princess story in 1981 , having met both Mikkos and Helena years before . Dan was also acquainted with the Prince of Malkuth and helped the Port Charles Historical society with the display of that fictional country 's artifacts . Dan was later stabbed when he discovered that the Durban family was perpetuating an oil scam , and cleared Luke who was initially accused due to Dan 's suspicions that something was wrong . Dan remained an important member of the staff at General Hospital for a decade , retiring after Ruby Anderson turned down his proposal . Rosco brothers ( Douglas Morabito and Connor Ready , 2003 -- 08 ) Contract killers hired by John Durant . Faith Rosco ( deceased ) ( Cynthia Preston , 2002 -- 05 ) Wife of Rosco , a member of the mafia . Co-owner of the Haunted Star Casino . Gets involved with Justus Ward . Kidnaps Michael Corinthos , Kristina Davis and Morgan Corinthos in 2005 . Shot by a hitman hired by A.J. Quartermaine . Later appears to Carly in hallucinations . Pete Ross ( Edin Gali , 2015 ) Actor who was paid by Ric Lansing and Hayden Barnes to pose as Hayden 's husband in pictures , and help Hayden and Ric convince `` Jake Doe '' that he was Hayden 's husband . Carly Corinthos later paid Pete to expose their scheme . Winston Rudge ( David S. Lee , 2016 ) Henchman who worked for Olivia St. John . Hector Ruiz ( deceased ) ( Reni Santoni , 2005 ) Father of Manny , Mateo and Javier Ruiz . Mob boss from Miami . Murdered by Manny after he refuses to avenge Javier 's death at the hands of Jason Morgan . Javier Ruiz ( deceased ) ( Gonzalo Menendez , 2005 ) Brother of Manny Ruiz . Son of Hector Ruiz . Dies in 2005 after he is shot by Jason Morgan in a stairwell at the Metro Court Hotel . Manny Ruiz ( deceased ) ( Robert Lasardo , 2005 -- 06 ) Brother of Javier and Mateo Ruiz . Son of Hector Ruiz . Psychotically obsessed with Sam McCall , later shooting her in the stomach . Terrorizes Carly Corinthos . Kills John Durant , Justus Ward , Jesse Beaudry and , indirectly , Reese Marshall . Infamous for terrorizing people and surviving several apparent deaths . Believed to be reformed after removal of a brain tumor by Patrick Drake , but eventually returns to his villainous ways . Manny dies in 2006 after Jason Morgan throws him off the roof of General Hospital . Mateo Ruiz ( Robert Lasardo , 2006 -- 07 ) Brother to Javier and twin of Manny Ruiz . Mateo is a reformed gang member who becomes a priest . Shot by Jerry Jacks during the Metro Court hostage crisis in 2007 , but survives . Leo Russell ( John Callahan , 1984 -- 85 ) Partner in crime with Lorena Sharpe . Swindles wealthy women . Delia Ryan ( Ilene Kristen , 2013 -- 14 ) Character from Ryan 's Hope . Sister of Bob Reid . Mother of Johnno Ryan and Ava Jerome . Grandmother of Owen Ryan and Kiki Jerome . Works at Ryan 's Bar in New York . Kate Salor ( Whitney Sloan , 2003 -- 04 ) Heart transplant patient who befriended Maxie and Georgie Jones . Maria Sanchez ( Mercedes Colon , 2005 ) Lover of Lorenzo Alcazar . Mother of Diego Alcazar . Gabriel Santiago ( deceased ) Son of Patrick Drake and Sabrina Santiago . Paternal half - brother of Emma Drake and Noah Scorpio - Drake . Grandson of Noah Drake . Died of organ failure . Juan Santiago ( Valentino Moreno , 1994 -- 95 ; Michael Saucedo , 1999 -- 2001 , 2013 , 2014 ) Biological son of Miguel Morez and Lily Rivera Corinthos . Adopted son of Mrs. Santiago and Armando Santiago . Dated Emily Quartermaine . Cousin of Sabrina Santiago . Left for South America in 2001 . Returned in 2013 to give Sabrina her mother 's wedding dress and in 2014 for Gabriel 's funeral . Sabrina Santiago ( deceased ) ( Teresa Castillo , 2012 -- 16 ) Nurse at General Hospital ; former fiancée of Dr. Patrick Drake . Widow of Carlos Rivera . Cousin of Juan Santiago . Mother of Gabriel Santiago and Teddy Rivera . Dating Michael Corinthos at the time of her death . Murdered by Paul Hornsby . Murphy Sinclair ( Brad Rowe , 2010 ) Ex-lover and ex-fiancé of Brenda Barrett . Lived with Brenda in Rome , Italy . Famous actor . Jeffrey Scribner ( Jamil Walker Smith , 2014 ) Accomplice of Peter Harrell , Jr. , who posed as an immigration officer . Helped Levi kidnap and hold Maxie Jones and Lulu Spencer - Falconeri . Shot by Peter . Mac Scorpio ( John J. York , 1991 -- ) Former Port Charles Police Commissioner . Co-owner of `` The Outback '' . Partner in Jones / Scorpio Private Investigations . Brother of Robert Scorpio . Uncle of Robin Scorpio . Adoptive father of Maxie and Georgie Jones . Husband of Felicia Jones . Adoptive grandfather of Georgie Spinelli . Robert Scorpio ( Tristan Rogers , 1980 -- 85 , 1987 -- 92 , 1995 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- ) Agent of the WSB . Brother of Mac Scorpio . Father of Robin Scorpio . Formerly married to Anna Devane . Estranged husband of Holly Sutton - Scorpio . Robin Scorpio - Drake ( Kimberly McCullough , 1985 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2004 -- ) Daughter of Robert Scorpio and Anna Devane . Sister of Leora Hayward . Mother of Emma Scorpio - Drake and Noah Scorpio - Drake . Raised by her uncle Mac Scorpio . Contracted HIV from her first love , Stone Cates , who died soon afterwards . Neuropathologist . Married to Dr. Patrick Drake . Presumed dead for almost two years before returning home to her family after being rescued from captivity . Moved to Berkeley , California with her family . Occasionally visits Port Charles . Hannah Scott ( Lisa Vultaggio , 1999 -- 2001 ) FBI agent sent to gather evidence on Sonny Corinthos , whom she later fell in love with . Daughter of Roy DiLucca . Joseph Scully Sr. ( deceased ) ( Robert Miano , 1994 -- 95 ) Father of Joe Scully , Jr. with wife , Marie Scully . Grandfather of Trey Mitchell . Sonny 's number one mentor . Kidnapped Lucy Coe . Shot Mike Corbin . Killed Sonny Corinthos ' stepfather Deke Woods . Killed by Sonny Corinthos when he had to choose between Luke Spencer or Scully . Joe Scully , Jr. ( deceased ) ( Richard Steinmetz , 2012 ) Son of the late Joe Scully , Sr. and Marie Scully . As the result of rape , fathered Trey Mitchell with Kate Howard . Responsible for the death of John McBain 's sister , Theresa . Hid in New Orleans for nearly twenty years , supposedly a legitimate businessmen . Rival of Sonny Corinthos and John McBain . Died From his wounds after being shot by Jason Morgan in a shootout . Selma Diamond ( Mary Mara , 2014 ) An associate of Sonny Corinthos . Pretended to be Mickey Diamond 's sister , so his heart could be donated to Alice Gunderson . Rebecca Shaw ( Natalia Livingston , 2009 ) X-ray technician at General Hospital . Biological twin sister of Emily Quartermaine . Sold on the black market when she was an infant . Adoptive daughter of William and Nancy Shaw , biological daughter of Hank and Paige Bowen . Came to Port Charles to get Emily 's inheritance after her death . Dated Lucky Spencer . Dated Nikolas Cassadine as part of a plot hatched by Ethan Lovett . Moved to France when she learned of Nikolas ' affair with Elizabeth Webber . Colton Shore ( Scott Thompson Baker , 1988 -- 91 ) Cousin of Lucy Coe . Briefly married to Felicia Jones . Charlene Simpson ( Maree Cheatham , 1987 -- 91 ) Con artist . Mother of Colton Shore and Eric Simpson . Aunt of Lucy Coe . Eric Simpson ( Brandon Hooper , 1991 -- 92 ) Doctor . Cousin of Lucy Coe . Kyle Sloane ( deceased ) ( Robb Derringer , 2014 , 2015 ; Grayson McCouch , 2015 ) Ex FBI agent . Ex Police Commissioner . In cahoots with Nikolas Cassadine . Killed by Paul Hornsby . Zander Smith ( deceased ) ( Marc Brett , 2000 ; Chad Brannon , 2000 -- 04 ) Son of Cameron Lewis . Ex-husband of Emily Quartermaine . Ex-lover of Elizabeth Webber and Gia Campbell . Had a son , Cameron , with Elizabeth Webber . Responsible for the Port Charles Hotel fire in 2004 . Fatally shot by police . Damian Smith ( deceased ) ( Leigh J. McCloskey , 1993 -- 96 ) Son of mob boss Frank Smith . Hit over the head by Justus Ward and died of smoke inhalation in a fire . Tried to destroy Bobbie and Tony Jones ' marriage , but failed . Frank Smith ( George Gaynes , 1980 ; Mitchell Ryan , 1993 -- 94 ; Joseph Cortese , 2015 ) Mobster . Kidnapped a pregnant Laura Spencer . Killed by Luke Spencer . Jennifer Smith ( Lisa Marie , 1980 ; Roseanne Arnold , 1994 ; Sally Struthers , 2002 ; Holly Gagnier , 2015 ) Daughter of mob boss Frank Smith . Sister to Damian Smith . Shirley Smith ( deceased ) ( Michael Learned , 2010 ) Terminal cancer patient at General Hospital . Became a friend and mentor to Elizabeth Webber . Eventually succumbed to her illness . Iris Sneed ( Mary Stein , 2006 ; Wendy Braun , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 ) Administrator at General Hospital . Filomena Soltini ( deceased ) ( Argentina Brunetti , 1985 -- 88 ) Housekeeper of Anna Devane and Duke Lavery . Surrogate grandmother of Robin Scorpio . Murdered by Grant Putnam . Jade Soong ( Tia Carrere , 1985 -- 87 ) Granddaughter of evil mastermind Wu . Sister of Kim . Married to Dr. Yank Se Chung . Aunt of Brad Cooper . Kim Soong ( deceased ) ( Steven Leigh , 1985 ) Grandson of evil mastermind Wu . Brother of Jade . Worked for Wu . Biological father of Brad Cooper . Joseph Sorel ( deceased ) ( Joe Marinelli , 2000 -- 01 ) Gangster . Rival of Sonny Corinthos . Father of Angel Sorel Ellis , who later killed him . Aiden Spencer ( Adrian and Brett Ritter , 2010 -- 11 ; Titus Jackson , 2011 -- 12 ; Jason David , 2012 -- ) Son of Lucky Spencer and Elizabeth Webber . Originally believed to be the son of Nikolas Cassadine . Part of the Spencer family and Hardy / Webber family . Maternal half - brother of Cameron Spencer and Jake Spencer . Bobbie Spencer ( Jacklyn Zeman , 1977 -- 10 ; 2013 -- ) Nurse and former prostitute . Sister of Luke Spencer . Ex-wife of D.L. Brock , Jake Meyer , Tony Jones , and Stefan Cassadine . Mother of Carly Corinthos . Adoptive mother of Barbara Jean `` B.J. '' Jones and Lucas Jones . Part of the Spencer family . Cameron Spencer ( Ashwyn Bagga , 2004 -- 06 ; Braden Walkes , 2006 -- 13 ; Michael Leone , 2013 -- ) Son of Zander Smith and Elizabeth Webber . Maternal half - brother of Jake Spencer and Aiden Spencer . Adopted son of Lucky Spencer . Part of the Hardy / Webber family and adoptive member of the Spencer family . Jake Spencer ( Landon and Trey , 2007 ; Amanda , Miranda , and Maryssa Jones , 2007 ; Edward and James Nigbor , 2007 -- 08 ; James Nigbor , 2009 -- 11 , 2015 -- 16 ; Hudson West , 2016 -- ) Biological son of Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber . Legal son of Lucky Spencer . Maternal half - brother of Cameron Spencer and Aiden Spencer . Paternal half - brother of Danny Morgan . Part of the Hardy / Webber family , Spencer family , and Quartermaine family . Supposedly died in 2011 of injuries sustained in a hit - and - run car accident . Revealed alive in 2015 after being held captive by Helena Cassadine for 5 years . Laura Spencer ( Stacey Baldwin , 1974 -- 76 ; Genie Francis , 1977 -- 82 , 1983 , 1984 , 1993 -- 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2013 , 2015 -- ) Ex-wife of Scott Baldwin and Luke Spencer . Mother of Nikolas Cassadine , Lucky Spencer and Lulu Spencer . Daughter of Lesley Webber . Member of the Spencer family and adopted member of the Hardy / Webber family . Lena Eckert Spencer ( deceased ) ( portrayed in a flashback by Laura Wright , 2015 ) Mother of Patricia Spencer , Luke Spencer and Bobbie Spencer . Abused by her husband , Tim . Killed in an accident when Luke ( portrayed in flash back by Joey Luthman ) , defending his mother with a baseball bat against his father , hits his mother . Dies from trauma to her brain . Lucas `` Luke '' Lorenzo Spencer ( Anthony Geary , 1978 -- 83 , 1984 , 1993 -- 2015 ; portrayed in flashback by Joey Luthman , 2015 ) Part of the Spencer family . Ex-husband of Laura Spencer and Tracy Quartermaine . Father of Lucky Spencer , Lulu Spencer , and Ethan Lovett . Sworn enemy of the Cassadine family , most notably Helena Cassadine . Longtime friend of mobster Sonny Corinthos . Lucas `` Lucky '' Lorenzo Spencer , Jr . ( Jonathan Jackson , 1993 -- 99 , 2009 -- 2011 , 2015 ; Jacob Young , 2000 -- 03 ; Greg Vaughan , 2003 -- 09 ) Son of Luke and Laura . Brother of Lulu Spencer . Half - brother of Nikolas Cassadine and Ethan Lovett . Part of the Spencer family . Ex-husband of Elizabeth Webber ; widowed by Siobhan McKenna . Biological father of Aiden Spencer with Elizabeth . Legal father to Elizabeth 's late son Jake Spencer . Adoptive father of Elizabeth 's son Cameron Spencer . Ex-lover of Sarah Webber , Summer Halloway , Maxie Jones , and Sam McCall . Left Port Charles in 2011 . Patricia `` Pat '' Spencer ( deceased ) ( Dee Wallace , portrayed in a flashback by Chloe Lanier , 2015 ) Sister of Bobbie and Luke . Mother of Valerie Spencer . Suffers from MS . Died of complications from MS after being reunited with her siblings . Tim Spencer ( deceased ) ( portrayed in a flashback by Anthony Geary , 2015 ) Father of Patricia Spencer , Luke Spencer and Bobbie Spencer . Alcoholic who abused his family . Disappeared from his children 's lives years before . Later revealed that Luke killed his father in a rage , and his body was hidden by Pat to spare Luke . Valerie Spencer ( Brytni Sarpy , 2015 -- ) Daughter of Patricia Spencer . Officer at the PCPD . Damian Spinelli ( Bradford Anderson , 2006 -- 14 , 2015 -- ; Blake Berris , temp. 2017 ) Computer hacker working as a private investigator . Worked for Lorenzo Alcazar , Jason Morgan , and Sonny Corinthos . Good friends of Sam McCall and Jason . Ex-lover of Jolene Crowell and Maxie Jones . Dating Ellie Trout . Speaks his own language , giving the people he encounters nicknames . Father of Georgie Spinelli . Georgie Spinelli ( Elle and Eve Tanz , 2013 ; Londyn and Teagan , 2013 -- 14 ; Harper Barash , 2015 ; Lily Fisher , 2017 -- ) Daughter of Maxie Jones and Damian Spinelli . Maternal half - sister of James West . Initially raised as the daughter of Lulu Spencer and Dante Falconeri . Raised by her father in Portland . Olivia St. John ( Tonja Walker , 1988 -- 90 , 2017 ) Daughter of crime boss Victor Jerome . Sister of Julian Jerome , and Evan Jerome , Sr. ; paternal half - sister of Dino Antoinelli and Ava Jerome . Stalked Duke Lavery . Supposedly killed by her brother Julian . Revealed to be alive in 2017 , and running the Jerome mob business . Was caught and sent to D'Archam Asylum . Cheryl Stansbury ( deceased ) ( Jennifer Anglin , 1988 -- 92 ) Also known as Loretta Marie Crumholz . Half - sister of Tiffany Hill . Biological mother of Lucas Jones . Dated Robert Scorpio and had a crush on Shep Casey . Died in a car accident . Rex Stanton ( Wayne Northrop , 1997 -- 98 ) Also known as Gustov Bautsh . Brother of Avery Stanton . Uncle of Dominique Baldwin , Danielle Ashley , and Katherine Bell . Ex-husband of Lucy Coe . Currently in prison . Suzanne Stanwyck ( Adrienne Barbeau , 2010 -- 11 ) Real name is Stephanie Wayne . Founder of the ASEC , working with Brenda Barrett . Wife of Theo Hoffman , also known as The Balkan , and the mother of Aleksander Janacek . Grandmother of Alec Scott . Sent to prison for various crimes . General Stark ( J.G. Hertzler , 1990 ) Held General Hospital hostage in 1990 in order to get the bank account number of his country 's President . Was the boss of Rico Chacone . Arrested while trying to escape the hospital after obtaining the bank account number . Mischa Stephens ( Amanda Brooks , 2009 ) Private nurse for Helena Cassadine . Formerly resided at the Cassadine Compound in Greece . Dr. Joel Stratton ( Barry Coe , 1973 -- 74 ; Rod McCary , 1974 -- 76 ) Involved with Dr. Lesley Williams . Brother to Owen . Owen Stratton ( deceased ) ( Joel Marston , 1973 - 1976 ) Brother to Joel . Buzz Stryker ( deceased ) ( Don Galloway , 1985 -- 87 ) Doctor at General Hospital . Best friend of Jimmy Lee Holt . Briefly dated Anna Devane until Duke Lavery came to town . One of Robin Scorpio 's three godfathers . Sandy Stryker ( Yvette Nipar , 1986 -- 87 ) Daughter of Buzz Stryker . Suki ( Dustin Nguyen , 1985 ) Grandson of Olin . Helped Frisco Jones , Sean Donely and Robert Scorpio find Robin Scorpio and the black pearls in the Asian Quarter in 1985 . Grace Sullivan ( deceased ) ( Lisa Lord , 1997 - 1999 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Drowned by serial killer Greg Cooper . Holly Sutton ( Emma Samms , 1982 -- 85 , 1992 -- 93 , 2006 , 2009 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 ) Con artist . Daughter of Mary and Morton Sutton . Estranged wife of Robert Scorpio . Mother of Ethan Lovett with Luke Spencer . Estranged stepmother of Robin Scorpio . Dated Luke Spencer and Bill Eckert . Lou Swenson ( deceased ) ( Danielle Von Zerneck , 1983 -- 84 ) Girlfriend of Blackie Parrish . Died of head injury . Marcus Taggert ( Real Andrews , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 2003 ; Mathew St. Patrick , 1997 ) Former detective for the Port Charles Police Department . Son of Florence Campbell . Half - brother of Gia Campbell . Jennifer Talbot ( deceased ) ( Carol Bruce , 1985 ; Martha Scott , 1985 - 86 ) Strangled by Kevin O'Connor . Grandmother to Terry Brock . Left half her estate to Kevin . Leopold Taub ( deceased ) ( Charles `` Chip '' Lucia , 1991 ) Killed Avery Stanton . Married Irene Stanton . Forced Dominique Stanton into marrying him . Shot and killed by Robert Scorpio . Diana Taylor ( deceased ) ( Valerie Starrett , 1969 -- 77 ; Brooke Bundy , 1977 -- 81 ) Sister of Beth Maynard . Mother of Tracy and Martha Taylor . Marries Peter Taylor and is briefly engaged to Owen Stratton . Dates Phil Brewer and Joel Stratton . Accidentally killed by Alice Grant . Peter Taylor ( deceased ) ( Paul Carr , 1967 ; Craig Huebing , 1969 -- 79 ) Psychiatrist at General Hospital . Foster parent of Steven Webber . Married to Diana Taylor and Jessie Brewer . Jackie Templeton ( Demi Moore , 1981 -- 84 ) Investigative reporter who had earlier interviewed Laura Spencer , showed up in Port Charles looking for her sister Laura Templeton at the same time that Laura Spencer had been kidnapped by Stavros Cassadine . Was involved with Robert Scorpio until he married Holly Sutton - Scorpio . Jackie was involved in investigating the Susan Moore murder , and remained vindictive towards Robert and Holly in several of his investigations before leaving Port Charles in early 1984 . Laura Templeton ( Janine Turner , 1982 -- 83 ) A pretty blonde who dated Mel , the photographer who was taking pictures of Laura Spencer . Disappeared when two other Lauras disappeared . Sister of Jackie . She dated both Blackie Parrish and Scott Baldwin , but left town after discovering that Scott was having an affair with Heather Webber . The Ancient One ( Keye Luke , 1985 ) Older Chinese man from the Asian Quarter who tried to help his people win their freedom . Became friends with Robin Scorpio . Grandfather of Yank Se and Tei Chung . The Body ( Michael Garfield , 2011 ) Subject / photography model for Robert `` Franco '' Frank in his loft as he prepared to interrupt the wedding of Jason Morgan and Sam McCall . Asher Thomas ( deceased ) ( Larry Poindexter , 2005 ) Doctor at General Hospital . Attempted to murder A.J. Quartermaine and Jason Morgan . Shot and killed by Jason Morgan . Randall Thompson ( Chuck Wagner , 1981 -- 82 ) Secretary at ELQ . Crane Tolliver ( deceased ) ( Wiley Harker , 1983 ) Once married to Lila Quartermaine . Blackmailed the Quartermaines . Murdered Susan Moore . In 2012 , it was revealed that A.J. Quartermaine had been living under the alias `` Crane Tolliver '' since 2008 to keep people from finding out he was alive . Ellen `` Ellie '' Trout ( Emily Wilson , 2012 -- 14 , 2015 ) Lab technician at General Hospital . Known for her quirky personality and sharp medical expertise . Dated Damian Spinelli . Left town with Spinelli and his daughter , Georgie . Evan Tucker ( deceased ) ( Unknown actor ) Married to Resse Marshall . Father of Jamie Tucker . Shot and killed by Ric Lansing in self - defense . Regina Thompson Played By Angel M. Wainwright U ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) V ( edit ) Vince ( Michael Cade , 1997 ) Amy Vining ( deceased ) ( Cari Ann Warder , ( 1975 -- 76 ) ; Shell Kepler ( deceased ) , 1979 -- 2002 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Daughter of Jason and Barbara Vining . Grew up believing Laura Webber Spencer is her sister due to Laura and Barbara Vining 's stillborn daughter being switched at birth . Remains very close to Laura and goes to live with Laura 's family after they are reunited . Always there for Laura and her children . Last seen on - screen in September 2002 before Luke and Laura 's planned wedding . Barbara Vining ( deceased ) ( Judy Lewis , 1975 -- 76 , 1978 ) Mother of Amy Vining . Widow of Jason Vining . Adopted Laura as a baby . Jason Vining ( deceased ) ( Richard Rust , 1975 ; Jonathan Carter , 1975 -- 76 ) Father of Amy Vining . Married to Barbara Vining . Dusty Walker ( Shaun Cassidy , 1987 -- 88 ) Singer . Friend of Blackie Parrish and Frisco Jones . Brainwashed by Elena Cosgrove . Taylor Wallace ( Daniel Cummings , 2010 -- 11 ) Classmate of Kristina Davis and Michael Corinthos . Study partner and brief love interest to Kristina . Accompanies her on the ski trip that results in the 2010 bus crash . Claire Walsh ( Dahlia Salem , 2010 -- 11 ) Federal prosecutor who came to Port Charles to prosecute Sonny Corinthos for the murder of Claudia Zacchara . Lover of Sonny Corinthos . Works with Alexis Davis and Diane Miller before moving to Alaska . David Walters ( Bennet Guillory , 2013 -- 14 ; William Allen Young , 2014 -- 15 ) Federal judge who presided over the custody hearings of Georgie Spinelli and Avery Corinthos . Dated Monica Quartermaine . Bradley Ward ( deceased ) ( Aaron Seville , 1994 ) Illegitimate son of Edward Quartermaine and Mary Mae Ward . Raised as the son of stepfather , Dan Ward . Husband of Isobel Ward . Father of Justus and Faith Ward . Murdered in 1974 by Jack Boland . Dan Ward ( deceased ) ( Mentioned character ) Second husband of Mary Mae Ward . Father of David and Idios Ward ; stepfather of Bradley Ward . Dies in June 1969 , approximately two months before his step granddaughter , Faith 's birth . David Ward ( Rif Hutton , 1995 ) Son of Mary Mae Ward and Dan Ward . Maternal half - brother of Bradley Ward . Husband of Margaret Ward . Comes to Port Charles from Philadelphia at the request of his daughter , Keesha , to meet her boyfriend Jason Quartermaine . Faith Ward ( April Weeden - Washington , 1994 ; Faith Collins , 1995 -- 96 ) Daughter of Bradley and Isobel Ward . Sister of Justus Ward . Faith comes to town in 1994 for her father 's memorial service but immediately leaves and wants nothing to do with the Quartermaine family . In 2010 , her daughter , Maya Ward , comes to Port Charles to live with Edward Quartermaine . Idios Ward ( Joyce Douglas , 1994 , 1996 ) Comes to town briefly for Mary Mae and Bradley 's funerals . Daughter of Mary Mae and Dan Ward . Sister of David and maternal half - sister of Bradley Ward . Isobel Ward ( Michelle Davison , 1994 ) Widow of Bradley Ward . Mother of Justus and Faith Ward and grandmother to Maya Ward . Justus Ward ( deceased ) ( Joseph C. Phillips , 1994 -- 98 ; Monti Sharp , 1998 -- 99 ; M'fundo Morrison , 2003 -- 06 ) Oldest child of Bradley and Isobel Ward . Grandson of Edward Quartermaine and Mary Mae Ward . Brother of Faith Ward . Attorney for his cousin , Jason Morgan , and Sonny Corinthos . Once engaged to Simone Hardy . Lover of Faith Rosco . Briefly dates Lainey Winters . Killed by Manny Ruiz . Keesha Ward ( Senait Ashenafi , 1994 -- 98 ) Cousin of Justus Ward . Daughter of David and Margaret Ward . Dates Jason Quartermaine before the car accident that erases his memory . Briefly gets involved with A.J. Quartermaine . Margaret Ward ( Karlotta Nelson , 1994 , 1996 ) Comes to town in 1994 and 1996 for Bradley and Mary Mae 's funerals . Wife of David Ward . Mother of Roy and Keesha Ward . Lives in Philadelphia . Mary Mae Ward ( deceased ) ( Rosalind Cash , 1994 -- 95 ) Jazz singer . Owned and ran the Bradley Ward House . Mother of Bradley Ward , David Ward and Idios Ward . Widow of Buddy Powers and Dan Ward . Grandmother to Keesha Ward , Faith Ward and Justus Ward . Great - grandmother to Maya Ward . Close friends with Laura Spencer . Maya Ward ( Annie Ilonzeh , 2010 -- 11 ) Medical intern at General Hospital . Daughter of Faith Ward . Comes to Port Charles in 2010 to live with her great - grandfather Edward Quartermaine . Gained custody of her little sister Zoe shortly after the death of her stepmother . Ex-wife of Ethan Lovett . Roy Ward ( Reginald Harper , 1994 , 1996 ) Comes to town briefly for the funerals of Bradley Ward and Mary Mae Ward . Son of David Ward and his wife Margaret . Brother of Keesha Ward . Zoe Ward ( Mentioned Character ) Daughter of Faith Ward . Sister of Maya Ward . Maya Ward gained custody over her after her mothers death . Ida Warren ( deceased ) ( Kathryn Joosten , 2002 -- 03 ) Paid by Coleman Ratcliffe to say she saw Brenda Barrett murder Luis Alcazar . Randy Washburn ( Mark Miller , 1964 ) A malaria patient that has a romance with Audrey March . Elizabeth Webber ( Rebecca Herbst , 1997 -- ; Martha Madison , temp. 2011 ) Nurse at General Hospital . Daughter of Jeff Webber and Carolyn Webber . Paternal half sister of Steven Webber and Hayden Barnes ; sister of Sarah Webber . Mother of Cameron Spencer , Jake Spencer and Aiden Spencer . Marries Ric Lansing and Lucky Spencer . Heather Webber ( Georganne LaPiere , 1976 -- 77 , Mary O'Brien , 1977 -- 79 ; Robin Mattson , 1980 -- 83 , 2004 , 2012 -- 16 ) Mother of Steven Webber and Robert `` Franco '' Frank . Cousin and life coach of Susan Moore . Marries Jeff Webber and Edward Quartermaine . Sent to a mental institution after attempting to kill Edward in 2004 , and was temporarily released in 2012 . Later sent back to Ferncliff , then Miscavige . Helene Webber ( deceased ) ( Mentioned character ) Former lover of Steve Hardy . Wife of Lars Webber . Mother of Rick Webber , Jeff Webber and Terri Webber . On her death bed , she revealed to Terri that Jeff was Steve 's son . Jeff Webber ( Richard Dean Anderson , 1976 -- 81 ) Son of Steve Hardy and Helene Webber . Brother of Rick Webber . Father of Steven Webber , Sarah Webber , Elizabeth Webber and Hayden Barnes . Husband of Carolyn Webber ; Ex-husband of Monica Quartermaine and Heather Webber . Lars Webber ( deceased ) ( Mentioned character ) Husband of Helene Webber . Father of Rick Webber and Terri Webber . Formerly believed to be the father of Jeff Webber until it was revealed that he was n't . Lesley Webber ( Denise Alexander , 1973 -- 84 , 1996 -- 2009 , 2013 , 2017 ) Mother of Laura Spencer . Grandmother to Nikolas Cassadine , Lucky Spencer and Lulu Spencer . Marries Rick Webber . Presumed to have been killed in a car crash in 1984 but kept rehabilitated by Stefan Cassadine . Mike Webber ( David Mendenhall , 1980 -- 86 ) Adoptive son of Rick Webber . Biological son of Derek Barrington and Ginny Blake . Rick Webber ( deceased ) ( Michael Gregory , 1976 -- 78 ; Chris Robinson , 1978 -- 86 , 2002 , 2013 ) Son of Lars Webber and Helene Webber . Half - brother of Jeff Webber . Brother of Terri Webber Arnett . Marries Lesley Webber and Ginny Blake Webber . Father of Rick Webber , Jr . Adoptive father of Mike Webber . Stepfather of Laura Spencer . Murdered by Scott Baldwin . Richard `` Rick '' Webber Jr . ( C. Balme , 1986 ) Son of Rick and Ginny . Sarah Webber ( Jennifer Sky , 1997 -- 98 ; Sarah Lainey , 2002 ) Daughter of Jeff Webber and Carolyn Webber . Paternal half - sister of Steven Webber and Hayden Barnes and sister of Elizabeth Webber . Dates Nikolas Cassadine and Lucky Spencer . Moves to northern California . Steven Lars `` Steve '' Webber ( Martin Hewitt , 1979 ; Shaun Benson , 2004 -- 05 ; Scott Reeves , 2009 -- 13 ) Only son of Jeff Webber and Heather Webber . Half - brother of Robert `` Franco '' Frank , Elizabeth Webber , Sarah Webber and Hayden Barnes . Engaged to Olivia Falconeri . Went to Prison in Memphis , Tennessee on a Murder Charge . Lenore Weeks ( Lenore Kingston , 1963 -- 65 ) Part of the original cast . Al Weeks ( Tom Brown , 1963 -- 65 , 1970 -- 74 ) Part of the original cast , Al Weeks is father of Eddie Weeks . He is the custodian at General Hospital and marries Lucille March . Eddie Weeks ( Craig Curtis , 1963 ; Doug Lambert , 1964 -- 65 ) Part of the original cast , Eddie is the driver of a car accident that puts Angie Costello in the hospital . They conceive an illegitimate child which they give up for adoption to the Flemings , then kidnap the baby after they marry . Eddie is the son of Al Weeks and ex-boyfriend of Dorothy Bradley . Lucille March Weeks ( deceased ) ( Lucille Wall , 1963 -- 76 , 1982 ) ( Mary Grace Canfield , 1978 - temp ) Head nurse at General Hospital . Sister of Audrey March Hardy . Wife of Al Weeks . Samantha Welles ( Dawn Merrick , 1985 -- 89 ) Police officer . Friend of Frisco Jones . James West ( Sally Brown , 2018 -- ) Son of Nathan West and Maxie Jones . Maternal half - brother of Georgie Spinelli . Nathan West ( deceased ) ( Ryan Paevey , 2014 -- 18 ) Born James Nathan Reeves . Biological son of Liesl Obrecht and Cesar Faison . Brother of Britt Westbourne . Raised by his aunt Madeline Reeves . Cousin of Nina Clay . Detective for the Port Charles Police Department . Husband of Maxie Jones . Father of James West . Shot by Cesar Faison . Britt Westbourne ( Kelly Thiebaud , 2012 -- 14 , 2015 , 2017 ) Daughter of Cesar Faison and Liesl Obrecht . Sister of Nathan West . Dated Patrick Drake . Formerly engaged to Nikolas Cassadine . Surrogate mother of Rocco Falconeri . Went on the run with Faison for a few years before turning herself into the police . Karen Wexler ( deceased ) ( Cari Shayne , 1992 -- 94 , 1995 ; Jennifer Hammon , 1997 -- 99 ( on Port Charles ) ; Marie Wilson , 1999 -- 2003 ) Daughter of Scott Baldwin and Rhonda Wexler . Granddaughter of Lee and Gail Baldwin . Sister of Robert `` Franco '' Frank , Logan Hayes , Serena Baldwin and Christina Baldwin . Dated Jason Quartermaine . Marries Jagger Cates . Killed in car accident in 2003 . Rhonda Wexler ( Denise Galik - Furey , 1992 -- 94 ) Recovering alcoholic . Mother of Karen Wexler . Agnes Whittaker ( Beth Peters , 1980 -- 82 , 1983 , 1994 ) Wife of Whit Whittaker . Friends of Luke and Laura . Helps Luke and Laura with their wedding . Rents a room for Luke and Laura when they are on the run in 1980 . Whit Whittaker ( deceased ) ( Hank Underwood , 1980 -- 82 , 1983 ) Husband of Agnes Whitaker . Plays poker with Mom and Pop Calhoon . Veronica Wilding ( deceased ) ( Jennifer Hetrick , 1998 ) Former lover of Harlan Barrett . Mother of Brenda Barrett . Mitch Williams ( Christopher Pennock , 1979 -- 80 ) District Attorney . Runs for State Senate . Briefly marries Tracy Quartermaine . Willow ( Katelyn Pacitto , 2010 ) Friend of Kiefer Bauer and Ashton who bullied Kristina Davis . Louise Elaine `` Lainey '' Winters ( Kent King , 2005 -- 10 ) Psychiatrist at General Hospital . Dates Justus Ward . Roommates with colleague Kelly Lee . Dawn Winthrop ( deceased ) ( Kim Valentine , 1988 -- 89 ; Sharon Case , 1989 -- 90 ; Lisa Fuller , 1990 ; Jennifer Guthrie , 1990 -- 91 ) Only biological daughter of David Langton and Monica Quartermaine . Maternal half - sister of A.J. Quartermaine . Adoptive maternal half - sister of Jason Morgan and Emily Quartermaine . Marries Ned Ashton . Engaged to Decker Moss when she dies . Prunella Witherspoon ( Chantal Contouri , 1988 ) Con artist . Cousin of Robert Scorpio . Dr. Lainey Winters ( Kent King , ( 2006 - 2010 ) Deke Woods ( deceased ) ( Unknown actor ) Stepfather of Sonny Corinthos . Routinely abuses both Sonny and his mother Adela . Killed by Joe Scully . Mr. Wu ( Aki Aleong , 1985 ) Evil mastermind behind the Asian Quarter story . Keeps citizens enslaved until Robert Scorpio and others find the black pearls ( which Robin has secretly put into her doll ) . Grandfather of Jade and Kim Soong . Great - Grandfather of Brad Cooper . Impersonated by Robert in 1985 so that he can intercept Sean Donely , who had stolen the Aztec Treasure from Felicia Jones . Dr. Maggie Wurth ( deceased ) ( Kodi Kitchen , 2011 -- 12 ) Pediatrician at General Hospital . Had dated Steven Webber when they both lived in Memphis . Dies of a drug overdose after her tea is spiked by Heather Webber . X ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2012 ) Y ( edit ) Grace Yang ( Michelle Krusiec , 2011 ) Attorney and court - appointed mediator in the custody battle between Jasper Jacks and Carly Corinthos over their daughter Josslyn Jacks . Jax paid her to give him full custody of Josslyn . When Sonny discovers this , he blackmails Grace into drugging and framing Jax so Carly gets full custody of Josslyn . Z ( edit ) Anthony Zacchara ( deceased ) ( Bruce Weitz , 2007 , 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 ) A ruthless and mentally unstable mob boss . Father of Claudia Zacchara . Grandfather of Johnny Zacchara . Married to Tracy Quartermaine at the time of his death . Shot and killed by Johnny in 2012 . Claudia Zacchara ( deceased ) ( Sarah Joy Brown , 2008 -- 09 ) Daughter of Anthony Zacchara and Domenica Zacchara . Mother of Johnny Zacchara . Ex-lover of Ric Lansing . Married to Sonny Corinthos at the time of her death . Killed by Michael Corinthos . Domenica Zacchara ( mentioned character ) Mother of Claudia Zacchara . Grandmother of Johnny Zacchara . Ex-wife of Anthony Zacchara . Ran away to Greece fearing her husband 's insanity . John Anthony `` Johnny '' Zacharra ( Brandon Barash , 2007 - 2013 ) Former mob boss of the Zacchara Organization . Son of Gino Soleito and Claudia Zacchara . Grandson of Anthony Zacchara . Ex-lover of Lulu Spencer , Olivia Falconeri , Lisa Niles , and Carly Jacks . Married to Kate Howard , who was under the influence of her alter personality , Connie Falconeri . Sentenced to 20 years in prison for murdering Cole Thornhart , Hope Manning Thornhart , and Anthony Zacchara . Maria Zacchara ( deceased ) ( mentioned character ) Ex-wife of Anthony Zacchara . Thought to be the mother of Johnny Zacchara . Murdered by Anthony in front of Johnny when he was about seven years old . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( February 18 , 2012 ) . `` Zina Bethune Dies at 66 ; Actress , Dancer and Choreographer '' . The New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jicha , Tom ( May 4 , 1981 ) . `` Soap opera star has to be able to keep a secret '' . The Miami News . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( July 13 , 2005 ) . `` Newcomer Grabow to Exit GH '' . SoapCentral . soapcentral.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Hamilton Joins General Hospital Cast '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . September 26 , 1969 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reichardt , Nancy M. ( June 6 , 1988 ) . `` Wedding bells peal for daytime stars '' . Anchorage Daily News . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gallo , Joanne ( January 18 , 2005 ) . `` A Deadly Obsession '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Johnny ( April 8 , 1964 ) . `` Video Versions '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kearney , Patricia & Buchanan , Betty ( January 1976 ) . `` The Story of ABC - TV 's General Hospital ( First Installment ) '' . Daytime TV : 17 -- 24 , 53 -- 55 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spreading The Word '' . ABC Soaps in Depth . abc.soapsindepth.com . March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Actress Bobbi Jordan Dies at 75 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reichardt , Nancy M. ( December 17 , 1988 ) . `` Returning to ' General Hospital ' '' . The Free Lance - Star . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta Dabney joins ' General Hospital ' '' . The Dispatch . Lexington , NC. 1975 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kearney , Patricia & Buchanan , Betty ( February 1976 ) . `` The Story of ABC - TV 's General Hospital ( Second Installment ) '' . Daytime TV : 23 -- 30 , 50 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . 37 . April 23 , 2012 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Delores ' MIA Hubby ! '' . ABC Soaps in Depth . abc.soapsindepth.com. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's That Girl ? '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . abc.soapsindepth.com . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ; Hartford Courant ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Kristin Davis still hoping for ` Sex ' '' . Los Angeles Times . latimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Jon - Michael ( 1985 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Asian Plots For ' General Hospital ' '' . Los Angeles Times . latimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miss USA : Members '' . Missuniverse.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Cook Falls Victim to Virus '' . ABC . abc.com. 2012 - 09 - 11 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Chew 's Carla Hall Guests On GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiere of Daytime Show '' . The Southeast Missourian . March 29 , 1963 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( July 14 , 1978 ) . `` Dante Quits ' General Hospital ' To Produce , Star in TV Movies '' . Youngstown Vindicator . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goudas , John N. ( May 21 , 1983 ) . `` Soap Opera Scene '' . The Miami News . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jon - Michael ( September 5 , 1976 ) . `` Gerald Gordon Joins Cast Of ' General Hospital ' '' . Lakeland Ledger . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Warrick joins cast '' . Lawrence Journal - World . October 2 , 1976 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scheuer , Steven H. ( August 28 , 1977 ) . `` New Life , New Wife '' . Boca Raton News . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soaps '' . Toledo Blade . February 7 , 1980 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Power , Samantha ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` War & A Piece '' . Spy . Sussex Publishers , LLC. 9 ( 4 ) : 53 . ISSN 0890 - 1759 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher Stetson , Debi ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` ' Social Security ' to offer comic relief '' . Harwich Oracle . wickedlocal.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maxine Stuart '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Troy Ruptash Cast As General Hospital 's Mysterious Dixon ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Thompson Leaving ' General Hospital ' '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Thompson Leaving General Hospital as Patrick , Kimberly McCullough Returning as Robin '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White - Nobles , Omar ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` JASON THOMPSON BIDS FAREWELL TO GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . TVSource Magazine . United States . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Shelli ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` No ! Jason Thompson Has Announced He 's Leaving General Hospital '' . TV Guide . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GH 's Emma Hits Primetime ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . abc.soapsindepth.com . August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings : Jason Thompson ( Patrick Drake ) '' . Soap Opera Digest . ( Vol. 41 , No. 2 ) . January 11 , 2016 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ TV Guide News ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) . `` General Hospital 's Corbin Bernsen ... '' TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peggy McCay 411 '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Donnell , 66 , Dies ; TV and Movie Actress '' . The New York Times . 1988 - 04 - 16 . p. 39 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jim ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Titanic ' co-star Gloria Stuart dies at 100 '' . USA Today . usatoday.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashley Jones Joins GENERAL HOSPITAL in Shocking New Role ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASHLEY JONES ON GH GIG : `` I 'VE BEEN SCARED TO TELL ANYONE ! '' `` . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( 2008 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Vincent Pastore Heads to Port Charles '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Kimberly ( June 5 , 1984 ) . `` Oliver 's a newcomer ; Alcohol on soaps ? '' . Ludington Daily News . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharjee , Mala ( 2005 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Chatting With GH 's Big Alice '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( December 19 , 1992 ) . `` Pair Didn ` t Click As A Couple On ` Hospital ` '' . Sun Sentinel . sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Alan ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` Positive Portrayal '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( October 27 , 2002 ) . `` GH Puts out casting call for new characters '' . Soapcentral . soapcentral.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Pringle '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` General Hospital synopsis '' . Soap Opera Digest . 15 . December 25 , 1990 . p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` General Hospital Daily Recaps - General Hospital @ soapcentral.com '' . soapcentral.com . Jump up ^ Reed , Jon - Michael ( May 10 , 1979 ) . `` Ballet Twirls Through ' Turns ' '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soaps Answer to Rhett Butler Moves On '' . Ocala Star - Banner . March 23 , 1978 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Prepare the O.R. ( and A.A. ) : Dr. Drake Is Back '' . The New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` ATWT ALUM TRENT DAWSON JOINS GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Riedy as General Hospital 's Dr. Matthew Mayes '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soap operas add two cast members '' . Beaver County Times . March 8 , 1975 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` K.T. Stevens ; Actress , Union President '' . Los Angeles Times . latimes.com . June 25 , 1994 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam McCall 's Twin Alicia Montenegro '' . The New York Times . about.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Leg Up On Allegra '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com. 2005 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stars Who Got Their Start on Soap Operas '' . In Style . InStyle.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About GH : Who 's Who in Port Charles - Jason Morgan - General Hospital @ soapcentral.com '' . soapcentral.com . ^ Jump up to : The Los Angeles Times ( 1992 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Soaps Were The First Steps Toward Fame For These Stars '' . Orlando Sentinel . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GH Casts A Lady Cop ! '' . ABC Soaps in Depth . abc.soapsindepth.com. 2011 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rebeka Montoya Resume '' . Official Rebeka Montoya website . wordpress.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TV Guide News ( 2004 - 06 - 07 ) . `` General Hospital is bringing back ... '' TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , Lynda ( October 9 , 1982 ) . `` Questions on ' Soaps ' '' . Youngstown Vindicator . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rene Angela '' . The Afro American . June 25 , 1983 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pike , Charlie ( October 3 , 1975 ) . `` Pike 's Peak '' . The Dispatch . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warren Lewis , Richard ( December 22 , 1968 ) . `` She Takes Her troubles Home '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stacy , Tom ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Catching Up With ... Andrew St. John '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' General Hospital '' Episode # 1.7336 ( TV Episode 1991 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` A Lot To Lose '' . Jump up ^ `` Newcomer set to cause trouble for Sabrina - General Hospital @ soapcentral.com '' . soapcentral.com . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` General Hospital : Teen Beach Movie 's John DeLuca Cast in Recurring Role '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thurber , Jon ( August 10 , 2004 ) . `` Frank Maxwell , 87 ; ' General Hospital ' Actor , National Head of AFTRA '' . Los Angeles Times . articles.latimes.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` TRISTAN ROGERS BACK TO GH ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Waltons ' Star Coming to ' GH ' '' . SOAPnet . sn.soapnet.go.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` General Hospital Head Writer Ron Carlivati Talks Pausing Soap 's `` Breakneck Pace '' For Powerful 52nd Anniversary Episode ( EXCLUSIVE ) `` . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GH Actress Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com. 2011 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Don Galloway , a Familiar Face on Television , Dies at 71 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Hospital Reunion '' . Fox News . Foxnews.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goudas , John N. ( June 20 , 1987 ) . `` Shaun Cassidy Drifter in ' General Hospital ' '' . The Free Lance - Star . p. 2 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Folkart , Burt A. ( 1986 - 07 - 16 ) . `` OBITUARIES : Lucille Wall , Star of Radio Show ' Portia ' '' . Los Angeles Times . latimes.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GH FAQs '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com. April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Who 's Who in General Hospital 's Port Charles <Th_colspan="2"> General Hospital Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew Frank and Doris Hursley Frank Valentini Shelly Altman Chris Van Etten Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy / Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio / Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles ( spin - off ) Night Shift ( spin - off ) What If ... Port Charles ( setting ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_General_Hospital_characters&oldid=843875952 '' Categories : Lists of General Hospital characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2010 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from April 2012 Articles with empty sections from April 2012 Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. General Hospital characters
2. Port Charles residents
3. Family relationships
4. Criminal activities
5. Romantic relationships
|
5,639,821,251,354,598,000 |
godspeed you black emperor where are you going
|
F ♯ a ♯ ∞ - wikipedia F ♯ a ♯ ∞ This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Holiday56 ( talk contribs ) at 16 : 03 , 18 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 16 : 03 , 18 August 2017 by Holiday56 ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> F ♯ A ♯ ∞ <Td_colspan="2"> One of the three different vinyl album covers . <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Godspeed You ! Black Emperor Released 14 August 1997 Recorded May 1997 Studio Hotel2Tango in Montreal , Quebec , Canada Genre Post-rock experimental rock instrumental rock dark ambient Length 38 : 22 ( Vinyl record ) 63 : 27 ( Compact Disc ) Label Constellation , Kranky Producer Don Wilkie Ian Ilavsky Godspeed You ! Black Emperor <Th_colspan="2"> Godspeed You ! Black Emperor chronology <Td_colspan="2"> All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling ( 1994 ) All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling 1994 F ♯ A ♯ ∞ ( 1997 ) Slow Riot for New Zerø Kanada ( 1999 ) Slow Riot for New Zerø Kanada 1999 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Compact Disc release <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> F ♯ A ♯ ∞ ( pronounced `` F - sharp , A-sharp , Infinity '' ) is the debut album of the Canadian post-rock band Godspeed You ! Black Emperor . It was released twice , first in 1997 by Constellation Records and then again on 8 June 1998 , by Kranky as an expanded edition that ran for 63 : 27 . The album is devoid of traditional lyrics and mostly instrumental , featuring lengthy songs segmented into movements and wide dynamics . The album was recorded at the Hotel2Tango in the Mile End of Montreal . It was initially released in very limited quantities , and was mainly distributed through live performances and advertised by word of mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Music 3 Packaging 4 Release and reception 5 Track listing 5.1 Vinyl edition 5.2 Compact Disc edition 5.3 Notes 5.3. 1 Vinyl 5.3. 2 CD 6 Personnel 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Recording In 1995 , Mauro Pezzente moved into a loft with his then - girlfriend in the Mile End of Montreal . Pezzente used the flat as a performance venue , dubbing it the Gallery Quiva . Around 1996 , fumes from the mechanic 's garage below the loft forced them to vacate it . Shortly after their departure , Efrim Menuck moved into the space and established Hotel2Tango , serving both as a recording studio and practice space . There , in 1997 , the original recording of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ took place . By this time , the band had reached an unwieldy 15 members . In preparation of the album , they trimmed their numbers to ten . The culmination of material spanning back to 1993 resulted in two lengthy songs , each about 20 minutes in length . After the record 's release , the band became interested in touring the United States . In order to make headway , they sent a copy of their album to the Chicago - based record label Kranky . Impressed by the recording , Kranky offered to republish the album on compact disc . The band quickly returned to the studio and re-recorded the album , which was released in June 1998 . Changes to the album included the addition , subtraction and reorganization of material , resulting in three tracks and slightly over an hour of music . Music All of the tracks feature a number of field recordings and sampled sounds , once referred to by David Keenan of The Wire as `` eschatological tape loops . '' Therefore , the overall theme of the album is often pinned as apocalyptic . Indeed , English director Danny Boyle was heavily inspired by the album during the making of 28 Days Later . During an interview with The Guardian , he explained , `` I always try to have a soundtrack in my mind ( when creating a film ) . Like when we did Trainspotting , it was Underworld . For me , the soundtrack to 28 Days Later was Godspeed . The whole film was cut to Godspeed in my head . '' Co-founder and bassist Mauro Pezzente performing with Godspeed You ! Black Emperor in London , England in November 2000 . The opening track , `` The Dead Flag Blues '' , begins with an ominous introduction which originates from an unfinished screenplay by guitarist Efrim Menuck . Backed by a string melody , the speaker describes a derelict city , where the government is corrupt and the inhabitants are drunks . The introduction is followed by the sounds of a train and high - volume suspended noise . This eventually develops into a Western - themed melody , and is capped off by an upbeat section which includes glockenspiel , violin , and slide guitar . The second track , `` East Hastings '' , is named after East Hastings Street in Vancouver 's blighted Downtown Eastside . It begins with bagpipes reprising the theme of `` The Dead Flag Blues '' and backing the shouts of a street preacher . The sermon slowly quiets , and is replaced with the movement `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' , an edited version of which appeared in the film 28 Days Later . The movement also contains a brief portion where the band quietly sings in a rare occurrence of vocals . The track concludes with a series of electronic noises and buzzing until throbbing bass takes over . The final track , `` Providence '' , is considerably longer than the first two , coming in around 30 minutes in length . James Oldham of NME described it as `` part The Good , the Bad and the Ugly and part Spiritualized drone freakout . '' The introduction features a vox pop interviewee who references `` A Country Boy Can Survive '' by Hank Williams , Jr . The speaker is quickly replaced with a cello piece accompanied by glockenspiel , violin , and horn . Percussion is added to the melody which peaks , and is continued by a distorted singing woman performing Hazel Dickens ' Gathering Storm . A quasi-military tune follows and is eventually taken over by the sung phrase `` Where are you going ? Where are you going ? '' The voice is sampled from the song `` By My Side , '' from the 1970 musical Godspell . A collage of sounds and drones then round off the track . After a period of silence , a brief coda named for the American musician John Lee Hooker is performed . Packaging The record and its many inserts laid out , including the crushed penny . The hand drawn picture by Efrim Menuck is visible between the handbill and envelope . Another of the three different variations of the album 's vinyl release . The last variation of the vinyl release . The title of the album is pronounced `` F - sharp , A-sharp , Infinity '' . This is a reference to the keys in which each side of the record begins and to the endless loop at the end . The compact disc version does not contain the loop . The original five - hundred records ' jackets were handmade by the band , their record label , and local Montreal artists . One of three original photographs -- depicting a watertower , train , or road sign -- was glued onto the cover . The sleeve and jacket made no mention of the track titles . They were instead scratched into the run - off groove of the record , accompanied by the catalog number and side indication . Inside of the jacket was an envelope filled with inserts . The contents included an old handbill , the album 's credit sheet , a picture drawn by guitarist Efrim Menuck , and a Canadian penny crushed by a train . A silk - screened image dedicated to the blues musician Reverend Gary Davis was also included in the jacket . Barb Stewart of Stylus Magazine and Mike Galloway of NOW called the packaging and inserts `` beautiful . '' After numerous repressings , the assembly process was streamlined . However , the record still ships , to this day , with virtually the same packaging elements as the originals . The compact disc version of the album is much simpler artistically . Guitarist David Bryant once referred to the packaging as a `` jewel - cased CD monstrosity , '' preferring the original handcrafted record . The photograph of a road sign was chosen as the cover image , and was enlarged and darkened significantly from the original . Inside of the case are liner notes and images , including the `` Faulty Schematics of a Ruined Machine , '' the hand drawn picture by Efrim Menuck present in the record . Release and reception <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Encyclopedia of Popular Music NME 8 / 10 Pitchfork 9.3 / 10 Sputnikmusic 5 / 5 Originally , the band had planned to self - release the album as a double 7 '' record set . The idea was scrapped after Don Wilkie and Ian Ilavsky , founders of the independent record label Constellation and co-producers of the album , offered to publish it as their third record . The album was released in August 1997 , and was initially limited to five - hundred hand - packaged and - numbered vinyl records . The first publication of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ was reviewed by a scant number of critics . Stylus Magazine wrote that the record was `` innovative and inventive '' and that it `` stakes out unique territory in a world overrun with hackneyed experimentation . '' Gordon Krieger of Exclaim ! described it as a `` slow soundtrack of regret and desire , equal parts morose and expectant . '' Montreal - based Hour magazine said the lengthy tracks `` could be really pretentious but the sounds ( the band ) make are way too cool to be merely coldly superior . '' Chart Attack magazine went on to rank the two - track record as # 46 on their list of the top 50 Canadian albums of all time . Reviews of the second publication were generally positive and more widespread . Marc Gilman of AllMusic said that `` the music on ( the ) album is unique and powerful '' and that someone `` would be hard - pressed to find any imitators of ( Godspeed 's ) revolutionary musical form . '' The Magnet commented that the three tracks can be `` served up as staggering psychedelia for a headphone or surround - sound context , '' voting it # 38 on their list of the best albums from 1993 to 2003 . The NME called it a `` genuine classic , '' noting the variety of sounds present in the album . Pitchfork founder and critic Ryan Schreiber remarked that , of the many experimental bands around , Godspeed You ! Black Emperor were `` one of the few that ( have n't ) left out beauty and emotion in their pieces . '' Pitchfork later ranked the album # 45 on their list of the top 100 albums of the 1990s . Track listing Vinyl edition <Th_colspan="3"> Side 1 : Nervous , Sad , Poor ... No . Title Length 1 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Intro ) '' 6 : 09 2 . `` Slow Moving Trains '' 3 : 23 3 . `` The Cowboy ... '' 4 : 16 4 . `` Drugs in Tokyo '' 3 : 29 5 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Outro ) '' 1 : 52 6 . Untitled 1 : 34 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 20 : 43 <Th_colspan="3"> Side 2 : Bleak , Uncertain , Beautiful ... No . Title Length 1 . `` ... Nothing 's Alrite in Our Life ... '' / `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 00 2 . `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' 5 : 33 3 . `` Kicking Horse on Brokenhill '' 5 : 37 4 . `` String Loop Manufactured During Downpour ... '' 4 : 26 * <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 17 : 36 Technically , due to the locked groove at the end , this has an infinite running time . However , with the loop removed , this is the running time . The real ending is restored to the CD version . Compact Disc edition <Th_colspan="3"> 1 : The Dead Flag Blues No . Title Length 1 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Intro ) '' 6 : 37 2 . `` Slow Moving Trains '' / `` The Cowboy ... '' 7 : 50 3 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Outro ) '' 2 : 00 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 16 : 27 <Th_colspan="3"> 2 : East Hastings No . Title Length 1 . `` ... Nothing 's Alrite in Our Life ... '' / `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Reprise ) '' 1 : 35 2 . `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' 10 : 44 3 . `` Drugs in Tokyo '' / `` Black Helicopter '' 5 : 41 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 18 : 00 <Th_colspan="3"> 3 : Providence No . Title Length 1 . `` Divorce & Fever ... '' 2 : 45 2 . `` Dead Metheny ... '' 8 : 07 3 . `` Kicking Horse on Brokenhill '' 5 : 53 4 . `` String Loop Manufactured During Downpour ... '' 4 : 37 5 . Untitled ( silence ) 3 : 30 6 . `` J.L.H. Outro ( hidden track ) '' 4 : 08 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 29 : 02 Notes Vinyl Names of movements are not actually given anywhere in the vinyl release ; these are extrapolated from the CD release . The final movement on side one does not have a corresponding segment on the CD release . Time lengths given are approximations . Because of the locked groove of the final track , the vinyl edition technically has an infinite running time . CD `` J.L.H. Outro '' was named in honor of John Lee Hooker . On the CD edition it is a hidden track that begins after approximately 3 minutes and 30 seconds of silence after the end of `` Providence '' . Personnel Godspeed You ! Black Emperor Aidan Girt -- drums Bruce Cawdron -- percussion Christophe -- violin David Bryant -- guitar Efrim Menuck -- electric guitar Mauro Pezzente -- bass guitar Mike Moya -- guitar , banjo Norsola Johnson -- cello Thea Pratt -- French horn Thierry Amar -- bass guitar Guest musicians All guest musicians are credited in the liner notes of the album . No surnames or instruments played are given . Amanda Colin D . Dan O . Grayson Jesse Peter Shnaeberg Steph Sylvain Production and design Ian Ilavsky -- production , mixing Godspeed You ! Black Emperor -- production , mixing Arthur John Tinholt -- locomotive etching Don Wilkie -- production , mixing Notes The singing takes place during `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' movement , and spans from 8 : 20 to 8 : 50 . It is only included on the Compact Disc version . Live performances also contain the singing . Examples can be heard here and here at the 13 : 30 and 11 : 37 marks , respectively . The speaker closely quotes the first verse , with some small changes . Lyrics for the song `` A Country Boy Can Survive '' can be found here . References ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Lorraine ; Rahman , Ali ( 2000 ) . `` Experimental jet - set trash and new stars '' . Montreal Mirror . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Constellation Records . `` F ♯ A ♯ ∞ release information '' . Releases . Constellation Records . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : St - Jacques , Marie - Douche ( 1998 ) . `` Godspeed You ! Black Emperor interview with aMAZEzine ! '' . aMAZEzine . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kranky . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! '' . Kranky . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan , David ( 1998 ) . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! interview with The Wire '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Schreiber , Ryan . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! : F # A # oo '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Channing ( 2006 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Review : Godspeed You ! Black Emperor -- F # A# ( Infinity ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with The Scotsman '' . brainwashed.com. 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Empire , Kitty ( 2002 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Get used to the limelight '' . guardian.co.uk . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` monologues - dead flag blues ( intro ) '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Marc . `` F# A# ( Infinity ) -- Godspeed You ! Black Emperor '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rhoades , Lindsey ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing at BAM With Godspeed You ! Black Emperor '' . The Village Voice . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Constellation Records . `` F ♯ A ♯ ∞ packaging '' . Constellation Records . Archived from the original on 2001 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ LP '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oldham , James ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Godspeed You ! Black Emperor -- f * a * ( infinity ) '' . NME . Archived from the original on 2000 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan , David ( 2000 ) . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! interview with The Wire '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chart Staff ( 2000 ) . `` Top 50 Canadian Albums of All Time '' . Chart . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music : Magnet 's Top 60 Albums , 1993 -- 2003 '' . Acclaimed Music . Magnet . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pitchfork staff . `` Top 100 Albums of the 1990s '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . External links F ♯ A ♯ ∞ at MusicBrainz F ♯ A ♯ ∞ at Last.fm <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Godspeed You ! Black Emperor <Td_colspan="2"> Thierry Amar David Bryant Bruce Cawdron Aidan Girt Tim Herzog Norsola Johnson Karl Lemieux Efrim Menuck Mike Moya Mauro Pezzente Sophie Trudeau Gregory Borys James Chau James Daytron John Littlefair Thea Pratt Roger Tellier - Craig Grayson Walker Albums F ♯ A ♯ ∞ Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven Yanqui U.X.O. ' Allelujah ! Do n't Bend ! Ascend ! Asunder , Sweet and Other Distress Luciferian Towers Other releases All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling aMAZEzine ! 7 '' Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada Related articles Discography Set Fire to Flames Thee Silver Mt . Zion Memorial Orchestra Constellation Records Kranky Music of Quebec Hotel2Tango Post-rock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F ♯ _A ♯ _ ∞ &oldid = 796117330 '' Categories : 1998 debut albums Constellation Records ( Canada ) albums Godspeed You ! Black Emperor albums Instrumental rock albums Kranky albums Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Track listings with input errors Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
|
1. F ♯ A ♯ ∞ - debut album by Godspeed You! Black Emperor
2. Post-rock experimental rock instrumental rock dark ambient
3. Recording at Hotel2Tango in Montreal
4. Unique packaging and inserts
5. Positive reception and critical acclaim
|
1,357,511,762,055,567,600 |
what kind of plane is air force two
|
Air Force Two - wikipedia Air Force Two For other uses , see Air Force Two ( disambiguation ) . The Boeing C - 32 , a variant of the 757 , is the usual transportation for the Vice President of the United States Air Force Two is the air traffic control call sign held by any United States Air Force aircraft carrying the U.S. Vice President , but not the President . The term is often associated with the Boeing C - 32 , a modified 757 which is most commonly used as the Vice President 's transport . Other 89th Airlift Wing aircraft , such as the Boeing C - 40 Clipper , C - 20B , C - 37A , and C - 37B have served in this role as well . The VC - 25A , the aircraft most often used by the President as Air Force One , has also been used by the vice president as Air Force Two . Although the U.S. Marine Corps carries the primary mission for helicopter support of both the president ( Marine One ) and vice president ( Marine Two ) , UH - 1N Twin Huey helicopters from the Air Force 's 1st Helicopter Squadron are also used to support the Vice President in the Washington , D.C. area under the call sign Air Force Two . See also ( edit ) Air Force One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : C - 32 '' . Air Force Link . Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Order 7110.65 R ( Air Traffic Control ) § 2 - 4 - 20 ¶ 7 '' . Federal Aviation Administration . 14 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cheney heads overseas to talk terrorism '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 10 March 2002 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitelaw , Kevin ( 11 March 2002 ) . `` Reporter 's Notebook on Cheney 's Mideast trip : Day 1 : London '' . US News . Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Air Force Two at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Callsigns of aircraft carrying the President and Vice President of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Army One Air Force One Navy One Marine One Coast Guard One Executive One <Td_colspan="2"> Army Two Air Force Two Navy Two Marine Two Coast Guard Two Executive Two <Td_colspan="2"> 89th Airlift Wing VC - 25 C - 32 C - 40 HMX - 1 VH - 3D VH - 60N Transportation of the President of the United States White House Transportation Agency United States Air Force portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Two&oldid=832693169 '' Categories : Boeing 757 Call signs United States Air Force United States special - purpose aircraft Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español Français Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Air Force Two
2. Boeing C-32
3. Vice President of the United States
4. 89th Airlift Wing
5. Marine Two
|
776,788,599,314,097,700 |
what channel is cbs on antenna in indiana
|
List of television stations in Indiana - wikipedia List of television stations in Indiana Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of broadcast television stations serving cities in the U.S. state of Indiana . Contents ( hide ) 1 Full - power stations 1.1 Defunct full - power stations 2 LPTV stations 3 Translators Full - power stations ( edit ) VC refers to the station 's PSIP virtual channel . RF refers to the station 's physical RF channel . Area served City of license VC RF Callsign Network Notes Evansville Evansville 7 28 WTVW CW Bounce TV on 7.2 , Escape on 7.3 Evansville Evansville 9 9 WNIN PBS Create on 9.2 , audio simulcast of WNIN - FM on 9.3 Evansville Evansville 14 46 WFIE NBC MeTV on 14.2 , Grit on 14.3 Evansville Evansville 25 7 WEHT ABC Laff on 25.2 Evansville Evansville 44 45 WEVV - TV CBS FOX / MyNetworkTV on 44.2 Fort Wayne Fort Wayne 15 31 WANE - TV CBS Antenna TV on 15.2 , Ion Television on 15.3 Fort Wayne Fort Wayne 21 24 WPTA ABC NBC on 21.2 , MyNetworkTV on 21.3 Fort Wayne Fort Wayne 33 18 WISE - TV CW Local weather radar on 33.2 Fort Wayne Fort Wayne 39 40 WFWA PBS PBS Kids on 39.2 , Create on 39.3 , PBS39 Explore on 39.4 Fort Wayne Fort Wayne 55 36 WFFT - TV FOX Bounce TV on 55.2 Fort Wayne Angola 63 12 WINM TCT Tri-State Christian Television on 12.2 , Light TV on 12.3 Gary Gary 56 17 WYIN PBS Indianapolis Bloomington 48 WTTV CBS `` Indiana 's 4.2 '' ( Independent ) on 4.2 , Comet on 4.3 Indianapolis Indianapolis 6 25 WRTV ABC Grit on 6.2 , Laff on 6.3 , Escape on 6.4 Indianapolis Indianapolis 8 9 WISH - TV CW GetTV on 8.2 , Justice Network on 8.3 Indianapolis Indianapolis 13 13 WTHR NBC Cozi TV on 13.2 , MeTV ( simulcast with WALV - CD ) on 13.3 Indianapolis Indianapolis 20 21 WFYI PBS PBS Kids on 20.2 , Create / Indiana Channel / Classic Arts Showcase on 20.3 Indianapolis Marion 23 32 WNDY - TV MNT Bounce TV on 23.2 , CW ( simulcast with WISH - TV ) on 23.3 Indianapolis Bloomington 30 14 WTIU PBS World on 30.2 , Create on 30.3 , Echo TV on 30.4 , PBS Kids on 30.5 Indianapolis Indianapolis 40 16 WHMB - TV LeSEA Light TV on 40.2 , World Harvest Television on 40.3 Indianapolis Bloomington 42 42 WCLJ - TV TBN Hillsong Channel on 42.2 , JUCE TV / Smile on 42.3 , Enlace on 42.4 , TBN Salsa on 42.5 Indianapolis Indianapolis 59 45 WXIN Fox Antenna TV on 59.2 , This TV on 59.3 Indianapolis Bloomington 63 27 WIPX - TV ION Qubo on 63.2 , Ion Life on 63.3 , Ion Shop on 63.4 , HSN on 63.5 , QVC on 63.6 Indianapolis Indianapolis 69 44 WDTI Daystar Indianapolis Kokomo 29 29 WTTK CBS High power satellite of WTTV ch. 4 Indianapolis independent on 29.2 , Comet on 29.3 Transmitter covers a large area of central Indiana Lafayette Lafayette 18 11 WLFI - TV CBS CW on 18.2 , Ion Television on 18.3 , GetTV on 18.4 Muncie Muncie 49 23 WIPB PBS Indiana Channel / Create on 49.2 , Weather radar and audio simulcast of WBST on 49.3 South Bend South Bend 16 42 WNDU - TV NBC Antenna TV on 16.2 South Bend South Bend 22 22 WSBT - TV CBS Fox on 22.2 South Bend Elkhart 28 28 WSJV H&I South Bend South Bend 34 35 WNIT PBS Indiana Channel on 34.2 , PBS Kids on 34.3 South Bend South Bend 46 48 WHME - TV LeSEA Ion Television on 46.2 , Grit on 46.3 , Laff on 46.4 , Light TV on 46.5 , HSN on 46.5 Terre Haute Terre Haute 36 WTWO NBC Laff on 2.2 , Escape on 2.3 Terre Haute Terre Haute 10 10 WTHI - TV CBS FOX / MyNetworkTV on 10.2 , CW on 10.3 , Ion on 10.4 Terre Haute Terre Haute 38 39 WAWV - TV ABC Grit on 38.2 , Bounce TV on 38.3 Vincennes Vincennes 22 22 WVUT PBS Create on 22.2 , PBS Kids on 22.3 ~ Chicago IL Gary 50 51 WPWR - TV MNT Movies ! on 50.2 , Buzzr on 50.4 ~ Chicago IL Hammond 62 36 WJYS Ind . simulcast of WEDE - CD on 62.2 , partial simulcast with ethnic programs on 62.3 , vacant on 62.4 ~ Dayton OH Richmond 43 39 WKOI - TV TBN Hillsong Channel on 43.2 , JCTV / Smile on 43.3 , Enlace on 43.4 , TBN Salsa on 43.5 ~ Louisville KY Salem 58 51 WMYO MNT Defunct full - power stations ( edit ) Channel 19 : WAZE - TV - CW - Madisonville ( KY ) / Evansville ( 10 / 15 / 1983 - 3 / 24 / 2011 ) Channel 31 : WTAF - TV - Marion ( 11 / 3 / 1962 - ca . 1969 ) Channel 40 : WURD - Ind . - Indianapolis ( 1 / 25 / 1971 - ca . 4 / 1971 ) Channel 46 : WMSH - TV - Ind . - South Bend ( 7 / 25 / 1974 - 4 / 6 / 1976 ) Channel 49 : WLBC - TV - ABC / CBS / NBC - Muncie ( 5 / 8 / 1953 - 1971 ) Channel 50 : WCAE - NET / PBS - St. John ( 1967 - 1984 ) Channel 52 : WRAY - TV - Princeton ( 12 / 6 / 1953 - 7 / 17 / 1954 ) Channel 63 : WBKZ - Ind . - Angola ( 4 / 22 / 1983 - 1 / ? / 1985 ) LPTV stations ( edit ) Area served City of license ch Callsign Network Notes Princeton Princeton 6 W06BD Educational Portage Portage 13 WODN - LP Deutsche Welle Evansville Evansville 15 ( RF channel 15 ) WYYW - CD Telemundo Retro TV on 15.2 , The Family Channel on 15.3 Indianapolis Martinsville 15 ( RF channel 15 ) WREP - LD Youtoo America Sports on 15.2 , Weather on 15.3 ~ Louisville KY Jeffersonville 16 ( RF channel 16 ) WWWJ - CD TBN Hillsong Channel on 16.2 , JUCE TV on 16.3 , Smile of a Child TV on 16.4 ~ Lafayette ~ Lafayette 16 ( RF channel 16 ) WPBI - LD FOX NBC on 16.2 , ABC on 16.3 ( Simulcast of WPBY - CD ) Evansville Evansville 17 WAZE - LP Silent Indianapolis Indianapolis 17 ( RF channel 8 ) WIIH - CD The CW Translator of WISH - TV for all three subchannels ( 8.1 ( The CW ) , 8.2 ( Get TV ) , & 8.3 ( Justice ) ~ Louisville KY Salem 17 ( RF channel 41 ) WRLW - CD America One South Bend South Bend 18 ( RF channel 16 ) WEID - LP Daystar Evansville Jasper 18 ( RF channel 18 ) WJTS - CD Youtoo America Indianapolis Indianapolis 19 ( RF channel 19 ) WDNI - CD Telemundo Evansville Evansville 20 ( RF channel 20 ) WTSN - CD Heroes & Icons Antenna TV on 20.2 Evansville Evansville 23 ( RF channel 23 ) W23BV - D 3ABN South Bend South Bend 25 ( RF channel 25 ) WCWW - LD CW This TV on 25.2 , Heroes & Icons on 25.3 Fort Wayne Auburn 26 ( RF channel 26 ) W26DH - D 3ABN Hope Channel on 26.3 , LLBN on 26.4 Indianapolis Marion 27 ( RF channel 27 ) WSOT - LD FamilyNet Indianapolis Terre Haute 28 ( RF channel 28 ) WUDZ - LD Buzzr H&I on 28.2 , Sonlife Broadcasting Network on 28.3 , Liquidation Channel on 28.4 , QVC on 28.5 , QVC+ on 28.6 , Movies ! on 28.7 ; tower / transmitter now in Indianapolis Indianapolis Wolcott 30 ( RF channel 30 ) WSDI - LD Accuweather Decades on 30.2 , Tuff TV on 30.3 , RevFrontier on 30.4 , RevFrontier 30.5 , Stadium on 30.6 , Jewelry TV on 30.7 South Bend Lafayette 32 ( RF channel 23 ) WUEA - LD DrTV ~ Lafayette ~ Lafayette 35 ( RF channel 35 ) WPBY - CD ABC Fort Wayne Fort Wayne 38 ( RF channel 38 ) WEIJ - LD TCT TCT HD on 38.2 , TCT Family on 38.3 , Aramaic Broadcasting Network on 38.4 Evansville Evansville 40 ( RF channel 40 ) WEIN - LD Cozi TV Escape on 40.2 Fort Wayne Fort Wayne 45 ( RF channel 45 ) WFWC - CD Cozi TV GetTV on 45.2 , HSN on 45.3 , SonLife Broadcasting Network on 45.4 , 3ABN on 45.5 ~ Louisville , KY Clarksville 45 ( RF channel 15 ) WWJS - CD TBN God TV on 45.2 , Impact Network on 45.3 , Jewelry TV on 45.4 , QVC on 45.5 , Enlace USA on 45.6 Indianapolis Indianapolis 46 ( RF channel 46 ) WALV - CD MeTV Available on cable , Comcast 99 ( Bloomington area ) Evansville Evansville 47 ( RF channel 47 ) WEEV - LD FOX / MyNetworkTV Indianapolis Indianapolis 47 ( RF channel 47 ) WBXI - CD Local Weather / Independent Westville Westville 49 WAAA - LP Independent Indianapolis Indianapolis 51 WIPX - LP silent Indianapolis Marion 51 ( RF channel 51 ) WIWU - CD Religious South Bend South Bend 57 ( RF channel 24 ) WBND - LD ABC MeTV on 57.2 , Movies ! on 57.3 ~ Chicago , IL West Lafayette 65 ( RF channel 20 ) WUVI - LD Hispanic religious programming South Bend South Bend 69 ( RF channel 39 ) WMYS - LD MyNetworkTV Telemundo on 69.2 , Decades on 69.3 Fort Wayne Auburn 73 W07CL 3ABN 3ABN Latino on 73.2 , 3ABN Radio on 73.3 , Radio 74 on 73.4 Translators ( edit ) Channel 15 ( RF channel 15 ) : WCZA - LD - ( Silent ) - Marion Channel 16 ( RF channel 16 ) : WCUH - LD - ( Silent ) - Fort Wayne Channel 31 ( RF channel 31 ) : WUDP - LD - ( Silent ) - Lafayette Channel 33 ( RF channel 33 ) : WUCU - LD - ( Silent ) - Evansville Channel 33 ( RF channel 33 ) : WQDE - LD - ( Silent ) - Wolcott Channel 39 ( RF channel 39 ) : WUDM - LD - ( Silent ) - Wolcott Channel 49 ( RF channel 49 ) : KPDS - LD - ( Silent ) - Wolcott Channel 49 ( RF channel 49 ) : WODP - LD - ( Religios ) - Ft . Wayne <Th_colspan="2"> Television stations in North America Canada AB BC MB NB NL NT NS NU ON PE QC SK YT United States AL AK AS AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA GU HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY Mexico Ags . BC BCS Camp . Cd . de México Chis . Chih . Coah . Col . Dgo . Gto . Gro . Hgo . Jal . Mex . Mich . Mor . Nay . NL Oax . Pue . Qro . Q. Roo SLP Sin . Son . Tab . Tamps . Tlax . Ver . Yuc . Zac . By region Canada ( CB , CF - CK ) United States ( K ) United States ( W ) Mexico ( XE / XH ) Caribbean ( V / Z ) By channel number TV stations by channel number See also <Th_colspan="2"> Additional resources on North American television North America List of local television stations in North America DTV transition North American TV mini-template Canada Canadian networks List of Canadian television networks List of Canadian television channels List of Canadian specialty channels Local Canadian TV stations List of United States stations available in Canada 2001 Vancouver TV realignment 2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment Mexico Mexican networks Local Mexican TV stations United States American networks List of American cable and satellite networks List of American over-the - air networks Local American TV stations ( W ) Local American TV stations ( K ) Spanish - language TV networks 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment 2006 United States broadcast TV realignment List of Canadian television stations available in the United States Insular Areas TV Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_television_stations_in_Indiana&oldid=806845362 '' Categories : Lists of television channels in the United States Television stations in Indiana Indiana - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 14 : 31 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Television stations in Indiana
2. Broadcast television stations
3. Full-power stations
4. LPTV stations
5. Translators
|
1,241,887,645,104,253,700 |
when does lexi die in grey's anatomy
|
Lexie Grey - wikipedia Lexie Grey Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Lexie Grey <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy character <Td_colspan="2"> The season six promotional photograph of Chyler Leigh as Dr. Lexie Grey First appearance `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 '' 3x24 , May 10 , 2007 ( as guest star ) `` A Change is Gonna Come '' 4x01 , September 27 , 2007 ( as main cast ) Last appearance `` Flight '' 8x24 , May 17 , 2012 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Chyler Leigh <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Alexandra Caroline Grey Nickname ( s ) Lexie Fastball Lexipedia Three Little Grey Lex Sweet N ' Low Occupation Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital Title M.D. Family Thatcher Grey ( father ) Susan Grey ( mother , deceased ) Meredith Grey ( half - sister ) Molly Thompson ( sister ) Significant other ( s ) Mark Sloan Alex Karev Jackson Avery Relatives Derek Shepherd ( brother in - law , deceased ) Zola Grey Shepherd ( half - niece ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( half - nephew ) Ellis Shepherd ( half - niece ) Laura Thompson ( niece ) Alexandra Caroline `` Lexie '' Grey , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on ABC in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes and was portrayed by actress Chyler Leigh from the third through eighth seasons . She was introduced as a surgical intern in season three . Serving as Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's half sister , she transferred to the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , after her mother 's sudden death . Eventually named a surgical resident , the character was originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc , but received star billing in the fourth season . The character 's focal storyline involved a romantic relationship with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) . She sustained life - threatening injuries after an aviation accident , in the eighth - season finale , which ultimately ended in her death . The character 's death resulted in mixed critical feedback and the reason given for the departure was Leigh 's desire to spend more time with her family . Rhimes has characterized Lexie as being a dork , as well as having issues with saying how she feels . Leigh has been moderately well received by critics , and was among the cast to receive a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 Background 1.2 Season 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season 7 1.6 Season 8 1.7 Season 9 onwards 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Background ( edit ) Lexie Grey is the daughter of Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) and his second wife , Susan Grey ( Mare Winningham ) . She grew up with her younger sister , Molly Grey - Thompson ( Mandy Siegfried ) and throughout her childhood was kept unaware that she also had an older half - sister , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , born to Thatcher and his first wife , Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) . Lexie is first mentioned when Molly is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital , with Susan informing Meredith that Lexie is a student at Harvard Medical School . At some subsequent point , Lexie learns of Meredith 's existence . She graduates from medical school and is accepted to take her surgical internship at Mass General hospital , but following her mother 's sudden death from complications stemming from the hiccups , Lexie instead opts to move back to Seattle to be closer to her father , taking up an internship at Seattle Grace Hospital , one year behind Meredith who is due to begin her residency . Lexie has an eidetic memory , which is often used as a valuable resource and earns Lexie the nickname `` Lexipedia . '' In contrast to Meredith , Lexie came from a loving home with a happy upbringing . Meredith once said of her : `` She was raised right . With parents and rules and smiley face posters on her wall . '' Her idealistic upbringing leaves her unprepared to deal with the many hardships she faces during the course of the show , and she often has difficulties understanding and accepting the darker side of human emotions . While Lexie can be sympathetic , she is not empathetic , and tends to lash out and react childishly at perceived slights , or when faced with behavior she does not like or understand . Season 4 ( edit ) The night before her internship begins , Lexie meets Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) at Joe 's Bar , mirroring his initial meeting with Meredith . The pair flirt , but Derek makes his excuses and leaves . On her arrival at the hospital , Lexie meets George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) who quickly realizes her identity . Lexie promises to keep George 's secret that he is repeating his internship after failing his intern exam and the pair strike up a friendship . Lexie is assigned to be Cristina Yang 's ( Sandra Oh ) intern , and is dubbed `` three '' by Cristina , who does n't take the time to learn her name . Lexie is eager to get to know her half - sister Meredith , but receives a hostile response when she introduces herself , and her later frequent attempts to bond with Meredith are similarly rebuffed . Lexie begins a brief sexual relationship with Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , who discovers that Thatcher has descended into alcoholism following Susan 's death . When Meredith scolds Lexie for not looking after Thatcher , she finally retaliates and decides to stop pursuing a relationship with Meredith . Lexie bonds with patient Nick Hanscom ( Seth Green ) , and is present when his exposed artery blows , causing him to suffer massive blood loss . She manages to stop the bleeding , but is distraught when Nick later dies anyway . Feeling sympathy for Lexie , Cristina invites her to join her and Meredith in drinking and dancing , causing the sisters relationship to begin to thaw . The following morning , Meredith goes out of her way to make Lexie breakfast , which she politely eats despite an allergy to eggs , resulting in her having to be treated at the hospital . Lexie and George agree to move in together , but they can only afford a dilapidated apartment which Lexie attempts to improve by stealing decorations from the hospital . She begins to develop romantic feelings for George , and discovers that he had only failed his intern exam by one point , encouraging him to try and convince the Chief that he deserves a second chance . Season 5 ( edit ) Lexie continues to harbor romantic feelings for George , oblivious to the fact that he does n't see her in the same way . Their relationship is a mirror foil of George 's previous infatuation with the oblivious Meredith . She prioritizes helping George study over taking part in a surgery with Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , but feels betrayed when George does n't request that she become one of his interns after passing his exam . Finally realizing that he does n't feel the same way , Lexie gives up on her feelings for George and the pair 's friendship begins to fizzle out . She later begins a flirtation with Mark , and the pair begin an unlikely romantic relationship , though they are forced to keep it a secret when Meredith and Derek warn Mark away from Lexie . Lexie discovers that some of her fellow interns have secretly been performing simple procedures on each other and begins taking part to prove she 's hardcore . Sadie Harris ( Melissa George ) joins the society , and seeking a more daring procedure , suggests removing her appendix . Though Lexie agrees , she quickly finds herself out of her depth , resulting in Meredith and Cristina having to intervene to save Sadie 's life . Lexie and the other interns are put on probation . Derek finds Lexie distraught at the day 's events , and allows her to move into the attic at his and Meredith 's house . Mark comes clean to Derek about his relationship with Lexie , resulting in the two men getting into a fist fight . The pair continue to feud , resulting in Lexie beginning to stress eat until they eventually reconcile . Lexie is delighted when Meredith asks her to be a bridesmaid at her and Derek 's wedding , though they eventually give the ceremony to Alex and cancer - stricken Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) . Mark decides to purchase a house and invites Lexie to move in with him , however she declines , concerned about how fast their relationship is progressing . Season 6 ( edit ) Lexie feels guilt following George 's death , having abandoned their friendship after he failed to reciprocate her romantic feelings towards him . Mark comforts her , and she eventually agrees to move into his new apartment with him . Thatcher is admitted into the hospital with liver failure stemming from his former alcoholism . When Lexie is found to not be a suitable transplant candidate , Meredith steps in and donates part of her liver , not to help Thatcher , but to spare Lexie the grief of losing her father and because Lexie inappropriately pulled Meredith 's medical files and begged her to . Mark and Lexie receive a shock when a pregnant teenage girl named Sloan Riley shows up claiming to be Mark 's daughter , and her parentage is soon confirmed . Mark quickly agrees to let her and the baby move in permanently without consulting Lexie , resulting in her ending their relationship when Mark asks her not to force him to choose between Lexie and his child and grandchild , because he 'd have to choose them instead of her . She engages in a one - night stand with Alex , but feels guilty and confesses to Mark when he attempts to restart their relationship once his daughter leaves . Mark is furious with her , officially ending their relationship . Despite secretly suppressing her feelings for Mark , Lexie and Alex assume a casual relationship , that Lexie begins to take too seriously and flaunts to make Mark jealous . Lexie is able to use her eiditic memory to help Alex with several of his cases . Meanwhile , Mark and Lexie never seem to get their timing right , with Lexie disinterested and angry at Mark when he wishes to reconcile , or Mark being caught sleeping with a flavor of the day when Lexie wants to rekindle their relationship . Lexie takes part in a surgery on a patient named Alison Clark ( Caroline Williams ) and informs her husband Gary Clark ( Michael O'Neill ) that it was a success . However , moments later Alison suffers a stroke and falls into a coma that she is deemed unlikely to wake from . As Alison had signed a DNR form , Lexie is forced to turn off the machine keeping her alive , despite Gary begging her to stop . After failing in an attempt to sue the hospital , a grief - stricken Mr. Clark later returns to the hospital with a gun , seeking revenge on Lexie , Derek and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) . After witnessing Mr. Clark shoot a nurse dead , Mark shields Lexie during the shooting and the pair attempt to save a critically wounded Alex . Seeking supplies , Lexie heads out into the hospital and comes face to face with Mr Clark who attempts to shoot her , but she is saved by a SWAT team member who wounds Clark at the last moment allowing her to escape . Lexie and Mark proceed to save Alex 's life , but Lexie is disappointed and irritated when a delirious Alex calls for his ex-wife , Izzie , while nearly dying instead of Lexie . After a showdown with Richard , Gary Clark eventually commits suicide , having killed eleven people and wounding another seven , as well as causing Meredith to suffer a miscarriage . Season 7 ( edit ) Lexie has a psychotic breakdown after the shooting . She is admitted to the hospital 's psychiatric facility and is sedated for over fifty hours , with Meredith remaining by her side . Alex , on the other hand , breaks off his and Lexie 's fling because he can not handle having to care for an insane person after his personal and family history . Lexie retaliates with causal cruelty by mocking him for calling out for the wife who left him and snubbing him when he asks her to use her `` Lexipedia '' talents to help on cases . Lexie is paranoid and irritated that other 's may view her as fragile and incompetent due to her melt down and works hard to repair her image . After both realize they continue to have feelings for each other , Lexie and Mark resume their relationship , but their brief happiness is ruined when Lexie discovers that during their breakup , Mark had impregnated his best friend Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and she again ends their relationship . Eager to win Lexie back , Mark recruits his protégé Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) to try to bring him back into Lexie 's favour , but his plan backfires when Jackson and Lexie develop romantic feelings for each other , resulting in them starting a relationship of their own . Mark is furious and tries to win Lexie back , but shortly after Callie is involved in a car accident and Lexie consoles Mark . The next episode , Lexie explains that she will go back to Mark if he continues to pursue her , but she believes they ultimately are n't suited and will be unhappy . Mark agrees to let her go , giving her and Jackson his blessing . Season 8 ( edit ) Although initially happy in her relationship with Jackson , Lexie is distraught when she learns that Mark has begun a relationship with a woman named Julia . At a charity softball match , her jealousy gets the better of her , resulting in her throwing a ball at Julia . Sensing that Lexie is still in love with Mark , Jackson calls off their relationship . Lexie begins working with Derek 's service and becomes increasingly proficient in neurosurgery , helping Derek with a set of `` hopeless cases '' - high risk surgeries for patients who had otherwise run out of options . During a surgery , Derek is called away on an emergency , leaving Lexie and Meredith to carry out the procedure on their own . Though Derek had instructed them to merely reduce the patient 's brain tumour , Meredith allows Lexie to remove it completely , despite not being authorized by either the patient or Derek to due so . The sisters celebrate the successful surgery , but when the patient wakes up , Lexie is devastated to discover that the patient suffered severe brain damage , losing the ability to speak . Alex , Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) move out of Meredith 's house without inviting Lexie to join them , and with Derek and Meredith settling down with baby Zola , Lexie begins to feel increasingly lonely and isolated . After being left babysitting Zola on Valentine 's Day , she decides to try to salvage her relationship with Mark . However , after plucking up the courage to visit his apartment , she finds Mark studying with Jackson and loses her nerve , instead claiming that she was visiting to set up a play date for Zola and Sofia . When Mark confides in Derek that he and Julia have been discussing having a baby , Derek warns Lexie not to miss her chance again , resulting in her professing her love to a shell - shocked Mark , who merely thanks her for her candour . He later confesses to Derek that he feels the same way , but is unsure about how to go about things . Days later , Lexie is named as part of a team of surgeons that will be sent to Boise to separate conjoined twins , along with Mark , Meredith , Derek , Cristina and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) ; however , while flying to their destination , the doctors ' plane crashes in the wilderness . Lexie is crushed under debris from the plane , but manages to alert Mark and Cristina to help her . The pair try in vain to free Lexie , who realises that she is suffering from a hemothorax and is unlikely to survive . While Cristina tries to find an oxygen tank and water for to try and save Lexie , Mark takes Lexie by the hand and professes his love for her , telling her that they were `` meant to be '' . While fantasizing about the future that she and Mark could have had together , Lexie succumbs to her injuries , and dies moments before Meredith arrives . The remaining doctors are left in the woods waiting for rescue , with Mark refusing to let go of Lexie 's hand . Season 9 onwards ( edit ) The remaining surgeons are rescued from the woods days later , and Lexie 's body is returned to Seattle . Weeks later , a traumatized Cristina reminisces to Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) about her time in the woods , telling him that she had fought with wild animals to keep them away from Lexie 's body . Weeks after the crash , Meredith comes across a young girl presenting with injuries identical to Lexie 's , and tirelessly works to save the girls life , with the experience eventually causing her to come to terms with her sister 's death . Despite making it home from the woods , Mark later died from the injuries he sustained in the crash . When the survivors of the plane crash pool their compensation money to purchase the hospital , they agree to rename the hospital to `` Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital '' in tribute to Lexie and Mark . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` It was like coming into somebody else 's group or circle -- it was a little daunting in the beginning . But I have had such a great time . '' Leigh on her early days at Grey 's Anatomy Leigh first appeared on the show during the last two episodes of the third season as Meredith 's half - sister , Lexie Grey . Following Isaiah Washington 's departure who portrayed Preston Burke , it was reported that show 's executives were planning on adding new cast members , such as Lexie . She was officially upgraded to a series ' regular on July 11 , 2007 , for the fourth season . On casting Chyler Leigh as Lexie , Grey 's Anatomy creator Shonda Rhimes said : `` We met with a lot of young actresses , but Chyler stood out -- she had a quality that felt right and real to me . It felt like she could be Meredith 's sister , but she had a depth that was very interesting . '' In September 2011 , Leigh requested an extended summer hiatus to spend more time with her family . This was granted by Rhimes , though the actress returned in mid-October . Leigh 's character died in the eighth - season finale . In May 2012 , Rhimes revealed why she decided to have Lexie die : `` I love Chyler and I love the character of Lexie Grey . She was an important member of my Grey 's family . This was not an easy decision . But it was a decision that Chyler and I came to together . We had a lot of thoughtful discussion about it and ultimately we both decided this was the right time for her character 's journey to end . As far as I 'm concerned , Chyler will always remain a part of the Shondaland family and I ca n't wait to work with her again in the future . '' Following the death of her character , Leigh released a statement saying : `` Earlier this year , I made the decision that season eight would be my last on Grey 's Anatomy . I met with Shonda ( Rhimes ) and we worked together to give Lexie 's story appropriate closure . I am very lucky to have worked with this amazing cast and crew for five seasons . My experience on Grey 's Anatomy is something that I will treasure for the rest of my life . I want to take this time to say thank you to the fans . Your unconditional love and support have made these last five years very special for me . I look forward to my next chapter and I hope you will continue to follow me on my journey . '' Characterization ( edit ) `` Lexie Grey is here now . And she 's here to stay . I love that she 's a bit of a dork . Being a dork myself , I am fond of the girls with verbal diarrhea . Because it 's not easy to keep all your words in -- believe me . '' Rhimes on Lexie 's personality Leigh 's character has been called `` reliable , trustworthy , timid , and apprehensive '' by Grey 's Anatomy executives . In her early appearances , it was learned that Lexie has a photographic memory , which she applied to her surgical career . This led her to being nicknamed `` Lexipedia '' by Alex Karev . The character has also been described as an `` innocent young intern '' by Alex Keen of The Trades . Of the character , Leigh said : `` She 's a very vulnerable person from a very healthy background -- she knows how to make good relationships but at this point ( season four ) , she 's coming into so much opposition she 's trying to adjust to it . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV commented on Lexie 's early characterization , including her sexual relationship with Karev : `` Rivaling her half - sister Meredith with her own set of daddy issues , Lexie has been perfectly on schedule with the boyfriend issues this season as well . She decided that she could live with being Alex 's plaything , no strings attached , but when push came to shove , and ( Karev 's ex-girlfriend ) came back for a booty call or two , she showed her true Grey colors and could n't continue with the emotionless sex . She has , however , made considerable strides in her relationship with Meredith . '' Debbie Chang noted the culpability taken by Lexie , while Karev ( Justin Chambers ) was mistreating her . Similarities have been established between Lexie and Meredith . Series writer , Stacy McKee , commented on this : `` Lexie 's struggling to be hardcore herself . I do n't know if I 'd go so far as to say , perhaps , this kind of struggle must run in the family , but ... Okay . Fine . It must run in the family -- because Lexie , though she 's very different from Meredith in many many ways , in this one way -- they seem to be exactly alike . Meredith and Lexie both want to succeed . They want to be strong . They want to feel normal . They want , so much , to be whole . But it 's a struggle -- a genuine struggle for them . Being hardcore does n't come naturally . Sometimes , they have to fake it . '' -- Stacy McKee , Grey Matter Lexie entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey 's Anatomy . In her early appearances , she maintained a friendship with George O'Malley , until developing romantic feelings towards him . Rhimes offered the insight : `` I love them as friends . They make good friends . We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere -- we just hit it off right away . And right away there was no pretense or airs . Just pure honesty . That 's Lexie and George . They 're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater . At least , that 's what Lexie is hoping . She is my kind of girl . The girl who likes the guy because he is a GOOD guy and that 's what George is . He is a good guy and that 's something that Lexie could use now . She 's going through her own challenges what with Meredith and losing her own mother and trying to keep things afloat . I 'm rooting for Lexie . She 's my kind of girl and I hope that she gets what she deserves : love . And more kisses . There should always be that . '' Lexie 's most significant relationship was with Mark Sloan . Following her death , Rhimes said : `` Honestly , I always felt like Mark and Lexie were meant to be together . If things had not turned out the way they had this season , I had a completely different thing planned for them . I was one of the people who loved Mark and Lexie together . ( ... ) When Mark and Lexie say `` meant to be , '' it was n't about servicing the fans . That 's how I felt . That 's what was supposed to happen , and that 's what I wanted to see . It was heartbreaking . I loved the idea of them together . They played really well together . They were very charming and funny and great . We did the scene where Lexie confesses to Mark that she 's still in love with him . That was bittersweet to me because it was like , ' Look , they 're so close , so close ! And yet so far . ' '' Reception ( edit ) The relationship between Leigh 's Grey and Eric Dane 's Mark Sloan has been well received by critics and fans alike Leigh has received mixed feedback for her role as Lexie Grey . People , less than impressed , criticized the way Leigh 's character initially approached her sister , calling it `` rude '' . Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly was also critical of Leigh 's early appearances , referring to her as `` awkward '' . However , Armstrong later noted that the `` sparkling '' friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley `` won her over '' . The character 's transition from season four to five was positively reviewed , with Keen of The Trades writing : `` Her presence and confidence have increased quite a bit since last season , and actress , Chyler Leigh , does a fantastic job of making this progression feel seamless . Since the series has defused the tension between Little Grey and Big Grey ( aka Meredith ) , Lexie has clear sailing through the season and steals the show as one of the best current characters on the series . '' Lexie was strongly criticized by Laura Burrows from IGN , being called `` awful '' . Burrows also wrote : `` Everything she says and does is obnoxious and does harm to someone . Lexie is an idiot and should be shot or drowned or exploded . '' The character 's relationship with Sloan has been well received , with Chris Monfette of IGN writing : `` Sloan 's honest relationship with Lexie helped to make both characters infinitely more interesting and mature . '' Leigh served as a primary vocalist in `` Song Beneath the Song '' , the Grey 's Anatomy music event , and was well received , with the Boston Herald 's Mark Perigard praising her performance . The character was listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . In 2007 , at the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Leigh and the rest of the cast of Grey 's Anatomy , received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes writes Mark Sloan obituary : ' I like to believe that Mark is with Lexie somewhere ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In the Midnight Hour '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 9 . November 20 , 2008 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Idato , Michael ( March 10 , 2008 ) . `` Medical Complications '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ; Strauss , Gary ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Actors ' exits leave ' Grey 's ' in recovery '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Lisa ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Welcomes New Cast Member '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David A. Keeps ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Nine Things You Do n't Know about Grey 's Chyler Leigh '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Mystery : Where the Heck Is Lexie ? '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' Creator Defends Finale Death '' . The Insider . CBS Studios . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Chyler Leigh Breaks Her Silence About Shocking Departure '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Shonda on the Season Premiere Episode `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . ABC . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown : Episode Three , `` Here Comes the Flood '' `` . BuzzSugar . Sugar Inc . October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keen , Alex ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` DVD Review : Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season '' . The Trades . Burlee LLC . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 in Review '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Stacy McKee on `` Kung Fu Fighting '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... Part II ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Boss Shonda Rhimes Talks Shocking Finale and Cast Departures : Do n't Assume Everyone Else Will Live '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : A Family Affair '' . People . Time Inc . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` When Girls Collide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` When Girls Collide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Laura ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Freedom '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powers , Lindsay ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' musical episode : critics weigh in `` . Reuters . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Primetime Television . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . General `` Lexie Grey 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com Lexie Grey on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexie_Grey&oldid=809246940 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional Harvard University people Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 23 : 34 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Lexie Grey - Grey's Anatomy character
2. Chyler Leigh - actress who portrayed Lexie Grey
3. Lexie's relationship with Mark Sloan
4. Lexie's death in the eighth-season finale
5. Lexie's role as Meredith Grey's half-sister
|
-5,467,061,301,641,779,000 |
what did jessica jones mom look like before
|
Jessica Jones - wikipedia Jessica Jones Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the television series , see Jessica Jones ( TV series ) . For the comic book , see Jessica Jones ( comic book ) . For other uses , see Jessica Jones ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Jessica Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Jessica Jones on the cover of The Pulse # 14 . Art by Mike Mayhew . Pictured clockwise from top left : Jones as Jewel ; with husband Luke Cage ; with daughter Danielle ; as Knightress . <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Alias # 1 ( November 2001 ) Created by Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Michael Gaydos ( artist ) <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Full name Jessica Campbell Jones Cage Team affiliations New Avengers The Pulse Magazine Alias Private Investigations Daily Bugle Defenders Partnerships Luke Cage Carol Danvers Notable aliases Jewel , Knightress , Power Woman Abilities Superhuman strength and endurance Flight Jessica Campbell Jones is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Michael Gaydos , and first appeared in Alias # 1 ( November 2001 ) , as part of Marvel 's Max , an imprint for more mature content . Within the context of Marvel 's shared universe , Jones is a former superhero who becomes the owner and sole employee of Alias Private Investigations . Bendis originally envisioned the series centered on Jessica Drew and only decided to create Jones once he noticed that the main character had a distinct voice and background that differentiated her from Drew . Jones has since starred in three ongoing series , Alias , The Pulse and Jessica Jones . Alias ran for 28 issues before ending in 2004 , while The Pulse ran for 14 issues from April 2004 to May 2006 . Jessica Jones debuted in October 2016 . She became a member of the New Avengers , alongside her husband , Luke Cage , during Marvel 's 2010 Heroic Age campaign . She has used various aliases throughout her history , including Jewel , Knightress , and Power Woman . The character is portrayed by actress Krysten Ritter in the various TV series of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , including Marvel 's Jessica Jones , and The Defenders . She has also been featured in various video games , in which she has been voiced by actors including Michelle Phan , Mary Elizabeth McGlynn and Tara Strong . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Origin 2.2 Early years 2.3 The Pulse and Young Avengers 2.4 `` Civil War '' , `` Secret Invasion '' and `` Dark Reign '' 2.5 2010 -- present 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Video games 6 References 7 External links Creation ( edit ) Jessica Jones debuted in the Marvel MAX imprint series Alias in November 2001 . The character and series were created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Michael Gaydos . Alias ran for 28 issues from 2001 to 2004 , with most covers drawn by David W. Mack . After the end of the series , Jones and other characters from the series moved to Bendis ' subsequent series , The Pulse . In a 2005 interview , Bendis claimed : `` Originally , Alias was going to star Jessica Drew , but it became something else entirely . Which is good , because had we used Jessica , it would have been off continuity and bad storytelling . '' Previously , Bendis commented , `` I was at one time toying with doing Jessica Drew ( in Alias ) because she has the best hair of any superhero in comics , but this book is entirely different than what that idea was to be . '' By the time Bendis was actively developing the title , Jones was his central character , one with a distinct background and voice from Drew 's . Jessica Jones appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010 -- 2013 New Avengers series , from issue # 1 ( August 2010 ) through its final issue # 34 ( January 2013 ) . In a Marvel Comics podcast , Bendis expressed his desire to incorporate Jones into the parallel universe Ultimate Marvel imprint . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 106 , she appears as a senior at Peter Parker 's school . Her adoptive surname Jones is of Welsh origin . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Midtown High student Jessica Campbell goes to school with Peter Parker , on whom she has a crush and is present when he is bitten by the irradiated spider which gives him radioactive powers . Jessica 's father receives tickets for Disney World from his boss Tony Stark . On the way home , their car collides with a military convoy carrying radioactive chemicals . Her family is killed , and she spends several months in a coma . Upon waking , she is placed in an orphanage and adopted by the Jones family . Jessica later discovers that her radiation exposure granted her super strength , limited invulnerability , and flight . Jessica 's adoptive parents re-enroll her at Midtown High , where she is ostracized by her classmates , especially Flash Thompson . Peter Parker ( who has since become Spider - Man ) senses in Jessica a kindred spirit -- someone who has also lost her family due to a tragic circumstance . Jessica mistakes his kind attention for pity and lashes out at him . She later witnesses a fight between Spider - Man and the villain Sandman in her school . This inspires her to use her abilities for positive ends . Early years ( edit ) Main article : Alias ( comics ) As Jewel , Jones has a fairly uneventful superhero career until she intervenes in a disturbance at a restaurant involving Zebediah Killgrave , the Purple Man . Killgrave uses his power of mind control to place Jones under his command , psychologically torturing her and forcing her to aid his criminal schemes . After Killgrave sends her to kill Daredevil at the Avengers Mansion , Jones is rescued by Carol Danvers , the only Avenger who actually knows her . Jones undergoes psychic therapy with Jean Grey of the X-Men , who places a special mental command in Jones 's subconscious to protect her from further mind control . During this time , Jones develops a brief romantic relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Clay Quartermain . Due to the traumatic violation of her mind by Killgrave and the fact that she was barely noticed missing for eight months , a demoralized and depressed Jones gives up her costumed superhero life . She briefly adopts a darker identity as the Knightress and interrupts a crime meeting between the Owl and a mafioso , through which she meets up with fellow superhero Luke Cage . After defeating the Owl , she and Cage develop a lasting friendship . No longer a superhero , Jones opens a private detective agency . Longtime friend Carol Danvers sets Jones up with Scott Lang ( the second Ant - Man ) , and the two date for several months . She also has an off - and - on affair with Cage . Killgrave , still obsessed with Jones , escapes from high - security incarceration , but with the mental defenses Grey gave her , Jones breaks his control and subsequently beats him to death . Later , Cage and Jones admit their feelings for each other , and after she becomes pregnant with their child , they begin a committed relationship . The Pulse and Young Avengers ( edit ) Main article : The Pulse ( comics ) Jones takes a leave from the detective business and joins the staff of the Daily Bugle as a superhero correspondent and consultant , becoming a main character of the comic book The Pulse , and a contributor to the same - name fictional newspaper supplement within . A pregnant Jones is attacked by the Green Goblin after the Bugle reported that he was secretly industrialist Norman Osborn . In response , Cage retaliates and Osborn is irrevocably exposed as the Goblin upon his defeat and incarceration . Jones quits her job with the Bugle after publisher J. Jonah Jameson uses the paper to smear the New Avengers . Jones and Cage are living together when she gives birth to their child , whom they name Danielle after Luke 's best friend , Danny Rand . Cage and Jones marry in New Avengers Annual # 1 . Jones appears as a supporting character in Young Avengers until the series ended . She returns in Avengers : The Children 's Crusade # 6 in which she , Beast and Hawkeye attempted to defuse the situation between the Avengers and X-Men who were fighting over who was to punish the Scarlet Witch . She helps fight Doctor Doom and is present when Stature and the Vision are killed . She is seen hugging Hulkling in the final panel when the team is declared full - fledged Avengers by Captain America . `` Civil War '' , `` Secret Invasion '' and `` dark reign '' ( edit ) In Marvel 's 2006 -- 2007 crossover storyline `` Civil War '' , Jones and Cage reject Iron Man and Ms. Marvel 's offer to join the Superhuman Registration Act . As part of the New Avengers , Jones moved into Doctor Strange 's Sanctum Sanctorum , but after an attack involving the demonic villain the Hood , Jones , shaken by the experience and desperate to protect her child , left the New Avengers and registered for the Superhuman Registration Act , ending her relationship with Luke Cage for the time being . Jones is among the heroes who emerge from the crashed Skrull ship wearing her Jewel costume , although it is later revealed this Jones was a Skrull . The real Jessica Jones appears in Secret Invasion # 7 , in which she joins in the heroes ' fight against the Skrulls and was able to be reunited with her husband . After the Skrull surrender , the Skrull impersonating Jarvis disappears with their daughter , leaving Jessica desperate . Jessica is unaware that Luke has asked Norman Osborn for help in their search for Danielle . Osborn helped Luke recover Danielle , and Luke gave the baby back to Jessica . Spider - Man revealed himself as Peter Parker to the New Avengers , leaving Jones shocked to see that her former classmate is Spider - Man . She then tells Peter of her former crush on him , only to find out that he did not recognize her all this time , let alone remember her name , only remembering her as `` Coma Girl '' , upsetting her . She later assists the Avengers in rescuing Clint after being captured by Norman Osborn . Jessica reveals that she was inspired to become a superheroine after witnessing an early battle between Spider - Man and the Sandman . Peter then tries to convince Jessica to return to the life of a superhero , suggesting that she could provide a better example for her daughter by going into action as a hero rather than simply telling her daughter about her old career . 2010 -- present ( edit ) Jessica Jones as the titular character of her own comic book series . Artwork for the cover of Jessica Jones 1 ( October 2016 Marvel Comics ) . Art by Alex Maleev . ( Variant cover art ) During the storylines of Marvel 's 2010 `` Heroic Age '' branding campaign , Jessica returned to her costumed identity of Jewel and became a member of the New Avengers when the title relaunched in June 2010 . She and Luke began searching for a nanny , interviewing characters featured from other comics set in the Marvel Universe . Ultimately , Squirrel Girl was chosen as Danielle 's nanny . In New Avengers # 8 , Jessica took the name Power Woman to both honor her husband , Power Man ( Luke Cage ) , and to be a role model for their daughter . However following several incidents revolving around Thule Society attacking Avengers Mansion , and Norman Osborn 's threat , Jessica quit the team and went into hiding , realizing that it was too dangerous for Danielle to remain in Avengers Mansion due to the numerous potential threats . Jessica later appeared as an ally to the Mighty Avengers team formed by Luke Cage . Jessica and Danielle lived in the apartment of the Gem Theater , which was serving as the Mighty Avenger 's base of operations . She and Luke would later be confronted by the Superior Spider - Man and his Spider Robots , who offered her a place on a different type of Avengers team that was to be run by him . Jessica swiftly found a babysitter for her child and refused before delivering a powerful punch to Spider - Man 's face for his threat . The group was later backed up by She - Hulk and she and Jessica decided to go out for coffee . Jessica and Luke would later switch apartments with an old friend of Luke 's named David Griffiths . While moving in , Jessica spoke to the Blue Marvel about what it 's like to raise a child of superheroes and expressed both her support and annoyance at her husband 's choice to start another team of Avengers . During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Jessica Jones became a member of the Defenders alongside Daredevil , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage . They alongside Cloak and Dagger , Doctor Strange , and Spider - Woman fought the Army of Evil during Hydra 's rise to power where they were defeated by Nitro . Jessica Jones and those with him were trapped in the Darkforce dome by Blackout when his powers were enhanced by Baron Helmut Zemo using the Darkhold . In October 2016 , a new ongoing series featuring the character , titled Jessica Jones , began . In 2017 , a new ongoing Defenders series was launched , featuring Jessica as one of the main characters . During the `` Hunt for Wolverine '' storyline , Jessica Jones and Luke Cage assist Iron Man and Spider - Man find Wolverine when his body has gone missing from his unmarked grave . When the four of them arrive undercover at a submarine in international waters upon hearing that a genetic material will be auctioned off , Jessica and Luke are shocked to find that the genetic material that will be auctioned off belongs to their daughter Danielle . Powers and abilities ( edit ) After coming into contact with experimental chemicals and spending some time in a coma , Jessica emerged with superhuman abilities . She possesses superhuman strength , as well as flight , and can block mind control . She shows the capacity to lift a two - ton police car with little effort . Her strength allowed her to lift up a giant - sized Goliath by the nostrils and toss him a short distance , break Atlas ' nose , and render her fellow superheroine Jessica Drew unconscious with a single punch to the face . She later withstood being punched by a human on Mutant - Growth Hormone and sustained only mild bruising and a bloody nose and was able to recover in moments after being shocked by Jessica Drew 's venom blasts . Despite this resistance to harm , Jessica sustained severe injuries , including a damaged spine and neck , a detached retina , and a broken nose after being attacked by both the Vision and Iron Man . Jessica is also able to fly , and while she was able to fly quite well during her early years as a heroine , she has admitted that her flying ability degenerated while she was no longer an active hero . She has since displayed improved flying ability after joining the New Avengers . After her ordeal at the hands of the Purple Man , Jessica was given a degree of psionic protection by Jean Grey of the X-Men . This psionic protection was sufficient to protect Jessica against a second attack by the Purple Man , though she had to `` trigger '' this resistance on her own . In addition to her superhuman powers , Jessica is a skilled detective and investigative journalist . Other versions ( edit ) Ultimate Jessica Jones . Art by David Lafuente . Multiple versions of Jessica Jones have appeared in Marvel 's multiverse . In the 2005 `` House of M '' storyline , Jessica was apparently dating Scott Lang . In What If , Jones accepted Captain America 's offer to work for S.H.I.E.L.D. . Perceiving that something was amiss with Wanda Maximoff ( the Scarlet Witch ) , she alerted the other Avengers , ensuring that the catastrophic events depicted in `` Avengers Disassembled '' and `` House of M '' would never occur . Jessica married Captain America . In Ultimate Spider - Man , Jones appeared as a senior student in the school Peter Parker attended . She was the executive producer of the school 's television network . She later became jealous of Mary Jane Watson 's superior film skills . She attempted to deduce Spider - Man 's secret identity for the school newspaper and may have been suspicious about Peter Parker . Later on after the events of Ultimatum , she claimed to have abandoned her attempts to figure out who Spider - Man was and instead wanted to focus on his heroics . In Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane , Jessica was a student at Mary Jane 's high school and was a former friend of Mary Jane until she became a goth . Mary Jane spent more time with Jessica after her breakup with Ned Leeds and became more goth - like until Jessica told Mary Jane it was n't her . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones in the Netflix original series , Marvel 's Jessica Jones . On November 20 , 2015 , Jessica Jones was released on Netflix , with the title character portrayed by Krysten Ritter as an adult and by Elizabeth Cappuccino as a teenager . As a child , she was in a car accident that killed her parents and put her in a coma . After she regained consciousness , Jessica was legally adopted by talent agent Dorothy Walker , therefore becoming the adopted sister of Trish Walker . As an adult , Jessica crosses paths with Kilgrave and spends a year under his control , snapping out of it after she kills Luke Cage 's wife Reva Connors on Kilgrave 's orders . She experiences post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of what Kilgrave did to her , and drinks to excess to numb her pain and guilt . Her Jewel costume from the comics appears briefly in the fifth episode of season 1 , `` AKA : The Sandwich Saved Me '' , although she refuses to wear it and rejects Trish 's suggestion of Jewel as an alias , saying `` Jewel is a stripper 's name , a really slutty stripper . And if I wear that thing you 're going to have to call me Camel Toe . '' In the eighth episode of Iron Fist , Joy Meachum indirectly mentions to her brother Ward that she hired Jessica in the past to take compromising pictures of members on the Rand Enterprises board of directors . Ritter reprised her role in The Defenders , a 2017 crossover miniseries . A second season of Jessica Jones was released on Netflix on March 8 , 2018 , on International Women 's Day . Video games ( edit ) Jessica Jones appears in a series of Marvel mobile and video games , such as Marvel : War of Heroes , and Marvel : Future Fight . Her appearance in all of them is based off the Netflix version . A teenage version of Jones appears in Marvel Avengers Academy , where she is voiced by Michelle Phan . She initially resembles her Netflix counterpart but gains the Jewel costume once she is upgraded . Jones appears in Marvel Heroes , where she is voiced by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn and Tara Strong . Jones a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Tara Strong . This version is based on her Jewel variant . Her mission requires the player to find Mantis , She - Hulk , Squirrel Girl , and Echo , who have applied to be a potential nanny for Danielle . She appears as a playable character in Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Jessica Jones appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest . Jessica Jones appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New Avengers vol. 1 , # 50 ( April 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Weiland , Jonah ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` Spider - Love : Bendis on ' Spider - Woman : Origin ' and New Ongoing Series '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Powers # 11 , letters pages Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 61 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Comics podcast '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 22 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 23 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 600 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 25 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 26 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 28 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 25 -- 26 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Pulse # 14 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 28 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers Annual # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers Annual # 2 ( 2008 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Secret Invasion # 2 ( May 2008 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Secret Invasion # 5 ( August 2008 ) Jump up ^ Secret Invasion # 8 ( December 2008 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers # 48 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers # 49 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers # 51 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers Annual # 3 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 601 ( October 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The battle between Spider - Man and the Sandman occurred during the villain 's first published appearance in Amazing Spider - Man # 4 ( September 1963 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Jones is a New Avenger '' . Comic Book Resources . March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New Avengers # 7 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers # 8 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers vol. 2 # 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ New Avengers # 24 Jump up ^ New Avengers # 24 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 0 Jump up ^ Hunt for Wolverine : The Adamantium Agenda # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) . Alias # 1 -- 28 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ House of M # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ What If Jessica Jones Had Joined the Avengers ? Vol. 3 , # 1 , February , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Ultimate Spider - Man # 106 , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter to Star in Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Confirmed ! Marvel Drops AKA From Jessica Jones Title '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hairston , Tahirah ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones does n't wear a superhero costume . Here 's why that 's so powerful '' . Fusion . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' star Mike Colter a powerhouse as Luke Cage '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gajanan , Martha ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Jones Season 2 Is Netflix 's Next Marvel Binge . Here 's What to Expect '' . TIME . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' LEGO Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Mixes Action , Humor & Fan - Favorite Scenes '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Adds Netflix Heroes To Rosters Of Popular Mobile Games '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Jones '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors -- Voice Of Jessica Jones '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Waggoner ( @ Asros ) ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Also , for those who are wondering , the amazing @ tarastrong voices Jessica Jones in @ MarvelHeroes '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Martinez , Phillip ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Avengers Alliance Spec Ops 31 : Jessica Jones Confirmed As Next Reward Hero '' . iDigitalTimes . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://news.marvel.com/games/85936/piecing-together-marvel-puzzle-quest-jessica-jones/ Jump up ^ https://news.marvel.com/games/87421/this-week-in-marvel-games-runaways-jessica-jones-and-proxima-midnight/ External links ( edit ) Jessica Jones at Marvel.com Bendis Interview at Comic Book Resources ( August 2005 ) Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed : Which Jessica for Alias ? <Th_colspan="2"> Jessica Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Michael Bendis Michael Gaydos Supporting characters Luke Cage Carol Danvers Jessica Drew Ben Urich Enemies Man Mountain Marko Purple Man Publications Alias The Pulse Jessica Jones In other media Jessica Jones season 1 characters Related articles Daily Bugle New Avengers <Th_colspan="2"> Luke Cage <Td_colspan="2"> Archie Goodwin John Romita Sr . Supporting characters Big Ben Donovan Noah Burstein David Griffith Iron Fist Jessica Jones Misty Knight Claire Temple Colleen Wing Enemies Black Mariah Bushmaster Chemistro Cheshire Cat Circus of Crime Comanche Cottonmouth Diamondback Discus Dontrell Hamilton El Aguila Gideon Mace Goldbug Erik Josten Maggia Mr. Fish Nightshade Purple Man Señor Muerte / Señor Suerte Shades Spear Steeplejack Stiletto Zzzax Teams Defenders Heroes for Hire Mighty Avengers New Avengers Thunderbolts Publications Power Man and Iron Fist In other media Luke Cage season 1 characters soundtrack <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Jones&oldid=842402029 '' Categories : Marvel Comics superheroes Characters created by Brian Michael Bendis Comics characters introduced in 2001 Female characters in comics Fictional adoptees Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional characters with posttraumatic stress disorder Fictional female detectives Fictional orphans Fictional private investigators Fictional reporters Fictional sexual assault victims Fictional sole survivors Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength Marvel Comics mutates Marvel Comics television characters Hidden categories : Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Converted category character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog اردو 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 06 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Jessica Jones - Marvel Comics superhero
2. Alias Private Investigations - Jessica Jones' detective agency
3. Luke Cage - Jessica Jones' husband and fellow superhero
4. Powers and abilities - Superhuman strength, flight, and endurance
5. Marvel Cinematic Universe - TV series and video game appearances
|
7,562,599,861,262,273,000 |
it is a kind of a parrot but cannot fly
|
Flightless bird - wikipedia Flightless bird Penguins are a well - known example of flightless birds Flightless birds are birds that through evolution lost the ability to fly . There are over 60 extant species including the well known ratites ( ostrich , emu , cassowary , rhea and kiwi ) and penguins . The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island rail ( length 12.5 cm , weight 34.7 g ) . The largest ( both heaviest and tallest ) flightless bird , which is also the largest living bird , is the ostrich ( 2.7 m , 156 kg ) . Ostriches are farmed for their decorative feathers , meat and their skins , which are used to make leather . Many domesticated birds , such as the domestic chicken and domestic duck , have lost the ability to fly for extended periods , although their ancestral species , the red junglefowl and mallard , respectively , are capable of extended flight . A few particularly bred birds , such as the Broad Breasted White turkey , have become totally flightless as a result of selective breeding ; the birds were bred to grow massive breast meat that weighs too much for the bird 's wings to support in flight . Flightlessness has evolved in many different birds independently . There were also other families of flightless birds , such as the now extinct Phorusrhacidae , that evolved to be powerful terrestrial predators . Taking this to a greater extreme , the terror birds ( and their relatives the bathornithids ) , eogruids , gastornithiforms , and dromornithids ( all extinct ) all evolved similar body shapes -- long legs , long necks and big heads -- but none of them were closely related . Furthermore , they also share traits of being giant , flightless birds with vestigial wings , long legs , and long necks with some of the ratites , although they are not related . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of flightlessness 1.1 Independent evolution of flightlessness in Paelaeognathes 2 Morphological changes and energy conservation 2.1 Continued presence of wings in flightless birds 3 List of flightless birds 3.1 Ratites 3.2 Anseriformes ( waterfowl ) 3.3 Galliformes ( game birds ) 3.4 Podicipediformes ( grebes ) 3.5 Pelecaniformes ( pelicans , cormorants and allies ) 3.6 Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) 3.7 Coraciiformes ( kingfishers , hornbills and allies ) 3.8 Ciconiiformes 3.9 Gruiformes ( cranes , rails , and coots ) 3.10 Mesitorniformes ( mesites ) 3.11 Charadriiformes ( gulls , terns , auks ) 3.12 Falconiformes ( birds of prey ) 3.13 Psittaciformes ( parrots ) 3.14 Columbiformes ( pigeons , doves ) 3.15 Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars ) 3.16 Strigiformes ( owls ) 3.17 Passeriformes ( perching birds ) 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins of flightlessness ( edit ) Divergences and losses of flight within ratite lineage occurred right after the K - Pg extinction event wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs and large vertebrates 66 million years ago . The immediate evacuation of niches following the mass extinction provided opportunities for Palaeognathes to distribute and occupy novel environments . New ecological influences selectively pressured different taxon to converge on flightless modes of existence by altering them morphologically and behaviorally . The successful acquisition and protection of a claimed territory selected for large size and cursoriality in Tertiary ancestors of ratites Temperate rainforests dried out throughout the Miocene and transformed into semiarid deserts causing habitats to be widely spread across the growingly disparate landmasses . Cursoriality was an economic means of traveling long distances to acquire food that was usually low lying vegetation , more easily accessed by walking Traces of these events are reflected in ratite distribution throughout semiarid grasslands and deserts today Gigantism and flightlessness are almost exclusively correlated . This is mostly observed in islands lacking predators and competition . However , ratites occupy environments that are mostly occupied by a diverse number of mammals . It is thought that they first originated through allopatric speciation caused by breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana . However recent evidence suggests this hypothesis first proposed by Joel Cracraft in 1974 is incorrect . Rather ratites arrived in their respective locations via a flighted ancestor and lost the ability to fly multiple times within the lineage . Gigantism is not a requirement for flightlessness . The kiwi does not exhibit gigantism , along with tinamous , even though they coexisted with the moa and rhea that both exhibit gigantism . This could be the result of different ancestral flighted birds arrival or because of competitive exclusion . The first flightless bird to arrive in each environment utilized the large flightless herbivore or omnivore niche , forcing the later arrivals to remain smaller . In environments where flightless birds are not present , it is possible that after the K / T Boundary there were no niches for them to fill . They were pushed out by other herbivorous mammals . New Zealand had more species of flightless birds ( including the kiwi , several species of penguins , the takahe , the weka , the moa , and several other extinct species ) than any other such location . One reason is that until the arrival of humans roughly a thousand years ago , there were no large land predators in New Zealand ; the main predators of flightless birds were larger birds . Independent evolution of flightlessness in paelaeognathes ( edit ) Ratites belong to the superorder Palaeognathae birds , which include the volant tinamou , and are believed to have evolved flightlessness independently multiple times within their own group . Some birds evolved flightlessness in response to the absence of predators , for example on oceanic islands . Incongruences between ratite phylogeny and Gondwana geological history indicate the presence of ratites in their current locations is the result of a secondary invasion by flying birds . It remains possible that the most recent common ancestor of ratites was flightless and the tinamou regained the ability to fly However , it is believed that the loss of flight is an easier transition for birds rather than the loss and regain of flight , which has never been documented in avian history . Moreover , tinamou nesting within flightless ratites indicates ancestral ratites were volant and multiple losses of flight occurred independently throughout the lineage . This indicates that the distinctive flightless nature of ratites is the result of convergent evolution . Morphological changes and energy conservation ( edit ) Two key differences between flying and flightless birds are the smaller wing bones of flightless birds and the absent ( or greatly reduced ) keel on their breastbone . ( The keel anchors muscles needed for wing movement . ) Adapting to a cursorial lifestyle causes two inverse morphological changes to occur in the skeleto - muscular system : the pectoral apparatus used to power flight is paedorphically reduced while peramorphosis leads to enlargement of the pelvic girdle for running . Repeated selection for cursorial traits across ratites suggests these adaptions comprise a more efficient use of energy in adulthood . The name `` ratite '' refers to their flat sternum that is distinct from the typical sternum of flighted birds because it lacks the keel . This structure is the place where flight muscles attach and thus allow for powered flight . However , ratite anatomy presents other primitive characters meant for flight , such as the fusion of wing elements , a cerebellar structure , the presence of a pygostyle for tail feathers , and an alula on the wing . These morphological traits suggest some affinities to volant groups . Palaeognathes were one of the first colonizers of novel niches and were free to increase in abundance until the population was limited by food and territory . A study looking at energy conservation and the evolution of flightlessness hypothesized intraspecific competition selected for a reduced individual energy expenditure , which is achieved by the loss of flight . Some flightless varieties of island birds are closely related to flying varieties , implying flight is a significant biological cost . Flight is the most costly type of locomotion exemplified in the natural world . The energy expenditure required for flight increases proportionally with body size , which is often why flightlessness coincides with body mass . By reducing large pectoral muscles that require a significant amount of overall metabolic energy , ratites decrease their basal metabolic rate and conserve energy . A study looking at the basal rates of birds found a significant correlation between low basal rate and pectoral muscle mass in kiwis . On the contrary , flightless penguins exude an intermediate basal rate . This is likely because penguins have well - developed pectoral muscles for hunting and diving in the water . For ground feeding birds , a cursorial lifestyle is more economical and allows for easier access to dietary requirements . Flying birds have different wing and feather structures that make flying easier , while flightless birds ' wing structures are well adapted to their environment and activities , such as diving in the ocean . A number of bird species appear to be in the process of losing their powers of flight to various extents . These include the Zapata rail of Cuba , the Okinawa rail of Japan , and the Laysan duck of Hawaii . All of these birds show adaptations common to flightlessness , and evolved recently from flying ancestors , but have not yet fully given up the use of their wings . They are , however , weak fliers and are incapable of traveling long distances by air . Continued presence of wings in flightless birds ( edit ) Although selection pressure for flight was largely absent , the wing structure has not been lost except in the New Zealand moas . Ostriches are the fastest running birds in the world and emus have been documented running 50 km / hr . At these high speeds , wings are necessary for balance and serving as a parachute apparatus to help the bird slow down . Wings are hypothesized to have played a role in sexual selection in early ancestral ratites and were thus maintained . This can be seen today in both the rheas and ostriches . These ratites utilize their wings extensively for courtship and displays to other males . Sexual selection also influences the maintenance of large body size , which discourages flight . The large size of ratites leads to greater access to mates and higher reproductive success . Ratites and tinamous are monogamous and mate only a limited number of times per year . High parental involvement denotes the necessity for choosing a reliable mate . In a climactically stable habitat providing year round food supply , a male 's claimed territory signals to females the abundance of resources readily available to her and her offspring . Male size also indicates his protective abilities . Similar to the emperor penguin , male ratites incubate and protect their offspring anywhere between 85 -- 92 days while females feed . They can go up to a week without eating and survive only off fat stores . The emu has been documented fasting as long as 56 days . If no continued pressures warrant the energy expenditure to maintain the structures of flight , selection will tend towards these other traits . List of flightless birds ( edit ) Many flightless birds are extinct ; this list shows species that are either still extant , or became extinct in the Holocene ( no more than 11,000 years ago ) . Extinct species are indicated with a dagger ( † ) . A number of species that are suspected , but not confirmed to be flightless , are also included here . Ratites ( edit ) Common Ostrich North Island brown kiwi Ostriches Common ostrich , Struthio camelus Somali ostrich , Struthio molybdophanes Asian ostrich , Struthio asiaticus † Emus Emu , Dromaius novaehollandiae King Island emu , Dromaius novaehollandiae minor † Kangaroo Island emu , Dromaius baudinianus † Tasmanian emu , Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis † Cassowaries Dwarf cassowary , Casuarius bennetti Southern cassowary , Casuarius casuarius Northern cassowary , Casuarius unappendiculatus Moa ( Dinornithiformes ) † Elephant birds ( Aepyornithiformes ) † Kiwis Southern brown kiwi , Apteryx australis Great spotted kiwi , Apteryx haastii North Island brown kiwi , Apteryx mantelli Little spotted kiwi , Apteryx owenii Okarito kiwi , Apteryx rowi Rheas Greater rhea , Rhea americana Darwin 's rhea , Rhea pennata Anseriformes ( waterfowl ) ( edit ) Campbell teal Auckland Island teal , Anas aucklandica Campbell teal , Anas nesiotis Steamer ducks Fuegian steamer duck , Tachyeres pteneres Falkland steamer duck , Tachyeres brachypterus Chubut steamer duck , Tachyeres leucocephalus Amsterdam wigeon , Anas marecula † Bermuda flightless duck , Anas pachyscelus † Finsch 's duck , Chenonetta finschi † New Zealand merganser , Mergus australis † Turtle - jawed moa - nalo , Chelychelynechen quassus † Small - billed moa - nalo , Ptaiochen pau † O'ahu moa - nalo , Thambetochen xanion † Maui Nui large - billed moa - nalo , Thambetochen chauliodous † Nēnē - nui , Branta hylobadistes † ( possibly flightless or very weak flier ) Nene , Branta sandvicensis ( occasionally flightless ) Mihirung , Genyornis newtoni † California flightless sea - duck , Chendytes lawi † Kaua'i mole duck , Talpanas lippa † New Zealand geese , Cnemiornis † Galliformes ( game birds ) ( edit ) New Caledonian giant scrubfowl , Sylviornis neocaledoniae † Noble megapode , Megavitornis altirostris † Viti Levu scrubfowl , Megapodius amissus † Podicipediformes ( grebes ) ( edit ) Junin grebe , Podiceps taczanowskii Titicaca grebe , Rollandia microptera Atitlán grebe , Podilymbus gigas † ( reportedly flightless ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans , cormorants and allies ) ( edit ) Flightless cormorant Flightless cormorant , Phalacrocorax harrisi Jamaican ibis , Xenicibis xymphithecus † Apteribis , A. glenos and A. brevis † Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) ( edit ) King penguin , Aptenodytes patagonicus Emperor penguin , Aptenodytes forsteri Adélie penguin , Pygoscelis adeliae Chinstrap penguin , Pygoscelis antarctica Gentoo penguin , Pygoscelis papua Little blue penguin , Eudyptula minor White - flippered penguin , Eudyptula minor albosignata Magellanic penguin , Spheniscus magellanicus Humboldt penguin , Spheniscus humboldti Galapagos penguin , Spheniscus mendiculus African penguin , Spheniscus demersus Yellow - eyed penguin , Megadyptes antipodes Waitaha penguin , Megadyptes waitaha † Fiordland penguin , Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Snares penguin , Eudyptes robustus Erect - crested penguin , Eudyptes sclateri Rockhopper penguin , Eudyptes chrysocome Royal penguin , Eudyptes schlegeli Macaroni penguin , Eudyptes chrysolophus Chatham penguin , Eudyptes sp . † Coraciiformes ( kingfishers , hornbills and allies ) ( edit ) Saint Helena hoopoe , Upupa antaios † Ciconiiformes ( edit ) Ascension night heron , Nycticorax olsoni † Gruiformes ( cranes , rails , and coots ) ( edit ) Weka Great auk Cuban flightless crane , Grus cubensis † Red rail , Aphanapteryx bonasia † Rodrigues rail , Erythromachus leguati † Woodford 's rail , Nesoclopeus woodfordi ( most likely flightless ) Bar - winged rail , Nesoclopeus poecilopterus † ( probably flightless ) Weka , Gallirallus australis New Caledonian rail , Gallirallus lafresnayanus ( likely † ) Lord Howe woodhen , Gallirallus sylvestris Calayan rail , Gallirallus calayanensis Pink - legged rail , Gallirallus insignis Guam rail , Gallirallus owstoni Roviana rail , Gallirallus rovianae ( flightless , or almost so ) Tahiti rail , Gallirallus pacificus † Dieffenbach 's rail , Gallirallus dieffenbachii † Chatham rail , Cabalus modestus † Wake Island rail , Gallirallus wakensis † Snoring rail , Aramidopsis plateni Inaccessible Island rail , Atlantisia rogersi Laysan rail , Porzana palmeri † Hawaiian rail , Porzana sandwichensis † Kosrae crake , Porzana monasa † Ascension crake , Mundia elpenor † Henderson crake , Porzana atra Invisible rail , Habroptila wallacii New Guinea flightless rail , Megacrex inepta Lord Howe swamphen , Porphyrio albus † North Island takahē , Porphyrio mantelli † Takahē , Porphyrio hochstetteri Samoan woodhen , Gallinula pacifica Makira woodhen , Gallinula silvestris Tristan moorhen , Gallinula nesiotis † Gough Island moorhen , Gallinula comeri Tasmanian native hen , Tribonyx mortierii Giant coot , Fulica gigantea ( adults only ; immature birds can fly ) Hawkins ' rail , Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi † Snipe - rail , Capellirallus karamu † Adzebills , Aptornis otidiformis and A. defossor † Mesitorniformes ( mesites ) ( edit ) Brown mesite Mesitornis unicolor ( possibly flightless , has not been seen flying ) Charadriiformes ( gulls , terns , auks ) ( edit ) Great auk , Pinguinus impennis † Falconiformes ( birds of prey ) ( edit ) Dodo Jamaican caracara , Caracara tellustris † Psittaciformes ( parrots ) ( edit ) Kakapo , Strigops habroptilus Columbiformes ( pigeons , doves ) ( edit ) Dodo , Raphus cucullatus † Rodrigues solitaire , Pezophaps solitaria † Viti Levu giant pigeon , Natunaornis gigoura † Saint Helena dove , Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos † Henderson ground dove , Gallicolumba leonpascoi † Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars ) ( edit ) New Zealand owlet - nightjar , Aegotheles novaezealandiae † Strigiformes ( owls ) ( edit ) Cuban giant owl , Ornimegalonyx spp . † ( possibly flightless ) Cretan owl , Athene cretensis † ( probably flightless ) Andros Island barn owl , Tyto pollens † ( possibly flightless ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) ( edit ) Lyall 's wren , Xenicus lyalli † Long - billed wren , Dendroscansor decurvirostris † North Island stout - legged wren , Pachyplichas jagmi † South Island stout - legged wren , Pachyplichas yaldwyni † Long - legged bunting , Emberiza alcoveri † See also ( edit ) Birds portal Biology portal Origin of birds : Secondary flightlessness in dinosaurs List of extinct birds Gastornis Phorusrhacidae Dromornithidae References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Ecology -- Moa '' . TerraNature . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bird Site : Flightless Birds '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Harshman , John ; Braun , Edward L. ; et al. ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds '' . PNAS. 105 ( 36 ) : 13462 -- 13467 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0803242105 . PMC 2533212 . PMID 18765814 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Bob ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Bird evolutionary tree given a shake by DNA study '' . New Scientist . ^ Jump up to : Smith , J.V. , Braun , E.L. and Kimball , R.T. ( 2012 ) . `` Ratite non-monophyly : Independent evidence from 40 novel loci '' . Systematic Biology : sys067 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Phillips , M.J. , G.C. Gibb , E.A. Crimp and D. Penny ( 2010 ) . `` Tinamous and moa flock together : mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites . '' Systematic biology 59 : 90 - 107 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , J.C. ( 1991 ) . `` On ratites and their interactions with plants . '' Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 64 : 85 - 118 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , K. , Llamas B. , Soubrier J. , Rawlence N. , Worthy T. , Wood J. , Lee M. , Cooper A. ( 2014 ) . Ancient DNA Reveals Elephant Birds and Kiwi are Sister Taxa and Clarifies Ratite Bird Evolution . Science Magazine ( Internet ) . ( April 24 , 2014 , cited 2014 Oct. 28 ) . Jump up ^ Baker , A.J , Haddrath O. , Cloutier A , Mcpherson J.D. ( 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Cracraft , J. ( 1974 ) . `` Phylogeny and evolution of the ratite birds . '' International journal of avian science 116 : 494 - 521 . Jump up ^ ( ( Baker , A.J , Haddrath O. , Cloutier A , Mcpherson J.D. ( 2014 ) . Genomic Support for a Moa - Tinamous Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites . Molecular Biology and Evolution ( Internet ) . ( July 2014 , cited 2014 Oct. 28 ) ) ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 's Icon : Flightless '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Haddrath , O. and A.J. Baker ( 2012 ) . `` Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths , and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds . '' Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences : rspb20121630 . Jump up ^ Harshman , J. , E.L. Braun , M.J. Braun , C.J. Huddleston , R.C. Bowie , J.L. Chojnowski , S.J. Hackett , K. - L. Han , R.T. Kimball and B.D. Marks ( 2008 ) . `` Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds . '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 : 13462 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , J.V. , E.L. Braun and R.T. Kimball ( 2012 ) . `` Ratite non-monophyly : Independent evidence from 40 novel loci . '' Systematic biology : sys067 . Jump up ^ Nudds , R.L. ; Slove Davidson , J. ( 2010 ) . `` A shortening of the manus precedes the attenuation of other wing - bone elements in the evolution of flightlessness in birds '' . Acta Zoologica. 91 : 115 -- 122 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.2009. 00391. x . ^ Jump up to : Baker , A.J. , O. Haddrath , J.D. McPherson and A. Cloutier ( 2014 ) . `` Genomic support for a moa - tinamou clade and adaptive morphological convergence in flightless ratites . '' Molecular biology and evolution : msu153 . ^ Jump up to : McNab , B.K. ( 1994 ) . `` Energy conservation and the evolution of flightlessness in birds . '' American Naturalist : 628 - 42 . ^ Jump up to : Cubo , J. and W. Arthur ( 2000 ) . `` Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds : a phylogenetic approach . '' Evolutionary Ecology 14 : 693 - 702 . Jump up ^ Elliott , K . `` High flight costs , but low dive costs , in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flighlessness in penguins '' . PNAS . Jump up ^ Roots , Clive . Flightless Birds . Westport , CT : Greenwood , 2006 . 136 - 37 . Print . Jump up ^ Handford , P. and M.A. Mares ( 1985 ) . `` The mating systems of ratites and tinamous : an evolutionary perspective . '' Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 25 : 77 - 104 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Laurie A ( 1988 ) . `` Status of the Endemic Atitlan Grebe of Guatemala : Is it Extinct ? '' ( pdf ) . Condor. 90 ( 4 ) : 906 -- 912 . doi : 10.2307 / 1368847 . JSTOR 1368847 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( 1991 ) . `` A new species of rail from the Solomon Islands and convergent evolution of insular flightlessness '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 108 ( 3 ) : 461 -- 470 . doi : 10.2307 / 4088088 . JSTOR 4088088 . Jump up ^ Roots , Clive . Flightless Birds . Westport , CT : Greenwood , 2006 . 136 - 37 . Print . External links ( edit ) TerraNature pages on New Zealand flightless birds Kiwi in Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Flightless Birds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flightless_bird&oldid=849156609 '' Categories : Flightless birds Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 23 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Flightless birds
2. Ratites
3. Evolution of flightlessness
4. Morphological changes in flightless birds
5. List of flightless bird species
|
3,822,209,322,031,602,000 |
explain the meaning and functions of management accounting
|
Cost accounting - wikipedia Cost accounting Jump to : navigation , search Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Cost accounting is a process of recording , classifying , analyzing , summarizing , allocating , and evaluating various alternative courses of action for the control of costs . Its goal is to advise the management on the most appropriate course of action based on the cost efficiency and capability . Cost accounting provides the detailed cost information that management needs to control current operations and plan for the future . Since managers are making decisions only for their own organization , there is no need for the information to be comparable to similar information from other organizations . Instead , information must be relevant for a particular environment . Cost accounting information is commonly used in financial accounting information , but its primary function is for use by managers to facilitate making decisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Cost accounting vs financial accounting 3 Types of cost accounting 4 Elements of cost accounting 5 Classification of costs 6 Standard cost accounting 7 The development of throughput accounting 7.1 Mathematical Formula 8 Activity - based costing 9 Integrating EVA and Process Based Costing 10 Lean accounting 11 Marginal costing 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Origins ( edit ) All types of businesses , whether service , manufacturing or trading , require cost accounting to track their activities . Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the costs of running a business . Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution , when the complexities of running a large scale business led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions . In the early industrial age , most of the costs incurred by a business were what modern accountants call `` variable costs '' because they varied directly with the amount of production . Money was spent on labor , raw materials , power to run a factory , etc. in direct proportion to production . Managers could simply total the variable costs for a product and use this as a rough guide for decision - making processes . Some costs tend to remain the same even during busy periods , unlike variable costs , which rise and fall with volume of work . Over time , these `` fixed costs '' have become more important to managers . Examples of fixed costs include the depreciation of plant and equipment , and the cost of departments such as maintenance , tooling , production control , purchasing , quality control , storage and handling , plant supervision and engineering . In the early nineteenth century , these costs were of little importance to most businesses . However , with the growth of railroads , steel and large scale manufacturing , by the late nineteenth century these costs were often more important than the variable cost of a product , and allocating them to a broad range of products led to bad decision making . Managers must understand fixed costs in order to make decisions about products and pricing . For example : A company produced railway coaches and had only one product . To make each coach , the company needed to purchase $60 of raw materials and components , and pay 6 laborers $40 each . Therefore , total variable cost for each coach was $300 . Knowing that making a coach required spending $300 , managers knew they could n't sell below that price without losing money on each coach . Any price above $300 became a contribution to the fixed costs of the company . If the fixed costs were , say , $1000 per month for rent , insurance and owner 's salary , the company could therefore sell 5 coaches per month for a total of $3000 ( priced at $600 each ) , or 10 coaches for a total of $4500 ( priced at $450 each ) , and make a profit of $500 in both cases . Cost accounting vs financial accounting ( edit ) See also : Financial accounting Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet . Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production / service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction . Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government , creditors , investors , and external parties . Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organization 's own management for decision making . In financial accounting , cost classification is based on type of transactions , e.g. salaries , repairs , insurance , stores etc . In cost accounting , classification is basically on the basis of functions , activities , products , process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization . Financial accounting aims at presenting ' true and fair ' view of transactions , profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position ( Balance Sheet ) on a given date . It aims at computing ' true and fair ' view of the cost of production / services offered by the firm . Types of cost accounting ( edit ) The following are different cost accounting approaches : Standard cost accounting Activity - based costing Resource consumption accounting Throughput accounting Life Cycle Costing Environmental accounting Target costing Elements of cost accounting ( edit ) Basic cost elements are : Raw Material Manual labor expenses / overhead Material ( Material is a very important part of business ) Direct material / Indirect material Labor Direct labor / Indirect labor Overhead ( Variable / Fixed ) Production or works overheads Factory Staff Administration overheads Office Staff Selling overheads - Catalogues , Advertising , Exhibitions , Sales Staff Costs Distribution overheads Maintenance & Repair ( Office equipment / Factory machinery ) Supplies Utilities Gas Electricity Water Rates Other Variable Expenses Salaries ( Payroll - Wages , NI PAYE Pensions ) Occupancy ( Rent ) Depreciation ( Machinery / Office Equipment ) Other Fixed Expenses ( In some companies , machine cost is segregated from overhead and reported as a separate element ) Classification of costs ( edit ) Classification of cost means , the grouping of costs according to their common characteristics . The important ways of classification of costs are : By Nature or Traceability : Direct Costs and Indirect costs . Direct Costs are Directly attributable / traceable to Cost object . Direct costs are assigned to Cost Object . Indirect Costs are not directly attributable / traceable to Cost Object . Indirect costs are allocated or apportioned to cost objects . By Functions : production , administration , selling and distribution , R&D . By Behavior : fixed , variable , semi-variable . Costs are classified according to their behavior in relation to change in relation to production volume within given period of time . Fixed Costs remain fixed irrespective of changes in the production volume in given period of time . Variable costs change according to volume of production . Semi-variable costs are partly fixed and partly variable . By control ability : controllable , uncontrollable costs . Controllable costs are those which can be controlled or influenced by a conscious management action . Uncontrollable costs can not be controlled or influenced by a conscious management action . By normality : normal costs and abnormal costs . Normal costs arise during routine day - to - day business operations . Abnormal costs arise because of any abnormal activity or event not part of routine business operations . E.g. costs arising of floods , riots , accidents etc . By Time : Historical costs and predetermined costs . Historical costs are costs incurred in the past . Predetermined costs are computed in advance on basis of factors affecting cost elements . Example : Standard Costs . By Decision making Costs : These costs are used for managerial decision making. And these are : - Marginal costs : Marginal cost is the change in the aggregate costs due to change in the volume of output by one unit . Differential costs : This cost is the difference in total cost that will arise from the selection of one alternative to the other . Opportunity costs : It is the value of benefit sacrificed in favor of an alternative course of action . Relevant cost : The relevant cost is a cost which is relevant in various decisions of management . Replacement cost : This cost is the cost at which existing items of material or fixed assets can be replaced . Thus this is the cost of replacing existing assets at present or at a future date . Shutdown cost : These costs are the costs which are incurred if the operations are shut down and they will disappear if the operations are continued . Capacity cost : These costs are normally fixed costs . The cost incurred by a company for providing production , administration and selling and distribution capabilities in order to perform various functions . Sunken cost : cost already incurred Other costs Standard cost accounting ( edit ) Main article : Standard cost accounting In modern cost account of recording historical costs was taken further , by allocating the company 's fixed costs over a given period of time to the items produced during that period , and recording the result as the total cost of production . This allowed the full cost of products that were not sold in the period they were produced to be recorded in inventory using a variety of complex accounting methods , which was consistent with the principles of GAAP ( Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ) . It also essentially enabled managers to ignore the fixed costs , and look at the results of each period in relation to the `` standard cost '' for any given product . For example : if the railway coach company normally produced 40 coaches per month , and the fixed costs were still $1000 / month , then each coach could be said to incur an Operating Cost / overhead of $25 = ( $1000 / 40 ) . Adding this to the variable costs of $300 per coach produced a full cost of $325 per coach . This method tended to slightly distort the resulting unit cost , but in mass - production industries that made one product line , and where the fixed costs were relatively low , the distortion was very minor . For example : if the railway coach company made 100 coaches one month , then the unit cost would become $310 per coach ( $300 + ( $1000 / 100 ) ) . If the next month the company made 50 coaches , then the unit cost = $320 per coach ( $300 + ( $1000 / 50 ) ) , a relatively minor difference . An important part of standard cost accounting is a variance analysis , which breaks down the variation between actual cost and standard costs into various components ( volume variation , material cost variation , labor cost variation , etc . ) so managers can understand why costs were different from what was planned and take appropriate action to correct the situation . The development of throughput accounting ( edit ) Main article : Throughput accounting As business became more complex and began producing a greater variety of products , the use of cost accounting to make decisions to maximize profitability came into question . Management circles became increasingly aware of the Theory of Constraints in the 1980s , and began to understand that `` every production process has a limiting factor '' somewhere in the chain of production . As business management learned to identify the constraints , they increasingly adopted throughput accounting to manage them and `` maximize the throughput dollars '' ( or other currency ) from each unit of constrained resource . Throughput accounting aims to make the best use of scarce resources ( bottle neck ) in a ( JIT ) Just in time environment . Mathematical Formula ( edit ) ' throughput accounting ratio = return factory hours ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( throughput accounting ratio ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ text ( return ) ) ( \ text ( factory hours ) ) ) ) ( 20 / 10 ) Activity - based costing ( edit ) Main article : Activity - based costing Activity - based costing ( ABC ) is a system for assigning costs to products based on the activities they require . In this case , activities are those regular actions performed inside a company . `` Talking with customer regarding invoice questions '' is an example of an activity inside most companies . Companies may be moved to adopt ABC by a need to improve costing accuracy , that is , understand better the true costs and profitability of individual products , services , or initiatives . ABC gets closer to true costs in these areas by turning many costs that standard cost accounting views as indirect costs essentially into direct costs . By contrast , standard cost accounting typically determines so - called indirect and overhead costs simply as a percentage of certain direct costs , which may or may not reflect actual resource usage for individual items . Under ABC , accountants assign 100 % of each employee 's time to the different activities performed inside a company ( many will use surveys to have the workers themselves assign their time to the different activities ) . The accountant then can determine the total cost spent on each activity by summing up the percentage of each worker 's salary spent on that activity . A company can use the resulting activity cost data to determine where to focus their operational improvements . For example , a job - based manufacturer may find that a high percentage of its workers are spending their time trying to figure out a hastily written customer order . Via ( ABC ) Activity based costing , the accountants now have a currency amount pegged to the activity of `` Researching Customer Work Order Specifications '' . Senior management can now decide how much focus or money to budget for resolving this process deficiency . Activity - based management includes ( but is not restricted to ) the use of activity - based costing to manage a business . While ( ABC ) Activity based costing may be able to pinpoint the cost of each activity and resources into the ultimate product , the process could be tedious , costly and subject to errors . As it is a tool for a more accurate way of allocating fixed costs into product , these fixed costs do not vary according to each month 's production volume . For example , an elimination of one product would not eliminate the overhead or even direct labor cost assigned to it. Activity based costing ( ABC ) better identifies product costing in the long run , but may not be too helpful in day - to - day decision - making . Integrating EVA and process based costing ( edit ) Recently , Mocciaro Li Destri , Picone & Minà ( 2012 ) . proposed a performance and cost measurement system that integrates the Economic Value Added criteria with Process Based Costing ( PBC ) . The EVA - PBC methodology allows us to implement the EVA management logic not only at the firm level , but also at lower levels of the organization . EVA - PBC methodology plays an interesting role in bringing strategy back into financial performance measures . Lean accounting ( edit ) Main article : Lean accounting Lean accounting has developed in recent years to provide the accounting , control , and measurement methods supporting lean manufacturing and other applications of lean thinking such as healthcare , construction , insurance , banking , education , government , and other industries . There are two main thrusts for Lean Accounting . The first is the application of lean methods to the company 's accounting , control , and measurement processes . This is not different from applying lean methods to any other processes . The objective is to eliminate waste , free up capacity , speed up the process , eliminate errors & defects , and make the process clear and understandable . The second ( and more important ) thrust of Lean Accounting is to fundamentally change the accounting , control , and measurement processes so they motivate lean change & improvement , provide information that is suitable for control and decision - making , provide an understanding of customer value , correctly assess the financial impact of lean improvement , and are themselves simple , visual , and low - waste . Lean Accounting does not require the traditional management accounting methods like standard costing , activity - based costing , variance reporting , cost - plus pricing , complex transactional control systems , and untimely & confusing financial reports . These are replaced by : lean - focused performance measurements simple summary direct costing of the value streams decision - making and reporting using a box score financial reports that are timely and presented in `` plain English '' that everyone can understand radical simplification and elimination of transactional control systems by eliminating the need for them driving lean changes from a deep understanding of the value created for the customers eliminating traditional budgeting through monthly sales , operations , and financial planning processes ( SOFP ) value - based pricing correct understanding of the financial impact of lean change As an organization becomes more mature with lean thinking and methods , they recognize that the combined methods of lean accounting in fact creates a lean management system ( LMS ) designed to provide the planning , the operational and financial reporting , and the motivation for change required to prosper the company 's on - going lean transformation . Marginal costing ( edit ) See also : Cost - Volume - Profit Analysis and Marginal cost The cost - volume - profit analysis is the systematic examination of the relationship between selling prices , sales , production volumes , costs , expenses and profits . This analysis provides very useful information for decision - making in the management of a company . For example , the analysis can be used in establishing sales prices , in the product mix selection to sell , in the decision to choose marketing strategies , and in the analysis of the impact on profits by changes in costs . In the current environment of business , a business administration must act and take decisions in a fast and accurate manner . As a result , the importance of cost - volume - profit is still increasing as time passes . CONTRIBUTION MARGIN A relationship between the cost , volume and profit is the contribution margin . The contribution margin is the revenue excess from sales over variable costs . The concept of contribution margin is particularly useful in the planning of business because it gives an insight into the potential profits that a business can generate . The following chart shows the income statement of a company X , which has been prepared to show its contribution margin : Sales $1,000,000 ( - ) Variable Costs $600,000 Contribution Margin $400,000 ( - ) Fixed Costs $300,000 Income from Operations $100,000 CONTRIBUTION MARGIN RATIO The contribution margin can also be expressed as a percentage . The contribution margin ratio , which is sometimes called the profit - volume ratio , indicates the percentage of each sales dollar available to cover fixed costs and to provide operating revenue . For the company Fusion , Inc. the contribution margin ratio is 40 % , which is computed as follows : Contribution Margin Ratio = ( Sales - Variable Costs ) / Sales ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Contribution Margin Ratio ) ) = ( ( \ text ( Sales - Variable Costs ) ) ) / ( \ text ( Sales ) ) ) The contribution margin ratio measures the effect on operating income of an increase or a decrease in sales volume . For example , assume that the management of Fusion , Inc. is studying the effect of adding $80,000 in sales orders . Multiplying the contribution margin ratio ( 40 % ) by the change in sales volume ( $80,000 ) indicates that operating income will increase $32,000 if additional orders are obtained . To validate this analysis the table below shows the income statement of the company including additional orders : Sales $1,080,000 ( - ) Variable Costs $648,000 ( 1,080,000 x 60 % ) Contribution Margin $432,000 ( 1,080,000 x 40 % ) ( - ) Fixed Costs $300,000 Income from Operations $132,000 Variable costs as a percentage of sales are equal to 100 % minus the contribution margin ratio . Thus , in the above income statement , the variable costs are 60 % ( 100 % - 40 % ) of sales , or $648,000 ( $1,080,000 X 60 % ) . The total contribution margin $432,000 , can also be computed directly by multiplying the sales by the contribution margin ratio ( $1,080,000 X 40 % ) . See also ( edit ) Accountancy Cost overrun Fixed asset turnover Management accounting IT Cost Transparency Kaizen costing Profit model References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ? id = G9msXSOdIa8C&printsec = frontcover&dq = Cost + accounting&hl = en&sa = X&ei = G30wUc1mwZzQBaiTgdgJ&redir_esc = y # v = onepage&q = Cost % 20accounting&f = false Principles of Cost Accounting - Edward J. Vanderbeck - Google Books Check url = value ( help ) . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Performance management , Paper f5 . Kapalan publishing UK . Pg 3 Jump up ^ Cost and Management Accounting . Intermediate . ICA . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Performance management , Paper f5 . Kapalan publishing UK . Pg 17 Jump up ^ Performance management , Paper f5 . Kaplan publishing UK . Pg 6 Jump up ^ Mocciaro Li Destri A. , Picone P.M. & Minà A. ( 2012 ) , Bringing Strategy Back into Financial Systems of Performance Measurement : Integrating EVA and PBC , Business System Review , Vol 1. , Issue 1 . pp. 85 - 102 . Jump up ^ Maskell & Baggaley ( December 19 , 2003 ) . `` Practical Lean Accounting '' . Productivity Press , New York , NY . 1 . Cost Accounting , 3rd edition - Md . Omar Faruk , Sohel Ahmed , Sharif Hossain . Further reading ( edit ) Maher , Lanen and Rahan , Fundamentals of Cost Accounting , 1st Edition ( McGraw - Hill 2005 ) . Horngren , Datar and Foster , Cost Accounting - A Managerial Emphasis , 11th edition ( Prentice Hall 2003 ) . Kaplan , Robert S. and Bruns , W. Accounting and Management : A Field Study Perspective ( Harvard Business School Press , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 87584 - 186 - 4 Nicholson , Jerome Lee , and John Francis Deems Rohrbach . Cost accounting . New York : Ronald Press , 1919 . Blocher , Stout , Juras and Cokins , Cost Management - A Strategic Emphasis , 7th Edition ( McGraw - Hill 2016 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cost accounting . Accounting Systems , introduction to Cost Accounting , ethics and relationship to GAAP . NDL : 00562353 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_accounting&oldid=827636372 '' Categories : Costs Management accounting Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ 日本 語 Polski Português தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Cost accounting
2. Types of cost accounting
3. Standard cost accounting
4. Activity-based costing
5. Lean accounting
|
-4,021,308,961,679,826,000 |
how many fast and furious movies was the rock in
|
The Fast and the Furious - wikipedia The Fast and the Furious Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film franchise . For the franchise 's first film , see The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) . For other uses , see The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Original work The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Owner Universal Pictures <Th_colspan="2"> Films and television Film ( s ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live <Th_colspan="2"> Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift , Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Official website <Td_colspan="2"> http://www.fastandfurious.com/ The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Released films 1.2 Main series 1.2. 1 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 1.2. 2 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 1.2. 3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) 1.2. 4 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) 1.2. 5 Fast Five ( 2011 ) 1.2. 6 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) 1.2. 7 Furious 7 ( 2015 ) 1.2. 8 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) 1.2. 9 Future 1.3 Spin - off 1.3. 1 Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) 2 Television series 3 Short films 3.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 3.2 Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) 4 Storyline chronology 5 Cast and crew members 5.1 Characters 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 Franchise extension 7.1 Theme park attractions 7.2 Fast & Furious Live 7.2. 1 Tour overview 7.2. 2 UK tour dates 7.2. 3 Worldwide tour dates 7.3 Soundtracks 7.4 Video games 7.5 Toys and model kits 8 International locations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Films ( edit ) Released films ( edit ) Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) Rob Cohen Gary Scott Thompson , Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Neal H. Moritz 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 06 ) John Singleton Gary Scott Thompson , Michael Brandt and Derek Haas The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 16 ) Justin Lin Chris Morgan Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) Neal H. Moritz , Michael K Ross , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast Five April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Clayton Townsend Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) James Wan Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) F. Gary Gray Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan Main series ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) The film is based on an article , titled `` Racer X '' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night , although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles . While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ) , Leon ( Johnny Strong ) , Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ) , are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment . He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt . Tanner ( Ted Levine ) . Falling for Dominic 's younger sister , Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) , Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers , who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies . He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty , badly injured in a car accident , and Vince critically wounded , having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver . Brian and Mia work together with Dominic , Leon and Letty to rescue Vince . Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac . The revelation enrages Dominic , who flees with Leon , Letty , and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince . Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further . Jesse arrives shortly afterwards , apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ) . Moments later , Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting , killing Jesse . Brian and Dominic chase them , with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger . Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road , severely injuring him , while Brian shoots and kills Tran . Afterwards , Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race , narrowly avoiding a passing train . However , Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice , injuring himself , and rendering the Charger undrivable . Instead of arresting him , Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape , using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car . '' 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ) , Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record . Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner , refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him . Brian heads home to Barstow , California , where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest , to help him . Pearce agrees , but only for the same deal Brian was offered , and with the help of Monica , Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone . After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers , the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout , where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission . After the situation is cooled down , Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off , but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission . Later , Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry . Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men . On the day of the mission , Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money , with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman . Before the 15 - minute window is set , the detective in charge , Whitworth ( Mark Boone Junior ) , decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest , resulting in a high - speed chase across the city . The duo lead the police to a warehouse , where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police . Following the scramble , police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse , only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew , friends , Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ) . As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield . Meanwhile , Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide . At the airfield , Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded , only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away . As he knew Monica was an undercover agent , he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage . When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point , Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique . Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp , crashing on top of the yacht . The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica . With their crimes pardoned , Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage . Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money , as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty , having taken money for himself . The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 . After totaling his car in an illegal street race , Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo , Japan , with his father , a U.S. Navy officer , in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail . While in school , he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ) , a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan . Though forbidden to drive , he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ) . He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) , now a business partner to Takashi , and loses , totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting . To repay his debt for the car he destroyed , Sean works for Han . Later on , Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift . Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him . Takashi confronts Han , Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ) , and in doing so , they flee . During the chase , Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire . Takashi , Sean , and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi . Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole , which Sean then returns to Kamata . Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo . Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed . Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto . Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) Fast & Furious , as well as its succeeding films , takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious : Tokyo Drift . About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew ( Letty , Han , Leo , Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . When their trail gets too hot , Dominic disbands the crew . However , he is later informed that Letty has been murdered . Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site , and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park . Meanwhile , Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent , is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment , Dominic is about to drop David out the window . But Brian intervenes , and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers . Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car , Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers . The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission , and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty , Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car , blowing up a bunch of vehicles . In the chaos , Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin . Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles , hiding the heroin in an impound lot . When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty , he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian , tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name . Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash . However , at the drop site , it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy , and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped , fleeing to Mexico . Suspended from duty , Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga . Although Braga agreeably surrenders , they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels . Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit , but before he can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As the police arrive , Dominic refuses to escape , saying he is tired of running . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia , along with Leo and Santos , arrive in their cars and intercept the bus . Fast Five ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five . ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6 . ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts to take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7 . ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again . Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father , while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory . Meanwhile , Owen 's older brother , Deckard Shaw , breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team , before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight , and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs . Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian . However , a bomb , disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han , a member of Dom 's team , is killed by Shaw in Tokyo . Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother . Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body , and meets and races Sean Boswell , a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site . Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them , and after a chase , confronts its driver , who is revealed to be Shaw . Both prepare to fight , but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire , led by Mr. Nobody . Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye , a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person , and save its creator , a hacker named Ramsey , from a mercenary named Mose Jakande . Dom , Brian , Letty , Roman Pearce , and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan , ambush Jakande 's convoy , and rescue Ramsey . The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye , and manages to steal it from the owner . With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw , who is waiting at a remote factory . Dom , Brian , Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw , but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye . At his own request , the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him . To reduce their disadvantage , the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw , Jakande and his men . Meanwhile , Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw , he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family . While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye . Hobbs , seeing the team in trouble , leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance . Brian engages Jakande 's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft , allowing Ramsey to regain control of God 's Eye and shut it down . Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on top of a public parking garage , before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both . Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him . Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter , tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids , before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes . Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level , destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car , believed to be dead . As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms , she reveals that she has regained her memories , and that she remembers their wedding . Dom regains consciousness soon after , remarking , `` It 's about time '' . Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret , high - security prison . At a beach , Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom , Letty , Roman , Tej , and Ramsey observe , acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family . Dom silently leaves , Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye . Dom says , `` It 's never goodbye . '' He drives away , but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad . As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian , they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions , as the screen fades to `` For Paul '' written on a white title screen . The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious . ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo . Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race , pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her . Shortly afterwards , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom questions Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , of whose existence Dom was previously unaware . Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft , Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help him . Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars , causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football . The team intercepts Dom , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom . Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , who attempt to shut down the sub , and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters . Meanwhile , Deckard , whose death was apparently faked , teams up with Owen , and under Magdalene 's behest , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard delivers Dom his son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs . Dom names his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Future ( edit ) In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively , and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment . It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment . In May 2018 , Daniel Casey from Kin , was announced to write a screenplay for the ninth film , making the first film in the franchise without long - time screenwriter Chris Morgan . Spin - off ( edit ) Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs were in the early stages of development . A spin - off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced by Universal and set with release date of July 26 , 2019 , with Variety reporting that Shane Black was being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script . The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year . On October 23 , 2017 , Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin - off , titled Hobbs and Shaw . In February 2018 , David Leitch entered talks to direct the film , which was confirmed later that April . In March 2018 , it was reported that the film would start production in September 2018 . In May 2018 , the release date of the film was pushed back a week to August 2 , 2019 . Television series ( edit ) On April 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise that will be launched on Netflix . Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films . Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles , before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape . While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him , Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in , with his red Dodge Stealth . However , he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence . When they collect the car , he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ) , despite her knowing who he really is . She drops him at a used car lot , with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man . There , he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 . Later , collecting money from street races , he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way . Upon reaching Jacksonville , Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued ... '' . Los bandoleros ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Los Bandoleros ( film ) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison , ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil . Meanwhile , on the streets , Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas . Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ) . They drive him back to Santos ' house , where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car . The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family . After breaking Leo out of prison , they head to a club , where Han and Cara flirt , while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ) , who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment . While relaxing at the club afterwards , Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty , who has tracked him from Mexico . The two drive together to the beach , where they `` rekindle their relationship '' . Storyline chronology ( edit ) Below is a table of all films , both short and feature length , in chronological order . Real world release dates are also noted . Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006 7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 14 , 2017 -- Hobbs & Shaw 2019 - 2 - 8 ! August 2 , 2019 Cast and crew members ( edit ) Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton <Td_colspan="4"> Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer ( s ) <Td_colspan="3"> Neal H. Moritz <Td_colspan="2"> Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell , Chris Morgan Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson and Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Story by : Gary Scott Thompson Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas and Gary Scott Thompson <Td_colspan="6"> Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold <Td_colspan="3"> Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) <Td_colspan="8"> Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns <Td_colspan="2"> Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs <Td_colspan="2"> Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating <Td_colspan="4"> PG - 13 <Td_colspan="3"> PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="3"> Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38 million $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76 million $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85 million $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85 million $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125 million $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160 million $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190 million $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250 million $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Total $1 billion $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 <Td_colspan="10"> List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 243 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 259 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise . Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles . From 2006 to 2013 , The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour . On June 25 , 2015 , Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018 . Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show had two preview shows on January 11 -- 12 at Liverpool 's Echo Arena . It officially began its tour at London 's The O2 Arena on January 19 , 2018 , followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018 . On March 1 , 2018 , it was revealed on the tour 's website that five new dates had been released for September . The following list is sourced from the tour 's website . Tour overview ( edit ) Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 20 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 20 ) Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 18 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Worldwide Antwerp ; Turin ; Vienna ; Munich ; Arnhem ; Cologne ; Montpellier ; Lisbon 22 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 26 18 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 ) UK tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018 Worldwide tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 2 - 4 February 2018 Wiener Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018 Gelredome Arnhem The Netherlands 24 / 25 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne Germany 2 - 4 March 2018 Park&Suites Arena Montpellier France 9 - 11 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 16 / 17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018 Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018 Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems . The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004 . In 2006 , the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious : Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy . In 2013 , Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ) , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars , locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015 , in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious . Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning , under the JL Full Throttle Brand , released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift . These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne . Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films . Hot Wheels has released 1 / 64 models since 2013 . International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including : Brazil , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Mexico , Panama , Puerto Rico , Spain , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and the United States . See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing film franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Marks Universal 's Biggest Franchise Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Box Office : ' Fast And Furious 9 ' Delay Offers Answer To Universal 's ' Wicked ' Problem '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 9 ' Moved Back a Year to 2020 '' . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 10 will be the final movie of the series '' . April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 9 Taps Writer Daniel Casey '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoffs In the Works ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew '' . Fast and Furious . January 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious : The Rock And Jason Statham Spin - Off Coming In 2019 '' . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff Gets 2019 Release Date '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director in Early Talks for Dwayne Johnson 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's Fast and Furious Spin - Off Begins Shooting This Fall '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoff with Dwayne Johnson & Jason Statham Shifts To August 2019 -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious ' Animated Series From DreamWorks Animation Set at Netflix '' . Variety . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ aegies . `` The Fast & Furious Timeline '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- WORLDWIDE GROSSES - Overseas '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- Franchise Index '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Gross '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo -- Alltime Box Office -- Worldwide Grosses & # 1 - 100 '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheNumbers Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` theStudioTour.com - Universal Studios Hollywood - The Fast and the Furious '' . thestudiotour.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious attraction takes shape at Universal Studios Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN Cars ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Fast and Furious : Extreme Close Up '' . IGN . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser . `` ' Fast & Furious - Supercharged ' Opening at Universal Studios June 25 - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando Close Up - New Fast & Furious Ride Coming - Universal Orlando Blog '' . Close Up . Jump up ^ Spectacular Fast and Furious car stunt live show is a £ 25m gamble - Mark Brown , The Guardian , 22 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mods -- RadioShack ZipZaps -- These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack '' . Micro RC Cars . November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ HW City / Speed Power Series ( 2013 New Model ) : Toyota Supra - Orange Track Diecast , 8 January 2016 Jump up ^ The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 Jump up ^ As depicted in 2013 film Fast & Furious 6 External links ( edit ) Official website The Fast and the Furious on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&oldid=843573271 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 2001 The Fast and the Furious Action films by series American action adventure films Action thriller films Auto racing films Crime films by series Crime thriller films Film series American road movies Techno - thriller films Thriller films by series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Fast and the Furious film franchise
2. Illegal street racing and heists
3. Characters and storyline of the films
4. Box office performance and critical reception
5. Spin-offs, television series, and other media adaptations
|
3,054,821,319,464,142,000 |
who conducted first bcci international 20-20 cricket tournament in india
|
Indian cricket league - Wikipedia Indian cricket league Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2010 ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( April 2016 ) Indian Cricket League Sport Cricket Founded 2007 Ceased 2009 Divisions 9 No. of teams 9 city teams , 4 international teams Country India Pakistan Bangladesh World XI Last champion ( s ) Lahore Badshahs , 2008 The Indian Cricket League ( ICL ) was a private cricket league funded by Zee Entertainment Enterprises that operated between 2007 and 2009 in India . Its two seasons included tournaments between four international teams ( World XI , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh ) and nine domestic teams notionally located in major Indian cities as well as the champions Lahore Badshahs who were based in Lahore , Pakistan and Dhaka Warriors based in Dhaka , Bangladesh . The matches were played in the Twenty20 format . There was also a planned domestic 50 - over tournament , but this did not eventuate . While its establishment pre-dated the Indian Premier League , the ICL folded in 2009 . Aside from commercial factors , the ICL lacked the support of the Board of Control for Cricket in India and International Cricket Council . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 League structure 2.1 ICL World Teams 2.2 ICL Domestic Teams 3 Tournaments 3.1 First season 3.2 Second season 4 Reasons for creation 4.1 The `` Inverted Pyramid '' cricket structure 4.2 Zee Telefilms desire to create sports content 5 Support for the league 6 Controversy 6.1 BCCI Response 6.1. 1 ICL takes BCCI to court 7 Pressure on Players from Other National Organisations 8 The Downfall of the ICL 8.1 Transparency Issues 9 The end of ICL 10 Broadcasting of ICL 10.1 Broadcasting Ban 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The second season , which added Ahmedabad as a venue , commenced in the last quarter of 2008 , with the Lahore Badshahs from Pakistan winning . Many international cricketers played in it like Imran Nazir , Abdur Razzaq , Shane Bond , Inzamam ul haq and Moin Khan was coach of Lahore Badshahs . League structure ( edit ) Each team was coached by a former international cricketer and comprised four international , two Indian and eight budding domestic players . Essel Group also planned to set up cricket academies all over the country . The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) was assured that it was free to draw from ICL 's talent pool . The league became active in November 2007 with matches in the Twenty20 format . Former international cricketers including Anjingsora Risora , Tony Greig , Dean Jones and Kiran More were hired as board members of the Indian Cricket League . The board positions will be paid positions . Nine teams of private clubs : Mumbai Champs Chennai Superstars Chandigarh Lions Hyderabad Heroes Royal Bengal Tigers ( Kolkata ) Delhi Giants Ahmedabad Rockets Lahore Badshahs Dhaka Warriors Each team had a paid mentor , media manager , psychologist and physiotherapist There was a US $1 million prize for the winning club team An Ombudsman is available to look into grievances of players ICL World Teams ( edit ) World XI John Emburey -- Coach , Chris Cairns -- Captain Ian Harvey , Jimmy Maher , Johan van der Wath , Lou Vincent ( Wicketkeeper ) , Marvan Atapattu , Matthew Elliot , Michael Kasprowicz , Russel Arnold India Steve Rixon -- Coach Rajagopal Satish -- Captain Abbas Ali , Abhishek Jhunjhunwala , Abu Nacheem , Ali Murtaza , Ambati Rayudu , Ganapathi Vignesh , Ibrahim Khaleel ( Wicketkeeper ) , Love Ablish , Ravi Raj Patil , Rohan Gavaskar , Stuart Binny , Syed Mohammed , Thiru Kumaran , TP Sudhindra , Sarbjit Singh , Sumit Kumar ( Wicketkeeper ) , Tejinder Pal Singh , V. Sarvanan A. Ansuman Pakistan Moin Khan -- Coach Inzamam - ul - Haq -- Captain Azhar Mahmood Taufeeq Umar Imran Farhat Rana Naved - ul - Hasan Abdul Razzaq Naved Latif Humayun Farhat Shahid Nazir Hasan Raza Mohammad Sami Imran Nazir Riaz Afridi Shabbir Ahmed Bangladesh Balwinder Sandhu -- Coach Habibul Bashar -- Captain Aftab Ahmed Alok Kapali Dhiman Ghosh Farhad Reza Manjural Islam Golam Mabud Mahbubul Karim Mohammad Rafique Mohammad Sharif Mosharraf Hossain Shahriar Nafees Tapash Baisya ICL Domestic Teams ( edit ) Main articles : Chandigarh Lions , Chennai Superstars , Delhi Giants , Hyderabad Heroes , Kolkata Tigers , Mumbai Champs , Ahmedabad Rockets , Lahore Badshahs , and Dhaka Warriors Tournaments ( edit ) First season ( edit ) Main articles : ICL 20 - 20 Indian Championship 2007 / 08 , ICL 50s 2007 / 08 , ICL 20s Grand Championship 2007 / 08 , and ICL 20s World Series 2007 / 08 Second season ( edit ) Main articles : ICL 20 - 20 Indian Championship 2008 / 09 and ICL 20s World Series 2008 / 09 Reasons for creation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Several factors have played a role in formulation of a cricket league and which may run in parallel to the current official Indian cricket control body , BCCI . The `` inverted pyramid '' cricket structure ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is wide disparity between the facilities enjoyed by the national team and the regional ones . This makes the regional players far from finished products when they are called to represent their country , preventing a huge country like India from having adequate reserve strength in the national squad when key players are injured or retire . Also , the regional cricket boards depend on the BCCI for hand - outs of funds for infrastructure and grassroots development . The players who are entrenched at the top have strong backing from sports management firms and also can afford the best in personal trainers , physiotherapists and technical consultants , which are well beyond the scope of the average player . Zee Telefilms desire to create Sports content ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Essel group has expressed a keen desire to help India develop cricketing talent , as well as provide lucrative sports programming for Zee Telefilms , which lost out on the rights to broadcast all BCCI - sanctioned cricket matches in India until 2011 . Essel Group had originally launched Zee Sports earlier with the anticipation of securing at least some of the BCCI telecast rights in 2006 . This was followed by Zee acquiring 50 percent in TEN Sports in November 2006 for Rs. 2.57 billion . This gave the company a few international cricket rights -- West Indies , Sri Lanka and Pakistan . Cricket played in India generates Rs. 10 billion in advertising and subscription revenue and Subhash Chandra has been acutely aware of his company missing out on this lucrative cricket pie . During his battle with BCCI and ESPN Star Sports for the five - year telecast rights in August -- September 2004 in the Bombay High Court , Chandra was present every day for the hearings . Despite Zee bidding the highest at $307 million , BCCI and its then president Jagmohan Dalmiya denied him the rights . The pain of denial has been with Chandra since 2000 when the ICC World Cup rights were sold to NewsCorp 's Global Cricket Corporation ( GCC ) for $550 million despite Zee bidding the highest at $650 million citing Zee 's insufficient sports marketing experience . In August 2005 , Zee again emerged as a forerunner with a pitch of over $340 million while ESPN Star Sports , the other principal contender , is believed to have offered around $325 million . BCCI took the stance that Zee was not qualified as a specialist broadcaster and refused to consider Zee 's proposal . The matter expectedly went to court and Doordarshan emerged the beneficiary . Chandra then tried the political route too and supported Sharad Pawar 's candidature as BCCI president against Dalmiya . Pawar emerged victorious but not Chandra . In the last round of bidding in February , last year , it was Nimbus who bagged BCCI 's telecast rights till 2011 for $613 million with Zee trailing at $513 million . Since there was a Zee - Nimbus alliance before the bidding , media pundits thought Nimbus ' bid was a Zee front . But Nimbus chose to go its own way and launched its own sports network -- NEO Sports . In 2012 , Star Sports bought broadcasting rights for international and domestic matches in India for more than $550 million . Support for the league ( edit ) The ICL received some support from unexpected quarters . There was a fear that lack of access to infrastructure , like the premier cricket stadiums , would limit the success of the operation of the league , but support from various government bodies boosted the league . Camps were held at Mayajaal in Chennai , a private resort with adequate cricket facilities . The then head of Indian Railways Lalu Prasad Yadav showed his backing by opening all the cricket stadiums controlled by the Indian Railways to the league . Describing the ICL as a `` good initiative '' , Prasad issued a statement saying that the BCCI and ICL should each come up with a cricket team and play against each other to show who 's the best . The state government of West Bengal also agreed to rent its cricket grounds , notably Eden Gardens , to the league . In Ahmedabad , Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation provided its Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium for matches . Controversy ( edit ) BCCI response ( edit ) The BCCI refused to recognise the ICL as a cricket league , and criticised Kiran More and Kapil Dev for joining the ICL . Kapil Dev 's association with ICL was seen by the establishment as a conflict of interest as he was also the chairman of National Cricket Academy , a BCCI owned cricket facility . On 21 August 2007 Kapil Dev was sacked from his NCA post . Subhash Chandra had earlier stated that the ICL will go ahead regardless of the BCCI 's stance . The International Cricket Council gave a statement through its chief executive , Malcolm Speed , that the ICC would not recognize the ICL unless the BCCI chooses to recognise it . The ICC looks at the ICL as an issue to be sorted out by the BCCI . On 25 July 2012 Kapil Dev informed BCCI that he had resigned from the ICL . Faced with the threat of young players joining the ICL , the BCCI jacked up prize money for winners , runners - up and losing semi-finalists across all tournaments . An average domestic cricketer can hope to make around Rs 35,000 per match day from the season of 2007 -- 08 : more than double the Rs 16,000 they got in 2005 -- 06 . The BCCI has also planned to do away with honorary selectors , who will be paid professionals from September 2008 onwards . The BCCI started its own international Twenty20 league . The official league , which launched in April 2008 , is called the Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket . The league model is based on the franchise model of the National Football League and Major League Baseball in the US . ICL takes BCCI to Court ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In August 2007 , the ICL filed a petition against the BCCI in the Delhi High Court accusing the BCCI of threatening and intimidating them and other state organisations , and asked the court to stop BCCI from interfering with its attempts to sign up players for its tournaments . It also petitioned that the BCCI stop trying to `` out - hire '' cricket stadiums in India that are owned by the state governments , in anti-competitive attempts to stop the ICL from using them to play matches . On 27 August 2007 , the Delhi High Court ruled in favour of the ICL . In its ruling , the Delhi High Court said that players should not suffer in the battle between corporate giants . The court has issued notices to all corporate sponsors , the state cricket associations & the BCCI against terminating valid contracts of players joining the ICL . The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission ( MRTPC ) of India had asked its Director - General of Investigation to do an initial investigation into the BCCI 's action against players who had joined the ICL . The investigation was based on media reports of the BCCI giving an open statement that it will ban players who join ICL . It was also reported in the media that all state associations , under direction from the BCCI , have cancelled contracts with players . Pressure on players from other national organisations ( edit ) In considering rejoining the ICL former England wicketkeeper Paul Nixon was said to have put his career in jeopardy because any player that signs up with the ICL , which does not have official status from the International Cricket Council , risks losing their registration . The addition of a new team from Dhaka in Bangladesh , consisting largely of Bangladesh internationals caused more controversy as the cricket board of that country banned the players for 10 years for joining the ' rebel ' ICL . Faced with the departure of so many players the board appealed to other Bangladeshi players to reject the new ICL team , stay loyal to the board and embrace the opportunity to play for their country . The downfall of the ICL ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The future of ICL became uncertain when BCCI banned ICL players from playing international matches . Since then many ICL players have returned to their national team including famous players like Shane Bond ( now retired ) and Abdul Razzaq . BCCI after seeing the success of ICL wanted to start their own league called `` IPL '' . So , BCCI did n't miss any chance to stop the league by banning players and stadium associated with ICL . Shortly before the conclusion of the inaugural tournament , the ICL announced its plans for expansion , which include a fifty over tournament in February 2008 , and the expansion of the ICL Indian Championship to eight teams for the second tournament , due to be held in September and October 2008 . A similar initiative has been launched in United States by the PayAutoMata group but details have yet to emerge . In October 2008 , the promoters of the ICL , Zee and its parent company Essel Sports Pvt. Ltd , had applied for trademark registration of T20 under Class 28 of the Trade Mark Rules , 2002 . Transparency issues ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Independent analysts have had difficulty gauging the financial viability of the ICL due to the lack of transparency of the league 's operations . Terms of contracts are hidden and advertising revenue from match telecasts -- considered to be a major contributor to revenues -- have never been disclosed . Because they are unsanctioned by the ICC , the teams do not have access to the best facilities across the whole country or access to the best players , limiting their ability to generate high gate revenues . This lack of transparency leads to questions regarding the overall viability of the ICL 's business model . The end of ICL ( edit ) The ICL has now come to an end after all its players dropped out . This was because of the offer of amnesty given by BCCI to players choosing to leave the ICL . Broadcasting of ICL ( edit ) Since the ICL was conducted by Zee Telefilms , the ICL was broadcast in most domains on the Zee network . Broadcaster Regional Broadcast Rights Zee Sports Global Rights , India -- Hindi , Bangladesh & US Ten Sports India -- English , Bangladesh , Pakistan & Middle East BTV Bangladesh ATN Bangla Bangladesh Gateway North Africa Telkom - Malaysia Malaysia Astro TVIQ Malaysia Fox Sports Australia Zee Music UK Zee Smile Asia Zee TV Africa Caribbean Media Corporation Caribbean Broadcasting ban ( edit ) In November 2008 , the Bangladeshi government set a ban on the broadcasting of live matches of the ICL on the private held Diganta TV channel in the country . This would extend to the ICL World Series featuring the country 's national team . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cricinfo staff ( 14 May 2007 ) . `` Zee Sports denies signing of stars '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Roma ( 14 May 2007 ) . `` BCCI 's own now have a new job '' . CricketNext . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vasu , Anand ( 22 August 2007 ) . `` ICL to hold camp at Mayajaal in Chennai '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cricket on Times of India Live Cricket Score , Cricket News , India Cricket . Cricket.indiatimes.com ( 1 January 1970 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` State minister allows ICL use of Eden Gardens '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 13 June 2007 ) . `` BCCI shoots down ICL '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shanbhag , Sudhakar ( 13 June 2007 ) . `` BCCI Not To Recognise Zee - Promoted Indian Cricket League '' . Worldcuplatest.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Kapil sacked as NCA Chairman '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kapil Dev resigns from ICL , returns to BCCI '' . Wisden India . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 21 June 2007 ) . `` BCCI hikes domestic match fees '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jamie Alter ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` International Twenty20 league launched '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi HC orders companies to let players join ICL '' . Reuters. 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket row under MRTPC scanner '' . Jump up ^ Hoult , Nick ( 1 October 2008 ) . `` Paul Nixon may put county career in jeopardy by rejoining ' rebel ' Indian Cricket League '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh vow to ban ICL rebels '' . BBC News . 17 September 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Dhaka tries to stop more cricketers from joining ICL . Sify.com ( 16 September 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Indian Cricket League Announce Plans For 2008 Jump up ^ `` Indian Cricket League invades the Americas '' . http://www.mmdnewswire.com/the-indian-cricket-league-invades-the-americas-2626.html. 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 04 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ All about T20 cricket : Zee promoted ICL planning to patent T20 as its brand . Thecricketingleague.blogspot.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.indiancricketleague.in/news/inner-news.aspx?xfile=data/news/2008/October/news_20081007_20.xml Jump up ^ Bangladesh govt bans ICL coverage . Hindustan Times ( 1 November 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . External links ( edit ) The Official Site of the Indian Cricket League - Diktat ideas for BCCI to crush ICL <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Cricket in India <Td_colspan="2"> Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) National teams India India A U-19 Women Blind Zonal teams Central East North South West State teams Andhra Assam Baroda Bengal Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Goa Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Odisha Punjab Railways Rajasthan Saurashtra Services ( M ) Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Vidarbha Tournaments First - class Ranji Trophy Duleep Trophy Irani Cup Senior women 's cricket inter zonal three day game One Day Vijay Hazare Trophy Deodhar Trophy BCCI Corporate Trophy Senior women 's challenger trophy Senior women 's one day league NKP Salve Challenger Trophy ( defunct ) Twenty20 Indian Premier League Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Senior women 's T20 league Celebrity Cricket League Indian Cricket League ( defunct ) Inter-State T20 Championship ( defunct ) BCCI Presidents Members Selectors Awards Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture National Cricket Academy Lists Captains Test wicket - keepers ODI wicket - keepers International grounds Test records ODI records T20I records Others History India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Rohinton Baria Trophy Cooch Behar Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Cricket_League&oldid=811501230 '' Categories : Indian Cricket League 2007 establishments in India Professional sports leagues in India Cricket leagues in India Defunct sports leagues in India Sports leagues established in 2007 Defunct cricket leagues Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from April 2016 All articles needing rewrite Pages using infobox sports league with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français മലയാളം मराठी తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Indian Cricket League
2. Private cricket league
3. Zee Entertainment Enterprises
4. International teams
5. Controversy with BCCI
|
7,405,928,381,915,668,000 |
which is the neighbouring country of india where rupee is not used as currency
|
Rupee - wikipedia Rupee Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the currency used in various countries in Asia . For other uses , see Rupee ( disambiguation ) . Purple : Countries using the rupee as an official currency India , Indonesia , Maldives , Mauritius , Nepal , Pakistan , Seychelles , Sri Lanka Orange : Countries where a foreign country 's rupee is legal tender Indian rupee : Bhutan , Nepal , Zimbabwe Indonesian rupiah : East Timor The rupee is the common name for the currencies of India , Pakistan , Indonesia , Maldives , Mauritius , Nepal , Bhutan , Seychelles , Sri Lanka , and formerly those of Afghanistan , Tibet , Burma and British East Africa , German East Africa and Trucial States . In the Maldives , the unit of currency is known as the rufiyah , which is a cognate of the Sanskrit rupya . The Indian rupees ( ₹ ) and Pakistani rupees ( Rs ) are subdivided into one hundred paise ( singular paisa ) or pice . The Mauritian and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents . The Nepalese rupee subdivides into one hundred paisas ( both singular and double ) or four sukas or two mohors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 East African Coast and South Arabia 2.2 Straits Settlements 2.3 Denominations 3 Symbol 4 Value 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources and external links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` rupee '' is derived from the Sanskrit term rūpya which means `` wrought silver , a coin of silver '' , in origin an adjective meaning `` shapely '' , with a more specific meaning of `` stamped , impressed '' , whence `` coin '' . It is derived from the noun rūpa `` shape , likeness , image '' . The word rūpa is further identified as having sprung from the Dravidian root uruppu , which means `` a member of the body '' . Rūpiya was first named to a silver coin weighing 178 grains ( 11.53 g ) minted in northern India by Emperor Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule between 1540 and 1545 . Suri also introduced copper coins called dam and gold coins called mohur that weighed 169 grains ( 10.95 g ) . History ( edit ) Further information : History of the rupee Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , known as rupyarupa , with symbols of wheel and elephant . 3rd century BC . French East India Company -- issued rupee in the name of Mohammed Shah ( 1719 -- 1748 ) for Northern India trade , cast in Pondicherry The Indian rupee was re-introduced in Medieval times , issued and termed as rupiya , the silver coin , by Sher Shah Suri ( 1540 -- 1545 ) , continued by the Mughal rulers . The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC . Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world , along with the Lydian staters , several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen . The term is from rūpya , a Sanskrit term for silver coin , from Sanskrit rūpá , beautiful form . Both the Kabuli rupee and the Kandahari rupee were used as currency in Afghanistan prior to 1891 , when they were standardized as the Afghan rupee . The Afghan rupee , which was subdivided into 60 paisas , was replaced by the Afghan afghani in 1925 . Until the middle of the 20th century , Tibet 's official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee . The Indian rupee was the official currency of Dubai and Qatar until 1959 , when India created a new Gulf rupee ( also known as the `` external rupee '' ) to hinder the smuggling of gold . The Gulf rupee was legal tender until 1966 , when India significantly devalued the Indian rupee and a new Qatar - Dubai riyal was established to provide economic stability . East African coast and south Arabia ( edit ) In East Africa , Arabia , and Mesopotamia , the rupee and its subsidiary coinage was current at various times . The usage of the rupee in East Africa extended from Somalia in the north , to as far south as Natal . In Mozambique , the British India rupees were overstamped , and in Kenya , the British East Africa Company minted the rupee and its fractions , as well as pice . The rise in the price of silver immediately after the first world war caused the rupee to rise in value to two shillings sterling . In 1920 in British East Africa , the opportunity was then taken to introduce a new florin coin , hence bringing the currency into line with sterling . Shortly after that , the florin was split into two East African shillings . This assimilation to sterling did not , however , happen in British India itself . In Somalia , the Italian colonial authority minted ' rupia ' to exactly the same standard , and called the pice ' besa ' . Straits Settlements ( edit ) The Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company . The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the 19th century . The East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place . These attempts were resisted by the locals , and by 1867 when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company , attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned . Denominations ( edit ) Formerly , the rupee ( 11.66 g , . 917 fine silver ) was divided into 16 annas , 64 paise , or 192 pies . Each circulating coin of British India , until the rupee was decimalised , had a different name in practice . A paisa was equal to two dhelas , three pies and six damaris . Other coins for two paisas ( taka ) , two annas ( dawanni ) , four annas ( a chawanni , or a quarter of a rupee ) , eight annas ( an atthanni , or half a rupee ) were widely in use until decimalization in 1961 . The names of these coins denote the numeral of their value in annas in Urdu , except taka ( two paisas or half an anna ) . While the word taka was commonly used in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) , alternatively for rupee , the two - paise coin was called a taka in West Pakistan . Tanka is an ancient Sanskrit word for money . As the value of rupee rapidly eroded over the years , minting of the fractions of decimalized rupee has been completely abandoned . Presently ( from 2010 onwards ) , bank notes and some coins of 5 and 10 rupees are rarely in use and the paper currency is the sole method of any cash transaction . All fractions of the rupee are of only historical significance and no fractions are in use at all . A taka in West Pakistan was worth two paises while this word was used alternatively for rupee in East Pakistan . After its independence , Bangladesh started to officially call its currency `` taka '' ( BDT ) in 1971 . Early 19th - century East India Company rupees were used in Australia for a limited period . Decimalisation occurred in Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) in 1969 , in India in 1957 , and in Pakistan in 1961 . Thus , an Indian rupee is now divided into 100 paise . Paisa is sometimes referred to as naya paisa , meaning the `` new - money '' in India , a habit continued from when India became independent -- when the new country introduced new currency , people used naya paisa to distinguish it from the old currency . The issuance of the Indian currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India , whereas in Pakistan it is controlled by State Bank of Pakistan . The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is `` Rs '' . India adopted a new symbol ( ₹ ) for the Indian rupee on 15 July 2010 . In most parts of India , the rupee is known as rupaya , rupaye , or one of several other terms derived from the Sanskrit rupya , meaning silver . However , in the Bengali and Assamese languages , spoken in Assam , Tripura , and West Bengal , the rupee is known as a taka , and is written as such on Indian banknotes . In Odisha it is known as tanka . In India , currency is issued in denominations of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 and 2000 rupees . Large denominations of rupees are often counted in lakh ( 100,000 = 1 lakh , 100 lakh = 1 crore / karor , 100 crore / karor = 1 Arab , 100 Arab = 1 kharab / khrab , 100 Kharab / khrab = 1 nil / neel , 100 nil / neel = 1 padma , 100 padma = 1 shankh , 100 shankh = 1 udpadha , 100 udpadha = 1 ank ) . Terms beyond a crore are not generally used in the context of money , e.g. an amount would be called Rs 1 lakh crore ( equivalent to 1 trillion ) instead of Rs 10 kharab . Symbol ( edit ) The rupee sign `` Rs '' is a currency sign used to represent the monetary unit of account in Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Mauritius , Seychelles and the Maldives . It resembles , and is often written as , the Latin character sequence `` Rs '' or `` Rs . '' . The rupee sign is encoded in the Unicode character set at U + 20A8 ( some fonts , such as Microsoft Sans Serif , instead display the Unicode rupee sign erroneously as `` Rp '' ) . It is common to find a prefix before the digits denoting the rupee currency value written as `` Re : 1 '' ( for one unit ) , or `` Rs. 140 '' ( for more than one rupee ) . The rupee sign was also formerly used to represent the Indian rupee until 15 July 2010 , when it was replaced by a new currency symbol , the Indian rupee sign , ₹ . The new sign is a combination of the Devanagari letter र ( ra ) and the Latin capital letter R without its vertical bar ( similar to the R rotunda ) . The parallel lines at the top ( with white space between them ) are said to make an allusion to the tricolor Indian flag. and also depict an equality sign that symbolizes the nation 's desire to reduce economic disparity . `` Rupee '' is abbreviated as Re . ( singular ) , Rs. ( plural ) , and , in the case of the Indian rupee , ₹ ( Indian rupee symbol ) . The Sri Lankan rupee also uses the symbol `` රු '' in Sinhala . Rupee sign in other languages Language Sign in Unicode Sinhalese U + 0DD4 රු SINHALA VOWEL SIGN KETTI PAA - PILLA Gujarati U + 0AF1 ૱ GUJARATI RUPEE SIGN Kannada U + 0CB0 ರ KANNADA LETTER RA Tamil U + 0BF9 ௹ TAMIL RUPEE SIGN North Indic U + A838 ꠸ NORTH INDIC RUPEE MARK Value ( edit ) See also : History of the rupee The history of the rupees can be traced back to Ancient India around the 6th century BC . Ancient India had some of the earliest coins in the world , along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters . The rupee coin has been used since then , even during British India , when it contained 11.66 g ( 1 tola ) of 91.7 % silver with an ASW of 0.3437 of a troy ounce ( that is , silver worth about US $10 at modern prices ) . At the end of the 19th century , the Indian silver rupee went onto a gold exchange standard at a fixed rate of one rupee to one shilling and fourpence in British currency , i.e. 15 rupees to 1 pound sterling . Valuation of the rupee based on its silver content had severe consequences in the 19th century , when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard . The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the United States and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of silver relative to gold . Countries Currency ISO 4217 code Value to US dollar ( As of March 2018 ) Established Preceding currency India Indian rupee INR ₹ 65.20 1540 Indonesia Indonesian rupiah IDR Rp 13755.50 1949 Maldives Maldivian rufiyaa MVR Rf 15.45 1945 Mauritius Mauritian rupee MUR Rs 33.05 1876 Nepal Nepalese rupee NPR रू 104.30 1932 Pakistan Pakistani rupee PKR Rs 110.60 1947 Seychelles Seychellois rupee SCR SR 13.74 1976 Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee LKR රු 155.13 1885 See also ( edit ) Coins of British India Rupee ( The Legend of Zelda ) , a fictional currency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Etymology of rupee '' . etymonline.com. 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Caldwell . `` A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South - Indian family of languages '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) The book states : Tamil noun uruppu , a member of the body , the body itself , a form -- e.g. , the sign of a case is called the uruppu of the case . Dr Gundert does not doubt that the Sanskrit rdpa is derived from this Dravidian uruppu , even though uriivu may be a tadbhava of rUpa . -- archive.org . Jump up ^ Picture of original Mughal rupiya introduced by Sher Shah Suri Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mughal Coinage Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . at RBI Monetary Museum . Retrieved 4 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mughal Coinage '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 05 . Sher Shah issued a coin of silver which was termed the RUPIYA . This weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee . It remained largely unchanged till the early 20th Century ^ Jump up to : Subodh Kapoor ( January 2002 ) . The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical , historical , religious ... , Volume 6 . Cosmo Publications . p. 1599 . ISBN 81 - 7755 - 257 - 0 . Jump up ^ Turner , Sir Ralph Lilley ( 1985 ) ( London : Oxford University Press , 1962 -- 1966 . ) . `` A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo - Aryan Languages '' . Includes three supplements , published 1969 -- 1985 . Digital South Asia Library , a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . rū'pya 10805 rū'pya ' beautiful , bearing a stamp ' ; ' silver ' Jump up ^ Turner , Sir Ralph Lilley ( 1985 ) ( London : Oxford University Press , 1962 -- 1966 . ) . `` A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo - Aryan Languages '' . Includes three supplements , published 1969 -- 1985 . Digital South Asia Library , a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . rūpá 10803 ' form , beauty ' Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt ; Kermit Roosevelt ( 1929 ) . `` Trailing the giant panda '' . Scribner ... The currency in general use was what was known at the Tibetan rupee ... ^ Jump up to : Richard F. Nyrop ( 2008 ) . Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States . Wildside Press . ISBN 1 - 4344 - 6210 - 2 ... The Indian rupee was the principal currency until 1959 , when it was replaced by a special gulf rupee to halt gold smuggling into India ... Jump up ^ `` Indian Rupee Joins Elite Currency Club '' . Theworldreporter.com. 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 2004 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1900 . Colin R. Bruce II ( senior editor ) ( 4th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873497988 . Jump up ^ `` Equivalent of 0.343762855 troy ounce of silver in U.S. dollar '' . xe.com. 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 October 2006 . Sources and external links ( edit ) Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` rupee '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . <Th_colspan="2"> Currencies named rupee or similar Circulating Indian rupee ( रुपया ) Indonesian rupiah Maldivian rufiyaa ( ދިވެހި ރުފިޔ ) Mauritian rupee ( roupie ) Nepalese rupee ( रूपैयाँ ) Pakistani rupee ( روپي ) Seychellois rupee ( roupi , roupie ) Sri Lankan rupee ( රුපියල් , ரூபாய் ) Obsolete Afghan rupee Burmese rupee Japanese occupation rupee Danish Indian rupee East African rupee French Indian rupee ( roupie ) German East African rupie Gulf rupee ( روپيه ) Hyderabadi rupee ( रुपया , రూపాయి ) Italian Somaliland rupia Javan rupee Mombasan rupee Netherlands Indian roepiah Portuguese Indian rupia Riau rupiah Travancore rupee West Irian rupiah Zanzibari rupee ( روپيه ) Conceptual Petrorupee Fictional Hylian rupee ( ルピー ) See also History of the rupee Nepalese mohar <Th_colspan="2"> Currency symbols ( ¤ ) Circulating ؋ ฿ ₵ ₡ ¢ $ ₫ ֏ € ƒ ₲ ₴ ₾ ₭ ₺ ₼ ₦ ₱ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ ૱ ௹ ꠸ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Historic ₳ ₢ ₰ ₯ ₠ ₣ ₤ ₶ RM M ₧ 𐆚 𐆖 𐆙 𐆗 𐆘 Uncirculated ₿ ₥ ₷ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupee&oldid=841692509 '' Categories : Rupee Currency symbols Coins of India Coins of the Maldives Denominations ( currency ) Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Dhivehi - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing Seselwa Creole French - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मैथिली مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 12 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Currency of various countries in Asia
2. History of the rupee
3. Subdivisions and denominations of the rupee
4. Rupee symbol and its usage
5. Value and exchange rate of the rupee
|
2,194,719,201,693,365,500 |
where is lebanon located in the world map
|
Lebanon - wikipedia Lebanon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For other uses of `` Lebanon '' , see Lebanon ( disambiguation ) and Liban ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 33 ° 50 ′ N 35 ° 50 ′ E / 33.833 ° N 35.833 ° E / 33.833 ; 35.833 <Th_colspan="2"> Lebanese Republic الجمهورية اللبنانية ( Arabic ) al - Jumhūrīyah al - Lubnānīyah <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : كلّنا للوطن Kulluna lil - watan All Of Us , For the Country ! <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Capital and largest city Beirut 33 ° 54 ′ N 35 ° 32 ′ E / 33.900 ° N 35.533 ° E / 33.900 ; 35.533 Official languages Arabic Recognised languages French Demonym Lebanese Government Unitary parliamentary multi-confessionalist republic President Michel Aoun Prime Minister Saad Hariri Speaker of the Parliament Nabih Berri Legislature Parliament <Th_colspan="2"> Establishment Greater Lebanon 1 September 1920 Constitution 23 May 1926 Independence declared 22 November 1943 Independence ( Joined UN / French Mandate ended ) 24 October 1945 Withdrawal of French forces 31 December 1946 <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 10,452 km ( 4,036 sq mi ) ( 162nd ) Water ( % ) 1.8 <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2016 estimate 6,006,668 ( 112th ) Density 560 / km ( 1,450.4 / sq mi ) ( 21st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $88.786 billion ( 88th ) Per capita $19,128 ( 80th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $53.915 billion ( 86th ) Per capita $11,615 ( 71st ) HDI ( 2015 ) 0.763 high 76th Currency Lebanese pound ( LBP ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 961 ISO 3166 code LB Internet TLD . lb This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Lebanon ( / ˈlɛbənɒn / ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان Lubnān ; Lebanese pronunciation : ( lɪbˈnæːn ) ; French : Liban ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية al - Jumhūrīyah al - Lubnānīyah ; Lebanese pronunciation : ( elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l. ˈlɪbnæːnɪjje ) ; French : République libanaise ) , is a sovereign state in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km ( 4,036 sq. mi . ) , it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent . The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites / Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years ( c. 1550 -- 539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era . The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918 . Following the collapse of the empire after World War I , the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon . The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate , which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze , to include more Muslims . Lebanon gained independence in 1943 , establishing confessionalism , a unique , Consociationalism - type of political system with a power - sharing mechanism based on religious communities . Bechara El Khoury , President of Lebanon during the independence , Riad El - Solh , first Lebanese prime minister and Emir Majid Arslan II , first Lebanese minister of defence , are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country 's independence . Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946 . Lebanon has been a member of the United Nations since its founding in 1945 as well as the Arab League ( 1945 ) , the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1961 ) , Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation ( 1969 ) and the Organisation internationale de la francophonie ( 1973 ) . Despite its small size , the country has developed a well - known culture and has been highly influential in the Arab world , powered by its large diaspora . Before the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975 -- 1990 ) , the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity , driven by tourism , agriculture , commerce , and banking . Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday , Lebanon was referred to as the `` Switzerland of the East '' during the 1960s , and its capital , Beirut , attracted so many tourists that it was known as `` the Paris of the Middle East '' . At the end of the war , there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure . In spite of these troubles , Lebanon has the highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita in the Arab world , to the exclusion of the oil - rich economies of the Persian Gulf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient Lebanon 2.2 Maronites , Druze , and the Crusades 2.3 Ottoman Lebanon and French Mandate 2.4 Independence from France 2.5 Civil war and Syrian occupation 2.6 Syrian withdrawal and aftermath 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Environment 4 Environmental issues 5 Government and politics 5.1 Law 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Military 5.4 Governorates and districts 6 Economy 6.1 History 6.1. 1 Tourism 7 Demographics 7.1 Religion 7.2 Language 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Music 8.3 Media and cinema 8.4 Holidays and festivals 8.5 Sports 9 Education 10 Health 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology The name of Mount Lebanon originates from the Phoenician root lbn ( 𐤋𐤁𐤍 ) meaning `` white '' , apparently from its snow - capped peaks . Occurrences of the name have been found in different Middle Bronze Age texts from the library of Ebla , and three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh . The name is recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn , where R stood for Canaanite L. The name occurs nearly 70 times in the Hebrew Bible , as לְבָנוֹן . Lebanon as the name of an administrative unit ( as opposed to the mountain range ) was introduced with the Ottoman reforms of 1861 , as the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate ( Arabic : متصرفية جبل لبنان ; Turkish : Cebel - i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı ) , continued in the name of the State of Greater Lebanon ( Arabic : دولة لبنان الكبير Dawlat Lubnān al - Kabīr ; French : État du Grand Liban ) in 1920 , and eventually in the name of the sovereign Republic of Lebanon ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية al - Jumhūrīyah al - Lubnānīyah ) upon its independence in 1943 . History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of Lebanon The borders of contemporary Lebanon are a product of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . Its territory was the core of the Bronze Age Phoenician ( Canaanite ) city - states . As part of the Levant , it was part of numerous succeeding empires throughout ancient history , including the Egyptian , Assyrian , Babylonian , Achaemenid Persian , Hellenistic , Roman and Sasanid Persian empires . After the 7th - century Muslim conquest of the Levant , it was part of the Rashidun , Umyayad , Abbasid Seljuk and Fatimid empires . The crusader state of the County of Tripoli , founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse in 1102 , encompassed most of present - day Lebanon , falling to the Mamluk Sultanate in 1289 and finally to the Ottoman Empire in 1517 . With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , Greater Lebanon fell under French mandate in 1920 , and gained independence under president Bechara El Khoury in 1943 . Lebanon 's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and prosperity based on Beirut 's position as a regional center for finance and trade , interspersed with political turmoil and armed conflict ( 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Lebanese Civil War 1975 -- 1990 , 2005 Cedar Revolution , 2006 Lebanon War , 2007 Lebanon conflict , 2006 -- 08 Lebanese protests , 2008 conflict in Lebanon , and since 2011 Syrian Civil War spillover ) . Ancient Lebanon Main article : History of ancient Lebanon Map of Phoenicia and trade routes Evidence of an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos , which is considered to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . The evidence dates back to earlier than 5000 BC . Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors , primitive weapons , and burial jars left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic fishing communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,000 years ago . Lebanon was a part of northern Canaan , and consequently became the homeland of Canaanite descendants -- the Phoenicians , a seafaring people that spread across the Mediterranean before the rise of Cyrus the Great . Their most famous colonies were Carthage in what is present - day Tunisia and Cádiz in present - day Spain . The Canaanite - Phoenicians are also known as the inventors of the alphabet , among many other things . The area of present - day Lebanon and the wider Eastern Mediterranean were subjugated by Cyrus in 539 BCE . The Persians forced some of its population to migrate to Carthage , which remained a powerful nation until the Second Punic War . After two centuries of Persian rule , Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great attacked and burned Tyre , the most prominent Phoenician city . He conquered what is now Lebanon and other nearby regions of the Eastern Mediterranean in 332 BCE . Maronites , Druze , and the Crusades The Fall of Tripoli to the Egyptian Mamluks and destruction of the Crusader state , the County of Tripoli , 1289 The region that is now Lebanon , as with the rest of Syria and much of Anatolia , became a major center of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the early spread of the religion . During the late 4th and early 5th century , a hermit named Maron established a monastic tradition , focused on the importance of monotheism and asceticism , near the Mediterranean mountain range known as Mount Lebanon . The monks who followed Maron spread his teachings among Lebanese in the region . These Christians came to be known as Maronites and moved into mountains to avoid religious persecution by Roman authorities . During the frequent Roman - Persian Wars that lasted for many centuries , the Sassanid Persians occupied what is now Lebanon from 619 till 629 . During the 7th century the Muslim Arabs conquered Syria establishing a new regime to replace the Byzantines . Though Islam and the Arabic language were officially dominant under this new regime , the general populace still took time to convert from Christianity and the Syriac language . The Maronite community in particular managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria . During the 11th century the Druze faith emerged from a branch of Shia Islam . The new faith gained followers in the southern portion of Mount Lebanon . The northern portion of Mount Lebanon was ruled by Druze feudal families to the early 14th century which was then brought to an end by the Mamluk invasion . The Maronite population increased gradually in Northern Mount Lebanon and the Druze have remained in Southern Mount Lebanon until the modern era . In the south of Lebanon , ( Jabal Amel ) , Baalbek and the Beqaa Valley was ruled by Shia feudal families under the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire . Major cities on the coast , Acre , Beirut , and others , were directly administered by the Muslim Caliphs and the people became more fully absorbed by the Arab culture . Following the fall of Roman Anatolia to the Muslim Turks , the Byzantines put out a call to the Pope in Rome for assistance in the 11th century . The result was a series of wars known as the Crusades launched by the Franks in Western Europe to reclaim the former Byzantine Christian territories in the Eastern Mediterranean , especially Syria and Palestine ( the Levant ) . The First Crusade succeeded in temporarily establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli as Roman Catholic Christian states along the coast . These crusader states made a lasting impact on the region , though their control was limited , and the region returned to full Muslim control after two centuries following the conquest by the Mamluks . One of the most lasting effects of the Crusades in this region was the contact between the Franks ( i.e. the French ) and the Maronites . Unlike most other Christian communities in the Eastern Mediterranean , who swore allegiance to Constantinople or other local patriarchs , the Maronites proclaimed allegiance to the Pope in Rome . As such the Franks saw them as Roman Catholic brethren . These initial contacts led to centuries of support for the Maronites from France and Italy , even after the fall of the Crusader states in the region . Ottoman Lebanon and French mandate See also : Emirate of Mount Lebanon , Sidon Eyalet , and Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate Fakhreddine II Palace , 17th century 1862 map drawn by the French expedition of Beaufort d'Hautpoul , later used as a template for the 1920 borders of Greater Lebanon . During this period Lebanon was divided into several provinces : Northern and Southern Mount Lebanon , Tripoli , Baalbek and Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amel . In southern Mount Lebanon in 1590 , Fakhr - al - Din II became the successor to Korkmaz . He soon established his authority as paramount prince of the Druze in the Shouf area of Mount Lebanon . Eventually , Fakhr - al - Din II was appointed Sanjakbey ( Governor ) of several Ottoman sub-provinces , with responsibility for tax - gathering . He extended his control over a substantial part of Mount Lebanon and its coastal area , even building a fort as far inland as Palmyra . This over-reaching eventually became too much for Ottoman Sultan Murad IV , who sent a punitive expedition to capture him in 1633 . He was taken to Istanbul , kept in prison for two years and then executed along with one of his sons in April 1635 . Surviving members of Fakhr al - Din 's family ruled a reduced area under closer Ottoman control until the end of the 17th century . On the death of the last Maan emir , various members of the Shihab clan ruled Mount Lebanon until 1830 . Approximately 10,000 Christians were killed by the Druzes during inter-communal violence in 1860 . Shortly afterwards , the Emirate of Mount Lebanon , which lasted about 400 years , was replaced by the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate , as a result of a European - Ottoman treaty called the Règlement Organique . The Baalbek and Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amel was ruled intermittently by various Shia feudal families , especially the Al Ali Alsagheer in Jabal Amel that remained in power until 1865 when Ottomans took direct ruling of the region . Youssef Bey Karam , a Lebanese nationalist played an influential role in Lebanon 's independence during this era . In 1920 , following WWI , the area of the Mutasarrifate , plus some surrounding areas which were predominantly Shia and Sunni , became a part of the state of Greater Lebanon under the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon . Around 100,000 people in Beirut and Mount Lebanon died of starvation during World War I. In the first half of 1920 , Lebanese territory was claimed as part of the Arab Kingdom of Syria , but shortly the Franco - Syrian War resulted in Arab defeat and capitulation of the Hashemites . Roman baths park on the Serail hill , Beirut . On 1 September 1920 , France reestablished Greater Lebanon after the Moutasarrifiya rule removed several regions belonging to the Principality of Lebanon and gave them to Syria . Lebanon was a largely Christian country ( mainly Maronite territory with some Greek Orthodox enclaves ) but it also included areas containing many Muslims and Druze . On 1 September 1926 , France formed the Lebanese Republic . A constitution was adopted on 25 May 1926 establishing a democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government . Independence from France Martyrs ' Square in Beirut during celebrations marking the release by the French of Lebanon 's government from Rashayya prison on 22 November 1943 Lebanon gained a measure of independence while France was occupied by Germany . General Henri Dentz , the Vichy High Commissioner for Syria and Lebanon , played a major role in the independence of the nation . The Vichy authorities in 1941 allowed Germany to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces . The United Kingdom , fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government , sent its army into Syria and Lebanon . After the fighting ended in Lebanon , General Charles de Gaulle visited the area . Under political pressure from both inside and outside Lebanon , de Gaulle recognized the independence of Lebanon . On 26 November 1941 General Georges Catroux announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government . Elections were held in 1943 and on 8 November 1943 the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate . The French reacted by imprisoning the new government . In the face of international pressure , the French released the government officials on 22 November 1943 . The allies occupied the region until the end of World War II . Following the end of World War II in Europe the French mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League of Nations or its successor the United Nations . The mandate was ended by the declaration of the mandatory power , and of the new states themselves , of their independence , followed by a process of piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers , culminating in formal admission to the United Nations . Article 78 of the UN Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state : `` The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations , relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality . '' So when the UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members , as both Syria and Lebanon were founding member states , the French mandate for both was legally terminated on that date and full independence attained . The last French troops withdrew in December 1946 . Lebanon 's unwritten National Pact of 1943 required that its president be Maronite Christian , its speaker of the parliament to be a Shiite Muslim , its prime minister be Sunni Muslim , and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament and the Deputy Prime Minister be Greek Orthodox . Lebanon 's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut 's position as a regional center for finance and trade . In May 1948 , Lebanon supported neighbouring Arab countries in a war against Israel . While some irregular forces crossed the border and carried out minor skirmishes against Israel , it was without the support of the Lebanese government , and Lebanese troops did not officially invade . Lebanon agreed to support the forces with covering artillery fire , armored cars , volunteers and logistical support . On 5 -- 6 June 1948 , the Lebanese army -- led by the then Minister of National Defence , Emir Majid Arslan -- captured Al - Malkiyya . This was Lebanon 's only success in the war . 100,000 Palestinians fled to Lebanon because of the war . Israel did not permit their return after the cease - fire . Today , more than 400,000 refugees remain in Lebanon , about half in camps . In 1958 , during the last months of President Camille Chamoun 's term , an insurrection broke out , instigated by Lebanese Muslims who wanted to make Lebanon a member of the United Arab Republic . Chamoun requested assistance , and 5,000 United States Marines were briefly dispatched to Beirut on 15 July . After the crisis , a new government was formed , led by the popular former general Fuad Chehab . With the defeat of the PLO in Jordan , many Palestinian militants relocated to Lebanon , increasing their armed campaign against Israel . The relocation of Palestinian bases also led to increasing sectarian tensions between Palestinians versus the Maronites and other Lebanese factions . Civil War and Syrian occupation Main article : Lebanese Civil War The Green Line that separated west and east Beirut , 1982 In 1975 , following increasing sectarian tensions , a full - scale civil war broke out in Lebanon . The Lebanese Civil War pitted a coalition of Christian groups against the joint forces of the PLO , left - wing Druze and Muslim militias . In June 1976 Lebanese President Elias Sarkis asked for the Syrian Army to intervene on the side of the Christians and help restore peace . In October 1976 the Arab League agreed to establish a predominantly Syrian Arab Deterrent Force , which was charged with restoring calm . In 1982 , the PLO attacks from Lebanon on Israel led to an Israeli invasion . A multinational force of American , French and Italian contingents ( joined in 1983 by a British contingent ) were deployed in Beirut after the Israeli siege of the city , to supervise the evacuation of the PLO . It returned in September 1982 after the assassination of Bashir Gemayel and subsequent fighting . During this time a number of massacres occurred , such as in Sabra and Shatila , and in several refugee camps . The multinational force was withdrawn in the spring of 1984 , following a devastating bombing attack during the previous year . In September 1988 , the Parliament failed to elect a successor to President Gemayel as a result of differences between the Christians , Muslims , and Syrians . The Arab League Summit of May 1989 led to the formation of a Saudi - Moroccan - Algerian committee to solve the crisis . On 16 September 1989 the committee issued a peace plan which was accepted by all . A ceasefire was established , the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return . In the same month , the Lebanese Parliament agreed to the Taif Agreement , which included an outline timetable for Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and a formula for the de-confessionalisation of the Lebanese political system . The war ended at the end of 1990 after sixteen years , resulting in massive loss of human life and property , while devastating the country 's economy . It is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded . Nearly a million civilians were displaced by the war , and some never returned . Parts of Lebanon were left in ruins . The Taif Agreement has still not been implemented in full and Lebanon 's political system continues to be divided along sectarian lines . Syrian withdrawal and aftermath Main article : Syrian occupation of Lebanon Demonstrators calling for the withdrawal of Syrian forces . The internal political situation in Lebanon significantly changed in the early 2000s . After the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon and the death of Hafez Al - Assad in 2000 , the Syrian military presence faced criticism and resistance from the Lebanese population . On 14 February 2005 , former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a car bomb explosion . Leaders of the March 14 Alliance accused Syria of the attack , while the March 8 Alliance and Syrian officials claimed that the Mossad was behind the assassination . The Hariri assassination marked the beginning of a series of assassinations that resulted in the death of many prominent Lebanese figures . The assassination triggered the Cedar Revolution , a series of demonstrations which demanded the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination . Under pressure from the West , Syria began withdrawing , and by 26 April 2005 all Syrian soldiers had returned to Syria . The UNSC Resolution 1595 called for an investigation into the assassination . The UN International Independent Investigation Commission published its preliminary findings on 20 October 2005 in the Mehlis report , which cited indications that the assassination was organized by Syrian and Lebanese intelligence services . On 12 July 2006 , Hezbollah launched a series of rocket attacks and raids into Israeli territory , where they killed three Israeli soldiers and captured a further two . Israel responded with airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon , and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon , resulting in the 2006 Lebanon War . The conflict was officially ended by the UNSC Resolution 1701 on 14 August 2006 , which ordered a ceasefire . Some 1,191 Lebanese and 160 Israelis were killed in the conflict . Beirut 's southern suburb was heavily damaged by Israeli airstrikes . In 2007 , the Nahr al - Bared refugee camp became the center of the 2007 Lebanon conflict between the Lebanese Army and Fatah al - Islam . At least 169 soldiers , 287 insurgents and 47 civilians were killed in the battle . Funds for the reconstruction of the area have been slow to materialize . Between 2006 and 2008 , a series of protests led by groups opposed to the pro-Western Prime Minister Fouad Siniora demanded the creation of a national unity government , over which the mostly Shia opposition groups would have veto power . When Émile Lahoud 's presidential term ended in October 2007 , the opposition refused to vote for a successor unless a power - sharing deal was reached , leaving Lebanon without a president . On 9 May 2008 , Hezbollah and Amal forces , sparked by a government declaration that Hezbollah 's communications network was illegal , seized western Beirut , leading to the 2008 conflict in Lebanon . The Lebanese government denounced the violence as a coup attempt . At least 62 people died in the resulting clashes between pro-government and opposition militias . On 21 May 2008 , the signing of the Doha Agreement ended the fighting . As part of the accord , which ended 18 months of political paralysis , Michel Suleiman became president and a national unity government was established , granting a veto to the opposition . The agreement was a victory for opposition forces , as the government caved in to all their main demands . In early January 2011 , the national unity government collapsed due to growing tensions stemming from the Special Tribunal for Lebanon , which was expected to indict Hezbollah members for the Hariri assassination . The parliament elected Najib Mikati , the candidate for the Hezbollah - led March 8 Alliance , Prime Minister of Lebanon , making him responsible for forming a new government . Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah insists that Israel was responsible for the assassination of Hariri . A report leaked by the Al - Akhbar newspaper in November 2010 stated that Hezbollah has drafted plans for a takeover of the country in the event that the Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues an indictment against its members . In 2012 , the Syrian civil war threatened to spill over in Lebanon , causing more incidents of sectarian violence and armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in Tripoli . As of 6 August 2013 , more than 677,702 Syrian refugees are in Lebanon . As the number of Syrian refugees increases , the Lebanese Forces Party , the Kataeb Party , and the Free Patriotic Movement fear the country 's sectarian based political system is being undermined . Geography Main article : Geography of Lebanon Kadisha Valley , a gorge in northern Lebanon Lebanon from space . Snow cover can be seen on the western Mount Lebanon and eastern Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges Lebanon is located in Western Asia between latitudes 33 ° and 35 ° N and longitudes 35 ° and 37 ° E. Its land straddles the `` northwest of the Arabian plate '' . The country 's surface area is 10,452 square kilometres ( 4,036 sq mi ) of which 10,230 square kilometres ( 3,950 sq mi ) is land . Lebanon has a coastline and border of 225 kilometres ( 140 mi ) on the Mediterranean sea to the west , a 375 kilometres ( 233 mi ) border shared with Syria to the north and east and a 79 kilometres ( 49 mi ) long border with Israel to the south . The border with the Israeli - occupied Golan Heights is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms . Lebanon is divided into four distinct physiographic regions : the coastal plain , the Lebanon mountain range , the Beqaa valley and the Anti-Lebanon mountains . The narrow and discontinuous coastal plain stretches from the Syrian border in the north where it widens to form the Akkar plain to Ras al - Naqoura at the border with Israel in the south . The fertile coastal plain is formed of marine sediments and river deposited alluvium alternating with sandy bays and rocky beaches . The Lebanon mountains rise steeply parallel to the Mediterranean coast and form a ridge of limestone and sandstone that runs for most of the country 's length . The mountain range varies in width between 10 km ( 6 mi ) and 56 km ( 35 mi ) ; it is carved by narrow and deep gorges . The Lebanon mountains peak at 3,088 metres ( 10,131 ft ) above sea level in Qurnat as Sawda ' in North Lebanon and gradually slope to the south before rising again to a height of 2,695 metres ( 8,842 ft ) in Mount Sannine . The Beqaa valley sits between the Lebanon mountains in the west and the Anti-Lebanon range in the east ; it 's a part of the Great Rift Valley system . The valley is 180 km ( 112 mi ) long and 10 to 26 km ( 6 to 16 mi ) wide , its fertile soil is formed by alluvial deposits . The Anti-Lebanon range runs parallel to the Lebanon mountains , its highest peak is in Mount Hermon at 2,814 metres ( 9,232 ft ) . The mountains of Lebanon are drained by seasonal torrents and rivers foremost of which is the 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) long Leontes that rises in the Beqaa Valley to the west of Baalbek and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre . Lebanon has 16 rivers all of which are non navigable ; 13 rivers originate from Mount Lebanon and run through the steep gorges and into the Mediterranean Sea , the other three arise in the Beqaa Valley . Climate Main article : Climate of Lebanon Lebanon has a moderate Mediterranean climate . In coastal areas , winters are generally cool and rainy whilst summers are hot and humid . In more elevated areas , temperatures usually drop below freezing during the winter with heavy snow cover that remains until early summer on the higher mountaintops . Although most of Lebanon receives a relatively large amount of rainfall , when measured annually in comparison to its arid surroundings , certain areas in north - eastern Lebanon receive little because of rain shadow created by the high peaks of the western mountain range . Environment Main article : Wildlife of Lebanon The Lebanon cedar is the national emblem of Lebanon . In ancient times , Lebanon was covered by large forests of cedar trees , the national emblem of the country . Today , forests cover 13.4 % of the Lebanese land area ; they are under constant threat from wildfires caused by the long dry summer season . As a result of longstanding exploitation , few old cedar trees remain in pockets of forests in Lebanon , but there is an active program to conserve and regenerate the forests . The Lebanese approach has emphasized natural regeneration over planting by creating the right conditions for germination and growth . The Lebanese state has created several nature reserves that contain cedars , including the Shouf Biosphere Reserve , the Jaj Cedar Reserve , the Tannourine Reserve , the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves in the Akkar district , and the Forest of the Cedars of God near Bsharri . In 2010 , the Environment Ministry set a 10 - year plan to increase the national forest coverage by 20 % , which is equivalent to the planting of two million new trees each year . The plan , which was funded by the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , and implemented by the U.S. Forest Service ( USFS ) , through the Lebanon Reforestation Initiative ( LRI ) , was inaugurated in 2011 by planting cedar , pine , wild almond , juniper , fir , oak and other seedlings , in ten regions around Lebanon . Environmental issues Main article : Marine environmental issues in Lebanon Beirut and Mount Lebanon have been facing a severe garbage crisis . After the closure of the Bourj Hammoud dump in 1997 , the al - Naameh dumpsite was opened by the government in 1998 . The al - Naameh dumpsite was planned to contain 2 million tons of waste for a limited period of six years at the most . It was designed to be a temporary solution , while the government would have devised a long - term plan . Sixteen years later al - Naameh was still open and exceeded its capacity by 13 million tons . In July 2015 the residents of the area , already protesting in the recent years , forced the closure of the dumpsite. The inefficiency of the government , as well as the corruption inside of the waste management company Sukleen in charge of managing the garbage in Lebanon , have resulted in piles of garbage blocking streets in Mount Lebanon and Beirut . In December 2015 the Lebanese government signed an agreement with Chinook Industrial Mining , part owned by Chinook Sciences , to export over 100,000 tons of untreated waste from Beirut and the surrounding area . The waste had accumulated in temporary locations following the government closure of the county 's largest land fill site five months earlier . The contract was jointly signed with Howa International which has offices in Holland and Germany . The contract is reported to cost $212 per ton . The waste , which is compacted and infectious , would have to be sorted and was estimated to be enough to fill 2,000 containers . Initial reports that the waste was to be exported to Sierra Leone have been denied by diplomats . In February 2016 the government withdrew from negotiations after it was revealed that documents relating to the export of the trash to Russia were forgeries . On 19 March 2016 , the Cabinet reopened the Naameh landfill for 60 days in line with a plan it passed few days earlier to end the trash crisis . The plan also stipulates the establishment of landfills in Bourj Hammoud and Costa Brava , east and south of Beirut respectively . Sukleen trucks began removing piled garbage from Karantina and heading to Naameh . Environment Minister Mohammad Machnouk announced during a chat with activists that more than 8,000 tons of garbage had been collected so far as part of the government 's trash plan in only 24 hours . The plan 's execution is still ongoing. ( 6 ) ( 7 ) Government and Politics Main articles : Politics of Lebanon and Human rights in Lebanon The Lebanese parliament building at the Place de l'Étoile One of many protests in Beirut Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy that includes confessionalism , in which high - ranking offices are reserved for members of specific religious groups . The President , for example , has to be a Maronite Christian , the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim , the Speaker of the Parliament a Shi'a Muslim , the Deputy Prime Minister and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament Eastern Orthodox . This system is intended to deter sectarian conflict and attempts to represent fairly the demographic distribution of the 18 recognized religious groups in government . Until 1975 , Freedom House considered Lebanon to be one of only two ( together with Israel ) politically free countries in the Middle East and North Africa region . The country lost this status with the outbreak of the Civil War , and has not regained it since 1975 . Lebanon was rated as `` Partly Free '' in 2013 . Even so , the United States still considers Lebanon to be one of the most democratic nations in the Arab world . Until 2005 , Palestinians were forbidden to work in over 70 jobs because they do not have Lebanese citizenship . After liberalization laws were passed in 2007 , this was reduced to around 20 jobs . In 2010 , Palestinians were granted the same rights to work as other foreigners in the country . Lebanon 's national legislature is the unicameral Parliament of Lebanon . Its 128 seats are divided equally between Christians and Muslims , proportionately between the 18 different denominations and proportionately between its 26 regions . Prior to 1990 , the ratio stood at 6 : 5 in favor of Christians ; however , the Taif Agreement , which put an end to the 1975 -- 1990 civil war , adjusted the ratio to grant equal representation to followers of the two religions . The Parliament is elected for a four - year term by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation . The executive branch consists of the President , the head of state , and the Prime Minister , the head of government . The parliament elects the president for a non-renewable six - year term by a two - third majority . The president appoints the Prime Minister , following consultations with the parliament . The President and the Prime Minister form the Cabinet , which must also adhere to the sectarian distribution set out by confessionalism . In an unprecedented move , the Lebanese parliament has extended its own term twice amid protests , the last being on 5 November 2014 , an act which comes in direct contradiction with democracy and article # 42 of the Lebanese constitution as no elections have taken place . Lebanon was without a President between May 2014 and October 2016 . The next nationwide elections are scheduled for May 2018 . Law There are 18 officially recognized religious groups in Lebanon , each with its own family law legislation and set of religious courts . The Lebanese legal system is based on the French system , and is a civil law country , with the exception for matters related to personal status ( succession , marriage , divorce , adoption , etc . ) , which are governed by a separate set of laws designed for each sectarian community . For instance , the Islamic personal status laws are inspired by the Sharia law . For Muslims , these tribunals deal with questions of marriage , divorce , custody , and inheritance and wills . For non-Muslims , personal status jurisdiction is split : the law of inheritance and wills falls under national civil jurisdiction , while Christian and Jewish religious courts are competent for marriage , divorce , and custody . Catholics can additionally appeal before the Vatican Rota court . The most notable set of codified laws is the Code des Obligations et des Contrats promulgated in 1932 and equivalent to the French Civil Code . Capital punishment is still de facto used to sanction certain crimes , but no longer enforced . The Lebanese court system consists of three levels : courts of first instance , courts of appeal , and the court of cassation . The Constitutional Council rules on constitutionality of laws and electoral frauds . There also is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities , with rules on matters such as marriage and inheritance . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Lebanon Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001 , and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002 . It is included in the European Union 's European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) , which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer . Lebanon also has bilateral trade agreements with several Arab states and is working toward accession to the World Trade Organization . Lebanon enjoys good relations with virtually all of the other Arab countries ( despite historic tensions with Libya , the Palestinians , Syria and Iraq ) , and hosted an Arab League Summit in March 2002 for the first time in more than 35 years . Lebanon is a member of the Francophone countries and hosted the Francophone Summit in October 2002 as well as the Jeux de la Francophonie in 2009 . Military Main article : Lebanese Armed Forces Soldiers of the Lebanese army , 2009 The Lebanese Armed Forces ( LAF ) has 72,000 active personnel , including 1,100 in the air force , and 1,000 in the navy . The Lebanese Armed Forces ' primary missions include defending Lebanon and its citizens against external aggression , maintaining internal stability and security , confronting threats against the country 's vital interests , engaging in social development activities , and undertaking relief operations in coordination with public and humanitarian institutions . Lebanon is a major recipient of foreign military aid . With more than $400 million since 2005 , it is the second largest per capita recipient of American military aid behind Israel . Governorates and districts Main articles : Governorates of Lebanon , Districts of Lebanon , and Municipalities of Lebanon Lebanon is divided into eight governorates ( mohaafazaat , Arabic : محافظات ; singular mohafazah , Arabic : محافظة ) which are further subdivided into twenty - six districts ( aqdya -- singular : qadaa ) . The districts themselves are also divided into several municipalities , each enclosing a group of cities or villages . The governorates and their respective districts are listed below : Akkar North Akkar Miniyeh - Danniyeh Zgharta Koura Tripoli Bsharri Batroun Mount Lebanon Jbeil Kesrwan Matn Beirut Baabda Aley Chouf South Jezzine Sidon Tyre Baalbek - Hermel Hermel Baalbek Beqaa Zahle Western Beqaa Rashaya Nabatieh Hasbaya Nabatieh Marjeyoun Bint Jbeil Beirut Governorate The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut Akkar Governorate Akkar Baalbek - Hermel Governorate Baalbek Hermel Beqaa Governorate Rashaya Western Beqaa ( al - Beqaa al - Gharbi ) Zahle Mount Lebanon Governorate ( Jabal Lubnan / Jabal Lebnen ) Aley Baabda Jbeil Chouf Keserwan ( Keserwen ) Matn Nabatieh Governorate ( Jabal Amel ) Bint Jbeil Hasbaya Marjeyoun Nabatieh North Governorate ( ash - Shamal / shmel ) Batroun Bsharri Koura Miniyeh - Danniyeh Tripoli Zgharta South Governorate ( al - Janoub / Jnub ) Jezzine Sidon ( Saida ) Tyre ( Sur ) Corinthian capitals in Baalbek Economy Main article : Economy of Lebanon Graphical depiction of Lebanon ' s product exports in 28 color - coded categories . Lebanon 's economy follows a laissez - faire model . Most of the economy is dollarized , and the country has no restrictions on the movement of capital across its borders . The Lebanese government 's intervention in foreign trade is minimal . The Lebanese economy grew 8.5 % in 2008 and a revised 9 % in 2009 despite a global recession . Real GDP growth is estimated to have slowed from 7.5 % in 2010 to 1.5 % in 2011 , according to IMF preliminary estimates , with nominal GDP estimated at $41.5 billion in 2011 . The Banque du Liban projects real GDP growth could reach 4 % in 2012 , with 6 % inflation ( versus 4 % in 2011 ) . The political and security instability in the Arab world , especially in Syria , is expected to have a negative impact on the domestic business and economic environment . Lebanon has a very high level of public debt and large external financing needs . The 2010 public debt exceeded 150.7 % of GDP , ranking fourth highest in the world as a percentage of GDP , though down from 154.8 % in 2009 . At the end 2008 , finance minister Mohamad Chatah stated that the debt was going to reach $47 billion in that year and would increase to $49 billion if privatization of two telecoms companies did not occur . The Daily Star wrote that exorbitant debt levels have `` slowed down the economy and reduced the government 's spending on essential development projects '' . The urban population in Lebanon is noted for its commercial enterprise . Emigration has yielded Lebanese `` commercial networks '' throughout the world . Remittances from Lebanese abroad total $8.2 billion and account for one fifth of the country 's economy . Lebanon has the largest proportion of skilled labor among Arab States . The Investment Development Authority of Lebanon was established with the aim of promoting investment in Lebanon . In 2001 , Investment Law No. 360 was enacted to reinforce the organisation 's mission . The agricultural sector employs 12 % of the total workforce . Agriculture contributed to 5.9 % of the country 's GDP in 2011 . Lebanon 's proportion of cultivable land is the highest in the Arab world , Major produce includes apples , peaches , oranges , and lemons . The commodities market in Lebanon includes substantial gold coin production , however according to International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) standards , they must be declared upon exportation to any foreign country . Oil has recently been discovered inland and in the seabed between Lebanon , Cyprus , Israel and Egypt and talks are underway between Cyprus and Egypt to reach an agreement regarding the exploration of these resources . The seabed separating Lebanon and Cyprus is believed to hold significant quantities of crude oil and natural gas . Industry in Lebanon is mainly limited to small businesses that reassemble and package imported parts . In 2004 , industry ranked second in workforce , with 26 % of the Lebanese working population , and second in GDP contribution , with 21 % of Lebanon 's GDP . Nearly 65 % of the Lebanese workforce attain employment in the services sector . The GDP contribution , accordingly , amounts to roughly 67.3 % of the annual Lebanese GDP . However , dependence on the tourism and banking sectors leaves the economy vulnerable to political instability . Lebanese banks are high on liquidity and reputed for their security . Lebanon was one of the only seven countries in the world in which the value of the stock markets increased in 2008 . On 10 May 2013 the Lebanese minister of energy and water clarified that seismic images of the Lebanese 's sea bed are undergoing detailed explanation of their contents and that up till now , approximately 10 % have been covered . Preliminary inspection of the results showed , with more than 50 % probability , that 10 % of Lebanon 's exclusive economic zone contained up to 660 million barrels of oil and up to 30 × 10 cu ft of gas . The Syrian crisis has significantly affected Lebanese economic and financial situation . The demographic pressure imposed by the Syrian refugees now living in Lebanon has led to competition in the labour market . As a direct consequence unemployment has doubled in three years , reaching 20 % in 2014 . A loss of 14 % of wages regarding the salary of less - skilled workers has also been registered . The financial constraints were also felt : the poverty rate increased with 170.000 Lebanese falling under the poverty threshold . In the period between 2012 and 2014 , the public spending increased by $1 billion and losses amounted to $7.5 billion . Expenditures related only to the Syrian refugees were estimated by the Central Bank of Lebanon as $4.5 billion every year . History Lebanese real GDP growth Interestingly , in the 1950s , the second highest level of GDP was initially reached by Lebanon . Despite not having oil reserves , Lebanon , as the banking center of the Middle East and one of the trading centers , had a high national income . The 1975 -- 1990 civil war heavily damaged Lebanon 's economic infrastructure , cut national output by half , and all but ended Lebanon 's position as a West Asian entrepôt and banking hub . The subsequent period of relative peace enabled the central government to restore control in Beirut , begin collecting taxes , and regain access to key port and government facilities . Economic recovery has been helped by a financially sound banking system and resilient small - and medium - scale manufacturers , with family remittances , banking services , manufactured and farm exports , and international aid as the main sources of foreign exchange . Until July 2006 , Lebanon enjoyed considerable stability , Beirut 's reconstruction was almost complete , and increasing numbers of tourists poured into the nation 's resorts . The economy witnessed growth , with bank assets reaching over 75 billion US dollars , Market capitalization was also at an all - time high , estimated at $10.9 billion at the end of the second quarter of 2006 . The month - long 2006 war severely damaged Lebanon 's fragile economy , especially the tourism sector . According to a preliminary report published by the Lebanese Ministry of Finance on 30 August 2006 , a major economic decline was expected as a result of the fighting . Over the course of 2008 Lebanon rebuilt its infrastructure mainly in the real estate and tourism sectors , resulting in a comparatively robust post war economy . Major contributors to the reconstruction of Lebanon include Saudi Arabia ( with US $1.5 billion pledged ) , the European Union ( with about $1 billion ) and a few other Persian Gulf countries with contributions of up to $800 million . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Lebanon Baalbek , temple of Jupiter The tourism industry accounts for about 10 % of GDP . Lebanon managed to attract around 1,333,000 tourists in 2008 , thus placing it as rank 79 out of 191 countries . In 2009 , The New York Times ranked Beirut the No. 1 travel destination worldwide due to its nightlife and hospitality . In January 2010 , the Ministry of Tourism announced that 1,851,081 tourists had visited Lebanon in 2009 , a 39 % increase from 2008 . In 2009 , Lebanon hosted the largest number of tourists to date , eclipsing the previous record set before the Lebanese Civil War . Tourist arrivals reached two million in 2010 , but fell by 37 % for the first 10 months of 2012 , a decline caused by the war in neighbouring Syria . aches at the ruins of Anjar Saudi Arabia , Jordan , and Japan are the three most popular origin countries of foreign tourists to Lebanon . The recent influx of Japanese tourists has caused the recent rise in popularity of Japanese Cuisine in Lebanon . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Lebanon and Lebanese people Artisan in Tripoli The population of Lebanon was estimated to be 6,006,668 in 2016 , however no official census has been conducted since 1932 due to the sensitive confessional political balance between Lebanon 's various religious groups . Identifying all Lebanese as ethnically Arab is a widely employed example of panethnicity since in reality , the Lebanese `` are descended from many different peoples who have occupied , invaded , or settled this corner of the world '' , making Lebanon , `` a mosaic of closely interrelated cultures '' . While at first glance , this ethnic , linguistic , religious and denominational diversity might seem to cause civil and political unrest , `` for much of Lebanon 's history this multitudinous diversity of religious communities has coexisted with little conflict '' . The fertility rate fell from 5.00 in 1971 to 1.75 in 2004 . Fertility rates vary considerably among the different religious groups : in 2004 it was 2.10 for Shiites , 1.76 Sunnis and 1.61 for Maronites . Lebanon has witnessed a series of migration waves : over 1,800,000 people emigrated from the country in the 1975 -- 2011 period . Millions of people of Lebanese descent are spread throughout the world , mostly Christians , especially in Latin America . Brazil has the largest expatriate population . ( See Lebanese Brazilians ) . Large numbers of Lebanese migrated to West Africa , particularly to the Ivory Coast ( home to over 100,000 Lebanese ) and Senegal ( roughly 30,000 Lebanese ) . Australia is home to over 270,000 Lebanese ( 1999 est . ) . In Canada , there is also a large Lebanese diaspora of approximately 250,000 -- 700,000 people having Lebanese descent . ( see Lebanese Canadians ) . Another region with a significant diaspora is the Persian Gulf , where the countries of Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar ( around 25,000 people ) , Saudi Arabia and UAE act as host countries to many Lebanese . As of 2012 , Lebanon was host to over 1,600,000 refugees and asylum seekers : 449,957 from Palestine , 5,986 from Iraq , over 1,100,000 from Syria , and 4,000 from Sudan . According to the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia of the United Nations , among the Syrian refugees , 71 % live in poverty . The latest estimates by the United Nations put the number of Syrian refugees at more than 1,250,000 . In the last three decades , lengthy and destructive armed conflicts have ravaged the country . The majority of Lebanese have been affected by armed conflict ; those with direct personal experience include 75 % of the population , and most others report suffering a range of hardships . In total , almost the entire population ( 96 % ) has been affected in some way -- either personally or because of the wider consequences of armed conflict . <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities or towns in Lebanon Source ? Rank Name Governorate Pop . Beirut Tripoli Beirut Beirut 1,916,100 Zahlé Sidon Tripoli North 730,000 Zahlé Beqaa 85,000 Sidon South 75,000 5 Aley Mount Lebanon 65,000 6 Tyre South 60,204 7 Nabatieh Nabatieh 50,000 8 Jounieh Mount Lebanon 35,500 9 Batroun North 35,312 10 Baalbek Bekaa 10,392 Religion Main articles : Religion in Lebanon , Islam in Lebanon , Christianity in Lebanon , Secularism in Lebanon , and Irreligion in Lebanon Religion in Lebanon ( est. 2014 ) Islam ( 54 % ) Christianity ( 40.4 % ) Druze ( 5.6 % ) Distribution of main religious groups of Lebanon according to last municipal election data . Lebanon is the most religiously diverse country in the Middle East . As of 2014 the CIA World Factbook estimates the following : Muslim 54 % ( 27 % Shia Islam , 27 % Sunni Islam ) , Christian 40.5 % ( includes 21 % Maronite Catholic , 8 % Greek Orthodox , 5 % Melkite Catholic , 1 % Protestant , 5.5 % other Christian ) , Druze 5.6 % , very small numbers of Jews , Baha'is , Buddhists , Hindus and Mormons . A study conducted by the Lebanese Information Center and based on voter registration numbers shows that by 2011 the Christian population was stable compared to that of previous years , making up 34.35 % of the population ; Muslims , the Druze included , were 65.47 % of the population . The World Values Survey of 2014 put the percentage of atheists in Lebanon at 3.3 % . It is believed that there has been a decline in the ratio of Christians to Muslims over the past 60 years , due to higher emigration rates of Christians , and a higher birth rate in the Muslim population . When the last census was held in 1932 , Christians made up 53 % of Lebanon 's population . In 1956 , it was estimated that the population was 54 % Christian and 44 % Muslim . A demographic study conducted by the research firm Statistics Lebanon found that approximately 27 % of the population was Shia , 27 % Sunni , 21 % Maronite , 8 % Greek Orthodox , 5 % Druze , 5 % Melkite , and 1 % Protestant , with the remaining 6 % mostly belonging to smaller non-native to Lebanon Christian denominations . Other sources like Euronews or the Madrid - based diary La Razón estimate the percentage of Christians to be around 53 % . Because the relative size of confessional groups remains a sensitive issue , a national census has not been conducted since 1932 . There are 18 state - recognized religious sects -- four Muslim , 12 Christian , one Druze , and one Jewish . The Shi'a residents primarily live in Southern Beirut , the Beqaa Valley , and Southern Lebanon . The Sunni residents primarily live in Tripoli , Western Beirut , the Southern coast of Lebanon , and Northern Lebanon . The Maronite residents primarily live in Eastern Beirut and the mountains of Lebanon . They are the largest Christian community in Lebanon . The Greek Orthodox , the second largest Christian community in Lebanon , primarily live in Koura , Beirut , Zahleh , Rachaya , Matn , Aley , Akkar , Tripoli , Hasbaya and Marjeyoun . Language See also : Lebanese Arabic , Modern Standard Arabic , and French language in Lebanon Article 11 of Lebanon 's Constitution states that `` Arabic is the official national language . A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used '' . The majority of Lebanese people speak Lebanese Arabic , which is grouped in a larger category called Levantine Arabic , while Modern Standard Arabic is mostly used in magazines , newspapers , and formal broadcast media . Lebanese Sign Language is the language of the deaf community . Almost 40 % of Lebanese are considered francophone , and another 15 % `` partial francophone '' , and 70 % of Lebanon 's secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction . By comparison , English is used as a secondary language in 30 % of Lebanon 's secondary schools . The use of French is a legacy of France 's historic ties to the region , including its League of Nations mandate over Lebanon following World War I ; as of 2005 , some 20 % of the population used French on a daily basis . The use of Arabic by Lebanon 's educated youth is declining , as they usually prefer to speak in French and , to a lesser extent , English , which are seen as more fashionable . English is increasingly used in science and business interactions . Lebanese citizens of Armenian , Greek , or Kurdish descent often speak their ancestral languages with varying degrees of fluency . As of 2009 , there were around 150,000 Armenians in Lebanon , or around 5 % of the population . Culture Main article : Culture of Lebanon Temple of Bacchus is considered one of the best preserved Roman temples in the world , c. 150 AD Ruins at port of Byblos . The culture of Lebanon reflects the legacy of various civilizations spanning thousands of years . Originally home to the Canaanite - Phoenicians , and then subsequently conquered and occupied by the Assyrians , the Persians , the Greeks , the Romans , the Arabs , the Fatimids , the Crusaders , the Ottoman Turks and most recently the French , Lebanese culture has over the millennia evolved by borrowing from all of these groups . Lebanon 's diverse population , composed of different ethnic and religious groups , has further contributed to the country 's festivals , musical styles and literature as well as cuisine . Despite the ethnic , linguistic , religious and denominational diversity of the Lebanese , they `` share an almost common culture '' . Lebanese Arabic is universally spoken while food , music , and literature are deep - rooted `` in wider Mediterranean and Arab Levantine norms '' . Arts Votive marble statue of a royal child , inscribed in Phoenician from the Eshmun sanctuary , c. 400s BC In literature , Khalil Gibran is particularly known for his book The Prophet ( 1923 ) , which has been translated into more than twenty different languages . Several contemporary Lebanese writers have also achieved international success ; including Elias Khoury , Amin Maalouf , Hanan al - Shaykh , and Georges Schehadé . In visual arts , Moustafa Farroukh was one of Lebanon 's most prominent painters of the 20th century . Formally trained in Rome and Paris , he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career . Many more contemporary artists are currently active , such as Walid Raad , a contemporary media artist currently residing in New York . In the field of photography , the Arab Image Foundation has a collection of over 400,000 photographs from Lebanon and the Middle East . The photographs can be viewed in a research center and various events and publications have been produced in Lebanon and worldwide to promote the collection . Fairuz Music Lydia Canaan , first rock star in the Middle East The music of Lebanon is pervasive in Lebanese society . While traditional folk music remains popular in Lebanon , modern music reconciling Western and traditional Arabic styles , pop , and fusion are rapidly advancing in popularity . Lebanese artists like Fairuz , Wadih El Safi or Sabah are widely known and appreciated in Lebanon and in the Arab world . Lebanese singer Lydia Canaan is listed in the catalog of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives in Cleveland , Ohio , USA as the first rock star of the Middle East . Radio stations feature a variety of music , including traditional Lebanese , classical Arabic , Armenian and modern French , English , American , and Latin tunes . Media and cinema The cinema of Lebanon , according to film critic and historian , Roy Armes , was the only cinema in the Arabic - speaking region , other than Egypt 's , that could amount to a national cinema . Cinema in Lebanon has been in existence since the 1920s , and the country has produced over 500 films . The media of Lebanon is not only a regional center of production but also the most liberal and free in the Arab world . According to Press freedom 's Reporters Without Borders , `` the media have more freedom in Lebanon than in any other Arab country '' . Despite its small population and geographic size , Lebanon plays an influential role in the production of information in the Arab world and is `` at the core of a regional media network with global implications '' . Holidays and festivals Main article : Public holidays in Lebanon Beiteddine Palace , venue of the Beiteddine Festival Lebanon celebrates national and both Christian and Muslim holidays . Christian holidays are celebrated following both the Gregorian Calendar and Julian Calendar . Greek Orthodox ( with the exception of Easter ) , Catholics , Protestants , and Melkite Christians follow the Gregorian Calendar and thus celebrate Christmas on 25 December . Armenian Apostolic Christians celebrate Christmas on 6 January , as they follow the Julian Calendar . Muslim holidays are followed based on the Islamic lunar calendar . Muslim holidays that are celebrated include Eid al - Fitr ( the three - day feast at the end of the Ramadan month ) , Eid al - Adha ( The Feast of the Sacrifice ) which is celebrated during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca and also celebrates Abraham 's willingness to sacrifice his son to God , the Birth of the Prophet Muhammad , and Ashura ( the Shiite Day of Mourning ) . Lebanon 's National Holidays include Workers Day , Independence day , and Martyrs Day . Music festivals , often hosted at historical sites , are a customary element of Lebanese culture . Among the most famous are Baalbeck International Festival , Byblos International Festival , Beiteddine International Festival , Jounieh International Festival , Broumana Festival , Batroun International Festival , Ehmej Festival , Dhour Chwer Festival and Tyr Festival . These festivals are promoted by Lebanon 's Ministry of Tourism . Lebanon hosts about 15 concerts from international performers each year , ranking 1st for nightlife in the Middle East , and 6th worldwide . Sports Main article : Sport in Lebanon Lebanon has six ski resorts . Because of Lebanon 's unique geography , it is possible to go skiing in the morning and swimming in the Mediterranean Sea in the afternoon . At the competitive level , basketball and football are among Lebanon 's most popular sports . Canoeing , cycling , rafting , climbing , swimming , sailing and caving are among the other common leisure sports in Lebanon . The Beirut Marathon is held every fall , drawing top runners from Lebanon and abroad . Rugby league is a relatively new but growing sport in Lebanon . The Lebanon national rugby league team participated in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , and narrowly missed qualification for the 2008 and 2013 tournaments . Lebanon also took part in the 2009 European Cup where , after narrowly failing to qualify for the final , the team defeated Ireland to finish 3rd in the tournament . Hazem El Masri , who was born in Tripoli , will always be considered to be the greatest Lebanese to ever play the game . He immigrated to Sydney , Australia from Lebanon in 1988 . He became the greatest point - scorer in National Rugby League history in 2009 by scoring himself 2418 points while playing for Australian club , Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs where he also holds the record for most first grade appearances for the club with 317 games and most tries for the club with 159 tries . At international level , He also hold the records as top - try scorer with 12 tries and top - point scorer with 136 points for the Lebanese national team . Lebanon participates in Basketball . The Lebanese National Team qualified for the FIBA World Championship 3 times in a row . Dominant Basketball teams in Lebanon are Sporting Al Riyadi Beirut , who are the current Arab and Asian champions , Club Sagesse who were able to earn the Asian and Arab championships before . Fadi El Khatib is the most decorated player in the Lebanese National Basketball League . Football is also one of the more popular sports in the country with the Lebanese Premier League , whose most successful clubs are the Al - Ansar Club and the Nejmeh SC , with notable players being Roda Antar and Youssef Mohamad , the first Arab to captain a European premier league team . In recent years , Lebanon has hosted the AFC Asian Cup and the Pan Arab Games . Lebanon hosted the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie from 27 September to 6 October , and have participated in every Olympic Games since its independence , winning a total of four medals . Prominent Lebanese bodybuilders include Samir Bannout , Mohammad Bannout and Ahmad Haidar . Water sports have also shown to be very active in the past years , in Lebanon . Since 2012 and with the emergence of the Lebanon Water Festival NGO , more emphasis has been placed on those sports , and Lebanon has been pushed forward as a water sport destination internationally . They host different contests and water show sports that encourage their fans to participate and win big Education Main article : Education in Lebanon Haigazian University in Beirut . AUB College Hall in Beirut . Listed by the World Economic Forum 's 2013 Global Information Technology Report , Lebanon has been ranked globally as the fourth best country for math and science education , and as the tenth best overall for quality of education . In quality of management schools , the country was ranked 13th worldwide . The United Nations assigned Lebanon an education index of 0.871 in 2008 . The index , which is determined by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary , secondary , and tertiary gross enrollment ratio , ranked the country 88th out of the 177 countries participating . All Lebanese schools are required to follow a prescribed curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education . Some of the 1400 private schools offer IB programs , and may also add more courses to their curriculum with approval from the Ministry of Education . The first eight years of education are , by law , compulsory . Lebanon has forty - one nationally accredited universities , several of which are internationally recognized . The American University of Beirut ( AUB ) and the Université Saint - Joseph ( USJ ) were the first Anglophone and the first Francophone universities to open in Lebanon , respectively . Universities in Lebanon , both public and private , largely operate in French or English . According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities 's , the top - ranking universities in the country are the American University of Beirut ( # 989 worldwide ) , Lebanese American University ( # 2,178 worldwide ) , Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth ( # 2,603 worldwide ) , Université Libanaise ( # 3,826 worldwide ) and Holy Spirit University of Kaslik ( # 5,525 worldwide ) . Health In 2010 , spending on healthcare accounted for 7.03 % of the country 's GDP . In 2009 , there were 31.29 physicians and 19.71 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants . The life expectancy at birth was 72.59 years in 2011 , or 70.48 years for males and 74.80 years for females . By the end of the civil war , only one third of the country 's public hospitals were operational , each with an average of only 20 beds . By 2009 the country had 28 public hospitals , with a total of 2,550 beds . At public hospitals , hospitalized uninsured patients pay 5 % of the bill , in comparison with 15 % in private hospitals , with the Ministry of Public Health reimbursing the remainder . The Ministry of Public Health contracts with 138 private hospitals and 25 public hospitals . In 2011 , there were 236,643 subsidized admissions to hospitals ; 164,244 in private hospitals , and 72,399 in public hospitals . More patients visit private hospitals than public hospitals , because the private beds supply is higher . Recently , there has been an increase in foodborne illnesses which has put an emphasis on the importance of the safety of the food chain in Lebanon . This raised the illues public awareness . More restaurants are seeking information and compliance with International Organization for Standardization . See also Book : Lebanon Lebanon portal Asia portal Constitution of Lebanon Driving licence in Lebanon Index of Lebanon - related articles Lebanese diaspora Lebanese identity card Lebanese nationality law Lebanese passport List of Lebanese people ( diaspora ) Outline of Lebanon Water supply and sanitation in Lebanon French language in Lebanon Migrant Domestic Workers in Lebanon List of museums in Lebanon Notes Jump up ^ Article 11 of the Constitution of Lebanon states : `` Arabic is the official national language . A law shall determine the cases in which the French language can be used . '' See : French language in Lebanon Jump up ^ Republic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies . The phrase Lebanese Republic is a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today 's world . Lebanese Arabic is the most common language spoken among the citizens of Lebanon . Jump up ^ Excluding the partially - recognized State of Palestine . Cyprus , Brunei , Bahrain , Singapore , and the Maldives , whilst all smaller than Lebanon and considered parts of Asia , are entirely on islands , and therefore off the Asian continental mass . Jump up ^ 2005 : Bassel Fleihan , Lebanese legislator and Minister of Economy and Commerce ; Samir Kassir , Columnist and Democratic Left Movement leader ; George Hawi , former head of Lebanese Communist Party ; Gibran Tueni , Editor in Chief of `` An Nahar '' newspaper . 2006 : Pierre Gemayel , Minister of Industry . 2007 : Walid Eido , MP ; Antoine Ghanim , MP . References Jump up ^ `` The Lebanese Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Presidency of Lebanon . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of 2nd round of Lebanon presidential election : Michel Aoun -- 83 ( winner ) ; blank votes -- 36 ; others / cancelled -- 8 '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Lebanon '' . adcidl.com . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ McGowen , Afaf Sabeh ( 1989 ) . `` Historical Setting '' . In Collelo , Thomas . Lebanon : A Country Study . Area Handbook Series ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : The Division . OCLC 18907889 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.solvaystudentreview.com/2015/06/lebanon-a-small-country-with-a-lot-going-on/ Jump up ^ https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/smallest-countries.html ^ Jump up to : Dumper , Michael ; Stanley , Bruce E. ; Abu - Lughod , Janet L. ( 2006 ) . Cities of the Middle East and North Africa . ABC - CLIO . p. 104 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 919 - 8 . Archaeological excavations at Byblos ( Jbeil ) indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C. Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Lebanon '' . U.S. Department of State . 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-middle-east-14647308 ^ Jump up to : `` Background Note : Lebanon '' . U.S. Department of State . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Moubayed , Sami ( 5 September 2007 ) . `` Lebanon douses a terrorist fire '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Anna ( 2006 ) . `` Lebanon : Tourism Depends on Stability '' . Retrieved 31 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon '' . Canadian International Development Agency . Government of Canada . 28 May 2009 . Archived from the original ( Governmental ) on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Room , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Placenames of the World : Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,621 Countries , Cities , Territories , Natural Features and Historic Sites ( 2nd ed . ) . McFarland . pp. 214 -- 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 7 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. ( 2004 ) . The Oxford guide to people and places of the Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517610 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ross , Kelley L. `` The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian '' . The Proceedings of the Friesian School , Fourth Series . Friesian School . Retrieved 20 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Bienkowski , Piotr ; Millard , Alan Ralph ( 2000 ) . Dictionary of the ancient Near East . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3557 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological Virtual Tours : Byblos '' . Destinationlebanon.gov.lb . Archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon in Ancient Times '' . About.com. 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Security Watch -- Lebanon : A Reference Handbook : A Reference Handbook '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William ( 1997 ) . From the Holy Mountain : A Journey Among the Christians of the Middle East . Vintage Books ( Random House ) . p. 305 . ISBN 9780307948922 . Jump up ^ `` Colonialism '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hillenbrand , Carole ( 2000 ) . The Crusades : Islamic Perspectives . Psychology Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 354 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Carol ( 2013 ) . The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea , 1840 -- 1920 . University of California Press . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 27341 - 2 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Firro , Kais ( 8 February 2003 ) . Inventing Lebanon : Nationalism and the State Under the Mandate . I.B. Tauris . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 857 - 1 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Tetz Rooke ( 2013 ) . `` Writing the Boundary : `` Khitat al - Shăm '' by Muhammad Kurd ʹAli `` . In Hiroyuki . Concept Of Territory In Islamic Thought . Routledge . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 18453 - 6 . His ( ( Thongchai Winichakul 's ) ) study shows that the modern map in some cases predicted the nation instead of just recording it ; rather than describing existing borders it created the reality it was assumed to depict . The power of the map over the mind was great : '' ( H ) ow could a nation resist being found if a nineteenth - century map had predicted it ? '' In the Middle East , Lebanon seems to offer a corresponding example . When the idea of a Greater Lebanon in 1908 was put forward in a book by Bulus Nujaym , a Lebanese Maronite writing under the pseudonym of M. Jouplain , he suggested that the natural boundaries of Lebanon were exactly the same as drawn in the 1861 and 1863 staff maps of the French military expedition to Syria , maps that added territories on the northern , eastern and southern borders , plus the city of Beirut , to the Mutasarrifiyya of Mount Lebanon . In this case , too , the prior existence of a European military map seems to have created a fact on the ground . Jump up ^ Gorton , T.J. ( 25 April 2013 ) . Renaissance Emir . Quartet Books . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9780704372979 . Jump up ^ Gorton , T.J. ( 25 April 2013 ) . Renaissance Emir . Quartet Books . pp. 195 -- 210 . ISBN 9780704372979 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . December 1987 . Jump up ^ Saadi , Abdul - Ilah ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Dreaming of Greater Syria '' . Al Jazeera . Jump up ^ Beggiani , Chorbishop Seely . `` Aspects of Maronite History ( Part Eleven ) The twentieth century in Western Asia '' . Stmaron.org . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary : Cross-Channel invasion '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Mandates , Dependencies and Trusteeship , by H. Duncan Hall , Carnegie Endowment , 1948 , pages 265 -- 266 Jump up ^ `` History of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Harb , Imad ( March 2006 ) . `` Lebanon 's Confessionalism : Problems and Prospects '' . USIPeace Briefing . United States Institute of Peace . Archived from the original on 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Lebanon '' . Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs . U.S. Department of State . January 2009 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Morris 2008 , p. 524 . Jump up ^ Morris 2008 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Morris 2008 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon Exiled and suffering : Palestinian refugees in Lebanon '' . Amnesty International . 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ al - Issawi , Omar ( 4 August 2009 ) . `` Lebanon 's Palestinian refugees '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Toaldo , Mattia . The Origins of the US War on Terror : Lebanon , Libya and American intervention in the Middle East . Routledge . p. 45 . ISBN 041568501X . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profile : Lebanon '' . British Foreign & Commonwealth Office . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert ( 28 November 2001 ) . `` Sabra and Chatila Massacres After 19 years , The Truth at Last ? '' . CounterPunch . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The War of the Camps , Journal of Palestine Studies , Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1986 ) , pp. 191 -- 194 Jump up ^ Wood , Josh ( 12 July 2012 ) . `` After 2 Decades , Scars of Lebanon 's Civil War Block Path to Dialogue '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon : Haven for foreign militants '' . UN IRIN news . 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Salem , Paul ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` The Future of Lebanon '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mroue , Bassem . `` Lebanese mark uprising against Syria 's domination '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Oakland ( 9 October 2007 ) . `` Language of murder makes itself understood '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Like a wound that just wo n't heal , a large expanse patch of fresh asphalt still mottles the grey surface of Rue Minet el - Hosn , where the street veers west around St. George Bay . The patch marks the exact spot where a massive truck bomb exploded 14 February 2005 , killing prime minister Rafik Hariri and 22 others and gouging a deep crater in the road . Jump up ^ `` Recent background on Syria 's presence in Lebanon '' . CBC News Indepth. 30 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reactions to Former Lebanese PM Al - Hariri 's Assassination '' . Middle East Media Research Institute . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syria begins Lebanon withdrawal '' . BBC News . 12 March 2005 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Last Syrian troops leave Lebanon '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release SC / 8353 '' ( Press release ) . United Nations -- Security Council . 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoge , Warren ( 20 October 2005 ) . `` Syria Involved in Killing Lebanon 's Ex-Premier , U.N. Report Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mehlis , Detlev ( 19 October 2005 ) . `` Report of the International Independent Investigation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1595 '' . United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine . Archived from the original on 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . It is the Commission 's view that the assassination of 14 February 2005 was carried out by a group with an extensive organization and considerable resources and capabilities . ( ... ) Building on the findings of the Commission and Lebanese investigations to date and on the basis of the material and documentary evidence collected , and the leads pursued until now , there is converging evidence pointing at both Lebanese and Syrian involvement in this terrorist act . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Document 662 . Report of the International Independent Investigation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1595 ( 2005 ) S / 2005 / 662 ( 2005 ) Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the International Independent Investigation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1595 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Myre , Greg ; Erlanger , Steven ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` Clashes spread to Lebanon as Hezbollah raids Israel -- Africa & Middle East -- International Herald Tribune '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Security Council calls for end to hostilities between Hizbollah , Israel '' . UN -- Security Council , Department of Public Information . 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon Under Siege '' . 27 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel - Hizbullah conflict : Victims of rocket attacks and IDF casualties July -- Aug 2006 '' . Mfa.gov.il . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli warplanes hit Beirut suburb '' . CNN . 13 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Life set to get harder for Nahr al - Bared refugees '' . UN IRIN newsg. 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ruff , Abdul ( 1 June 2008 ) . `` Lebanon back to Normalcy ? '' . Global Politician . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beirut street clashes turn deadly '' . France 24 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Martínez , Beatriz ; Francesco Volpicella ( September 2008 ) . `` Walking the tight wire -- Conversations on the May 2008 Lebanese crisis '' . Transnational Institute . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Worth , Robert ; Nada Bakri ( 16 May 2008 ) . `` Feuding Political Camps in Lebanon Agree to Talk to End Impasse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Abdallah , Hussein ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Lebanese rivals set to elect president after historic accord '' . The Daily Star . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hezbollah and allies topple Lebanese unity government '' . BBC . 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bakri , Nada ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` Resignations Deepen Crisis for Lebanon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hezbollah chief : Israel killed Hariri '' . CNN . 9 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hezbollah Threatens an ' Explosion ' in Beirut Over Tribunal '' . Stratfor . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanese Daily : Hizbullah Drills Takeover of Lebanon '' . Middle East Media Research Institute . 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Cave , Damien ( 23 August 2012 ) . `` Syrian War Plays Out Along a Street in Lebanon '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Syria Regional Refugee Response -- Lebanon '' . UNHCR . Jump up ^ Kverme , Kai ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` The Refugee Factor '' . SADA . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Egyptian Journal of Geology -- Volume 42 , Issue 1 -- Page 263 , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Etheredge , Laura S ( 2011 ) . Syria , Lebanon , and Jordan -- Middle East : region in transition . The Rosen Publishing Group . pp. 85 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 414 - 1 . Jump up ^ Philps , Alan ( 19 June 2000 ) . `` Israel 's Withdrawal from Lebanon Given UN 's Endorsement '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ ECODIT ( October 2005 ) . `` National action plan for the reduction of pollution into the mediterranean sea from land based sources '' ( PDF ) . Lebanese ministry of the environment . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ( Bonechi et al . ) ( 2004 ) Golden Book Lebanon , p. 3 , Florence , Italy : Casa Editrice Bonechi . ISBN 88 - 476 - 1489 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Lebanon -- Climate '' . Country Studies US . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon Cedar -- Cedrus libani '' . Blue Planet Biomes . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The world bank ( 2012 ) . `` Lebanon Data '' . Data indicators by country . The World Bank . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Alami , Mona ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` Global Warming Makes Mischief Worse '' . Inter Press Service . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Talhouk , S.N. & Zurayk , S. 2003 . Conifer conservation in Lebanon . Acta Hort. 615 : 411 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Semaan , M. & Haber , R. 2003 . In situ conservation on Cedrus libani in Lebanon . Acta Hort. 615 : 415 -- 417 . Jump up ^ Khaldoun Baz ( 10 August 2011 ) . `` Cedars of Lebanon Nature Reserve '' . Shoufcedar.org . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon begins landmark reforestation campaign '' . The Daily Star . 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ chronicle.fanack.com . `` Republic of Rubbish '' . fanack.com . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Exportation plan was Lebanon 's only option . Envitonment Minister Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Sukleen defends itself against corruption allegations . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Lebanon trash not fit to produce fuel -- Export firm Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Environmentalists -- Keep trash here . Jump up ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Jan-10/331125-sierra-leone-denies-agreement-to-accept-lebanon-waste.ashx Daily Star ( Lebanon ) 10 / 1 / 16 Sierra Leone denies agreement . Jump up ^ The Daily Star ( Lebanon ) 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -- 2002 : Lebanon '' . Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . 31 March 2003 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon 's Confessionalism : Problems and Prospects '' . United States Institute of Peace . 22 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Marie - Joëlle Zahar . `` Chapter 9 Power sharing in Lebanon : Foreign protectors , domestic peace , and democratic failure '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lijphart , Arend ( 1969 ) . `` Consociational Democracy '' . World Politics . 21 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 225 . doi : 10.2307 / 2009820 . Jump up ^ Lijphart , Arend . Multiethnic democracy , in S. Lipset ( ed . ) , `` The Encyclopedia of Democracy '' . London , Routledge , 1995 , Volume III , pp. 853 -- 865 ISBN 0871878887 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freedom in the World , Country Ratings by Region , 1972 -- 2013 '' . Freedom House . Jump up ^ Bakri , Nada ( 17 August 2010 ) . `` Lebanon Gives Palestinians New Work Rights '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Eager Lebanese race to polls to cast their ballots '' . AlArabbia . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Governance , Elections , Lebanon '' . UNDP . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Oliver Holmes ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` Lebanese parliament extends own term till 2017 amid protests '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Lebanese Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Daily Star ( Lebanon ) 11 / 1 / 2016 Jump up ^ `` Will Lebanon 's new electoral law end the stalemate ? '' . Al Jazeera. 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women In Personal Status Laws '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : El Samad , Firas . `` The Lebanese Legal System and Research '' . Nyulawglobal.org . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chibli Mallat . `` The Lebanese Legal System '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . `` Arab Political Systems : Baseline Information and Reforms -- Lebanon '' . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanese Armed Forces , CSIS ( Page 78 ) '' ( PDF ) . 10 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stinson , Jefferey ( 1 August 2006 ) . `` Lebanese forces may play bigger role in war '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LAF Mission '' . Lebanese Armed Forces . Archived from the original on 8 August 2004 . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lanteaume , Sylvie ( 4 August 2009 ) . `` US military aid at stake in Lebanon elections '' . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Schenker , David ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` The Future of U.S. Military Aid to Lebanon '' . Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook for Lebanon , Administrative Divisions '' . Central Intelligence Agency . ^ Jump up to : `` Doing Business in Lebanon '' . Export.gov . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bayoumy , Yara ( 2 February 2010 ) . `` Lebanon central bank sees GDP growth topping 5 percent in 2010 '' . Beirut Online . Reuters . Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Derhally , Massoud ( 21 January 2010 ) . `` Foreign Funds to Spur Growth in Lebanon , Salameh Says '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Bayoumy , Yara ( 2 January 2009 ) . `` RPT - UPDATE 1 - Lebanon public debt at $89 bln end - 2008 - minister '' . Reuters . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IMF : Lebanon 's debt alarming '' . The Daily Star . Center for Democracy and the Rule of Law . 20 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Header : People , 4th paragraph '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Lebanon '' ( PDF ) . washingtoninstitute.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon -- Facts and Figures '' . Iom.int . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on Lebanon 's economy '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ United Nations Population Fund . Archived copy at the Portuguese Web Archive ( 21 July 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Investment Law No. 360 '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Hayek et al , 1999 . The Structure , Properties , and Main Foundations of the Lebanese Economy . In The Scientific Series in Geography , Grade 11 , 110 -- 114 . Beirut : Dar Habib . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture , value added ( % of GDP ) '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress , U.S.A. 1986 -- 1988 '' . Countrystudies.us. 13 June 1978 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ IATA -- Lebanon Customs , Currency & Airport Tax regulations details Jump up ^ `` The Next Big Lebanon - Israel Flare - Up : Gas '' . Time . 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon ' immune ' to financial crisis '' . BBC News . 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Kathryn ( 5 October 2008 ) . `` Where on earth can you make a decent return ? '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` باسيل : حلم النفط صار واقعا وأنجزنا كل الخطوات الأساسية في فترة قياسية '' ( Basil : Oil dream became a reality and we did all the basic steps in record time ) . Lebanonfiles.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fanack . `` Lebanon : Syrian Refugees Cost the Economy $4.5 Billion Every Year '' . Fanack.com . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 231 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deconstructing Beirut 's Reconstruction : 1990 -- 2000 '' . Center for the Study of the Built Environment . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon Economic Report : 2nd quarter , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Bank Audi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of the July Offensive on the Public Finances in 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Lebanese Ministry of Finance . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph S. Mayton ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Key Contributor To Lebanon 's Reconstruction '' . Cyprus News . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Donors pledge more than $940 million for Lebanon '' . Reliefweb.int. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Reviews with the Jordanian King the Situation in Lebanon ... '' Ain - Al - Yaqeen . Archived from the original on 20 October 2006 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon 's tourists : Can they be lured back ? '' . The Economist. 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tourist arrivals statistics -- Countries Compared '' . NationMaster . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Zach Wise and Miki Meek / The New York Times ( 11 January 2009 ) . `` The 44 Places to Go in 2009 -- Interactive Graphic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Tourism : : Destination Lebanon '' . Lebanon-tourism.gov.lb . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon Says 2009 Was Best on Record for Tourism '' . ABC News . Associated Press . 19 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Qiblawi , Tamara ( 16 July 2011 ) . `` Hospitality revenues plunge 40 percent in 2011 '' . The Daily Star . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanese Cuisine With a Japanese Twist '' . Embassy of Japan in Lebanon . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Lebanon : Overview Minority Rights Group International '' . World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jamie Stokes ( June 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East : L to Z . Infobase Publishing . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7158 - 6 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lebanese Demographic Reality '' ( PDF ) . Lebanese Information Center Lebanon . 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senior Seminar : Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities '' . Hamline University . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's successful diasporas '' . Management Today . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Marina Sarruf . `` Brazil Has More Lebanese than Lebanon '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 13 October 2006 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tenacity and risk -- the Lebanese in West Africa '' . BBC News . 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ivory Coast -- The Levantine Community '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Naomi . `` Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Price , Charles . `` Australian Population : Ethnic Origins '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar _́ s population by nationality '' . Archived from the original on 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Registered Syrian refugees in surrounding states triple in three months '' . UNHCR -- United Nations Refugee Agency . 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon , Opinion survey 2009 '' ( PDF ) . ICRC and Ipsos . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Based on data published by Lebanon Demographic '' . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dralonge , Richard N. ( 2008 ) . Economics and Geopolitics of the Middle East . New York : Nova Science Publishers . p. 150 . ISBN 1 - 60456 - 076 - 2 . Lebanon , with a population of 3.8 million , has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East , comprising 17 recognized religious sects . Jump up ^ The World Factbook -- Lebanon Jump up ^ `` Study shows stable Christian population in Lebanon '' . The Daily Star . 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WVS Database '' . World Values Survey . Institute for Comparative Survey Research . March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lebanon '' . International Religious Freedom Report 2010 . Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Jump up ^ `` El santo padre sigue de visita en el Líbano '' Euronews . Jump up ^ `` El Papa viaja mañana al Líbano en medio de la tensión que vive la zona '' La Razón . Consultado el 15 de septiembre de 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McGowen , Afaf Sabeh ( 1989 ) . `` Glossary '' . In Collelo , Thomas . Lebanon : A Country Study . Area Handbook Series ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : The Division . OCLC 18907889 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher , LL. M. `` Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution '' . Servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jean - Benoît Nadeau , Julie Barlow ( 2008 ) . The Story of French . Macmillan . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 34184 - 8 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign to save the Arabic language in Lebanon '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arabic -- a dying language ? '' . France 24 . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Jean - Benoît Nadeau , Julie Barlow ( 2006 ) . Plus ça change . Robson . p. 483 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 917 - 5 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hodeib , Mirella ( 19 January 2007 ) . `` English assumes greater importance in Lebanese linguistic universe '' . Daily Star ( Lebanon ) . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Antelava , Natalia ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Armenians jump Lebanon 's divide '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stokes , Jamie . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East , Facts On File , 2009 , p. 406 ISBN 0816071586 Jump up ^ `` Called by life '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 12 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Moustafa Farroukh '' . Kaftoun.com. 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Media Art Net Ra'ad , Walid : Biography '' . Medienkunstnetz.de . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Terry ; Dunston Lara ( 15 July 2008 ) . `` Arts '' . Lonely Planet Syria & Lebanon . Lonely Planet . Thomas Amelia ( 3 ed . ) . Lonely Planet . pp. 254 -- 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 609 - 0 . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Sean ; Latif Zawiah ( 30 August 2007 ) . `` Arts '' . Lebanon . Cultures of the World ( 2 ed . ) . Marshall Cavendish Children 's Books . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2081 - 1 . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library and Archives -- Lydia Canaan Subject File ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Tom . `` Lydia Canaan One Step Closer to Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame '' , The Daily Star , Beirut , 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Salhani , Justin . `` Lydia Canaan : The Mideast 's First Rock Star '' , The Daily Star , Beirut , 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Livingstone , David . `` A Beautiful Life ; Or , How a Local Girl Ended Up With a Recording Contract in the UK and Who Has Ambitions in the U.S. '' , Campus , No. 8 , p. 2 , Beirut , February 1997 . Jump up ^ Ajouz , Wafik . `` From Broumana to the Top Ten : Lydia Canaan , Lebanon 's ' Angel ' on the Road to Stardom '' , Cedar Wings , No. 28 , p. 2 , Beirut , July -- August 1995 . Jump up ^ Aschkar , Youmna . `` New Hit For Lydia Canaan '' , Eco News , No. 77 , p. 2 , Beirut , 20 January 1997 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Robert . Comparing Media from Around the World , Pearson / Allyn and Bacon , 2006 , p. 372 ISBN 0 - 205 - 40242 - 9 Jump up ^ Kamalipour , Yahya ; Rampal Kuldip ( 15 November 2001 ) . `` Between Globalization and Localization '' . Media , sex , violence , and drugs in the global village . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0061 - 7 . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Roy Armes ( 23 August 2010 ) . Arab filmmakers of the Middle East : a dictionary . Indiana University Press . pp. 26 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35518 - 8 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Knowledge Intensive Industries : Four Case Studies of Creative Industries in Arab Countries '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . p. 16 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Migliorino , Nicola ( 2008 ) . ( Re ) constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria : ethno - cultural diversity and the state in the aftermath of a refugee crisis . Berghahn Books . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 352 - 7 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon profile -- Overview '' . BBC News . 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dale F. Eickelman ; Jon W. Anderson ( 1 July 2003 ) . New media in the Muslim world : the emerging public sphere . Indiana University Press . pp. 63 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34252 - 2 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , Sean ; Latif ( 30 August 2007 ) . `` Leisure '' . Lebanon . Cultures of the World . 13 . Zawiah . Marshall Cavendish Children 's Books . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2081 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carter , Terry ; Dunston Lara ( 1 August 2004 ) . `` Getting Started '' . Syria & Lebanon . Guidebook Series . Humphreys Andrew ( 2 ed . ) . Lonely Planet . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86450 - 333 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon Summer & Winter Festivals '' . Lebanese Ministry of Tourism . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Aikman , David ( 14 August 2009 ) . The Mirage of Peace : Understanding the Never - Ending Conflict in the Middle East . Gospel Light Publications . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8307 - 4605 - 7 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About BMA Marathon '' . Beirutmarathon.org. 19 October 2003 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 24 October 2000 ) . `` Lebanese rugby league team in storm over funny substances -- Rugby League -- More Sports '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samoa beats Lebanon to be last team in league world cup '' . The Courier - Mail . 14 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon 's Rugby World Cup bid ends with draw Sports , Rugby '' . The Daily Star . 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Rugby League European Cup Flashback '' . Rugby League Planet . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hazem El Masri '' . www.rugbyleague.org. 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Lebanon Profile - 2011 FIBA Asia Championship FIBA.COM '' . London2012.fiba.com. 23 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Lebanon Profile -- 2010 FIBA World Championship '' . Fiba.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIBA Asia -- Thrilla in Manila Part II : Riyadi down Mahram again , this time in final video '' . Fiba.Com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Nations Cup 2000 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Pan Arab Games '' . goalzz.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football -- Competition : Pan Arab Games 1997 '' . Footballdatabase.eu. 27 July 1997 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nine days of sport and culture in Beirut '' . FRANCE 24 . 27 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Athletes Heroes '' . International Olympic Committee . 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://lebanonwaterfestival.com/ Jump up ^ http://lebanonwaterfestival.com/past-festivals/ Jump up ^ `` The Global Information Technology Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Human development indicators Lebanon '' . United Nations Development Programme , Human Development Reports . Archived from the original on 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aid groups scramble to fix buildings ; fill backpacks before school bell rings '' . Samidoun . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Business Information '' . Lebanon Opportunities . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Decrees '' . Lebanese Directory of Higher Education . 11 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Report : Lebanon '' . Retrieved 14 December 2006 . eIFL.net Regional Workshop ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` 125 years of history -- A timeline '' . Université Saint - Joseph . 6 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yalla ! Students '' . Web.archive.org. 18 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon '' . Jump up ^ `` Health '' . SESRIC . Jump up ^ `` Demography '' . SESRIC . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Reform In Lebanon : Key Achievements at a glance '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Public Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistical Bulletin 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Public Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From kebabs to fattoush -- keeping Lebanon 's food safe '' . WHO . WHO . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Bibliography Morris , Benny ( April 2008 ) . 1948 : A History of the First Arab - Israeli War . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12696 - 9 . Further reading Arkadiusz , Plonka . L'idée de langue libanaise d'après Sa'īd ' Aql , Paris , Geuthner , 2004 ( French ) ISBN 2 - 7053 - 3739 - 3 Firzli , Nicola Y. Al - Baath wa - Lubnân ( Arabic only ) ( `` The Baath and Lebanon '' ) . Beirut : Dar - al - Tali'a Books , 1973 Fisk , Robert . Pity the Nation : The Abduction of Lebanon . New York : Nation Books , 2002 . Glass , Charles , `` Tribes with Flags : A Dangerous Passage Through the Chaos of the Middle East '' , Atlantic Monthly Press ( New York ) and Picador ( London ) , 1990 ISBN 0 - 436 - 18130 - 4 Gorton , TJ and Feghali Gorton , AG . Lebanon : through Writers ' Eyes . London : Eland Books , 2009 . Hitti Philip K. History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine , Vol. 2 ( 2002 ) ( ISBN 1 - 931956 - 61 - 8 ) Norton , Augustus R. Amal and the Shi'a : Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon . Austin and London : University of Texas Press , 1987 . Sobelman , Daniel . New Rules of the Game : Israel and Hizbollah After the Withdrawal From Lebanon , Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies , Tel - Aviv University , 2004 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades . New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 . Salibi , Kamal . A House of Many Mansions : The History of Lebanon Reconsidered . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1990 . Schlicht , Alfred . The role of Foreign Powers in the History of Syria and Lebanon 1799 -- 1861 in : Journal of Asian History 14 ( 1982 ) Georges Corm , Le Liban contemporain . Histoire et société ( La découverte , 2003 et 2005 ) External links Find more aboutLebanonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Lebanon الجمهورية اللبنانية Lebanon Lebanon -- Country Profile `` Lebanon '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Lebanon web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado -- Boulder Libraries Lebanon profiles of people and institutions provided by the Arab Decision project Lebanon at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of Lebanon <Th_colspan="2"> Lebanon articles History Phoenicia Ancient Roman era Arab era Ottoman Empire Mount Lebanon Emirate Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate French mandate Civil War Cedar Revolution Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Anti-Lebanon mountains Beqaa Cities Districts Governorates Mount Lebanon Sheeba Farms South Lebanon Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Central Bank International rankings Pound ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Architecture Cinema Cuisine wine Demographics Education Flag Music Public holidays Religion Sports Television <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Geographic locale <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Middle East <Td_colspan="2"> Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen <Td_colspan="3"> Cinema Conflicts Cuisine Dance Demography Etiquette History timeline Music Religion Irreligion <Th_colspan="3"> Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and special administrative regions Australia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands China Hong Kong Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory <Th_colspan="2"> Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate Countries Bahrain Djibouti Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Regions Khuzestan Province Southeastern Anatolia Region Southern Denkalya Subregion Awdal South Sinai Governorate <Th_colspan="2"> Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea Sovereign states Albania Algeria Bosnia - Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Egypt France Greece Israel Italy Lebanon Libya Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco Slovenia Spain Syria Tunisia Turkey States with limited recognition Northern Cyprus Palestine Dependencies and other territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) Gibraltar ( UK ) <Th_colspan="2"> International membership <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Arab League <Td_colspan="3"> Arab League Lists Portal Arab world Politics Charter Council Flag Geography Headquarters History Military Joint Defence Council Parliament Arab Union Membership Members Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen ( until 2017 ) Observers Armenia Brazil Eritrea India Turkey Venezuela Suspended Syria Candidates Chad South Sudan Diplomacy Arab Peace Initiative Arab League monitors in Syria Arab League -- European Union relations Foreign relations Life Demographics Economy GDP Economic and Social Council Institutions Sport Transport <Td_colspan="3"> Pan-Arabism Union of Arab National Olympic Committees Arab Games <Th_colspan="2"> Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Jordan Kuwait Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Maldives Malaysia Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Tajikistan Turkey Tunisia Togo Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen Suspended Syria Observers Countries and territories Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Northern Cyprus Russia Thailand Muslim communities Moro National Liberation Front International organizations Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations <Td_colspan="2"> As the `` Turkish Cypriot State '' . <Th_colspan="2"> Non-Aligned Movement Members List of members of Non-Aligned Movement India and the Non-Aligned Movement Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement Structure Organizations NAM News Network Principles Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Summits Bandung Conference Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Founders Josip Broz Tito ( Yugoslavia ) Sukarno ( Indonesia ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( India ) Kwame Nkrumah ( Ghana ) Gamal Abdel Nasser ( Egypt ) People Houari Boumediene Fidel Castro Nelson Mandela Mohamed Morsi Nicolás Maduro VIAF : 127773968 LCCN : n79090014 GND : 4035567 - 6 HDS : 3419 NDL : 00569338 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon&oldid=832692595 '' Categories : Lebanon Eastern Mediterranean Near Eastern countries Arabic - speaking countries and territories French - speaking countries and territories Levant Member states of the Arab League Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations Middle Eastern countries Republics States and territories established in 1943 1943 establishments in Lebanon 1943 establishments in Asia Countries in Asia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from March 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing French - language text Articles with text from the Semitic languages collective Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ 205 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Lebanon - country in Western Asia
2. History of Lebanon - ancient civilizations, Crusades, Ottoman rule, French mandate
3. Culture of Lebanon - religious and ethnic diversity, influential in the Arab world
4. Economy of Lebanon - tourism, agriculture, commerce, banking
5. Geography of Lebanon - location, borders, climate, environment
|
-4,994,405,639,734,954,000 |
san franciscan nights eric burdon & the animals
|
San Franciscan Nights - wikipedia San Franciscan Nights <Th_colspan="2"> `` San Franciscan Nights '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Eric Burdon and The Animals <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Winds of Change B - side `` Good Times '' ( USA ) , `` Gratefully Dead '' ( UK ) Released August 1967 Format 7 '' single Length 3 : 20 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) Burdon , Briggs , Weider , Jenkins , McCulloch Producer ( s ) Tom Wilson <Th_colspan="2"> Eric Burdon and The Animals singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` When I Was Young '' ( 1967 ) `` San Franciscan Nights '' ( 1967 ) `` Good Times '' ( 1967 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` When I Was Young '' ( 1967 ) `` San Franciscan Nights '' ( 1967 ) `` Good Times '' ( 1967 ) `` San Franciscan Nights '' is a 1967 song performed by Eric Burdon and The Animals . Words and music were composed by the group 's members , Eric Burdon , Vic Briggs , John Weider , Barry Jenkins , and Danny McCulloch . A paean to San Francisco , it was the biggest hit that the new band -- as opposed to the first - incarnation Animals of the mid-1960s -- would have . It reached a peak position of number 1 on the Canadian RPM charts , number 9 on the U.S. pop singles chart , and number 7 on the UK pop singles chart . Contents 1 Background 2 Cover versions 3 Notes 4 External links Background ( edit ) The band wrote `` San Franciscan Nights '' themselves as a protest song against the Vietnam War . Looking back on the tune in a 2010 interview with Songfacts , Burdon said : `` The ' Love Generation ' helped the anti-war stance in the States . It certainly turned a lot of soldiers ' heads around , making them wonder why they had to be out fighting a war when back home their girlfriends were frolicking around and it caused a lot of anguish on that level . Maybe it helped politically with the so - called enemy . I 'm not sure . '' The song opens with a brief parody of the Dragnet theme . This is followed by a spoken word dedication by Burdon `` to the city and people of San Francisco , who may not know it but they are beautiful and so is their city , '' with Burdon urging European residents to `` save up all your bread and fly Trans Love Airways to San Francisco , U.S.A. , '' to enable them to `` understand the song , '' and `` for the sake of your own peace of mind . '' The melody then begins with lyrics about a warm 1967 San Franciscan night , with hallucinogenic images of a `` strobe light 's beam '' creating dreams , walls and minds moving , angels singing , `` jeans of blue , '' and `` Harley Davidsons too , '' contrasted with a `` cop 's face is filled with hate '' ( on a street called `` Love '' ) and an appeal to the `` old cop '' and the `` young cop '' to just `` feel all right . '' Pulling in as many 1960s themes as possible , the song then concludes with a plea that the American dream include `` Indians too . '' The flipside of the UK version of this single was a song called `` Gratefully Dead '' , another nod from the Animals to the San Francisco scene . Burdon 's notion that San Francisco 's nights are warm drew some derision from Americans more familiar with the city 's climate -- best exemplified by the apocryphal Mark Twain saying `` The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco '' -- and music writer Lester Bangs thought Burdon 's notion `` inexplicable '' . But in fact , Burdon and his group had recently played in San Francisco during a rare 10 - day stretch of exceptionally warm spring weather , which left a strong , if erroneous impression on them . At a concert in Naperville , Illinois in 2010 , Burdon said the song was written about an evening with Janis Joplin in San Francisco . Cover versions ( edit ) Romanian rock band Sfinx recorded in 1967 a cover version of the song with a totally different set of lyrics . It was never released on disc and is now known both as `` Toamna '' ( ro . `` Autumn '' ) and `` Nu mai sunt flori de mai '' ( ro . `` No more flowers of May '' ) . The guitar riff in the song 's original version is doubled by the French horn , played by hornist Petre Iordache . Lead vocals are sung by guitarist Octav Zemlicka . Japanese Psychedelic Rock band The Mops released a cover in 1968 on their debut album , Psychedelic Sounds in Japan . The song was covered by Swedish pop singer Harpo , in 1977 . The song was also covered by The Flying Carpets and can be heard in Spotify . The Hip Hop group by the name of People Under The Stairs sampled a version of this song as performed by Gábor Szabó & The California Dreamers from the 1967 album Wind , Sky , And Diamonds . On The Drew Carey Show , Drew and his band ( featuring Joe Walsh ) covered this song with new lyrics about Cleveland , Ohio . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Winds of Change charts and awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` San Franciscan Nights '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( August 19 , 2005 ) . `` Fog Heaven : The sun will come out tomorrow . Or maybe not . It 's summer in the city , and that means gray skies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . A-1 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lester Bangs ( 1980 ) . `` The British Invasion '' . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll . Random House / Rolling Stone Press . External links ( edit ) Listen to the cover version by Sfinx Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> The Animals <Td_colspan="2"> The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Jack Webb and Mark VII Limited Television series Dragnet Noah 's Ark Pete Kelly 's Blues GE True 77 Sunset Strip Adam - 12 The D.A. O'Hara , U.S. Treasury Emergency ! Emergency + 4 Hec Ramsey Escape Chase Sierra Mobile One Project U.F.O. Sam Radio series Dragnet Pete Kelly 's Blues Films Dragnet Pete Kelly 's Blues Red Nightmare The D.I. - 30 - The Last Time I Saw Archie Miscellaneous Dragnet theme music List of Emergency ! characters Joe Friday `` St. George and the Dragonet '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Franciscan_Nights&oldid=843038355 '' Categories : 1967 singles Songs written by Eric Burdon The Animals songs Song recordings produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) Songs about San Francisco MGM Records singles 1967 songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk nynorsk Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 12 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. San Franciscan Nights - song by Eric Burdon and The Animals
2. Protest song against the Vietnam War
3. Description of San Francisco in the 1960s
4. Cover versions of the song
5. Eric Burdon and The Animals discography
|
-2,913,004,477,872,502,000 |
what is the yellow button on america's got talent golden
|
America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Got Talent <Th_colspan="2"> Season 12 Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC <Th_colspan="2"> Winner <Td_colspan="2"> Darci Lynne Farmer Origin Oklahoma City Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="2"> Angelica Hale <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ◀ 2017 Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted the show for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 . The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal . Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Death of Brandon Rogers 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Season changes Season 12 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 . Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for the twelfth season , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host . On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12 . Preliminary auditions The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 . Golden buzzer The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old former blind singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green . Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During those Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel . Death of Brandon Rogers On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 in his memory , and he advanced to the next round . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised . Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 18 , 2017 Act Order Performance type <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes <Th_colspan="5"> Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Brown Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Close - Up Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yosein Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Multimedia Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced Week 2 Guest judge : DJ Khaled Date : July 25 , 2017 As of 2017 , this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers . Act Order Performance type <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes <Th_colspan="5"> Result Cowell Klum Khaled Brown Mandel Sammulous Cabaret Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Novelty Puppet Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Act Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Digital Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced Week 3 Guest judge : Laverne Cox Date : August 1 , 2017 This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges . Act Order Performance type <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes <Th_colspan="5"> Result Cowell Klum Cox Brown Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Comedic Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Comedic Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Week 4 Guest judge : Seal Date : August 8 , 2017 Act Order Performance type <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes <Th_colspan="5"> Result Cowell Klum Seal Brown Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Visualist Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazova 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Did Not Advance Footnotes Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode . Quarterfinals The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Brown and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16 Act Order Performance Type <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' choices <Th_colspan="3"> Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Christian Guardino Singer Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo Eliminated In The Stairwell A Cappella Group Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer Advanced Bello Nock 6 Comedic Daredevil Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals . Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) Guests : Circus 1903 , August 23 Act Order Performance Type <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Celine Tam Singer Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal . ^ 3 Another technical issue occured when the sealed box Aditya was in did n't fall as planned . Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30 Act Order Performance Type <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer Advanced ^ 1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act . Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition . Semifinals The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) Guests : The Clairvoyants Act Order Performance Description <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performs `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated ^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals . Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) Act Order Performance Description <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced ^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo . ^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed . Finals The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced Finale Guest performers at the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatic Dance Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Unknown N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated Ratings Us nielsen ratings Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64 Footnotes Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief . Specials Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 , performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live . They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) in 2016 . Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) and reached the Semifinals . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name of `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Light Balance appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) and reached the Semifinals . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , but was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but had to drop out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool Us '' , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , and successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool us , and he was successful in fooling them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 , but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , Masters of Illusion , and The World Magic Awards . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 however did not make it through to the live semifinals . Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us . His trick did n't however fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod . References Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts returns to NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for shows ' 12th Season '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Chris Hardwick and DJ Khaled as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Brooke . `` Darci Lynne Farmer , 12 , is the new champion of America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` The winner of America 's Got Talent is ... '' , CNN , September 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Auditions : Cities , Dates , Video Tips '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly . `` America 's Got Talent : A look at Season 12 's Golden Buzzer acts '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Rising Star Dies in Car Crash at Age 29 '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcera , Mark Zeanreh . `` Some drama on AGT when Mel B splashes Simon 's face '' , BlastingNews.com , August 23 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 ; and King , Bill . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : The Quarterfinals Get Underway '' , BuddyTV.com , August 15 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Watch America 's Got Talent Live Results 1 online '' . FanSided. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live Results 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Witness the spectacular ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagnitta , Ali . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : 2 Onstage Disasters Prevent Fan - Favorite Acts from Performing '' , Hollywood Life , August 22 , 2017 , accessed September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ www.justjared.com/2017/08/22/demian-adityas-escape-stunt-on-agt-goes-wrong-during-live-show-video/ Jump up ^ `` ' TV ALERT ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' YOU HEAR THAT ? ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.thewrap.com/americas-got-talent-agt-clairvoyants-video/ Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` America 's Got Talent Fans React to THAT Shocking Season Finale -- See Which Fan - Favorites Got Eliminated ! '' , People magazine , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Singing Trump from Palm Springs wowed on ' America 's Got Talent ' with his song and dance skills '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals give ABC a big bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' on top again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals carries ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' and ' American Housewife ' encores adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBC and ' AGT ' stay on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 26 - July 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and All - Star Game adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' MLB All - Stars go 1 - 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' streak continues : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Another week on top for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' NFL lead NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' finale gives ABC a bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Game Night and Somewhere Between adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent , Big Brother dominate the broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' reruns adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC runs winning streak to 10 weeks : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent and Hollywood Game Night adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football pushes ABC to No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' and ' AGT ' adjust up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Football gives NBC a big win : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday Night Football falls but remains on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NBC caps yearlong win with ' AGT ' finale , football : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Road to Finals ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : So You Think You Can Make The Top 10 ? '' . gossipandgab.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick Hanna '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 11 ( 2016 ) America 's Got Talent Season 12 ( 2017 ) Succeeded by Season 13 ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_12)&oldid=803217452 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 05 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. America's Got Talent Season 12
2. Darci Lynne Farmer
3. Ventriloquism
4. Angelica Hale
5. Tyra Banks
|
7,726,871,067,727,560,000 |
grace and frankie how many episodes in season 4
|
List of Grace and Frankie episodes - wikipedia List of Grace and Frankie episodes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 August 2018 . Grace and Frankie is an American comedy series , which premiered on May 8 , 2015 , on Netflix . The series was created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , and stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin as Grace and Frankie , two women whose lives are turned upside down when their husbands announce they are in love with each other and want to get married . The series also stars Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn in supporting roles . As of January 19 , 2018 , 52 episodes of Grace and Frankie have been released , concluding the fourth season . On February 15 , 2018 , Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="1"> Originally released <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The End '' Tate Taylor Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace Hanson and Frankie Bergstein are brought to dinner by their lawyer husbands , Robert and Sol , under the assumption that the men are going to announce they are retiring , but the women are shocked when their husbands reveal they are actually leaving them , for each other , and want to get married now that same - sex marriage is legal . The men also reveal that they have been having an affair with each other for more than 20 years . The news quickly spreads to their horrified children . Despite their stark personality differences , Grace and Frankie strike up a bond when they both seek escape at the beach house the couples share . `` The Credit Cards '' Scott Winant Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Frankie are adjusting to living with each other , but the discovery that Robert and Sol have cut off their credit cards leaves them fuming . Frankie contemplates moving back to her home , since Sol is living with Robert , but eventually decides to stay with Grace at the beach house so they can continue supporting one another . Grace and Robert 's daughter Mallory is caught between her parents when she picks up some things from Robert 's for Grace , and later she bumps into Frankie and Sol 's son , Coyote , with whom she has a troubled history . `` The Dinner '' Bryan Gordon Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Robert and Sol host a dinner party for their children , but they object to having to keep it a secret from Grace and Frankie . Meanwhile , the women have decided to take their minds off the impending divorce by returning to work ; unfortunately , Grace and Robert 's daughter Brianna , who now operates Grace 's cosmetics company , refuses to let her return for fear of being overshadowed , and Frankie 's attempt to apply for an art teacher position is derailed due to a misunderstanding . Mallory has to come to terms with being in the same room as Coyote but they eventually decide to put their troubles behind them . `` The Funeral '' Tim Kirkby Alexa Junge May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Robert and Sol 's law partner dies , both they and Grace and Frankie attend the funeral , which is the first function in which Robert and Sol have are to be an out and about couple together . Frankie is upset when Grace ditches her to spend time with Lydia , Robert 's sister , and later Grace fears that Frankie has overheard her say that she is ' stuck with her . ' Robert is surprised to find that he misses Grace almost as much as Sol misses Frankie . 5 5 `` The Fall '' Betty Thomas Billy Finnegan May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Sometime after the funeral , Brianna visits with the intention of having Grace set up an online dating profile , but winds up getting high with Frankie . They convince Grace to take them to get frozen yogurt , where Grace takes a nasty fall and breaks her hip . A series of comical and concerning events follow at the hospital , culminating in Grace 's realization of how much Frankie means to her . 6 6 `` The Earthquake '' Tristram Shapeero Jacquelyn Reingold May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A minor earthquake sets off Frankie 's seismophobia , prompting Sol to drop everything to comfort her . Frankie questions how things with Sol started , and it is obvious there are still unresolved feelings between them . Grace goes on an online date but takes a face to one of Frankie 's troublesome students when the date goes disastrously wrong . Meanwhile , Coyote attempts to give Mallory a gift , but bumps into Mallory 's aggressive husband Mitch , who is far from thrilled to see him . 7 7 `` The Spelling Bee '' Tim Kirkby Julieanne Smolinski May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie and Sol are both excited to watch the national spelling bee , but are disappointed to find that Grace and Robert are n't interested . Grace is saved from a disastrous date by Guy , an old friend of Robert 's who is looking to give up his life of adventure . Brianna gets a dog as an escape from her disastrous dating life , but finds herself with the hots for the dog 's foster owner . 8 8 `` The Sex '' Dennie Gordon David Budin & Brendan McCarthy May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace is ready to take things to the next level with Guy , but finds herself uncomfortable with the idea of being intimate after years of ( not ) sleeping with Robert . However , Frankie is on hand with her homemade organic lube . Frankie realizes her friend Jacob is flirting with her . Sol and Robert clear out Brianna 's old room but Sol is terrified of Brianna . Bud and Coyote have a brotherly talk . 9 9 `` The Invitation '' Matt Shakman Billy Finnegan May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie is upset when Grace gets an invitation to Sol and Robert 's wedding and she does n't , but soon realizes that she needs to set boundaries with her ex-husband . Robert discovers Grace and Guy are dating and gatecrashes an afternoon golfing . Looking for a new angle for her business , Brianna discovers Frankie 's homemade lube and , after making all her colleagues experiment with it , realizes its potential . 10 10 `` The Elevator '' Miguel Arteta Laura Jacqmin May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie , Grace , Sol , Robert and Bud become trapped in an elevator after signing their divorce papers , and remember a pivotal weekend spent at the beach house five years previously . Sol and Robert attempt to tell Grace and Frankie about their affair but are interrupted by the arrival of the kids , including a heavily pregnant Mallory and a Coyote in the height of his drug addiction . As events escalate , Mallory gives birth , Grace decides Brianna should take over her business , and Bud discovers his father 's relationship with Robert but decides to keep quiet . 11 11 `` The Secrets '' Andrew McCarthy Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace is thrown when coming face to face with the student of Frankie 's who she kissed during the earthquake , and confides in Frankie , but is upset when Frankie tells Sol , who tells Robert , and then Guy finds out . Sol is furious to discover that Robert slept with another man 10 years ago when they had stopped seeing each other . Brianna gets closer with her co-worker but their date is gatecrashed by Coyote and Bud . 12 12 `` The Bachelor Party '' Julie Anne Robinson Jacquelyn Reingold May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Coyote and Bud enlist Brianna and Mallory 's help with arranging a bachelor party for Robert and Sol but there are differing opinions on what they would like . Things get worse when Robert 's conservative old boss arrives . Grace and Frankie hit the town for a `` yes night '' in an attempt to cheer Frankie up during her Sol purge . 13 13 `` The Vows '' Dean Parisot Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris & Alexa Junge May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> It 's the week before Robert and Sol 's wedding , and Robert is struggling to write vows that match Sol 's natural emotive words . Frankie is forced to break her purge from Sol to help him clear out their old house , but old memories reemerge and they end up sleeping with each other . Grace is furious with Sol when she finds out and orders him to tell Robert . She comforts Frankie , who finally recognizes her marriage is over . Meanwhile , Grace realizes she needs to break up with Guy , but runs into unexpected difficulties in doing so . The episode ends with Grace and Frankie walking down the beach together wrapped in a blanket comforting each other and Sol going home , but it 's not clear whether he tells Robert . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` The Wish '' Dean Parisot Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Robert is rushed to hospital after having a heart attack , stopping Sol 's plans to tell him about his affair with Frankie . With life - threatening surgery looming , Robert convinces Sol to marry him , and Grace and Frankie are forced to help , despite their own guilt about the infidelity . It 's not long before the children find out as well . Mallory reveals some big news . 15 `` The Vitamix '' Rebecca Asher Alexa Junge May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Frankie agree to go to Robert and Sol 's house ahead of them coming home , but it brings up bitter memories for both of them . Brianna , Mallory and Bud help Sol deal with Robert 's health insurance , while Mallory breaks the news to her father that she is pregnant with twins . 16 `` The Negotiation '' Trent O'Donnell Billy Finnegan May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Negotiations between Frankie and Brianna over her Yam lube get tough , while Frankie also reconnects with her former flame Jacob . Grace competes with her rival granny for Mallory 's children 's affection . 17 `` The Road Trip '' Arlene Sanford Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie convinces Grace to track down her former flame , Phil , who Grace had an affair with many years earlier . However , the reunion does n't go well . Sol is racked with guilt as he continues to lie to Robert . 18 5 `` The Test '' Andy Ackerman John Hoffman May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie struggles with trying and failing to pass her driving test . Grace attempts to reconnect with old friends , but realizes that she has moved on from that part of her life now . 19 6 `` The Chicken '' Jann Turner Julie Durk May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Unable to keep his lie any longer , Sol admits to Robert that he slept with Frankie , and the latter furiously throws his new husband out . Grace coaches a young bartender in trying to get her a job at Brianna 's business . Frankie is conflicted over Jacob 's desire for romance . 20 7 `` The Boar '' Michael Showalter Julieanne Smolinski May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Sol turns up at the beach house having been kicked out by Robert , Frankie instead turns to Jacob and opens up about how she feels . Grace is panicked when she gets a message from Phil , despite their bad reunion . 21 8 `` The Anchor '' Melanie Mayron David Budin & Brendan McCarthy May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie takes a furious stand against Brianna and her non-eco - friendly plans for her Yam lube . Phil and Grace go for lunch , but he drops the bombshell that he is still married , though his wife is very ill . Robert continues to reject a despairing Sol . 22 9 `` The Goodbyes '' Jason Ensler Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Coyote 's birth mother arrives in town , and a family lunch with Frankie and Sol goes disastrously wrong . Grace is adamant she ca n't be with a married Phil , but her desire gets the better of her . Robert meets a new friend at the dog park . 23 10 `` The Loophole '' Lee Rose Billy Finnegan May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Phil enjoy a passionate night together , but complications arise as his wife goes missing . When Grace is forced to face the woman she has betrayed more than once , it becomes too much for her and she ends things . Sol and Robert square off against each other when they get involved in Frankie and Brianna 's lube battle . 24 11 `` The Bender '' Alex Hardcastle Brooke Wied & Alex Burnett May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace goes on a massive bender after her painful breakup with Phil , and crosses a line when Frankie tries to help her . Coyote and Bud meet Jacob . Frankie is reunited with Babe , an old friend , but she drops a bombshell ; she has terminal cancer . Robert and Sol discuss how to move forward now that they are back together . 25 12 `` The Party '' Wendey Stanzler Alexa Junge May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace is shocked when Frankie reveals Babe has asked her to help her die after a party to end all parties . Can a dying Babe reunite the warring women ? Sol and Robert decide to sell their house to start afresh . 26 13 `` The Coup '' Rebecca Asher Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Gifts from a departed Babe prompt Grace and Frankie to reevaluate their lives . After a disastrous birthday party for Bud when they are once again faced with their ex-husbands ' incompetence , they announce they are going into business making vibrators - much to the horror of their children . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 27 `` The Art Show '' Marta Kauffman Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Frankie have trouble applying for a business loan . Robert and Sol provide a tour of their new house to their children . Frankie is nervous that her paintings will not sell from her art show . Sol shows up at Frankie 's art show , with Frankie less than pleased . Bud brings his new date to the art show , and his siblings make fun of her eccentricity . Brianna and Barry discuss their own intentions and interpretations of their relationship . A special guest also shows up to Frankie 's art show . 28 `` The Incubator '' Arlene Sanford Billy Finnegan March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Frankie head to a business incubator in an attempt to get funding for their new venture . However , Frankie obtains the funding from an unknown source . Robert and Sol ponder the thought of retirement . 29 `` The Focus Group '' Ken Whittingham Wil Calhoun March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about retirement . Both are persuaded to audition for a local play , with mixed results . Grace and Frankie host an open house to introduce their product , but they come across a particular clientele . 30 `` The Burglary '' Alex Hardcastle Brendan McCarthy & David Budin March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Frankie come home from a night out , only to find they have been robbed . The ladies take a class to better protect themselves . Sol is upset that he is not invited to happy hour with Robert and his theater friends . Robert compromises and hosts an awkward happy hour at their home . 31 5 `` The Gun '' Rebecca Asher Julie Durk March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie learns the truth about Grace owning a gun . Sharing her displeasure , Frankie wants the gun removed from the house . Robert discusses his plans of coming out to his mother . Mallory and Brianna go out clubbing , and Brianna picks up a guy . Grace finds out the truth about the source of their business venture . 32 6 `` The Pot '' Andy Ackerman Julieanne Smolinski March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace is upset at Brianna over providing the business loan to Frankie . Frankie and Coyote barge in on Bud and Allison . Robert and Sol attempt to have an intimate night together , but Robert is haunted by his mother . Grace and Frankie 's children reunite the women to try and patch things up between the two . 33 7 `` The Floor '' Rebecca Asher Alexa Junge March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Coyote informs Bud that he is looking for a place of his own . Grace and Frankie injure themselves and put their business meeting in jeopardy . Robert discusses the vision of his mother with Sol and his friend John . 34 8 `` The Alert '' Melanie Mayron John Hoffman March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Frankie are excited about the website launch for their new product . Bud brings a questionable gift to Grace and Frankie , after their recent injury . Grace and Frankie conduct a business meeting with one of Grace 's longtime friends . Brianna and Mallory have dinner out , and they encounter Brianna 's escort . Brianna finds out more about her escort 's personal life . Sol and his secretary have a more in depth talk about retirement , only to find out it 's more of a two - way conversation about the subject at hand . 35 9 `` The Apology '' Ken Whittingham Alex Kavallierou & Sara Lohman March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Robert and Sol begin to enjoy their retirement together with various activities . Robert gets news about his mother . Frankie entertains Jacob by cooking dinner . Jacob shares news about his future plans , which upsets Frankie . Brianna and Mallory discuss the reason why Mallory cancelled her getaway vacation with Mitch . 36 10 `` The Labels '' Arlene Sanford Alex Burnett & Brooke Wied March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Coyote celebrates his sobriety birthday with his family present . Allison brings over a surprise to Bud to enhance their relationship . Grace and Frankie 's business is taking off , and they recruit their ex-husbands for assistance . The ladies encounter a possible competitor on the market . Frankie is nervous when it comes to telling Grace about going to Santa Fe with Jacob in the future . 37 11 `` The Other Vibrator '' Rebecca Asher Billy Finnegan March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace is not handling Frankie 's revelation well . Robert and Sol each encounter an anti-LGBT protest outside the theater where Robert is performing . However , each has a different experience . Grace is going to meet with a business competitor who she feels is trying to rip off her product . Robert is nervous over opening night . Frankie accuses Grace of moving on without her , and before she can share all her thoughts , she is unable to speak . 38 12 `` The Musical '' Arlene Sanford Wil Calhoun March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Opening night has arrived for Robert 's theater performance , but the protestors make their way inside to disrupt the show . However , Frankie 's medical episode has caused her family to leave during the show . Frankie eventually goes to the hospital where she learns her diagnosis . Allison reveals some surprising news to Bud . 39 13 `` The Sign '' Rebecca Asher Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace shares her concerns to Frankie about her health . Grace receives news that she 's being served from her competitor , but she finds an ulterior motive behind the papers . Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about handling anti-LGBT protestors . Brianna travels to Baltimore to win back her ex Barry . Frankie makes a decision about moving to Santa Fe with Jacob . Mallory announces her separation from Mitch . Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 40 `` The Lodger '' Alex Hardcastle Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie returns from Santa Fe to find Grace lodging with manicurist Sheree ( Lisa Kudrow ) . Sol is upset when Robert wants to stop attending rallies for gay rights with him . Bud and Allison throw a party to find out the sex of their unborn child . 41 `` The Scavengender Hunt '' Ken Whittingham Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frankie admits how unhappy she is in Santa Fe as her jealousy towards Sheree concerns Grace . A ' scavengender ' hunt to find out the sex of Bud 's baby goes awry . 42 `` The Tappys '' Rebecca Asher Billy Finnegan January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace and Frankie break into Sheree 's former home to help prove her claim of ownership . Sol encourages Robert to use an award acceptance speech as a platform for activism . 43 `` The Expiration Date '' Alex Hardcastle John Hoffman January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace has to deal with her newfound relationship with Nick . Frankie goes to the bank and has an unpleasant surprise . 44 5 `` The Pop - Ups '' Rebecca Asher Julia Durk January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Declared legally dead , Frankie begins to think about where her life has taken her . Grace worries about how her age might affect her relationship with Nick , with surprising results . When Sol and Robert meet their eccentric next door neighbors , they disagree about the best course of action . 45 6 `` The Hinge '' Ken Whittingham Julieanne Smolinski January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 46 7 `` The Landline '' Randall Keenan Winston Michael Platt & Barry Safchik January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Sol and Frankie team up to try and get Frankie declared `` undead '' as Grace faces some realities about herself and her life after attending a friend 's funeral with Robert . 47 8 `` The Lockdown '' Gail Lerner David Budin & Brendan McCarthy January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After multiple false alarms , Allison decides to have an at home water birth and wants Frankie ( to Bud 's horror ) to deliver the baby . Robert and Sol agree to let Grace stay with them while she recovers from knee surgery . The past is confronted when the former couples ( along with Robert and Sol 's new neighbors ) are forced into lockdown when a local zoo orangutan escapes . 48 9 `` The Knee '' Rebecca Asher Gretchen Enders January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grace undergoes knee surgery and Nick wants to show her his ability to care for people in need . Frankie is enjoying her new role as a grandmother , but Jacob is feeling tired of coming in second in her life and makes a startling revelation . 49 10 `` The Death Stick '' Ken Whittingham Brooke Wied January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 50 11 `` The Tub '' Rebecca Asher Alex Burnett January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 51 12 `` The Rats '' Alan Poul Sara Lohman & Alex Kavallierou January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 52 13 `` The Home '' Marta Kauffman Melissa DiNicola & Billy Finnegan January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - grace & frankie on netflix '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erik , Pedersen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix ; RuPaul To Guest Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) List of Grace and Frankie episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grace_and_Frankie_episodes&oldid=854341290 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 16 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Grace and Frankie - American comedy series
2. Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin - Stars of Grace and Frankie
3. Husbands announce they are in love with each other
4. Seasons 1-4 of Grace and Frankie
5. Renewal for fifth season
|
-1,308,677,695,869,885,000 |
who wrote the song don't stop thinking about tomorrow
|
Do n't Stop ( Fleetwood Mac song ) - wikipedia Do n't Stop ( Fleetwood Mac song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Stop '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Fleetwood Mac <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Rumours B - side `` Gold Dust Woman '' Released March 1977 Format 7 - inch 45 rpm Recorded 1976 Genre Rock Length 3 : 13 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Christine McVie Producer ( s ) Fleetwood Mac , Richard Dashut , Ken Caillat <Th_colspan="2"> Fleetwood Mac singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Go Your Own Way '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Stop '' ( 1977 ) `` Dreams '' ( 1977 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Rumours track listing <Td_colspan="2"> 11 tracks Side one `` Second Hand News '' `` Dreams '' `` Never Going Back Again '' `` Do n't Stop '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Songbird '' Side two `` The Chain '' `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` I Do n't Want to Know '' `` Oh Daddy '' `` Gold Dust Woman '' <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Stop '' is a song by the British - American rock band Fleetwood Mac , written by vocalist and keyboard player Christine McVie . Sung by guitarist Lindsey Buckingham and McVie , it was a single taken from the band 's 1977 hit album , Rumours . It is one of the band 's most enduring hits , peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard singles chart . In the UK market , `` Do n't Stop '' followed `` Go Your Own Way '' as the second single from Rumours and peaked at No. 32 . In the US , it was the third single released , and peaked at No. 3 in October 1977 . Contents 1 Background 2 Political significance 3 Music video 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Cover versions 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) `` Do n't Stop '' reflects Christine McVie 's feelings after her separation from Fleetwood Mac 's bass guitarist , John McVie , after eight years of marriage . `` ' Do n't Stop ' was just a feeling . It just seemed to be a pleasant revelation to have that ' yesterday 's gone ' , '' she remembers in The Fleetwood Mac Story : Rumours and Lies , `` It might have , I guess , been directed more toward John , but I 'm just definitely not a pessimist . '' Political significance ( edit ) The song was the theme music for United States presidential candidate Bill Clinton 's first campaign , and at the 1992 Democratic National Convention . Upon winning the election , Clinton persuaded the then - disbanded group to reform to perform it for his inaugural ball in 1993 . At the 2000 convention , he ended his speech by saying , `` Keep putting people first . Keep building those bridges . And do n't stop thinking about tomorrow ! '' Immediately after the final sentence , the song began playing over the loudspeakers . The song was also played for Clinton 's appearances at the 2004 , 2008 and 2012 conventions . Music video ( edit ) A live performance of the song was used as a music video . Personnel ( edit ) Christine McVie -- piano , tack piano , Vox Continental , lead vocals Mick Fleetwood -- drums John McVie -- bass guitar Lindsey Buckingham -- electric guitars , lead vocals Stevie Nicks -- tambourine , backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Australia Kent Music Report 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Canada 16 US Billboard Hot 100 52 US Cash Box Top 100 55 Cover versions ( edit ) A cover by Elton John was included on the 1998 compilation Legacy : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac 's Rumours . Status Quo covered the song in their 1996 covers album Do n't Stop . Scottish singer - songwriter and guitarist Nina Nesbitt released a cover version of `` Do n't Stop '' on August 23 , 2013 in the United Kingdom . It is included as one of the many songs in `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' . It was also covered in 2010 by the cast of the TV show Glee in the episode titled `` Rumours '' . Singer Lisa Loeb covered the song on her 2017 album `` Lullaby Girl . '' Producer and songwriter Thirteen Mile released two versions of the song on the 2018 EP `` Do n't Stop Never Stop '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brunning , Bob . ( 2001 ) . Rumours and Lies : The Fleetwood Mac Story . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 011 - 0 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fleetwood Mac -- Do n't Stop '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Fleetwood Mac -- Do n't Stop '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Fleetwood Mac -- Do n't Stop '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Fleetwood Mac -- Do n't Stop '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , September 17 , 1977 Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 -- Volume 28 , No. 14 , December 31 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1977.htm Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : 1977 / Top 100 Pop Singles , December 31 , 1977 Jump up ^ Stockford , Tara ( 21 November 2009 ) . `` Children in Need song features The Wombles '' . Tidy Bag . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteen Mile - ' Do n't Stop Never Stop ' - Angry Baby '' . Angry Baby . 2018 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Fleetwood Mac <Td_colspan="2"> Mick Fleetwood John McVie Christine McVie Stevie Nicks Mike Campbell Neil Finn Bob Brunning Peter Green Jeremy Spencer Danny Kirwan Bob Welch Dave Walker Bob Weston Lindsey Buckingham Billy Burnette Rick Vito Bekka Bramlett Dave Mason Studio albums Fleetwood Mac Mr. Wonderful Then Play On Kiln House Future Games Bare Trees Penguin Mystery to Me Heroes Are Hard to Find Fleetwood Mac Rumours Tusk Mirage Tango in the Night Behind the Mask Time Say You Will EPs Extended Play Compilations English Rose The Pious Bird of Good Omen Fleetwood Mac in Chicago Black Magic Woman The Original Fleetwood Mac Greatest Hits Vintage Years Greatest Hits 25 Years -- The Chain Madison Blues The Vaudeville Years The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions 1967 -- 1969 Show - Biz Blues The Best of Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac The Essential Fleetwood Mac Live albums Live Live in Boston Live at the BBC The Dance Shrine ' 69 Live in Boston Singles `` I Believe My Time Ai n't Long '' `` Shake Your Moneymaker '' `` Black Magic Woman '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` Albatross '' `` Man of the World '' `` Oh Well '' `` Rattlesnake Shake '' `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' `` Dragonfly '' `` Sentimental Lady '' `` For Your Love '' `` Warm Ways '' `` Over My Head '' `` Rhiannon '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Dreams '' `` Do n't Stop '' `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` Tusk '' `` Sara '' `` Not That Funny '' `` Think About Me '' `` Sisters of the Moon '' `` Angel '' `` Hold Me '' `` Gypsy '' `` Love in Store '' `` Oh Diane '' `` Ca n't Go Back '' `` Big Love '' `` Seven Wonders '' `` Little Lies '' `` Family Man '' `` Everywhere '' `` Is n't It Midnight '' `` As Long as You Follow '' `` Save Me '' `` In the Back of My Mind '' `` Skies the Limit '' `` Love Is Dangerous '' `` Love Shines '' `` Paper Doll '' `` I Do '' `` Temporary One '' `` The Chain '' ( live ) `` Silver Springs '' ( live ) `` Landslide '' ( live ) `` Peacekeeper '' `` Say You Will '' `` Sad Angel '' Other songs `` Hellhound on My Trail '' `` Stop Messin ' Round '' `` Dust My Broom '' `` Madison Blues '' `` I Ca n't Hold Out '' `` Everyday I Have the Blues '' `` Sugar Mama '' `` Rock Me Baby '' `` Somebody 's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked in Tonite '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` ( I 'm a ) Road Runner '' `` Hypnotized '' `` Monday Morning '' `` Blue Letter '' `` World Turning '' `` I 'm So Afraid '' `` Second Hand News '' `` Never Going Back Again '' `` Songbird '' `` I Do n't Want to Know '' `` Oh Daddy '' `` Gold Dust Woman '' `` Walk a Thin Line '' `` I Know I 'm Not Wrong '' `` Brown Eyes '' `` Tango in the Night '' `` No Questions Asked '' `` Tallahassee Lassie '' `` Murrow Turning Over in His Grave '' Concert tours Heroes Are Hard to Find Tour Fleetwood Mac Tour Rumours Tour Tusk Tour Mirage Tour Shake the Cage Tour Behind the Mask Tour Say You Will Tour Unleashed Fleetwood Mac Live On with the Show An Evening with Fleetwood Mac Related articles Discography Band members Buckingham Nicks Lindsey Buckingham Christine McVie Stretch Bekka & Billy Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac `` Rumours '' ( Glee episode ) John Mayall 's Bluesbreakers Clifford Davis <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="3"> Bill Clinton <Td_colspan="3"> 42nd President of the United States ( 1993 -- 2001 ) 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas ( 1979 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1992 ) Presidency 1st inauguration 2nd inauguration Economic policy AmeriCorps Health care plan North American Free Trade Agreement Balanced Budget Foreign policy International trips Clinton Doctrine Dayton Agreement Oslo I Accord Israel -- Jordan peace treaty START III Operation Infinite Reach Bombing of Yugoslavia One America Initiative Nannygate Clinton -- Lewinsky scandal Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy Starr Report Impeachment and trial White House Millennium Council Pardons list State of the Union addresses Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life and legacy Childhood home Early life and career Presidential Library Post-presidency Clinton Foundation Clinton School of Public Service Clinton Boulevard Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Chairman , National Constitution Center Honors and awards Public image Troopergate Sexual misconduct allegations Whitewater controversy Books Between Hope and History ( 1996 ) My Life ( 2004 ) Giving : How Each of Us Can Change the World ( 2007 ) Back to Work ( 2011 ) The President Is Missing ( 2018 ) Popular culture The War Room ( 1993 documentary ) Primary Colors ( 1998 film ) The Final Days ( 2000 short film ) Clinton ( 2012 film ) Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1974 Arkansas gubernatorial election , 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 Bill Clinton presidential campaign , 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1992 Democratic National Convention 1992 United States presidential election , 1992 theme song Family Hillary Rodham Clinton ( wife ) Chelsea Clinton ( daughter ) William Jefferson Blythe Jr. ( father ) Virginia Clinton Kelley ( mother ) Roger Clinton Sr. ( first stepfather ) Jeff Dwire ( second stepfather ) Roger Clinton Jr. ( half - brother ) Socks ( cat ) Buddy ( dog ) Whitehaven ( house ) <Td_colspan="3"> ← George H.W. Bush George W. Bush → Bill Clinton Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)&oldid=856188823 '' Categories : 1977 singles Bill Clinton Fleetwood Mac songs Songs written by Christine McVie Song recordings produced by Ken Caillat Song recordings produced by Richard Dashut Warner Bros. Records singles 1976 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Don't Stop" - Fleetwood Mac song
2. Fleetwood Mac - Rumours album
3. Bill Clinton - political significance of the song
4. Cover versions of "Don't Stop"
5. Chart performance of "Don't Stop"
|
-3,032,205,957,415,710,700 |
when was universal health care introduced in canada
|
Healthcare in Canada - wikipedia Healthcare in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Under Lester Pearson 's Liberal government , Canada 's health care was expanded through the Medical Care Act , or Medicare , to provide near universal coverage to all Canadians ' according to their need for such services and irrespective of their ability to pay ' . Health care in Canada is delivered through a publicly funded health care system , informally called Medicare , which is mostly paid through a health transfer funded by taxes with most services being provided by private entities and provinces . It is guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current status 1.1 Benefits and features 1.2 Statistics 2 Public opinion 3 Economics 4 History 5 Government involvement 6 Private sector 7 Physicians and medical organization 8 Criticisms 8.1 Wait times 8.1. 1 Counter-criticism : Some longer wait times can benefit patients 8.2 Restrictions on privately funded healthcare 8.3 Cross-border health care 8.3. 1 Canadians visiting the US to receive healthcare 8.3. 2 Americans visiting Canada to receive healthcare 8.4 Limited coverage 8.5 Portability and provincial residency requirements 9 Comparison to other countries 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Current status ( edit ) The government attempts to ensure the quality of care through federal standards . The government does not participate in day - to - day care or collect any information about an individual 's health , which remains confidential between a person and their physician . Canada 's provincially based Medicare systems are cost - effective partly because of their administrative simplicity . In each province , each doctor handles the insurance claim against the provincial insurer . There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and reclaim . Private health expenditure accounts for 30 % of health care financing . The Canada Health Act does not cover prescription drugs , home care or long - term care , prescription glasses or dental care , which means most Canadians pay out - of - pocket for these services or rely on private insurance . Provinces provide partial coverage for some of these items for vulnerable populations ( children , those living in poverty and seniors ) . Limited coverage is provided for mental health care . Competitive practices such as advertising are kept to a minimum , thus maximizing the percentage of revenues that go directly towards care . In general , costs are paid through funding from income taxes . In British Columbia , taxation - based funding is supplemented by a fixed monthly premium which is waived or reduced for those on low incomes . There are no deductibles on basic health care and co-pays are extremely low or non-existent ( supplemental insurance such as Fair Pharmacare may have deductibles , depending on income ) . In general , user fees are not permitted by the Canada Health Act , though some physicians get around this by charging annual fees for services which include non-essential health options , or items which are not covered by the public plan , such as doctors notes , or prescription refills over the phone . Benefits and features ( edit ) A health card is issued by the Provincial Ministry of Health to each individual who enrolls for the program and everyone receives the same level of care . There is no need for a variety of plans because virtually all essential basic care is covered , including maternity but excluding mental health and home care . Infertility costs are not covered fully in any province other than Quebec , though they are now partially covered in some other provinces . In some provinces , private supplemental plans are available for those who desire private rooms if they are hospitalized . Cosmetic surgery and some forms of elective surgery are not considered essential care and are generally not covered . For example , Canadian health insurance plans do not cover non-therapeutic circumcision . These can be paid out - of - pocket or through private insurers . Health coverage is not affected by loss or change of jobs , health care can not be denied due to unpaid premiums ( in BC ) , and there are no lifetime limits or exclusions for pre-existing conditions . The Canada Health Act deems that essential physician and hospital care be covered by the publicly funded system , but each province has some license to determine what is considered essential , and where , how and who should provide the services . The result is that there is a wide variance in what is covered across the country by the public health system , particularly in more controversial areas , such as midwifery or autism treatments . All of Canada ( except the province of Quebec ) is one of the few countries with a universal healthcare system that does not include coverage of prescription medication ( other such countries are Russia and some of the former USSR republics even though Russia is considering a switch to full coverage of many prescription medications ) . Residents of Quebec who are covered by the province 's public prescription drug plan pay an annual premium of $0 to $660 when they file their Quebec income tax return . Pharmaceutical medications are covered by public funds in some provinces for the elderly or indigent , or through employment - based private insurance or paid for out - of - pocket . Most drug prices are negotiated with suppliers by each provincial government to control costs but more recently , the Council of the Federation announced an initiative for select provinces to work together to create a larger buying block for more leverage to control costs . More than 60 percent of prescription medications are paid for privately in Canada . Family physicians ( often known as general practitioners or GPs in Canada ) are chosen by individuals . If a patient wishes to see a specialist or is counseled to see a specialist , a referral can be made by a GP . Preventive care and early detection are considered important and yearly checkups are encouraged . Statistics ( edit ) 2012 saw a record year for number of doctors with 75,142 . The gross average salary was $ 328,000 . Out of the gross amount , doctors pay for taxes , rent , staff salaries and equipment . Recent reports indicate that Canada may be heading toward an excess of doctors , though communities in rural , remote and northern regions , and some specialties , may still experience a shortage . In 2017 , the Canadian Institute for Health Information reported that health care spending is expected to reach $242 billion , or 11.5 % of Canada 's gross domestic product for that year . Total health spending per resident varies from $7,378 in Newfoundland and Labrador to $6,321 in British Columbia . Public drug spending increased by 4.5 % in 2016 , driven largely by prescriptions for tumor necrosis factor alpha and hepatitis C drugs . Public opinion ( edit ) Canadians strongly support the health system 's public rather than for - profit private basis , and a 2009 poll by Nanos Research found 86.2 % of Canadians surveyed supported or strongly supported `` public solutions to make our public health care stronger . '' A Strategic Counsel survey found 91 % of Canadians prefer their healthcare system instead of a U.S. style system . A 2009 Harris - Decima poll found 82 % of Canadians preferred their healthcare system to the one in the United States . A 2003 Gallup poll found 25 % of Americans are either `` very '' or `` somewhat '' satisfied with `` the availability of affordable healthcare in the nation '' , versus 50 % of those in the UK and 57 % of Canadians . Those `` very dissatisfied '' made up 44 % of Americans , 25 % of respondents of Britons , and 17 % of Canadians . Regarding quality , 48 % of Americans , 52 % of Canadians , and 42 % of Britons say they are satisfied . Economics ( edit ) Canadian per capita health care spending by age group in 2007 . Total Canadian health care expenditures in 1997 dollars from 1975 to 2009 . Canada has a publicly funded medicare system , with most services provided by the private sector . Each province may opt out , though none currently does . Canada 's system is known as a single payer system , where basic services are provided by private doctors ( since 2002 they have been allowed to incorporate ) , with the entire fee paid for by the government at the same rate . Most government funding ( 94 % ) comes from the provincial level . Most family doctors receive a fee per visit . These rates are negotiated between the provincial governments and the province 's medical associations , usually on an annual basis . Pharmaceutical costs are set at a global median by government price controls . Hospital care is delivered by publicly funded hospitals in Canada . Most of the public hospitals , each of which are independent institutions incorporated under provincial Corporations Acts , are required by law to operate within their budget . Amalgamation of hospitals in the 1990s has reduced competition between hospitals . As the cost of patient care has increased , hospitals have been forced to cut costs or reduce services . Applying perspective ( pharmacoeconomic ) to analyze cost reduction , it has been shown that savings made by individual hospitals result in actual cost increases to the Provinces . In 2009 , the government funded about 70 % of Canadians ' healthcare costs . This is slightly below the OECD average of public health spending . This covered most hospital and physician cost while the dental and pharmaceutical costs were primarily paid for by individuals . Half of private health expenditure comes from private insurance and the remaining half is supplied by out - of - pocket payments . Under the terms of the Canada Health Act , public funding is required to pay for medically necessary care , but only if it is delivered in hospitals or by physicians . There is considerable variation across the provinces / territories as to the extent to which such costs as out of hospital prescription medications , physical therapy , long - term care , dental care and ambulance services are covered . Healthcare spending in Canada ( in 1997 dollars ) has increased each year between 1975 and 2009 , from $39.7 billion to $137.3 billion , or per capita spending from $1,715 to $4089 . In 2013 the total reached $211 billion , averaging $5,988 per person . Figures in National Health Expenditure Trends , 1975 to 2012 , show that the pace of growth is slowing . Modest economic growth and budgetary deficits are having a moderating effect . For the third straight year , growth in healthcare spending will be less than that in the overall economy . The proportion of Canada 's gross domestic product will reach 11.6 % in 2012 down from 11.7 % in 2011 and the all - time high of 11.9 % in 2010 . Total spending in 2007 was equivalent to 10.1 % of the gross domestic product which was slightly above the average for OECD countries , and below the 16.0 % of GDP spent in the United States . In 2009 , the greatest proportion of this money went to hospitals ( $51 B ) , followed by pharmaceuticals ( $30 B ) , and physicians ( $26 B ) . The proportion spent on hospitals and physicians has declined between 1975 and 2009 while the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased . Of the three biggest health care expenses , the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased the most . In 1997 the total price of drugs surpassed that of doctors . In 1975 the three biggest health costs were hospitals ( $5.5 B / 44.7 % ) , physicians ( $1.8 B / 15.1 % ) , and medications ( $1.1 B / 8.8 % ) while in 2007 the three biggest costs were hospitals ( $45.4 B / 28.2 % ) , medications ( $26.5 B / 16.5 % ) , and physicians ( $21.5 B / 13.4 % ) . Healthcare costs per capita vary across Canada with Quebec ( $4,891 ) and British Columbia ( $5,254 ) at the lowest level and Alberta ( $6,072 ) and Newfoundland ( $5,970 ) at the highest . It is also the greatest at the extremes of age at a cost of $17,469 per capita in those older than 80 and $8,239 for those less than 1 year old in comparison to $3,809 for those between 1 and 64 years old in 2007 . According to Lightman , `` In - kind delivery in Canada is superior to the American market approach in its efficiency of delivery . '' In the USA , 13.6 per cent of GNP is used on medical care . By contrast , in Canada , only 9.5 per cent of GNP is used on the medicare system , `` in part because there is no profit incentive for private insurers . '' Lightman also notes that the in - kind delivery system eliminates much of the advertising that is prominent in the USA , and the low overall administrative costs in the in - kind delivery system . Since there are no means tests and no bad - debt problems for doctors under the Canadian in - kind system , doctors billing and collection costs are reduced to almost zero . History ( edit ) See History of medicine in Canada Government involvement ( edit ) The various levels of government pay for about 70 % of Canadians ' healthcare , although this number has decreased somewhat in recent years . The Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 , and still known informally as the BNA Act ) did not give either the federal or provincial governments responsibility for healthcare , as it was then a minor concern . The Act did give the provinces responsibility for regulating hospitals , and the provinces claimed that their general responsibility for local and private matters encompassed healthcare . The federal government felt that the health of the population fell under the Peace , Order , and Good Government part of its responsibilities . This led to several decades of debate over jurisdiction that were not resolved until the 1930s . Eventually the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council decided that the administration and delivery of healthcare was a provincial concern , but that the federal government also had the responsibility of protecting the health and well - being of the population . By far the largest government health program is Medicare , which is actually ten provincial programs , such as OHIP in Ontario , that are required to meet the general guidelines laid out in the federal Canada Health Act . Almost all government health spending goes through Medicare , but there are several smaller programs . The federal government directly administers health to groups such as the military , and inmates of federal prisons . They also provide some care to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and veterans , but these groups mostly use the public system . Prior to 1966 , Veterans Affairs Canada had a large healthcare network , but this was merged into the general system with the creation of Medicare . The largest group the federal government is directly responsible for is First Nations . Native peoples are a federal responsibility and the federal government guarantees complete coverage of their health needs . For the last twenty years and despite health care being a guaranteed right for First Nations due to the many treaties the government of Canada signed for access to First Nations lands and resources , the amount of coverage provided by the Federal government 's Non-Insured Health Benefits program has diminished drastically for optometry , dentistry , and medicines . Status First Nations individuals qualify for a set amount of visits to the optometrist and dentist , with a limited amount of coverage for glasses , eye exams , fillings , root canals , etc . For the most part First Nations people use the normal hospitals and the federal government then fully compensates the provincial government for the expense . The federal government also covers any user fees the province charges . The federal government maintains a network of clinics and health centres on Native Reserves . At the provincial level , there are also several much smaller health programs alongside Medicare . The largest of these is the health care costs paid by the worker 's compensation system . Regardless of federal efforts , healthcare for First Nations has generally not been considered effective . Despite being a provincial responsibility , the large health costs have long been partially funded by the federal government . The cost sharing agreement created by the HIDS Act and extended by the Medical Care Act was discontinued in 1977 and replaced by Established Programs Financing . This gave a bloc transfer to the provinces , giving them more flexibility but also reducing federal influence on the health system . In 1996 , when faced with a large budget shortfall , the Liberal federal government merged the health transfers with the transfers for other social programs into the Canada Health and Social Transfer , and overall funding levels were cut . This placed considerable pressure on the provinces , and combined with population aging and the generally high rate of inflation in health costs , has caused problems with the system . Private sector ( edit ) About 27.6 % of Canadians ' healthcare is paid for through the private sector . This mostly goes towards services not covered or partially covered by Medicare , such as prescription drugs , dentistry and optometry . Some 75 % of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance ; many of them receive it through their employers . The Canadian system is for the most part publicly funded , yet most of the services are provided by private enterprises . Most doctors do not receive an annual salary , but receive a fee per visit or service . According to Dr. Albert Schumacher , former president of the Canadian Medical Association , an estimated 75 percent of Canadian health care services are delivered privately , but funded publicly . `` Frontline practitioners whether they 're GPs or specialists by and large are not salaried . They 're small hardware stores . Same thing with labs and radiology clinics ... The situation we are seeing now are more services around not being funded publicly but people having to pay for them , or their insurance companies . We have sort of a passive privatization . '' `` Although there are laws prohibiting or curtailing private health care in some provinces , they can be changed '' , according to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine . In June 2005 , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Chaoulli v. Quebec ( Attorney General ) that Quebec 's prohibition against private health insurance for medically necessary services laws violated the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms , potentially opening the door to much more private sector participation in the health system . Justices Beverley McLachlin , Jack Major , Michel Bastarache and Marie Deschamps found for the majority . `` Access to a waiting list is not access to health care '' , wrote Chief Justice Beverly McLachlin . The Quebec and federal governments asked the high court to suspend its ruling for 18 months . Less than two months after its initial ruling , the court agreed to suspend its decision for 12 months , retroactive to June 9 , 2005 . Physicians and medical Organization ( edit ) ( ( update section Canada , like its North American neighbour the United States , has a ratio of practicing physicians to population that is below the OECD average but a level of practicing nurses that is higher than either the U.S. or the OECD average . Family physicians in Canada make an average of $202,000 a year ( 2006 , before expenses ) . Alberta has the highest average salary of around $230,000 , while Quebec has the lowest average annual salary at $165,000 , arguably creating interprovincial competition for doctors and contributing to local shortages . In 1991 , the Ontario Medical Association agreed to become a province - wide closed shop , making the OMA union a monopoly . Critics argue that this measure has restricted the supply of doctors to guarantee its members ' incomes . In September 2008 , the Ontario Medical Association and the Ontarian government agreed to a new four - year contract that will see doctors receive a 12.25 % pay raise . The new agreement is expected to cost Ontarians an extra $ 1 billion . Referring to the agreement , Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty said , `` One of the things that we 've got to do , of course , is ensure that we 're competitive ... to attract and keep doctors here in Ontario ... '' . In December 2008 , the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada reported a critical shortage of obstetricians and gynaecologists . The report stated that 1,370 obstetricians were practicing in Canada and that number is expected to fall by at least one - third within five years . The society is asking the government to increase the number of medical school spots for obstetrics and gynecologists by 30 per cent a year for three years and also recommended rotating placements of doctors into smaller communities to encourage them to take up residence there . Each province regulates its medical profession through a self - governing College of Physicians and Surgeons , which is responsible for licensing physicians , setting practice standards , and investigating and disciplining its members . The national doctors association is called the Canadian Medical Association ; it describes its mission as `` To serve and unite the physicians of Canada and be the national advocate , in partnership with the people of Canada , for the highest standards of health and health care . '' Because health care is deemed to be under provincial / territorial jurisdiction , negotiations on behalf of physicians are conducted by provincial associations such as the Ontario Medical Association . The views of Canadian doctors have been mixed , particularly in their support for allowing parallel private financing . The history of Canadian physicians in the development of Medicare has been described by C. David Naylor . Since the passage of the 1984 Canada Health Act , the CMA itself has been a strong advocate of maintaining a strong publicly funded system , including lobbying the federal government to increase funding , and being a founding member of ( and active participant in ) the Health Action Lobby ( HEAL ) . However , there are internal disputes . In particular , some provincial medical associations have argued for permitting a larger private role . To some extent , this has been a reaction to strong cost control ; CIHI estimates that 99 % of physician expenditures in Canada come from public sector sources , and physicians -- particularly those providing elective procedures who have been squeezed for operating room time -- have accordingly looked for alternative revenue sources . One indication of this internal dispute came when Dr. Brian Day of B.C. was elected CMA president in August 2007 . Day is the owner of the largest private hospital in Canada and a vocal supporter of increasing private health care in Canada . The CMA presidency rotates among the provinces , with the provincial association electing a candidate who is customarily ratified by the CMA general meeting . Day 's selection was sufficiently controversial that he was challenged -- albeit unsuccessfully -- by another physician . The newspaper story went on to note that `` Day said he has never supported the privatization of health care in Canada , and accused his detractors of deliberately distorting his position . '' Criticisms ( edit ) Wait times ( edit ) Health Canada , a federal department , publishes a series of surveys of the health care system in Canada based on Canadians ' first - hand experiences of the health care system . Although life - threatening cases are dealt with immediately , some services needed are non-urgent and patients are seen at the next - available appointment in their local chosen facility . The median wait time for diagnostic services such as MRI and CAT scans is two weeks with 86.4 % waiting fewer than 90 days . The median wait time for elective or non-urgent surgery is four weeks with 82.2 % waiting fewer than 90 days . According to the conservative think tank Fraser Institute , the median wait time in Canada from General Practitioner to specialist is 18.4 weeks ( over 4 months ) in 2015 . A 2016 study by the Commonwealth Fund , based in the U.S. found that Canada 's wait time for all categories of services ranks either at the bottom or second to the bottom out of the group of eleven surveyed countries ( Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and the United States ) . Canada 's wait time on emergency services is the longest among the eleven nations , with 29 % of Canadians reporting that they waited for more than four hours the last time they went to an emergency department . In comparison , the US is on par with the average rate at 11 % . Canada also has the longest wait time for specialist appointments , with 56 % of all Canadians waiting for over four weeks . The US , on the other hand , has one of the lowest rates at 24 % , far below the 36 % average . Canada ranks last on all other wait time categories , including same or next - day appointments , same - day answers from doctors , and elective surgeries , except for access to after - hour care which only Sweden ranks lower . The study also noted that despite government investments , Canada 's wait time improvements are negligible when comparing to the 2010 survey . A 2007 study by the same group reported that quarter ( 24 % ) of all Canadians waited 4 hours or more in the emergency room . Dr. Brian Day was once quoted as saying `` This is a country in which dogs can get a hip replacement in under a week and in which humans can wait two - to - three years . '' Day gave no source for his two to three years claim . The Canadian Health Coalition has responded succinctly to Day 's claims , pointing out that `` access to veterinary care for animals is based on ability to pay . Dogs are put down if their owners ca n't pay . Access to care should not be based on ability to pay . '' Regional administrations of Medicare across Canada publish their own wait time data on the internet . For instance , in British Columbia the wait time for an elective hip replacement is currently a little under ten weeks . The CHC is one of many groups across Canada calling for increased provincial and federal funding for medicare and an end to provincial funding cuts as solutions to unacceptable wait times . Since 2002 , the Canadian government has invested $5.5 billion to decrease wait times . In April 2007 , Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that all ten provinces and three territories would establish patient wait times guarantees by 2010 . Canadians will be guaranteed timely access to health care in at least one of the following priority areas , prioritized by each province : cancer care , hip and knee replacement , cardiac care , diagnostic imaging , cataract surgeries or primary care . The current cultural shift towards evidence - based medicine is burgeoning in Canada with the advent of organizations like Choosing Wisely Canada . Organizations like this hope to encourage and facilitate doctor - patient communication , decreasing unnecessary care in Canada , and therefore hopefully decreasing wait times . In a 2007 episode of ABC News 's 20 / 20 titled `` Sick in America '' , libertarian John Stossel cited numerous examples of Canadians who did not get the health care that they needed . The conservative Fraser Institute found that treatment time from initial referral by a GP through consultation with a specialist to final treatment , across all specialties and all procedures ( emergency , non-urgent , and elective ) , averaged 17.7 weeks in 2005 , contradicting the Canadian government 's 2007 report regarding itself . Counter-criticism : some longer wait times can benefit patients ( edit ) It has been speculated and supported in data that the complete elimination of all waiting times is not ideal . When waiting lists arise through a prioritization process based on physician - determined medical urgency and the procedure 's risk , ( in contrast to patient 's ability to pay or profitability for the physician ) , waiting lists can possibly help patients . It 's been postulated that a system of immediate care can be detrimental for optimal patient outcomes , as unnecessary or unproven surgery might not be easily avoided if all patients are granted instant care . An example is the Canadian province of British Columbia , where , according to surgeon Dr. Lawrence Burr , 15 heart patients died in 1990 while on a waiting list for heart surgery . According to Robin Hutchinson , senior medical consultant to the Health Ministry 's heart program , had the waiting list not existed and all patients given instant access to the surgery , the expected number of fatalities would have been 22 due to the operation mortality rate at that time . Hutchison noted that the BC Medical Association 's media campaign did not make reference to these comparative statistics and focused on deaths during waiting for surgery . Since , ideally , waiting lists prioritize higher - risk patients to receive surgery ahead of those with lower risks , this helps reduce overall patient mortality . Consequently , a wealthy or highly insured patient in a system based on profit or ability to pay ( as in the U.S. ) may be pushed into surgery or other procedures more quickly , with a result in higher morbidity or mortality risk . This is in addition to the better - understood phenomenon in which lower - income , uninsured , or under - insured patients have their care denied or delayed , also resulting in worse health care . Restrictions on privately funded healthcare ( edit ) Main article : Canada Health Act The Canada Health Act , which sets the conditions with which provincial / territorial health insurance plans must comply if they wish to receive their full transfer payments from the federal government , does not allow charges to insured persons for insured services ( defined as medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians ) . Most provinces have responded through various prohibitions on such payments . This does not constitute a ban on privately funded care ; indeed , about 30 % of Canadian health expenditures come from private sources , both insurance and out - of - pocket payments . The Canada Health Act does not address delivery . Private clinics are therefore permitted , albeit subject to provincial / territorial regulations , but they can not charge above the agreed - upon fee schedule unless they are treating non-insured persons ( which may include those eligible under automobile insurance or worker 's compensation , in addition to those who are not Canadian residents ) , or providing non-insured services . This provision has been controversial among those seeking a greater role for private funding . Also , user fees are not permitted by the Canada Health Act , though some physicians get around this by charging annual fees for services which include non-essential health options , or items which are not covered by the public plan , such as doctors notes , or prescription refills over the phone.In Saskatchewan , for example , patients can pay to skip waiting lists for MRIs . In 2006 , the Government of British Columbia threatened to shut down one private clinic because it was planning to start accepting private payments from patients . Since 2008 , Dr. Brain Day sued the British Columbia government on the basis that Canada Health Act is unconstitutional . In 2016 , the Government of Quebec was sued for passing Bill 20 which allow and regulates add - on fees . Governments have responded through wait time strategies , discussed above , which attempt to ensure that patients will receive high - quality , necessary services in a timely manner . Nonetheless , the debate continues . Cross-border health care ( edit ) The border between Canada and the United States represents a boundary line for medical tourism , in which a country 's residents travel elsewhere to seek health care that is more available or affordable . Canadians visiting the US to receive healthcare ( edit ) Some residents of Canada travel to the United States for care . A study by Barer , et al. , indicates that the majority of Canadians who seek healthcare in the U.S. are already there for other reasons , including business travel or vacations . A smaller proportion seek care in the U.S. for reasons of confidentiality , including abortions , mental illness , substance abuse , and other problems that they may not wish to divulge to their local physician , family , or employer . Canadians offered free care in the US paid by the Canadian government have sometimes declined it . In 1990 the British Columbia Medical Association ran radio ads asking , `` What 's the longest you 'd wait in line at a bank before getting really annoyed ? Five minutes ? Ten minutes ? What if you needed a heart operation ? '' Following this , the government responded , as summarized by Robin Hutchinson , senior medical consultant for the health ministry 's heart program . Despite the medically questionable nature of heart bypass for milder cases of chest pain and follow - up studies showing heart bypass recipients were 25 - 40 % more likely to be relieved of chest pain than people who stay on heart medicine , the `` public outcry '' following the ads led the government to take action : `` ' We did a deal with the University of Washington at Seattle ' said Hutchinson ... to take 50 bypass cases at $18,000 per head , almost $3,000 higher than the cost in Vancouver , with all the money ( paid by ) the province ... In theory , the Seattle operations promised to take the heat off the Ministry of Health until a fourth heart surgery unit opened in the Vancouver suburb of New Westminster . If the first batch of Seattle bypasses went smoothly ... then the government planned to buy three or four more 50 - head blocks . But four weeks after announcing the plan , health administrators had to admit they were stumped . ' As of now ... we 've had nine people sign up . The opposition party , the press , everybody 's making a big stink about our waiting lists . And we 've got ( only ) nine people signed up ! The surgeons ask their patients and they say , `` I 'd rather wait '' , We thought we could get maybe two hundred and fifty done down in Seattle ... but if nobody wants to go to Seattle , we 're stuck , ' `` . An analysis using data from the 1996 -- 1997 National Population Health Survey ( NPHS -- a large survey representative of the Canadian noninstitutionalized population , including 17,276 Canadian residents ) reported that 0.5 % sought medical care in the US in the previous year . Of these , less than a quarter had traveled to the U.S. expressly to get that care . This was supported by additional analysis performed from the American side , using a structured telephone survey of all ambulatory care clinical facilities located in specific heavily populated U.S. urban corridors bordering Canada and discharge data for 1994 -- 1998 from major border states , and contacted key informants at each of U.S. News and World Report 's `` America 's Best Hospitals '' to inquire about the number of Canadians seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings . The authors characterized this rate of medical travel as `` barely detectible relative to the use of care by Canadians at home '' and that the results `` do not support the widespread perception that Canadian residents seek care extensively in the United States . '' A separate report issued privately rather than in a peer reviewed journal by the conservative Fraser Institute think tank found that the percentage of Canadian patients who traveled abroad to receive non-emergency medical care was 1.1 % in 2014 , and 0.9 % in 2013 , with British Columbia being the province with the highest proportion of its citizens making such trips . Some Canadian politicians have traveled to the United States for treatment , which is viewed variously as ironic or cynical . Prime Minister Jean Chrétien traveled to the Mayo Clinic twice in 1999 for medical care . Chrétien allegedly kept the visits a secret , with one occurring during a publicly announced ski trip to Vancouver . Canadian Liberal MP Belinda Stronach went to the United States for breast cancer surgery in June 2007 . Stronach 's spokesperson Greg MacEachern was quoted in the article saying that the US was the best place to have this type of surgery done . Stronach paid for the surgery out of her own pocket . Prior to this incident , Stronach had stated in an interview that she was against two - tier health care . When Robert Bourassa , the premier of Quebec , needed cancer treatment , he went to the US to get it . In 2010 , Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams traveled to the US for heart surgery . In 2007 , it was reported that Canada sent scores of pregnant women to the US to give birth . In 2007 a woman from Calgary who was pregnant with quadruplets was sent to Great Falls , Montana to give birth . An article on this incident states there were no Canadian hospitals with enough neo-natal intensive beds to accommodate the extremely rare quadruple birth . A January 19 , 2008 , article in The Globe and Mail states , `` More than 150 critically ill Canadians -- many with life - threatening cerebral hemorrhages -- have been rushed to the United States since the spring of 2006 because they could not obtain intensive - care beds here . Before patients with bleeding in or outside the brain have been whisked through U.S. operating - room doors , some have languished for as long as eight hours in Canadian emergency wards while health - care workers scrambled to locate care . '' In 2005 Shona Holmes of Waterdown , Ontario , traveled to the Mayo Clinic after deciding she could n't afford to wait for appointments with specialists through the Ontario health care system . She has characterized her condition as an emergency , said she was losing her sight , and portrayed her condition as life - threatening brain cancer . OHIP did not reimburse her for her medical expenses . In 2007 she joined a lawsuit to force the Ontario government to reimburse patients who feel they had to travel outside of Canada for timely , life - saving medical treatment . In July 2009 Holmes agreed to appear in television ads broadcast in the United States warning Americans of the dangers of adopting a Canadian style health care system . After her ad appeared critics pointed out discrepancies in her story , including that Rathke 's cleft cyst , the condition she was treated for , was not a form of cancer , and was not life - threatening . In fact , the mortality rate for patients with a Rathke 's cleft cyst is zero percent . Americans visiting Canada to receive healthcare ( edit ) Some US citizens travel to Canada for health care related reasons . These reasons frequently involve seeking lower costs . Many US citizens purchase prescription drugs from Canada , either over the Internet or by traveling there to buy them in person , because prescription drug prices in Canada are substantially lower than prescription drug prices in the United States ; this cross-border purchasing has been estimated at $1 billion annually . Because medical marijuana is legal in Canada but illegal in most of the US , many US citizens with cancer , AIDS , multiple sclerosis , and glaucoma have traveled to Canada for medical treatment . One of those is Steve Kubby , the Libertarian Party 's 1998 candidate for governor of California , who has adrenal cancer . Recent legal changes such as Proposition 215 may decrease this type of medical tourism from California only . Limited coverage ( edit ) Limited coverage for mental health The Canada Health Act covers the services of psychiatrists , medical doctors with additional training in psychiatry . In Canada , psychiatrists tend to focus on the treatment of mental illness with medication . However , the Canada Health Act excludes care provided in a `` hospital or institution primarily for the mentally disordered . '' Some institutional care is provided by provinces . The Canada Health Act does not cover treatment by a psychologist or psychotherapist unless the practitioner is also a medical doctor . Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax ( depending on the province ) applies to the services of psychotherapists . Some coverage for mental health care and substance abuse treatment may be available under other government programs . For example , in Alberta , the province provides funding for mental health care through Alberta Health Services . Most or all provinces and territories offer government - funded drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation , although waiting lists may exist . The cost of treatment by a psychologist or psychotherapist in Canada has been cited as a contributing factor in the high suicide rate among first responders such as police officers , EMTs and paramedics . According to a CBC report , some police forces `` offer benefits plans that cover only a handful of sessions with community psychologists , forcing those seeking help to join lengthy waiting lists to seek free psychiatric assistance . '' Limited coverage for Physiotherapy , Occupational Therapy and Massage Therapy Coverage for services by physiotherapists , occupational therapists ( also known as OTs ) and Registered Massage Therapists ( RMTs ) varies by province . For example , in Ontario the provincial health plan , OHIP , does cover physiotherapy following hospital discharge and occupational therapy but does not cover massage therapy . To be eligible for coverage for physiotherapy in Ontario , the insured individual has to have been discharged as an inpatient of a hospital after an overnight stay and require physiotherapy for the condition , illness or injury for which he or she was hospitalized , or be age 19 or younger or age 65 or older . Limited coverage for sex reassignment surgery As of 2014 , most , but not all provinces and territories provide coverage for sex reassignment surgery ( also known as gender confirming surgery ) and other treatment for gender dysphoria . In Ontario , sex reassignment surgery is only insured when prior approval has been obtained from the Ministry of Health and Long - Term Care . There is no minimum age requirement for sex reassignment surgery that must be met for OHIP to approve funding . The responsibility for determining whether a patient is capable of consenting to treatment is that of the treating provider . Limited coverage for Assistive Devices There are wide discrepancies in coverage for various assistive devices such as wheelchairs and respiratory equipment in Canada . Ontario , which has one of the most generous programs , pays 75 % of the cost for listed equipment and supplies for persons with a disability requiring such equipment or supplies for six months or longer . The program does not have age or income restrictions . As with other health coverage , veterans and others covered by federal programs are not eligible under the provincial program . Only certain types of equipment and supplies are covered , and within categories only approved models of equipment from approved vendors are covered , and vendors may not charge more than specified prices established by the government . Some provinces may not provide coverage for long term assistive devices or may offer very limited coverage . Portability and provincial residency requirements ( edit ) Canada Health Act defines insured persons as residents of a province . The Act defines a resident as : `` a person lawfully entitled to be or to remain in Canada who makes his home and is ordinarily present in the province , but does not include a tourist , a transient or a visitor to the province . '' When traveling within Canada , a Canadian 's health card from his or her home province or territory is accepted for hospital and physician services . This portability is implemented through a series of bilateral reciprocal billing agreements between the provinces and territories for hospital and physician services . Each province has residency and physical presence requirements to qualify for health care coverage . For example , to qualify for coverage in Ontario , with certain exceptions , one must be physically present in Ontario for 153 days in any given 12 - month period . Most provinces require 183 days of physical presence in any given 12 - month period . Exceptions may be made for mobile workers , if the individual can provide documentation from his or her employer verifying that the individual 's work requires frequent travel in and out of the province . Transients , self - employed itinerant workers ( e.g. farm workers ) who move from province to province several times within a year , and peripatetic retired or unemployed individuals who move from province to province ( e.g. staying with various relatives , or living in a recreational vehicle ) may find themselves ineligible for health coverage in any province or territory , even though they are Canadian citizens or landed immigrants physically present in Canada 365 days a year . `` Snowbirds '' ( Canadians who winter in warm climates ) and other Canadians who are out their home province or territory for a total of more than 183 days in a twelve - month period lose all coverage . A three - month waiting period is usually applied before coverage is reinstated after losing coverage . Students attending a university or college outside their home province are generally covered by the health insurance program of their home province , however , `` Typically this coverage ( while out - of - province but within Canada ) is for physician and hospital services only . '' The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care , for example , states , `` Therefore , when traveling outside of Ontario but within Canada , the ministry recommends that you obtain private supplementary health insurance for non-physician / non-hospital services . '' Such services might include prescription drugs , or ground and air ambulance services that might be covered in one 's home province . Comparison to other countries ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of Canadian and American health care systems The Canadian health care system is often compared to the US system . The US system spends the most in the world per capita , and was ranked 37th in the world by the World Health Organization in 2000 , while Canada 's health system was ranked 30th . The relatively low Canadian WHO ranking has been criticized by some for its choice of ranking criteria and statistical methods , and the WHO is currently revising its methodology and withholding new rankings until the topics are addressed . Canada spent approximately 10.0 % of GDP on health care in 2006 , more than one percentage point higher than the average of 8.9 % in OECD countries . According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information , spending is expected to reach $160 billion , or 10.6 % of GDP , in 2007 . This translates to $4,867 per person . In a sample of 13 developed countries Canada was tenth in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in 2009 and sixth in 2013 . The drugs studied were selected on the basis that the conditions treated had high incidence , prevalence and / or mortality , caused significant long - term morbidity and incurred high levels of expenditure and significant developments in prevention or treatment had been made in the last 10 years . The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use . Most health statistics in Canada are at or above the G8 average . Direct comparisons of health statistics across nations is complex . The OECD collects comparative statistics , and has published brief country profiles . A 2017 cost - effectiveness analysis by the Fraser Institute showed that `` although Canada ranks among the most expensive universal - access health - care systems in the OECD , its performance for availability and access to resources is generally below that of the average OECD country , while its performance for use of resources and quality and clinical performance is mixed . '' Country Life expectancy. 2015 . Under - five infant mortality rate per 1000 live births . 2015 . Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births . 2015 . Physicians per 1000 people . 2013 . Nurses per 1000 people . 2013 . Per capita expenditure on health ( USD - PPP ) . 2015 . Healthcare costs as a percent of GDP . 2015 . % of government revenue spent on health . 2014 . % of health costs paid by government . 2014 . Australia 82.8 3.8 5.5 3.4 11.5 4,420 9.3 17.3 67.0 Canada 82.2 4.9 7.3 2.6 9.5 4,608 10.1 18.8 70.9 France 82.4 4.3 7.8 3.3 9.4 4,407 11.0 15.7 78.2 Germany 81.0 3.7 9.0 4.0 13.0 5,267 11.1 19.7 77.0 Japan 83.7 2.7 6.4 3.3 11.5 4,149 11.2 20.3 83.6 Sweden 82.4 3.0 4.4 4.1 11.2 5,227 11.1 19.0 84.0 UK 81.2 4.2 9.2 2.8 8.2 4,003 9.8 16.5 83.1 US 79.3 6.5 26.4 2.6 11.1 9,451 16.9 21.3 48.3 See also ( edit ) Canada portal Book : Canada Canada Health Act Canada Health Transfer Canada Health and Social Transfer Canada 's Health Care providers , 2007 Canadian and American health care systems compared Chronic disease in Northern Ontario Health care compared - tabular comparisons of the US , Canada , and other countries not shown above . EvidenceNetwork.ca Evidence Network of Canadian Health Policy Indian Health Transfer Policy ( Canada ) Medicare ( Canada ) Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada Suicide in Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Civilization.ca - History of Canadian Medicare - 1958 - 1968 - The Medical Care Act , 1966 '' . ^ Jump up to : Public vs. private health care CBC , December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hébert , Chantal ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Harper 's decade in power was a game - changer in Quebec : Hébert '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Canada Health Act '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five things Canadians get wrong about the health system '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Exploring the 70 / 30 Split : How Canada 's Health Care System Is Financed '' ( PDF ) . The Canadian Institute for Health Information . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Health - Redirect '' . gov.bc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Provincial / Territorial Role in Health '' . Jump up ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/philpott-provinces-hit-impasse-over-health-funding/article32434450/ Jump up ^ Melissa Leong ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Does your province cover the cost of infertility treatments ? '' . Financial Post . Jump up ^ `` PSHCP Bulletin 17 '' ( PDF ) . The Public Service Health Care Plan Bulletin ( 17 ) : 2 . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Russia may introduce free prescription drugs '' . Jump up ^ `` Canadian medicare needs an Rx '' . umanitoba.ca . Jump up ^ `` Why , in a sea of pink , are so many cancer patients in the red ? '' . thestar.com. 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ CIHI p. 91 Jump up ^ Cara . `` Canada 's Premiers - The pan-Canadian Pharmaceutical Alliance '' . conseildelafederation.ca . Jump up ^ `` Canadian doctor total at record high '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Barer & Evans : What doctor shortage ? '' . Jump up ^ `` More health specialists not the answer to health system woes '' . umanitoba.ca . Jump up ^ `` Maria Mathews : Calling all country doctors '' . Jump up ^ `` Total health spending in Canada reaches $242 billion '' . Canadian Institute for Health Information . 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Spending on drugs is expected to outpace spending on hospitals and doctors . Jump up ^ `` Public health care scores big in poll as MDs study privatization '' . Healthzone.ca. 2009 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Canada overwhelmingly supports public health care '' . Nupge.ca. 2009 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians prefer Obama over own leaders : poll - CTV News '' . CTV.ca . June 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind the anecdotes : Do Canadians like their health - care system ? '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind the anecdotes : Do Canadians like their health - care system ? '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Healthcare System Ratings : U.S. , Great Britain , Canada '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : CIHI p. xiv Jump up ^ CIHI p. 119 Jump up ^ `` 404 Page Not Found / Document non trouvé '' . gov.on.ca . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacInnes JK , McAlister VC . Myopia of healthcare reform using business models . Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can 2001 ; 34 : 20 - 2 ^ Jump up to : CIHI p. xiii Jump up ^ `` Ontario Ministry of Health and Long - Term Care - Public Information - Ontario Health Insurance Plan - Ohip Facts - Ambulance Services Billing '' . Jump up ^ CIHI pg. 119 Jump up ^ https://www.cihi.ca/en/nhex_infosheet_2013_en.pdf Jump up ^ Canada 's health care spending growth slows . Canadian Institute for Health Information ( CIHI ) . Retrieved : 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ CIHI p. 55 Jump up ^ `` Canadian health - care spending to top $180 B '' . CBC News . 2009 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ CIHI p. 20 Jump up ^ CIHI p. 112 - 113 Jump up ^ Ernie Lightman , 2003 Social policy in Canada Toronto : Oxford University Press pg 130 - 131 Jump up ^ CIHI Jump up ^ Silversides , Ann ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` The North `` like Darfur '' `` . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 177 : 1013 -- 4 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 071359 . PMC 2025628 . PMID 17954876 . Jump up ^ Gao , Song ; et al. ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Access to health care among status Aboriginal people with chronic kidney disease '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 179 : 1007 -- 12 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 080063 . PMC 2572655 . PMID 18981441 . Jump up ^ Peiris , David ; Alex Brown ; BMed MPH ; Alan Cass ; MBBS PhD ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Addressing inequities in access to quality health care for indigenous people '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 179 : 985 -- 6 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 081445 . PMC 2572646 . PMID 18981431 . Jump up ^ Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries OECD Health Project , 2004 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Steinbrook ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` Private Health Care in Canada , '' . N Engl J Med. 354 : 1661 -- 1664 . doi : 10.1056 / nejmp068064 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Clifford ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) . `` As Canada 's Slow - Motion Public Health System Falters , Private Medical Care Is Surging '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CBC News Indepth : Health Care '' . CBC News . 2006 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Health resources - Doctors . OECD Data . ^ Jump up to : Health resources - Nurses . OECD Data . ^ Jump up to : `` Que . doctors lagging in fee - for - service payments '' . Ctv.ca . December 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Terence Corcoran ( November 9 , 2004 ) . `` ONTARIO DOCTORS SOLD OUT AGAIN '' ( PDF ) . National Post . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ont . doctors get 12.25 per cent wage hike '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Obstetrician shortage endangers moms , babies : report says '' . CTV.ca . December 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Medical Association '' . Cma.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` About CMA '' . Cma.ca. 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Naylor , C David ( 1986 ) . Private Practice , Public Payment : Canadian Medicine and the Politics of Health Insurance 1911 - 1966 . Kingston , Ontario : McGill - Queen 's University Press . Jump up ^ `` HEAL home page '' . Physiotherapy.ca . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Private health - care advocate wins CMA presidency '' . CBC.ca. 2006 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Healthy Canadians : Canadian government report on comparable health care indicators '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Diagnostic tests defined as the following : non-emergency magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) devices ; computed tomography ( CT or CAT ) scans ; and angiographies that use X-rays to examine the inner opening of blood - filled structures such as veins and arteries . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Your Turn : Wait Times for Health Care in Canada , 2015 Report '' . 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Fund Survey 2016 '' . Canadian Institute for Health Information . The Commonwealth Fund . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Fund , `` Mirror , Mirror on the Wall : An International update on the comparative performance of American health care '' , Karen Davis et al. , May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krauss , Clifford ( 2006 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Canada 's Private Clinics Surge as Public System Falters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Check '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Provincial Median Wait Times in British Columbia - mostly 6 weeks or fewer Archived October 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ontario Health Coalition - Home '' . Web.net . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2001 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Waiting for access , CBC News : In Depth : Health Care , November 29 , 2006 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Media release Canada 's New Government announces Patient Wait Times Guarantees Archived December 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Office of the Prime Minister , April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , CMAJ : More Hospitals Choosing Wisely , June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Huffington Post : How to Reduce Wait Times in Canadian Health Care , May 16th , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 20 / 20 , `` Sick in America '' , ABC News , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Hidden costs of Canada 's Health Care System '' . Independent.org. 2004 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wait Times Tables : A Comparison by Province 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wright , Charles J. ( October 26 , 1998 ) . `` Waiting Lists in Canada and the Potential Effects of Private Access to Health Care Services : Report prepared for the Department of Justice , Canada '' . ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , Anthony ( January -- February 1991 ) . `` Health Assurance '' ( PDF ) . In Health . 5 ( 1 ) . pp. 39 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Canadian Institute for Health Information ( September 27 , 2005 ) . CIHI exploring the 70 - 30 split . Ottawa , Ont. : Canadian Institute for Health Information . ISBN 1 - 55392 - 655 - 2 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2006 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec groups worried about overbilling take legal action '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Cernetig , Miro ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` B.C. gov 't gets tough with private clinic '' . Vancouver Sun . CanWest News Service . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec groups worried about overbilling take legal action '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the nearly eight - year long fight of Brian Day , the doctor who would free Canadians from medicare '' . National Post . 2016 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , S.J. ; Cardiff , K. ; Pascali , M. ; Barer , M.L. ; Evans , R.G. ( 2002 ) . `` Phantoms in the Snow : Canadians ' Use of Health Care Services in the United States '' . Health Affairs . 21 ( 3 ) : 19 -- 31 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 21.3. 19 . PMID 12025983 . Jump up ^ Barua , Bacchus ; Ren , Feixue . `` Leaving Canada for Medical Care , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Fraser Institute Bulletin . Fraser Institute . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ultimate in two - tier health care '' . Montreal Gazette ( editorial ) . 2010 - 02 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Levant , Ezra ( 2002 - 01 - 15 ) . `` PM proves health care not equal for all Canadians '' . Calgary Herald ( column ) . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stronach went to U.S. for cancer treatment : report '' . CTV.ca . September 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBC News : Sunday - Belinda Stronach Interview '' . 2005 - 04 - 07 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rationing Health Care : Price Controls Are Hazardous to Our Health The Independent Institute , February 1 , 1994 Jump up ^ Heart surgery to sideline N.L. premier for weeks , CBC News , February 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Some Canadian mothers forced to give birth in U.S. KOMO - TV - Seattle , Washington News '' . Komo - Tv. April 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calgary , The ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Calgary 's quads : Born in the U.S.A '' . Canada.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canada ( 2008 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Health '' . Toronto : Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Tanya Talaga ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` Patients suing province over wait times : Man , woman who could n't get quick treatment travelled to U.S. to get brain tumours removed '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Lindsay McCreith , 66 , of Newmarket and Shona Holmes , 43 , of Waterdown filed a joint statement of claim yesterday against the province of Ontario . Both say their health suffered because they are denied the right to access care outside of Ontario 's `` government - run monopolistic '' health - care system . They want to be able to buy private health insurance . Jump up ^ Sam Solomon ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` New lawsuit threatens Ontario private care ban : `` Ontario Chaoulli '' case seeks to catalyze healthcare reform `` . National Review of Medicine . 4 ( 16 ) . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-medicare ad an exaggeration : experts '' . CBC News . July 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ian Welsh ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Americans Lives vs. Insurance Company Profits : The Real Battle in Health Care Reform '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Omar Islam , MD , FRCP ( C ) ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Rathke Cleft Cyst '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Morgan , Steven ; Hurley , Jeremiah ( 2004 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Internet pharmacy : prices on the up - and - up '' . CMAJ. 170 ( 6 ) : 945 -- 946 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 104001 . PMC 359422 . PMID 15023915 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ US cannabis refugees cross border The Guardian July 20 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions : What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist ? '' . The Ontario Psychological Association . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . The practice of most psychiatrists in Ontario is focused on prescribing medications and consulting with family physicians , psychologists and other health professionals . Jump up ^ `` Canada Health Act Exclusion of Certain Psychiatric Services Draws Attention '' . Canadian Psychiatric Association . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Myth : Medicare covers all necessary health services '' . Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions : Who pays for psychological treatment ? '' . The Ontario Psychological Association . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HST Update '' ( PDF ) . Ontario Society of Psychotherapists . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is covered under the AHCIP '' . Alberta Health . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Directory ( of drug rehab centers by province ) '' . Drug Rehab Services ( a nonprofit organization ) . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Troubled cops need more government help , mental health experts say '' . CBC . October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Occupational Therapy ( OT ) '' . pt Health . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get physiotherapy : Get government - funded physiotherapy '' . ontario.ca . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Rebecca ( 24 July 2014 ) . `` Sex - reassignment surgeries funded in all but two provinces - But gaps remain in which surgeries covered where for trans Canadians '' . Daily Xtra . Pink Triangle Press . It was a series of government blunders that led to the funding of gender - confirming surgeries ( GCS , also referred to as sex - reassignment surgery ) in Nova Scotia this year . Jump up ^ `` Sex Reassignment Surgery '' . health.gov.on.ca . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assistive Devices Program '' . ontario.ca . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility aids '' . ontario.ca . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada Health Act - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studying , Working or Travelling to Another Province or Territory Within Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How do I resume my health care coverage when returning to Canada following a lengthy absence ? '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do I need private health care coverage when travelling within Canada ? '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Phyllida Brown ( 2002 - 01 - 26 ) . `` WHO to revise its method for ranking health systems '' . BMJ. 324 ( 7331 ) : 190b . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 324.7331. 190b . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Deber , Raisa ( 2004 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Why Did the World Health Organization Rate Canada 's Health System as 30th ? Some Thoughts on League Tables '' . Longwoods Review . 2 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . The measure of `` overall health system performance '' derives from adjusting `` goal attainment '' for educational attainment . Although goal attainment is in theory based on five measures ( level and distribution of health , level and distribution of `` responsiveness '' and `` fairness of financial contribution '' ) , the actual values assigned to most countries , including Canada , were never directly measured . The scores do not incorporate any information about the actual workings of the system , other than as reflected in life expectancy . The primary reason for Canada 's low standing rests on the high educational level of its population , particularly as compared to France , rather than on any features of its health system . Jump up ^ OECD Health Data 2007 : How Does Canada Compare Archived June 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , OECD , July 2007 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Media release , Health care spending to reach $160 billion this year Archived December 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Canadian Institute for Health Information , November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Office of health Economics . `` International Comparison of Medicines Usage : Quantitative Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Health Care : The Romanow Report - By the Numbers '' ( Saturday , Feb. 4 , 2006 ) globeandmail.com `` . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . 2006 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . `` OECD Health Data 2008 : How Does Canada Compare '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated statistics from a 2009 report '' . Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development . September 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Health Data 2009 - Frequently Requested Data '' . Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development . 2010 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barua , Bacchus ; Hasan , Sazid ; Timmermans , Ingrid ( 21 September 2017 ) , Comparing Performance of Universal Health Care Countries , 2017 , Fraser Institute , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88975 - 464 - 5 , retrieved 26 November 2017 Jump up ^ Life expectancy at birth . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Jump up ^ Mortality rate , under - 5 ( per 1,000 live births ) . World Bank Data . World Development Indicators . World DataBank . Jump up ^ Global , regional , and national levels of maternal mortality , 1990 -- 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 . October 8 , 2016 . The Lancet . Volume 388 . 1775 -- 1812 . See table of countries on page 1784 of the PDF . Jump up ^ Health workforce . Density of physicians . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Jump up ^ Health workforce . Density of nursing and midwifery personnel . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . ^ Jump up to : Health expenditure and financing . OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) . Choose from dropdown menus . Jump up ^ Health expenditure , total ( % of GDP ) . World Bank Data . World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database . Jump up ^ Health Financing . General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Jump up ^ Health expenditure , public ( % of total health expenditure ) . World Bank Data . World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database . Bibliography CIHI 2009 `` secure.cihi.ca '' ( pdf ) . Canadian Institute for Health Information . Further reading ( edit ) Caulfield , Timothy A ; Von Tigerstrom , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Health care reform & the law in Canada : meeting the challenge . University of Alberta Press . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 366 - 7 . Fierlbeck , Katherine ( 2011 ) . Health Care in Canada : A Citizen 's Guide to Policy and Politics . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0983 - 9 . Jacobs , Philip ; Jonsson , Egon ; Rapoport , John ( 2008 ) . Cost Containment and Efficiency in National Health Systems : A Global Comparison . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 32110 - 0 . Institute , John Deutsch ( 2006 ) . Study of Economic Policy Health Services Restructuring in Canada Conference . Economic Policy , Queen 's University . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55339 - 075 - 6 . Marchildon , Gregory P ( 2006 ) . Health systems in transition : Canada . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9400 - 1 . Raphael , Dennis ( 2007 ) . Poverty and Policy in Canada : Implications for Health and Quality of Life . Canadian Scholars ' Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 323 - 9 Mullner , Ross M ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of health services research . SAGE . pp. 559 -- 562 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 7194 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Canadian Federalism and Public Health Care : The Evolution of Federal - Provincial Relations Mapleleafweb.com CBC Digital Archives -- The Birth of Medicare Canadian Health Services Research Foundation Data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information National Health Expenditure Database Exploring the 70 / 30 Split : How Canada 's Health Care System Is Financed National Physician Database <Th_colspan="2"> Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Health in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&oldid=817681624 '' Categories : Health in Canada Healthcare by country Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages فارسی 日本 語 Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 22 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Healthcare system in Canada
2. Medicare and publicly funded healthcare
3. Coverage and benefits in the Canadian healthcare system
4. Government involvement and private sector participation
5. Physicians and medical organizations in Canada
|
8,630,522,747,254,078,000 |
who plays the detective in garage sale mysteries
|
Garage Sale mystery - wikipedia Garage Sale mystery Garage Sale Mystery is an American / Canadian mystery film series starring Lori Loughlin as Jennifer Shannon . It airs on Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in the US , Bravo in Canada and Channel 5 in the UK occasionally as part of the weekday films . As of August 26 , 2018 , 15 films have aired since the 2013 debut . It is executive produced by Loughlin , Michael Shepard , and Peter DeLuise , who are also executive producers on the Hallmark television series When Calls the Heart . The series follows the story of antiques dealer Jennifer ( Loughlin ) who has a knack for finding crimes . Her eye for details leads her to help solving these crimes even if it puts her own life in danger . Contents 1 Cast 2 Films 3 Background 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Lori Loughlin as Jennifer `` Jenn '' Shannon series protagonist who runs an antiques shop called Rags to Riches . Steve Bacic as Jason Shannon , Jennifer 's engineer husband ( Rick Ravanello played the role in the first film ) Eva Bourne as Hannah Shannon , Jennifer 's daughter ( Sara Canning played the role in the first film ) Connor Stanhope as Logan Shannon , Jennifer and Jason 's son ( Brendan Meyer played the role in films # 1 -- 4 ) Sarah Strange as Danielle / `` Dani '' , Jennifer 's business partner and co-owner of Rags to Riches Kevin O'Grady as Detective Frank Lynwood , a friend of Jennifer Films ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Garage Sale Mystery '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) September 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jennifer notices that several rich houses are robbed right after they have garage sales , including one woman who ends up dead , apparently from accidentally falling down the stairs , but Jennifer suspects foul play . She convinces Detective Adam Iverson to accompany her to some garage sales , and they do turn up some suspects for the robberies , but no evidence emerges for the murder . Jennifer eventually finds the murderer . `` Garage Sale Mystery : All that Glitters '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) October 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jennifer Shannon ( Lori Loughlin ) has a gift for finding rare treasures hidden in garage sales that she can resell at her consignment store , Rags to Riches . When Jennifer 's friend and self - storage facility owner Martin ( Michael Kopsa ) turns up murdered just hours after auctioning off an abandoned storage unit full of unique items , she is immediately pulled into the investigation as a key eyewitness . Working with Detective Lynwood ( Kevin O'Grady ) , Jennifer helps single out a disgruntled customer as the prime suspect , while she and her business partner , Danielle ( Sarah Strange ) , sift through boxes from the auction . As her husband Jason ( Steve Bacic ) worries about her safety , there is a break - in at her store , and a run - in with Martin 's angry widow . Then , Jennifer and Danielle discover their new merchandise contains the sparkly evidence they needed all along to nail the surprising real culprit , and they must race to save a life and put their own on the line . `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Deadly Room '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="5"> A real estate agent sleeps all night in one of her listings to prove that it is not cursed but ends up dead . `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Wedding Dress '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jennifer finds an old but expensive wedding dress in a box of clothes purchased at an estate sale . She finds a blood stain on a pocket and investigation turns up Helen Carter , the bride , together with the story that the groom disappeared between the wedding and the reception after the wedding . Jennifer doggedly pursues the mystery and , using Luminol , determines that there were still blood stains inside a closet in the storage room of the church . She persuades Ted to confess to murder , but then Helen confesses her role in the murder . Helen 's actions are ruled justified and she is not charged . Helen and Ted renew their romance after a gap of 35 years . 5 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Guilty Until Proven Innocent '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Sandra ( Kirsten Robek ) , a former friend of Jennifer 's , comes to Rags to Riches offering to sell all of her antiques from her store Past Perfect asking for no payment up front and only 20 % of any sale Jennifer makes . At Sandra 's store in Madison , Jennifer discovers a basement filled with beautiful antiques , and they find the body of Sandra 's former fiance , Michael Chambers ( Frank Zotter ) , whom Sandra thought had left her for another woman when he had disappeared two years ago . An investigation ensues under local Sheriff Conners ( Panou ) . Jennifer must find out the truth to prove Sandra 's innocence . Then she meets recently widowed Kimberly Colette Baumaine ( Aliyah O'Brien ) who comes to Jennifer 's store to sell her late husband 's antiques and the pieces begin to fall into place . 6 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Novel Murders '' Norma Bailey Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) June 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="5"> There is a series of murders , each one taken out of a mystery novel . First , Art Henley ( John Innes ) is murdered , following the Agatha Christie crime novel Three Act Tragedy . Second , Gerry McNally ( Alex Zahara ) is murdered , following Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes novel , A Study in Scarlet . Third , Myles Fowler ( Gerard Plunkett ) is murdered , loosely following the mystery novel The Circular Staircase . 7 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Art of Murder '' Kristoffer Tabori Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) January 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="5"> While setting up a charity garage sale , Jennifer Shannon discovers a body in the attic of a nearby home . Using her eye for detail as well as her experience with antiques and murder , Jennifer puts together clues that help catch a killer . 8 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Beach Murder '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jennifer 's friend and customer Anne 's ( Chiara Zanni ) husband is found dead at an isolated beach and his death is suspected to be an accidental drowning . But Anne suspects foul play convinced that her avid surfer husband Steve was murdered . Steve 's brother Todd ( Ben Cotton ) is a prime suspect when Steve 's business partner Mitch ( Michael Teigen ) is also attacked but he is soon found dead deepening the mystery . A local surfer with a criminal past had vandalized Steve 's car and is soon arrested . With the clues still not adding up , Jennifer works with Detective Lynwood to uncover the truth . Meanwhile , a smitten Logan decides to try his hand at theater to be cast opposite his crush . Jennifer and Dani try to reconcile a couple who try selling each other 's memorabilia to the store . 9 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Murder by Text '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="5"> A bass player is found dead before a planned tour with a big country singer . 10 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Murder Most Medieval '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jenn finds the body of a local college history professor hidden in a suit of armor she purchased . After the professor 's teaching assistant becomes the next victim , Jennifer finds herself caught in a killer 's web of dangerous lies . 11 `` Garage Sale Mystery : A Case of Murder '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="5"> After buying an old reel - to - reel recorder at a garage sale , Jenn discovers that it includes the sound of a man pleading for his life . An audio repair shop leads her to find the owner Dr. Veders only he is has died of stab wounds . The devoted psychologist worked with a group of patients at a local community center and had retired the day he was later murdered . An unhappy wife and a group of abandoned patients make for a long list of suspects but when one of them turns up dead , Jenn and Detective Lynwood must find the killer before Jenn 's life is in danger . 12 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Pandora 's Box Murders '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Kraig X . Wenman ( teleplay ) August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jennifer comes in contact with a mysterious puzzle box that belonged to the Andronicus family , real estate developers whose latest project is unpopular with the townsfolk . The box goes missing , and some of the Andronicus family mysteriously die just days apart . Her curiosity piqued , Jennifer embarks on her own unorthodox investigation of the murders . 13 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Mask Murder '' Mel Damski Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Kraig Wenman August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="5"> When Jennifer buys a storage locker at auction , she discovers a dead body inside , along with a mask matching the deceased woman . 14 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Picture a Murder '' Neill Fearnley Patrick Kevin Day , Andrew Hanson August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jenn gets the photos in an antique camera from the estate of a recently deceased and seemingly wealthy photography enthusiast printed . One of the pictures leads her to believe that the man 's death was anything but accidental . 15 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Murder in D Minor '' Neill Fearnley John Whelpley August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jenn puts the winning bid on a vintage Welte - Mignon player piano at the estate auction of a wealthy philanthropist , but soon discovers that the late owner may have led a less - than - charitable life before being murdered . Background ( edit ) The series started an adaptation of a two - part book series by author Suzi Weinert : Garage Sale Stalker and Garage Sale Diamonds . Broadcast ( edit ) The films were originally Hallmark Channel projects until broadcast on other stations . Bravo ( Canada ) aired the entire hexalogy in July 2016 and the expanded entire eleven movies in September 2017 . Channel 5 ( UK ) broadcast the 7th film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lori Loughlin Begins Production On ' Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters ' , A Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Original Movie Premiering in October '' . broadcastingcable.com . August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lori Loughlin Stars in ' Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters ' , A Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Original World Premiere October 26 '' . TVbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Movie Goodness Preview : Hallmark Movies & Mysteries ' Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters ( VIDEO and PHOTOS ) '' . TVGoodness.com . October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters '' . IMDB . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local writer 's Garage Sale Mystery filmed for Hallmark Movie Channel '' . Phil Jason Reviews Books . 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood North : Deadpool too naughty for China ? '' . Vancouver Sun . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies 24 Sets Premiere Date For ' Garage Sale Mystery : Guilty Until Proven Innocent ' '' . TVWise.co.uk . February 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Garage Sale Mystery on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Deadly Room on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Wedding Dress on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Guilty Until Proven Innocent on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Novel Murders on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Art of Murder on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Beach Murder on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Murder by Text on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Murder Most Medieval on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : A Case of Murder on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Pandora 's Box on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Mask Murder on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Picture A Murder on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Murder In D Minor on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garage_Sale_Mystery&oldid=864882618 '' Categories : Hallmark Channel original films American films American film series American mystery films Canadian films Canadian film series Canadian mystery films Canadian television films Films based on American novels Films shot in British Columbia Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 04 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Garage Sale Mystery film series
2. Lori Loughlin as Jennifer Shannon
3. Antiques dealer Jennifer Shannon
4. Solving crimes through garage sales
5. Hallmark Movies & Mysteries
|
-6,310,902,397,286,091,000 |
who is the guy that follows afro samurai
|
List of Afro Samurai characters - wikipedia List of Afro Samurai characters Jump to : navigation , search This is the list of the characters that appear in the 2007 manga and anime miniseries Afro Samurai , the television film Afro Samurai : Resurrection , the video game adaption , and other related media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Afro Samurai 1.2 Ninja Ninja 1.3 Jinnosuke / `` Kuma '' 2 Antagonists 2.1 The Empty Seven 2.2 Otsuru / `` Okiku '' 2.3 Dharman 2.4 Afro - Droid 2.5 Justice 2.6 Lady Sio 2.6. 1 Bin 2.6. 2 Michael 2.6. 3 Tomoe 3 Other characters 3.1 Rokutaro 3.2 Sword Master 3.3 Shichigoro 3.4 Kotaro 3.5 Takimoto 4 Minor characters 5 Video game characters Main characters ( edit ) Afro Samurai ( edit ) Child Afro Samurai Voiced by : Crystal Scales ( anime ) , Kari Wahlgren ( video game ) Teenager Afro Samurai Voiced by : Phil LaMarr Adult Afro Samurai Voiced by : Samuel L. Jackson Afro Samurai is the main protagonist of the series , who mourns for his father as a child and wears the Number Two headband on a quest to kill Justice and reclaim the Number One . As an adult , he often smoke hand - rolled cigarettes , drinks lemonade , and has a deep calm voice . Ninja Ninja ( edit ) Voiced by : Samuel L. Jackson Ninja Ninja is Afro 's partner , who mostly speaks in a normal voice while Afro refuses to reply conversations . Ninja Ninja wears a ninja motif and a white hair . As the series progresses , Ninja Ninja watches Afro seeking vengeance . At the beginning of Episode 5 , it is revealed that Kuma apparently kills Ninja Ninja who saves Afro . About halfway through the episode , Afro confronts Justice who states that he watched him shed his `` imaginary friend . '' In the collector 's DVD , interviews with the staff and writers concede that Ninja Ninja is indeed imaginary . However , even though Ninja Ninja is `` imaginary , '' he appears to have some form of presence in the real world , as well . When Brother 2 of the Empty Seven spies on Afro , Ninja Ninja can be clearly seen from Brother 2 's point of view through the binoculars . Ninja Ninja also interacts with items around him constantly such as catching Afro 's spliff in his mouth , moving a hanging pillar inside Otsuru 's home , putting Otsuru 's comb into Afro 's hair , eating the food that was intended for Afro given by Brother 3 ( as seen in the Director 's cut ) , and throwing the Afro - Droid 's microchip at Afro to cut in two . The idea of Ninja Ninja having at least a partial existence in reality is once again brought into light when he is ' killed ' by Kuma . Because Kuma was such a skilled warrior and had the intent to cut down Afro on the sword strike that killed Ninja Ninja , it would seem odd that he would pause from his attack and have a conversation with Afro if there was not a reason to give pause which strengthens the idea that he was taken aback by Ninja Ninja 's sacrifice before attacking Afro again . Additionally supporting his real world presence is the scene in the video game in which he knocks the hand of one of the Empty Seven off of a ledge , killing him , as is the scene after Sword Master 's death in which one of the many clones of Ninja Ninja grabs Sword Master 's mouth and moves it up in down , pretending he is a puppet . At the series website , Ninja Ninja appears in the background behind Afro during the final seconds of the trailer . How he managed to return for the sequel after being `` killed '' has yet to be revealed , but his return does imply that he was in fact imaginary . In the video game , Afro battles Ninja Ninja in his mind in order to regain his humanity which he lost as a result of being the Number Two . Jinnosuke / `` Kuma '' ( edit ) Voiced by : Yuri Lowenthal Jinnosuke is a swordsman wearing a cybernetic teddy bear helmet ( the same design as Otsuru 's teddy bear from their time as children in their dojo ) earning him the nickname `` Kuma , '' ( Bear in Japanese ) . He wears black keikogi , hakama and toe strapping metal geta sandals , and wields twin katanas . He also considers Afro Samurai to be his best friend and brother . In the series , he blames Afro for killing their master and even taking the Number Two headband . Jinno mourns for the others from the dojo , suffers his wounds at the Midnight Battle Under the Bodhi Tree and falls from the cliff . He is rescued by Dharman who creates his robotic body . Afro seemingly destroys his life - support system to defeat Jinno , but he recovers his body , straps it with the rest of all ranked headbands as bandages and sees to fight with Afro who wears the Number 1 headband . In Afro Samurai : Resurrection , he works with her younger sister Sio , who lived with her foster parents as a child . Jinno shortly had muted his voice and can not conversed with Sio , until Rokutaro seemingly kills Afro . Jinno and Sio are impaled and killed by Rokutaro , before Jinno 's electricity from his robotic body travels through Sio 's blood and resurrects Afro . In the video game , Jinno 's transformation into Kuma is not explained , and does not recognize Afro after confrontation . He recovers his memory of the schoolyard massacre as the two battle each other , and then appears to die at the conclusion . Antagonists ( edit ) The Empty Seven ( edit ) Brother 1 Voiced by : Phil LaMarr Brother 2 Voiced by : John DiMaggio Brother 3 Voiced by : Phil LaMarr ( Afro Samurai ) , Jeff Bennett ( Afro Samurai : Resurrection ) Brother 4 Voiced by : Terrence C. Carson Brother 5 Voiced by : Phil LaMarr Brother 6 Voiced by : Greg Eagles The Empty Seven ( 無 無 坊主 ) is a group of six monks who believe that attaining both ancient headbands will lead to immortality and godhood . They employ robots and mercenaries to do their dirty work , since the monks themselves have greatly inferior fighting skills when compared to Afro and Justice possibly due to their age difference . Brothers 1 through 5 look like identical wizened old men with long beards , dressed in robes with some other accessories : Brother 1 was the apparent leader of the Clan ( although such an authority was never outright stated ) . His personality and mannerisms were a mixture of an Evangelical preacher and a street pimp . He was almost always seen with an almost nude beautiful woman at his side . As with most of the Clan , he was a wizened old man with a long beard and has a prosthetic gold left arm ( which can be switched out for a machine gun ) . In an attempt to ambush Afro from atop the elevator leading to Kuma following the Afro Droid 's destruction , Brother 1 ended up being paralyzed and held in a stretcher with a catheter by Brother 3 making him the only monk to fight Afro directly and lose but survive . Brother One 's woman is seen in Afro Samurai : Resurrection working as a stripper in Brother 3 's gambling house at which she excels perfectly . Brother 2 was the eyes of the Clan often seen scoping out Afro from a distance with a pair of high - tech binoculars . Usually Brother 6 was shown assisting him . All of his observations of Afro during his reconnaissance were reported to Brother 1 via cell phone . In combat , he was shown to use an extending Buddhist staff or kunai . When Otsuru turns against the Empty Seven for Afro 's sake , it was Brother 2 who stabbed and killed her . Later when he was lying in wait to kill Afro , Afro surprises him from behind by swiftly poking his eyes and shoving his binoculars deep into the wounds . Likely the brutal manner of his execution was out of revenge for Otsuru . Brother 3 was unusual among the clan because he was the most laid - back of the brothers . While the other Brothers would plot Afro 's death , Brother 3 was usually content to face away off in the corner , listening to his circumaural headphones and bobbing to the music . During the few times that he actually spoke , he was shown to have a Southern US accent . He seemed to have a much more pacifistic approach than his comrades regarding decisions . When deliberating on which assassin to choose to kill Afro , rather than settle things through violence Brother 3 suggested looking at their individual credentials . Later when Afro invaded the Empty Seven 's temple , he was waiting by the door with tea and rice crackers prepared while calmly chanting Hachimaki o kudasai , ( Japanese for `` headband please . '' ) simply asking for the Number Two Headband , rather than attempting combat for it . Afro did n't take the rice and tea offered to him , but Ninja Ninja did . Because of this , Brother 3 survived while the other monks were killed and injured . In Afro Samurai : Resurrection , Brother 3 uses the dice remote controller to change numbers , but Afro disqualifies him cheating the game . Brother 4 was a gruff deep - voiced monk in a green robe who usually carried a Buddhist staff and wore a metal kasa . He was usually seen side - by - side with Brother 5 . In combat , Brother 4 's weapon of choice was a sansetsukon . When determining which assassin would face Afro , Brother 4 insisted that Ivanov the Russian was the obvious choice which led to an argument with Brother 5 who held opposing views and felt Foo from China was more capable . Brother 1 settled the issue by suggesting a battle royale , an idea which greatly appealed to both 4 & 5 . Later after Brother 6 's defeat at Afro 's hands , Brothers 4 & 5 launched out from where they were concealed in Brother 6 's backpack and attempted to gang up on Afro from both sides . This tactic failed miserably and both monks were easily killed . Brother 5 was the arrogant and sadistic monk who wore a plain white robe , regularly smoked a long pipe , and spoke with a high squeaky voice . In combat , Brother 4 's weapon of choice was a jian ( in the manga , he wields a tantō ) . When determining which assassin would face Afro , Brother 4 insisted that Ivanov the Russian was the obvious choice which led to an argument with Brother 5 who held opposing views and felt Foo from China was more capable . Brother 1 settled the issue by suggesting a battle royale , an idea which greatly appealed to both 4 & 5 . Later after Brother 6 's defeat at Afro 's hands , Brothers 4 & 5 launched out from where they were concealed in Brother 6 's backpack and attempted to gang up on Afro from both sides . This tactic failed miserably and both monks were easily killed . In the manga , Afro Samurai kicks Brother 5 over the waterfall and is later found dead in the water face down . Brother 6 was a large , muscled individual with cold inhuman eyes in monk regalia who wore a metal kasa . He was the only Brother who did n't resemble an old monk with a long beard . As mentioned in the manga , his true name is Rokutaro and he is the youngest of the Empty 7 . Violent and impulsive , Brother 6 never hesitated to use excessive force in his actions . In combat , he wielded a long Buddhist staff and a backpack holding a variety of weapons , including a rocket - propelled grenade launcher and a flame thrower . Brother 6 was the man who rescued Jinnosuke and Otsuru from the brink of death , but regarding Jinnosuke felt it would have been more merciful to just let him die . He was the one to burn down Otsuru 's home and blew up the bridge after Afro 's initial confrontation with Afro Droid ( much to Brother 1 's displeasure ) . When that tactic failed , Brother 6 fought Afro one - on - one . He proved a difficult opponent and when defeated held Afro 's sword within his body , disarming the samurai so that Brothers 4 & 5 could have the advantage over Afro . In the video game , Brother 7 is said be God himself and that one becomes a God by sacrificing the other six Brothers where they each fell into the rotating blades . Brother 2 does this while attempting to use Afro to take his place . However , Afro Samurai defeats the rest of the brothers , after his fight with Jinno while Brother 3 throws his own blood into the rotating blades before leaving the rest to the Empty Seven 's robots . Otsuru / `` Okiku '' ( edit ) Okiku Voiced by : Kelly Hu Otsuru Voiced by : Tara Strong ( anime ) , Lexi Jourdan ( video game ) Otsuro is a young woman who specializes in the art of healing , cooking and adores fireworks . As a child , she meets Afro in the shrine after he lost the Number Two headband , and took him to the Sword Master 's dojo . That night , Otsuru finds herself to witness that the rest of the assassins and the Sword Master 's pupils are killed . Otsuru survives and joins up with the Empty Seven Clan as an agent working for Brother 1 . Years later , Otsuru saves to recover Afro , who survives Soshun 's poisonous crossbow infection and Brother 6 's RPG explosion on the cliff . Though Otusuru changes her name to `` Okiku '' , she spends time with Afro at the bamboo forest . She uses her unique ability to siphon memories from anyone 's dream and copies Afro 's sword style for the Afro Droid . She attempts to kill Afro , but she realizes her mistake . Brother 2 then kills Otsuru for helping Afro and betraying the Empty Seven . In the video game adaptation , Okiku is the assassin who works for the Empty Seven Clan . Brother 2 and Brother 6 later kill her for helping Afro avoid getting captured and after falling in love with him . Dharman ( edit ) Voiced by : Phil LaMarr ( normal version ) , S. Scott Bullock ( Director 's Cut version and `` Afro Samurai : Resurrection '' ) Dharman is an insane cyborg scientist employed by the Empty Seven Clan to build their machine - ninja army and the Afro - Droid . He repairs Jinnosuke 's body with his protective `` Teddy Bear '' helmet . His name comes from the fact that he closely resembles a Japanese Dharma doll . When Afro defeats Jinnosuke , it is likely that Dharman was the one who repaired and rebuilt him . He was assumed by many fans to be Brother # 7 , as indicated when Brother # 1 refers to him as `` brother , '' but the official site states that this is in fact not the case . He also does not like to think of himself as part of the group , referring to them in the third person in the second - to - last chapter . In Afro Samurai : Resurrection , Dharman works for Sio in her vicious plan to get revenge on Afro . Using advanced bio-technology , he is able to create a clone of Afro 's father from a jawbone that Sio stole from the warrior 's grave . He rebuilds Sio 's foster family members Bin , Michael and Tomoe into cybernetic warriors . Dharman is aroused by Sio 's seductive beauty and sadistic nature as she toys with him although he scolds her for interrupting Rokutaro 's resurrection process . Before resurrecting Rokutaro , Sio stabs to kill Dharman for insisting her henchmen into fighting with Afro . Afro - Droid ( edit ) The Afro - Droid is a semi-sentient robot copy of Afro Samurai created by the Empty Seven Clan . Otsuru created it from combat data siphoned from Afro 's mind , and reproduces all of his learned techniques and abilities . While Afro Samurai and Afro - Droid are identical , Afro - Droid is equipped with guns , lasers and explosives . In the third episode after fighting through from the air to the ground , Afro destroys the robot and the memory chip . Justice ( edit ) Voiced by : Ron Perlman The villainous gunslinger who kills Rokutaro and take the Number One headband . At the end of the miniseries , he stays at the throne room to live at Mount Shumi where Afro cut his pair of arms along with the third one behind holding a sword for execution . After Justice regenerates himself and declare that all ranked headbands on corpses would remain there , Afro slices his body to smaller pieces . During interviews for the DVD , it is stated that Justice and Rokutaro were in fact part of the swordsmen and friends . However , their differing views on the headbands and how to end the violence plaguing the world eventually drove them apart , leading to the final confrontation between them . In the manga and video game , Afro discovers that Justice is long - dead at the lair . Afro forcingly confronts his guilt for revenge . Afro resists the sins to break free from his past and kill Justice . He also appears in Afro Samurai : Resurrection without speaking , one being crucified in Afro 's dream with Rokutaro and the other meets Takimoto in the afterlife . Lady Sio ( edit ) Adult Sio Voiced by : Lucy Liu Young Sio Voiced by : Ariel Winter Lady Sio is Jinno 's younger sister appearing in Afro Samurai Resurrection . She asks Jinno to kill Afro , but Jinno refuses , calling Afro `` his brother '' of the sword and had a stronger bond . Unlike Otsuru , Sio and her brother are orphans while Afro and Jinno went to train with the Sword Master , Sio apparently lives with her wealthy and powerful foster family who had their own castle and their replaced daughter who treats Sio as the princess . Sio dislikes and learns that when Afro was young , he killied them though the words of her servant , Tomoe , imply that their lands were destroyed in the chaos that after Afro takes the Number One headband , which means that her family 's death is not Afro 's fault . Rokutaro impales Sio and Jinno 's damaged body with the broken sword . Bin ( edit ) Voiced by : Mark Hamill Bin is Sio 's protector . When Sio was young , he was part of her foster family and always made people laugh because of the funny mask he wore . But after the town where he lived was destroyed ( Sio blames Afro for this event ) , he was almost killed and was reconstructed by the mad professor Dharman as a cybernetic fighter ( similar to Jinno 's situation ) . Now no longer laughing , but a hateful shell of the man he once was , he wears the same humorous Noh mask that he had in the past to conceal his robotic appearance . Bin usually carries a boom box that can fire metal spikes and is capable of turning his left hand into a blade and his right hand into a laser cannon as well as using his robotic feet to make huge leaps . He and the other henchmen despise Afro because they consider him responsible for their loss of humanity and desire to kill him in order to prevent Sio from becoming a murderer . After the other two henchmen are destroyed , he grabs Afro 's leg with his last strength and wants to detonate himself in order to kill him but Afro disposes of him by kicking his head off . Michael ( edit ) Similar to Bin , Michael was part of Sio 's foster family and used to entertain people by dressing in a dragon costume . He was also reconstructed by the scientist Dharman as a cyborg after he had suffered nearly fatal injuries . He wears a cloak and a red dragon mask which fires flames and rockets when it opens its mouth . After Afro dispatches the mask and the cloak covering his body , it is revealed that the only organic parts that are left from him are his head and torso , the rest of his body being cybernetic and having attached a pair of long , metallic chains and a huge machine gun on it . After his fellow henchman , Tomoe , grabs Afro and begs him to shoot them with his machine gun , he at first refuses to do it , fearing that he might kill her , but at Bin 's request he decides to fire at them . Afro instead uses Tomoe as a human shield , and therefore she is completely destroyed by Michael 's bullets . He is killed by Afro , who first destroys his metallic legs then cuts him in half with his blade . NOTE : Michael does not have a voice actor as he can not speak , being able to communicate only through his glasses that serve as a digital display for words and images . Tomoe ( edit ) Voiced by : Grey DeLisle Part of her foster family , Tomoe was a woman who was seen holding a shamisen ( guitar - like Japanese instrument ) and was very kind to Sio ( teaching her to dance among other things ) . Like the other two henchmen , she became a cyborg assassin after the tragic event that occurred in her town . She wears a wide hat and holds the same instrument that she used to sing at in the past , now being capable of turning it into a deadly weapon . Also , she wears a Noh Mask that resembles her old appearance in order to hide her burnt face . Her jet - propelled cybernetic feet allow her to fly , and her enhanced muscular tissue adds more power to her strikes , thus making her a worthy opponent . She is able to injure Afro with her weapon , and after she grabs him with her enhanced arm , she is willing to sacrifice herself by telling Michael to shoot them with his machinegun . But Afro manages to poke her eyes out and use her as a shield in the way of Michael 's bullets . After being torn apart by the bullets , her damaged cybernetic body explodes , thus ending her life . Other characters ( edit ) Rokutaro ( edit ) Voiced by : Greg Eagles Afro 's father and owner of the Number One headband who is decapitated by Justice , who mentions to Afro about the assassins fighting each other to the death for the headbands . Justice wears the Number One headband to become god , while Afro wears the Number Two for revenge . In Afro Samurai Resurrection , Sio and Jinno take Rokutaro 's jawbone and help Dharman use it to resurrect Rokutaro . Sio kills Dharman for the loss of her henchmen leaving the mental recreation incomplete and makes him angry . After choking and seemingly killing Afro , Rokutaro impales Jinno and Sio with Afro 's broken sword . Jinno 's robotic body then uses electricity on Sio 's blood near Afro to resurrect him . Afro defeats the cloned Rokutaro and takes both headbands . Sword Master ( edit ) Voiced by : Terrence C. Carson The Sword Master is a one - eyed samurai adopting to train orphans as graduated warriors . He informs Afro Samurai that wearing special rank headbands would lead to murderous survival . At the cliff near the Bodhi Tree , the Sword Master wearing the Number Two headband , insists Afro to kill him . After the rest of all assassins and students were killed , Afro executes the Sword Master dead and takes the headband . In the video game , the Sword Master and his older brother found and adopted Afro , who later kills the Daimyo suspecting him to be the Number Two . As he dies , the Daimyo reveals the true identity of the Number Two . The incident triggers the schoolyard massacre carried out by the Daimyo 's men as an act of revenge . The official site reveals that the Sword Master was Rokutaro 's friend which helps explain the basis for his advice and world view . Shichigoro ( edit ) Voiced by : Liam O'Brien Shichigoro is the owner of the Number Two headband and Kotaro 's stepfather . Like the Sword Master , Shichigoro hides it and meets Afro , who saves Kotaro from the assassin . On the night for the Japanese rap parade festival , Shichigoro battles Afro before killing Sio 's ninjas for stopping the party . Shichigoro inadvertently kills the DJ and Afro impales them dead . In the manga , he and the Oden Shop Master used to work for the Empty Seven . Shichigoro betrayed the Empty Seven after the Oden Shop Master botched an assignment and had to protect him from the Empty Seven 's Cleaners . Kotaro ( edit ) Voiced by : Zachary Gordon Kotaro is Shichigoro 's adopted son , who sadly vows revenge after Afro kills Shichigoro . In the manga , Kotaro is killed by Afro . In the anime film , Afro hands the Number 2 headband to Kotaro and tells him to fight when they are ready . Takimoto ( edit ) Voiced by : Kevin Michael Richardson Takimoto is a mysterious person who greets Justice in Afro Samurai : Resurrection . In the manga , he holds a similar duty to Justice that the Empty Seven and Kuma held in the anime , protecting the `` Number One '' and defeating the current `` Number Two . '' Although he explains himself as having the goal of observing the order of the world , seeing Afro about to reach the throne room made him ready to interfere . He even interacted with Ninja Ninja . Depending on the possible third film , it is unknown if his motives and goals will be carried to the anime , since many of the characters have similar but slightly altered parts in the manga . Minor characters ( edit ) DJ ( voiced by RZA ) - A disc jockey rapper who is inadvertently killed by Shichigoro at the parade festival . Daigo `` Big Boy '' - Exclusive to the manga , Daigo `` Big Boy '' is one of the students of the Sword Master . His goal is to become the World 's Greatest Chef . He does n't get to live up to his goal since he was killed in the Midnight Battle Under the Bodhi Tree . Fu ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) - A trickster assassin from the Hunan Province of China who was hired by the Empty Seven . He is considered to be one of the world 's most capable assassins , and describes himself as `` first among men and machines '' . Brother 5 believes that Fu could have defeated Afro , but Brother 4 disagrees about this stating that Ivanoff would have been more suitable . He is killed along with every other assassin that charged toward the Afro Droid ( his appearance was in the Director 's Cut DVD ) . His name may be a reference to Kasumi Fu from Samurai Champloo which has been stated as a leading inspiration behind Afro Samurai . Gorokube - Exclusive to the manga , Gorokube is a warlord who is contracted by the Empty Seven to target Afro Samurai . Wielding an RPG and a mini-gun , Gorokube attacks Afro Samurai during a parade . His arsenal does give Afro Samurai some trouble until Afro Samurai manages to kill Gorokube and his minions . Hachiro ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) - In Afro 's flashback , he and his brothers were the ones who attacked young Afro some time after Justice killed Rokutaro . After young Afro attacked his brother Yashichi , Hachiro later attacked him . With some help from Jinno , Afro managed to kill Hachiro . Ivanov ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) - A Russian assassin hired by the Empty Seven . He is considered one of the world 's best assassins , and describes himself as `` second to no man '' . Brother 4 believes that Ivanov could have defeated Afro , but Brother 5 disagrees about this . He is killed along with every other assassin that charged towards the Afro Droid ( his appearance was in the Director 's Cut DVD ) . Jiro ( voiced by Tara Strong ) - He is one of the students of the Sword Master . Jiro is killed in the Midnight Battle Under the Bodhi Tree . Juzo ( voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) - Kazuma - Exclusive to the manga , Kazuma is one of the students of the Sword Master and is the talkative of the bunch . His fate was unknown since he was n't seen during the Midnight Battle Under the Bodhi Tree . Matasaburo ( voiced by Dave Wittenberg ) - One of the students of the Sword Master who is killed by assassins at the Midnight Battle Under the Bodhai Tree . Sasuke ( voiced by Jason Marsden ) is a teenage student of Sword Master and a friend to both Afro and Jinno . He wears a pair of glasses which are held to the face by string ( similar to those worn in feudal Japan and late dynastic China ) . Though he graduated from swordsman school at the same time as Afro and Jinno , his skills are apparently inferior to theirs ( though he is seen killing two people in his final battle ) . He appears to be very eccentric as shown by his playful manner with his friends as well as telling his friends that he hopes to eat chicken cutlet for his final meal , much to their disbelief . During a flashback in the fourth episode , he is impaled and being killed behind by one of the assassins in the Midnight Battle Under The Bodhi Tree . O - Sachi - Exclusive to the manga , O - Sachi is a young woman who found Afro Samurai following his slaying of the Empty Seven and his fight with Kuma . She belongs to an isolated community that follows the teachings of `` The One . '' As she cares for Afro Samurai , she seems to develop an attraction to him and it appears that Afro Samurai might reciprocate . Unfortunately , it turns out that `` The One '' would probably be more accurately referred to as `` Number One '' . When she learns that Afro can not forgive Justice and intends to kill him despite all the good he 's done , she attempts to kill Afro first since Afro Samurai had previously killed her sister . This leads to Afro slaughtering the entire community . Oden Shop Master ( voiced by Mark Hamill ) - The Oden Shop Master is the unnamed owner of an oden shop , Shichigoro friend and Kotaro 's caretaker . In the manga , he and Shichigoro used to work for the Empty Seven . Shichigoro protected the owner from the Empty Seven 's cleaners after he botched up assignments . Soshun ( voiced by John Kassir ) - A man who comes from the Land of the Weapon Masters of the West . He wielded a giant crossbow with a grenade launcher . He first saw Afro in a bar and learned the history of the headbands from its bartender . He encountered Afro on the mountain when Ninja Ninja detected him . In his battle against Afro , Soshun was killed by Afro . Though one of his poisoned arrows had grazed Afro and resulting in his temporary handicap against his first encounter with Brother 6 . Thugs ( voiced by Dwight Schultz and Dave Wittenberg ) - Seemingly endless hordes of men in various costumes seek the Number Two headband throughout the series . When fighting any of the major characters they inevitably chuckle menacingly before dying in huge numbers and in various states of dismemberment . Yashichi ( voiced by James Arnold Taylor ) - He is the brother of Hachiro and was with him in their first attack upon young Afro . Some time later , young Afro managed to interrogate him for the info on who has the Number Two Headband before killing him . Video game characters ( edit ) The following were exclusive to the Afro Samurai video game : Ashura Brothers - The Ashura Brothers are Afro Samurai 's first opponents in the Lowdown East Pass level where Brother 2 and Brother 6 sent to attack him , but Afro kills them . Daimyo ( voiced by W. Morgan Sheppard ) - In the video game , the Daimyo is the oldest brother of the Sword Master . The Daimyo presides over the province where the Sword Master 's dojo is located . He and his brother do not share the same wisdom and had also known Rokutaro . The Daimyo and the Sword Master found a young Afro Samurai in a beaten up state and carrying the skull of Rokutaro in his backpack . A teenage Afro Samurai later raided his palace in search of the identity of the Number Two . The Daimyo claims that there are no sacred headbands . Before he dies following a fight with Afro Samurai , the Daimyo states that the Sword Master is the Number Two . The Daimyo 's remaining men later attack the Sword Master 's school in retaliation for the Daimyo 's death . Hanjiro ( voiced by John Kassir ) - Keisuke - A warrior who attacks Afro Samurai , but is killed . Masaki - A warrior who attacks Afro Samurai , but is killed . Osachi ( voiced by Kelly Hu ) - Polecats ( voiced by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn ) - A group of dancers and assassins that work for the Daimyo and served as line of defenses when teenage Afro Samurai raided his palace . Takamori - A warrior who follows Okiku and attacks Afro Samurai and attempts to take the Number 2 headband , but he is killed . The Wild Five - The Wild Five are a group of five armored samurai in the mountains where Afro Samurai defeats them . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Afro Samurai Media Anime Afro Samurai Afro Samurai : Resurrection Music The RZA Presents : Afro Samurai OST The RZA Presents : Afro Samurai Resurrection OST Video games Afro Samurai Afro Samurai 2 Related articles Takashi Okazaki Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Afro_Samurai_characters&oldid=799869549 '' Categories : Lists of anime and manga characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 09 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Afro Samurai
2. Ninja Ninja
3. Jinnosuke / "Kuma"
4. The Empty Seven
5. Otsuru / "Okiku"
|
-7,779,648,979,234,666,000 |
who has the power to make treaties with foreign nations
|
Treaty Clause - wikipedia Treaty Clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the United States Constitution , includes the Treaty Clause , which empowers the president of the United States to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements , which must be confirmed by the Senate , between the United States and other countries , which become treaties between the United States and other countries after the advice and consent of a supermajority of the United States Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Full text of the clause 2 One of three types of international accord 3 Repeal 4 Scope of presidential powers 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Full text of the Clause ( edit ) ( The President ) shall have Power , by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , to make Treaties , provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ... One of three types of international accord ( edit ) In the United States , the term `` treaty '' is used in a more restricted legal sense than in international law . U.S. law distinguishes what it calls treaties from congressional - executive agreements and sole - executive agreements . All three classes are considered treaties under international law ; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law . Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification : by two - thirds of the Senate , by normal legislative process , or by the President alone , respectively . The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the `` advice and consent '' of two - thirds of the Senate . In contrast , normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate and the House of Representatives and the signature of the President . Throughout U.S. history , the President has also made international `` agreements '' through congressional - executive agreements ( CEAs ) that are ratified with only a majority from both houses of Congress , or sole - executive agreements made by the President alone . Though the Constitution does not expressly provide for any alternative to the Article II treaty procedure , Article I , Section 10 of the Constitution does distinguish between treaties ( which states are forbidden to make ) and agreements ( which states may make with the consent of Congress ) . The Supreme Court of the United States has considered congressional - executive and sole - executive agreements to be valid , and they have been common throughout American history . Thomas Jefferson explained that the Article II treaty procedure is not necessary when there is no long - term commitment : It is desirable , in many instances , to exchange mutual advantages by Legislative Acts rather than by treaty : because the former , though understood to be in consideration of each other , and therefore greatly respected , yet when they become too inconvenient , can be dropped at the will of either party : whereas stipulations by treaty are forever irrevocable but by joint consent ... A further distinction embodied in U.S. law is between self - executing treaties , which do not require additional legislative action , and non-self - executing treaties which do require the enactment of new laws . These various distinctions of procedure and terminology do not affect the binding status of accords under international law . Nevertheless , they do have major implications under U.S. domestic law . In Missouri v. Holland , the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government , and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states . By contrast , a congressional - executive agreement can only cover matters which the Constitution explicitly places within the powers of Congress and the President . Likewise , a sole - executive agreement can only cover matters within the President 's authority or matters in which Congress has delegated authority to the President . For example , a treaty may prohibit states from imposing capital punishment on foreign nationals , but a congressional - executive agreement or sole - executive agreement can not . In general , arms control agreements are often ratified by the treaty mechanism . At the same time , trade agreements ( such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and United States accession to the World Trade Organization ) are generally voted on as a CEA , and such agreements typically include an explicit right to withdraw after giving sufficient written notice to the other parties . If an international commercial accord contains binding `` treaty '' commitments , then a two - thirds vote of the Senate may be required . Between 1946 and 1999 , the United States completed nearly 16,000 international agreements . Only 912 of those agreements were treaties , submitted to the Senate for approval as outlined in Article II of the United States Constitution . Since the Franklin Roosevelt presidency , only 6 % of international accords have been completed as Article II treaties . Most of these executive agreements consist of congressional - executive agreements . Repeal ( edit ) American law is that international accords become part of the body of U.S. federal law . Consequently , Congress can modify or repeal treaties by subsequent legislative action , even if this amounts to a violation of the treaty under international law . This was held , for instance , in the Head Money Cases . The most recent changes will be enforced by U.S. courts entirely independent of whether the international community still considers the old treaty obligations binding upon the U.S. Additionally , an international accord that is inconsistent with the U.S. Constitution is void under domestic U.S. law , the same as any other federal law in conflict with the Constitution . This principle was most clearly established in the case of Reid v. Covert . The Supreme Court could rule an Article II treaty provision to be unconstitutional and void under domestic law , although it has not yet done so . In Goldwater v. Carter , Congress challenged the constitutionality of then - president Jimmy Carter 's unilateral termination of a defense treaty . The case went before the Supreme Court and was never heard ; a majority of six Justices ruled that the case should be dismissed without hearing an oral argument , holding that `` The issue at hand ... was essentially a political question and could not be reviewed by the court , as Congress had not issued a formal opposition . '' In his opinion , Justice Brennan dissented , `` The issue of decision making authority must be resolved as a matter of constitutional law , not political discretion ; accordingly , it falls within the competence of the courts '' . Presently , there is no official Supreme Court ruling on whether the President has the power to break a treaty without the approval of Congress , and the courts also declined to interfere when President George W. Bush unilaterally withdrew the United States from the ABM Treaty in 2002 , six months after giving the required notice of intent . Scope of presidential powers ( edit ) Presidents have regarded the Article II treaty process as necessary where an international accord would bind a future president . For example , Theodore Roosevelt explained : The Constitution did not explicitly give me power to bring about the necessary agreement with Santo Domingo . But the Constitution did not forbid my doing what I did . I put the agreement into effect , and I continued its execution for two years before the Senate acted ; and I would have continued it until the end of my term , if necessary , without any action by Congress . But it was far preferable that there should be action by Congress , so that we might be proceeding under a treaty which was the law of the land and not merely by a direction of the Chief Executive which would lapse when that particular executive left office . I therefore did my best to get the Senate to ratify what I had done . A sole - executive agreement can only be negotiated and entered into through the president 's authority ( 1 ) in foreign policy , ( 2 ) as commander - in - chief of the armed forces , ( 3 ) from a prior act of Congress , or ( 4 ) from a prior treaty . Agreements beyond these competencies must have the approval of Congress ( for congressional - executive agreements ) or the Senate ( for treaties ) . In 1972 , Congress passed legislation requiring the president to notify Congress of any executive agreements that are formed . Although the nondelegation doctrine prevents Congress from delegating its legislative authority to the executive branch , Congress has allowed the executive to act as Congress 's `` agent '' in trade negotiations , such as by setting tariffs , and , in the case of Trade Promotion Authority , by solely authoring the implementing legislation for trade agreements . The constitutionality of this delegation was upheld by the Supreme Court in Field v. Clark ( 1892 ) . See also ( edit ) Advice and consent Appointments Clause Foreign policy of the United States Jus tractatuum List of United States treaties Supremacy Clause Treaty Further reading ( edit ) Warren F. Kimball , Alliances , Coalitions , and Ententes - The American alliance system : an unamerican tradition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Treaties and other International Agreements : the Role of the United States Senate ( Congressional Research Service 2001 ) . Jump up ^ ( Article 2 Section 2 Clause 2 ) Jump up ^ The Supreme Court has said that the words `` treaty '' and `` agreement '' were technical terms of international diplomacy , when the Constitution was written . See Holmes v. Jennison , 39 U.S. 540 ( 1840 ) : `` A few extracts from an eminent writer on the laws of nations , showing the manner in which these different words have been used , and the different meanings sometimes attached to them , will , perhaps , contribute to explain the reason for using them all in the Constitution ... Vattel , page 192 , sec. 152 , says : ' A treaty , in Latin foedus , is a compact made with a view to the public welfare , by the superior power , either for perpetuity , or for a considerable time . ' Section 153 . ' The compacts which have temporary matters for their object , are called agreements , conventions , and pactions . They are accomplished by one single act , and not by repeated acts . These compacts are perfected in their execution once for all ; treaties receive a successive execution , whose duration equals that of the treaty . ' Section 154 ... After reading these extracts , we can be at no loss to comprehend the intention of the framers of the Constitution in using all these words , ' treaty , ' ' compact , ' ' agreement . ' '' Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . `` Report of the Secretary of State to the President '' ( January 18 , 1791 ) quoted in The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia ( 1900 ) . Jump up ^ Medellin v. Texas , 2008 Jump up ^ Charnovitz , Steve . `` Analysis of Congressional - Executive Agreements '' , American Journal of International Law ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Hyman , Andrew . `` The Unconstitutionality of Long - Term Nuclear Pacts that are Rejected by Over One - Third of the Senate '' , Denver Journal of International Law and Policy ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Sherman , Roger . `` Observations on the Alterations Proposed as Amendments to the New Federal Constitution '' ( 1788 ) reprinted in Essays on the Constitution of the United States , Published During its Discussion by the People , 1787 - 1788 ( Paul Leicester Ford ed. 1892 ) , page 235 : `` It is provided by the constitution that no commercial treaty shall be made by the president without the consent of two - thirds of the senators present ... '' Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Reid v. Covert , 354 U.S. 1 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Goldwater v. Carter , 444 U.S. 996 ( 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Ackerman , David . `` Withdrawal from the ABM Treaty : Legal Considerations '' , CRS Report for Congress ( 2002 - 12 - 31 ) . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore . An Autobiography , page 510 ( 1913 ) . Jump up ^ 1 U.S.C. 112 ( b ) . Via Findlaw . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Treaties Pending in the Senate List of rejected treaties and other info <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book <Th_colspan="2"> United States Congress <Td_colspan="2"> House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Members and leaders <Td_colspan="2"> Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former senators Living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former representatives Living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media <Td_colspan="2"> Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex <Td_colspan="2"> Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway <Td_colspan="2"> Websites House of Representatives Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_Clause&oldid=784354973 '' Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution Treaties of the United States Foreign relations of the United States Clauses of the United States Constitution Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 June 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Treaty Clause in the United States Constitution
2. Presidential power to propose and negotiate agreements
3. Confirmation of treaties by the Senate
4. Distinctions between treaties, congressional-executive agreements, and sole-executive agreements
5. Scope of presidential powers in making international agreements
|
8,469,854,486,622,129,000 |
who played violet in a series of unfortunate events movie
|
Emily Browning - Wikipedia Emily Browning Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Emily Browning <Td_colspan="2"> Browning at the 19th annual Hamptons International Film Festival on 16 October 2011 Emily Jane Browning ( 1988 - 12 - 07 ) 7 December 1988 ( age 29 ) Melbourne , Victoria , Australia Nationality Australian Occupation Actress , singer Years active 1998 -- present Emily Jane Browning ( born 7 December 1988 ) is an Australian actress and singer . Browning made her film debut in the Australian television film The Echo of Thunder ; subsequently , she played roles in the Australian television shows High Flyers , Blue Heelers and Something in the Air . Her breakthrough role was in the 2002 horror film Ghost Ship , which introduced her to a wider audience . In 2005 , Browning won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Violet Baudelaire in the film Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) . Browning is also known for her roles in the horror film The Uninvited ( 2009 ) , the action film Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and the independent drama Sleeping Beauty ( 2011 ) . She was named the Breakthrough Performer of The Year by Hamptons International Film Festival in 2011 for her role in Sleeping Beauty . Her other films include Summer in February ( 2013 ) , Pompeii ( 2014 ) and Legend ( 2015 ) . She is currently starring as Laura Moon on American Gods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 1998 -- 2007 2.2 2008 -- 2011 2.3 2012 -- present 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video Games 4 Discography 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Browning was born in Melbourne , Victoria , the daughter of Andrew and Shelley Browning . She attended Hurstbridge Learning Co-op and Eltham High School . Browning has two younger brothers , Nicholas and Matthew . Career ( edit ) 1998 -- 2007 ( edit ) Browning 's debut acting role was in the 1998 Hallmark Channel movie The Echo of Thunder . Additional roles in Australian film and television productions soon followed , including recurring roles in the television series Blue Heelers from 2000 to 2002 , and Something in the Air from 2000 to 2001 . In 2001 , Browning appeared as the daughter of the character played by Billy Connolly in The Man Who Sued God . She made her American film debut in 2002 's Ghost Ship , and won an Australian Film Institute Award for Best Young Actress , the same year . In 2003 , she appeared opposite Heath Ledger and Orlando Bloom in 2003 's Ned Kelly , and reunited with Connolly the following year in the film adaptation of Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , in which she played Violet Baudelaire . In 2006 , Browning appeared in the music video for Evermore 's `` Light Surrounding You '' . In the behind - the - scenes video for the clip , the band stated , `` ( We ) suck as actors , so we decided to get Emily '' . She attended the L'Oreal Fashion Festival as a festival ambassador on 1 February 2007 . 2008 -- 2011 ( edit ) Browning played the lead role in the 2009 horror film The Uninvited , an American remake of the 2003 South Korean film A Tale of Two Sisters . She turned down a request to audition for the role of Bella Swan in Twilight , citing exhaustion , despite an endorsement from series author Stephenie Meyer . In 2009 , she was cast as Babydoll in Zack Snyder 's action film Sucker Punch , as a replacement for Amanda Seyfried , who dropped out due to scheduling conflicts . Filming took place in Vancouver from September 2009 to January 2010 , and the film was released on 25 March 2011 . In an interview at Comic - Con , she confirmed that she would be singing in the film , while claiming that her audition tape brought tears to her casting agent 's eyes and the song she selected ( `` Killing Me Softly '' ) was one of Zack Snyder 's wife Deborah 's favourites , which Browning referred to as the `` selling point '' on her being cast in the role . In February 2010 , it was announced that Browning would play the lead role in the independent Australian film Sleeping Beauty , directed by Julia Leigh . She replaced Mia Wasikowska , who was committed to a film adaptation of Jane Eyre at the time . The film screened at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and the Sydney Film Festival . In a review from the festival , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called the film `` Technically elegant with vehemence and control ... Emily Browning gives a fierce and powerful performance ... There is force and originality in Leigh 's work '' . Fionnuala Halligan in Screen International wrote `` Browning has gone the distance for her director and together , they have delivered something here that sometimes catches your breath '' . At the festival Browning said , `` Even reading the screenplay , it made me feel uncomfortable . But that was something that attracted me to it . I would prefer to polarise an audience as opposed to making an entertaining film everybody feels ambivalent about . '' 2012 -- present ( edit ) In 2012 , she replaced English actress Ophelia Lovibond as the female lead in the film Summer in February . The film is based on the book of the same title , by Jonathan Smith . In July 2012 , Browning was cast in God Help the Girl , a musical film by Belle and Sebastian front - man Stuart Murdoch . Browning played Eve , and the role required live singing . Filming on the production began on 8 July 2012 and wrapped on 12 August 2012 . Browning was cast in Catherine Hardwicke 's Plush alongside Cam Gigandet , replacing Evan Rachel Wood ( who was originally attached to the project ) due to scheduling conflicts . Browning also starred alongside Xavier Samuel whom she met on the set during filming . Magic Magic , directed by Sebastián Silva , screened at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival . Film.com designated the film as a `` Top Pick '' . Browning starred in the 2014 film Pompeii . The project was filmed in Toronto and the actual city of Pompeii itself . Browning took a break from filming on Pompeii , and returned home to Australia to film a music video directed by Guy Franklin for the song `` No Matter What You Say '' by the band Imperial Teen . The video follows Browning as the lead character , conducting a ' live art - piece ' . In 2014 , Browning filmed Shangri - La Suite , directed by Eddie O'Keefe . The story follows two young lovers who break out of a mental hospital in 1974 and set out on a road trip to Los Angeles to fulfill the boy 's lifelong dream of killing his idol Elvis Presley , who appears as a supporting character . Luke Grimes and Avan Jogia co-star . The same year , she appeared in Years & Years 's `` Take Shelter '' music video . In 2015 , Browning starred in the biopic crime thriller movie Legend , alongside Tom Hardy , who portrayed twin brothers and infamous 1960s London gangsters Reggie and Ronnie Kray . She portrayed Frances Shea , the first wife of Reggie Kray . Browning was cast in American Gods as Laura Moon . Neil Gaiman , author of the novel , said , `` I 've been fascinated by Emily Browning since A Series of Unfortunate Events . She has a challenge ahead of her : Laura is a tricky character , and the Laura on the screen is even trickier and more dangerous than the one on the page . She 's going to have a wonderful time bringing Laura to life '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Man Who Sued God , The The Man Who Sued God Rebecca Myers 2002 Ghost Ship Katie Harwood 2003 Ned Kelly Grace Kelly 2003 Darkness Falls Young Caitlin Greene Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Violet Baudelaire 2009 Uninvited , The The Uninvited Anna Ivers 2009 Talk. Distance. Listen Natalie Short film 2011 Sucker Punch Babydoll 2011 Sleeping Beauty Lucy 2012 Mr. Beautiful Olivia White Short film 2013 The Host Pet / Wanderer `` Wanda '' Cameo 2013 Summer in February Florence Carter - Wood 2013 Magic Magic Sara 2013 Plush Hayley 2014 God Help the Girl Eve 2014 Pompeii Cassia 2015 Shangri La Suite Karen 2015 Legend Frances Shea 2017 Golden Exits Naomi Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Echo of Thunder , The The Echo of Thunder Opal Ritchie Television film 1999 High Flyers Phoebe Mason 13 episodes 2000 Thunderstone Clio 13 episodes 2001 Blonde Fleece Television film 2000 -- 2002 Blue Heelers Hayley Fulton 9 episodes 2000 -- 2001 Something in the Air Alicia 5 episodes 2001 Halifax f.p : Playing God Kristy O'Connor Episode : `` Playing God '' 2003 After the Deluge Maddy Television film 2017 -- present American Gods Laura Moon , Essie MacGowan 8 episodes ( including 1 episode as both Essie and Laura ) Video Games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Violet Baudelaire Discography ( edit ) Year Title Album 2011 `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Sucker Punch `` Where Is My Mind ? '' ( Yoav featuring Emily Browning ) `` Asleep '' 2013 `` Introdubtion '' Plush `` Close Enough to Kill '' `` Half of Me '' `` The Look in Your Eye '' ( Jack Version ) `` Half of Me '' ( Enzo Remix ) ( featuring Thomas Dekker ) 2014 `` Act of the Apostle '' God Help the Girl `` Pretty When the Wind Blows '' `` God Help the Girl '' `` The Psychiatrist Is In '' `` If You Could Speak '' ( with Hannah Murray ) `` Perfection as a Hipster '' ( with Neil Hannon ) `` Come Monday Night '' `` I 'm Not Rich '' ( with Hannah Murray and Olly Alexander ) `` I 'll Have to Dance with Cassie '' `` Musician , Please Take Heed '' `` Down and Dusky Blonde '' ( with Hannah Murray ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Association Work Result 2002 Australian Film Institute Young Actor 's Award Halifax f.p. Won 2005 International Award for Best Actress Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Won BFCA Awards Best Young Actress Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film , Leading Young Actress Nominated 2011 Hamptons International Film Festival Breakthrough Performer Sleeping Beauty Won See also ( edit ) Cinema of Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Emily Browning Biography Archived 9 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Celebritywonder , retrieved 30 June 2011 Jump up ^ Emily Browning -- Celebrity . TV Guide , retrieved 30 June 2011 Jump up ^ Benedictus , Luke ( 19 December 2004 ) . `` See Emily play ... while you can '' . The Age . Australia . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Browning 2014 02 05 ( 11 : 03am ) The Man Who Sued God 2001 By R.R.S Sweden '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AACTA Winners & Nominees 2000 -- 2010 2002 '' . Australian Film Institute . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Emily Browning for `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . darkhorizons.com. 13 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Making of Light Surrounding You . YouTube . Retrieved on 16 May 2007 Jump up ^ Emily Browning Thewest.com.au Retrieved on 20 April 2007 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Twilight the Movie ( archives ) . StephenieMeyer.com Jump up ^ Larry Carroll : Emily Browning addresses her Twilight notoriety . Mtv.com , retrieved 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ Emily Browning tipped for starring role in prison flick . Adelaidenow.com.au , retrieved 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Carl DiOrio : Green Lantern , Sucker Punch going 3D . Associated Press , 14 October 2010 , retrieved on Hollywoodreporter.com on 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ Steve Barton : Zack Snyder to Deliver His Sucker Punch in 3D . Dreadcentral.com , 5 March 2010 , retrieved 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ SDCC EXCLUSIVE : Emily Browning & Jamie Chung on Sucker Punch . Comingsoon.net , retrieved on 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Michael Bodey : Who 's who in Tim Winton 's Cloudstreet . The Australian , 3 February 2010 , retrieved 4 April 2011 Jump up ^ Bodey , Michael ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Who 's who in Tim Winton 's Cloudstreet '' . The Australian . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Emily Browning Replaces Mia Wasikowska in Sleeping Beauty '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Cannes 2011 review : Sleeping Beauty '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Halligan , Fionnuala ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Sleeping Beauty '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Roach , Vicky ( 22 June 2011 ) . `` Emily Browning on being naked in erotic thriller Sleeping Beauty and going nude again '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Browning Will Spend ' Summer In February ' Instead Of Ophelia Lovibond '' . IndieWire. 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey lead Dan Stevens and My Week With Marilyn 's Dominic Cooper are to co-star in a new film set in a Cornish artist 's colony circa 1913 '' . Vintage Seekers. 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah is currently filming the lead in GOD HELP THE GIRL with Emily Browning '' . TroikaTalent . Archived from the original on 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Hannah Murray Replaces Elle Fanning In ' God Help The Girl ' ; Emily Browning Joins The Film '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's all go at the ' god help the girl ' production office -- we start shooting July 8th . Exciting ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Cam Gigandet Joins Emily Browning In Catherine Hardwicke 's Plush '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Blay , Zeba ( 27 May 2012 ) . `` Emily Browning to star in Catherine Hardwicke 's ' Plush ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xavier Samuel joins Hardwicke 's ' Plush ' '' . Variety . 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Meyncke , Amanda Mae ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Magic , Magic ' '' . Film.com . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMara , Bruce ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Paul W.S. Anderson to shoot Pompeii in Toronto '' . The Star . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set in a modern Art Gallery the story follows our lead female character who will perform a ' live - art - piece ' in front of a small audience '' . Jump up ^ Trunick , Austin ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Scotland Week : God Help the Girl 's Emily Browning '' . Under the Radar . Jump up ^ `` ' Sucker Punch ' Star Emily Browning Joins Luke Grimes in ' The Shangri - La Suite ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Years & Years ' music video for `` Take Shelter '' , featuring Emily Browning ! `` . 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Browning : Legend star on her new role '' . irishtimes.com . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Starz 's ' American Gods ' Casts Its Laura Moon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd - McDonald , Holly ( 1 February 2007 ) . `` Facing up to new role in fashion '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hamptons International Film Festival Winners '' . danspapers.com. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emily Browning . Emily Browning on IMDb Emily Browning at the TCM Movie Database Emily Browning at AllMovie Emily Browning at AllMusic Emily Browning at Rotten Tomatoes Emily Browning at Box Office Mojo Emily Browning discography at MusicBrainz Emily Browning discography at Discogs Emily Browning at Yahoo ! Movies VIAF : 103230461 LCCN : no2004042280 ISNI : 0000 0003 5560 3397 GND : 1021164763 SUDOC : 161162517 BNF : cb16163016h ( data ) BIBSYS : 11082434 MusicBrainz : 5358b552 - 626e - 49ee - bc91 - 0def4ed1178b BNE : XX1742413 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Browning&oldid=835310359 '' Categories : 1988 births 20th - century Australian actresses 21st - century Australian actresses Actresses from Melbourne Australian child actresses Australian female singers Australian film actresses Australian television actresses Australian video game actresses Australian voice actresses Australian expatriate actresses in the United States Living people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Australian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Emily Browning - Australian actress and singer
2. Filmography - List of films and television shows Emily Browning has appeared in
3. Breakthrough Performer - Emily Browning's award at the Hamptons International Film Festival
4. American Gods - Emily Browning's role as Laura Moon in the TV series
5. Early life and education - Information about Emily Browning's background and schooling
|
-7,440,059,079,573,651,000 |
who is julie on the young and the restless
|
The Young and the Restless characters ( 1980s ) - wikipedia The Young and the Restless characters ( 1980s ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( May 2015 ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . A list of notable characters from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between January 1980 and December 1989 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Julia Newman 2 Mary Williams 3 Eve Howard 4 Andy Richards 5 Neil Fenmore 6 Dina Abbott Mergeron 7 Skip and Carol Evans 8 Matt Miller 9 Lindsey Wells 10 Miguel Rodriguez 11 Tyrone Jackson 12 Shawn Garrett 13 Joanna Manning 14 Michael Crawford 15 Farren Connor 16 David Kimble 17 Steven Lassiter 18 Jessica Blair Grainger 19 Lynne Bassett 20 Lisa Mansfield 21 Scott Grainger Sr . 22 Chase Benson 23 Clint Radison 24 John Silva 25 Glenn Richards 26 Marge Cotrooke 27 See also 28 References Julia Newman ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Julia Newman <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Meg Bennett Duration 1980 -- 84 1986 -- 87 2002 2018 First appearance February 1980 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by William J. Bell and John Conboy ( 1980 ) Bell and H. Wesley Kenney ( 1986 ) Bell and David Shaughnessy ( 2002 ) Mal Young ( 2018 ) Classification Present , guest <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Owner and Operator of Martin Designs Residence Lake Forest , Illinois <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband Victor Newman ( 1970 -- 81 ) Charles Martin ( 1984 -- 85 ) Daughters Jamie Martin Julia Newman first appeared in February 1980 along with Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) . She was portrayed by Meg Bennett until 1981 , with reprise appearances from 1982 to 1984 , 1986 to 1987 , and lastly from March 1 to September 3 , 2002 . In February 2018 , it was reported that Bennett would be returning as Julia to commemorate with the show 's 45th anniversary . History On June 13 , 1970 , Julia and businessman Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) were married . Ten years later , she and Victor moved to Genoa City so that he could help run Chancellor Industries for Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) . He was very protective of his young , beautiful wife , and kept her secluded at the ranch . Victor was so consumed by his work , he was barely there himself . Julia met and became friends with Katherine Chancellor 's son , Brock Reynolds . Victor got jealous and had a one - night stand with his secretary , Eve Howard , in retaliation . Julia admitted she was falling in love with Brock , but they were not lovers , and she agreed to break if off if Victor would commit completely to their marriage . Victor , however , was not convinced and turned to Lorie Brooks for attention . Brock caught Victor and Lorie kissing , so he tried to resume his romance with Julia , but he finally left town because of Julia 's inability to end her marriage to Victor . Thinking it would convince Victor of her love for him , Julia told him that she wanted to have a baby . Victor responded by having a vasectomy without telling her . When offered a job modeling for photographer Michael Scott at his studio , Julia jumped at the chance . For once , Victor did n't say no . Michael admired the dark - haired beauty , and they became close friends . While Victor was out of town , Eve suddenly resurfaced . Eve let Julia know that she was there to get Victor back . Feeling vulnerable and confused by Eve 's presence , Julia slept with Michael . Julia was immediately overwhelmed with shame . Her friendship with Brock had remained strictly platonic but , now that she had slept with Michael , Julia had actually cheated on Victor for the first time . When Julia began talking about her friend , Michael , Victor became jealous and began following them and taping their conversations . Then , Julia turned up pregnant . Convinced the baby was Michael 's , Victor kidnapped Michael and held him prisoner in the bomb shelter under the Newman Ranch . Victor had had it outfitted with cameras so he could observe and torture Michael by making him watch Victor and Julia making love . Victor fed Michael sparingly and taunted him often . Once , dinner even turned out to be a dead rat . Victor hired Paul Williams to feed Michael when he was out of town and explained to Paul that Michael was a retarded relative who was not allowed out because he was violent and delusional . Eventually , Julia discovered that Michael was being held hostage . She and Paul freed him . When Victor intervened , they had a struggle and Julia tumbled down a flight of stairs . Julia was rushed to the hospital where she miscarried and Victor discovered that , despite his vasectomy , he had actually fathered Julia 's baby . Soon after , Julia and Michael both left town , but not together . In 1982 , Eve Howard ran into the now divorced Julia in Paris and heard about Lorie Brooks abandoning Victor at the altar . She told Julia that she was involved with a wealthy count , Max Siebalt . Soon after , Eve went to Genoa City to be sure that Victor was going to continue to provide for their son , Cole Howard , and learned that Victor had put him in his will . Max and Eve began to scheme to get Victor 's fortune , because Max was broke . Eve convinced Victor to hire her back as his personal assistant and , for a while , everything seemed fine . When Victor 's manservant , Charlie , left , Eve offered to cook Victor 's meals for him , lacing them with a slow - acting poison that , in small doses , could not be traced . Victor began to lose weight and appeared ill and , after Victor 's dog ate some of his poisoned food and died , Victor became suspicious . Julia overheard part of their plan on the phone and warned Victor that he was in danger , but it was too late . Apparently not totally too late , though , because an antidote was found and Victor survived . Julia proved that Eve was involved by having the poison analyzed . Victor realized that Eve had tried to poison him so that their son , Cole , could inherit half his wealth . With the help of Julia and his friend , Douglas Austin , Victor began a scheme to trap Eve into confessing and even proposed to her which the greedy Eve quickly accepted . The day of Victor and Eve 's wedding , she arrived at the Newman estate to learn that Victor had died . Eve arranged to have Victor 's coffin placed in the Newman living room and took over as the grieving fiancée . Max , sensing that she was losing her grip on reality , quickly married her , since it appeared that Victor had left his estate to Eve . When Julia confided to Eve that she thought Victor was murdered and that she wanted to exhume his body for an autopsy , Eve sent Max to the graveyard to dig up the corpse . At the cemetery , Max was so shocked to see Victor alive that he fell against a pitchfork and died . Eve tried to stab Victor and was committed to a sanitarium . A year later in 1984 , Victor was getting married to former stripper Nikki Reed . Julia was at the ceremony and Eve Howard even escaped the sanitarium to try to stab Nikki . She failed , however . Around the same time , Julia tested another modeling career as Victor 's enemy , Jack Abbott , hired Julia as Jabot Cosmetics ' top model instead of his mistress , Diane Jenkins . At the same time , Julia had an affair with Ashley Abbott 's fiancé , Eric Garrison . Julia ended up pregnant , but Eric never knew that Julia had given birth to his child . By 1985 , Julia and her little girl , Jamie , left Genoa City and Julia ended up marrying Charles Martin . Jamie grew up assuming that Charles was her father , not Eric . During this time , Julia also built up a major interior design firm , Martin Designs , in Lake Forest , Illinois . In March 2002 , a newspaper article alerted Victor that a hostile takeover was threatening Julia 's Martin Designs , so he dropped everything to go to Lake Forest . Julia was happy and surprised to see him . He told her that she looked wonderful and that he knew about the takeover bid , then offered to help . After some reminiscing , Julia told him how she and her late husband , Charles , had created their successful design business together and said that she did n't think Victor was the kind of person that could work side - by - side with his wife in business . She joked that he was n't as controlling as when they were married , but she was young and he was older and set in his ways . She asked about his kids and his love life and was pleased that he was dating Nikki again , whom she liked . Julia told him about her daughter , Jamie , who was in college . They met with Maxwell Hollister who refused Victor 's offer to buy all the stock in Julia 's company , even at ten percent over the value . Before Hollister could leave , Victor promised to create a similar design division at Newman Enterprises , put Julia in charge of it , attack Hollister 's company at its weak spots and run him out of business . Thwarted , Hollister signed Victor 's purchase agreement and left . Julia thanked Victor for saving the company that meant so much to her . After a few more reminisces , Victor asked her what she thought of their time together when she looked back . She said that he was domineering and always in control of any relationship that he entered . They hugged and even kissed then said goodbye . She seemed sad to see him leave . An angry Max tracked down Leanna Love . He told her he 'd read Ruthless and knew she was once married to Victor , then told her how Victor humiliated him and that he wanted revenge . Leanna explained that Victor 's actions for Martin Designs was much more than business , explaining that Julia was Victor 's first wife . Max agreed to do Leanna 's TV show and give her the scoop on Julia and Victor , in exchange for some recent photos her photographer shot of Victor and Ramona Caceres . Nikki Newman saw the show and was upset that Victor had visited both Ramona and Julia without telling her . It was n't long before Max approached Nikki and suggested she join him against Victor . Victor tried to explain to Nikki his soul - searching visits to Julia and Ramona , as well as Hope Wilson . He said that he did n't want to repeat his mistakes of the past and proposed to Nikki with an engagement ring . Nikki was also reluctant to try again and said she would give him an answer when she returned to town in two weeks . Max went to Victor and let him know that he was courting Nikki for revenge . Victor ended up telephoning Hope , Julia , and Ramona . They convinced Leanna to do a retraction of the story . When Nikki returned , she accepted Victor 's proposal . Then , Lorie Brooks showed up in town looking for Max to sign their divorce papers . When Max found out that Lorie was once a love of Victor 's , he tried to get her to join him in his revenge . She ended up agreeing , but their scheme ( which involved Lorie 's seduction of Victor while Nikki watched on videotape ) fell apart as Lorie ended up falling for Victor and could n't follow through on the scheme . Victor and Nikki ended up remarrying in September 2002 . Mary Williams ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Mary Williams <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Carolyn Conwell Duration 1980 -- 2004 First appearance March 1980 Last appearance May 10 , 2004 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Family Williams Siblings Jane Husband Carl Williams ( 1953 -- 98 ) Children Paul Williams Patty Williams Todd Williams Steven Williams Grandchildren Heather Stevens Ricky Williams Dylan McAvoy Mary Williams first appeared in March 1980 as the Williams family matriarch . She was portrayed by actress Carolyn Conwell until May 10 , 2004 . Beginning and ending as a series regular , Conwell had been bumped back and forth between contract and recurring . History Mary was the wife of officer Carl Williams and the mother of Patty , Paul , Steven and Father Todd Williams . She also has a late sister named Jane . Mary was first introduced as the understanding mother of four children . She was front - burner early in her run when her character had a sudden late life pregnancy yet ended up miscarrying the child . Mary spent much time either volunteering at her Catholic church or fretting over her children , especially troubled Patty who was involved with the wealthy playboy Jack , and the rebellious Paul who went through a brief teen marriage which produced a daughter . Mary became worried in 1982 when Carl was all of a sudden fired from the police thanks to Pete Walker , a mob boss determined to keep Carl 's nose out of his business . Thanks to Paul , Carl was cleared , but not before Mary was held hostage by Walker 's men . Carl and Mary were horrified when it was revealed that their good friend Alex Morgan was on the mob payroll and had Carl fired . Pete and Alex would kill each other in a shoot - out . Later , Mary and Carl were devastated by the death of Paul 's new girlfriend Cindy Lake , a former prostitute trying to make a go of it . It was ironically around this time when daughter Patty found Jack having an affair with Diane Jenkins and shot him , afterwards forgetting about what she had done . Sometime after this , Mary underwent a personality transformation , becoming more demanding and nosy and trying to push Paul into relationships with women he did n't love . Mary could n't stand Paul 's new girlfriend , wealthy Lauren Fenmore whom she found too uppity for the likes of her son . Carl tried to make his wife see that her sudden meddling ways would harm her relationship with her children rather than help it , but Mary would n't budge . When Lauren submitted a nude photo of Paul as part of a centerfold , Mary took `` I told you so '' to a new level . In the late 1980s , Carl went missing and was presumed dead , devastating Mary and her children . Paul , having become a private detective , desperately tried to locate Carl , but to no avail . Ten years later , after Mary had accepted a marriage proposal from Charlie Ottwell , Paul 's wife Christine was shocked to discover that Carl was still alive , and living in Norfolk under the name Jim Bradley . It was revealed that he had been captured by criminals while working on a police case , and was beaten and left for dead . An amnesiac Carl had been found and rescued by a woman named Ruth Perkins . Christine convinced `` Jim '' to return to Genoa City with her . Mary was shocked when Carl returned , and eventually broke off her engagement with Charlie . However , Carl never regained his memory or reconnected with his family , and he went back to Norfolk with Ruth . Paul and Christine divorced , and Mary became intent on breaking up Paul 's latest marriage , to Isabella Braña , of whom Mary did not approve . She enlisted Christine 's help in breaking up the marriage , but Christine was unable to convince Paul to leave Isabella . Despite the fact that Isabella had given Mary the grandchild that she had always wanted , a boy who was named Ricardo Carl Williams , Ricardo went to live with Isabella 's parents in California . Mary has not been seen on - screen since 2004 after a sudden drunk driving charge was made against her after an argument with Paul . In 2009 , a `` slowing down '' Mary returned ( off - screen ) with her eldest son , Father Todd Williams , for Paul 's nuptials to Nikki Newman . As of 2014 , Paul revealed to Nikki that Mary had died . Eve Howard ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Eve Howard <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Margaret Mason Duration 1980 -- 84 1993 First appearance September 1980 Last appearance December 9 , 1993 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Eve Siebalt Occupation Personal assistant <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband Max Siebalt ( 1982 -- 83 ) Sons Cole Howard Granddaughters Eve Nicole Howard Eve Howard first appeared in September 1980 as an assistant to Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) , whom she had earlier had a brief fling with . She was also the mother of Cole Howard ( J. Eddie Peck ) . She was portrayed by actress Margaret Mason from 1980 to 1981 , and again from 1982 to 1983 with returns in 1984 and 1993 . History Originally a resident of Washington , in the 1970s , Eve lived in Chicago and worked as an assistant to businessman Victor Newman at Newman Enterprises . Victor 's wife , Julia Newman , felt lonely as Victor worked for hours on end away from their home . Julia and Victor moved to Genoa City in early 1980 . Earlier , Julia ended up becoming close friends with Katherine Chancellor 's son , Brock Reynolds . Although Julia and Brock were never lovers , Victor had felt jealous , and he slept with Eve in retaliation . Eve , who had feelings for Victor , was saddened when he informed her that it was only a one - night stand . When Eve ran into Julia during her first visit to Genoa City , she told her that she wanted Victor . However , Victor was out of town at the time . Julia , nonetheless , was frightened of the possibility of losing Victor , noting his recent affair with Lorie Brooks . Eve also accepted Jill Foster 's offer to move in with her son to the old Foster home . Julia ended up having an affair with her photography instructor , Michael Scott . When Victor returned , Eve made several attempts to woo him , but he ended up making a deal with Eve for her to leave town . The deal allowed Eve to leave town and work with one of his other companies and Victor would accept that Eve 's son , Cole , was his son and therefore provide for him . Eve accepted his offer and left again . With Eve gone , Victor ended up imprisoning Michael Scott in the Newman Ranch basement once he learned that Julia was pregnant . Julia ended up discovering this and she rescued Michael , but she suffered a miscarriage in the process . In 1982 , Eve ran into the now divorced Julia in Paris and she heard about Lorie Brooks abandoning Victor at the altar . She told Julia that she was involved with a wealthy count , Max Siebalt . Soon after , Eve went to Genoa City to be sure that Victor was going to continue to provide for their son , Cole Howard , and she learned that Victor had put him in his will . During this time , Victor was having an affair with former stripper , Nikki Reed . Max and Eve began to scheme to get Victor 's fortune because Max was broke . Eve convinced Victor to hire her back as his personal assistant . When Victor 's manservant , Charlie , left , Eve offered to cook Victor 's meals for him , lacing them with a slow - acting poison that , in small doses , could not be traced . Victor began to lose weight and appeared ill , but after his dog ate some of his poisoned food and died , Victor became suspicious . Julia overheard part of their plan on the phone , and she warned Victor that he was in danger , but it was too late . Soon after , an antidote was found , and Victor survived . Julia proved that Eve was involved in the plot against Victor by having the poison analyzed . Victor realized that Eve had tried to poison him so that their son , Cole , could inherit half of his wealth . With the help of Julia and his friend , Douglas Austin , Victor began a scheme to trap Eve into confessing , and he even proposed to her , which the greedy Eve quickly accepted . The day of Victor and Eve 's wedding , she arrived at the Newman estate to learn that Victor had died and Eve began to have psychotic lapses , at one moment mourning , the next minute celebrating . Eve arranged to have Victor 's coffin placed in the Newman living room , and she took over as the grieving fiancée . Max , sensing that she was losing her grip on reality , quickly married her , since it appeared that Victor had left his estate to Eve . When Julia confided to Eve that she thought Victor was murdered , and that she wanted to exhume his body for an autopsy , Eve sent Max to the graveyard to dig up the corpse . At the cemetery , Max was so shocked to see Victor alive that he fell against a pitchfork and died . Eve tried to stab Victor , and she was consequently committed to a sanitarium . By 1984 , Victor was planning on marrying Nikki . When Eve read about this in the newspaper at the sanitarium , she tried to switch places with her roommate , who was about to be released but wanted to stay in the sanitarium . Eve knocked out a caterer and changed clothes with her to get into the hotel where Victor and Nikki were getting married . After the wedding , Eve went to Nikki 's room , and she prepared to stab her , but she was interrupted by Nikki 's sister , Dr. Casey Reed . So , Eve climbed into Victor 's trunk which was about to be placed on the plane for his honeymoon . At the last moment , the newlyweds changed their minds and decided to stay home . Victor learned that Eve had escaped ; he found her and returned her to the sanitarium . A couple of months later , while Victor and Nikki were vacationing , Eve and Nikki 's former lover , Rick Daros , escaped from the sanitarium and returned to Genoa City . Rick had amnesia , forgetting he had tried to kill Nikki earlier in the year , and he became Eve 's lover . After breaking into the ranch , Eve stole money from Victor 's safe , and the two escaped to Europe . Ten years went by without a mention of Eve or her son , then she showed up in 1993 , looking as glamorous as ever . Her past crimes totally overlooked ; Victor simply fondly recalled her working for him years before and recalled that they had shared some `` good times '' . When Eve brought up Cole , whom she still claimed was Victor 's , Victor wanted nothing to do with him . Eve left in a huff , slipping Cole 's picture into Victor 's book . Some time afterward , a lonely Victor contacted Eve and asked her to bring Cole to Genoa City . Eve returned to Genoa City with Cole , a young and handsome aspiring novelist . Cole built up a relationship in Genoa City with Victor 's daughter with Nikki , Victoria Newman , while Eve left . She would periodically visit or call him to see how he was doing in his new life . Soon after , Cole wrote to his mother saying he had fallen for Victoria . Eve , while on a cruise , read the letter and was horrified by the thought of her son unknowingly getting involved with his half - sister . She arranged to leave the ship , and she flew to Genoa City . While on the plane , she became ill from being bitten by a mosquito . Upon arrival to Genoa City , she was rushed to the hospital , and Cole was notified of his mother 's condition . Eve lingered for weeks , in and out of a coma , and , while somewhat lucid , tried and failed to tell Cole that Victor was his father . Not long after Eve 's funeral , Cole and Victoria Newman eloped in Las Vegas . Luckily , Eve was wrong . While going through Eve 's belongings , Victor discovered a letter from another man to her which cast doubt on Victor being Cole 's father . Victor immediately arranged to have blood tests run on Cole , himself and Eve 's corpse . The father ended up being Eve 's former lover , Marvin Oakley , who resented Victor for Eve 's obsession but still felt that Eve had been a wonderful woman who could have loved him had Victor not been around . Four years later , while Cole and Victoria 's baby struggled for her life , Victoria told Cole she wanted to name her Eve , after his mother . Soon after , Victoria learned from Cole that their baby had died . Andy Richards ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Andy Richards <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Steven Ford Duration 1981 -- 87 2002 -- 03 First appearance July 1981 Last appearance May 9 , 2003 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Former partner in Williams Investigations Former bartender at The Bayou <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Wife Diane Jenkins ( 1984 -- 86 ) Farren Connor ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Andy Richards first appeared in July 1981 and later became a love interest for Diane Jenkins ( Alex Donnelley ) and Farren Connor ( Colleen Casey ) . He was portrayed by Steven Ford until November 20 , 1987 . However , Ford reprised his role from October 29 , 2002 to May 9 , 2003 . History In the 1980s , Andy worked as a partner in the Paul Williams Detective Agency , and originally dated Nikki Reed . In 1982 , Andy , estranged from his alcoholic wife Karen , began seeing Jill Foster . Jill liked Andy , but was not content with the wages that he earned . She attempted to convince him to take a higher - paying job , and he eventually proposed marriage to her . After Karen finally promised him a divorce , Jill reluctantly agreed to marry Andy , but was horrified to learn that his plan was for them to move into his mother 's old house to save on expenses . Andy broke off their engagement when Jill began getting closer to Jabot Cosmetics tycoon John Abbott . In 1984 , Andy began dating Diane Jenkins . They fell in love , and married later that year . However , they divorced two years later . Andy then set his sights on mysterious singer Farren Connor . The two became close , but Andy 's friend Lauren Fenmore was suspicious of Farren , who eventually confided in Andy that she had severe amnesia and could not remember anything about her past or true identity . A concerned Lauren convinced a wary Diane to reconcile with her ex-husband to keep him away from Farren , but Andy wanted nothing more than a friendship with Diane . Instead , Andy married Farren , and Lauren reluctantly gave the couple her blessing . Determined to find out about Farren 's past , Lauren put a personal ad in the newspaper . A man named Evan Sanderson answered the ad and revealed that Farren was really his missing wife , Michelle , and the mother of their daughter , Betsy . Farren did not remember her husband or her daughter . After Evan had accepted his wife 's amnesia as permanent and prepared to return home to Pittsburgh , Farren 's memory suddenly returned . Farren reconnected with Evan and Betsy , but Evan was shot dead by his jealous housekeeper and former lover , Janet . Andy decided to marry Farren and move to Pittsburgh to be a family with Betsy . Fifteen years later , Andy returned to Genoa City alone , and decided to go back to work as a detective with Paul Williams at his agency . He revealed that he and Farren had divorced a year prior to his return . Andy and Diane also briefly rekindled their romance , however , after six months , Andy left Genoa City once again . Neil Fenmore ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Neil Fenmore <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Jim Storm Duration 1983 -- 85 First appearance January 20 , 1983 Last appearance 1985 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation CEO of Fenmore 's Boutiques <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Wife Joanna Manning ( 1959 -- 83 ) Daughters Jill Abbott Lauren Fenmore Grandsons Phillip Chancellor III Billy Abbott Scotty Grainger Dylan Fenmore ( legal ) Fenmore Baldwin Neil Fenmore first appeared on January 20 , 1983 , and was portrayed by Jim Storm . The character of Neil was the father of Lauren Fenmore ( Tracey E. Bregman ) , and years later revealed to be the father of Jill Abbott ( Jess Walton ) . Neil was also the ex-husband of Joanna Manning ( Susan Seaforth Hayes ) . Storm departed from the role in 1985 , but Neil 's fate was n't addressed until 1987 when Neil died of a stroke making Lauren his sole heir . Character history Neil Fenmore was the father of two daughters : Jill and Lauren . Neil Fenmore came from a wealthy family . He went to high school with Gary Reynolds , Katherine Chancellor , John Abbott , Dina Mergeron , Joanna Manning , Stuart Brooks and Suzanne Lynch . Most of those early friendships lasted throughout the years . When Neil was a teenager , his girlfriend had a baby girl , gave her up for adoption and then committed suicide . That baby turned out to be Jill Foster Abbott . He ran the department store chain Fenmore 's Boutiques and had raised another daughter , Lauren Fenmore , on his own after his wife , Joanna Manning , left town . Neil and Lauren were fairly close . However , he tragically died of a stroke in 1986 . Lauren was the sole heir to the department store chain . After learning that Neil was her father , Jill made Fenmore a part of her last name . She then sued Lauren for half of Neil 's estate . Jill was at Neil 's gravesite being interviewed for television . Lauren appeared and said she was there to make sure they got the real story . Lauren said Jill did n't give her time to adjust before she went on the attack . Jill said she was not on the attack ; she wanted to be part of the family but Lauren would n't even show her photographs of Neil . Lauren reminded her about her lawsuit and threatened to get a restraining order . Jill claimed all she cared about was being part of the family . Lauren knocked her down into an empty grave and asked if she felt closer to Daddy now . However , despite all these events , Jill and Lauren reconciled and remain close to date . Dina Abbott Mergeron ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dina Mergeron <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Marla Adams Duration 1983 -- 86 1991 2008 2017 -- First appearance April 1983 Introduced by William J. Bell and H. Wesley Kenney ( 1983 ) Bell and Edward J. Scott ( 1991 , 1996 ) Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch ( 2008 ) Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina ( 2017 ) Classification Present ; recurring <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Phyllis Palmer `` Madame '' Occupation Former Special projects executive at Jabot Cosmetics Former Board member and consultant for Mergeron Industries Former CEO of Mergeron Industries Socialite Residence Genoa City , Wisconsin <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband John Abbott ( divorced ; deceased ) Marcel Mergeron Graham Bloodworth ( deceased ) Children Jack Abbott ( with John Abbott ) Ashley Abbott ( with John Abbot ) Traci Abbott ( with John Abbott ) Grandchildren Keemo Volien Abbott Kyle Jenkins Abbott Abby Newman Colleen Carlton Dina Abbott Mergeron ( formerly Bloodworth ) first appeared in April 1983 as the ex-wife of John Abbott ( Jerry Douglas ) and the mother of Jack , Ashley , and Traci Abbott . The role is portrayed by Marla Adams . From 1983 to 1986 , Adams appeared as a series regular before departing the series ; she made several return appearances in 1991 and 1996 . In 2008 , after a twelve - year absence from The Young and the Restless , Adams reprised the role for several guest appearances from November 14 to 18 , 2008 , and returned on May 3 , 2017 . History Dina was the first wife of Jabot founder , John Abbott . She is the mother of Jack , Ashley , and Traci Abbott , is the grandmother of Jack 's children , Keemo and Kyle ; Ashley 's daughter , Abby ; and Traci 's late daughter , Colleen . Dina came from a professional upper - class society of Genoa City . She was very close with Katherine Chancellor ; a prime example came when they were having tea at the Chancellor Estate and remembered the day Dina and John asked Katherine to be Ashley 's godmother a few days after she was born . It was revealed that it was Katherine who gave Ashley the middle name of Suzanne as a tribute to a former close friend of theirs in high school who had died because she was such a `` beauty . '' It had also been comically noted over the years that Dina , John , Katherine , Joanna Manning , Neil Fenmore , Stuart Brooks , and Gary Reynolds were close friends who had gone to the same high school through their earlier years and developed a strong level of friendship beyond those years . Dina left John a decade prior to moving to Genoa City , leaving him to raise Jack , Ashley and Traci on his own . Thanks to the help of his housekeeper , Mamie Johnson , he had the help he needed . In 1983 , Dina was now the widow of a wealthy cosmetics baron , Marcel Mergeron . She came to Genoa City as the mysterious `` Madame Mergeron '' , shocking the Abbott family when her identity was revealed . As the head of her own cosmetics firm , she tried unsuccessfully to buy Jabot Cosmetics . When she was in town , the secret also came out that Ashley was not John 's daughter . Dina was at Jack 's side after he was shot by his first wife , Patty Williams . When Ashley accepted Parisian painter Eric Garrison 's marriage proposal , his belongings arrived from Paris . Ashley found among them a painting of her estranged mother , which signed , `` All My Love , Eric '' . Ashley soon broke it off with Eric and fell in love with Marc Mergeron , who turned out to be Dina 's stepson from Marcel . Soon , former Genoa City Country Club tennis pro , Brent Davis , returned to town and began an affair with Katherine Chancellor . When he found out that he was dying , Brent wanted to reveal that he had been Dina 's lover and was Ashley 's biological father . Dina and Kay tried to talk him out of it , but Ashley was traumatized by the news when he told her , and she ended up losing her memory at a roadside diner , where she took the name `` Annie '' and worked as a waitress . When Brent and Kay returned from a vacation together , Dina confronted Brent about what he had done . Dina shot Brent but missed , and Kay was shot instead . Jack figured out what had happened , and he and his flame at the time , Jill Abbott , confronted Dina . Dina and John began a search for Ashley . A truck driver saw one of their fliers , figured out who `` Annie '' really was and offered her whereabouts to John for ransom . Victor Newman ended up finding her at the diner and took her home to recuperate with him and his wife , Nikki Newman , at the Newman Ranch . Ashley forgave Brent just before his death , and she vowed that John Abbott would never find out . Only Dina , Jack , Jill , Katherine and Victor know the secret of Ashley 's real parentage . Dina faded out of the story with the assumption that she had returned to Paris after being jealous of John 's new found friendship with Joanna Manning . When Tracy married former pool boy Brad Carlton in 1991 , Dina surprised everybody by showing up and once again , John became entranced by her classiness and sophistication . While Jack was overjoyed by her return , it did n't matter that Ashley and Tracy both had resentments towards their mother for having pretty much disappeared without a trace . John , lonely after his divorce from Jill , quickly proposed , and Dina accepted . But Jill was suspicious and hired Paul Williams to investigate Dina 's whereabouts . It turned out that Dina was broke after a series of bad affairs with wealthy lovers and Jill insisted that Dina was only after John 's money . Dina insisted that this was not the case but John refused to believe otherwise . Dina bid farewell to her children once again and departed for parts unknown . In 1996 at Katherine 's request , a wiser yet sadder Dina reappeared in Genoa City , still beautiful but determined to make up for past mistakes . Dina learned that John 's former secretary , Audrey North , had lied years before about having had an affair with John which caused Dina to leave him in the first place . John resumed his romance with Dina and again proposed . Although Jack was elated that his parents were involved again , Ashley and Traci , who was visiting from New York , both opposed the reconciliation . The stress that John suffered while dealing with Jill , whom he had remarried , caused him to have a stroke . However , he quickly recovered . Jill and John finally agreed to divorce , and Jill made plans to live in a new home with her son , Billy . Dina surprised her family by suddenly leaving town again , suffering guilt from the hurt she had caused her family . Dina made infrequent visits periodically , but for the most part has remained in Paris , where she runs Mergeron Cosmetics . She was mentioned when an imprisoned John mistook his last wife , Gloria Bardwell , as Dina whom Jack had him `` disown '' from his will . In 2006 , Dina and Mamie sent flowers to remember John , as they both were unable to attend his funeral . In 2008 , Dina returned to Genoa City after a long absence for Katherine 's funeral , when in reality her look alike , Marge Cotrooke , was really the one who died . She got a chance to meet Jack 's wife at the time , Sharon Abbott , and get reacquainted with her children . After the funeral , Dina left to attend a charity drive in Palm Springs . In 2009 , Dina also sent flowers for her granddaughter Colleen 's funeral , as she was unable to attend because she was on a cruise . In 2017 , Dina decides to sell her company and meets with Devon Hamilton and Neil Winters , who are looking to buy it . Neil 's experience as an executive does n't impress Dina but Devon 's connection to Katherine Chancellor does because he is her grandson . Ashley , still holding resentment towards her mother , host an Abbott family dinner . Tracy comes in from New York on her way to a book signing and is thrilled to see her mother after all these years . Ashley still wonders that something is up with her mother 's visit but ca n't put her finger on it . The dinner goes well and the night ends with the family taking a `` selfie '' . Graham , who is Dina 's companion , seems to be controlling of Dina and it begins to bother Jack and Ashley . Abby finally gets to meet her grandmother and confesses that she called her days ago saying she was from Newman ( just to hear her voice ) but instead Dina ( not knowing who she is ) tells her that she can tell Victor that under no circumstances will she sell her company to him and hangs up . Dina 's personality has changed over the years and Ashley begins to think something is up with Graham and confronts him before they fly back to Paris and implies that he is after her mother 's money . He is appalled by the accusation and assures her he is not after her money . Ashley visits her mother in her hotel room one last time before she leaves to convince her to stay but Dina says she is leaving . Just as Ashley walks out the door Dina tells her to tell Abby goodbye for her . This sets Ashley off and she tells her that she does n't have the decency to tell her granddaughter goodbye herself and is walking out of her life just like she did with her kids long ago . Abby finds out through Jack that Dina is going back to Paris and is bothered that she did n't say goodbye . She heads over to the athletic club and sees her before she leaves and ask her to stay , but Dina says no . After Abby leaves , Graham and Dina talk and he says we need to leave . Graham is seen coming into the bar of the athletic club where Ashley and Victor are and Ashley asks him who he is looking for . He says he is looking for Abby . Ashley says `` what do you want with my daughter '' and Graham say `` she will want to hear this . '' Ashley says why do n't you tell me and I will decide if Abby should hear it . Graham says that Dina has decided to stay in Genoa City . In October 2017 Dina accidentally reveals Ashely 's true paternity . Mid October Dina suffers a mini stroke , and is flown to Florida by her companion Graham ( Who is revealed to be Brent Davis 's step son , who was only after Dina for her money , after feeling abandoned by Brent ) . Jack and Ashely find her and take her to GC ( Without Graham ) . Dina ( In the mid stages of Alzheimer 's ) accidentally burns down Nick Newman 's bar . Dina then confessed to having Alzheimer 's to her family on Thanksgiving , causing them all to join together for her sake . Dina now has often memory losses and mood swings . Dina recently moved to Paris to temporarily live with Abby . Dina recently returned to Genoa City with Abby , as it was also revealed that her Alzheimer 's has gotten quite worse in the last few months . Skip and Carol Evans ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Skip and Carol Evans <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Todd Curtis ( Skip ) Christopher Templeton ( Carol ) First appearance May 1983 Last appearance 1993 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Photographer ( Skip ) Secretary ( Carol ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Daughters Skylar Evans ( adoptive ) Skip and Carol Evans first appeared in May 1983 . They became a couple while working at Jabot Cosmetics . They were portrayed by actor Todd Curtis and actress Christopher Templeton from 1983 to 1993 . History Carol Robbins worked as one of Jabot 's executive secretaries , mostly for Jack Abbott . Meanwhile , Skip Evans served as the company 's photographer , replacing Joe Blair , who was Christine Blair 's cousin . After falling in love , the couple married in 1989 with the support of the Abbotts . Carol survived a childhood illness that left her leg permanently disabled . The illness also prevented her from conceiving a baby , and adoption agencies refused to let them adopt . Carol and Skip then came into contact with a young , unwed pregnant mother , Nancy `` Nan '' Nolan , who was unsure whether the father of her baby was her boyfriend or the result of a rape . She planned on giving her baby to Carol and Skip after the birth . After her baby was born , Nan discovered that the father was indeed her boyfriend and had second thoughts about giving up her baby to the Skip and Carol . Eventually , she let Skip and Carol adopt her baby after realizing that she was unprepared for the responsibilities of raising a child . Eventually , Carol and Skip left Genoa City with their adoptive daughter , Skylar Evans . Matt Miller ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Matt Miller <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Robert Parucha Duration 1983 -- 85 2003 First appearance Last appearance October 22 , 2003 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Family Newman Parents Albert Miller Cora Miller Siblings Victor Newman Nieces and nephews Victoria Newman Nicholas Newman Adam Newman Abby Newman Matt Miller is the younger brother of Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) , whose birth name was Christian Miller . He was portrayed by Robert Parucha when he first appeared in 1983 and departed in 1985 . Parucha returned for a brief visit in October 2003 . He is the youngest son of Albert and Cora Miller . Matt 's father abandoned the family when he and his brother Christian were young . Cora could not feed her sons , so she gave them to an orphanage . In 1983 , Matt came to Genoa City where he reunited with Christian , now known as Victor Newman . In an attempt to get Victor away from Ashley Abbott ( Eileen Davidson ) , Victor 's wife Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) set her and Matt up , but it did n't work . He left town in 1985 . In 2003 , he returned briefly to reveal to Victor that their father Albert was actually alive and on his deathbed . Lindsey Wells ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lindsey Wells <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Lauren Koslow Duration 1984 -- 86 First appearance January 1984 Last appearance April 26 , 1986 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Worked at Jabot Cosmetics <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband Jack Abbott ( 1986 ) Lindsey Wells first appeared in January 1984 . She is an ex-wife and girlfriend of Jack Abbott . She was portrayed by actress Lauren Koslow from 1984 to 1986 . The character was also seen in disguise as early as November 1983 . History Lindsey was a former girlfriend of Jack Abbott who worked for Jabot . She took illicit photos of Jack and Jill Foster Abbott 's affair , then blackmailed the two into giving her higher positions in the company and other concessions -- knowing that if John Abbott ever saw her pictures , he would disown his son Jack and divorce Jill . In order to get close to the negatives , Jack concocted a plan to marry Lindsey in a fake ceremony . As soon has she discovered the marriage ceremony was a fake , she sold the negatives to Jill 's nemesis Katherine Chancellor . When John eventually saw the pictures , Lindsey , as the photographer , became one of his key witnesses in his divorce trial with Jill . Soon after that , Lindsey left Genoa City and moved to New York . Miguel Rodriguez ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Miguel Rodriguez <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Anthony Pena Duration 1984 -- 2006 First appearance April 1984 Last appearance May 16 , 2006 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Housekeeper Servant Miguel Rodriguez first appeared in April 1984 , portrayed by Anthony Pena . He was placed on contract with the series until being downgraded to recurring status in May , 2006 . The character was a longtime servant to the Newman family . History For over twenty years , soft - spoken Miguel Rodriguez was the loyal servant of the Newman family . He first started working for Victor Newman , but later took care of the entire Newman family and eventually became the head of the Newman Ranch staff . He was best known for his delicious cooking and for setting up parties for the entire family . He was always there when someone needed advice , but he never really had a storyline of his own until 1997 . Before that , he was only known to have briefly dated Esther Valentine , a servant at the Chancellor mansion . Miguel had said he was originally only going to work for the Newmans until his brother graduated from medical school and then he would be free to explore a more intellectual career of his own . That goal never materialized for Miguel , as he apparently preferred to spend his years working for the Newmans . In 1997 , Miguel fell in love with Veronica Landers , but he knew her as `` Sarah , '' a new servant at the ranch . Veronica was plotting revenge on her ex-husband Joshua Landers , who was at the time married to Nikki Newman . `` Sarah '' got her revenge by fatally shooting Joshua and wounding Nikki . Miguel did not know of `` Sarah 's '' crimes and continued to support her and looked for possible jobs for her , until it was finally revealed that `` Sarah '' was really Veronica . She died in Miguel 's arms . Miguel would continue to serve as the Newman 's butler / house manager until 2008 , though he was n't seen after 2006 . A new house manager , Estella Munoz , was introduced in April 2008 . On June 5 , 2008 , it was revealed that he had officially left his position at the Newman Ranch in order to care for his aunt , who had been diagnosed with diabetes . The Newman family was saddened to see him go , but understood the necessity . As a farewell gift , Nikki and Victor decided to send him a small gold clock that had sat on the fireplace mantle for many years and which Miguel had often wound up . Tyrone Jackson ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tyrone Jackson <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Phil Morris First appearance June 1984 Last appearance June 1986 Created by William J. Bell <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Leon Robert Tyrone Occupation Attorney Former law student <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Brothers Elwood `` Jazz '' Jackson Wife Alana Anthony ( 1984 -- 86 ) Tyrone Jackson is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera , The Young and the Restless . The role was portrayed by Phil Morris from 1984 to 1986 . In 1984 , Jazz Jackson 's ( Jon St. Elwood ) younger brother , Tyrone , a law student , arrives in Genoa City and becomes reacquainted with his brother . Shortly after arriving in town , Tyrone investigates the activities of Genoa City 's local organized crime family , headed by Joseph Anthony ( Logan Ramsey ) . The mob boss orders his henchman , Jazz , to kill Tyrone , unaware that Jazz is working undercover with Tyrone , and further unaware that Jazz is Tyrone 's brother . To save both their lives , Jazz takes the corpse of a man whose face is damaged beyond recognition and fools Anthony into believing the body is Tyrone . Meanwhile , Tyrone ( who is African American ) uses heavy theatrical make - up to disguise himself as a Caucasian and infiltrate Anthony 's organization . Under the alias `` Robert Tyrone '' , he quickly becomes one of Anthony 's most trusted advisors . No one else is aware of the ruse except Jazz , Tyrone 's former girlfriend , Amy Lewis ( Stephanie E. Williams ) , and private investigator Andy Richards ( Steven Ford ) . As part of his cover , Tyrone romances Anthony 's daughter , Alana ( Amy Gibson ) , who is unaware of her father 's criminal activities . After Alana falls in love with `` Robert '' , her father insists that he marry her . With Tyrone 's help , Jazz and Andy manage to gather enough evidence to dismantle the organization , but their investigation is discovered by Anthony , who orders their deaths . Tyrone breaks his cover and convinces one of Anthony 's men , `` Kong '' , to help him save Jazz and Andy . The police arrive to rescue the two men and bring Anthony to justice , but not before `` Robert '' and Alana are married . A shootout ensues and Anthony is killed . Because his assistance saved Jazz and Andy from certain death , Kong -- whose real name is Nathan Hastings ( Nathan Purdee ) -- is granted immunity from prosecution . With the Anthony organization destroyed , `` Robert '' removes his disguise , revealing to a shocked Alana that his real name is Tyrone Jackson and that he is Black . Although initially hurt and betrayed , Alana becomes obsessed with Tyrone and claims she still loves him , regardless of his true identity or the color of his skin . Although Tyrone has developed genuine affection for Alana , he is not in love with her . After Alana finally accepts this , the couple has the marriage annulled and she leaves Genoa City . Tyrone attempts to reconcile with Amy , but discovers that she is more interested in Nathan . Soon thereafter Tyrone , now a licensed attorney , leaves town . Shawn Garrett ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Shawn Garrett <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Tom McConnell ( 1984 ) Grant Cramer ( 1984 -- 86 ) Duration 1984 -- 86 First appearance September 1984 Last appearance March 21 , 1986 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Mother Vivian Garrett Shawn Garrett first appeared in September 1984 , portrayed by Tom McConnell . Grant Cramer then took over the role through March 21 , 1986 . The character was a stalker of Lauren Fenmore . History Shawn Garrett was a stalker who is obsessed with singer Lauren Fenmore . First , Shawn tried to sabotage Lauren 's singing partner , Danny Romalotti , by slipping him poison that affected his voice . Shawn then threatened Lauren to divorce her husband at the time , Paul Williams , and move in with him or he would arrange a hit man to kill Paul . Lauren tried to contact Paul to tell him the truth about Shawn 's plans , but she was watched too closely by Shawn to make any contact with her former husband . Shawn later took a reluctant Lauren to San Francisco where he showed her the area near his childhood home . Lauren later got in touch with Shawn 's stepfather , Mark Wilcox , who revealed that Shawn had burned down his childhood home , killing his mother , after she and Mark told him they were getting married , which Shawn was against . After discovering that she did not love him and was only agreeing to his demands to keep Paul alive , Shawn tried to bury Lauren alive . Lauren was rescued by Paul and his detective partner , Andy Richards , who found her with the help of her psychic friend , Tamra Logan . Shawn had poisoned Tamra after Lauren confessed to her while she was comatose in the hospital that she hated Shawn . Tamra awoke and murmured the words , `` Lauren '' and `` danger '' , to her doctor . Her doctor then went to Paul Williams to tell him of what she knew . Shawn was killed in the ensuing gunfire with Paul and Andy . Joanna Manning ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Joanna Manning <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Susan Seaforth Hayes Duration 1984 -- 89 2003 2005 -- 07 First appearance 1984 Last appearance August 18 , 2010 Introduced by William J. Bell Crossover appearances The Bold and the Beautiful Classification Former , recurring <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband Neil Fenmore ( 1959 -- 83 ) Daughters Lauren Fenmore Grandsons Scotty Grainger Dylan Fenmore ( legal ) Fenmore Baldwin Joanna Manning first appeared in 1983 as the mother of Lauren Fenmore and ex-wife of the late Neil Fenmore . She was portrayed by actress Susan Seaforth Hayes from 1984 to 1989 . She returned in 2005 after a 17 - year absence for several guest appearances , and then returned again in 2006 , 2007 and 2010 . History Joanna Manning went to high school with Neil Fenmore , John Abbott , Dina Mergeron , Stuart Brooks , Suzanne Lynch , Katherine Chancellor and Gary Reynolds . Many of the friendships they formed lasted through the years . Lauren was the only child of wealthy Genoa City retailer Neil and socialite Joanna who divorced when Lauren was a small child . Joanna did n't come back into Lauren 's life until she was out of high school . At one point , Lauren heard Joanna say she wished she had an abortion , which was devastating to Lauren . Joanna only came back after Neil had contacted her while Lauren was being held captive by an obsessed fan , Shawn Garrett . When Lauren and Joanna were reunited , Lauren at first wanted nothing to do with her , but as Joanna began to win over Lauren 's trust , their reconciliation became inevitable . Lauren hoped that Joanna and Neil would reconcile , but while the bitterness of their divorce had dwindled , Joanna insisted that she had moved on . She set her sights on wealthy John Abbott , then separated from Jill Foster and prevented John from reconciling with his ex-wife , Dina , by insinuating that there was more than just friendship involved . However , John and Joanna never made it past a few comfortable evenings together , and Joanna ended up in an affair with the younger Marc Mergeron , Dina 's stepson , whom she did n't love , but who provided what she needed as a lover . After Marc left her to return to France , Joanna remained as a confidante to her daughter after Neil died , but when Marc asked her to join him , she could n't resist and bid farewell to her daughter once again . In 2005 , Joanna returned to town to attend Lauren 's wedding to Michael Baldwin after being unseen for 17 years . When Lauren and Michael 's son , Fenmore Baldwin , was born , he had to stay in the hospital for a little while . He was finally able to go home , but the Baldwin household was frantic due to the bickering between Joanna and Michael 's mother Gloria Fisher , a colicky baby , and Michael being too busy defending the Winters family in the Carmen Mesta murder case , plus he was working with Victor Newman to expose Jack Abbott for secretly buying Jabot Cosmetics under the guise of the House of Kim , a fake corporation . Joanna returned to town the following year and worked at Jabot for John as a designer / stylist . She was attracted to John which was not reciprocated and she left town ; she reconciled with Marc Mergeron . Later , Joanna came back to town on several occasions and had an affair with John . In 2010 , Jill Abbott 's lawyer , Morgan Belford , filed a lawsuit to get half the inheritance that Lauren had received after their father Neil 's death . Lauren tried an amicable settlement , but Jill thought she was faking the peace offering and pulled another publicity stunt ; an interview at Neil 's gravesite . Lauren showed up , they fought on the air , and Lauren shoved Jill into an open grave . They went to court and Jill 's lawyer put Joanna on the stand . She told how Neil brooded about his illegitimate daughter throughout their marriage , and his guilt was responsible for turning Lauren into a spoiled brat . After Neil recovered from learning Jill 's mother had died , he tried to track down the child and failed . Joanna claimed Neil cared more for a dead woman and her child than his own wife , which was why they divorced when Lauren was only a little girl and Lauren stayed with her father . The judge ruled that Neil knew of another child when he wrote his will saying , `` Any and all of my living heirs . '' The judge awarded 50 % of Neil 's assets to Jill . Lauren caught her mother as they left court asking how she could be so cruel to her own daughter , asking if she even knew that Lauren had been kidnapped a few months earlier by Sarah Smythe . Lauren told Joanna to go back to her villa and her younger men , and stay out of her life . Michael Crawford ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Crawford <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Colby Chester Duration 1985 -- 90 First appearance October 1985 Last appearance Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Defense Lawyer Residence New York Michael Crawford first appeared in October 1985 , portrayed by Colby Chester . The character was one of Genoa City 's most active lawyers during the 1980s . History Michael was one of the Genoa City 's active lawyers during the 1980s . He entered the picture when Jill Foster Abbott approached him for representation in her divorce from John Abbott . During that time , he began having an affair with Jill during and after her first divorce from John . Michael and Jill later ended their affair . In 1986 , he saved Jill 's life after she was shot by who was thought to be Katherine , John or Jack but it turned out to be Sven , a masseur at the Genoa City Hotel that Jill rejected earlier . From 1989 into early 1990 , Michael represented Nina Webster in her lawsuit against Katherine Chancellor and Jill for possession of Phillip Chancellor III 's estate after his presumed death . Michael was last seen in 1990 before moving to Chicago . In October 1991 , Jill had some problems with Nina and her mother , Flo . Jill called Michael 's secretary in Chicago , and Jill was informed that Michael moved his law practices to New York ( off - screen ) . Farren Connor ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Farren Connor <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Colleen Casey Duration 1986 -- 87 First appearance January 8 , 1986 Last appearance November 20 , 1987 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband Evan Sanderson ( 1982 -- 85 ) Andy Richards ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Farren Connor first appeared on January 8 , 1986 , portrayed by Colleen Casey . The character is the ex-wife of Andy Richards , and rival of Diane Jenkins . Casey made her final appearance as the character on November 20 , 1987 . History In 1986 , Andy Richards set his sights on mysterious singer Farren Connor . The two became close , but Andy 's good friend Lauren Fenmore was suspicious of Farren , who eventually confided in Andy that she had severe amnesia and could not remember anything about her past or true identity . While touring Europe , Diane Jenkins figured out that she loved Andy so she returned , only to find Andy happy with Farren . A concerned Lauren convinced a wary Diane to reconcile with her ex-husband to keep him away from Farren , but Andy wanted nothing more than a friendship with Diane . Soon after , Andy was shot . Paul Williams had to break the news of Andy 's shooting to Farren . Andy came out of the emergency room still unconscious which left Farren deeply worried . Paul and Farren prayed for Andy to pull through and later received happy news from Dr. Hank Steele . Paul and Farren were glad when Andy finally woke up . Later , Jazz Jackson and Amy Lewis dressed up as nurses and paid Andy a surprise visit in the hospital . Paul , Jazz and Amy continued to investigate Andy 's shooting . Farren and Paul learned that Andy was released from the hospital the next day . Lauren visited Andy and then ran into Paul at the hospital . Andy was greeted by his friends upon his release . Farren consoled Paul after his unexpected meeting with Shawn Garrett and Lauren . Farren called Paul for help when she was having plumbing problems . Andy confided in Paul that he thought Farren was holding something back . He wondered if another man could be the reason . Farren invited Paul over for dinner with her and Andy . Farren was intrigued when she caught a glimpse of woman posing in a magazine ad . Amy then filled Farren in that the woman was Diane , who asked Farren about her intentions regarding Andy because it seemed she was not entirely over her ex-husband . Andy 's love life became far more complicated with Farren being jealous of Diane . While Farren was waiting at home , Andy was at Diane 's and they kissed . Meanwhile , Andy assured Farren that he was trying to get information on her past . Lauren shared her doubts about Farren with Andy . She was n't convinced that Farren really did n't remember her past and thought she might have been faking her amnesia . Diane told Lauren that she was giving in and leaving town because Andy and Farren were rock solid . Lauren said she could convince her otherwise . Later on , Andy asked for Lauren 's help to dig into Farren 's past . Andy and Lauren arrived in Minneapolis to delve into what little information they had on Farren 's past . They questioned a doctor who first treated Farren when she wound up in the city . Andy and Lauren arrived at the police station where Farren had an accident . They learned that Farren 's car was burned out completely leaving no traces about its origin or owner . There were also no missing person reports matching Farren 's description so the police had to close the unsolved case . The only clue they gained was that Farren did not appear to come from the Minneapolis area . Lauren told Paul about her trip to Minneapolis with Andy . She admitted that Farren 's story was true and that were no leads as to her real identity other than a burned powder compact which survived the fire . Nevertheless , Lauren suspected that Farren might not want to regain her memory . Andy also wondered whether Farren left Minneapolis so quickly after her recovery to flee from her past . Farren paid Lauren a visit who then showed her the powder compact but it did not trigger any memories for her . Lauren planned a dinner party for Andy and Farren . Unbeknownst to anyone , Farren had left town . Andy told Lauren and Paul that Farren was missing . Soon after Farren returned and announced she was ready to face her past . Farren 's recent disappearance fueled Lauren 's mistrust again . She called Diane and told her not to give up hope on Andy . Farren arrived at the hospital for an intensive medical evaluation . Farren had medical tests . In another room of the hospital , Lauren paid her psychic , Tamra Logan , a visit . Lauren handed Tamra Farren 's powder compact and asked for her insight . Lauren told Diane that if Farren regained her memory it could easily break up her and Andy . At the hospital , Farren and Andy were waiting for test results . After a brief chat with Diane , Lauren went to the hospital where Andy was anxiously waiting for Farren 's test results . Dr. Sloan informed Farren that there was no medical reason for her amnesia . It was simply a question of time and the right context to trigger her memory . Andy proposes to Farren . Farren and Andy broke the news of their engagement to Paul , Amy and Nathan Hastings . Lauren suggested Diane publish Farren 's story in national newspapers to find her relatives . Lauren decided to pay a visit to her old friend Gary Thompson , editor at the Genoa City Chronicle . Determined to find out about Farren 's past , Lauren put a personal ad in the newspaper . Andy and Farren decided to have an impromptu wedding at Paul 's apartment . Paul , Amy and Nathan were by their side . Lauren however could not be reached . Across town , Lauren informed Diane that she set their plan in motion and pretty soon someone would react to the newspaper articles and unveil Farren 's identity . Lauren was shocked to learn that Farren and Andy had married . Andy arrived home and found an unexpected visitor in bed ; a naked Diane . When Farren showed up , Diane hurried to hide herself . Lauren unsuccessfully tried to pull the article on Farren now that she and Andy were married . The ménage à trois at Andy 's was cut short when Farren showed a shocked Diane her wedding band . Lauren received news that the article on Farren had gotten feedback from Minnesota . This unexpected move did n't change Diane 's mind , though : The former Mrs. Richards had decided to go back to London despite Lauren 's pleas to stay . Andy and Farren basked in their newlywed happiness . Andy and Farren had a belated wedding celebration with Paul and Lauren . Lauren reads the letter which said that Farren 's real name is Jennifer and she has a husband waiting for her . Lauren immediately called Wayne Navalle and asked him some questions . As this proves to be false lead Lauren plead with Gary to pull any further articles . Meanwhile , a mysterious stranger looked at an article about Farren and wrote a letter . Farren feared that Lauren did not support her marriage . Lauren said that Andy 's happiness was her only concern . Then , Gary called to inform Lauren that a new letter regarding Farren had arrived . Farren thanked Paul for his advice to talk with Lauren . She was convinced that Lauren was not opposed to her marriage any longer . Lauren was torn over opening the letter but decided to just burn it . Paul sought advice from Andy and Farren about Lauren 's idea to join them at the Paul Williams Detective Agency . Unlike Paul they said they could fully understand Lauren 's motives . Lauren received an unexpected visit from Gary , another letter regarding Farren had arrived . After having dinner with Farren , Lauren assured Paul that she was now fully behind Farren and Andy 's relationship . Eventually Lauren opened the letter and learned that the previous letter which she burned was written by the same person , Farren 's supposed husband . Lauren re-read the letter by Farren 's supposed husband , Evan Sanderson , when Farren stopped by unexpectedly for a visit . Farren told Lauren that she Andy planned on having a baby . Lauren discussed Farren 's case with Gary . He thought Lauren should go see the ominous Evan to either confirm his story or put him off Farren 's case . Lauren booked a flight to Pittsburgh . When Paul arrived home , instead of Lauren he only found a letter where she vaguely explained her absence . Farren and Andy went house hunting . Lauren showed up at the Sanderson home in Pittsburgh . After a brief chat with Janet , the maid , Lauren met Evan who was thrilled to hear that Lauren 's visit was a result of his letter . Under the fake name Kathy Wilson , Lauren inquired about Sanderson 's story , his wife Michelle had been missing for nearly two years , vanishing while he was on a business trip . Lauren was shocked to see a picture of Michelle Sanderson which had a striking resemblance to Farren . Lauren learned that the Sandersons had a five - year - old daughter , Betsy . Everything implied that Farren was in fact Michelle Sanderson . However , Lauren told Evan that his wife and her good friend were not the same person . Farren explained to Andy , Paul and Amy that she was no longer curious about her past but was looking forward . Returning home , Lauren apologized to Paul who was infuriated by her secrecy . In Pittsburgh , Evan could n't help but see a resemblance between his wife and the woman pictured in the paper . After a chat with Farren , Paul went to see Lauren and apologized for his overblown reaction . Lauren told Gary the complex story about her visit with Evan . Evan came to town and revealed Michelle 's story to Farren . Farren did n't remember her husband or her daughter . After Evan had accepted his wife 's amnesia as permanent and prepared to return home to Pittsburgh , Farren 's memory suddenly returned . Farren reconnected with Evan and Betsy , but Evan was shot dead by his jealous housekeeper and former lover , Janet . In 1987 , Farren decided she needed to move to Pittsburgh to be a mother to Betsy . Andy decided to move to Pittsburgh to be a family with Farren and Betsy . In 2002 , Andy returned to town after being unseen for fifteen years , and mentioned that he and Farren divorced a year earlier , suggesting a separation in 2001 . David Kimble ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> David Kimble <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Drew Pillsbury ( 1986 ) Michael Corbett ( 1986 -- 91 ) Duration 1986 -- 91 First appearance April 23 , 1986 Last appearance October 7 , 1991 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Tom Harper Jim Adams Occupation Murderer , Con artist <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Wife Rebecca Kimble ( 1984 -- 85 ) Nina Webster ( 1990 -- 91 ) Florence Webster ( 1991 - invalid : he had been posing as `` Jim Adams '' at the time ) David Kimble first appeared on April 23 , 1986 . The character was the second husband of Nina Webster and a murderer and a con artist . Most notable in the role , Michael Corbett made his final appearance as the character on October 7 , 1991 . Character history In 1986 , David showed up in Genoa City as the attractive new assistant to Jill Abbott , who was in charge of the men 's line at Jabot Cosmetics . David romanced Jill , knowing that she was connected to the Chancellor fortune , and hoping to get his hands on it . But Jill moved on to attorney Michael Crawford , and fired David . Once David realized that Jill 's daughter - in - law , Nina Webster , had just inherited a sizable fortune from her deceased husband , Phillip Chancellor III , he was intent on getting it from her . Nina started dating David . She fell for him despite the warnings of her best friends Christine `` Cricket '' Blair , Danny Romalotti and Chase Benson who were all suspicious of David 's motives . David threatened Christine that he would cut up her face and she would never model again if she did n't stay out of his business . Christine told Nina , but Nina was so in love she did n't believe her . David and Nina shocked everyone by quickly eloping , and he signed a prenuptial agreement to prove his love . Nina set up David in a company named David A. Kimble Investments , but he really had no clients , just sat at a desk in an office reading the paper and faked business calls whenever Nina would drop by . It did n't take long before he began an affair with the mailroom attendant , Diane Westin . David soon realized that all of Nina 's inheritance was in a trust for her son , Phillip Chancellor IV , so the only way he could get his hands on the Chancellor fortune was to adopt her son . David pressured Nina to agree to the adoption , but Jill and Katherine Chancellor helped her resist . Diane came across a New Jersey newspaper clipping about heiress Rebecca Harper who had been murdered by her husband , Tom . The photo of Tom and Rebecca showed a man who looked like David , and she was wearing a brooch like the one David had given to Diane to wrap as a present for Nina . David discovered that Rebecca 's friend , Vivian , was in Genoa City intent on finding the brooch to prove that David murdered Rebecca , but it was n't long before her body was discovered electrocuted in her bathtub . While digging into David 's background , Cricket also found the photo of Rebecca with David and recognized the brooch . Cricket broke the news about him to Nina , but she had already learned about it from Diane . Nina had also learned that David was plotting to murder both her and little Phillip . While she was with Danny in New Jersey , Cricket found a jeweler who identified the brooch as belonging to Rebecca . So David framed Danny for cocaine possession to get them off his tail , but all charges where eventually dropped . Soon after , Danny and Cricket married . Feeling betrayed and infuriated , a crazed Nina welcomed David home by shooting him five times . David survived , but pretended to be paralyzed , and Nina was arrested for attempted murder . While on the witness stand , Nina testified that she shot David out of self - defense because she was convinced that he wanted to kill her and Phillip . Her emotional testimony moved the jury and she was found not guilty . Meanwhile , David stole a body from the morgue , planted it in his hospital bed , and set it on fire to fake his own death . David coerced a plastic surgeon to make him look like David Hasselhoff . Instead , the surgeon carved the word `` killer '' on his forehead and fled while David was under anesthetic . David returned to Genoa City as `` Jim Adams '' with makeup on his forehead , hair dyed gray , a mustache and a southern accent . He romanced and married Nina 's mother , Flo Webster , and manipulated Nina into changing her will so that he and Flo would be co-beneficiaries in the event of Nina 's death . In 1991 , Nina , Danny and Cricket attended a masquerade ball charity event , and David showed up dressed in the same costume as Danny ( a wolf ) intending to kill them all . But David 's former mistress , Diane , learned of his plan and replaced the bullets in his gun with wax ones . When David cornered the trio in a maze outdoors , they were in on it and convinced David that he had shot and killed all three . While David was being pursued by the police and private detective Paul Williams , he ducked into a garbage chute at one point and was then fatally mutilated by a garbage compactor . Steven Lassiter ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Steven Lassiter <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Rod Arrants Duration 1987 -- 88 First appearance Last appearance November , 1988 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Wife Ashley Abbott ( 1988 ) Steven Lassiter first appeared on May 3 , 1986 , portrayed by Rod Arrants on a recurring status . The character was a psychiatrist and the first husband of Ashley Abbott . Arrants made his final appearance on May 25 , 1988 , when the character was shot to death . History In 1986 , Steven was the psychiatrist of Ashley Abbott and Leanna Love . He fell in love with Ashley . When Nikki Newman went into remission , Victor Newman was free to be with Ashley , but she had moved on to Steven . Ashley and Steven married in 1988 , but before long Steven was shot to death by the son of one of his patients . Jessica Blair Grainger ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jessica Blair Grainger <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Rebecca Street Duration 1988 -- 89 First appearance January 1988 Last appearance November 1989 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband John Abbott ( 1988 -- 89 ) Jim Grainger ( 1989 ) Daughters Christine Blair Nephews Joe Blair Jessica Blair Grainger first appeared in January 1988 as the mother of Christine Blair . She was also a wife of John Abbott She was portrayed by Rebecca Street until November 1989 . History Jessica , the estranged mother of Christine Blair and the aunt of Joe Blair , who left town a year before Jessica arrived , arrived in Genoa City suffering from AIDS and hoping to reunite with her daughter before the disease eventually claimed her life . Eventually Jessica and Cricket made amends . However , Jessica originally tried to keep her illness a secret from everybody in town , including John Abbott , with whom she fell in love , but they all learned of her illness after she had to be hospitalized due to the symptoms . While being treated , she realized her doctor , Scott Grainger , was actually the son of her ex-lover , Jim Grainger , making him Cricket 's half - brother . Despite her illness , John proposed to a hesitant Jessica until she ultimately accepted , and two months later , she and John were married . In early 1989 , Cricket located Jessica 's ex-lover and her father , Jim Grainger , and she arranged for him to come to Genoa City . She then got official proof of him being her father . With her condition worsening , Jessica 's last wish was to reunite with her family : Jim , Scott and Cricket . John granted her a divorce , and Jessica and Jim married shortly before she finally succumbed to AIDS . Lynne Bassett ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lynne Bassett <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Laura Bryan Birn Duration 1988 -- 2004 First appearance April 1988 Last appearance September 2 , 2004 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Secretary Lynne Bassett first appeared in April 1988 , portrayed by Laura Bryan Birn , daughter of former writer Jerry Birn . The character was a secretary and romance of Paul Williams . She made her final appearance on September 2 , 2004 . History Paul Williams hires Lynne as his replacement secretary after former secretary Amy Lewis left town to take care of her father . Lynne becomes his friend and was always there for him in his time of need both on the job and off . Lynne also had a crush on Paul , but he never returned her feelings , even though they briefly dated . When Christine Blair was date - raped in 1989 , Lynne confided to Christine that she was once a victim of rape . Lynne committed the crime of breaking and entering into Michael Baldwin 's office , in which she , along with Paul 's mother , Mary , were arrested as they were looking for evidence that Michael was conspiring with Paul 's then - wife , Isabella Brana . In fall 2004 , Lynne was out of a job when Paul closed his practice . He teamed up and went to work as an investigator at the Baldwin and Blair Law Firm with Michael and Christine . Soon after , Lynne leaves town to visit her mother . Lisa Mansfield ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lisa Mansfield <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Lynne Harbaugh Duration 1988 -- 89 First appearance April 1988 Last appearance March 3 , 1989 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Husband Brad Carlton ( 1982 -- 83 ) Lisa Mansfield first appeared in April 1988 . She is the first ex-wife of Brad Carlton . She was portrayed by Lynne Harbaugh until March 3 , 1989 . History Lisa and Brad married in 1982 , but Brad divorced Lisa in 1983 after her father , who disapproved of their marriage , paid Brad a large sum of money to divorce his daughter . In 1988 , Lisa resurfaced in Brad 's life , who was now married to Traci Abbott , and Lisa offered Brad a lucrative job in Chicago . When Brad declined and instead accepted a job offer from his former lover , Lauren Fenmore , Lisa became obsessed with Brad , and she drugged and kidnapped him . Lisa held Brad captive in a cage in a deserted mountain cabin for several weeks . During this time , Traci felt that Brad had abandoned her , and she later suffered a miscarriage . Brad 's absence caused her to take comfort with her former lover , Tim Sullivan . In early 1989 , Lauren was on a ski trip with Jack Abbott , and they spotted Lisa . Suspecting that Lisa was somehow linked to Brad 's mysterious disappearance , Lauren followed her back to the cabin , where she was holding Brad . Lisa spotted Lauren , and she threw her into the cage with Brad , intending to gas them both to death . Fortunately , Jack , who had tracked Lauren to the cabin , rescued them . Lisa fled town and has not been seen since . Scott Grainger Sr. ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Scott Grainger Sr . <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Peter Barton Duration 1988 -- 93 First appearance April 1988 Last appearance November 16 , 1993 Introduced by William J. Bell Crossover appearances The Bold and the Beautiful Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Physician <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Father Jim Grainger Half - sisters Christine Blair Wife Lauren Fenmore ( 1989 -- 91 , 1992 -- 93 ) Sheila Carter ( 1991 ) Sons Scotty Grainger Scott Grainger first appeared in May 1988 , portrayed by Peter Barton until 1993 . Scott Grainger was known for being a part of the love triangle with Lauren Fenmore and Sheila Carter . The character also briefly appeared on The Bold and the Beautiful in 1993 . History Scott entered the picture as the doctor working on Jessica Blair , who had AIDS . In 1989 , Jessica 's daughter , Christine Blair , fell in love with Scott and they became engaged . The engagement was brought to an end when Christine discovered that Scott was her brother , as the result of an affair between Jessica and Scott 's father , Jim . While Christine was disappointed , she was thrilled to be able to meet her real father , Jim . Scott began dating Lauren Fenmore . Christine was raped by Derek Stuart and pressed charges against him . Infuriated by the prospect of a long prison sentence , Derek cornered Christine with a gun , but as he pulled the trigger , Scott arrived and jumped in front of Christine , taking the bullet for her . Scott 's near death experience prompted him to propose to Lauren . They married in 1990 , despite Lauren 's feelings for ex-husband Paul Williams . Lauren suffered a miscarriage . Scott was n't bothered , as he was unaware that Lauren was even pregnant . He turned to nurse Sheila Carter for comfort . Scott and Lauren decided to give their marriage another try , but both Lauren and Sheila then announced that they were pregnant with Scott 's child . Sheila 's baby was stillborn . Desperate to have Scott 's child , she stole Lauren 's newborn son and named him Scott Grainger Jr. , replacing him with a black market baby , who Lauren named Dylan . Scott left Lauren and married Sheila . Sheila 's mother , Molly Carter , discovered the truth about the `` baby switch '' and decided to tell Lauren . However , on her way to Lauren 's office , Molly suffered a debilitating stroke , which left her mute . Lauren began to visit Molly in hospital , so Sheila formed an elaborate scheme to make it look like her mother had committed suicide . She then had Molly committed to a psychiatric hospital . Lauren 's `` son '' , Dylan , soon died of meningitis . Worried that Molly would tell Lauren the truth , Sheila kidnapped both her mother and Lauren and held them hostage at a farmhouse out of town . Intending to kill them both , Sheila confessed to switching the babies . She then set fire to the farmhouse , with Lauren and Molly barely escaping . Sheila was pronounced dead and Lauren returned to Scott and Scotty . Shortly after , Scott was diagnosed with a terminal illness , which he kept secret from Lauren . When Lauren discovered Sheila to be alive and well in Los Angeles , she persuaded Scott to vacation with her on Catalina Island , so she could humiliate Sheila in front of her new husband Eric Forrester . Lauren was later amazed to learn that Scott already knew that Sheila was alive , as she had visited him in the hospital shortly before . Lauren persuaded him to talk to Eric about Sheila , but an ill Scott died before he could say anything . His dying wish was for Lauren to move on with her life and to give Sheila a second chance . Chase Benson ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chase Benson <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Stephen Gregory Duration 1988 -- 91 First appearance July 1988 Last appearance February 1991 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring Chase Benson first appeared in July 1988 , portrayed by Stephen Gregory . The character was a man hired by Katherine Chancellor and Jill Foster Abbott to get Nina Webster out of Phillip Chancellor III 's life . Gregory made his final appearance in February 1991 . History Chase arrived on the scene when Jill Foster Abbott and Katherine Chancellor hired and paid him to get Nina Webster out of Phillip Chancellor III 's life . Jill and Kay could not stand Nina , who kept pursuing Phillip and became pregnant with his son , Chance . Chase Benson 's job was to keep Nina occupied while Jill and Kay sought custody of Chance , but Nina ended things with Chase after she learned that he was working with Jill and Kay . While escorting Nina , Chase fell for Christine Blair , who did not trust him at all before the truth came out about him working for Jill and Kay . After the chaos with Jill , Kay and Nina was over , Chase went from being a bad guy to a good guy and became friends with Nina , Christine and Danny Romalotti . Chase was hired at Jabot Cosmetics by Jack Abbott to work in the advertising department . Chase later began flirting with Lauren Fenmore , but he stopped after learning that she was the CEO of Fenmore 's Department Stores . In 1990 , Chase was fixed up with a woman named Vivian , who was later murdered by David Kimble . Chase was last seen in early 1991 . Clint Radison ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Clint Radison <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Sal Landi ( 1988 -- 89 ) James Michael Gregary ( 1989 -- 91 , 2009 ) Duration 1988 -- 91 2009 First appearance December 12 , 1988 Last appearance March 26 , 2009 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Criminal <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Wife Gina Roma ( 1989 -- 94 ) Clint Radison first appeared on December 12 , 1988 , portrayed by Sal Landi . The role was then taken over by James Michael Gregary in 1989 . The character became the husband of Gina Roma , and former cellmate of Rex Sterling . Gregary returned to the role on January 16 , 2009 after a 19 - year absence . His return occurred over three months until March 26 , 2009 . History A former cellmate of Rex Sterling , Clint showed up in Genoa City and found out that Gina Roma was his daughter , so he developed a plot to seduce her , and eventually married her . In the meantime , he had stumbled upon Marge Cotrooke , a look - alike of town 's richest citizen , Katherine Chancellor , so he started training Marge , along with his friends , to take over Kay 's position and kidnap Kay and her maid Esther Valentine . His plan was foiled when Kay 's son Brock Reynolds and lawyer Mitchell Sherman revealed their plot and saved Kay and Esther 's lives . Clint went to prison after Marge decided to help out Kay . Clint escaped a few months later and Kay nearly attacked him when he showed up on her doorstep , but she was stopped by Gina who declared she still had feelings for Clint . Realizing Kay was upset over her encounter with Clint , Brock decided to talk some sense into Gina . Ignoring Gina 's plea to give Clint another chance , however , Brock planned to turn him in . While Gina was begging Clint not to turn himself in , Brock was attacked by an armed robber . Clint arrived on the scene , but it was too late to stop the robber from shooting Brock . Although Clint wanted to help Brock , Clint decided to make a run for it . Kay later assumed Clint was responsible for Brock 's shooting . However , Clint managed to call for help for Brock and Brock was rushed to the hospital . Rex was shocked by Kay 's admission that Clint saved Brock 's life . Later , Rex arrived at Gina 's , demanding that she tell him where Clint was . Coming out of hiding , Clint told Rex he never intended to hurt Gina . Gina was mortified when Clint admitted he called the police . Clint was taken back to prison . Nineteen years later in January 2009 , after getting out of prison , Clint found his way back to Genoa City to get his hands on the Chancellor fortune . He started working with Roger Wilkes in a plot to marry Esther . At the same time , Clint found out that Marge ended up in a car crash with Kay , and that Kay might still be alive , but unable to prove her identity . When Roger and Clint 's plot to marry Esther was going too slow for them because Esther thought Kay might be alive , Clint decided to take a different plan and kidnap Kay , which he eventually did , taking her to an unknown location where she was being watched by Annie Wilkes , another one of Clint 's accomplices . Kay attempted to escape on several occasions , even by convincing Annie to help her out , but Clint always came in town to stop them . When he realized he was done watching over them , he set up a bomb at the hotel where Kay and her maid Esther were being held and then ran away along with Roger and Annie . While going away , Clint kidnapped Kevin Fisher and decided to use him for his future plans . Sensing how dangerous Clint had become , Annie and Roger ran away , leaving Kevin alone with Clint . After learning about Kevin 's childhood traumas on television , Clint tortured and traumatized Kevin into robbing banks dressed in a chipmunk costume . Clint was overjoyed every time Kevin brought him money until one day he had a heart attack and collapsed on the floor , leaving Kevin worrying that he could have killed Clint . Amber Moore first saw Clint 's body when Kevin locked her inside the closet , and Clint 's body was later found by Michael Baldwin and Daniel Romalotti . On March 26 , 2009 , Clint 's eternal fate was disclosed by the spirit of Marge Cotrooke . Back one more time while her corpse was disinterred for DNA testing , Marge revealed Clint did not make it to heaven , having taken a `` southern detour '' instead . John Silva ( edit ) John Silva first appeared on July 7 , 1989 , portrayed by John Castellanos under contract until choosing to drop to recurring in the late nineties to focus on his writing . The character was an active lawyer in Genoa City . Castellanos made his final appearance in April 2004 . History John arrived in town in 1989 when he served as Derek Stuart 's lawyer when on trial for date raping Christine Blair . Eventually , John Silva became the town 's most active lawyer , mostly working on cases with new lawyer Christine . Silva represented residents of the town in various cases , from drug charges , sexual harassment , murders , divorces to custody battles . He primarily worked for the Newman and Abbott families . His personal life was n't fully explored , but he did have a brief relationship with Nina Webster and an affair with Jill Foster Abbott before simply not being seen again . Glenn Richards ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Glenn Richards <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Brendan Burns Duration 1991 -- 93 1995 -- 97 1999 2003 -- 06 First appearance August 1989 Last appearance January 25 , 2006 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Former , recurring <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation District Attorney Prosecutor Glenn Richards first appeared in August 1989 , portrayed by Brendan Burns on a recurring status . The character was an active prosecutor and later district attorney in Genoa City . Burns made his final appearance on January 25 , 2006 . History Glenn is a tough prosecutor and later district attorney , who always wanted to see Genoa City residents prosecuted to the full extent of the law and usually Glenn came out on top , but something would usually come to light about the person whose in trouble that led Glenn to losing cases once the person got off when evidence came to light proven them innocent . He was the prosecutor on Nina Webster 's case after she shot her then husband David Kimble and prosecuted the 1995 case against Nicholas Newman who was tried for the shooting of Matt Clark . Glenn was later appointed District Attorney and for a good while worked with Christine Blair . Glenn is not related to Andy Richards despite the fact they have the same last name . Marge Cotrooke ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Marge Cotrooke <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Jeanne Cooper Duration 1989 -- 90 2008 -- 09 First appearance September 1989 Last appearance March 26 , 2009 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Edward J. Scott ( 1989 ) Maria Arena Bell ( 2008 ) Classification Former , regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Katherine `` Kay '' Chancellor Marge Cotrooke first appeared in 1989 as Katherine Chancellor 's look alike . She was also portrayed by Cooper from 1989 to 1990 , before returning in 2008 and 2009 . History In 1989 , when Katherine Chancellor married Rex Sterling , a bum that spent some time in prison , his former cellmate Clint Radison , found Marge Cotrooke , a diner waitress and realized that she looked exactly like Katherine . He decided to use her in his plan to replace Kay with Marge and get to her fortune . His friends got jobs at the Chancellor mansion , while Marge was taught to act like Kay . Kay Chancellor and her housekeeper , Esther Valentine , were held captive while Marge replaced Kay . Marge immediately changed things from Katherine 's life , starting with unintentionally pushing Rex into the arms of Jill Abbott . She also sold Chancellor Industries . When Kay 's son , Brock Reynolds , returned from India , he realized that someone had replaced Kay . Marge later helped Kay catch Clint and his friends and get them in jail , before returning to her life as a waitress . Marge returned to Kay 's life in October 2008 , asking her for help with her problems . Kay realized that Marge had become a drunk , and she wanted to help her beat the addiction as a payoff of Marge saving her life years ago . Kay never told anyone about Marge 's problems and started showing signs of dementia , but she refused to give up on shipping Marge to a rehabilitation center . While at a local pub , Jeffrey Bardwell spotted Marge , drunk , and he thought she was Katherine . Kay finally decided to drive Marge to the center herself , but she ended up in a serious car crash . Marge died in the crash , but the general populace of Genoa City was convinced that Katherine Chancellor was dead . Marge briefly returned as a ghost , aware that she was dead , but realized after seeing the people attending her funeral , specifically Esther , that they incorrectly believed she was Katherine . Deducing that Kay must still have been near the scene of the accident , she appeared near the crash site and discovered Kay 's body lying motionless by the riverbank . She unsuccessfully attempted to awaken her friend . Her spirit soon dissipated . Patrick Murphy arrived and rescued Kay , believing she was Marge . He took care of her until it was revealed that she was really Katherine and had lost her memory . See also ( edit ) The Young and the Restless characters ( 1970s ) The Young and the Restless characters ( 1990s ) The Young and the Restless characters ( 2000s ) The Young and the Restless characters ( 2010s ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Young and the Restless brings back 3 fan favorites '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Victor and Julia 's 10th Anniversary '' . The Young and the Restless . CBS Daytime . June 13 , 1980 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jill Farren Phelps ( Executive producers ) ; Shelly Altman , Jean Passanante and Tracey Thomson ( Head writers ) ; Casey Childs ( Director ) ; Amanda L. Beall ( Script writer ) ( March 12 , 2014 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 41 . Episode 10368 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives 2002 The Young and the Restless '' . Soapcentral. 2012 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Storm - IMDb '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Tricia Cast : Coming Back to The Young and the Restless '' . TV Fanatic. 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City : Dina Abbott Mergeron '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Exculsive ! Y&R Fave Returns ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Seaforth Hayes - Filmography by TV Series '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Farren Connor Sanderson Richards ( Character ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Farren Connor Sanderson Richards ( Character ) - Filmography by TV Series '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` David Kimble ( Character ) - Filmography by TV Series '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives 2004 The Young and the Restless '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . `` The Young and the Restless - Season 36 , Episode 206 : Ep. # 9064 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2009 - 03 - 28 ) . `` The Young and the Restless - Season 37 , Episode 1 : Ep. # 9110 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless Recap : Tuesday , 20th April 2004 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` A Death In Genoa City ... ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Sony . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Character lists <Td_colspan="2"> 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Young_and_the_Restless_characters_(1980s)&oldid=843063202 '' Categories : Lists of The Young and the Restless characters Hidden categories : Articles that may be too long from May 2015 Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Young and the Restless characters (1980s)
2. Julia Newman
3. Mary Williams
4. Eve Howard
5. Victor Newman
|
-740,563,034,679,379,300 |
when did rebel without a cause come out
|
Rebel Without a Cause - wikipedia Rebel Without a Cause Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Rebel Without a Cause <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Nicholas Ray Produced by David Weisbart Screenplay by Stewart Stern Story by Nicholas Ray Adaptation : Irving Shulman Starring James Dean Natalie Wood Sal Mineo Jim Backus Ann Doran Corey Allen William Hopper Music by Leonard Rosenman Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by William H. Ziegler Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date October 27 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 27 ) Running time 111 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.5 million Box office $4,500,000 ( US rentals ) Rebel Without a Cause is a 1955 American drama film about emotionally confused suburban , middle - class teenagers . Filmed in the recently introduced CinemaScope format and directed by Nicholas Ray , it offered both social commentary and an alternative to previous films depicting delinquents in urban slum environments . The film stars James Dean , Sal Mineo and Natalie Wood . The film was a groundbreaking attempt to portray the moral decay of American youth , critique parental style , and explore the differences and conflicts between generations . The title was adopted from psychiatrist Robert M. Lindner 's 1944 book , Rebel Without a Cause : The Hypnoanalysis of a Criminal Psychopath . The film , however , does not make any references to Lindner 's book in any way . Warner Bros. released the film on October 27 , 1955 . Over the years , the film has achieved landmark status for the acting of cultural icon James Dean , fresh from his Oscar nominated role in East of Eden and who died before the film 's release , in his most celebrated role . This was the only film during Dean 's lifetime in which he received top billing . In 1990 , Rebel Without a Cause was added to the Library of Congress 's National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and accolades 6 Costumes and props 7 In popular culture 7.1 Music 7.2 Film 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Jim Stark is in police custody . Teenager Jim Stark ( Dean ) is arrested and taken to the juvenile division of the police station for `` plain drunkenness '' . At the station he meets John `` Plato '' Crawford ( Mineo ) , who was brought in for shooting dead a litter of puppies , and Judy ( Wood ) , who was brought in for curfew violation . The three each separately reveal their innermost frustrations to the officers ; all three of them suffer from problems at home : Jim feels betrayed and anguished by his constantly bickering parents , Frank ( Jim Backus ) and Carol ( Ann Doran ) , but even more so by his father 's milquetoast attitude and failure to stand up to Carol . His frustrations are made manifest to officer Ray Fremick ( Edward Platt ) when Jim is released to their custody . Judy is convinced that her father ( William Hopper ) ignores her because she 's no longer a little girl , so she dresses up in racy clothes to get attention , which only causes her father to call her a `` dirty tramp '' . Plato 's father abandoned them when he was a toddler , and his mother is often away from home , leaving Plato in the care of his housekeeper . On his first day at Dawson High , Jim again meets Judy and offers her a ride . Seemingly unimpressed by Jim at first , she declines and is picked up by her `` friends '' , a gang of delinquents led by `` Buzz '' Gunderson ( Corey Allen ) . Jim is shunned by the rest of the student body but befriends Plato , who comes to idolize him as a father figure . After a field trip to Griffith Observatory , Buzz provokes and challenges Jim to a knife fight . Unsatisfied by Jim 's unwillingness to fight back , Buzz suggests stealing some cars to have a `` Chickie Run '' at a seaside cliff . At home , Jim ambiguously asks his father for advice about defending one 's honor in a risky , dangerous situation , but Frank instead advises him against confrontation of any kind . That night , during the chickie run , Buzz falls to his death when he is unable to exit his car in time . The rest of the gang flees , so they do n't get caught . Jim confronts his father while his mother watches . Jim confides his involvement in the crash to his parents and considers turning himself in . When his mother declares they are moving again , Jim protests and pleads with his father to stand up for him , but Frank refuses . Jim attacks Frank in frustration , then storms off to the police station to confess , but he is turned away by the desk sergeant . Jim drives back home and finds Judy waiting for him . She apologizes for the way she treated him , citing peer pressure , and the two begin to fall in love . Agreeing that they will never go back to their respective homes , Jim suggests they visit the mansion Plato told him about . Meanwhile , Plato is intercepted by Buzz 's gang who are convinced that Jim was the one who betrayed them to the police . They steal Plato 's notebook and run off ; Plato retrieves his mother 's gun and leaves to warn Jim and Judy , where he finds them at the mansion . The three new friends act out a fantasy as a family . Plato then falls asleep , and Jim and Judy leave to explore the mansion , where they share their first kiss . Buzz 's gang wake up Plato who , frightened and distraught , shoots at one of the members . When Jim returns , he attempts to restrain Plato , but he flees , accusing Jim of leaving him behind . Plato runs to the observatory and barricades himself inside as more police converge , including Fremick who , with Frank and Carol , was looking for Jim . Jim and Judy follow Plato into the observatory , where he persuades Plato to trade the gun for his red jacket . Jim removes the ammunition before returning it . Jim then convinces Plato to come outside , but the police notice that Plato still has the gun , so they shoot him out of self defense . Frank comforts his grieving son , vowing to be a stronger father . Now reconciled with his parents , Jim introduces them to Judy . Cast ( edit ) James Dean as Jim Stark Natalie Wood as Judy Sal Mineo as John `` Plato '' Crawford Jim Backus as Frank Stark Ann Doran as Carol Stark Corey Allen as Buzz Gunderson William Hopper as Judy 's father Rochelle Hudson as Judy 's mother Edward Platt as Inspector Ray Fremick Marietta Canty as the Crawford family maid Virginia Brissac as Grandma Stark Dennis Hopper as Goon Jack Grinnage as Moose Frank Mazzola as Crunch Ian Wolfe as Dr. Minton , astronomy professor Beverly Long as Helen Robert Foulk as Gene Jack Simmons as Cookie Tom Bernard as Harry Nick Adams as Chick Steffi Sidney as Mil Clifford Morris as Cliff Production ( edit ) Warner Brothers had bought the rights to Lindner 's book , intending to use the title for a film . Attempts to create a film version in the late 1940s eventually ended without a film or even a full script being produced . When Marlon Brando did a five - minute screen test for the studio in 1947 , he was given fragments of one of the partial scripts . However , Brando was not auditioning for Rebel Without a Cause , and there was no offer of any part made by the studio . The film , as it later appeared , was the result of a totally new script written in the 1950s that had nothing to do with the Brando test . The screen test is included on a 2006 special edition DVD of the 1951 film A Streetcar Named Desire . According to a biography of Natalie Wood , she almost did not get the role of Judy because Nicholas Ray thought that she did not fit the role of the wild teen character . While on a night out with friends , she got into a car accident . Upon hearing this , Ray rushed to the hospital . While in delirium , Wood overheard the doctor murmuring and calling her a `` goddamn juvenile delinquent '' ; she soon yelled to Ray , `` Did you hear what he called me , Nick ? ! He called me a goddamn juvenile delinquent ! Now do I get the part ? ! '' Dawson High School , the school in the film , was actually Santa Monica High School , located in Santa Monica , California . Irving Shulman , who adapted Nicholas Ray 's initial film story into the screenplay , had considered changing the name of James Dean 's character to Herman Deville , according to Jurgen Muller 's `` Movies of the ' 50s '' . He had also originally written a number of scenes that were shot and later cut from the final version of the film . According to an AFI interview with Stewart Stern , with whom Shulman worked on the screenplay , one of the scenes was thought to be too emotionally provocative to be included in the final print of the film . It portrayed the character of Jim Stark inebriated to the point of belligerence screaming at a car in the parking lot , `` It 's a little jeep jeep ! Little jeep , jeep ! '' The scene was considered unproductive to the story 's progression by head editor William H. Ziegler and ultimately ended up on the cutting room floor . In 2006 , members of the Lincoln Film Society petitioned to have the scene printed and archived for historical preservation . The film was in production from March 28 to May 25 , 1955 . When production began , Warner Bros. considered it a B - movie project , and Ray used black and white film stock . When Jack L. Warner realized James Dean was a rising star and a hot property , filming was switched to color stock , and many scenes had to be reshot in color . It was shot in the widescreen CinemaScope format , which had been introduced two years previously . With its densely expressive images , the film has been called a `` landmark ... a quantum leap forward in the artistic and technical evolution of a format . '' The 1949 Mercury Coupe James Dean drove in the movie is part of the permanent collection at the National Automobile Museum in Reno , Nevada . Reception ( edit ) The film received accolades for its story and for the performance of James Dean and the young stars who appeared , including teenagers Natalie Wood , Sal Mineo and Dennis Hopper , as well as Nick Adams and Corey Allen . The film holds a 96 % fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes . The film was banned in New Zealand in 1955 by Chief Censor Gordon Mirams , out of fears that it would incite ' teenage delinquency ' , only to be released on appeal the following year with scenes cut . In Britain , the film was released with an X-rating with scenes cut . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Wins 1990 National Film Registry Nominations Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor : Sal Mineo Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress : Natalie Wood Academy Award for Best Writing , Motion Picture Story : Nicholas Ray BAFTA Award for Best Film BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor : James Dean American Film Institute recognition 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies # 59 2005 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes `` You 're tearing me apart ! '' Nominated Empire magazine recognition Ranked 477th on list of the 500 greatest movies of all time in 2008 . Costumes and props ( edit ) The switchblade James Dean 's character used in the fight scene at Griffith Observatory was offered at auction on September 30 , 2015 by Profiles in History with an estimated value of US $12,000 to $15,000 , with a winning bid of US $12,000 . Also offered at the same auction were production photographs and a final shooting script dated August 17 , 1955 for a behind - the - scenes television promotional film titled Behind the Cameras : Rebel Without a Cause hosted by Gig Young and that had scripted interviews and staged footage by the cast and crew ( script winning bid US $225 . ) In popular culture ( edit ) Music ( edit ) The 1971 hit single `` American Pie '' contains the lyrics `` When the Jester sang for the King and Queen in a coat he borrowed from James Dean '' , widely believed to be a reference to the red jacket worn by Dean 's character in the film and an allusion to the windbreaker worn by Bob Dylan on the cover of his 1963 album `` The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan '' . Joni Mitchell included clips from Rebel Without a Cause in her concert film Shadows and Light , recorded in 1979 and released in 1980 . The 1980 Bruce Springsteen song `` Cadillac Ranch '' mentions James Dean 's 1949 Mercury coupe . Rap Group Public Enemy made a song called `` Rebel Without a Pause '' . Bonnie Tyler in 1986 made a song called `` Rebel Without a Clue '' . The Bellamy Brothers in 1988 made a song called `` Rebels Without a Clue '' . The phrase `` rebel without a clue '' also occurs in the 1989 song `` I 'll Be You '' by The Replacements , which inspired Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers to include it on the 1991 song `` Into the Great Wide Open '' . The 1991 Paula Abdul video `` Rush , Rush '' features a street race and co-stars Keanu Reeves , drawing stylistic inspiration from Rebel Without A Cause , and as such , has a period theme . A 90 - second dramatic prelude to the song rather mirrors the characters from the film . In 1995 Nonesuch Records issued an album of music from both East of Eden and Rebel Without a Cause by the London Sinfonietta , conducted by John Adams . Rap - rock artist Kid Rock named his 1998 album `` Devil Without a Cause '' . Shenandoah mentions Dean and Wood in the 1993 song `` I Want to Be Loved Like That '' . The beginning of the song states : `` Natalie Wood gave her heart to James Dean / High school rebel and the teenage queen / Standing together in an angry world / One boy fighting for one girl . '' In the Marilyn Manson song `` Mutilation Is the Most Sincere Form of Flattery '' from their 2007 album `` Eat Me , Drink Me '' is the line `` Rebels Without Applause '' . Track 5 on the 2007 Every Time I Die album The Big Dirty is named `` Rebel Without Applause '' . In their 2011 song `` Constipation '' , Black Hippy sings `` rebel without a cause '' . The German musician Prinz Pi 's album Rebell ohne Grund ( 2011 ) is named after Rebel Without a Cause . Locnville recorded a 2012 song named `` James Dean '' . Taylor Swift 's song `` Style '' , from her 2014 album 1989 , features the line `` You 've got that James Dean / day dream look in your eyes '' . Ariana Grande 's song `` Moonlight '' , from her 2016 album Dangerous Woman , features the line `` He 's givin ' me Elvis / With some James Dean in his eye . '' Film ( edit ) Tommy Wiseau borrowed the line `` You 're tearing me apart '' and used it in his 2003 cult hit film The Room , which is widely considered to be the worst film ever made . In the original script , it was written as `` You 're taking me apart , Lisa '' . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1955 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1956 ' , Variety Weekly , January 2 , 1957 Jump up ^ Variety film review ; October 26 , 1955 , page 6 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; October 22 , 1955 , page 170 . Jump up ^ Finstead , Susan ( 2009 ) . Natasha : The Biography of Natalie Wood . Random House . p. 176 . ISBN 9780307428660 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Latest Wood biography . Jump up ^ Higgins , Bill . `` How Natalie Wood Seduced Her Way Into ' Rebel Without a Cause ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter ( December 2 , 2011 ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Tells of the quote being from 1974 interview . Jump up ^ `` DVD Playback : Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) '' . American Cinematographer. 86 ( 10 ) . October 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rebel Without a Cause '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` History of Censorship : 1955 - Rebel Without a Cause '' . NZ Office of Film & Literature Classification . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah ( 2009 - 06 - 21 ) . `` To cut or not to cut -- a censor 's dilemma '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empireonline.com. 2006 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Hollywood Auction 74 . California : Profiles in History . 2015 . p. 434 . Lot 1255 . James Dean 's switchblade from Rebel Without a Cause . ( Warner Bros. , 1955 ) Black - handled switchblade manufactured in Italy by Astor . Engraved with the studio production number `` WBM 28730 '' ( Warner Bros. Movies ) . The spring mechanism currently non-operational , but easily repaired . This knife is used by Dean as `` Jim '' in the thrilling fight scene at Griffith Observatory , where Jim is confronted by Natalie Wood 's leather - clad hoodlum boyfriend `` Buzz '' ( Corey Allen ) , who is armed with a similar white - handled knife ... The knife is fully 13 in . long when opened , and exhibits some abrasions to one side of the handle , incurred when it was thrown to the ground and then kicked towards James Dean in the scene . The knife is accompanied with a letter of provenance from a previous owner , stating that the knife was originally acquired from Red Turner , the property master on Rebel Without a Cause ... Est . US $12,000 - $15,000 ( winning bid $12,000 . ) . ( Auction took place September 30 , 2015 . Catalog 83MB PDF and Prices Realized List PDF available at ProfilesinHistory.com Archived 2015 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... ) Jump up ^ Robert Fontenot . `` The `` American Pie '' FAQ -- What 's the meaning of Verse 3 ( `` Now for ten years we 've been on our own '' ) ? `` . About . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kendrick Lamar Bibliography Frascella , Lawrence and Weisel , Al : Live Fast , Die Young : The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause . Touchstone , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6082 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rebel Without a Cause ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rebel Without a Cause Rebel Without a Cause at the American Film Institute Catalog Rebel Without a Cause on IMDb Rebel Without a Cause at the TCM Movie Database Rebel Without a Cause at AllMovie Rebel Without a Cause at Rotten Tomatoes Behind the Scenes of Rebel Without a Cause : James Dean , Sal Mineo , Natalie Wood -- Living Fast , Dying Young , in Life and Onscreen ( Archived ) `` The Making of Rebel Without a Cause by Sam Kashner A Vanity Fair piece about Nicholas Ray with a particular focus on Rebel . `` Rebel Without a Cause '' by Raymond Weschler <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Nicholas Ray <Td_colspan="2"> They Live by Night ( 1949 ) Knock on Any Door ( 1949 ) A Woman 's Secret ( 1949 ) In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) Born to Be Bad ( 1950 ) Flying Leathernecks ( 1951 ) On Dangerous Ground ( 1952 ) The Lusty Men ( 1952 ) Johnny Guitar ( 1954 ) Run for Cover ( 1955 ) Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) Hot Blood ( 1956 ) Bigger Than Life ( 1956 ) The True Story of Jesse James ( 1957 ) Bitter Victory ( 1957 ) Wind Across the Everglades ( 1958 ) Party Girl ( 1958 ) The Savage Innocents ( 1960 ) King of Kings ( 1961 ) 55 Days at Peking ( 1963 ) We Ca n't Go Home Again ( 1976 ) Lightning Over Water ( 1980 ) VIAF : 316753489 GND : 4636307 - 5 SUDOC : 162472447 BNF : cb15032822g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebel_Without_a_Cause&oldid=834166630 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films James Dean 1950s drama films 1950s teen films American films American coming - of - age films American teen drama films Films scored by Leonard Rosenman Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Nicholas Ray Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles United States National Film Registry films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 08 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Rebel Without a Cause - film synopsis
2. James Dean - iconic role in Rebel Without a Cause
3. Social commentary in Rebel Without a Cause
4. Cultural significance of Rebel Without a Cause
5. James Dean's switchblade in Rebel Without a Cause
|
5,427,061,738,911,850,000 |
how many hat tricks has ronaldo scored for portugal
|
List of Portugal national football team hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Portugal national football team hat - tricks This page is a list of the hat - tricks scored for the Portugal national football team . Besides the instances of a player scoring three goals in a game , the list also includes games where a player has scored more than three goals . No . Player Opponent Goals Score Venue Competition Date Ref ( s ) Valdemar Mota Italy 3 -- ( 20 ' , 27 ' , 77 ' ) 4 -- 1 Campo do Ameal , Porto Friendly match 14 April 1928 Francisco Palmeiro Spain 3 -- ( 5 ' , 26 ' , 43 ' ) 3 -- 1 Estádio Nacional , Jamor Friendly match 3 June 1956 Yaúca Luxembourg 3 -- ( 53 ' , 66 ' , 83 ' ) 6 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Jamor 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification 19 March 1961 Eusébio Turkey 3 -- ( 21 ' , 63 ' , 77 ' ) 5 -- 1 Estádio Nacional , Jamor 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification 24 January 1965 José Torres Uruguay 3 -- ( 7 , 57 , 64 ) 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Jamor Friendly match 26 June 1966 6 Eusébio North Korea 4 -- ( 27 ' pen. , 43 ' , 56 ' , 59 ' pen . ) 5 -- 3 Goodison Park , Liverpool 1966 FIFA World Cup quarter - final 23 July 1966 7 Paulo Alves Liechtenstein 3 -- ( 67 ' , 73 ' , 90 ' ) 7 -- 0 Sportpark Eschen - Mauren , Eschen UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 15 August 1995 8 João Vieira Pinto Liechtenstein 3 -- ( 40 ' , 59 ' , 67 ' ) 8 -- 0 Estádio Municipal , Coimbra UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying 9 June 1999 9 Sérgio Conceição Germany 3 -- ( 35 ' , 54 ' , 71 ' ) 3 -- 0 Feijenoord Stadion , Rotterdam UEFA Euro 2000 group stage 20 June 2000 10 Luís Figo Moldova 3 -- ( 43 ' pen. , 61 ' pen. , 89 ' ) 3 -- 0 Estádio de São Luís , Faro Friendly match 15 August 2001 11 Nuno Gomes Andorra 4 -- ( 36 ' , 40 ' , 45 ' , 90 ' ) 7 -- 1 Camp d'Esports , Lleida 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification 1 September 2001 12 Pauleta Poland 3 -- ( 14 ' , 65 ' , 77 ' ) 4 -- 0 Jeonju Stadium , Jeonju 2002 FIFA World Cup group stage 10 June 2002 13 Pauleta Kuwait 4 -- ( 11 ' , 20 ' , 45 ' , 53 ' ) 8 -- 0 Estádio Municipal , Leiria Friendly match 19 November 2003 14 Nuno Gomes Kuwait 3 -- ( 70 ' , 75 ' , 87 ' ) 8 -- 0 Estádio Municipal , Leiria Friendly match 19 November 2003 15 Pauleta Cape Verde 3 -- ( 1 ' , 38 ' , 83 ' ) 4 -- 1 Complexo Desportivo , Évora Friendly match 27 May 2006 16 Cristiano Ronaldo Northern Ireland 3 -- ( 68 ' , 77 ' , 83 ' ) 4 -- 2 Windsor Park , Belfast 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 September 2013 17 Cristiano Ronaldo Sweden 3 -- ( 50 ' , 77 ' , 79 ' ) 3 -- 2 Friends Arena , Solna 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 19 November 2013 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Armenia 3 -- ( 29 ' pen. , 55 ' , 58 ' ) 3 -- 2 Republican Stadium , Yerevan UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying 13 June 2015 19 Cristiano Ronaldo Andorra 4 -- ( 2 ' , 4 ' , 47 ' , 68 ' ) 6 -- 0 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro , Aveiro 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 7 October 2016 20 André Silva Faroe Islands 3 -- ( 12 ' , 22 ' , 37 ' ) 6 -- 0 Tórsvøllur , Tórshavn 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 10 October 2016 21 Cristiano Ronaldo Faroe Islands 3 -- ( 3 ' , 29 ' pen. , 65 ' ) 5 -- 1 Estádio do Bessa , Porto 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 31 August 2017 22 Cristiano Ronaldo Spain 3 -- ( 4 ' pen. , 44 ' , 88 ' ) 3 -- 3 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi 2018 FIFA World Cup group stage 15 June 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goals column is sorted by the time difference between the first and the third goal . Jump up ^ Portugal 's score is shown first . Scores are sorted by goal difference and number of goals in the match . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs Italy - 14 / 04 / 1928 '' . Italian Football Federation . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs Spain - 03 / 06 / 1956 '' . futbol.sportec.es . Archived from the original on 23 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs Luxembourg - 19 / 03 / 1961 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs Turkey - 24 / 01 / 1965 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ TOVAR , Rui - `` Almanaque da Selecção '' , Almanaxi , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs Korea DPR - 23 / 07 / 1966 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying stages Group 6 '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying stages Group 7 '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2000 Group A '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese recent qualifyings '' . PortugueseSoccer.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying stages UEFA Group 2 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Group D '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portugal vs Kuwait - 19 / 11 / 2003 '' . terceiroanel.weblog.com.pt . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs Cape Verde - 27 / 05 / 2006 '' . terceiroanel.weblog.com.pt . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ultrapassa Eusébio '' . record.pt . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A 8. a vez de Portugal numa grande competição internacional '' . record.pt . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal beat Armenia with Ronaldo hat - trick '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Qualifiers -- Portugal - Andorra '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Qualifiers -- Faroe Islands - Portugal '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Qualifiers -- Portugal - Faroe Islands '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Portugal deny Spain in six - goal thriller '' . The Guardian . <Th_colspan="2"> Portugal national football team General Portuguese Football Federation History Managers Captains Venues Estádio do Jamor Statistics Results and Fixtures All - time record World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Players 25 + caps Previous squads Other categories World Cup Finals General 1966 1986 2002 2006 2014 2018 UEFA Euro Finals General 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Taça das Nações Brazil Independence Cup U.S. Cup SkyDome Cup Lusophony Games Rivalries Rivalry with Brazil Rivalry with Spain Other FPF teams B team Olympic team U21 team U20 team U19 team U18 team U17 team U16 team Women 's Futsal Beach soccer <Th_colspan="2"> Football in Portugal <Td_colspan="2"> FPF LPFP Men 's National teams Portugal captains hat - tricks U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Futsal Beach League system Primeira Liga hat - tricks LigaPro Campeonato de Portugal Domestic cups Taça de Portugal Taça da Liga Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira Women 's National teams Portugal League system Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino Domestic cups Taça de Portugal de Futebol Feminino Supertaça de Futebol Feminino District Associations Algarve Angra do Heroísmo Aveiro Beja Braga Bragança Castelo Branco Coimbra Évora Guarda Horta Leiria Lisbon Madeira Ponta Delgada Portalegre Porto Santarém Setúbal Viana do Castelo Vila Real Viseu Defunct competitions Segunda Divisão Terceira Divisão Taça Ribeiro dos Reis Taça Federação Portuguesa de Futebol Liga Intercalar <Td_colspan="2"> Clubs Club honours Foreign players Records Venues Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Portugal_national_football_team_hat-tricks&oldid=857738778 '' Categories : History of the Portugal national football team National association football team hat - tricks Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2018 , at 18 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. List of Portugal national football team hat-tricks
2. Players with hat-tricks for Portugal
3. Portugal national football team records
4. Hat-tricks in Portugal national team history
5. Notable hat-tricks for Portugal
|
-6,510,522,181,558,022,000 |
love you and kiss you and call you george
|
Of Mice and Men in popular culture - wikipedia Of Mice and Men in popular culture Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Of Mice and Men is a novella by John Steinbeck , which tells the story of George and Lennie , two displaced migrant workers in California during the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) . The story is set on a ranch a few miles from Soledad in the Salinas Valley . Since its initial publication in 1937 , it has been frequently referenced in popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 In cartoons and animation 2 In films ( live action ) 3 In music 4 In literature 5 In radio and television ( live action ) 6 In video games 7 In webcomics and web series 8 References In cartoons and animation ( edit ) Homages to the characters Lennie and George have been especially popular in American cartoons and animated films . The New York Times reviewed the 1939 film based on the novella thusly : `` Despite being endlessly parodied in Warner Bros. and MGM cartoons ( `` Which way did he go , George ? Which way did he go ? '' ) Of Mice and Men retains its raw dramatic power . '' Theatrical cartoon shorts of the 1940s and 1950s , particularly the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons released by Warner Bros. , are awash with Of Mice and Men parodies . The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another , à la Lennie , `` Which way did he go , George ; which way did he go ? '' , such as the episodes Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt or Falling Hare . The other popular reference draws on Lennie 's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength . In The Abominable Snow Rabbit ( 1961 ) , the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying , `` I will name him George , and I will hug him , and pet him , and squeeze him '' with Mel Blanc doing an unmistakable imitation of Lon Chaney , Jr. 's Lennie . Tex Avery , who worked as a director on Warner - released cartoons during the 1930s and early 1940s , started the Of Mice and Men trend with Of Fox and Hounds ( 1940 ) and Lonesome Lenny ( 1946 ) featuring Screwy Squirrel . The formula was so successful that it was used again and again in subsequent shorts , notably Robert McKimson 's Hoppy Go Lucky ( 1952 ) , Cat - Tails for Two ( 1953 ) and Chuck Jones ' The Abominable Snow Rabbit ( 1961 ) . Many more serious animated features use George and Lennie - type characters to serve as comic relief . Other examples in animation include : The animated series American Dad ! has an episode ( `` Of Ice and Men '' ) that deals with the subject . The Warner Bros. cartoon duo Pinky and the Brain ( of Animaniacs fame ) are somewhat similar to Lennie and George . There are two references made in Archer . In the season 2 episode `` A Going Concern '' , Sterling brainwashes ODIN head Len Trexler to despise Mallory , but doing so causes Trexler to lose much of his intelligence . He expresses a simpleton 's desire to hold and pet a rabbit nearby , an ode to Slim offering one of his puppies to Lennie , with Sterling asking Cyril , `` Can we give Lennie the rabbit ? '' In the following episode `` Blood Test '' , Trinette tries to get a `` baby - crazy '' Lana ( who is constantly berated for her `` man - like '' hands ) to give back her infant son Seamus , with Gillette interjecting , `` Give her the rabbit , Lennie ! '' and in season 6 Sterling was in the closet with Gort and said Shut Up Lennie ! In the Disney cartoon series Bonkers , the roles of George and Lennie are given to the main antagonists of the episode `` Comeback Kid '' . Here , George is portrayed as a small red toon rooster named Chick ; Lennie is portrayed as a large blue toon longhorned steer named Stu . Two mice play the main characters in `` Of Mice and Men '' , an episode of Cat and Girl . Cat appears to eat one of the mice just after it asks `` Tell me about the rabbits , George '' , but then announces `` he got away '' in an apparent reference to a desired ending for the story . The animated series The Cleveland Show has an episode entitled `` Of Lice and Men '' . In the movie Dragon Hunters , the two main characters , Lian - Chu and Gwizdo , seem to share a similar relationship to that of Lennie and George . Lian - Chu asks Gwizdo to tell him about the farm they would live in with many sheep in a similar way to Lennie . In the Futurama episode `` Love and Rocket '' , Bender plays with the ship 's control panel . The ship then says : `` Stop it ! You 're mussing up my trajectory ! '' , as Curley 's wife does in the novel . The Histeria ! episode `` Writers of the Purple Prose '' featured a sketch based on the fact that the first draft of Of Mice and Men was eaten by Steinbeck 's dog ( played in the sketch by Loud Kiddington 's dog , Fetch ) . In the cover of the book shown in the sketch , Froggo and Lucky Bob are depicted as George and Lennie . In the King of the Hill episode `` Of Mice and Little Green Men , '' Bobby and Hank act in a stage production of Of Mice and Men . In the episode `` serPUNt , '' Bobby 's pet snake goes down a sewer causing a panic . The snake is killed , but Hank tells his son Bobby that they let it loose on a farm . At the end of the episode , Bobby asks Hank to `` tell me about the farm , '' in the same manner that Lennie asked George . In The Loud House , the name and personality of Leni Loud was developed from Lennie `` because of the characteristic that she does n't know her own strength but is super sweet , which was ultimately changed , and ( Chris Savino ) changed the spelling to Leni to match the 4 - letter ( names of the other sisters ) . '' In an episode of Robot Chicken , a Rocky and Bullwinkle spoof has the duo playing George and Lennie respectively , acting out some of the major moments of the story . There is at least one Roger Ramjet episode which features a George / Lennie - based duo , the latter with lines like `` tell me about the rabbits '' . In The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show episode `` Goof Gas Attack '' , Bullwinkle , whose inherent stupidity gives him immunity from Boris Badenov 's latest weapon , laments that now that every living creature is stupid , there 's nobody left to feed him a straight line anymore . Rocky the Flying Squirrel confirms this by pleading , `` Tell me about the rabbits , George ! '' , thereby confirming Bullwinkle 's concern . In the South Park episode `` A Million Little Fibers '' , Oprah Winfrey 's vagina ( Mingee ) and anus ( Gary ) have a friendship similar to that of George and Lennie - this is most noticeable at the end where , after being shot , Gary asks Mingee to tell him about Paris and much like in the novella , Mingee tells him about it as Gary dies . In The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) , while escaping Galvatron in a spaceship departing Autobot City , Grimlock pleads Kups to , `` Tell Grimlock about petro - rabbits again . '' In films ( Live action ) ( edit ) In the film Straw Dogs ( 1971 ) starring Dustin Hoffman , flirtatious teenager Janice is accidentally strangled by the tall , robustly built but intellectually challenged Henry Niles while they are alone in an outbuilding , with several parallels to the killing of Curley 's wife by Lennie in Of Mice And Men . In the film `` Chinatown '' ( 1974 ) there are two minor characters named `` Curly '' and `` Curly 's Wife . '' In Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 ) two of the gremlins are named Lenny and George , after the characters of the book . In the Woody Allen movie Small Time Crooks ( 2000 ) , Frenchy ( Tracey Ullman ) says of one of her husband 's dimwitted friends : `` All that 's missing from this guy is a piece of velvet and a pet mouse . '' In Marley & Me ( 2008 ) , while taking Marley to get neutered and discussing the fact that the dog has no idea what 's coming , John comments to himself , `` It 's like Of Mice and Men '' . In the film Fanboys ( 2009 ) , Hutch says , `` Tell me about the rabbits George . '' When they are trying to get Linus to tell them the story of going to the Skywalker ranch . In the film Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) there are two dogs , a small dog named Georgia and a large dog named Lenny . In music ( edit ) During the fourth verse of `` Suplex '' by Army of the Pharaohs , rapper Vinnie Paz compares his foe 's intellect to that of the novella 's character Lennie Small 's : `` Of mice and men , motherfucker , you tend to the rabbits / Suicidal , I wish the Unabomber sent me a package . '' The Bell X1 single `` The Great Defector '' includes the line , `` Wo n't you tell ( us ) ' bout those rabbits , George ? '' . In the song `` Cleanser '' by Brand New , there are references to Of Mice and Men , including mention of the River in the beginning of the book ( `` the best best best best plans where both mice and men can go terribly wrong / and probably will '' ) , making note of a lady who is vain ( which would refer to Curley 's wife ) , and a line in the chorus : `` Weighing the cost of the love you make / Feeling the weight of the bones you break '' , which would be Curley 's wife 's wandering eye and Lennie killing her . John Leguizamo sings ( or raps ) `` Which way did he go , George ; which way did he go ? '' on his song `` Voodoo Mambo '' , as does Tupac Shakur on `` Ca n't C Me '' ( Ca n't See Me ) . Laura Marling 's song , `` Salinas '' , makes references to Salinas , `` Of Mice and Men '' and Steinbeck 's wife . Megadeth have a song titled `` Of Mice And Men '' from The System Has Failed album . American metalcore band Of Mice & Men name is derived from the novel 's title . Icelandic indie rock band Of Monsters and Men is named after the story , replacing mice with monsters . Katy Perry references the novella in her song `` Pearl '' : This love 's too strong like `` Mice and Men '' / Squeezing out the life that should be let in . `` Of Mice and Ben '' is an orchestral piece on the Lost Season 4 soundtrack . The title is a portmanteau of Of Mice and Men and `` Ben '' . Polish band Myslovitz have a song titled `` Myszy i ludzie '' which means `` Mice and Men '' and the song is based on the novel . The Grateful Dead 's song `` Jack Straw , '' first performed in 1971 , was based in part on Of Mice and Men . In literature ( edit ) One of Colin Bateman 's novels is entitled Of Wee Sweetie Mice and Men ( 1996 ) . In Ian Fleming 's first James Bond novel , Casino Royale ( 1953 ) , one of Le Chiffre 's two guards is described as `` rather like Lennie from Of Mice and Men '' In Stephen King 's novel 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) , the main character , as an English substitute teacher , puts on Of Mice and Men as a school play . In Stephen King 's novel Blaze ( 2007 ) , the story 's protagonist Clayton Blaisdell bears several similarities to Lennie . His deceased best friend , named George , was also a small and quick - witted man . In Stephen King 's novel The Dark Tower V : Wolves of the Calla ( 2004 ) , Father Callahan sizes up the Hitler Brothers as George and Lennie , although the large one was the smart one of the pair . In Stephen King 's serial novel The Green Mile ( 1996 ) , John Coffey ( played by Michael Clarke Duncan in the 1999 film ) is similar to Lennie in that he is large , unintelligent , and innocent at heart . In both stories , mice fall into their care at some point and ultimately , at the time of their deaths , both Lennie and John Coffey were executed in the most compassionate way possible under the circumstances that occur in both novels . Percy Wetmore , one of the guards along the Green Mile and Curley share roles as an antagonist ; Percy ( who is notably a described as a small man , much like Curley ) , is seen constantly antagonizing John Coffey much like Curley 's fight with Lennie . In Stephen King 's novel Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) , Bobby Garfield mentions the `` farm with the rabbits '' as the definition of a happy life . In Stephen King 's novel The Talisman ( 1984 ) , George and Lennie 's relationship seems to be paralleled by Jack and Wolf 's relationship . Wolf also crushes the hand of another character . The story `` My Brother 's Keeper '' , from the EC magazine Shock Illustrated , features a large , slow - witted character named Larry whose brother mercy - kills him when he fears Larry is to be institutionalized . Harry Turtledove 's short fantasy story `` Of Mice and Chicks '' , published in Turn the Other Chick , is a parody about two warrior women named Georgia and Lani , whose adventure broadly parallels Steinbeck 's novel , although the setting and tone are reminiscent of a Monty Python film . In radio and television ( Live action ) ( edit ) In the Cabin Pressure episode `` Fitton '' , Douglas cites Of Mice and Men as an example of a book that sounds more interesting without the final letter of the title . In an episode of Cold Case , a 19 - year - old man kills a mentally challenged 17 - year - old boy out of sympathy , after circumstances rendered him unable to protect the teen from the harsh realities of the world . In a season 3 episode of Criminal Minds , Derek Morgan talks about those who are guilt - laden with crimes they committed and send gifts to the family of their victims . He says they are quite often large with a developmental disability , to which Emily Prentiss replies , `` Like Lennie from Of Mice and Men ? '' In an episode of CSI : NY , a primary suspect ( Tim Guinee ) is auditioning for the part of George in the stage adaptation of Of Mice and Men . Gary Sinise , who stars in CSI : NY , played George in the 1992 film adaptation of the novel . In the Cyberchase episode `` The Borg of the Ring '' , a character wishes for a rabbit to `` love and call George '' . In an episode of Emergency ! , Dr. Joe Early ( Bobby Troup ) says to Dr. Kelly Brackett ( Robert Fuller ) , `` Tell me about the rabbits , George ! '' Dr. Brackett responds , `` You 're too young ! '' To which Dr. Early replies , `` You know , you 're right ! '' In an episode of the game show Family Feud , the host asks a contestant whose team has already won ( this information is withheld from the contestant ) , what the name of Curley 's wife is , which is never mentioned in the novel . In the season 3 episode of the sitcom Friends titled `` The One with a Chick and a Duck '' ( 1997 ) , Joey is playing with a little chicken . Chandler alludes to Of Mice and Men by saying , `` Easy , Lennie '' , to Joey . This was written in the subtitles , `` Easy Lenny '' , by misunderstanding . The opening quote of the Grimm episode titled `` Of Mouse and Men '' is , `` I am impelled , not to squeak like a grateful and frightened mouse , but to roar ... '' The episode features a mouse - like creature similar in may ways to Lennie : both characters are seemingly meek and mild - mannered , but turn out to be capable of horrific violence . In the How I Met Your Mother episode `` Architect of Destruction '' ( 6x05 ) , Marshall imagines Robin comparing his style of love making to Lennie . In the third season premiere of the skit comedy show Key and Peele , a rapper ( Keegan - Michael Key ) kills his hype man ( Jordan Peele ) because he progressively interrupts him during a rap battle . In flashback in the Lost season 3 episode `` Every Man for Himself '' ( 3x04 ) , Sawyer is reading the book in a prison . While on the island , Sawyer quotes the book to Ben , an Other . Later , Ben quotes a different passage to Sawyer . After the references , the character who quoted it asks , `` Do n't you read ? '' , as the other character is staring at them , in confusion and disbelief , respectively . In the Lost season 6 episode `` The Substitute '' ( 6x04 ) , Sawyer confronts the fake John Locke ( the `` Man in Black '' ) , by retelling the story of Of Mice And Men in a nutshell and then pointing a gun at him . Sawyer admits the book is his favorite . In the 2005 show , My Name is Earl , Jason Lee and Ethan Suplee star as brothers : Suplee is a dim - witted gentle giant , and Lee is the cynical yet wiser one who makes all of the decisions and looks after his brother . In an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 , Observer has been deprived of his brain ( which he keeps in a dish ) , and , due to a time warp , is stuck with Pearl Forrester and Professor Bobo in a dungeon in Ancient Rome . When Pearl is attempting to bring Mike Nelson down to the cell they are in to ease their escape , Observer says , among other things , `` Tell me about the rabbits , Pearl ! '' On the radio / television show Our Miss Brooks , dimwitted school athlete `` Stretch '' Snodgrass is often compared to Lennie . In his first appearance , `` Stretch the Basketball Star '' , he has Lennie 's tendency to repeat comments made to him in a confused fashion and even uses Lennie 's `` She 's purty '' to describe series regular Harriet Conklin . His family owns a pet shop , and he is seen to like animals , although he does not kill them accidentally . In `` The Grudge Match '' , Connie Brooks makes a direct comparison , stating that Snodgrass and Walter Denton remind her of Lennie and George from Of Mice and Men . Snodgrass doubts Denton could be Lennie , given his ability to manage the school paper and the basketball team . Brooks replies : `` Walter is n't my candidate for Lennie '' . In an episode of Power Rangers In Space , Cassie is fast - talked into a date with a big guy named Lennie , with help from his smaller , smarter friend George . In the Psych episode `` Sixty - Five Million Years Off '' , the character Shawn Spencer tells his partner Burton Guster about his Lennie impression and how it `` would have brought tears '' . He does his impression when he and Gus go question a suspect in a murder case , after the suspect slams the door in their faces repeatedly . Season 19 , episode 4 , of Saturday Night Live hosted by John Malkovich , includes a sketch about creating a version of the story for a Disney film . The narrator ( as Michael Eisner ) informs the audience that the George character has been eliminated because he tested poorly . That character will be replaced by a second Lennie . The two Lennies are played by Malkovich and Chris Farley . Phil Hartman , Rob Schneider , Jan Hooks , and Lorne Michaels have notable parts in the sketch . The season 34 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by James Franco includes a sketch about the alternate ending of Of Mice and Men , where Lennie ( played by Bobby Moynihan ) discovers that George ( Franco ) has been sugarcoating reality and lying to him about death ( he also notices George 's weapon and astutely points out , `` I 'm pretty sure that 's a gun ! '' ) , leading Lennie to blame George for killing Curley 's ( Bill Hader ) wife . In season 1 , episode 11 of The Blacklist ( titled `` The Good Samaritan '' ) , Red tells Newton Phillips ( alias `` Coogan '' ) , who had betrayed him , `` Look at the water . Just look at the water '' , before killing him . In season 2 , episode 13 of The L Word , Alice tells Dana that she does not want to be `` like the guy with the mouse '' . Dana replies : `` So , do n't be Lenny '' . In the season 3 , episode 16 of `` The Middle '' , entitled `` The Sit Down '' , Axl did not read `` Of Mice and Men '' for his homework assignment . Brick then reads it and describes the story to Axl from the back seat of the car , while Axl , Sue , and Brick drive around town searching for Sue 's lost jacket . In The Monkees episode `` Monkees in a Ghost Town '' , the hoods ' names are George and Lennie . Lennie is played by Lon Chaney , Jr. , as he was in the earlier film . He even produces a mouse from his pocket . The season 5 episode of The Shield , `` Of Mice and Lem '' , includes foreshadowing events similar to those in the book . In the conclusion of the episode , the main character is hoodwinked and robbed . In a Season 3 comedy sketch of Key and Peele titled Rap Battle Hype Man , there is a direct allusion to Lennie 's death . Key 's character , a rapper named Diller Killer , is disqualified from a rap battle after his hype man , played by Peele , disrupts it and pushes the audience and rappers and yells . They are sitting on a lake while Key 's Character distracts the hype man . He then shoots him after telling him to yell one more time and the sketch ends with `` Steinbeck y'all ! '' referring to the author , John Steinbeck . At the end of The Walking Dead episode , `` The Grove '' ( March 16 , 2014 ) , Carol kills a child named Lizzie , because Lizzie was befriending and feeding walkers , and she had killed her own sister Mika and was planning to also kill baby Judith , thinking the two would `` come back '' . Carol leads Lizzie outside to talk . Lizzie breaks down crying because she thinks Carol is ' mad ' at her and Carol comforts her . She tells Lizzie to ' look at the flowers ' and , as Lizzie 's back is turned , Carol takes out her revolver and shoots her . This scene is reminiscent of the ending of Of Mice and Men , when George kills Lennie while telling him to look away as he tells him about the rabbits . In Episode 2 of the third season of Bates Motel , Chick tells Dylan and Caleb that they remind him of a book , asking if they have rabbits . In season 2 , episode 17 of Scorpion , Happy tells Tobias ' you 're hugging the bunny way too tight Lenny ' . Using this as a metaphor for Tobias ' relationship with her . In Episode 2.1 of the Tenacious D TV Series entitled `` Death of a Dream . '' Just before Jack Black destroys his guitar , he says to it `` I want you look over there , I 'm going to tell you about the rabbits . '' A reference to the ending of Of Mice and Men In video games ( edit ) In the video game Baldur 's Gate , if the player repeatedly clicks on the character Xzar , one of the responses is , `` Duh . Tell me about the rabbits '' . In the video game The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , if the player asks about the NPC Gogron gro - Bolmog , it is said that he had a pet rabbit as a child , and petted it so hard he crushed its skull . In the video game Fallout 2 , if the player is playing a mentally handicapped person , when talking to a woman in a brothel they have the opportunity to tell that woman that `` George sayz we gon na haf a few achers of our own an ' I shud keep away from you or he wo n't lem me play wit the rabbitz so me go now . '' The plot of Justic Scrolls , a video game from 2006 , is extremely similar to that of the book . Both the book and the game have two friends , a clever one and a dull - witted one as well as both being about a dream that the two of them have . As well as this they both end up with one of the main characters shooting the other , and both of them have a character in them who has a fetish for soft things . Of Mice and Men is also referenced in the game , such as when Paul , the clever one of the two , says to dumb - witted Nert that `` he hopes he does n't do a ' Lennie ' on them '' . In Sly Cooper : Thieves in Time , one of the chapters is named `` Of Mice and Mechs . '' In Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , On chapter 9 , after Cutter goes on a bad drug trip , Sully tells Cutter to go ahead before himself , and Cutter says : `` Yeah , yeah , before I know it , you 'll be putting that gun on the back of my head and telling me about the rabbits . '' In the game , Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask , in the smithy in the snowhead region , the characters running the shop are similar to George and Lennie . The blacksmith , Gabora , is huge and Hulk - like and can only speak in loud grunts , while the smaller man , Zubora , is smart and runs the shop . In webcomics and web series ( edit ) In Scott Kurtz 's PvP webcomic , character Brent Sienna mocks Skull the Troll 's intelligence by exclaiming , `` Duh tell me about the Rabbits George '' . In Alan Tudyk 's Con Man season 2 episode 8 , celebrities Wray Nerely , Leslie Jordan , and Wray 's agent Bobbie perform Lou Ferrigno 's musical adaptation titled `` I 'm with Stupid '' while trapped in the basement of Long Con . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frank S. Nugent . `` Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artist 's Corner : Interview with artist ' Joe ' '' . Pixar.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV.com article on `` Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt '' . Accessed June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Love And Rocket Transcript at IMSDb '' . www.imsdb.com . Jump up ^ Murphy , Jackson ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's The Loud House - An Interview With Chris Savino '' . Animation Scoop . Indiewire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Lucy and Lily were two names my wife and I had picked if we ever had a girl ( we did n't , we had three boys ) , and then Leni was taken , in early develop , from Lennie in Of Mice and Men , because of the characteristic that she does n't know her own strength but is super sweet , which was ultimately changed , and I changed the spelling to Leni to match the 4 - letter thing . Jump up ^ `` Grimlock ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Kane , Paul ; O'Regan , Marie ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Voices in the Dark : Interviews with Horror Writers , Directors and Actors '' . McFarland -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Letssingit.com . Accessed June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tupacnet.org web site . Accessed June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Straw '' . 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment : ' The Grove ' : Was The Walking Dead 's Latest Shocker a Mistake ? '' . Daily Beast . March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicole Pesce ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' , Season 4 , Episode 14 Recap : Growing up is hard to do at ' The Grove ' '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Lady Bastard ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bates Motel Season 3 : Episode 2 `` The Arcanum Club '' Recap `` . horrornewsnetwork.net . Jump up ^ `` '' Of Mice and Men '' reference ! * chapter 9 spoilers * - Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception Message Board for PlayStation 3 - GameFAQs `` . www.gamefaqs.com . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men ( 1937 ) Film Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) Of Mice and Men ( 1992 ) Best Laid Plans ( 2012 ) Stage Of Mice and Men ( 1937 play ) Of Mice and Men ( 1969 opera ) Related Popular culture Hoppy Go Lucky http://comicbook.com/blog/2014/03/16/the-walking-deads-the-grove-is-steinbecks-of-mice-and-men-with-the-undead/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Of_Mice_and_Men_in_popular_culture&oldid=826116734 '' Categories : Novels in popular culture Works set during the Great Depression United States in popular culture Of Mice and Men Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 08 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Of Mice and Men in cartoons and animation
2. Of Mice and Men in films (live action)
3. Of Mice and Men in music
4. Of Mice and Men in literature
5. Of Mice and Men in radio and television (live action)
|
-7,756,415,766,225,504,000 |
what is the second most abundant metal in the earth's crust
|
Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust - wikipedia Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Abundance ( atom fraction ) of the chemical elements in Earth 's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number . The rarest elements in the crust ( shown in yellow ) are not the heaviest , but are rather the siderophile ( iron - loving ) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements . These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth 's core . Their abundance in meteoroids is higher . Additionally , tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides . The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million ( ppm ) by mass ( 10,000 ppm = 1 % ) . Abundance of chemical elements in Earth 's crust , from various sources Rank <Th_colspan="3"> Z , element & symbol <Th_colspan="5"> Abundance in crust ( ppm ) by source Annual production Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab ( 2016 , tonnes ) 8 oxygen 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000 5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000 7 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000 8 19 potassium 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000 10 hydrogen 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 11 15 phosphorus 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000 13 9 fluorine 800 950 540 290 585 14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425 15 6 carbon 300 480 1,800 940 200 16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000 17 16 sulfur 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000 18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000 19 74 tungsten 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400 20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000 21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000 23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000 25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000 26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000 27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000 31 7 nitrogen 50 25 20 19 140,000,000 32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000 33 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000 34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000 35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000 38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 41 5 boron 950 8.7 10 9,400,000 42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 47 55 caesium Cs 1.9 48 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220 49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000 50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119 52 73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 1,100 53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155 54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000 55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500 56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 59 35 bromine Br 0.37 2.4 391,000 60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10 61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5 62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000 63 53 iodine 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600 64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000 65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000 66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500 67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200 68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655 69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200 70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200 71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172 72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100 73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208 75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2 76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015 Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual silicon production is electronic grade See also ( edit ) Abundances of the elements ( data page ) Primordial nuclide List of chemical elements Atmospheric chemistry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elements , Terrestrial Abundance '' . www.daviddarling.info . Archived from the original on 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barbalace , Kenneth . `` Periodic Table of Elements '' . Environmental Chemistry.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Abundance in Earth 's Crust '' . WebElements.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth 's crust '' . Israel Science and Technology Homepage . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Elemental -- The Periodic Table of Elements '' . Jefferson Lab . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Commodity Statistics and Information . USGS . All production numbers are for mines , except for Al , Cd , Fe , Ge , In , N , Se ( plants , refineries ) , S ( all forms ) and As , Br , Mg , Si ( unspecified ) . Data for B , K , Ti , Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide , data for Na and Cl are for NaCl . For many elements like Si , Al , data are ambiguous ( many forms produced ) and are taken for the pure element . U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet ( 1 ) . WNA . Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . Nature 's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements . Oxford University Press . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5 . BookRags , Periodic Table . World Book Encyclopedia , Exploring Earth . HyperPhysics , Georgia State University , Abundance of Elements in Earth 's Crust . Data Series 140 , Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States , Version 2011 , USGS ( 2 ) . Eric Scerri , The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=851365266 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Properties of chemical elements Lists of chemical elements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Македонски 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Slovenščina 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 19 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
2. Chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust
3. Depletion of siderophile elements in the crust
4. Formation of volatile hydrides and depletion of tellurium and selenium
5. Tabulated abundance of elements in Earth's crust
|
2,459,664,946,059,352,600 |
what age was leonardo da vinci when he painted the mona lisa
|
Leonardo da Vinci - wikipedia Leonardo da Vinci For other uses , see Leonardo da Vinci ( disambiguation ) . `` Da Vinci '' redirects here . For other uses with the name Da Vinci , see Da Vinci ( disambiguation ) . Italian Renaissance polymath This is a Renaissance Florentine name . The name da Vinci is an indicator of birthplace , not a family name and the person is properly referred to by the given name Leonardo . <Th_colspan="2"> Leonardo da Vinci <Td_colspan="2"> Portrait by Francesco Melzi Born Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci 15 April 1452 Vinci , Republic of Florence ( present - day Tuscany , Italy ) 2 May 1519 ( 1519 - 05 - 02 ) ( aged 67 ) Amboise , Kingdom of France Nationality Italian Known for Art , science Works Mona Lisa The Last Supper Salvator Mundi The Vitruvian Man Lady with an Ermine Movement High Renaissance <Th_colspan="2"> Signature <Td_colspan="2"> Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( Italian : ( leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da ( v ) ˈvintʃi ) ( listen ) ; 15 April 1452 -- 2 May 1519 ) , more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo , was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance , whose areas of interest included invention , painting , sculpting , architecture , science , music , mathematics , engineering , literature , anatomy , geology , astronomy , botany , writing , history , and cartography . He has been variously called the father of palaeontology , ichnology , and architecture , and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time . Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute , helicopter and tank , he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal . Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the `` Universal Genius '' or `` Renaissance Man '' , an individual of `` unquenchable curiosity '' and `` feverishly inventive imagination '' , and he is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived . According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history , and `` his mind and personality seem to us superhuman , while the man himself mysterious and remote '' . Marco Rosci notes that while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality , his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious , and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time . Born out of wedlock to a notary , Piero da Vinci , and a peasant woman , Caterina , in Vinci in the region of Florence , Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio . Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan . He later worked in Rome , Bologna and Venice , and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France . Leonardo was , and is , renowned primarily as a painter . Among his works , the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time . Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T - shirts . A painting by Leonardo , Salvator Mundi , sold for a world record $450.3 million at a Christie 's auction in New York , 15 November 2017 , the highest price ever paid for a work of art . Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived . Nevertheless , these few works , together with his notebooks , which contain drawings , scientific diagrams , and his thoughts on the nature of painting , compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary , Michelangelo . Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity . He conceptualised flying machines , a type of armoured fighting vehicle , concentrated solar power , an adding machine , and the double hull . Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime , as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance . Some of his smaller inventions , however , such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire , entered the world of manufacturing unheralded . A number of Leonardo 's most practical inventions are nowadays displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci . He made substantial discoveries in anatomy , civil engineering , geology , optics , and hydrodynamics , but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science . Contents 1 Life 1.1 Childhood , 1452 -- 1466 1.2 Verrocchio 's workshop , 1466 -- 1476 1.3 Professional life , 1476 -- 1513 1.4 Old age and death , 1513 -- 1519 1.5 Location of remains 2 Relationships and influences 2.1 Florence : Leonardo 's artistic and social background 2.2 Personal life 2.3 Assistants and pupils 3 Painting 3.1 Early works 3.2 Paintings of the 1480s 3.3 Paintings of the 1490s 3.4 Paintings of the 16th century 3.5 Murals 3.6 Drawings 4 Observation and invention 4.1 Journals and notes 4.2 Scientific studies 4.3 Anatomy and physiology 4.4 Engineering and inventions 5 Fame and reputation 6 Miscellaneous 7 Art market 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Life Childhood , 1452 -- 1466 Leonardo 's childhood home in Anchiano Leonardo 's earliest known drawing , the Arno Valley ( 1473 ) , Uffizi Leonardo was born on 15 April 1452 ( Old Style ) `` at the third hour of the night '' in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci , in the lower valley of the Arno river in the territory of the Medici - ruled Republic of Florence . He was the out - of - wedlock son of the wealthy Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci , a Florentine legal notary , and Caterina , a peasant . Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense -- `` da Vinci '' simply meaning `` of Vinci '' ; his full birth name was `` Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci '' , meaning `` Leonardo , ( son ) of ( Mes ) ser Piero from Vinci '' . The inclusion of the title `` ser '' indicated that Leonardo 's father was a gentleman . Little is known about Leonardo 's early life . He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano in the home of his mother , and from 1457 lived in the household of his father , grandparents and uncle in the small town of Vinci . His father had married a sixteen - year - old girl named Albiera Amadori , who loved Leonardo but died young in 1465 without children . When Leonardo was sixteen ( 1468 ) , his father married again to twenty - year - old Francesca Lanfredini , who also died without children . Piero 's legitimate heirs were born from his third wife Margherita di Guglielmo ( who gave birth to six children : Antonio , Giulian , Maddalena , Lorenzo , Violante and Domenico ) and his fourth and final wife , Lucrezia Cortigiani ( who bore him another six children : Margherita , Benedetto , Pandolfo , Guglielmo , Bartolomeo and Giovanni ) . In all , Leonardo had twelve half - siblings , who were much younger than he was ( the last was born when Leonardo was forty years old ) and with whom he had very few contacts , but they caused him difficulty after his father 's death in the dispute over the inheritance . Leonardo received an informal education in Latin , geometry and mathematics . In later life , Leonardo recorded only two childhood incidents . One , which he regarded as an omen , was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle , its tail feathers brushing his face . The second occurred while he was exploring in the mountains : he discovered a cave and was both terrified that some great monster might lurk there and driven by curiosity to find out what was inside . Leonardo 's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture . Vasari , the 16th - century biographer of Renaissance painters , tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man : A local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him . Leonardo responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer , who sold it to the Duke of Milan . Meanwhile , having made a profit , Ser Piero bought a shield decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow , which he gave to the peasant . Verrocchio 's workshop , 1466 -- 1476 The Baptism of Christ ( 1472 -- 75 ) , Uffizi , by Verrocchio and Leonardo In 1466 , at the age of 14 , Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione , known as Verrocchio , whose bottega ( workshop ) was `` one of the finest in Florence '' . He apprenticed as a garzone ( studio boy ) to Andrea del Verrocchio , the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day ( and would do so for 7 years ) . Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio , Perugino , Botticelli , and Lorenzo di Credi . Leonardo would have been exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills , including drafting , chemistry , metallurgy , metal working , plaster casting , leather working , mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing , painting , sculpting and modelling . Much of the painted production of Verrocchio 's workshop was done by his employees . According to Vasari , Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ , painting the young angel holding Jesus ' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master 's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again , although this is believed to be apocryphal . Close examination reveals areas that have been painted or touched - up over the tempera , using the new technique of oil paint , including the landscape , the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo . Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio : the bronze statue of David in the Bargello and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel . By 1472 , at the age of 20 , Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke , the guild of artists and doctors of medicine , but even after his father set him up in his own workshop , his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him . Leonardo 's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley , drawn on 5 August 1473 . Professional life , 1476 -- 1513 The Adoration of the Magi ( 1481 ) , Uffizi Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy but acquitted ; homosexual acts were illegal in Renaissance Florence . From that date until 1478 , there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts . In 1478 , he left Verrocchio 's studio and was no longer a resident at his father 's house . One writer , called the Anonimo Gaddiano , claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and working in the Garden of the Piazza San Marco in Florence , a Neo-Platonic academy of artists , poets and philosophers that the Medici had established . In January 1478 , he received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio ; in March 1481 , he received a second independent commission for The Adoration of the Magi for the monks of San Donato a Scopeto . Neither commission was completed , the second being interrupted when Leonardo went to Milan . In 1482 , Leonardo , who according to Vasari was a talented musician , created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse 's head . Lorenzo de ' Medici sent Leonardo to Milan , bearing the lyre as a gift , to secure peace with Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . At this time , Leonardo wrote an often - quoted letter describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve in the field of engineering and informing Ludovico that he could also paint . Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499 . He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie . In the spring of 1485 , Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Ludovico to meet Matthias Corvinus , for whom he is believed to have painted a Holy Family . Between 1493 and 1495 , Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina among his dependents in his taxation documents . When she died in 1495 , the list of funeral expenditures suggests that she was his mother . Study of horse from Leonardo 's journals , Royal Library , Windsor Castle Leonardo was employed on many different projects for Ludovico , including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions , designs for a dome for Milan Cathedral and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza , Ludovico 's predecessor . Seventy tons of bronze were set aside for casting it . The monument remained unfinished for several years , which was not unusual for Leonardo . In 1492 , the clay model of the horse was completed . It surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance , Donatello 's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio 's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice , and became known as the `` Gran Cavallo '' . Leonardo began making detailed plans for its casting ; however , Michelangelo insulted Leonardo by implying that he was unable to cast it . In November 1494 , Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannon to defend the city from invasion by Charles VIII . At the start of the Second Italian War in 1499 , the invading French troops used the life - size clay model for the Gran Cavallo for target practice . With Ludovico Sforza overthrown , Leonardo , with his assistant Salai and friend , the mathematician Luca Pacioli , fled Milan for Venice , where he was employed as a military architect and engineer , devising methods to defend the city from naval attack . On his return to Florence in 1500 , he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where , according to Vasari , Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist , a work that won such admiration that `` men and women , young and old '' flocked to see it `` as if they were attending a great festival '' . Leonardo 's very accurate map of Imola , created for Cesare Borgia In Cesena in 1502 , Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia , the son of Pope Alexander VI , acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron . Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia 's stronghold , a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage . Maps were extremely rare at the time and it would have seemed like a new concept . Upon seeing it , Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect . Later in the year , Leonardo produced another map for his patron , one of Chiana Valley , Tuscany , so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position . He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence , in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons . Leonardo returned to Florence , where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October 1503 . He spent two years designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria , with Michelangelo designing its companion piece , The Battle of Cascina . In Florence in 1504 , he was part of a committee formed to relocate , against the artist 's will , Michelangelo 's statue of David . In 1506 , Leonardo returned to Milan . Many of his most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan , including Bernardino Luini , Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio and Marco d'Oggiono . At this time he may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of Charles II d'Amboise , the acting French governor of Milan . A wax model survives and , if genuine , is the only extant example of Leonardo 's sculpture . Leonardo did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504 , and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father 's estate . By 1508 , Leonardo was back in Milan , living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila . Old age and death , 1513 -- 1519 From September 1513 to 1516 , under Pope Leo X , Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome , where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time . In October 1515 , King Francis I of France recaptured Milan . On 19 December , Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X , which took place in Bologna . Leonardo was commissioned to make for Francis a mechanical lion that could walk forward then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies . In 1516 , he entered Francis ' service , being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé , now a public museum , near the king 's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise . He spent the last three years of his life here , accompanied by his friend and apprentice , Count Francesco Melzi , and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi . Clos Lucé in France , where Leonardo died in 1519 Leonardo died at Clos Lucé , on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67 . The cause is generally stated to be recurrent stroke ; this diagnosis is consistent with accounts of the state of Leonardo 's alleged remains as described in 1863 . Francis I had become a close friend . Vasari records that the king held Leonardo 's head in his arms as he died , although this story , portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres , Ménageot and other French artists , as well as by Angelica Kauffman , may be legend rather than fact . Vasari states that in his last days , Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament . In accordance with his will , sixty beggars followed his casket . Melzi was the principal heir and executor , receiving , as well as money , Leonardo 's paintings , tools , library and personal effects . Leonardo also remembered his other long - time pupil and companion , Salai , and his servant Battista di Vilussis , who each received half of Leonardo 's vineyards . His brothers received land , and his serving woman received a black cloak `` of good stuff '' with a fur edge . Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Chapel of Saint - Hubert in Château d'Amboise in France . Some 20 years after Leonardo 's death , Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying : `` There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo , not so much about painting , sculpture and architecture , as that he was a very great philosopher . '' Location of remains Leonardo 's remains were originally interred in the chapel of Saint - Florentin at the Chateau d'Amboise in the Loire Valley . However , following the chapel 's destruction in 1802 , the whereabouts of Leonardo 's remains became subject to dispute . While excavating the site in 1863 , the poet Arsène Houssaye found a partially - complete skeleton and stone fragments bearing the inscription ' EO ( ... ) DUS VINC ' . The unusually large skull led Houssaye to conclude he had located the remains of Leonardo , which were re-interred in their present location of the chapel of Saint - Hubert , also at the Chateau d'Amboise . Reflecting doubts about the attribution , a plaque above the tomb states that the remains are only `` presumed '' to be those of Leonardo . In 2016 , it was announced that DNA tests were to be conducted to investigate the veracity of the attribution , with results expected in 2019 . Relationships and influences Florence : Leonardo 's artistic and social background Lorenzo Ghiberti 's Gates of Paradise ( 1425 -- 1452 ) were a source of communal pride . Many artists assisted in their creation . Florence at the time of Leonardo 's youth was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture . Leonardo commenced his apprenticeship with Verrocchio in 1466 , the year that Verrocchio 's master , the great sculptor Donatello , died . The painter Uccello , whose early experiments with perspective were to influence the development of landscape painting , was a very old man . The painters Piero della Francesca and Filippo Lippi , sculptor Luca della Robbia , and architect and writer Leon Battista Alberti were in their sixties . The successful artists of the next generation were Leonardo 's teacher Verrocchio , Antonio del Pollaiuolo , and the portrait sculptor Mino da Fiesole . The latter 's lifelike busts give the most reliable likenesses of Lorenzo Medici 's father Piero and uncle Giovanni . Leonardo 's youth was spent in a Florence that was ornamented by the works of these artists and by Donatello 's contemporaries , Masaccio , whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion ; and Ghiberti , whose Gates of Paradise , gleaming with gold leaf , displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds . Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective , and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light . These studies and Alberti 's treatise De Pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo 's own observations and artworks . Massaccio 's `` Expulsion from the Garden of Eden '' depicting the naked and distraught Adam and Eve created a powerfully expressive image of the human form , cast into three dimensions by the use of light and shade , which was to be developed in the works of Leonardo in a way that was to be influential in the course of painting . The humanist influence of Donatello 's `` David '' can be seen in Leonardo 's late paintings , particularly John the Baptist . Small devotional picture by Verrocchio , c. 1470 A prevalent tradition in Florence was the small altarpiece of the Virgin and Child . Many of these were created in tempera or glazed terracotta by the workshops of Filippo Lippi , Verrocchio and the prolific della Robbia family . Leonardo 's early Madonnas such as The Madonna with a carnation and the Benois Madonna followed this tradition while showing idiosyncratic departures , particularly in the case of the Benois Madonna in which the Virgin is set at an oblique angle to the picture space with the Christ Child at the opposite angle . This compositional theme was to emerge in Leonardo 's later paintings such as The Virgin and Child with St. Anne . Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio and Perugino , who were all slightly older than he was . He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio , with whom they had associations , and at the Academy of the Medici . Botticelli was a particular favourite of the Medici family , and thus his success as a painter was assured . Ghirlandaio and Perugino were both prolific and ran large workshops . They competently delivered commissions to well - satisfied patrons who appreciated Ghirlandaio 's ability to portray the wealthy citizens of Florence within large religious frescoes , and Perugino 's ability to deliver a multitude of saints and angels of unfailing sweetness and innocence . The Portinari Altarpiece , by Hugo van der Goes for a Florentine family These three were among those commissioned to paint the walls of the Sistine Chapel , the work commencing with Perugino 's employment in 1479 . Leonardo was not part of this prestigious commission . His first significant commission , The Adoration of the Magi for the Monks of Scopeto , was never completed . In 1476 , during the time of Leonardo 's association with Verrocchio 's workshop , the Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence , bringing from Northern Europe new painterly techniques that were to profoundly affect Leonardo , Ghirlandaio , Perugino and others . In 1479 , the Sicilian painter Antonello da Messina , who worked exclusively in oils , travelled north on his way to Venice , where the leading painter Giovanni Bellini adopted the technique of oil painting , quickly making it the preferred method in Venice . Leonardo was also later to visit Venice . Like the two contemporary architects Bramante and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder , Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches , a number of which appear in his journals , as both plans and views , although none was ever realised . Lorenzo de ' Medici between Antonio Pucci and Francesco Sassetti , with Giulio de ' Medici , fresco by Ghirlandaio Leonardo 's political contemporaries were Lorenzo Medici ( il Magnifico ) , who was three years older , and his younger brother Giuliano , who was slain in the Pazzi conspiracy in 1478 . Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by the Medici court to Ludovico il Moro , who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499 . With Alberti , Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino , proponent of Neo Platonism ; Cristoforo Landino , writer of commentaries on Classical writings , and John Argyropoulos , teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost . Also associated with the Academy of the Medici was Leonardo 's contemporary , the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola . Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal , `` The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me . '' While it was through the action of Lorenzo that Leonardo received his employment at the court of Milan , it is not known exactly what Leonardo meant by this cryptic comment . Although usually named together as the three giants of the High Renaissance , Leonardo , Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation . Leonardo was twenty - three when Michelangelo was born and thirty - one when Raphael was born . Raphael lived until the age of only 37 and died in 1520 , the year after Leonardo died , but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years . Personal life Main article : Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci Study for a portrait of Isabella d'Este ( 1500 ) Louvre Within Leonardo 's lifetime , his extraordinary powers of invention , his `` outstanding physical beauty '' , `` infinite grace '' , `` great strength and generosity '' , `` regal spirit and tremendous breadth of mind '' , as described by Vasari , as well as all other aspects of his life , attracted the curiosity of others . One such aspect was his respect for life , evidenced by his vegetarianism and his habit , according to Vasari , of purchasing caged birds and releasing them . Leonardo had many friends who are now renowned either in their fields or for their historical significance . They included the mathematician Luca Pacioli , with whom he collaborated on the book De divina proportione in the 1490s . Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters , Beatrice and Isabella . While on a journey that took him through Mantua , he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait , now lost . Beyond friendship , Leonardo kept his private life secret . His sexuality has been the subject of satire , analysis , and speculation . This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries , most notably by Sigmund Freud . Leonardo 's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salai and Melzi . Melzi , writing to inform Leonardo 's brothers of his death , described Leonardo 's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate . It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature . Court records of 1476 , when he was aged twenty - four , show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well - known male prostitute . The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence , and there is speculation that since one of the accused , Lionardo de Tornabuoni , was related to Lorenzo de ' Medici , the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal . Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art , particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings . Assistants and pupils John the Baptist ( c. 1513 -- 16 ) , Louvre . Leonardo is thought to have used Salai as the model . Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno , nicknamed Salai or Il Salaino ( `` The Little Unclean One '' i.e. , the devil ) , entered Leonardo 's household in 1490 . After only a year , Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours , calling him `` a thief , a liar , stubborn , and a glutton '' , after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes . Nevertheless , Leonardo treated him with great indulgence , and he remained in Leonardo 's household for the next thirty years . Salai executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salai , but although Vasari claims that Leonardo `` taught him a great deal about painting '' , his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo 's pupils , such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio . In 1515 , he painted a nude version of the Mona Lisa , known as Monna Vanna . Salai owned the Mona Lisa at the time of his death in 1524 , and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire , an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait . In 1506 , Leonardo took on another pupil , Count Francesco Melzi , the son of a Lombard aristocrat , who is considered to have been his favourite student . He travelled to France with Leonardo and remained with him until Leonardo 's death . Melzi inherited the artistic and scientific works , manuscripts , and collections of Leonardo and administered the estate . Painting See also : List of works by Leonardo da Vinci Annunciation ( 1475 -- 1480 ) , Uffizi , is thought to be Leonardo 's earliest complete work Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor , for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter . A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces . These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics . By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a `` Divine '' painter . Among the qualities that make Leonardo 's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint ; his detailed knowledge of anatomy , light , botany and geology ; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture ; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition ; and his use of subtle gradation of tone . All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works , the Mona Lisa , the Last Supper , and the Virgin of the Rocks . Early works Unfinished painting of Saint Jerome in the Wilderness ( 1480 ) , Vatican Leonardo first gained notoriety for his work on the Baptism of Christ , painted in conjunction with Verrocchio . Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio 's workshop , both of which are Annunciations . One is small , 59 centimetres ( 23 in ) long and 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) high . It is a `` predella '' to go at the base of a larger composition , a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated . The other is a much larger work , 217 centimetres ( 85 in ) long . In both Annunciations , Leonardo used a formal arrangement , like two well - known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject , of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture , approached from the left by an angel in profile , with a rich flowing garment , raised wings and bearing a lily . Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio , the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo . In the smaller painting , Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God 's will . Mary is not submissive , however , in the larger piece . The girl , interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger , puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise . This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God , not with resignation but with confidence . In this painting , the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary , recognising humanity 's role in God 's incarnation . Paintings of the 1480s Virgin of the Rocks , National Gallery , London , demonstrates Leonardo 's interest in nature In the 1480s , Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground - breaking importance in terms of composition . Two of the three were never finished , and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment . One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness , which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo 's life , as evidenced in his diary : `` I thought I was learning to live ; I was only learning to die . '' Although the painting is barely begun , the composition can be seen and is very unusual . Jerome , as a penitent , occupies the middle of the picture , set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above . His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape , with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction . J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo 's anatomical studies . Across the foreground sprawls his symbol , a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space . The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted . The daring display of figure composition , the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece , the Adoration of the Magi , a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto . It is a complex composition , of about 250 x 250 centimetres . Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies , including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background . In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de ' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro , and the painting was abandoned . The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks , commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception . The painting , to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers , was to fill a large complex altarpiece . Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist , in protection of an angel , met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt . The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water . While the painting is quite large , about 200 × 120 centimetres , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato , having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details . The painting was eventually finished ; in fact , two versions of the painting were finished : one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity , while Leonardo took the other to France . The Brothers did not get their painting , however , nor the de Predis their payment , until the next century . Paintings of the 1490s The Last Supper ( 1498 ) , Convent of Sta . Maria delle Grazie , Milan , Italy Leonardo 's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper , commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan . It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death , and shows the moment when Jesus has just said `` one of you will betray me '' , and the consternation that this statement caused . The novelist Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time . This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent , who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene . Vasari describes how Leonardo , troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas , told the Duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model . When finished , the painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation , but it deteriorated rapidly , so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as `` completely ruined '' . Leonardo , instead of using the reliable technique of fresco , had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso , resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking . Despite this , the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art ; countless copies have been made in every medium from carpets to cameos . Paintings of the 16th century Mona Lisa or La Gioconda ( 1503 -- 05 / 07 ) , Louvre , Paris , France Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or `` la Gioconda '' , the laughing one . In the present era , it is arguably the most famous painting in the world . Its fame rests , in particular , on the elusive smile on the woman 's face , its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile can not be determined . The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called `` sfumato '' , or Leonardo 's smoke . Vasari , who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute , said that `` the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human ; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original '' . Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress , in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details ; the dramatic landscape background , in which the world seems to be in a state of flux ; the subdued colouring ; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique , employing oils laid on much like tempera , and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable . Vasari expressed the opinion that the manner of painting would make even `` the most confident master ... despair and lose heart . '' The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date . In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne , the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape , which Wasserman describes as `` breathtakingly beautiful '' and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle . What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed . Mary is seated on the knee of her mother , St Anne . She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb , the sign of his own impending sacrifice . This painting , which was copied many times , influenced Michelangelo , Raphael , and Andrea del Sarto , and through them Pontormo and Correggio . The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese . Murals The Virgin and Child with St. Anne ( c. 1510 ) , Louvre Museum The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist ( c. 1499 -- 1500 ) , National Gallery , London Leonardo 's The Battle of Anghiara was a fresco commissioned in 1505 for the Salone dei Cinquecento ( Hall of the Five Hundred ) in the Palazzo Vecchio , Florence . Its central scene depicted four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard , at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440 . At the same time his rival Michelangelo , who had just finished his David , was assigned the opposite wall . All that remains of Leonardo 's work is a copy by Rubens , but Maurizio Seracini is convinced it can still be found and has spent a lifetime searching for it . He was allowed to drill some pilot holes in a mural in the Salone dei Cinquecento , and his team did find evidence of an oil painting underneath . In the Sforza Castle in Milan , there is a room decorated with the fresco technique by Leonardo and his assistants : Sala delle Asse ( in English ' room of the wooden boards ' ) . The room was decorated with a trompe - l'œil depicting trees , with an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling . The red fruits of mulberry ( `` moroni '' in local dialect ) were an allusion to the name of `` Ludovico il Moro '' , duke of Milan at that time . The first document about the room and Leonardo 's work dates back to 1498 : on 21 April , the secretary confirms to the duke that `` magistro Leonardo '' will complete the decoration by September . Two restorations were accomplished , in 1902 and 1956 . Another restoration is currently under way , thanks to which beautiful preparatory drawings have been uncovered on the walls : roots of trees penetrating the stones of the foundations . Drawings Leonardo was not a prolific painter , but he was a most prolific draftsman , keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention . As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings , some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi , The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper . His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley , 1473 , which shows the river , the mountains , Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail . Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man , a study of the proportions of the human body ; the Head of an Angel , for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre ; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem ; and a large drawing ( 160 × 100 cm ) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist in the National Gallery , London . This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading , in the manner of the Mona Lisa . It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it , the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with St. Anne in the Louvre . Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as `` caricatures '' because , although exaggerated , they appear to be based upon observation of live models . Vasari relates that if Leonardo saw a person with an interesting face he would follow them around all day observing them . There are numerous studies of beautiful young men , often associated with Salai , with the rare and much admired facial feature , the so - called `` Grecian profile '' . These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior . Salai is often depicted in fancy - dress costume . Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated . Other , often meticulous , drawings show studies of drapery . A marked development in Leonardo 's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works . Another often - reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli , hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano , brother of Lorenzo de ' Medici , in the Pazzi conspiracy . With dispassionate integrity Leonardo has registered in neat mirror writing the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died . Observation and invention Main article : Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci Journals and notes See also : List of works by Leonardo da Vinci § Manuscripts The Vitruvian Man ( c. 1485 ) Accademia , Venice Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts , and Leonardo 's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work . These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings , which fuse art and natural philosophy ( the forerunner of modern science ) . They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo 's life and travels , as he made continual observations of the world around him . Most of Leonardo 's writings are in mirror - image cursive . While secrecy is often suggested as the reason for this style of writing , it may have been more of a practical expediency . Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand , it was probably easier for him to write from right to left . A page showing Leonardo 's study of a foetus in the womb ( c. 1510 ) Royal Library , Windsor Castle Leonardo 's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations , some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water . There are compositions for paintings , studies of details and drapery , studies of faces and emotions , of animals , babies , dissections , plant studies , rock formations , whirlpools , war machines , flying machines and architecture . These notebooks -- originally loose papers of different types and sizes , distributed by friends after his death -- have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle , the Louvre , the Biblioteca Nacional de España , the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan , which holds the twelve - volume Codex Atlanticus , and British Library in London , which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel ( BL Arundel MS 263 ) online . The Codex Leicester is the only major scientific work of Leonardo in private hands ; it is owned by Bill Gates and is displayed once a year in different cities around the world . Leonardo 's notes appear to have been intended for publication because many of the sheets have a form and order that would facilitate this . In many cases a single topic , for example , the heart or the human fetus , is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet . Why they were not published during Leonardo 's lifetime is unknown . Scientific studies Rhombicuboctahedron as published in Pacioli 's De divina proportione Leonardo 's approach to science was observational : he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation . Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics , contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist , although he did teach himself Latin . In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli 's book De divina proportione , published in 1509 . The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises to be published on a variety of subjects . A coherent treatise on anatomy was said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis ' D ' Aragon 's secretary in 1517 . Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy , light and the landscape were assembled for publication by his pupil Francesco Melzi and eventually published as Treatise on Painting by Leonardo da Vinci in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724 , with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin . According to Arasse , the treatise , which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years , caused Leonardo to be seen as `` the precursor of French academic thought on art '' . While Leonardo 's experimentation followed clear scientific methods , a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo , Newton and other scientists who followed him in that , as a Renaissance Man , his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting . Anatomy and physiology Anatomical study of the arm ( 1510 ) Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Andrea del Verrocchio , who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject . As an artist , he quickly became master of topographic anatomy , drawing many studies of muscles , tendons and other visible anatomical features . As a successful artist , Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome . From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre . Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy . These papers were left to his heir , Francesco Melzi , for publication , a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo 's idiosyncratic writing . The project was left incomplete at the time of Melzi 's death more than 50 years later , with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo 's Treatise on painting , published in France in 1632 . During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication , they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists , including Vasari , Cellini and Albrecht Dürer , who made a number of drawings from them . Leonardo 's physiological sketch of the human brain and skull ( 1510 ) Leonardo 's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts , and of muscles and sinews . He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics . He drew the heart and vascular system , the sex organs and other internal organs , making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero . The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time , and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science . Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology , studying in particular the effects of rage . He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness . Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals , dissecting cows , birds , monkeys , bears , and frogs , and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans . He also made a number of studies of horses . Leonardo 's dissections and documentation of muscles , nerves , and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement . He attempted to identify the source of ' emotions ' and their expression . He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours , but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions . He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles . He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver , and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system . He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis . He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns . Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543 . Engineering and inventions A design for a flying machine ( 1488 ) , Institut de France , Paris During his lifetime , Leonardo was valued as an engineer . In a letter to Ludovico il Moro , he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege . When he fled to Venice in 1499 , he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack . He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river , a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked . Leonardo 's journals include a vast number of inventions , both practical and impractical . They include musical instruments , a mechanical knight , hydraulic pumps , reversible crank mechanisms , finned mortar shells , and a steam cannon . In 1502 , Leonardo produced a drawing of a single span 720 - foot ( 220 m ) bridge as part of a civil engineering project for Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II of Constantinople . The bridge was intended to span an inlet at the mouth of the Bosporus known as the Golden Horn . Beyazid did not pursue the project because he believed that such a construction was impossible . Leonardo 's vision was resurrected in 2001 when a smaller bridge based on his design was constructed in Norway . Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life , producing many studies , including Codex on the Flight of Birds ( c. 1505 ) , as well as plans for several flying machines such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor . The British television station Channel Four commissioned a 2003 documentary , Leonardo 's Dream Machines , in which various designs by Leonardo , such as a parachute and a giant crossbow , were interpreted , constructed and tested . Some of those designs proved successful , whilst others fared less well when practically tested . Fame and reputation Main article : Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo 's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy , and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died . Burial site of Leonardo da Vinci in Amboise Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished . Crowds still queue to see his best - known artworks , T - shirts still bear his most famous drawing , and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life , as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in . Giorgio Vasari , in the enlarged edition of Lives of the Artists , 1568 , introduced his chapter on Leonardo with the following words : In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents ; but occasionally , in a way that transcends nature , a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty , grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind , all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill . Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci , an artist of outstanding physical beauty , who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease . -- Giorgio Vasari Francis I of France receiving the last breath of Leonardo da Vinci , by Ingres , 1818 The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters , critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes . Baldassare Castiglione , author of Il Cortegiano ( `` The Courtier '' ) , wrote in 1528 : `` ... Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled ... '' while the biographer known as `` Anonimo Gaddiano '' wrote , c. 1540 : `` His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf ... '' . Statue of Leonardo in Amboise The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo 's genius , causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801 : `` Such was the dawn of modern art , when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence : made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius ... '' This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861 : `` He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents . '' By the 19th century , the scope of Leonardo 's notebooks was known , as well as his paintings . Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866 : `` There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal , so incapable of fulfilment , so full of yearning for the infinite , so naturally refined , so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries . '' Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896 : `` Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness : Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty . Whether it be the cross section of a skull , the structure of a weed , or a study of muscles , he , with his feeling for line and for light and shade , forever transmuted it into life - communicating values . '' Statue outside the Uffizi , Florence , created by Luigi Pampaloni The interest in Leonardo 's genius has continued unabated ; experts study and translate his writings , analyse his paintings using scientific techniques , argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found . Liana Bortolon , writing in 1967 , said : `` Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge ... Leonardo can be considered , quite rightly , to have been the universal genius par excellence , and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term . Man is as uncomfortable today , faced with a genius , as he was in the 16th century . Five centuries have passed , yet we still view Leonardo with awe . '' 21st - century author Walter Isaacson in his biography of Leonardo based much of his book on the thousands of notebook entries , studying the personal notes , sketches , budget notations , and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators . Isaacson was surprised to discover a `` fun , joyous '' side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius . Miscellaneous Davinciite , a recently described mineral recognised in 2011 by the International Mineralogical Association , is named in honour of the artist . Art market Leonardo da Vinci , c. 1500 , Salvator Mundi , oil on walnut , 45.4 cm × 65.6 cm A painting by Leonardo , Salvator Mundi , depicting Jesus Christ holding an orb sold for a world record $450.3 million at a Christie 's auction in New York , 15 November 2017 . The highest price previously paid for a work of art at auction was for Pablo Picasso 's Les Femmes d'Alger , which sold for $179.4 million in May 2015 at Christie 's New York . $300 million , for Willem de Kooning 's Interchange , sold privately in September 2015 by the David Geffen Foundation to hedge fund manager Kenneth C. Griffin , was formerly the highest known sale price for any artwork . See also Leonardo da Vinci portal Aerial perspective Italian Renaissance painting Leonardo da Vinci , A Memory of His Childhood Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport List of Italian painters List of vegetarians Medical Renaissance Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia `` Leonardo da Vinci '' Renaissance technology Polyhedron sketch by Leonardo da Vinci . Footnotes Jump up ^ There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed , either in whole or in large part , to Leonardo by most art historians . This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural , a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation . There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo . Jump up ^ His birth is recorded in the diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio , as cited by Angela Ottino della Chiesa in Leonardo da Vinci , and Reynal & Co. , Leonardo da Vinci ( William Morrow and Company , 1956 ) : `` A grandson of mine was born April 15 , Saturday , three hours into the night '' . The date was recorded in the Julian calendar ; as it was Florentine time and sunset was 6 : 40 pm , three hours after sunset would be sometime around 9 : 40 pm which was still 14 April by modern reckoning . The conversion to the New Style calendar adds nine days ; hence Leonardo was born 23 April according to the modern calendar . Jump up ^ It has been suggested that Caterina may have been a slave from the Middle East `` or at least , from the Mediterranean '' . According to Alessandro Vezzosi , head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci , there is evidence that Piero owned a Middle Eastern slave called Caterina . That Leonardo had Middle Eastern blood is claimed to be supported by the reconstruction of a fingerprint as reported by Falconi , Marta ( 12 December 2006 ) ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` Experts Reconstruct Leonardo Fingerprint '' ( News ed . ) . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . The evidence , as stated in the article , is that 60 % of people of Middle Eastern origin share the pattern of whirls found on the reconstructed fingerprint . The article also states that the claim is refuted by Simon Cole , associate professor of criminology , law and society at the University of California at Irvine : `` You ca n't predict one person 's race from these kinds of incidences , especially if looking at only one finger . '' See also Hooper , John ( 12 April 2008 ) . `` Da Vinci 's mother was a slave , Italian study claims '' . The Guardian ( News ed . ) . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ The `` diverse arts '' and technical skills of Medieval and Renaissance workshops are described in detail in the 12th - century text On Divers Arts by Theophilus Presbyter and in the early 15th - century text Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui by Cennino Cennini . Jump up ^ That Leonardo joined the guild before this time is deduced from the record of payment made to the Compagnia di San Luca in the company 's register , Libro Rosso A , 1472 -- 1520 , Accademia di Belle Arti . Jump up ^ This work is now in the collection of the Uffizi , Drawing No. 8P . Jump up ^ Verrocchio 's statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni was not cast until 1488 , after his death , and after Leonardo had already begun work on the statue for Ludovico . Jump up ^ In 2005 , the studio was rediscovered during the restoration of part of a building occupied for 100 years by the Department of Military Geography . Jump up ^ Both works are lost . The entire composition of Michelangelo 's painting is known from a copy by Aristotole da Sangallo , 1542 . Leonardo 's painting is known only from preparatory sketches and several copies of the centre section , of which the best known , and probably least accurate , is by Peter Paul Rubens . Jump up ^ D'Oggiono is known in part for his contemporary copies of the Last Supper . Jump up ^ It is unknown for what occasion the mechanical lion was made , but it is believed to have greeted the king at his entry into Lyon and perhaps was used for the peace talks between the French king and Pope Leo X in Bologna . A conjectural recreation of the lion has been made and is on display in the Museum of Bologna . Jump up ^ On the day of Leonardo 's death , a royal edict was issued by the king at Saint - Germain - en - Laye , a two - day journey from Clos Lucé . This has been taken as evidence that King Francis can not have been present at Leonardo 's deathbed . However , White in Leonardo : The First Scientist points out that the edict was not signed by the king . Jump up ^ This was a charitable legacy as each of the sixty paupers would have been awarded an established mourner 's fee in the terms of Leonardo 's will . Jump up ^ The black cloak , of good quality material , was a ready - made item from a clothier , with the fur trim being an additional luxury . The possession of this garment meant that Leonardo 's house keeper could attend his funeral `` respectably '' attired at no expense to herself . Jump up ^ Michael Baxandall lists 5 `` laudable conditions '' or reactions of Mary to the presence and announcement of the angel . These are : Disquiet , Reflection , Inquiry , Submission and Merit . In this painting Mary 's attitude does not comply with any of the accepted traditions . Jump up ^ The painting , which in the 18th century belonged to Angelica Kauffman , was later cut up . The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler 's shop and were reunited . It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing . Jump up ^ Whether or not Vasari had seen the Mona Lisa is the subject of debate . The opinion that he had not seen the painting is based mainly on the fact that he describes the Mona Lisa as having eyebrows . Daniel Arasse in Leonardo da Vinci discusses the possibility that Leonardo may have painted the figure with eyebrows that were subsequently removed . ( They were not fashionable in the mid-16th century . ) Pascal Cotte said in 2007 that , according to his analysis of high - resolution scans , the Mona Lisa had eyebrows and eyelashes that have been subsequently removed . Jump up ^ Jack Wasserman writes of `` the inimitable treatment of the surfaces '' of the painting . Jump up ^ The `` Grecian profile '' has a continuous straight line from forehead to nose - tip , the bridge of the nose being exceptionally high . It is a feature of many Classical Greek statues . Jump up ^ Left - handed writers using a split nib or quill pen experience difficulty pushing the pen from left to right across the page . Jump up ^ This method of organisation minimises of loss of data in the case of pages being mixed up or destroyed . References ^ Jump up to : David Alan Brown , Leonardo ( da Vinci ) , Leonardo Da Vinci : Origins of a Genius , Yale University Press , 1998 , p. 7 , ISBN 0300072465 Jump up ^ White 1968 , p. 466 Jump up ^ Rumerman , Judy . `` Early Helicopter Technology . '' Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo da Vinci 's Helical Air Screw '' . Pilotfriend.com . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Helen ( 1970 ) . Art through the Ages . pp. 450 -- 456 . Jump up ^ See the quotations from the following authors , in section Fame and reputation : Vasari , Boltraffio , Castiglione , `` Anonimo '' Gaddiano , Berensen , Taine , Fuseli , Rio , Bortolon . Jump up ^ Rosci , Marco ( 1977 ) . Leonardo . p. 8 . Jump up ^ John Lichfield , `` The Moving of the Mona Lisa '' , The Independent , 2 April 2005 ( accessed 2012 - 03 - 09 ) Jump up ^ Vitruvian Man is referred to as `` iconic '' at the following websites and many others : Vitruvian Man , Fine Art Classics , Key Images in the History of Science ; Curiosity and difference Archived 30 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. ; `` The Guardian : The Real da Vinci Code '' ^ Jump up to : Crow , Kelly ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci Painting ' Salvator Mundi ' Sells for $450.3 Million '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Erez ( 1996 ) . `` Roberto Guatelli 's Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci 's Adding Machine '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Capra , pp. 5 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Vezzosi , Alessandro ( 1997 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : Renaissance Man . ^ Jump up to : His birth is recorded in the diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio , as cited by Angela Ottino della Chiesa in Leonardo da Vinci , p. 83 ^ Jump up to : della Chiesa , Angela Ottino ( 1967 ) . The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci . p. 83 . Jump up ^ The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci , Volume 1 , 1967 , p. 720 , ISBN 1105310167 ^ Jump up to : Bortolon , Liana ( 1967 ) . The Life and Times of Leonardo . London : Paul Hamlyn . Jump up ^ Margherita ( da Vinci ) in : geni.com ( retrieved 15 June 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Lucrezia Cortigiani in : geni.com ( retrieved 15 June 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Rosci , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Magnano , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Rosci , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Brigstoke , Hugh ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Companion the Western Art . Oxford , ENG , UK . Jump up ^ Vasari , Giorgio ( 1568 ) . Lives of the Artists . Penguin Classics . pp. 258 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Rosci , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` Leonardo da Vinci -- Encarta ( cached ) '' . refseek.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arasse , Daniel ( 1998 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . Jump up ^ Rosci , p. 27 Jump up ^ Martindale , Andrew ( 1972 ) . The Rise of the Artist . Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 258 Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 88 Jump up ^ Priwer , Shana ; Phillips , Cynthia ( 2006 ) . The Everything Da Vinci Book . p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserman , Jack ( 1975 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Winternitz , Emanuel ( 1982 ) . Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician . Jump up ^ Rossi , Paolo ( 2001 ) . The Birth of Modern Science . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Letter to Ludovico Sforza '' . Leonardo - History . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Martin ( 2004 ) . Leonardo . Jump up ^ Franz - Joachim Verspohl , Michelangelo Buonarroti und Leonardo Da Vinci : Republikanischer Alltag und Künstlerkonkurrenz in Florenz zwischen 1501 und 1505 ( Wallstein Verlag , 2007 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Codex II , 95 r , Victoria and Albert Museum , as cited by della Chiesa p. 85 ^ Jump up to : della Chiesa , p. 85 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 256 Jump up ^ Owen , Richard ( 12 January 2005 ) . `` Found : the studio where Leonardo met Mona Lisa '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1967 ) . Michelangelo : paintings , sculptures , architecture . Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 1314 - 1 . Jump up ^ della Chiesa , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Gaetano Milanesi , Epistolario Buonarroti , Florence ( 1875 ) , as cited by della Chiesa . Jump up ^ `` Achademia Leonardi Vinci '' . Journal of Leonardo Studies & Bibliography of Vinciana . VIII : 243 -- 244 . 1990 . ^ Jump up to : della Chiesa , p. 86 Jump up ^ Georges Goyau , François I , Transcribed by Gerald Rossi . The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume VI . Published 1909 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved on 4 October 2007 Jump up ^ Miranda , Salvador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) . `` The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church : Antoine du Prat '' . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 265 Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction of Leonardo 's walking lion '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Charlier P , Deo S. A physical sign of stroke sequel on the skeleton of Leonardo da Vinci ? . Neurology . 2017 Apr 4 ; 88 ( 14 ) : 1381 - 2 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 270 Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's will '' . Leonardo - history . Retrieved 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Lucertini , Mario ; Gasca , Ana Millan ; Nicolo , Fernando ( 2004 ) . Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems . Birkhäuser . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 6940 - 8 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Nicholl , Charles ( 2005 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : Flights of the Mind . Penguin . ISBN 9780140296815 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartt , Frederich ( 1970 ) . A History of Italian Renaissance Art . pp. 127 -- 333 . ^ Jump up to : Rosci , Leonardo , chapter 1 , the historical setting , pp. 9 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : Brucker , Gene A. ( 1969 ) . Renaissance Florence . ^ Jump up to : Rachum , Ilan ( 1979 ) . The Renaissance , an Illustrated Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Piero della Francesca , On Perspective for Painting ( De Prospectiva Pingendi ) Jump up ^ Leon Battista Alberti , De Pictura , 1435 . On Painting , in English , De Pictura , in Latin Jump up ^ Hartt , pp. 391 -- 92 Jump up ^ Williamson , Hugh Ross ( 1974 ) . Lorenzo the Magnificent . Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 253 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 257 Jump up ^ Müntz , Eugène ( 1898 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . Artist , Thinker , and Man of Science . Volume 1 . London : William Heinemann . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Bambach , Carmen ( 2003 ) . `` Leonardo , Left - Handed Draftsman and writer '' . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . Archived from the original on 10 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Cartwright Ady , Julia . Beatrice d'Este , Duchess of Milan , 1475 -- 1497 . Publisher : J.M. Dent , 1899 ; Cartwright Ady , Julia . Isabella D'Este , Marchioness of Mantua , 1474 -- 1539 . Publisher ; J.M. Dent , 1903 . Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud , Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci , ( 1910 ) ^ Jump up to : Isaacson , Walter ( 2017 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5011 - 3915 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Rocke , Forbidden Friendships epigraph , p. 148 & N120 p. 298 Jump up ^ Leonardo , Codex C. 15v , Institut of France . Trans . Richter Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 84 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 265 '' Jump up ^ Gross , Tom . `` Mona Lisa Goes Topless '' . Paintingsdirect.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Nick ( 4 July 2003 ) . `` Could this be the secret of her smile ? '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ His fame is discussed by Daniel Arasse in Leonardo da Vinci , pp. 11 -- 15 Jump up ^ These qualities of Leonardo 's works are discussed by Frederick Hartt in A History of Italian Renaissance Art , pp. 387 -- 411 . Jump up ^ della Chiesa , pp. 88 , 90 ^ Jump up to : Berti , Luciano ( 1971 ) . The Uffizi . pp. 59 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Baxandall , Michael ( 1974 ) . Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy . pp. 49 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserman , pp. 104 -- 6 Jump up ^ Wasserman , p. 108 Jump up ^ `` The Mysterious Virgin '' . National Gallery , London . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Wasserman , p. 124 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 263 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 262 Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 97 Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 98 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 267 Jump up ^ `` The Mona Lisa had brows and lashes '' . BBC News . 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wasserman , p. 144 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 266 Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 103 Jump up ^ Wasserman , p. 150 Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 109 Jump up ^ Tierney , John ( 6 October 2009 ) . `` A High - Tech Hunt for Lost Art '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Seracini , Maurizio ( 2012 ) . `` The Secret Lives of Paintings '' ( lecture ) . Jump up ^ `` Sala delle Asse - Castello Sforzesco '' . Sala delle Asse . Il restauro ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Popham , A.E. ( 1946 ) . The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci . Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 102 Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 261 Jump up ^ `` Sketches by Leonardo '' . Turning the Pages . British Library . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Windsor Castle , Royal Library , sheets RL 19073v -- 74v and RL 19102 , respectively . Jump up ^ O'Malley ; Saunders ( 1982 ) . Leonardo on the Human Body . New York : Dover Publications . Jump up ^ della Chiesa , p. 117 Jump up ^ Leonardo da Vinci at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Capra , Fritjof . The Science of Leonardo ; Inside the Mind of the Genius of the Renaissance . ( New York , Doubleday , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Davinci , Leonardo ( 2011 ) . The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci . Lulu . p. 736 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 105 - 31016 - 4 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alastair Sooke , Daily Telegraph , 28 July 2013 , `` Leonardo da Vinci : Anatomy of an artist '' , accessed 29 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keele Kenneth D ( 1964 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci 's Influence on Renaissance Anatomy '' ( PDF ) . Med Hist. 8 ( 4 ) : 360 -- 70 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300029835 . PMC 1033412 . PMID 14230140 . Jump up ^ Mason , Stephen F. ( 1962 ) . A History of the Sciences . New York , NY : Collier Books . p. 550 . Jump up ^ Jones , Roger ( 2012 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci : anatomist '' . British Journal of General Practice. 62 ( 599 ) : 319 . doi : 10.3399 / bjgp12X649241 . ISSN 0960 - 1643 . PMC 3361109 . PMID 22687222 . Jump up ^ Masters , Roger ( 1996 ) . Machiavelli , Leonardo and the Science of Power . Jump up ^ Masters , Roger ( 1998 ) . Fortune is a River : Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli 's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History . Jump up ^ `` The Leonardo Bridge Project '' . Vebjorn-sand.com . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Levy , Daniel S. ( 4 October 1999 ) . `` Dream of the Master '' . Time magazine . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Dream Machines ( TV Movie 2003 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ British Library online gallery ( retrieved 10 October 2013 ) Jump up ^ Vasari , p. 255 Jump up ^ Castiglione , Baldassare ( 1528 ) . `` Il Cortegiano '' . Jump up ^ `` Anonimo Gaddiani '' , elaborating on Libro di Antonio Billi , 1537 -- 1542 Jump up ^ Fuseli , Henry ( 1801 ) . `` Lectures '' . II . Jump up ^ Rio , A.E. ( 1861 ) . `` L'art chrétien '' . Jump up ^ Taine , Hippolyte ( 1866 ) . `` Voyage en Italie '' . Jump up ^ Berenson , Bernard ( 1896 ) . `` The Italian Painters of the Renaissance '' . Jump up ^ Henneberger , Melinda . `` ArtNews article about current studies into Leonardo 's life and works '' . Art News Online . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` NonFiction : Biography honors ' fun , joyous ' sides of genius da Vinci '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Associated Press . p . G6 . Jump up ^ Khomyakov , A. P ; Nechelyustov , G. N ; Rastsvetaeva , R. K ; Rozenberg , K. A ( 2013 ) . `` Davinciite , Na12K3Ca6Fe 3 2 + Zr3 ( Si26O73OH ) Cl2 , a New K , Na - Ordered mineral of the eudialyte group from the Khibiny Alkaline Pluton , Kola Peninsula , Russia '' . Geology of Ore Deposits. 55 ( 7 ) : 532 -- 540 . Bibcode : 2013GeoOD ... 55 ... 532K . doi : 10.1134 / S1075701513070076 . Jump up ^ Leonardo da Vinci painting ' Salvator Mundi ' sold for record $450.3 million , Fox News , 16 November 2017 Bibliography Arasse , Daniel ( 1997 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56852 - 198 - 5 . Baxandall , Michael ( 1974 ) . Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 881329 - 3 . Bayer , Andrea ( 2004 ) . Painters of reality : the legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58839 - 116 - 2 . Bérence , Fred ( 1965 ) . Léonard de Vinci , L'homme et son oeuvre . Somogy . Dépot légal 4 ° trimestre 1965 . Berti , Luciano ( 1971 ) . The Uffizi . Scala . Bortolon , Liana ( 1967 ) . The Life and Times of Leonardo . Paul Hamlyn , London . Brigstocke , Hugh ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Companion the Western Art . U.S. : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 866203 - 7 . Brucker , Gene A. ( 1969 ) . Renaissance Florence . Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 11370 - 6 . Capra , Fritjof ( 2007 ) . The Science of Leonardo . U.S. : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51390 - 6 . Cennini , Cennino ( 2009 ) . Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui . U.S. : BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 103 - 39032 - 8 . Chiesa , Angela Ottino della ( 1967 ) . The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci . Penguin Classics of World Art series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 008649 - 2 . Cremante , Simona ( 2005 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : Artist , Scientist , Inventor . Giunti . ISBN 978 - 88 - 09 - 03891 - 2 . Giacomelli , Raffaele ( 1936 ) . Gli scritti di Leonardo da Vinci sul volo . Roma : G. Bardi . Hartt , Frederich ( 1970 ) . A History of Italian Renaissance Art . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 23136 - 4 . Kemp , Martin ( 2004 ) . Leonardo . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280644 - 4 . Leonardo da Vinci : anatomical drawings from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 362 - 6 . Nicolo , Mario Lucertini , Ana Millan Gasca , Fernando ( 2004 ) . Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems . Birkhauser . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 6940 - 8 . Lupia , John N. The Secret Revealed : How to Look at Italian Renaissance Painting . Medieval and Renaissance Times , Vol. 1 , no . 2 ( Summer , 1994 ) : 6 -- 17 . ISSN 1075 - 2110 . Magnano , Milena ( 2007 ) . Leonardo , collana I Geni dell'arte . Mondadori Arte . ISBN 978 - 88 - 370 - 6432 - 7 . Martindale , Andrew ( 1972 ) . The Rise of the Artist . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 56006 - 8 . Masters , Roger ( 1996 ) . Machiavelli , Leonardo and the Science of Power . University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 01433 - 9 . Masters , Roger ( 1998 ) . Fortune is a River : Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli 's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28090 - 8 . Müntz , Eugène ( 1898 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . Artist , Thinker , and Man of Science . Volume 1 . London : William Heinemann . Müntz , Eugène ( 1898 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . Artist , Thinker , and Man of Science . Volume 2 . London : William Heinemann . O'Malley , Charles D. ; Sounders , J.B. de C.M. ( 1952 ) . Leonardo on the Human Body : The Anatomical , Physiological , and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci . With Translations , Emendations and a Biographical Introduction . Henry Schuman , New York . Nicholl , Charles ( 2005 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : The Flights of the Mind . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029681 - 5 . Nuland , Sherwin B. ( 2001 ) . Leonardo Da Vinci . Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 1269 - 3 . Popham , A.E. ( 1946 ) . The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci . Jonathan Cape . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 60462 - 8 . Priwer , Shana ; Phillips , Cynthia ( 2006 ) . The Everything Da Vinci Book : Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man . Adams Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59869 - 101 - 6 . Rachum , Ilan ( 1979 ) . The Renaissance , an Illustrated Encyclopedia . Octopus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7064 - 0857 - 7 . Richter , Jean Paul ( 1970 ) . The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci . Dover . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22572 - 2 . volume 2 : ISBN 0 - 486 - 22573 - 9 . A reprint of the original 1883 edition . Rosci , Marco ( 1977 ) . Leonardo . Bay Books Pty Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85835 - 176 - 9 . Rossi , Paolo ( 2001 ) . The Birth of Modern Science . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22711 - 3 . Santi , Bruno ( 1990 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . Scala / Riverside . Theophilus ( 1963 ) . On Divers Arts . U.S. : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 79482 - 2 . Wasserman , Jack ( 1975 ) . Leonardo da Vinci . Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 0262 - 6 . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1568 ) . Lives of the Artists . Penguin Classics , trans . George Bull 1965 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044164 - 2 . Williamson , Hugh Ross ( 1974 ) . Lorenzo the Magnificent . Michael Joseph . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7181 - 1204 - 2 . Winternitz , Emanuel ( 1982 ) . Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician . U.S. : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02631 - 3 . Vezzosi , Alessandro ( 1997 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : Renaissance Man ( English translation ed . ) . Thames & Hudson Ltd , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 30081 - 7 . Zollner , Frank ( 2003 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : The Complete Paintings and Drawings . Taschen . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8228 - 1734 - 6 . ( The chapter `` The Graphic Works '' is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan ) . External links Leonardo da Vinci at Encyclopædia Britannica Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Works by Leonardo da Vinci at Project Gutenberg Leonardo da Vinci by Maurice Walter Brockwell at Project Gutenberg Works by Leonardo da Vinci at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about Leonardo da Vinci at Internet Archive Complete text & images of Richter 's translation of the Notebooks The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science Leonardo da Vinci : Anatomist The Queen 's Gallery , Buckingham Palace , Friday , 4 May 2012 to Sunday , 7 October 2012 . High - resolution anatomical drawings . Leonardo da Vinci , Master Draftsman , Catalog of an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , 22 Jan. -- 30 March 2003 . <Th_colspan="2"> Leonardo da Vinci <Td_colspan="2"> List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi Saint Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine The Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Head of Christ The Martyrdom of St Sebastian Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Museums Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci ( Milan ) Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci ( Vinci ) Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Octant projection Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Related Cultural references Conservation - restoration of The Last Supper Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after Leonardo <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="3"> Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Max Bill Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry <Td_colspan="3"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Subject Lisa del Giocondo Replicas Isleworth Mona Lisa ( 16th century ) Mona Lisa ( Prado , c. 1503 -- 1516 ) L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) Mini Lisa ( 2013 ) Related Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Speculations about Mona Lisa Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa 1911 theft Eduardo de Valfierno Yves Chaudron Vincenzo Peruggia On screen The Theft of the Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen ( 1966 ) City of Death ( 1979 ) Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase ( 1992 ) Mona Lisa 's Revenge ( 2009 ) Music Mona Lisa ( 1915 opera ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 song ) `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' ( 1984 song ) `` Lisa Mona Lisa '' ( 1988 song ) `` The Mona Lisa '' ( 2013 song ) Literature The Second Mrs. Giaconda ( 1975 ) I , Mona Lisa ( 2006 ) The Smile ( 2008 ) Other `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' Books View or order collections of articles Leonardo da Vinci Key artists <Td_colspan="2"> Portals Access related topics Leonardo da Vinci portal Anatomy portal Architecture portal Astronomy portal Biography portal Books portal Cartography portal Earth sciences portal Engineering portal France portal History portal Italy portal Literature portal Mathematics portal Music portal Science portal Visual arts portal <Td_colspan="2"> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 90075047 BNE : XX971832 BNF : cb11912491s ( data ) GND : 118640445 HDS : 48803 ISNI : 0000 0001 2124 423X KulturNav : ba0098eb - 25b5 - 4c6a - 8af7 - 2d7d884bf1fc LCCN : n79034525 MusicBrainz : dc0640db - f5db - 4fde - a5ca - ab1331f94a43 MGP : 131700 NDL : 00447394 NKC : jn19990005005 NLA : 35964654 RKD : 49450 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 016816 SELIBR : 207435 SNAC : w6348s6c SUDOC : 085975915 ULAN : 500010879 VIAF : 24604287 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_da_Vinci&oldid=866477756 '' Categories : Leonardo da Vinci 1452 births 1519 deaths 15th - century people of the Republic of Florence 15th - century Italian painters 15th - century Italian sculptors 15th - century scientists 15th - century Italian scientists 16th - century people of the Republic of Florence 16th - century Italian painters 16th - century Italian sculptors 16th - century scientists 16th - century Italian scientists Age of Enlightenment Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence Ballistics experts Fabulists Florentine painters Giftedness History of anatomy Italian anatomists Italian caricaturists Italian civil engineers Italian inventors Italian male painters Italian male sculptors Italian military engineers Italian physiologists Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance painters Italian Renaissance sculptors Mathematical artists Members of the Guild of Saint Luke People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws Physiognomists Renaissance architects Renaissance painters Renaissance scientists Tuscan painters Fluid dynamicists Vegetarians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with short description Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use British English from August 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2013 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 20 elements Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 202 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Leonardo da Vinci
2. Italian Renaissance polymath
3. Art and science
4. Mona Lisa
5. The Last Supper
|
-4,161,215,163,056,201,000 |
where does the radial artery enter the hand
|
Radial artery - wikipedia Radial artery <Th_colspan="2"> Radial artery <Td_colspan="2"> Palm of left hand , showing position of skin creases and bones , and surface markings for the volar arches . <Td_colspan="2"> Ulnar and radial arteries . Deep view . <Th_colspan="2"> Details Source brachial artery Branches In the forearm : Radial recurrent artery Palmar carpal branch of radial artery Superficial palmar branch of the radial artery . * At the wrist : Dorsal carpal branch of radial artery First dorsal metacarpal artery . * In the hand : Princeps pollicis artery Radialis indicis Deep palmar arch Vein radial vein <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Arteria radialis MeSH D017534 TA A12. 2.09. 027 FMA 22730 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In human anatomy , the radial artery is the main artery of the lateral aspect of the forearm . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Branches 1.1. 1 In the forearm 1.1. 2 At the wrist 1.1. 3 In the hand 1.2 Variations 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa . It runs distally on the anterior part of the forearm . There , it serves as a landmark for the division between the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm , with the posterior compartment beginning just lateral to the artery . The artery winds laterally around the wrist , passing through the anatomical snuff box and between the heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle . It passes anteriorly between the heads of the adductor pollicis , and becomes the deep palmar arch , which joins with the deep branch of the ulnar artery . Along its course , it is accompanied by a similarly named vein , the radial vein . Branches ( edit ) The named branches of the radial artery may be divided into three groups , corresponding with the three regions in which the vessel is situated . In the forearm ( edit ) Radial recurrent artery - arises just after the radial artery comes off the brachial artery . It travels superiorly to anastomose with the radial collateral artery around the elbow joint Palmar carpal branch of radial artery - a small vessel which arises near the lower border of the pronator quadratus Superficial palmar branch of the radial artery - arises from the radial artery , just where this vessel is about to wind around the lateral side of the wrist . At the wrist ( edit ) Dorsal carpal branch of radial artery - a small vessel which arises beneath the extensor tendons of the thumb First dorsal metacarpal artery - arises just before the radial artery passes between the two heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle and divides almost immediately into two branches which supply the adjacent sides of the thumb and index finger ; the lateral side of the thumb receives a branch directly from the radial artery . In the hand ( edit ) Princeps pollicis artery - arises from the radial artery just as it turns medially to the deep part of the hand . Radialis indicis - arises close to the princeps pollicis . The two arteries may arise from a common trunk , the first palmar metacarpal artery . Deep palmar arch - terminal part of radial artery . Variations ( edit ) In less than 1 % of the population , the radial artery takes a superficial course in the anatomical snuff box . This arterial variation can be mistaken for the cephalic vein as accidental injection of this variant radial artery has been reported . Identifying arterial pulsation in the anatomical snuff box is therefore recommended . Clinical significance ( edit ) The radial artery lies superficially in front of the distal end of the radius , between the tendons of the brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis ; it is here that clinician takes the radial pulse . ( where it is commonly used to assess the heart rate and cardiac rhythm ) . Presence of radial pulse was thought to indicate a systolic blood pressure of at least 70 mmHg , as estimated from the 50 % percentile , although this was found to generally be an overestimation of a patient 's true blood pressure . The radial artery can be less easily felt as it crosses the anatomical snuff box . The radial artery is used for coronary artery bypass grafting and is growing in popularity among cardiac surgeons . Recently , it has been shown to have a superior peri-operative and post-operative course when compared to saphenous vein grafts . The radial artery is often punctured in a common procedure to obtain an arterial blood gas . Such a procedure may first involve an Allen 's test . The radial artery is a common site for the insertion of an arterial line , such as for blood pressure monitoring in an intensive care unit . It is selected because it is accessible , and because of the low incidence of complications such as thrombosis . Additional images ( edit ) Cross-section through the middle of the forearm . The radial and ulnar arteries . Front of right upper extremity , showing surface markings for bones , arteries , and nerves . Radial artery and vein References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 592 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Wood , SJ ; Abrahams , PH ; Sañudo , JR ; Ferreira , BJ ( December 1996 ) . `` Bilateral superficial radial artery at the wrist associated with a radial origin of a unilateral median artery '' . Journal of Anatomy. 189 ( Pt 3 ) : 691 -- 693 . ISSN 0021 - 8782 . PMC 1167715 . PMID 8982848 . Jump up ^ Beale , Evan W. ; Behnam , Amir ( June 2012 ) . `` Injection Injury of an Aberrant Superficial Radial Artery Requiring Surgical Intervention '' . Journal of Hand and Microsurgery. 4 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 42 . doi : 10.1007 / s12593 - 011 - 0053 - 8 . ISSN 0974 - 3227 . PMC 3371123 . PMID 23730089 . Jump up ^ Deakin CD , Low JL ( September 2000 ) . `` Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid , femoral , and radial pulses : observational study '' . BMJ. 321 ( 7262 ) : 673 -- 4 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 321.7262. 673 . PMC 27481 . PMID 10987771 . Jump up ^ Sajja , Lokeswara Rao ; Mannam , Gopichand ; Pantula , Narasinga Rao ; Sompalli , Sriramulu ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Role of Radial Artery Graft in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting '' . The Annals of Thoracic Surgery . 79 ( 6 ) : 2180 -- 2188 . doi : 10.1016 / j. athoracsur. 2004.07. 049 . ISSN 0003 - 4975 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Gideon ; Tamariz , Miguel G. ; Sever , Jeri Y. ; Liaghati , Negin ; Guru , Veena ; Christakis , George T. ; Bhatnagar , Gopal ; Cutrara , Charles ; Abouzahr , Labib ( 2001 ) . `` The radial artery versus the saphenous vein graft in contemporary CABG : a case - matched study '' . The Annals of Thoracic Surgery . 71 ( 1 ) : 180 -- 186 . doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 4975 ( 00 ) 02285 - 2 . ISSN 0003 - 4975 . Jump up ^ Bersten , Andrew D ( 2013 ) . Oh 's Intensive Care Manual . p. 123 . ISBN 9780702047626 . External links ( edit ) Image at umich.edu - pulse Radial artery puncture - medicalstudents.com lesson4artofforearm at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) <Th_colspan="2"> Arteries of the human arm Axillary Shoulder ( before teres minor ) 1st part Superior thoracic artery 2nd part Thoracoacromial artery pectoral branch acromial branch clavicular branch deltoid branch Lateral thoracic artery 3rd part Subscapular artery scapular anastomosis circumflex scapular artery thoracodorsal artery anterior humeral circumflex artery posterior humeral circumflex artery Brachial Forearm ( before cubital fossa ) profunda brachii radial collateral medial collateral ulnar collateral superior inferior Radial artery forearm radial recurrent wrist / carpus Dorsal carpal branch dorsal carpal arch Palmar carpal branch deep palmar arch hand Superficial palmar branch princeps pollicis radialis indicis artery superficial palmar arch Median artery median artery Ulnar artery forearm ulnar recurrent anterior posterior common interosseous anterior posterior interosseous recurrent wrist / carpus Dorsal carpal branch dorsal carpal arch Palmar carpal branch superficial palmar arch Arterial Arches Dorsal carpal arch dorsal metacarpal dorsal digital Palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch common palmar digital proper palmar digital deep palmar arch palmar metacarpal Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radial_artery&oldid=839391040 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Arteries of the upper limb Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 03 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Radial artery: The main artery of the lateral aspect of the forearm.
2. Branches of the radial artery: Includes radial recurrent artery, palmar carpal branch, and superficial palmar branch.
3. Clinical significance of the radial artery: Used for coronary artery bypass grafting and arterial blood gas sampling.
4. Variations of the radial artery: Superficial course in the anatomical snuff box.
5. Uses of the radial artery: Assessing heart rate, blood pressure monitoring, and insertion of arterial lines.
|
5,780,548,346,220,595,000 |
episode list of taarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah
|
Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah - Wikipedia Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah <Th_colspan="2"> Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional Poster Genre Sitcom Created by Asit Kumarr Modi Based on ' Duniya Ne Oondha Chashma ' by Taarak Mehta Written by Raju Odedra Rajen Upadhyay Manish Mehta Niren Bhatt Jitendra Parmar Ashok Parmar Abhishek Makwana Abbas Hirapurwala Directed by Dharmesh Mehta Harshad Joshi Malav Suresh Rajda Starring see ( list of characters ) Opening theme Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 2,507 ( as of July 10 , 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) Neela Asit Modi Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) Neela Tele Films Distributor Neela Tele Films <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network SAB TV Picture format 576i HDTV 1080i Original release 28 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah ( English : Taarak Mehta 's Different Perspective ) is India 's longest running sitcom serial . It is produced by Neela Tele Films Private Limited . The show went on air on July 28 , 2008 . It airs from Monday to Friday on SAB TV . Reruns of the show started on Sony Pal on November 2 , 2015 . The show is based on the column Duniya Ne Undha Chashma written by columnist and journalist Taarak Mehta for Gujarati weekly magazine Chitralekha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 The Tapu Sena 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production and promotion 4 Reception and impact 5 Special episodes 6 Awards 6.1 Indian Television Academy Awards 6.2 Indian Telly Awards 6.3 Star Guild Awards 6.4 Other awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot summary Gokuldham Society is a residential society in Powder Galli , Goregaon , Mumbai with four wings : A Wing , B Wing , C Wing and D Wing . Although the society has more than 50 flats , the show revolves around the lives of eight families : Jethalal Champaklal Gada , an electronics shop - owner from Kachchh district , Gujarat , and his wife Daya , father Champaklal Jayantilal Gada and son Tipendra ( Tapu ) . Residents of B Wing . The narrator , Taarak Mehta , a column - writer and his wife Anjali , a disciplined dietician who are from Gujarat . Residents of B Wing . The society 's secretary , Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide , a home tutor from Ratnagiri , Maharashtra , his wife Madhavi , a business woman and daughter Sonalika ( Sonu ) . Residents of A Wing . Dr. Hansraj Hathi , the resident doctor from Uttar Pradesh , his wife Komal and son Gulabkumar ( Goli ) . Residents of A Wing . Roshan Singh Sodhi , a car mechanic from Amritsar , Punjab and his Parsi wife , also named Roshan and their son Gurucharan ( Gogi ) . Residents of A Wing . Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer , a Tamil scientist from Chennai , Tamil Nadu and his Bengali wife Babita from Kolkata , West Bengal . Residents of C Wing . Popatlal Pandey , a newspaper journalist working for Toofan Express and from Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh . Residents of C Wing . Pankaj Diwan Sahay also called Pinku , part of the Tapu sena and resides in another society ( gulmohar apartments ) ( the Tapu sena did n't know about his personal background since the start of 2018 ) . There are also other recurring characters including Sundarlal ( brother of Jethalal 's wife Daya , from Ahmedabad , Gujarat ) and his friends . Abdul , the shopkeeper of the provisions store located outside the society entrance , reporter Rita Shrivastav from ' Kal Tak ' a news channel , Inspector Chalu Pandey , Asit Kumarr Modi as himself , Jethalal 's shop assistants - Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala ( Natu Kaka ) and his nephew Baagheshwar Dadu Udhaiwala ( Baagha ) , who are often bent on doing the wrong job , and Baagha 's fiancée Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria . The members of the society and other characters have a good psychological bond of love and sympathy for one another that makes them live like members of one family . They are often seen celebrating festivals and participating in events together . Although they are shown to live the lives of typical Indian families , the characters , more often than not Jethalal Gada , tend to find themselves in trouble , cropping up from routine activities that intensify in a comical manner . The quirks of the individual characters seek to enhance the humour quotient of the show . Whatever the nature of the problem that a member of the society encounters , all the other members stand by them to extend every possible help . In an episode , the resolution of the problem that a character faces is usually followed by a moral message at the end by Taarak Mehta , which is meant for all the characters of the show as well as the viewers . The Tapu Sena The Tapu Sena is a five - member group of children residing in Gokuldham Society : Tapu ( the leader of Tapu Sena ) , Goli , Gogi , Pinku and Sonu . These children have played significant roles , providing a fun young tone to the show . Usually , the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the society because of their mischief , while at other times , it draws praises from the members by doing something laudable . The society secretary , Atmaram Tukaram Bhide is especially annoyed with the Tapu Sena for playing cricket in the society compound as sometimes they break the window glasses , or just cause a problem as shown in some episodes . Since the beginning of the show , the Tapu Sena has , with their childlike activities , characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children . As the children grow up and mature , the stories are tailored to suit their ages . Cast Main article : List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters Main Dilip Joshi as Jethalal Champaklal Gada Disha Vakani as Daya Jethalal Gada Bhavya Gandhi as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ( Tappu ) ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Raj Anadkat as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ( Tappu ) ( 2017 -- present ) Amit Bhatt as Champaklal Jayantilal Gada Shailesh Lodha as Taarak Mehta Neha Mehta as Anjali Taarak Mehta Tanuj Mahashabde as Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer Munmun Dutta as Babita Krishnan Iyer Mandar Chandwadkar as Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide Sonalika Joshi as Madhvi Aatmaram Bhide Jheel Mehta as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Nidhi Bhanushali as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ( 2012 -- present ) Gurucharan Singh as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2014 -- present ) Laad Singh Maan as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2016 -- present ) Dilkhush Reporter as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Samay Shah as Gurcharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi ( Gogi ) Nirmal Soni as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Kavi Kumar Azad as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ( 2009 -- 2018 ) Ambika Ranjankar as Komal Hansraj Hathi Kush Shah as Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi ( Goli ) Shyam Pathak as Popatlal Pandey Sharad Sankla as Abdul Recurring Tarun Uppal as Pinku ( Pankaj Diwan Sahay ) Ghanashyam Nayak as Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala Nattu Kaka ( Nattukaka ) Tanmay Vekaria as Bagheshwar Dadukh Udhaiwala ( Bagha ) Monika Bhadoriya as Bawree Dhondulal Kanpuria Mayur Vakani as Sundarlal Priya Ahuja Rajda as Reporter Rita Shrivastav Daya Shankar Pandey as Inspector Chalu Pandey Production and promotion The major part of the shooting is done in Mumbai . However , some parts of the show have also been shot in places such as Gujarat , New Delhi , Goa and in foreign locations such as London , Brussels , Paris and Hong Kong . To celebrate Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah completing 1,000 episodes on 6 November 2012 , the director `` decided to shoot the film on a different canvas as he does not want the audience to feel that they are watching yet another episode of the serial . '' In October 2013 , Joshi and Vakani participated in a promotional event held in New Jersey at the Expo Center . In February 2015 , Joshi , Vakani , and Lodha hosted the red carpet at the 60th Britannia Filmfare awards to promote the ' Clean India ' campaign . Reception and impact This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2010 , the show beat Balika Vadhu to become the most watched television programme in India . The show has constantly achieved high ratings throughout its run , irrespective of the Indian Premiere League . In the first week of 2017 , the show stood in fourth position with 6,004 TVT ratings . In the fourth week , the show entered the top five and stood in fifth position with 6,059 TVT ratings . In March 2017 , the show remained within the top five shows urban rural metrics . In the 25th week of 2017 , the show stood at the top spot with 6,092 TVT ratings . In the 26th week of 2017 , the show stood at third spot with 6,049 TVT ratings . It is the longest running scripted show on Indian television.In the 1st week of 2018 the show topped the trp chart with 6961 tvt ratings . Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage , Piotr Glinski visited the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah in February 2016 . Special episodes C.I.D. on Sony TV and SAB TV . The Episodes were named as Mahasangam . Awards Indian Television Academy Awards Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2008 Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2009 Best Actress - Comedy Won Best Serial -- Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Serial - Comedy Won 2012 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won 2013 The ITA Scroll Of Honour Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2014 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2015 Best Show - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2016 Best Serial - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Indian Telly Awards Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2009 Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Most Popular Child Artist ( Male ) Bhavya Gandhi Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won 2012 Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2013 Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Director ( Sitcom ) Harshad Joshi and Malav Rajda Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role Dilip Joshi Won Best Sitcom / Comedy Program Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Star Guild Awards Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2011 Best Actor in a Drama Series Dilip Joshi Won 2013 Best Comedy Series Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Other awards Year Award Category Result 2011 Global Honours Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Won See also List of Hindi comedy shows References Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah : A Special Brand Of Humour '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MUNMUN DUTTA OPENS UP ABOUT THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING TAARAK MEHTA KA OOLTAH CHASHMAH ; COMES OUT IN SUPPORT OF GURCHARAN SINGH ( SODHI ) '' . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Haathi of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashma aka Kavi Kumar Azad dead '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shruti Jambhekar ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Gujarat comes alive on TV '' . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Awaasthi , Kavita ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Taarak Mehta ... completes 1,000 episodes '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film version of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah set to roll next year '' . DNA India . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah goes to New Jersey ! - Rediff.com Movies '' . Rediff.com. 2013 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta 's team brings Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan to the red carpet - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm ^ Jump up to : `` The Tenth Indian Telly Awards '' . Tellyawards.indiantelevision.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/winners.php ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/winners.php Jump up ^ ards - winners. html Archived 12 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> hide Programmes currently broadcast by SAB TV Currently broadcast Sictom Series Jijaji Chhat Par Hai Partners - Trouble Ho Gayi Double Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Tenali Rama <Td_colspan="2"> See list of former shows / ref > style = `` background : # 99FF99 ; color : black ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` yes table - yes2 '' Won - Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taarak_Mehta_Ka_Ooltah_Chashmah&oldid=849683044 '' Categories : SAB TV television series Indian television series 2008 Indian television series debuts Indian television sitcoms 2000s Indian television series Television shows set in Mumbai 2010s Indian television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Esperanto ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी தமிழ் اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 16 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
2. Sitcom
3. Gokuldham Society
4. Tapu Sena
5. Longest running Indian sitcom
|
-8,327,025,518,413,345,000 |
what is the name of the two dots over a vowel
|
Diaeresis ( diacritic ) - wikipedia Diaeresis ( diacritic ) Jump to : navigation , search For the sound change , see Umlaut ( linguistics ) . _̈ Diaeresis Diacritics in Latin & Greek accent acute ( _́ ) double acute ( _̋ ) grave ( ` ) double grave ( ̏ ) breve ( _̆ ) inverted breve ( ̑ ) caron , háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( _̧ ) circumflex ( ˆ ) diaeresis , umlaut ( _̈ ) dot ( ) hook , hook above ( ̡ ̢ ̉ ) horn ( ̛ ) iota subscript ( ͅ ) macron ( _̄ ) ogonek , nosinė ( _̨ ) perispomene ( ͂ ) ring ( _̊ , ˳ ) rough breathing ( _̔ ) smooth breathing ( _̓ ) Marks sometimes used as diacritics apostrophe ( ' ) bar ( ◌ ̸ ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) period ( . ) hyphen ( ˗ ) prime ( ′ ) tilde ( ~ ) Diacritical marks in other scripts Arabic diacritics Early Cyrillic diacritics kamora ( ҄ ) pokrytie ( ҇ ) titlo ( ҃ ) Gurmukhī diacritics Hebrew diacritics Indic diacritics anusvara ( ं ং ം ) chandrabindu ( ँ ఁ ) nukta ( ़ ) virama ( ् ് ్ ් ್ ) visarga ( ः ঃ ) IPA diacritics Japanese diacritics dakuten ( ゙ ) handakuten ( ゚ ) Khmer diacritics Syriac diacritics Thai diacritics Related Dotted circle ◌ Punctuation marks Logic symbols This template : view talk edit <Td_colspan="2"> Latin Ä ä Ǟ ǟ Ą̈ ą̈ B̈ b̈ C̈ c̈ Ë ë Ḧ ḧ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ K̈ k̈ M̈ m̈ N̈ n̈ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ǫ̈ ǫ̈ Ṏ ṏ P̈ p̈ Q̈ q̈ Q̣̈ q̣̈ S̈ s̈ T̈ ẗ Ü ü Ǖ ǖ Ǘ ǘ Ǚ ǚ Ǜ ǜ Ṳ ṳ Ṻ ṻ ᴞ V̈ v̈ Ẅ ẅ Ẍ ẍ Ÿ ÿ Z̈ z̈ <Td_colspan="2"> Greek Ϊ ϊ <Td_colspan="2"> ῒ ΐ ῗ Ϋ ϋ <Td_colspan="2"> ῢ ΰ ῧ Ϋ <Td_colspan="2"> Cyrillic Ӓ ӓ Ё ё Ӛ ӛ Ӝ ӝ Ӟ ӟ Ӥ ӥ Ї ї Ӧ ӧ Ӫ ӫ Ӱ ӱ Ӵ ӵ Ӹ ӹ Ӭ ӭ The diaeresis ( UK : / daɪˈɪrɪsɪs / , US : / daɪˈɛrɪsɪs / dy - ERR - i - sis ; plural : diaereses ) , also spelled diæresis or dieresis and also known as the tréma ( also : trema ) or the umlaut , is a diacritical mark that consists of two dots ( _̈ ) placed over a letter , usually a vowel . When that letter is an i or a j , the diacritic replaces the tittle : ï . The diaeresis and the umlaut are diacritics marking two distinct phonological phenomena . The diaeresis represents the phenomenon also known as diaeresis or hiatus in which a vowel letter is not pronounced as part of a digraph or diphthong . The umlaut ( / ˈʊmlaʊt / UUM - lowt ) , in contrast , indicates a sound shift . These two diacritics originated separately ; the diaeresis is considerably older . Nevertheless , in modern computer systems using Unicode , the umlaut and diaeresis diacritics are identical , e.g. U + 00E4 ä LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS ( HTML & # 228 ; ä ; ) represents both a-umlaut and a-diaeresis . The same symbol is also used as a diacritic in other cases , distinct from both diaeresis and umlaut . For example , in Albanian and Tagalog ë represents a schwa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Diaeresis 2.1 History 2.1. 1 Greek alphabet 2.1. 2 Latin alphabet 2.2 Hiatus 2.3 Non-silent vowels 2.4 French 2.5 English 3 Umlaut 3.1 History 3.2 Printing conventions in German 3.3 Borrowing of German umlaut notation 3.4 Use of the umlaut for special effect 4 Other uses 4.1 Vowels 4.2 Consonants 5 Computer usage 5.1 Keyboard input 5.2 On - screen keyboards 5.2. 1 Windows 5.2. 2 iOS 5.2. 3 Dedicated keys 5.2. 4 Other scripts 5.3 Character encodings 5.4 HTML 5.5 TeX and LaTeX 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Names ( edit ) The word diaeresis is from Greek diaíresis ( διαίρεσις ) , meaning `` division '' , `` separation '' , or `` distinction '' . The word trema ( plural : tremas or tremata ) , used in French linguistics and also classical scholarship , is from the Greek trēma ( τρῆμα ) and means a `` perforation '' , `` orifice '' , or `` pip '' ( as on dice ) , thus describing the form of the diacritic rather than its function . Umlaut is the German name of both the Germanic umlaut , a sound - law also known as i - mutation , and the corresponding diacritic . Diaeresis ( edit ) The diaeresis indicates that two adjoining letters that would normally form a digraph and be pronounced as one are instead to be read as separate vowels in two syllables . The diaeresis indicates that a vowel should be pronounced apart from the letter that precedes it . For example , in the spelling coöperate , the diaeresis reminds the reader that the word has four syllables co-op - er - ate , not three , * coop - er - ate . In British English this usage has been considered obsolete for many years , and in US English , although it persisted for longer , it is now considered archaic as well . Nevertheless , it is still used by the US magazine The New Yorker . In English language texts it is perhaps most familiar in the spellings naïve , Noël , and Chloë , and is also used officially in the name of the island Teän . Languages such as Dutch , Catalan , French , Galician and Spanish make regular use of the diaeresis . History ( edit ) Greek alphabet ( edit ) Two dots , called a trema , were used in the Hellenistic period on the letters ι and υ , most often at the beginning of a word , as in ϊδων , ϋιος , and ϋβριν , to separate them from a preceding vowel , as writing was scriptio continua , where spacing was not yet used as a word divider . ( See Coptic alphabet , for example . ) However , it was also used to indicate that a vowel formed its own syllable ( in phonological hiatus ) , as in ηϋ and Αϊδι . In Modern Greek , αϊ and οϊ represent the diphthongs / ai̯ / and / oi̯ / , and εϊ the disyllabic sequence / e.i / , whereas αι , οι , and ει transcribe the simple vowels / e / , / i / , and / i / . The diacritic can be the only one on a vowel , as in ακαδημαϊκός akadēmaïkos `` academic '' , or in combination with an acute accent , as in πρωτεΐνη prōteïnē `` protein '' . Latin alphabet ( edit ) The diaeresis was borrowed for this purpose in several languages of western and southern Europe , among them Occitan , Catalan , French , Dutch , Welsh , and ( rarely ) English . When a vowel in Greek was stressed , it did not assimilate to a preceding vowel but remained as a separate syllable . Such vowels were marked with an accent such as the acute , a tradition that has also been adopted by other languages , such as Spanish and Portuguese . For example , the Portuguese words saia ( ˈsajɐ ) `` skirt '' and the imperfect saía ( saˈi. ɐ ) `` I used to leave '' differ in that the sequence / ai / forms a diphthong in the former ( synaeresis ) , but is a hiatus in the latter ( diaeresis ) . Hiatus ( edit ) In Catalan , the digraphs ai , ei , oi , au , eu , and iu are normally read as diphthongs . To indicate exceptions to this rule ( hiatus ) , a diaeresis mark is placed on the second vowel : without this the words raïm ( rəˈim ) ( `` grape '' ) and diürn ( diˈurn ) ( `` diurnal '' ) would be read * ( ˈrajm ) and * ( ˈdiwrn ) , respectively . The Occitan use of diaeresis is very similar to that of Catalan : ai , ei , oi , au , eu , ou are diphthongs consisting of one syllable but aï , eï , oï , aü , eü , oü are groups consisting of two distinct syllables . In Welsh , where the diaeresis appears , it is usually on the stressed vowel , and this is most often on the first of the two adjacent vowels ; a typical example is copïo ( kɔ. ˈpi. ɔ ) ( to copy ) , cf . mopio ( ˈmɔ. pjɔ ) ( to mop ) . It is also used on the first of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong ( crëir ( ˈkreː. ɪr ) rather than creir ( ˈkrəi̯r ) ) and on the first of three vowels to separate it from a following diphthong : crëwyd is pronounced ( ˈkreː. ʊi̯d ) rather than ( ˈkrɛu̯. ɨd ) . In Dutch , spellings such as coëfficiënt are necessary because the digraphs oe and ie normally represent the simple vowels ( u ) and ( i ) , respectively . However , hyphenation is now preferred for compound words so that zeeëend ( sea duck ) is now spelled zee - eend . In German , diaeresis occurs in a few proper names , such as Ferdinand Piëch and Bernhard Hoëcker . In Galician , diaeresis is employed to indicate hiatus in the first and second persons of the plural of the imperfect tense of verbs ended in - aer , - oer , - aír and - oír ( saïamos , caïades ) . This stems from the fact that an unstressed - i - is left between vowels , but constituting its own syllable , ending with a form identical in writing but different in pronunciation with those of the Present subjunctive , as those have said i forming a diphthong with the following a . Non-silent vowels ( edit ) As a further extension , some languages began to use a diaeresis whenever a vowel letter was to be pronounced separately . This included vowels that would otherwise form digraphs with consonants or simply be silent . In the orthographies of Spanish , Catalan , French , Galician , and Occitan , the graphemes gu and qu normally represent a single sound , ( ɡ ) or ( k ) , before the front vowels e and i ( or before nearly all vowels in Occitan ) . In the few exceptions where the u is pronounced , a diaeresis is added to it . Before the 1990 Orthographic Agreement , a diaeresis ( `` trema '' ) was also used in ( mainly Brazilian ) Portuguese in this manner , in words like sangüíneo ( sɐ̃ˈɡwiniu ) `` sanguineous '' ; after the implementation of the Orthographic Agreement , it was abolished altogether from all Portuguese words . In French , in the aforementioned cases the diaeresis is usually written over the following vowel . Examples : Spanish pingüino ( piŋˈɡwino ) `` penguin '' Catalan aigües ( ˈajɣwəs ) `` waters '' , qüestió ( kwəstiˈo ) `` matter , question '' Occitan lingüista ( liŋˈɡwistɔ ) `` linguist '' , aqüatic ( aˈkwatik ) `` aquatic '' French aiguë or aigüe ( eɡy ) `` acute ( fem . ) '' ( note that the e is silent ; without the diacritic , both it and the u would be silent ) Galician mingüei ( miŋˈɡwei ) `` I shrank '' Luxembourgish chance ( ˈʃãːs ) `` opportunity '' , chancë ( ˈʃãːsə ) ( before a consonant ) `` opportunities '' English Brontë / ˈbrɒnti / ( see Brontë family ) This has been extended to Ganda , where a diaeresis separates y from n : anya ( aɲa ) , anÿa ( aɲja ) . French ( edit ) In French , some diphthongs that were written with pairs of vowel letters were later reduced to monophthongs , which led to an extension of the value of this diacritic . It often now indicates that the second vowel letter is to be pronounced separately from the first , rather than merge with it into a single sound . For example , the French words maïs ( ma.is ) and naïve ( na. iv ) would be pronounced * ( mɛ ) and * ( nɛv ) , respectively , without the diaeresis mark , since the digraph ai is pronounced ( ɛ ) . The English spelling of Noël `` Christmas '' ( French ( nɔ. ɛl ) ) comes from this use . Ÿ occurs in French as a variant of ï in a few proper nouns , as in the name of the Parisian suburb of L'Haÿ - les - Roses ( la. i le ʁoz ) . The diaeresis is also used when a silent e is added to the sequence gu , to show that it is to be pronounced ( ɡy ) rather than as a digraph for ( ɡ ) . For example , when the feminine - e is added to aigu ( eɡy ) `` sharp '' , the pronunciation does not change : aiguë ( eɡy ) . Similar is the feminine noun ciguë ( siɡy ) `` hemlock '' ; compare figue ( fiɡ ) `` fig '' . In the ongoing French spelling reform of 1990 , this was moved to the u ( aigüe , cigüe ) , though the earlier orthography continues to be widely used . ( In canoë ( kanɔ. e ) the e is not silent , and so is not affected by the spelling reform . ) In some names , a diaeresis is used to show what used to be two vowels in hiatus , although the second vowel has since fallen silent , as in Saint - Saëns ( sɛ̃sɑ̃s ) and de Staël ( də stal ) . English ( edit ) The grave accent and the diaeresis are the only diacritics native to Modern English ( apart from diacritics used in loanwords , such as the acute accent , the cedilla , or the tilde ) . The use of both , however , is considered to be largely archaic . The diaeresis mark is sometimes used in English personal first and last names to indicate that two adjacent vowels should be pronounced separately , rather than as a diphthong . Examples include the given names Chloë and Zoë , which otherwise might be pronounced with a silent e . To discourage a similar mispronunciation , the mark is also used in the surname Brontë . It may be used optionally for words that do not have a morphological break at the diaeresis point , such as naïve , Boötes , and Noël . However , it is far less commonly used in words such as coöperate and reënter except in a very few publications -- notably The New Yorker . Ÿ is sometimes used in transcribed Greek , where it represents the Greek letter υ ( upsilon ) in hiatus with α . For example , it can be seen in the transcription Artaÿctes of the Persian name Ἀρταΰκτης ( Artaüktēs ) at the very end of Herodotus , or the name of Mount Taÿgetus on the southern Peloponnesus peninsula , which in modern Greek is spelled Ταΰγετος . Umlaut ( edit ) Germanic umlaut is a specific historical phenomenon of vowel - fronting in German and other languages . In German it causes back vowels / a / , / o / and / u / to shift forward in the mouth to / e / , / ø / and / y / , respectively . In modern German orthography , the affected graphemes ⟨ a ⟩ , ⟨ o ⟩ and ⟨ u ⟩ are written as ⟨ ä ⟩ , ⟨ ö ⟩ and ⟨ ü ⟩ , i.e. they are written with diacritical marks identical to the diaeresis mark . Therefore , in German ( and in some languages influenced by German orthography ) , the diacritical symbol itself is sometimes called umlaut . History ( edit ) Further information : Germanic umlaut New and old forms of umlaut Illustration of the development of umlaut : schoen → schoͤn → schön ( ' beautiful ' ) . The Sütterlin script used here is a later development , however . German phonological umlaut was present in the Old High German period and continued to develop in Middle High German . From the Middle High German period , it was sometimes denoted in written German by adding an e to the affected vowel , either after the vowel or , in small form , above it . This can still be seen in some names , e.g. Goethe , Goebbels , Staedtler . In blackletter handwriting as used in German manuscripts of the later Middle Ages , and also in many printed texts of the early modern period , the superscript ⟨ e ⟩ still had a form that would be recognisable to us as an ⟨ e ⟩ , but in manuscript writing , umlauted vowels could be indicated by two dots since the late medieval period . In the forms of handwriting that emerged in the early modern period ( of which Sütterlin is the latest and best - known example ) the letter ⟨ e ⟩ was composed of two short vertical lines very close together , and the superscript ⟨ e ⟩ looked like two tiny strokes . Even from the 16th century , the handwritten convention of indicating umlaut by two dots placed above the affected vowel is also found in printed texts . In modern handwriting , the umlaut sometimes resembles a tilde , quotation mark , dash , miniature u or other small mark . Unusual umlaut designs are sometimes also created for graphic design purposes , such as to fit an umlaut into tightly - spaced lines of text . This may include umlauts placed vertically or inside the body of the letter . Printing Conventions in German ( edit ) When typing German , if umlaut letters are not available , it is usual to replace them with the underlying vowel followed by an ⟨ e ⟩ . So , for example , `` Schröder '' becomes `` Schroeder '' . As the pronunciation differs greatly between the normal letter and the umlaut , simply omitting the dots is incorrect . The result might often be a different word , as in schon ' already ' , schön ' beautiful ' ; or a different grammatic form , e.g. Mutter ' mother ' , Mütter ' mothers ' . Despite this , the umlauted letters are not considered as separate letters of the alphabet proper in German , in contrast to other Germanic languages . When alphabetically sorting German words , the umlaut is usually not distinguished from the underlying vowel , although if two words differ only by an umlaut , the umlauted one comes second , for example : Schon Schön Schonen There is a second system in limited use , mostly for sorting names ( colloquially called `` telephone directory sorting '' ) , which treats ü like ue , and so on . Schön Schon Schonen Austrian telephone directories insert ö after oz . Schon Schonen Schön In Switzerland , capital umlauts are sometimes printed as digraphs , in other words , ⟨ Ae ⟩ , ⟨ Oe ⟩ , ⟨ Ue ⟩ , instead of ⟨ Ä ⟩ , ⟨ Ö ⟩ , ⟨ Ü ⟩ ( see German alphabet for an elaboration . ) This is because the Swiss typewriter keyboard contains the French accents on the same keys as the umlauts ( selected by Shift ) . To write capital umlauts the _̈ - key is pressed followed by the capital letter to which the umlaut should apply . Borrowing of German umlaut notation ( edit ) Some languages have borrowed some of the forms of the German letters Ä , Ö , or Ü , including Azerbaijani , Estonian , Finnish , Hungarian , Karelian , some of the Sami languages , Slovak , Swedish , and Turkish . This indicates sounds similar to the corresponding umlauted letters in German . In spoken Scandinavian languages the grammatical umlaut change is used ( singular to plural , derivations etc . ) but the character used differs between languages . In Finnish , a / ä and o / ö change systematically in suffixes according to the rules of vowel harmony . In Hungarian , where long vowels are indicated with an acute accent , the umlaut notation has been expanded with a version of the umlaut which looks like double acute accents , indicating a blend of umlaut and acute . Contrast : short ö ; long ő . The Estonian alphabet has borrowed ⟨ ä ⟩ , ⟨ ö ⟩ , and ⟨ ü ⟩ from German ; Swedish and Finnish have ⟨ ä ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ ; and Slovak has ⟨ ä ⟩ . In Estonian , Swedish , Finnish , and Sami ⟨ ä ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ denote ( æ ) and ( ø ) , respectively . Hungarian has ⟨ ö ⟩ and ⟨ ü ⟩ . The Slovak language uses the letter ⟨ ä ⟩ to denote ( ɛ ) ( or a bit archaic but still correct ( æ ) ) -- the sign is called dve bodky ( `` two dots '' ) , and the full name of the letter ä is as dvomi bodkami ( `` a with two dots '' ) . In these languages , with the exception of Hungarian , the replacement rule for situations where the umlaut character is not available , is to simply use the underlying unaccented character instead . Hungarian follows the German rules and replaces ⟨ ö ⟩ and ⟨ ü ⟩ with ⟨ oe ⟩ and ⟨ ue ⟩ respectively -- at least for telegrams and telex messages . The same rule is followed for the near - lookalikes ⟨ ő ⟩ and ⟨ ű ⟩ . In Luxembourgish ( Lëtzebuergesch ) , the umlaut diacritic in ⟨ ä ⟩ and ⟨ ë ⟩ represents a stressed schwa . The letters ⟨ ü ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ do not occur in native Luxembourgish words , but at least the former is common in words borrowed from standard German . When Turkish switched from the Arabic to the Latin alphabet in 1928 , it adopted a number of diacritics borrowed from various languages , including ⟨ ü ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ from German ( probably reinforced by their use in languages like Swedish , Hungarian , etc . ) . These Turkish graphemes represent sounds similar to their respective values in German ( see Turkish alphabet ) . As the borrowed diacritic has lost its relationship to Germanic i - mutation , they are in some languages considered independent graphemes , and can not be replaced with ⟨ ae ⟩ , ⟨ oe ⟩ , or ⟨ ue ⟩ as in German . In Estonian and Finnish , for example , these latter diphthongs have independent meanings . Even some Germanic languages , such as Swedish ( which does have a transformation analogous to the German umlaut , called omljud ) , treat them always as independent letters . In collation , this means they have their own positions in the alphabet , for example at the end ( `` A -- Ö '' or `` A -- Ü '' , not `` A -- Z '' ) as in Swedish , Estonian and Finnish , which means that the dictionary order is different from German . The transformations ä → ae and ö → oe can , therefore , be considered less appropriate for these languages , although Swedish and Finnish passports use the transformation to render ö and ä ( and å as aa ) in the machine - readable zone . In contexts of technological limitation , e.g. in English based systems , Swedes can either be forced to omit the diacritics or use the two letter system . When typing in Norwegian , the letters Æ and Ø might be replaced with Ä and Ö respectively if the former are not available . If ä is not available either , it is appropriate to use ae . The same goes for ö and oe . While ae has a great resemblance to the letter æ and , therefore , does not impede legibility , the digraph oe is likely to reduce the legibility of a Norwegian text . This especially applies to the digraph øy , which would be rendered in the more cryptic form oey . Also in Danish , Ö has been used in place of Ø in some older texts and to distinguish between open and closed ö - sounds and when confusion with other symbols could occur , e.g. on maps . The Danish / Norwegian Ø is like the German Ö a development of OE , to be compared with the French Œ . Early Volapük used Fraktur a , o and u as different from Antiqua ones . Later , the Fraktur forms were replaced with umlauted vowels . The usage of umlaut - like diacritic vowels , particularly ü , occurs in the transcription of languages that do not use the Roman alphabet , such as Chinese . For example , 女 ( female ) is transcribed as nǚ in proper Mandarin Chinese pinyin , while nv is sometimes used as a replacement for convenience since the letter v is not used in pinyin . Tibetan pinyin uses ä , ö , ü with approximately their German values . The Cyrillic letters ӓ , ӧ , ӱ are used in Mari , Khanty , and other languages for approximately ( æ ) , ( ø ) , and ( y ) . These directly parallel the German umlaut ä , ö , ü . Other vowels using a double dot to modify their values in various minority languages of Russia are ӛ , ӫ , and ӹ . Use of the umlaut for special effect ( edit ) See also : Metal umlaut The umlaut diacritic can be used in `` sensational spellings '' or foreign branding , for example in advertising , or for other special effects . Häagen - Dazs is an example of such usage . Other uses ( edit ) A double dot is also used as a diacritic in cases where it functions as neither a diaeresis nor an umlaut . In the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) , a double dot is used for a centralized vowel , a situation more similar to umlaut than to diaeresis . In other languages it is used for vowel length , nasalization , tone , and various other uses where diaeresis or umlaut was available typographically . The IPA uses a double dot below letters to indicate a breathy - voice or murmur . Vowels ( edit ) In Albanian and Kashubian , ⟨ ë ⟩ represents a schwa ( ə ) . In Aymara , a double dot is used on ⟨ ä ⟩ ⟨ ï ⟩ ⟨ ü ⟩ for vowel length . In the Basque dialect of Soule , ⟨ ü ⟩ represents another vowel -- the main phonetic characteristic of those areas -- , pronounced as in French `` u '' or German `` ü '' . In Ligurian official orthography , ⟨ ö ⟩ is used to represent the sound ( oː ) . In Māori a diaeresis ( e.g. Mäori ) was often used on computers in the past instead of the macron to indicate long vowels , as the diaeresis was relatively easy to produce on many systems , and the macron difficult or impossible . In Seneca , ⟨ ë ⟩ ⟨ ö ⟩ are nasal vowels , though ⟨ ä ⟩ is ( ɛ ) , as in German umlaut . In Vurës ( Vanuatu ) , ⟨ ë ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ encode respectively ( œ ) and ( ø ) . In the Pahawh Hmong script , a double dot is used as one of several tone marks . The double dot was used in the early Cyrillic alphabet , which was used to write Old Church Slavonic . The modern Cyrillic Belarusian and Russian alphabets include the letter yo ⟨ ё ⟩ , although replacing it with the letter ⟨ е ⟩ without the diacritic is allowed in Russian unless doing so would create ambiguity . Since the 1870s , the letter yi ( Ї , ї ) has been used in the Ukrainian alphabet for iotated ( ji ) ; plain і is not iotated ( i ) . In Udmurt , ӥ is used for uniotated ( i ) , with и for iotated ( ji ) . The form ÿ is common in Dutch handwriting and also occasionally used in printed text -- but is a form of the digraph `` ij '' rather than a modification of the letter `` y '' . Komi language uses ⟨ Ӧ ⟩ ( a Cyrillic O with diaeresis ) for ( ə ) . Consonants ( edit ) Jacaltec ( a Mayan language ) and Malagasy are among the very few languages with a diaeresis on the letter `` n '' ; in both , n̈ is the velar nasal ( ŋ ) . In Udmurt , a double dot is also used with the consonant letters ӝ ( dʒ ) ( from ж ( ʒ ) ) , ӟ ( dʑ ) ( from з ( z ) ~ ( ʑ ) ) and ӵ ( tʃ ) ( from ч ( tɕ ) ) . Ḧ and ẍ are used for ( ħ ) and ( ʁ ) in the unified Kurdish alphabet . These are foreign sounds borrowed from Arabic . Ẅ and ÿ : Ÿ is generally a vowel , but it is used as the ( semi-vowel ) consonant ( ɰ ) ( a ( w ) without the use of the lips ) in Tlingit . This sound is also found in Coast Tsimshian , where it is written ẅ . A number of languages in Vanuatu use double dots on consonants , to represent linguolabial ( or apicolabial ) phonemes in their orthography . Thus Araki contrasts bilabial p ( p ) with linguolabial p̈ ( t̼ ) ; bilabial m ( m ) with linguolabial m̈ ( n̼ ) ; and bilabial v ( β ) with linguolabial v̈ ( ð̼ ) . Seneca uses ⟨ s̈ ⟩ for ( ʃ ) . The letter ẗ is not used in any alphabet , but is sometimes seen for tāʾ marbūṭa ة in Arabic transliteration . Syriac uses a two dots above a letter , called Siyame , to indicate that the word should be understood as plural . For instance , ܒܝܬܐ ( bayta ) means ' house ' , while ܒܝ̈ܬܐ ( bayte ) means ' houses ' . The sign is used especially when no vowel marks are present , which could differentiate between the two forms . Although the origin of the Siyame is different from that of the Diaeresis sign , in modern computer systems both are represented by the same Unicode character . This , however , often leads to wrong rendering of the Syriac text . Computer usage ( edit ) Character encoding generally treats the umlaut and the diaeresis as the same diacritic mark . Keyboard input ( edit ) Letters with umlaut on a German computer keyboard . If letters with double dots are not present on the keyboard ( or if they are not recognized by the operating system ) , there are a number of ways to input them into a computer system . Using Microsoft Word for Windows , a letter with double dots can be produced by pressing Ctrl - Shift - : , then the letter . Using Linux , a letter with double dots can be produced by pressing AltGr - Shift - : , then the letter Using Mac OS or OS X , a letter with double dots can be produced by pressing ⌥ Option + U , then the letter . This works on English and other keyboards and is documented further in the supplied manuals . X-based systems with a Compose key set in the system can usually insert characters with double dots by typing Compose , quotedbl ( i.e. `` ) followed by the letter . Compose + ⇧ Shift , letter may also work , depending on the system 's set - up . However , most modern UNIX - like systems also accept the sequence Compose + ⇧ Shift + U to initiate the direct input of a Unicode value . Thus , typing Compose + ⇧ Shift + U , 00F6 , finishing with Space or ↵ Enter , will insert ö into the document . Microsoft Windows allows users to set their US layout keyboard language to International , which allows for something similar , by turning keys ( rather characters ) into dead keys . If the user enters `` , nothing will appear on screen , until the user types another character , after which the characters will be merged if possible , or added independently at once if not . On several operating systems , double - dotted letters can be written by entering Alt codes . On Microsoft Windows keyboard layouts that do not have double dotted characters , one can especially use Windows Alt keycodes . Double dots are then entered by pressing the left Alt key , and entering the full decimal value of the character 's position in the Windows code page on the numeric keypad , provided that the compatible code page is used as a system code page . One can also use numbers from Code page 850 ; these lack a leading 0 . On a Swedish / Finnish keyboard both letters å , ä and ö are present , as well as _̈ to combine with any vowel character , in the same way as _́ ` ^ and ~ accentuation signs . Character Windows Code Page Code CP850 Code ä Alt + 0228 Alt + 132 ë Alt + 0235 Alt + 137 ï Alt + 0239 Alt + 139 ö Alt + 0246 Alt + 148 ü Alt + 0252 Alt + 129 ÿ Alt + 0255 Alt + 152 Ä Alt + 0196 Alt + 142 Ë Alt + 0203 Alt + 211 Ï Alt + 0207 , Alt + 02255 Alt + 651 Ö Alt + 0214 Alt + 153 Ü Alt + 0220 Alt + 154 Ÿ Alt + 0159 N / A On - screen keyboards ( edit ) The early 21st century has seen noticeable growth in stylus - and touch - operated interfaces , making the use of on - screen keyboards operated by pointing devices ( mouse , stylus , or finger ) more important . These `` soft '' keyboards may replicate the modifier keys found on hardware keyboards , but they may also employ other means of selecting options from a base key , such as right - click or press - and - hold . Soft keyboards may also have multiple contexts , such as letter , numeric , and symbol . Windows ( edit ) In Windows 8 , the standard ( but not extended ) touch US keyboard allows entry of ä ë ï ö ü ẅ ÿ by holding the corresponding un-accented keys , and of spacing _̈ by holding ~ or ^ . Upper - case equivalents are accessed with the Shift key , as would be expected . Ios ( edit ) iOS provides accented letters through press - and - hold on most European Latin - script keyboards , including English . Some keyboard layouts feature combining - accent keys that can add accents to any appropriate letter . Dedicated keys ( edit ) The German keyboard has dedicated keys for ü ö ä . Scandinavian and Turkish keyboards have dedicated keys for their respective language - specific letters , including ö for Swedish , Finnish , and Icelandic , and both ö and ü for Turkish . Other scripts ( edit ) For non-Latin scripts , Greek and Russian use press - and - hold for double - dot diacritics on only a few characters . The Greek keyboard has dialytica and dialytica -- tonos variants for upsilon and iota ( ϋ ΰ ϊ ΐ ) , but not for ε ο α η ω , following modern monotonic usage . Russian keyboards feature separate keys for е and ё . Character encodings ( edit ) The ISO 8859 - 1 character encoding includes the letters ä , ë , ï , ö , ü , and their respective capital forms , as well as ÿ in lower case only , with Ÿ added in the revised edition ISO 8859 - 15 and Windows - 1252 . Unicode includes all of ISO - 8859 and also provides the double dot as U + 00A8 _̈ Diaeresis and as U + 0308 ◌ ̈ Combining diaeresis . Mainly for compatibility with older character encodings , dozens of codepoints with letters with double dots are available . Both the combining character U + 0308 and the precombined codepoints can be used as umlaut or diaeresis . Sometimes , there 's a need to distinguish between the umlaut sign and the diaeresis sign . ISO / IEC JTC 1 / SC 2 / WG 2 recommends the following for these cases : To represent the umlaut use Combining Diaeresis ( U + 0308 ) To represent the diaeresis use Combining Grapheme Joiner ( CGJ , U + 034F ) + Combining Diaeresis ( U + 0308 ) As of version 3.2. 0 , Unicode also provides U + 0364 ◌ ͤ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER E which can produce the older umlaut typography . Unicode provides a combining double dot below as U + 0324 ◌ ̤ Combining diaeresis below . HTML ( edit ) In HTML , vowels with double dots can be entered with an entity reference of the form & ? uml ; , where ? can be any of a , e , i , o , u , y or their majuscule counterparts . With the exception of the uppercase Ÿ , these characters are also available in all of the ISO 8859 character sets and thus have the same codepoints in ISO - 8859 - 1 ( - 2 , - 3 , - 4 , - 9 , - 10 , - 13 , - 14 , - 15 , - 16 ) and Unicode . The uppercase Ÿ is available in ISO 8859 - 15 and Unicode , and Unicode provides a number of other letters with double dots as well . Umlauts Character Replacement HTML Unicode Ä ä A or Ae a or ae Ä ; ä ; U + 00C4 U + 00E4 Ö ö O or Oe o or oe Ö ; ö ; U + 00D6 U + 00F6 Ü ü U or Ue u or ue Ü ; ü ; U + 00DC U + 00FC Other double dots Character HTML Unicode Ë ë Ë ; ë ; U + 00CB U + 00EB Ḧ ḧ U + 1E26 U + 1E27 Ï ï Ï ; ï ; U + 00CF U + 00EF ẗ U + 1E97 Ṳ ṳ U + 1E72 U + 1E73 Ẅ ẅ U + 1E84 U + 1E85 Ẍ ẍ U + 1E8C U + 1E8D Ÿ ÿ &Yuml ; ÿ ; U + 0178 U + 00FF Note : when replacing umlaut characters with plain ASCII , use ae , oe , etc. for German language , and the simple character replacements for all other languages . TeX and LaTeX ( edit ) TeX ( and its derivatives , most notably LaTeX ) also allows double dots to be placed over letters . The standard way is to use the control sequence \ '' followed by the relevant letter , e.g. \ `` u . It is good practice to set the sequence off with curly braces : ( \ '' u ) or \ `` ( u ) . TeX 's `` German '' package can be used : it adds the `` control sequence ( without the backslash ) to produce the Umlaut . However , this can cause conflicts if the main language of the document is not German . Since the integration of Unicode through the development of XeTeX and XeLaTeX , it is also possible to input the Unicode character directly into the document , using one of the recognized methods such as Compose key or direct Unicode input . TeX 's traditional control sequences can still be used and will produce the same output ( in very early versions of TeX these sequences would produce double dots that were too far above the letter 's body ) . All these methods can be used with all available font variations ( italic , bold etc . ) . See also ( edit ) Dot ( diacritic ) Metal umlaut <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Latin script <Td_colspan="2"> History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA spelling alphabets Letters ( list ) <Th_colspan="26"> Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz <Th_colspan="26"> Letters using umlaut or diaeresis sign ( ◌ ̈ , ◌ ̤ ) Ää Ëë Ḧḧ Ï ï N̈n̈ Öö T̈ẗ Üü Ṳṳ Ẅẅ Ẍẍ Ÿÿ Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics <Td_colspan="2"> Diacritics Palaeography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard v 5.0 . San Francisco , etc. : Addison - Wesley. 1991 -- 2007 . p. 228 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 48091 - 0 . Jump up ^ διαίρεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ τρῆμα . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ Harry Shaw , 1964 . Punctuate It Right . p. 43 , Accent Marks : Dieresis : `` ... it is much less used than formerly , having been largely replaced by the hyphen ... '' Jump up ^ William Johnson , 2004 . Bookrolls and scribes in Oxyrhynchus , p 343 ; examples on pp 259 , 315 , 334 , etc . Jump up ^ Roger Bagnall , 2009 : 262 . The Oxford handbook of papyrology Jump up ^ `` woordenlijst '' . woordenlijst.org . Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. ( 1996 ) . Fowlers 's Modern English Usage ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 869126 - 2 . Jump up ^ On Diacritics and Archaïsm . Flakery.org , June 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ diaeresis : December 9 , 1998 . The Mavens ' Word of the Day . Random House . Jump up ^ Umlauts in English ? . General Questions . Straight Dope Message Board . Jump up ^ Mary Norris ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) . `` The Curse of the Diaeresis '' . The New Yorker . The special tool we use here at The New Yorker for punching out the two dots that we then center carefully over the second vowel in such words as `` naïve '' and `` Laocoön '' will be getting a workout this year , as the Democrats coöperate to reëlect the President . Jump up ^ The phonological phenomenon of umlaut occurred in English as well ( man ~ men ; full ~ fill ; goose ~ geese ) but English orthography does not indicate this using the umlaut diacritic . Jump up ^ Note that not all such combinations are necessarily umlauts : In the town names Coesfeld and Raesfeld , for example , the e merely lengthens the preceding vowel ( ( oː ) and ( aː ) , respectively ) . In medieval German manuscripts , other digraphs were also commonly written using superscripts . In bluome ( ' flower ' ) , for example , the ⟨ o ⟩ was frequently placed above the ⟨ u ⟩ ( blůme ) . This letter survives now only in Czech . Compare also the development of the tilde as a superscript n . Jump up ^ Hardwig , Florian . `` Unusual Umlauts ( German ) '' . Typojournal . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hardwig , Florian . `` Jazz in Town '' . Fonts in Use . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flickr collection : vertical umlauts '' . Flickr . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hardwig , Florian . `` Compact umlaut '' . Fonts in Use . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Māori Orthographic Conventions , Māori Language Commission , accessed 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Māori language on the internet '' , Te Ara External links ( edit ) Look up ä , Ë , ë , or ö in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Diacritics Project -- All you need to design a font with correct accents Variant Umlauts ( Florian Hardwig , German ) Variant compact umlaut Keyboard Help -- Learn how to create world language accent marks and other diacriticals on a computer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&oldid=795439686 '' Categories : Latin - script diacritics Greek - script diacritics Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles needing the year an event occurred from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Sranantongo Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 07 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Diaeresis as a diacritic mark
2. Difference between diaeresis and umlaut
3. Usage of diaeresis in different languages
4. Historical origins of the diaeresis
5. Modern usage of diaeresis in English and other languages
|
6,719,081,826,802,840,000 |
who played wednesday addams in the tv series
|
The Addams Family ( 1964 TV series ) - wikipedia The Addams Family ( 1964 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Addams Family <Td_colspan="2"> Created by David Levy Starring Carolyn Jones John Astin Jackie Coogan Ted Cassidy Blossom Rock Ken Weatherwax Lisa Loring Felix Silla Opening theme Vic Mizzy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 64 ( List of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) David Levy Producer ( s ) Nat Perrin Location ( s ) Hollywood , California Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 minutes per episode Production company ( s ) Filmways Distributor MGM Television ( through The Program Exchange ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Mono Original release September 18 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 18 ) -- April 8 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 08 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Cartoons in The New Yorker Followed by Halloween with the New Addams Family Related shows The Munsters ( 1964 -- 1966 ) The Addams Family is an American television series based on the characters from Charles Addams ' New Yorker cartoons . The 30 - minute series was created by David Levy and shot in black - and - white , airing for two seasons on ABC from September 18 , 1964 , to April 8 , 1966 for a total of 64 episodes . It is often compared to its CBS rival , The Munsters , which ran for the same two seasons and achieved somewhat higher Nielsen ratings . The show is also notable for its opening theme that was composed by Vic Mizzy . The show was originally produced by head writer Nat Perrin for Filmways , Inc. at General Service Studios in Hollywood , California . Successor company MGM Television ( via The Program Exchange for broadcast syndication and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment for home video / DVD ) now owns the rights to the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Addams Family 2.2 Recurring characters 2.2. 1 Family members 2.2. 2 Minor characters 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Opening theme 4 Episodes 4.1 Syndication 5 Reunions , sequels and adaptations 6 Home media 7 In other media 7.1 Film 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Addamses are a close - knit extended family with decidedly macabre interests and supernatural abilities , though no explanation for their powers is explicitly given in the series . The wealthy , endlessly enthusiastic Gomez Addams ( John Astin ) is madly in love with his refined wife , Morticia ( Carolyn Jones ) . Along with their daughter Wednesday ( Lisa Loring ) , their son Pugsley ( Ken Weatherwax ) , Uncle Fester ( Jackie Coogan ) , and Grandmama ( Blossom Rock ) , they reside at 0001 Cemetery Lane in an ornate , gloomy , Second Empire - style mansion , attended by their servants : Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) , the towering butler , and Thing , a disembodied hand that appears from within a small wooden box . Other relatives who made recurring appearances included Cousin Itt ( Felix Silla ) , Morticia 's older sister Ophelia ( also portrayed by Jones ) , and Morticia 's mother Grandma Frump ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Much of the humor derives from the Addamses ' culture clash with the rest of the world . They invariably treat normal visitors with great warmth and courtesy , unaware that some of their guests often have bad intentions . They are puzzled by the horrified reactions to their own good - natured and normal behavior , since the family is under the impression that their tastes are shared by most of society . Accordingly , they view `` conventional '' tastes with generally tolerant suspicion . Invariably , as a result of their visit to the Addamses , a visitor would be institutionalized , change professions , move out of the country or suffer some other negative life - changing event . Cast and characters ( edit ) The main cast : Gomez ( John Astin ) , Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) , Wednesday ( Lisa Loring ) , Morticia ( Carolyn Jones ) , and Pugsley ( Ken Weatherwax ) . Addams Family ( edit ) Morticia Addams ( Carolyn Jones ) -- A cultivated and beautiful woman who knits , dabbles in art , plays the shamisen , raises carnivorous plants and trims roses by clipping off the buds and arranging the thorny stems in a vase . With long , straight ebony - black hair , she is always attired in a long , floor - length tight black dress , and with her aristocratic bearing and detachment , she is often the calm center of the chaotic events of the household . Morticia Addams ( Carolyn Jones ) Gomez Addams ( John Astin ) -- A retired lawyer , Gomez is passionately in love with his wife , often referring to her in Spanish pet names such as `` Querida '' and `` Cara Mía '' . His ardor is greatly intensified when she speaks French . Gomez is very wealthy as a result of owning numerous companies and stocks , and squanders money in a cavalier manner while remaining wealthy , while his hobby consists of gleefully detonating model trains . He refers to Spain as his `` ancestral home '' with his family background referenced as `` Castilian '' . Regularly dressed in a double - breasted , pinstriped suit with a black tie , Gomez is almost always seen smoking a cigar . Astin added this trait to the character as he had already been a cigar smoker prior to the show 's debut , but then quit after the series ended . Uncle Fester ( Jackie Coogan ) -- Morticia 's exuberant uncle , who is completely bald and dressed in a floor - length , fur - collared coat . Fester he is quite fond of dynamite and blasting caps . He often relaxes on a bed of nails , by inserting his head into a book press or by being stretched on a wooden torture rack , while he powers light bulbs by placing them into his mouth . Uncle Fester ( Jackie Coogan ) and Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) -- The Addams ' loyal butler , who mainly speaks in grunts or groans . Morticia and Gomez summon him with a hangman 's - noose bell pull , to which he immediately appears on screen and replies , `` You rang ? '' He is physically imposing and plays the harpsichord . Cassidy made a cameo appearance as Lurch on an episode of the Batman TV series , and on TV music shows while promoting the pop song of the era `` The Lurch '' ( and the dance which it accompanied ) . Grandmama Addams ( Blossom Rock ) -- Gomez 's mother , a witch who conjures potions and spells , and dabbles in fortune telling and knife throwing . Wednesday Addams ( Lisa Loring ) -- Gomez 's and Morticia 's daughter and the youngest member of the family , Wednesday is a strange yet sweet - natured little girl who enjoys keeping bizarre pets such as a black widow spider named Homer and a lizard named Lucifer , in addition to playing with a beheaded doll named Marie Antoinette . Pugsley Addams ( Ken Weatherwax ) -- Gomez 's and Morticia 's son , and Wednesday 's older brother . Kind - hearted and smart , he occasionally conforms to conventional standards contrary to his family , such as joining the Boy Scouts . He also enjoys engineering various machines , playing with blasting caps , and playing with his pet octopus Aristotle . Thing -- A disembodied hand that appears out of boxes and other conveniently placed containers . Gomez 's constant `` companion '' since childhood , Thing is always ready to assist family members with minor daily services and diversions , such as lifting the receiver on telephones , retrieving the mail , lighting cigars , pouring tea and playing chess . Thing apparently has the ability to teleport from container to container , almost instantly : Thing sometimes appears from different containers at opposite ends of the room within seconds of each other . Though Ted Cassidy would often portray Thing , assistant director Jack Voglin would sometimes portray Thing in scenes where Lurch and Thing appear together . However , Thing was regularly billed as `` Itself '' in the closing credits . Recurring characters ( edit ) Family members ( edit ) Cousin Itt ( Felix Silla ; voiced by Tony Magro ) -- Gomez 's cousin , Itt is a diminutive character composed entirely of floor - length hair accompanied by a bowler hat and sunglasses . He speaks in rapid , unintelligible gibberish that only the family can understand . The character was created specifically for the television series . Ophelia Frump ( Carolyn Jones ) -- Morticia 's flighty flower - child sister who is the `` white sheep of the family . '' In the two - part , second - season episode `` Morticia 's Romance '' , Gomez is originally engaged to Ophelia in an arranged marriage , but when he sees the then - 22 - year - old Morticia ( dressed in a grown - up version of Wednesday 's clothing ) , they fall in love with each other . The flowers entwined in Ophelia 's hair actually have roots that travel down into her foot , and the foot raises when one of the flowers are tugged on . She sings in three - part harmony and has a love of judo that enables her to flip men ( usually Gomez ) onto their backs . Ophelia was played by Carolyn Jones in a blonde wig , and , along with Cousin Itt , was created specifically for the television series , appearing in family portrait artwork by Charles Addams after the show 's debut . Hester Frump ( Margaret Hamilton ) -- The mother of Morticia and Ophelia . Minor characters ( edit ) Arthur J. Henson ( Parley Baer ) -- An insurance executive in the town where the family resides . Joe Digby ( Eddie Quillan ) -- An insurance clerk who works for Arthur Henson . Sam L. Hilliard ( Allyn Joslyn ) -- A truant officer who is scared to death of the family . In one episode , his middle name is given as `` Lucifer '' , much to the family 's delight ( `` Sam Hill '' is an older American euphemism for Satan ) . Mr. Briggs ( Rolfe Sedan ) -- The neighborhood postman who delivers the mail to the Addams house . Sam Picasso ( Vito Scotti ) -- A scheming Spanish artist upon whom family members rely for artistic advice . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Series creator David Levy explained the premise of the show to syndicated columnist Erskine Johnson in August 1964 : `` We have made ( the family ) full - bodied people , not monsters ... They are not grotesque and hideous manifestations . At the same time we are protecting the images of ( Charles ) Addams ' ' children ' , as he refers to them . We are living up to the spirit of his cartoons . He is more than just a cartoonist . He 's a social commentator and a great wit . '' The tone was set by series producer Nat Perrin , who was a close friend of Groucho Marx and writer of several Marx Brothers films . Perrin created story ideas , directed one episode and rewrote every script . The series often employed the same type of zany satire and screwball humor seen in the Marx Brothers films . It lampooned politics ( `` Gomez , The Politician '' and `` Gomez , The People 's Choice '' ) , the legal system ( `` The Addams Family in Court '' ) , rock n ' roll and Beatlemania ( `` Lurch , The Teenage Idol '' ) and Hollywood ( `` My Fair Cousin Itt '' ) . Opening theme ( edit ) The show 's memorable theme , written and arranged by longtime Hollywood composer Vic Mizzy , was dominated by a harpsichord with finger snaps as percussive accompaniment . Ted Cassidy punctuated the lyrics with the words `` neat '' , `` sweet '' and `` petite '' . Mizzy 's theme was popular enough to enjoy a release as a 45 - rpm single , though it failed to make the U.S. charts . The song was revived for the 1992 animated series , as well as in 2007 for a series of Addams Family television commercials for M&M 's chocolates . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Addams Family episodes For both seasons , episodes aired Friday nights at 8 : 30 p.m. Syndication ( edit ) The show has been aired worldwide . In the United Kingdom , it first aired on ITV in 1965 -- 1966 , and then it appeared on Sky 1 in 1991 and ran until 1992 . and then it was aired on BBC Two from 6 p.m. on Monday nights starting in February 1992 until the end of 1993 and then moved to Saturdays in 1994 and later in school summer holidays before it vanished at the end of August 1996 . Since October 2011 , the series was picked up by Cartoon Network 's sister channel Boomerang and runs through the entire month of October for Halloween alongside The Munsters . The series airs on select local stations , and as of November 2013 airs weekends on the national movie / classic TV network Antenna TV Reunions , sequels and adaptations ( edit ) A reunion TV film , Halloween with the New Addams Family , aired on NBC in October 1977 and starred most of the original cast , except for Blossom Rock , who was very ill at the time and was replaced as Grandmama by Phyllis actress Jane Rose . Elvia Allman portrayed Mother Frump , whom Margaret Hamilton had played in the original series . Veteran character actors Parley Baer and Vito Scotti , who both had recurring roles in the original series , also appeared in the movie . The film also included extended family members created specifically for this production , such as Gomez 's brother Pancho ( played by Henry Darrow ) and two additional children , Wednesday Jr. and Pugsley Jr . The latter two were portrayed as near copies of the original children , now known as Wednesday Sr. and Pugsley Sr. , who were once again played respectively by Lisa Loring and Ken Weatherwax , the original Wednesday and Pugsley in the series . Vic Mizzy rewrote and conducted the series theme as an instrumental . Astin reprised his role as Gomez Addams for the 1992 animated adaptation of the series . No other members of the original cast were involved . In 1998 , a standalone film , Addams Family Reunion , aired on the Fox Family Channel , followed by the series The New Addams Family that ran from 1998 to 2000 . Astin appeared in the series as Grandpapa Addams . John Astin and Lisa Loring are the only living cast members from the TV show . Home media ( edit ) As of May 2009 , the show can be purchased on iTunes , and can be streamed in the US on Netflix , IMDb , YouTube and Hulu , and minisodes are available on Crackle . MGM Home Entertainment has released The Addams Family on DVD in Region 1 , 2 and 4 in three - volume sets . DVD Name Episodes Release date Additional information Volume 1 22 August 10 , 2006 Audio commentary for `` The Addams Family Goes to School '' by cast members Lisa Loring , Ken Weatherwax and Felix Silla , along with Stephen Cox ( author of The Addams Chronicles ) You Rang , Mr. Addams featurette Snap , Snap featurette Theme Song Karaoke The DVD releases contain alterations to the episodes `` Halloween with the Addams Family '' and `` The Addams Family Meets the Undercover Man '' . In two scenes , Morticia 's song `` It 's So Nice to Have a ' Thing ' Around the House '' ( to the tune of `` It 's So Nice to Have a Man Around the House '' ) was cut . The edits were made because MGM / 20th Century Fox could not obtain the rights to the original song . Volume 2 21 March 27 , 2007 Mad About the Addams featurette : Experts discuss the history and impact of the show Thing and Cousin Itt commentaries Guest Star Séance interactive featurette : A magical crystal ball conjures guest star clips and trivia Tombstone Trivia on `` Morticia 's Romance , Part 1 '' episode Audio commentary with The Addams Chronicles author Stephen Cox Volume 3 21 September 11 , 2007 Thing and Cousin Itt commentaries Audio commentary with Stephen Cox , author of The Addams Chronicles Tombstone Trivia on `` Cat Addams '' episode The Complete Series 64 November 13 , 2007 Special `` velvet - touch '' package In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Addams Family ( film ) A successful film , The Addams Family , was released by Paramount Pictures in 1991 , starring Raúl Juliá as Gomez , Anjelica Huston as Morticia , Christopher Lloyd as an amnesiac Uncle Fester and Christina Ricci as Wednesday . After the film 's release , series creator David Levy filed a lawsuit against Paramount Pictures ; the suit was settled out of court . A sequel , Addams Family Values , followed in 1993 , to greater critical success than the first film , though it earned less at the box office . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` David Levy ; Producer Created ' Addams Family ' '' . LA Times . January 31 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Addams Family ' Tree '' . LA Times . June 9 , 1991 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Stephen ( 1998 ) . The Addams Chronicles : An Altogether Ooky Look at the Addams Family . Cumberland House Publishing ( 2nd Edition ) . ISBN 1888952911 . ^ Jump up to : Glionna , John M. ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Felix Silla , a.k.a. Cousin Itt , looks back on a kooky career '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bruce Museum to Host Original Cartoon Artworks of Charles Addams '' . Art Knowledge News . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Erskine ( August 2 , 1964 ) . `` Something for the Boys ... and Ghouls '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Addams Family Reruns Airing on WBBZ - TV Archived 2013 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Niagara Falls Reporter ( August 6 , 2013 ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This TV Schedule - Program listings and guide '' . www.thistv.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord . `` The Addams Family - Some minor edits on the Volume 1 set '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Addams Family DVD news : Volume 3 date and details - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Addams Family DVD news : * Snap * * Snap * Complete Series Announced - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Addams Family . The Addams Family on IMDb The Addams Family at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Addams Family Characters Gomez Addams Morticia Addams Pugsley Addams Wednesday Addams Uncle Fester Grandmama Lurch Thing Cousin Itt Television The Addams Family ( episodes ) 1973 animated series Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 TV film ) 1992 animated series The New Addams Family Films The Addams Family ( 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) Theatre The Addams Family ( musical ) Games Fester 's Quest ( 1989 ) The Addams Family pinball ( 1991 ) The Addams Family handheld ( 1991 ) The Addams Family The Addams Family : Pugsley 's Scavenger Hunt ( 1993 ) Addams Family Values ( 1994 ) Music `` The Addams Family Theme '' `` When You 're an Addams '' `` Addams Groove '' The Addams Family soundtrack Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture Addams Family Values : The Original Orchestral Score Books The Addams Family : An Evilution Creator Charles Addams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Addams_Family_(1964_TV_series)&oldid=843544293 '' Categories : The Addams Family television series American fantasy television series 1960s American sitcoms 1964 American television series debuts 1966 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Single - camera television sitcoms Television series by MGM Television Television series about families Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Addams Family (1964 TV series)
2. Characters and cast of The Addams Family
3. Plot and premise of The Addams Family
4. Reunions, sequels, and adaptations of The Addams Family
5. Home media releases of The Addams Family TV series
|
-6,743,544,641,315,918,000 |
congress of the leaders of world and traditional religions
|
Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions - wikipedia Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions Jump to : navigation , search This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( June 2015 ) Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions is an annual congress held in Astana , Kazakhstan . Contents ( hide ) 1 1st Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions 2 2nd Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions 3 3d Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions 4 4th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions 5 5th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions 6 References 1st Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions ( edit ) On Sept. 23 and 24 , 2003 , Astana hosted the first Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions . The congress was attended by 17 delegations from 23 countries . The forum focused mainly on countering terrorism and extremism issues . 2nd Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions ( edit ) On Sept. 12 and 13 , 2006 , Astana hosted the second Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions , which was attended by delegations from 29 countries . The congress was held in a new building designed for the event , the Palace of Peace and Accord . The central topic of discussion was `` Religion , Society and International Security . '' The congress was recognized in the Congressional Record by Congressman Ben Chandler of Kentucky who called Kazakhstan `` a model of religious diversity . '' 3d Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions ( edit ) On July 1 -- 2 , 2009 , Astana hosted the third Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions . About 400 delegates representing 77 delegations from 35 countries attended the event . A central theme of the congress was `` The role of religious leaders in building a world based on tolerance , mutual respect and cooperation . '' 4th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions ( edit ) The 4th Congress took place in Astana on May 30 -- 31 , 2012 . 85 delegations from 40 countries attended the congress with the central theme being `` Peace and Harmony as the Choice of Mankind . '' 5th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions ( edit ) Astana hosted the 5th Congress on June 10 -- 11 , 2015 . The theme of the event was `` Dialogue of Religious Leaders and Politicians in the Name of Peace and Development '' . During the Congress , Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with UN Secretary General Ban Ki - moon and Jordan 's King Abdullah II . 80 delegations from 42 countries attended the event . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Congress of Religious Leaders : Promoting Dialogue between Civilisations '' . www.astanatimes.com . Jump up ^ `` ( Congressional Record ( Bound Edition ) , Volume 151 '' . U.S. Government Publishing Office . ^ Jump up to : `` IV CONGRESS '' . www.religions-congress.org . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Congress of World and Traditional Religions held in Kazakhstan '' . en.tengrinews.kz . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Leaders_of_World_and_Traditional_Religions&oldid=823619361 '' Categories : Religion Religious leaders Religious events Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from June 2015 All orphaned articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions
2. Annual congress held in Astana, Kazakhstan
3. Countering terrorism and extremism
4. Role of religious leaders in building tolerance and cooperation
5. Dialogue of religious leaders and politicians for peace and development
|
6,726,475,708,912,115,000 |
who has won the scottish league the most times
|
List of Scottish football champions - wikipedia List of Scottish football champions Scottish football champions Founded 1890 Editions completed 121 Number of teams 12 Current champions Celtic Country Scotland Most titles won Rangers ( 54 times champions , including 1 shared ) The Scottish football champions are the winners of the highest league in Scottish football , namely the Scottish Football League ( SFL ) from 1890 until 1998 , the Scottish Premier League ( SPL ) from 1998 until 2013 and the Scottish Premiership thereafter . The SFL was established in 1890 , initially as an amateur league until professionalism in Scottish football was legalised in 1893 . At the end of the first season Dumbarton and Rangers finished level on points at the top of the table . The rules in force at the time required that the teams contest a play - off match for the championship , which finished in a 2 -- 2 draw , and the first ever championship was thus shared between two clubs , the only occasion on which this has happened . In 1893 a Second Division was formed , with the existing single division renamed the First Division . The league continued during the First World War but was suspended during the Second World War . Although there were several short spells when a third division was created , the two - division structure remained largely in place until 1975 , when a major re-organisation of the league led to a new three - tier set - up and the creation of a new Premier Division at the highest level . In 1998 , the teams then in the Premier Division broke away to form the SPL , which supplanted the Premier Division as the highest level of football in Scotland . The SPL and SFL merged in 2013 to form the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) , which branded its top division as the Scottish Premiership . Throughout its existence the championship of Scottish football has been dominated by two Glasgow clubs , Celtic and Rangers . The two rivals , who are collectively known as the `` Old Firm '' , have claimed the majority of league titles . As of 2018 , Rangers have won 54 and Celtic 49 , while no other club has won the title on more than four occasions . No club outside the Old Firm has won the title since the 1984 -- 85 season , when the Aberdeen side managed by Alex Ferguson won the Premier Division . The current period of dominance by the Old Firm is a record ; the previous longest streak was 27 years , between 1904 and 1931 . Each of the Old Firm clubs has at one time managed a run of nine consecutive championships , Celtic from 1966 to 1974 and Rangers from 1989 to 1997 . Each of the two clubs has also claimed the Double on many occasions , by winning the league and the Scottish Cup in the same season . As of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season Rangers have won the most Doubles with 18 , more than any other club in the world apart from Northern Ireland 's Linfield . Each club has also won a Double and added the Scottish League Cup to make it a Treble . In the 1966 -- 67 season Celtic took all three domestic trophies and also won the European Cup to complete the only Quadruple to date . Contents 1 Champions 1.1 Scottish Football League ( 1890 -- 93 ) 1.2 Scottish Football League Division One ( 1893 -- 1946 ) 1.3 Scottish Football League Division ' A ' ( 1946 -- 1955 ) 1.4 Scottish Football League Division One ( 1955 -- 1975 ) 1.5 Scottish Football League Premier Division ( 1975 -- 98 ) 1.6 Scottish Premier League ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 1.7 Scottish Premiership ( 2013 -- present ) 2 Total titles won 2.1 By City / Town 3 Notes 4 References Champions ( edit ) Key : Club won the Scottish Cup Club won the Scottish League Cup Club won both domestic cups Scottish Football League ( 1890 -- 93 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Third <Th_colspan="2"> Top scorer Player Goals 1890 -- 91 <Td_colspan="2"> Dumbarton ( 1 ) and Rangers ( 1 ) Celtic Jack Bell ( Dumbarton ) 20 1891 -- 92 Dumbarton ( 2 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian Jack Bell ( Dumbarton ) 23 1892 -- 93 Celtic ( 1 ) Rangers St Mirren Sandy McMahon ( Celtic ) John Campbell ( Celtic ) 11 Scottish football League Division one ( 1893 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Third <Th_colspan="2"> Top scorer Player Goals 1893 -- 94 Celtic ( 2 ) Heart of Midlothian St Bernard 's Sandy McMahon ( Celtic ) 16 1894 -- 95 Heart of Midlothian ( 1 ) Celtic Rangers James Miller ( Clyde ) 12 1895 -- 96 Celtic ( 3 ) Rangers Hibernian Allan Martin ( Celtic ) 19 1896 -- 97 Heart of Midlothian ( 2 ) Hibernian Rangers Willie Taylor ( Heart of Midlothian ) 12 1897 -- 98 Celtic ( 4 ) Rangers Hibernian Robert Hamilton ( Rangers ) 18 1898 -- 99 Rangers ( 2 ) Heart of Midlothian Celtic Robert Hamilton ( Rangers ) 25 1899 -- 1900 Rangers ( 3 ) Celtic Hibernian Robert Hamilton ( Rangers ) William Michael ( Heart of Midlothian ) 15 1900 -- 01 Rangers ( 4 ) Celtic Hibernian Robert Hamilton ( Rangers ) 20 1901 -- 02 Rangers ( 5 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian William Maxwell ( Third Lanark ) 10 1902 -- 03 Hibernian ( 1 ) Dundee Rangers David Reid ( Hibernian ) 14 1903 -- 04 Third Lanark ( 1 ) Heart of Midlothian Celtic and Rangers Robert Hamilton ( Rangers ) 28 1904 -- 05 Celtic ( 5 ) Rangers Third Lanark Robert Hamilton ( Rangers ) Jimmy Quinn ( Celtic ) 19 1905 -- 06 Celtic ( 6 ) Heart of Midlothian Airdrieonians Jimmy Quinn ( Celtic ) 20 1906 -- 07 Celtic ( 7 ) Dundee Rangers Jimmy Quinn ( Celtic ) 29 1907 -- 08 Celtic ( 8 ) Falkirk Rangers Jock Simpson ( Falkirk ) 32 1908 -- 09 Celtic ( 9 ) Dundee Clyde John Hunter ( Dundee ) 29 1909 -- 10 Celtic ( 10 ) Falkirk Rangers Jimmy Quinn ( Celtic ) Jock Simpson ( Falkirk ) 24 1910 -- 11 Rangers ( 6 ) Aberdeen Falkirk Willie Reid ( Rangers ) 38 1911 -- 12 Rangers ( 7 ) Celtic Clyde Willie Reid ( Rangers ) 33 1912 -- 13 Rangers ( 8 ) Celtic Airdrieonians and Heart of Midlothian James Reid ( Airdrieonians ) 30 1913 -- 14 Celtic ( 11 ) Rangers Heart of Midlothian and Morton James Reid ( Airdrieonians ) 27 1914 -- 15 Celtic ( 12 ) Heart of Midlothian Rangers Tom Gracie ( Heart of Midlothian ) James Richardson ( Ayr United ) 29 1915 -- 16 Celtic ( 13 ) Rangers Morton Jimmy McColl ( Celtic ) 34 1916 -- 17 Celtic ( 14 ) Morton Rangers Bert Yarnall ( Airdrieonians ) 39 1917 -- 18 Rangers ( 9 ) Celtic Kilmarnock and Morton Hughie Ferguson ( Motherwell ) 35 1918 -- 19 Celtic ( 15 ) Rangers Morton David McLean ( Rangers ) 29 1919 -- 20 Rangers ( 10 ) Celtic Motherwell Hughie Ferguson ( Motherwell ) 33 1920 -- 21 Rangers ( 11 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian Hughie Ferguson ( Motherwell ) 43 1921 -- 22 Celtic ( 16 ) Rangers Raith Rovers Duncan Walker ( St Mirren ) 45 1922 -- 23 Rangers ( 12 ) Airdrieonians Celtic Jock White ( Heart of Midlothian ) 30 1923 -- 24 Rangers ( 13 ) Airdrieonians Celtic Dave Halliday ( Dundee ) 38 1924 -- 25 Rangers ( 14 ) Airdrieonians Hibernian William Devlin ( Cowdenbeath ) 33 1925 -- 26 Celtic ( 17 ) Airdrieonians Heart of Midlothian William Devlin ( Cowdenbeath ) 40 1926 -- 27 Rangers ( 15 ) Motherwell Celtic Jimmy McGrory ( Celtic ) 49 1927 -- 28 Rangers ( 16 ) Celtic Motherwell Jimmy McGrory ( Celtic ) 47 1928 -- 29 Rangers ( 17 ) Celtic Motherwell Evelyn Morrison ( Falkirk ) 43 1929 -- 30 Rangers ( 18 ) Motherwell Aberdeen Benny Yorston ( Aberdeen ) 38 1930 -- 31 Rangers ( 19 ) Celtic Motherwell Barney Battles , Jr . ( Heart of Midlothian ) 44 1931 -- 32 Motherwell ( 1 ) Rangers Celtic Willie MacFadyen ( Motherwell ) 52 1932 -- 33 Rangers ( 20 ) Motherwell Heart of Midlothian Willie MacFadyen ( Motherwell ) 45 1933 -- 34 Rangers ( 21 ) Motherwell Celtic Jimmy Smith ( Rangers ) 41 1934 -- 35 Rangers ( 22 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian Jimmy Smith ( Rangers ) 36 1935 -- 36 Celtic ( 18 ) Rangers Aberdeen Jimmy McGrory ( Celtic ) 50 1936 -- 37 Rangers ( 23 ) Aberdeen Celtic David Wilson ( Hamilton Academical ) 34 1937 -- 38 Celtic ( 19 ) Heart of Midlothian Rangers Andy Black ( Heart of Midlothian ) 40 1938 -- 39 Rangers ( 24 ) Celtic Aberdeen Alex Venters ( Rangers ) 35 1939 -- 46 <Td_colspan="5"> Suspended due to World War II . Unofficial leagues ( Emergency League and regional North Eastern League and Southern League ) held . Scottish Football League Division ' A ' ( 1946 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Third <Th_colspan="2"> Top scorer Player Goals 1946 -- 47 Rangers ( 25 ) Hibernian Aberdeen Bobby Mitchell ( Third Lanark ) 22 1947 -- 48 Hibernian ( 2 ) Rangers Partick Thistle Archie Aikman ( Falkirk ) 20 1948 -- 49 Rangers ( 26 ) Dundee Hibernian Alex Stott ( Dundee ) 30 1949 -- 50 Rangers ( 27 ) Hibernian Heart of Midlothian Willie Bauld ( Heart of Midlothian ) 30 1950 -- 51 Hibernian ( 3 ) Rangers Dundee Lawrie Reilly ( Hibernian ) 22 1951 -- 52 Hibernian ( 4 ) Rangers East Fife Lawrie Reilly ( Hibernian ) 27 1952 -- 53 Rangers ( 28 ) Hibernian East Fife Lawrie Reilly ( Hibernian ) Charlie Fleming ( East Fife ) 30 1953 -- 54 Celtic ( 20 ) Heart of Midlothian Partick Thistle Jimmy Wardhaugh ( Heart of Midlothian ) 27 1954 -- 55 Aberdeen ( 1 ) Celtic Rangers Willie Bauld ( Heart of Midlothian ) 21 Scottish Football League Division One ( 1955 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Third <Th_colspan="2"> Top scorer Player Goals 1955 -- 56 Rangers ( 29 ) Aberdeen Heart of Midlothian Jimmy Wardhaugh ( Heart of Midlothian ) 28 1956 -- 57 Rangers ( 30 ) Heart of Midlothian Kilmarnock Hugh Baird ( Airdrieonians ) 33 1957 -- 58 Heart of Midlothian ( 3 ) Rangers Celtic Jimmy Wardhaugh ( Heart of Midlothian ) Jimmy Murray ( Heart of Midlothian ) 28 1958 -- 59 Rangers ( 31 ) Heart of Midlothian Motherwell Joe Baker ( Hibernian ) 25 1959 -- 60 Heart of Midlothian ( 4 ) Kilmarnock Rangers Joe Baker ( Hibernian ) 42 1960 -- 61 Rangers ( 32 ) Kilmarnock Third Lanark Alex Harley ( Third Lanark ) 42 1961 -- 62 Dundee ( 1 ) Rangers Celtic Alan Gilzean ( Dundee ) 24 1962 -- 63 Rangers ( 33 ) Kilmarnock Partick Thistle Jimmy Millar ( Rangers ) 27 1963 -- 64 Rangers ( 34 ) Kilmarnock Celtic Alan Gilzean ( Dundee ) 32 1964 -- 65 Kilmarnock ( 1 ) Heart of Midlothian Dunfermline Athletic Jim Forrest ( Rangers ) 30 1965 -- 66 Celtic ( 21 ) Rangers Kilmarnock Joe McBride ( Celtic ) Alex Ferguson ( Dunfermline Athletic ) 31 1966 -- 67 Celtic ( 22 ) Rangers Clyde Stevie Chalmers ( Celtic ) 21 1967 -- 68 Celtic ( 23 ) Rangers Hibernian Bobby Lennox ( Celtic ) 32 1968 -- 69 Celtic ( 24 ) Rangers Dunfermline Athletic Kenny Cameron ( Dundee United ) 26 1969 -- 70 Celtic ( 25 ) Rangers Hibernian Colin Stein ( Rangers ) 24 1970 -- 71 Celtic ( 26 ) Aberdeen St Johnstone Harry Hood ( Celtic ) 22 1971 -- 72 Celtic ( 27 ) Aberdeen Rangers Joe Harper ( Aberdeen ) 33 1972 -- 73 Celtic ( 28 ) Rangers Hibernian Alan Gordon ( Hibernian ) 27 1973 -- 74 Celtic ( 29 ) Hibernian Rangers Dixie Deans ( Celtic ) 26 1974 -- 75 Rangers ( 35 ) Hibernian Celtic Andy Gray ( Dundee United ) Willie Pettigrew ( Motherwell ) 20 Scottish Football League Premier Division ( 1975 -- 98 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Third <Th_colspan="2"> Top scorer Player Goals 1975 -- 76 Rangers ( 36 ) Celtic Hibernian Kenny Dalglish ( Celtic ) 24 1976 -- 77 Celtic ( 30 ) Rangers Aberdeen Willie Pettigrew ( Motherwell ) 21 1977 -- 78 Rangers ( 37 ) Aberdeen Dundee United Derek Johnstone ( Rangers ) 25 1978 -- 79 Celtic ( 31 ) Rangers Dundee United Andy Ritchie ( Morton ) 22 1979 -- 80 Aberdeen ( 2 ) Celtic St Mirren Doug Somner ( St Mirren ) 25 1980 -- 81 Celtic ( 32 ) Aberdeen Rangers Frank McGarvey ( Celtic ) 23 1981 -- 82 Celtic ( 33 ) Aberdeen Rangers George McCluskey ( Celtic ) 21 1982 -- 83 Dundee United ( 1 ) Celtic Aberdeen Charlie Nicholas ( Celtic ) 29 1983 -- 84 Aberdeen ( 3 ) Celtic Dundee United Brian McClair ( Celtic ) 23 1984 -- 85 Aberdeen ( 4 ) Celtic Dundee United Frank McDougall ( Aberdeen ) 22 1985 -- 86 Celtic ( 34 ) Heart of Midlothian Dundee United Ally McCoist ( Rangers ) 24 1986 -- 87 Rangers ( 38 ) Celtic Dundee United Brian McClair ( Celtic ) 35 1987 -- 88 Celtic ( 35 ) Heart of Midlothian Rangers Tommy Coyne ( Dundee ) 33 1988 -- 89 Rangers ( 39 ) Aberdeen Celtic Mark McGhee ( Celtic ) Charlie Nicholas ( Aberdeen ) 16 1989 -- 90 Rangers ( 40 ) Aberdeen Heart of Midlothian John Robertson ( Heart of Midlothian ) 17 1990 -- 91 Rangers ( 41 ) Aberdeen Celtic Tommy Coyne ( Celtic ) 18 1991 -- 92 Rangers ( 42 ) Heart of Midlothian Celtic Ally McCoist ( Rangers ) 34 1992 -- 93 Rangers ( 43 ) Aberdeen Celtic Ally McCoist ( Rangers ) 34 1993 -- 94 Rangers ( 44 ) Aberdeen Motherwell Mark Hateley ( Rangers ) 22 1994 -- 95 Rangers ( 45 ) Motherwell Hibernian Tommy Coyne ( Motherwell ) 16 1995 -- 96 Rangers ( 46 ) Celtic Aberdeen Pierre van Hooijdonk ( Celtic ) 26 1996 -- 97 Rangers ( 47 ) Celtic Dundee United Jorge Cadete ( Celtic ) 25 1997 -- 98 Celtic ( 36 ) Rangers Heart of Midlothian Marco Negri ( Rangers ) 32 Scottish Premier League ( 1998 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Third <Th_colspan="2"> Top scorer Player Goals 1998 -- 99 Rangers ( 48 ) Celtic St Johnstone Henrik Larsson ( Celtic ) 29 1999 -- 2000 Rangers ( 49 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian Mark Viduka ( Celtic ) 25 2000 -- 01 Celtic ( 37 ) Rangers Hibernian Henrik Larsson ( Celtic ) 35 2001 -- 02 Celtic ( 38 ) Rangers Livingston Henrik Larsson ( Celtic ) 29 2002 -- 03 Rangers ( 50 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian Henrik Larsson ( Celtic ) 28 2003 -- 04 Celtic ( 39 ) Rangers Heart of Midlothian Henrik Larsson ( Celtic ) 30 2004 -- 05 Rangers ( 51 ) Celtic Hibernian John Hartson ( Celtic ) 25 2005 -- 06 Celtic ( 40 ) Heart of Midlothian Rangers Kris Boyd ( Kilmarnock , Rangers ) 32 2006 -- 07 Celtic ( 41 ) Rangers Aberdeen Kris Boyd ( Rangers ) 20 2007 -- 08 Celtic ( 42 ) Rangers Motherwell Scott McDonald ( Celtic ) 25 2008 -- 09 Rangers ( 52 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian Kris Boyd ( Rangers ) 27 2009 -- 10 Rangers ( 53 ) Celtic Dundee United Kris Boyd ( Rangers ) 23 2010 -- 11 Rangers ( 54 ) Celtic Heart of Midlothian Kenny Miller ( Rangers ) 21 2011 -- 12 Celtic ( 43 ) Rangers Motherwell Gary Hooper ( Celtic ) 24 2012 -- 13 Celtic ( 44 ) Motherwell St Johnstone Michael Higdon ( Motherwell ) 26 Scottish Premiership ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Third <Th_colspan="2"> Top scorer Player Goals 2013 -- 14 Celtic ( 45 ) Motherwell Aberdeen Kris Commons ( Celtic ) 27 2014 -- 15 Celtic ( 46 ) Aberdeen Inverness Caledonian Thistle Adam Rooney ( Aberdeen ) 18 2015 -- 16 Celtic ( 47 ) Aberdeen Heart of Midlothian Leigh Griffiths ( Celtic ) 31 2016 -- 17 Celtic ( 48 ) Aberdeen Rangers Liam Boyce ( Ross County ) 23 2017 -- 18 Celtic ( 49 ) Aberdeen Rangers Kris Boyd ( Kilmarnock ) 18 Total titles won ( edit ) As of 14 : 08 , 13 May 2018 ( UTC ) Clubs participating in the 2018 -- 19 Scottish Premiership are denoted in bold type . Clubs no longer active are denoted in italics . Club Champions Runners - up Third place Last Championship Rangers 54 30 20 2010 -- 11 Celtic 49 31 17 2017 -- 18 Aberdeen 17 9 1984 -- 85 Heart of Midlothian 14 18 1959 -- 60 Hibernian 6 13 1951 -- 52 Dumbarton 0 0 1891 -- 92 Motherwell 7 8 1931 -- 32 Kilmarnock 1964 -- 65 Dundee 1961 -- 62 Dundee United 0 8 1982 -- 83 Third Lanark 0 1903 -- 04 Airdrieonians ( 1878 ) 0 -- Falkirk 0 -- Morton 0 -- Clyde 0 0 -- Partick Thistle 0 0 -- St Johnstone 0 0 -- Dunfermline Athletic 0 0 -- East Fife 0 0 -- St Mirren 0 0 -- Inverness Caledonian Thistle 0 0 -- Livingston 0 0 -- Raith Rovers 0 0 -- St Bernard 's 0 0 -- By City / Town ( edit ) City / Town Championships Clubs Glasgow 104 Rangers ( 54 ) , Celtic ( 49 ) , Third Lanark ( 1 ) Edinburgh 8 Heart of Midlothian ( 4 ) , Hibernian ( 4 ) Aberdeen Aberdeen ( 4 ) Dumbarton Dumbarton ( 2 ) Dundee Dundee ( 1 ) , Dundee United ( 1 ) Kilmarnock Kilmarnock ( 1 ) Motherwell Motherwell ( 1 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rangers and Dumbarton were declared joint champions after the teams finished level on points and a play - off for the title finished in a 2 -- 2 draw . Jump up ^ Celtic defeated Rangers 2 -- 1 in a play - off for the title after the teams finished level on points . ^ Jump up to : The totals for Rangers and Dumbarton each include one shared championship , in 1890 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Now known as Greenock Morton ^ Jump up to : The totals for Glasgow and Dumbarton each include one shared championship , in 1890 -- 91 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 2003 ) . Boots , Balls and Haircuts : An Illustrated History of Football from Then to Now . Cassell Illustrated . p. 39 . ISBN 1 - 84403 - 261 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland -- List of Champions '' . RSSSF. 2007 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland -- List of Divisional Movements '' . RSSSF. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . www.scotprem.premiumtv.co.uk . Scottish Premier League . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SPFL : New Scottish league brands unveiled '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Colin ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Aberdeen stars Dougie Bell & Neil Simpson : We would n't have believed our SPL victory would be last for non-Old Firm team '' . Daily Record . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brief history '' . www.celticfc.net . Celtic FC . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . 1988 : Celtic celebrate the centenary season ( 1987 / 88 ) by winning the first `` double '' in 11 years . The accomplishment marks the 35th league title , and the 28th Scottish Cup . Jump up ^ `` Doing the Double ! '' . RSSSF. 18 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 -- 1970 An Historic Treble '' . www.rangers.premiumtv.co.uk . Rangers FC . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . In 1948 -- 49 , Rangers became the first team to win the League , the Scottish Cup , and the League Cup in one season . It was the first glorious treble in Scottish football . Jump up ^ James Dart , Paolo Bandini and Sean Armstrong ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) . `` The sulkiest football walk - offs ever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Stuart ( 2007 ) . News of the World Football Annual 2007 / 2008 . Invincible Press . pp. 159 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 725555 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Alan ; Preston , Simon ; Di Maggio , Roberto ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Scotland -- List of Topscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of national association football champions of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Macedonia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia <Th_colspan="2"> Men 's football in Scotland <Td_colspan="2"> SFA PFA Scotland Overview League system Clubs Venues Champions Second tier winners Third tier winners Fourth tier winners Honours won Managers National teams Scotland U-21 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-16 Scottish League Semi-Pro League system SPFL Premiership Championship League One League Two Reserve Highland Lowland East of Scotland South of Scotland North Caledonian Cup competitions Scottish Cup ( finals ) League Cup ( finals ) Challenge Cup South Region Challenge Cup Youth Cup Junior football SJFA Junior Cup West East North National select team Amateur football SAFA Amateur Cup Aberdeenshire Ayrshire Border Caithness Caledonian Central Fife Inverness & District Lewis & Harris Lothian & Edinburgh Midlands North & South Lanarkshire Orkney Paisley & District Perthshire Scottish Shetland Stirling & District Strathclyde Uist & Barra West of Scotland Welfare football SWFA Forth & Endrick Moray North East Ross - shire Strathspey & Badenoch <Td_colspan="2"> History Records Appearances Attendances Clubs in Europe Timeline Hall of Fame Referees Media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scottish_football_champions&oldid=853754598 '' Categories : National association football champions Scottish Football League Division One Association football in Scotland lists Scottish Football League Premier Division Scottish Premier League Scottish Premiership Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Português Română Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 20 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Scottish football champions
2. Old Firm rivalry
3. Celtic and Rangers dominance
4. Scottish Professional Football League
5. Scottish Premiership
|
-7,248,935,055,395,606,000 |
who played in the last three super bowls
|
List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . While Jacksonville ( joined 1995 ) has never appeared in a Super Bowl , the following eight teams are currently ( as of Super Bowl LI ) experiencing longer droughts since their last appearance . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 - The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . Associated Press . National Football League . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters <Th_colspan="2"> Super Bowl champions <Td_colspan="2"> I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots <Th_colspan="2"> Super Bowl <Td_colspan="2"> NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) <Td_colspan="2"> People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings <Td_colspan="2"> Super Bowl Sunday Curse <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs <Td_colspan="2"> 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=808915449 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Super Bowl champions
2. NFL playoffs
3. AFC vs NFC
4. Most Super Bowl wins
5. Super Bowl records
|
-6,217,565,059,930,496,000 |
when was the first african american army company organized in alaska
|
History of Alaska - wikipedia History of Alaska Jump to : navigation , search `` Alaska history '' redirects here . For the academic journal , see Alaska History ( journal ) . For a topical guide to this subject , see Historical outline of Alaska . Alaska in 1895 ( Rand McNally ) . The boundary of southeastern Alaska shown is that claimed by the United States prior to the conclusion of the Alaska boundary dispute . The history of Alaska dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period ( around 14,000 BC ) , when wanderer groups crossed the Bering land bridge into what is now western Alaska . At the time of European contact by the Russian explorers , the area was populated by Alaska Native groups . The name `` Alaska '' derives from the Aleut word Alaxsxaq ( also spelled Alyeska ) , meaning `` mainland '' ( literally , `` the object toward which the action of the sea is directed '' ) . In the 1890s , gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska . Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912 by the United States of America . In 1942 , two of the outer Aleutian Islands -- Attu and Kiska -- were occupied by the Japanese and their recovery for the U.S. became a matter of national pride . The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities . Alaska was granted U.S. statehood on January 3 , 1959 . In 1964 , the massive `` Good Friday earthquake '' killed 131 people and leveled several villages . The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans - Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom . In 1989 , the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in Prince William Sound , spilling between 11 and 34 million US gallons ( 42,000 and 130,000 m3 ) of crude oil over 1,100 miles ( 1,600 km ) of coastline . Today , the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . Part of a series on the History of Alaska Prehistory Russian America ( 1733 -- 1867 ) Department of Alaska ( 1867 -- 1884 ) District of Alaska ( 1884 -- 1912 ) Territory of Alaska ( 1912 -- 1959 ) State of Alaska ( 1959 -- present ) Other topics Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory of Alaska 2 18th century 2.1 Early Russian settlement 2.1. 1 Missionary activity 2.2 Spanish claims 2.3 Britain 's presence 3 19th century 3.1 Later Russian settlement and the Russian - American Company ( 1799 -- 1867 ) 3.2 Alaska purchase 3.3 The Department of Alaska ( 1867 -- 1884 ) 3.4 District of Alaska ( 1884 -- 1912 ) 4 20th century 4.1 Alaska Territory ( 1912 -- 1959 ) 4.1. 1 World War II 4.2 Statehood 4.3 North to the Future 4.4 1968 -- present : oil and land politics 4.4. 1 Oil discovery , the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANCSA ) , and the Trans - Alaska Pipeline 4.4. 2 Environmentalism , the Exxon Valdez , and ANWR 5 Notable historical figures 6 See also 7 References and further reading 7.1 Environment 7.2 Videos 7.3 Russian era 7.4 Primary sources 7.5 Foreign language books 8 Notes 9 External links Prehistory of Alaska ( edit ) An Inupiaq woman , Nome , Alaska , c. 1907 . Main article : Prehistory of Alaska Paleolithic families moved into northwestern North America sometime between 16,000 and 10,000 BC across the Bering land bridge in Alaska . Alaska became populated by the Inuit and a variety of Native American groups . Today , early Alaskans are divided into several main groups : the Southeastern Coastal Indians ( the Tlingit , Haida , and Tsimshian ) , the Athabascans , the Aleut , and the two groups of Eskimos , the Inupiat and the Yup'ik . The coastal migrants from Asia were probably the first wave of humans to cross the Bering Land Bridge in western Alaska , and many of them initially settled in the interior of what is now Canada . The Tlingit were the most numerous of this group , claiming most of the coastal Panhandle by the time of European contact and are the northernmost of the group of advanced cultures of the Pacific Northwest Coast renowned for its complex art and political systems and the ceremonial and legal system known as the potlatch . The southern portion of Prince of Wales Island was settled by the Haidas fleeing persecution by other Haidas from the Queen Charlotte Islands ( now part of British Columbia ) . The Aleuts settled the islands of the Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago . Cultural and subsistence practices varied widely among native groups , who were spread across vast geographical distances . 18th century ( edit ) Early Russian settlement ( edit ) Alexandr Baranov , `` Lord of Alaska . '' Main article : Russian Alaska On some islands and parts of the Alaskan peninsula , groups of traders had been capable of relatively peaceful coexistence with the local inhabitants . Other groups could not manage the tensions and perpetrated exactions . Hostages were taken , individuals were enslaved , families were split up , and other individuals were forced to leave their villages and settle elsewhere . In addition , eighty percent of the Aleut population was destroyed by Old World diseases , against which they had no immunity , during the first two generations of Russian contact . In 1784 , Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island , operating the Shelikhov - Golikov Company . Shelikhov and his men killed hundreds of indigenous Koniag , then founded the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska on the island 's Three Saints Bay . By 1788 a number of Russian settlements had been established by Shelikhov and others over a large region , including the mainland areas around Cook Inlet . The Russians had gained control of the habitats of the most valuable sea otters , the Kurilian - Kamchatkan and Aleutian sea otters . Their fur was thicker , glossier , and blacker than those of sea otters on the Pacific Northwest Coast and California . The Russians , therefore , advanced to the Northwest Coast only after the superior varieties of sea otters were depleted , around 1788 . The Russian entry to the Northwest Coast was slow , however , due to a shortage of ships and sailors . Yakutat Bay was reached in 1794 and the settlement of Slavorossiya was built there in 1795 . Reconnaissance of the coast as far as the Queen Charlotte Islands was carried out by James Shields , a British employee of the Golikov - Shelikhov Company . In 1795 Alexandr Baranov , who had been hired in 1790 to manage Shelikhov 's fur enterprise , sailed into Sitka Sound , claiming it for Russia . Hunting parties arrived in the following years and by 1800 three - quarters of Russian America 's sea otter skins were coming from the Sitka Sound area . In July 1799 Baranov returned on the brig Oryol and established the settlement of Arkhangelsk . It was destroyed by Tlingits in 1802 but rebuilt nearby in 1804 and given the name Novo - Arkhangelsk ( New Archangel ) . It soon become the primary settlement and colonial capital of Russian America . After the Alaska Purchase , it was renamed Sitka , the first capital of Alaska Territory . Missionary activity ( edit ) St. Michael 's Cathedral in Sitka . The original structure , built in 1848 , burned in a fire on January 2 , 1966 . The cathedral was rebuilt from plans of the original structure and contains artifacts rescued from the fire . The Russian Orthodox religion ( with its rituals and sacred texts , translated into Aleut at a very early stage ) had been informally introduced , in the 1740s -- 1780s , by the fur traders . During his settlement of Three Saints Bay in 1784 , Shelikov introduced the first resident missionaries and clergymen . This missionary activity would continue into the 19th century , ultimately becoming the most visible trace of the Russian colonial period in contemporary Alaska . Spanish claims ( edit ) Main article : Spanish expeditions to Alaska Spanish contact in British Columbia and Alaska . Spanish claims to Alaska dated to the papal bull of 1493 , but never involved colonization , forts , or settlements . Instead there were various naval expeditions to explore the region and claim it for Spain . In 1775 , Bruno de Hezeta led an expedition ; The Sonora , under Bodega y Quadra , ultimately reached latitude 58 ° north , entered Sitka Sound and formally claimed the region for Spain . The 1779 expedition of Ignacio de Arteaga and Bodega y Quadra reached Port Etches on Hinchinbrook Island , and entered Prince William Sound . They reached a latitude of 61 ° north , the most northern point obtained by Spain . In 1788 , Esteban José Martínez and Gonzalo López de Haro visited Russian settlements at Unalaska . The Nootka Crisis of 1789 almost led to a war between Britain and Spain , when Britain rejected Spanish claims to lands in British Columbia and Spain seized some British ships . The crisis was resolved by the Nootka Convention , which provided that the northwest coast would be open to traders of both Britain and Spain , that the captured British ships would be returned and an indemnity paid . It was a victory for Britain and Spain effectively withdrew from the North Pacific . It transferred its claims in the region to the United States in the Adams - Onís Treaty of 1819 . Today , Spain 's Alaskan legacy endures as little more than a few place names , among these the Malaspina Glacier and the towns of Valdez and Cordova . Britain 's presence ( edit ) British settlements at the time in Alaska consisted of a few scattered trading outposts , with most settlers arriving by sea . Captain James Cook , midway through his third and final voyage of exploration in 1778 , sailed along the west coast of North America aboard HMS Resolution , from then - Spanish California all the way to the Bering Strait . During the trip , he discovered what came to be known as Cook Inlet ( named in honor of Cook in 1794 by George Vancouver , who had served under his command ) in Alaska . The Bering Strait proved to be impassable , although the Resolution and its companion ship HMS Discovery made several attempts to sail through it . The ships left the straits to return to Hawaii in 1779 . Cook 's expedition spurred the British to increase their sailings along the northwest coast , following in the wake of the Spanish . Alaska - based posts owned by the Hudson 's Bay Company , operated at Fort Yukon , on the Yukon River , Fort Durham ( aka Fort Taku ) at the mouth of the Taku River , and Fort Stikine , near the mouth of the Stikine River ( associated with Wrangell throughout the early 19th century ) . 19th century ( edit ) Later Russian settlement and the Russian - American Company ( 1799 -- 1867 ) ( edit ) 1860 map of Russian America . Main article : Russian Alaska In 1799 , Shelikhov 's son - in - law , Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov , acquired a monopoly on the American fur trade from Czar Paul I and formed the Russian - American Company . As part of the deal , the Tsar expected the company to establish new settlements in Alaska and carry out an expanded colonization program . By 1804 , Alexandr Baranov , now manager of the Russian -- American Company , had consolidated the company 's hold on the American fur trade following his victory over the local Tlingit clan at the Battle of Sitka . Despite these efforts the Russians never fully colonized Alaska . The Russian monopoly on trade was also being weakened by the Hudson 's Bay Company , which set up a post on the southern edge of Russian America in 1833 . In 1818 management of the Russian - American Company was turned over to the Imperial Russian Navy and the Ukase of 1821 banned foreigners from participating in the Alaskan economy . It soon entered into the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1825 which allowed British merchants to trade in Alaska . The Convention also settled most of the border between Alaska and British North America . The Russo - American Treaty of 1824 , which banned American merchants above 54 ° 40 ' north latitude , was widely ignored and the Russians ' hold on Alaska weakened further . At the height of Russian America , the Russian population reached 700 . Although the mid -- 19th century were not a good time for Russians in Alaska , conditions improved for the coastal Alaska Natives who had survived contact . The Tlingits were never conquered and continued to wage war on the Russians into the 1850s . The Aleuts , though faced with a decreasing population in the 1840s , ultimately rebounded . Alaska purchase ( edit ) Check used to pay for Alaska . Main article : Alaska Purchase Financial difficulties in Russia , the desire to keep Alaska out of British hands , and the low profits of trade with Alaskan settlements all contributed to Russia 's willingness to sell its possessions in North America . At the instigation of U.S. Secretary of State William Seward , the United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 . on August 1 , 1867 , This purchase was popularly known in the U.S. as `` Seward 's Folly , '' , `` Seward 's Icebox , '' or `` Andrew Johnson 's Polar Bear Garden '' , and was unpopular at the time , though the later discovery of gold and oil would show it to be a worthwhile one . After Russian America was sold to the U.S. , all the holdings of the Russian -- American Company were liquidated . The Department of Alaska ( 1867 -- 1884 ) ( edit ) Main article : Department of Alaska The United States flag was raised on October 18 , 1867 , now called Alaska Day , and the region changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar . Therefore , for residents , Friday , October 6 , 1867 was followed by Friday , October 18 , 1867 -- two Fridays in a row because of the 12 day shift in the calendar minus one day for the date - line shift . During the Department era , from 1867 to 1884 , Alaska was variously under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army ( until 1877 ) , the United States Department of the Treasury from 1877 to 1879 , and the U.S. Navy from 1879 to 1884 . When Alaska was first purchased , most of its land remained unexplored . In 1865 , Western Union laid a telegraph line across Alaska to the Bering Strait where it would connect , under water , with an Asian line . It also conducted the first scientific studies of the region and produced the first map of the entire Yukon River . The Alaska Commercial Company and the military also contributed to the growing exploration of Alaska in the last decades of the 19th century , building trading posts along the Interior 's many rivers . District of Alaska ( 1884 -- 1912 ) ( edit ) Main article : District of Alaska Miners and prospectors climb the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush . In 1884 , the region was organized and the name was changed from the Department of Alaska to the District of Alaska . At the time , legislators in Washington , D.C. , were occupied with post-Civil War reconstruction issues , and had little time to dedicate to Alaska . In 1896 , the discovery of gold in Yukon Territory in neighboring Canada , brought many thousands of miners and new settlers to Alaska , and very quickly ended the nation 's four year economic depression . Although it was uncertain whether gold would also be found in Alaska , Alaska greatly profited because it was along the easiest transportation route to the Yukon goldfields . Numerous new cities , such as Skagway , Alaska , owe their existence to a gold rush in Canada . No history of Alaska would be complete without mention of Soapy Smith , the crime boss confidence man who operated the largest criminal empire in gold rush era Alaska , until he was shot down by vigilantes in the famed Shootout on Juneau Wharf . Today , he is known as `` Alaska 's Outlaw . '' In 1899 , gold was found in Alaska itself in Nome , and several towns subsequently began to be built , such as Fairbanks and Ruby . In 1902 , the Alaska Railroad began to be built , which would connect from Seward to Fairbanks by 1914 , though Alaska still does not have a railroad connecting it to the lower 48 states today . Still , an overland route was built , cutting transportation times to the contiguous states by days . The industries of copper mining , fishing , and canning began to become popular in the early 20th century , with 10 canneries in some major towns . In 1903 , a boundary dispute with Canada was finally resolved . By the turn of the 20th century , commercial fishing was gaining a foothold in the Aleutian Islands . Packing houses salted cod and herring , and salmon canneries were opened . Another commercial occupation , whaling , continued with no regard for over-hunting . They pushed the bowhead whales to the edge of extinction for the oil in their tissue . The Aleuts soon suffered severe problems due to the depletion of fur seals and sea otters which they needed for survival . As well as requiring the flesh for food , they also used the skins to cover their boats , without which they could not hunt . The Americans also expanded into the Interior and Arctic Alaska , exploiting the furbearers , fish , and other game on which Natives depended . 20th century ( edit ) Alaska Territory ( 1912 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alaska Territory When Congress passed the Second Organic Act in 1912 , Alaska was reorganized , and renamed the Territory of Alaska . By 1916 , its population was about 58,000 . James Wickersham , a Delegate to Congress , introduced Alaska 's first statehood bill , but it failed due to the small population and lack of interest from Alaskans . Even President Warren G. Harding 's visit in 1923 could not create widespread interest in statehood . Under the conditions of the Second Organic Act , Alaska had been split into four divisions . The most populous of the divisions , whose capital was Juneau , wondered if it could become a separate state from the other three . Government control was a primary concern , with the territory having 52 federal agencies governing it . Then , in 1920 , the Jones Act required U.S. - flagged vessels to be built in the United States , owned by U.S. citizens , and documented under the laws of the United States . All goods entering or leaving Alaska had to be transported by American carriers and shipped to Seattle prior to further shipment , making Alaska dependent on Washington . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the Constitution saying one state should not hold sway over another 's commerce did not apply because Alaska was only a territory . The prices Seattle shipping businesses charged began to rise to take advantage of the situation . This situation created an atmosphere of enmity among Alaskans who watched the wealth being generated by their labors flowing into the hands of Seattle business holdings . In July 1923 Warren Harding became the first sitting President to visit Alaska as part of his Pacific Northwest ' Voyage of Understanding . '' Harding arrived by boat from Seattle and made nine stops in the Territory via train which went from Seward to Fairbanks . On July 15 Harding drove in a golden railroad spike at Nenana . The train car in which he rode now sits in Fairbanks ' Pioneer Park . The Depression caused prices of fish and copper , which were vital to Alaska 's economy at the time , to decline . Wages were dropped and the workforce decreased by more than half . In 1935 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt thought Americans from agricultural areas could be transferred to Alaska 's Matanuska - Susitna Valley for a fresh chance at agricultural self - sustainment . Colonists were largely from northern states , such as Michigan , Wisconsin , and Minnesota under the belief that only those who grew up with climates similar to that of Alaska 's could handle settler life there . The United Congo Improvement Association asked the president to settle 400 African - American farmers in Alaska , saying that the territory would offer full political rights , but racial prejudice and the belief that only those from northern states would make suitable colonists caused the proposal to fail . The exploration and settlement of Alaska would not have been possible without the development of the aircraft , which allowed for the influx of settlers into the state 's interior , and rapid transportation of people and supplies throughout . However , due to the unfavorable weather conditions of the state , and high ratio of pilots - to - population , over 1700 aircraft wreck sites are scattered throughout its domain . Numerous wrecks also trace their origins to the military build - up of the state during both World War II and the Cold War . See also History of aviation in Alaska World War II ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Aleutian Islands Propaganda poster , World War II , depicting Alaska as a death trap for Japan . Buildings burning after the first Japanese attack on Dutch Harbor , June 3 , 1942 . During World War II , two of the outer Aleutian Islands -- Attu and Kiska -- were invaded and occupied by Japanese troops . They were the only part of the continental territory of the United States to be occupied by the enemy during the war . Their recovery became a matter of national pride . On June 3 , 1942 , the Japanese launched an air attack on Dutch Harbor , a U.S. naval base on Unalaska Island , but were repelled by U.S. forces . A few days later , the Japanese landed on the islands of Kiska and Attu , where they overwhelmed Attu villagers . The villagers were taken to Japan , where they were interned for the remainder of the war . Aleuts from the Pribilofs and Aleutian villages were evacuated by the United States to Southeast Alaska . Many suffered during their two years internment there , and the federal government , charged with their care , provided inadequate health care , food , and shelter . Attu was regained in May 1943 after two weeks of intense fighting and 3,929 American casualties : 549 killed , 1148 injured and 1200 severe cold injuries , 614 to disease and 318 dead of miscellaneous causes , The U.S. then turned its attention to the other occupied island , Kiska . From June through August , tons of bombs were dropped on the tiny island , though the Japanese ultimately escaped via transport ships . After the war , the Native Attuans who had survived their internment were resettled to Atka by the federal government , which considered their home villages too remote to defend . In 1942 , the Alaska -- Canada Military Highway was completed , in part to form an overland supply route to the Soviet Union on the other side of the Bering Strait . Running from Great Falls , Montana , to Fairbanks , the road was the first stable link between Alaska and the rest of America . The construction of military bases , such as the Adak base , contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities . Anchorage almost doubled in size , from 4,200 people in 1940 to 8,000 in 1945 . Statehood ( edit ) By the turn of the 20th century , a movement pushing for Alaska statehood began , but in the contiguous 48 states , legislators were worried that Alaska 's population was too sparse , distant , and isolated , and its economy was too unstable for it to be a worthwhile addition to the United States . World War II and the Japanese invasion highlighted Alaska 's strategic importance , and the issue of statehood was taken more seriously , but it was the discovery of oil at Swanson River on the Kenai Peninsula that dispelled the image of Alaska as a weak , dependent region . President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law on July 4 , 1958 , which paved the way for Alaska 's admission into the Union on January 3 , 1959 . Juneau , the territorial capital , continued as state capital , and William A. Egan was sworn in as the first governor . Alaska does not have counties unlike every other American state except Louisiana . ( Louisiana has parishes ) . Instead , it is divided into 16 boroughs and one `` unorganized borough '' made up of all land not within any borough . Boroughs have organized area - wide governments , but within the unorganized borough , where there is no such government , services are provided by the state . The unorganized borough is divided into artificially - created census areas by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only . Earthquake damage in Anchorage On March 27 , 1964 the Good Friday earthquake struck South - central Alaska , churning the earth for four minutes with a magnitude of 9.2 . The earthquake was one of the most powerful ever recorded and killed 139 people . Most of them were drowned by the tsunamis that tore apart the towns of Valdez and Chenega . Throughout the Prince William Sound region , towns and ports were destroyed and land was uplifted or shoved downward . The uplift destroyed salmon streams , as the fish could no longer jump the various newly created barriers to reach their spawning grounds . Ports at Valdez and Cordova were beyond repair , and the fires destroyed what the mudslides had not . At Valdez , an Alaska Steamship Company ship was lifted by a huge wave over the docks and out to sea , but most hands survived . At Turnagain Arm , off Cook Inlet , the incoming water destroyed trees and caused cabins to sink into the mud . On Kodiak , a tsunami wiped out the villages of Afognak , Old Harbor , and Kaguyak and damaged other communities , while Seward lost its harbor . Despite the extent of the catastrophe , Alaskans rebuilt many of the communities . North to the future ( edit ) `` North to the Future '' is the official state motto of Alaska , adopted in 1967 for the centennial of the Alaska Purchase . As one of the events leading up to the celebration , the Alaska Centennial Commission sponsored a contest in 1963 to come up with a centennial motto and emblem that would express the unique character of the State of Alaska . They offered a $300.00 ( which is about $2000 in 2010 dollars ) prize to the winning entry . 761 entries were received by the Commission . In December 1963 , the commission announced that they had selected Juneau journalist Richard Peter 's suggestion . He stated that the motto `` ... is a reminder that beyond the horizon of urban clutter there is a Great Land beneath our flag that can provide a new tomorrow for this century 's ' huddled masses yearning to be free ' . '' The motto represents a visionary optimism for a state filled with promise ; promoting the State of Alaska by advising that the future lies with the next - to - the - last United States star located to the north of the Lower 48 . 1968 -- present : oil and land politics ( edit ) Oil discovery , the Alaska Native claims settlement Act ( ancsa ) , and the Trans - Alaska pipeline ( edit ) The 1968 discovery of oil on the North Slope 's Prudhoe Bay -- which would turn out to have the most recoverable oil of any field in the United States -- would change Alaska 's political landscape for decades . This discovery catapulted the issue of Native land ownership into the headlines . In the mid-1960s , Alaska Natives from many tribal groups had united in an effort to gain title to lands wrested from them by Europeans , but the government had responded slowly before the Prudhoe Bay discovery . The government finally took action when permitting for a pipeline crossing the state , necessary to get Alaskan oil to market , was stalled pending the settlement of Native land claims . In 1971 , with major petroleum dollars on the line , the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law by Richard Nixon . Under the Act , Natives relinquished aboriginal claims to their lands in exchange for access to 44 million acres ( 180,000 km2 ) of land and payment of $963 million . The settlement was divided among regional , urban , and village corporations , which managed their funds with varying degrees of success . Map of the Trans - Alaska Pipeline . Though a pipeline from the North Slope to the nearest ice - free port , almost 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) to the south , was the only way to get Alaska 's oil to market , significant engineering challenges lay ahead . Between the North Slope and Valdez , there were active fault lines , three mountain ranges , miles of unstable , boggy ground underlain with frost , and migration paths of caribou and moose . The Trans - Alaska Pipeline was ultimately completed in 1977 at a total cost of $8 billion . The pipeline allowed an oil bonanza to take shape . Per capita incomes rose throughout the state , with virtually every community benefiting . State leaders were determined that this boom would not end like the fur and gold booms , in an economic bust as soon as the resource had disappeared . In 1976 , the state 's constitution was amended to establish the Alaska Permanent Fund , in which a quarter of all mineral lease proceeds is invested . Income from the fund is used to pay annual dividends to all residents who qualify , to increase the fund 's principal as a hedge against inflation , and to provide funds for the state legislature . Since 1993 , the fund has produced more money than the Prudhoe Bay oil fields , whose production is diminishing . In March 2005 , the fund 's value was over $30 billion . Environmentalism , the Exxon Valdez , and ANWR ( edit ) Oil production was not the only economic value of Alaska 's land , however . In the second half of the 20th century , Alaska discovered tourism as an important source of revenue . Tourism became popular after World War I , when men stationed in the region returned home praising its natural splendor . The Alcan Highway , built during the war , and the Alaska Marine Highway System , completed in 1963 , made the state more accessible than before . Tourism became increasingly important in Alaska , and today over 1.4 million people visit the state each year . With tourism more vital to the economy , environmentalism also rose in importance . The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act ( ANILCA ) of 1980 added 53.7 million acres ( 217,000 km2 ) to the National Wildlife Refuge system , parts of 25 rivers to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers system , 3.3 million acres ( 13,000 km2 ) to National Forest lands , and 43.6 million acres ( 176,000 km2 ) to National Park land . Because of the Act , Alaska now contains two - thirds of all American national parklands . Today , more than half of Alaskan land is owned by the Federal Government . Oil pooled on rocks on the shore of Prince William Sound after the oil spill . The possible environmental repercussions of oil production became clear in the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 . On March 24 , the tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound , releasing 11 million gallons of crude oil into the water , spreading along 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) of shoreline . According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , at least 300,000 sea birds , 2,000 otters , and other marine animals died because of the spill . Exxon spent US $2 billion on cleaning up in the first year alone . Exxon , working with state and federal agencies , continued its cleanup into the early 1990s . Government studies show that the oil and the cleaning process itself did long - term harm to the ecology of the Sound , interfering with the reproduction of birds and animals in ways that still are n't fully understood . Prince William Sound seems to have recuperated , but scientists still dispute the extent of the recovery . In a civil settlement , Exxon agreed to pay $900 million in ten annual payments , plus an additional $100 million for newly discovered damages . In a class action suit against Exxon , a jury awarded punitive damages of US $5 billion , but as of 2008 no money has been disbursed and appellate litigation continues . Today , the tension between preservation and development is seen in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) drilling controversy . The question of whether to allow drilling for oil in ANWR has been a political football for every sitting American president since Jimmy Carter . Studies performed by the US Geological Survey have shown that the `` 1002 area '' of ANWR , located just east of Prudhoe Bay , contains large deposits of crude oil . Traditionally , Alaskan residents , trade unions , and business interests have supported drilling in the refuge , while environmental groups and many within the Democratic Party have traditionally opposed it . Among native Alaskan tribes , support is mixed . In the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century , votes about the status of the refuge occurred repeatedly in the U.S. House and Senate , but as of 2007 efforts to allow drilling have always been ultimately thwarted by filibusters , amendments , or vetoes . Notable Historical figures ( edit ) Clarence L. Andrews ( 1862 -- 1948 ) , civil servant in Alaska during the early 20th century , also a journalist , author , photographer and historian with a focus on Russian America . Alexandr Baranov ( 1746 -- 1819 ) , Russian trader and governor of Alaska . Edward Lewis `` Bob '' Bartlett ( 1904 -- 1968 ) , grew up in Fairbanks , was territorial delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives 1945 -- 1959 , and United States Senator from 1959 until his death . There are a substantial number of places throughout the state named for him . Benny Benson ( 1913 -- 1972 ) , Alaska Native from Chignik . Designed Alaska 's flag at age 13 as a resident of the Jesse Lee Home . Vitus Bering ( 1681 -- 1741 ) , Danish explorer for the Russians , the first European to reach Alaska . Charles E. Bunnell ( 1878 -- 1956 ) , territorial federal judge , first president of the University of Alaska . John B. `` Jack '' Coghill ( born 1925 ) , merchant from Nenana . Held territorial or state elected offices spanning a period of over 40 years , including Lieutenant Governor 1990 -- 1994 . One of three surviving delegates to Alaska 's constitutional convention 1955 -- 1956 . Jimmy Doolittle ( 1896 -- 1993 ) , James Harold `` Jimmy '' Doolittle grew up in Nome , was a distinguished general in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II , including earning the Medal of Honor . Wyatt Earp ( 1848 -- 1929 ) , lived in Alaska from 1897 to 1901 , built the Dexter Saloon in Nome . William A. Egan ( 1914 -- 1984 ) , native of Valdez . Merchant , mayor and legislator . President of Alaska 's constitutional convention 1955 -- 1956 , `` Alaska - Tennessee Plan '' ( shadow ) United States Senator 1956 -- 1958 , and following proclamation of statehood , the first and fourth governor of Alaska 1959 -- 1966 and 1970 -- 1974 . Carl Ben Eielson ( 1897 -- 1929 ) , pioneering aviator . Vic Fischer ( born 1924 ) , another surviving delegate to Alaska 's constitutional convention ( the third is Seaborn J. Buckalew , Jr. , born 1920 ) . Retired professor and researcher at the University of Alaska Anchorage , state senator 1981 -- 1987 . Ernest Henry Gruening ( 1887 -- 1974 ) , veteran journalist on the east coast of the United States and bureaucrat in the FDR administration , was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alaska in 1939 , and served until 1953 . He was one of the new state of Alaska 's first two United States Senators , serving until 1969 . Chiefly known as a Senator for one of two votes again the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . Jay Hammond ( 1922 -- 2005 ) , resided for the better part of 50 years in rural southwest Alaska . Mayor and legislator . Fifth Governor of Alaska 1974 -- 1982 , during the construction of the Trans - Alaska Pipeline System and the rapid changes in state government which followed , including the Permanent Fund and its dividend program . Also known for his conservationist views and a unique way with words . B. Frank Heintzleman ( 1888 -- 1965 ) , official with the U.S. Forest Service in Alaska , appointed territorial governor and served during the height of activity on obtaining statehood for Alaska . Saint Herman of Alaska ( 1756 -- 1837 ) , Russian missionary , first Eastern Orthodox saint in North America . Walter Hickel ( 1919 -- 2010 ) , real estate developer / industrialist . Governor 1966 -- 1969 , resigned to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior under President Nixon , elected to another term as governor 1990 , served until 1994 . Sheldon Jackson ( 1834 -- 1909 ) , an American missionary of the Presbyterian Church and educator , also instrumental in introducing reindeer to Alaska from Siberia . The educational institute he established in Sitka for Native youths became the Sheldon Jackson Museum and College ( the latter now closed ) . Joseph Juneau ( 1836 -- 1899 ) , and Richard Harris ( 1833 -- 1907 ) , prospectors and founders of what is now Alaska 's capital city , Juneau . Austin Eugene `` Cap '' Lathrop ( 1865 -- 1950 ) , industrialist , founder of some of Alaska 's oldest radio stations and builder of currently recognized historic architecture . Produced The Chechahcos , the first movie produced in Alaska . Lathrop 's feud with Gruening over statehood issues spawned the novel and film Ice Palace . Loren Leman ( born 1950 ) , Lieutenant Governor 2002 -- 2006 , the first Alaska Native elected to statewide office . Ray Mala ( 1906 -- 1952 ) , the first Native American and first Alaskan to become a film star . He starred in MGM 's Eskimo / Mala the Magnificent , which was filmed entirely on location in Alaska . His son , Dr. Ted Mala , became an influential Alaska Native physician , and was also Commissioner of Health and Social Services during Hickel 's second governorship . Eva McGown ( 1883 -- 1972 ) , Fairbanks hostess and chorister . Also the basis for a character in Ice Palace . John Muir ( 1838 -- 1914 ) , naturalist , explorer , and conservationist who detailed his journeys throughout Alaska . Was instrumental , along with Gifford Pinchot , in establishing the first wilderness and forest preserves in Alaska during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt . William Oefelein ( born 1965 ) , Alaska 's first astronaut . His first mission , STS - 116 . Commander Oefelein , who attended West Anchorage High School , received his commission from Aviation Officer Candidate School in 1988 . Sarah Palin ( born 1964 ) , Alaska 's youngest Governor , first female Governor and Republican Vice Presidential nominee in 2008 . Elizabeth Peratrovich ( 1911 -- 1958 ) , an Alaska Native of Tlingit heritage who fought for passage of non-discrimination laws for Natives and is honored with `` Elizabeth Peratrovich Day . '' Tex Rickard ( 1870 -- 1929 ) , like Wyatt Earp , also a major figure in the Nome Gold Rush c. 1900 -- 1901 , and better known for exploits elsewhere . George Sharrock ( 1910 -- 2005 ) , moved to the territory before statehood , eventually elected as the mayor of Anchorage and served during the Good Friday earthquake in March 1964 . This was the most devastating earthquake to hit Alaska and it sunk beach property , damaged roads and destroyed buildings all over the south central area . Sharrock , sometimes called the `` earthquake mayor , '' led the city 's rebuilding effort over six months . Soapy Smith ( 1860 -- 1898 ) , Jefferson Randolph Smith , `` Alaska 's Outlaw . '' The infamous confidence man and early settler , who ran the goldrush town of Skagway , Alaska , 1897 -- 98 . Ted Stevens ( 1923 -- 2010 ) , United States Senator from Alaska 1968 -- 2009 , the longest service of any Republican member . Was originally appointed by Hickel following Bartlett 's death , and re-elected seven times before losing re-election in 2008 as he faced a corruption trial . Widely known as a Senator as an often loud and angry advocate for Alaska . Died in a plane crash near Dillingham . Fran Ulmer ( born 1947 ) , Lieutenant Governor 1994 -- 2002 , the first woman elected to statewide office in Alaska , later became chancellor of the University of Alaska Anchorage . Saint Innocent of Alaska ( 1797 -- 1879 ) , First Russian Orthodox bishop in North America . Joe Vogler ( 1913 -- 1993 ) , advocate of secession for Alaska , founder of the Alaskan Independence Party , multiple time unsuccessful candidate for governor . Noel Wien ( 1899 -- 1977 ) , pioneering aviator , founder of Wien Air Alaska , first to make a round trip between Alaska and Asia . Ferdinand von Wrangell ( 1797 -- 1870 ) , explorer , president of the Russian - American Company in 1840 -- 1849 . See also ( edit ) History portal North America portal United States portal Alaska portal Main article : Historical outline of Alaska History of Fairbanks , Alaska History of the west coast of North America Legal status of Alaska List of Russian explorers National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska Western United States References and further reading ( edit ) Andrews , C.L. ( 1944 ) . The Story of Alaska . The Caxton Printers , Ltd. , Caldwell , Idaho . Arnold , David F. The Fisherman 's Frontier : People and Salmon in Southeast Alaska , '' by ( 2008 ) Borneman , Walter R. ( 2003 ) . Alaska : A Narrative History . Harper - Collins , New York , NY . ISBN 0 - 06 - 050306 - 8 . Busenberg , George J. Oil and Wilderness in Alaska : Natural Resources , Environmental Protection , and National Policy Dynamics ( Georgetown University Press ; 2013 ) 168 pages ; studies competing environmental and developmental interests in the state regarding the Trans - Alaska pipeline , the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act , and reforms after the Exxon Valdez disaster . Campbell , Robert . In Darkest Alaska : Travel and Empire along the Inside Passage ( 2008 ) Chandonnet , Fern . Alaska at War , 1941 -- 1945 : The Forgotten War Remembered ( 2007 ) Gruening , Ernest ( 1967 ) . The Battle for Alaska Statehood . University of Alaska Press , Fairbanks . ISBN 0 - 912006 - 12 - 9 . Gruening , Ernest ( 1954 ) . The State of Alaska . Random House , New York . ASIN B0006ATTII . Haycox , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Alaska : An American Colony . University of Washington Press , Seattle , WA . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98249 - 7 . McBeath , Jerry et al . The Political Economy of Oil in Alaska : Multinationals vs. the State ( 2008 ) Naske , Claus - M ; Herman E. Slotnick ( 2003 ) . Alaska : A History of the 49th State . University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , OK . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2099 - 1 . Spude , Catherine Holder . Saloons , Prostitutes , and Temperance in Alaska Territory ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2015 ) xviii , 326 pp . Wharton , David ( 1991 ) . They Do n't Speak Russian in Sitka : A New Look at the History of Southern Alaska . Markgraf Publications Group , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 944109 - 08 - X . Environment ( edit ) Catton , Theodore . Inhabited Wilderness : Indians , Eskimos , and National Parks in Alaska ( 1997 ) Coate , Peter . Trans - Alaska Pipeline Controversy : Technology , Conservation , and the Frontier ( 1991 ) Fortuine , Robert . Chills and Fever : Health and Disease in the Early History of Alaska ( 1989 ) Kaye , Roger . Last Great Wilderness : The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( 2007 ) Morse , Kathryn . The Nature of Gold : An Environmental History of the Klondike Gold Rush ( 2003 ) Ross , Ken . Pioneering Conservation in Alaska ( 2006 ) Videos ( edit ) ( 2004 ) . Alaska : Big America ( TV documentary ) . The History Channel : AAE - 44069 . Russian era ( edit ) Afonsky , Bishop Gregory ( 1977 ) . A History of the Orthodox Church in Alaska , 1794 -- 1917 . St. Herman 's Theological Seminary , Kodiak , AK . ASIN B0006CUQ42 . Black , Lydia T. ( 2004 ) . Russians in Alaska 1732 -- 1867 . University of Alaska Press , Fairbanks . ISBN 1 - 889963 - 05 - 4 . Fedorova , Svetlana G. , trans . & ed. by Richard A. Pierce and Alton S. Donnelly ( 1973 ) . The Russian Population in Alaska and California : Late 18th Century -- 1867 . Limestone Press , Kingston , Ontario . ISBN 0 - 919642 - 53 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Grinëv , Andrei . V. , and Richard L. Bland . `` A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years , '' Pacific Historical Review , May 2010 , Vol. 79 Issue 2 , pp 265 -- 278 Nordlander , David J. ( 1994 ) . For God & Tsar : A Brief History of Russian America 1741 -- 1867 . Alaska Natural History Association , Anchorage , AL . ISBN 0 - 930931 - 15 - 7 . Primary sources ( edit ) Gruening , Ernest ( 1966 ) . An Alaska Reader , 1867 - 1967 . New Amsterdam Books , New York . OCLC 480059 . Williams , Maria Shaa Tláa , eds . The Alaska Native Reader : History , Culture , Politics ( Durham : Duke University Press , 2009 . xxii , 387 pp . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4480 - 3 Foreign language Books ( edit ) Kobtzeff , Oleg ( 1985 ) . La Colonisation russe en Amérique du Nord : 18 -- 19 ème siècles ( Russian Colonization in North - America , 18th -- 19th Centuries ) . Department of Slavic History , University of Panthéon - Sorbonne ( Paris 1 ) , Paris , France . Bolkhovitinov , Nikolai N. ; et al. ( 1997 -- 1999 ) . Istoria Russkoi Ameriki ( History of Russian America ) . Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia , Moscow . ISBN 5 - 7133 - 0883 - 9 . ISBN 5 - 7133 - 0976 - 2 , ISBN 5 - 7133 - 0987 - 8 . Notes ( edit ) ' Jump up ^ Ransom , J. Ellis . 1940 . Derivation of the Word ' Alaska . American Anthropologist n.s. , 42 : pp. 550 -- 551 Jump up ^ See Models of migration to the New World . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological Overview of Alaska '' . The National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Aleut Corporation Aleut History Jump up ^ `` Alaska History Timeline '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Gibson , James R. ( 1992 ) . Otter Skins , Boston Ships , and China Goods : The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast , 1785 -- 1841 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2028 - 7 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Jim ( 1998 ) . José Narváez : The Forgotten Explorer . Spokane , Washington : The Arthur H. Clark Company . pp. 24 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 87062 - 265 - X . Jump up ^ `` Nootka Sound Controversy '' in The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dershowitz , Nachum ; Reingold , Edward M. ( 2008 ) . Calendrical Calculations . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780521885409 . Jump up ^ Gislason , Eric . `` The 49th State : A Brief History of Alaska Statehood ( 1867 -- 1959 ) '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia . Retrieved 2005 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet . The fascinating ( and scenic ) history of presidential visits to Alaska . Washington Post , August 25 , 2015. ( 1 ) Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aleutian Islands Campaign 1942 -- 1943 '' . Wright - Patterson Air Force Base . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of the Interior , National Park Service . `` Evacuation and Internment '' . Aleutian World War II National Historic Area Alaska . NPS . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aleutian Islands War : June 3 , 1942 -- August 24 , 1943 '' . explorenorth.com . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pride and Patriotism : Stamford 's Role in World War II '' . The Stamford Historical Society . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Highway Construction 1942 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Littke , Peter . ( 2003 ) . Russian - American Bibliography ( ISBN 9783833007057 ) Jump up ^ Mooney , Richard E. ( 1959 - 01 - 04 ) . `` New Flag Unveiled ; 7 Staggered Rows Have 7 Stars Each '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964 '' . Alaska Earthquake Information Center , University of Alaska Fairbanks . November 2002 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Jump up ^ Coile , Zachery ( August 9 , 2005 ) . `` ARCTIC OIL : Oil is the lifeblood of Alaska , with residents ready to drill '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Valdez , Oil Program , US EPA '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . March 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Sands & Stephanie Pahler. Geology . Columbia University . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 08 Archived 2008 - 11 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kenneth J. Bird and David W. Houseknecht . Arctic National Wildlife Refuge , 1002 Area , Petroleum Assessment , 1998 , Including Economic Analysis . U.S. Geological Survey ( August 24 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 08 Jump up ^ `` Clarence L. Andrews Collection '' . UO Libraries . Eugene , Oregon : University of Oregon . 2004 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Alaska Humanities Forum Alaska History & Cultural Studies Curriculum Historical Resources From Alaska 's Libraries Alaska Digital Archives -- Collection of thousands of historical photographs , texts , audio and video recordings . Specialized browseable collections on Alaska Natives and Alaska Statehood . Project Jukebox -- Oral histories on many topics from the University of Alaska at Fairbanks . University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections John E. Thwaites Photographs Images of Southeastern Alaska from 1905 -- 1912 including the aftermath of Aleutian chain volcanic eruptions ; maritime disasters including the famous 1910 Farallon shipwreck ; Aleutian Natives and Eskimos , Alaska industries and small town daily life . Frank H. Nowell Photographs Photographs documenting scenery , towns , businesses , mining activities , Native Americans , and Eskimos in the vicinity of Nome , Alaska from 1901 -- 1909 . Alaska and Western Canada Collection Images documenting Alaska and Western Canada , primarily the provinces of Yukon Territory and British Columbia depicting scenes of the Gold Rush of 1898 , city street scenes , Eskimo and Native Americans of the region , hunting and fishing , and transportation . Other sources Collection of Historical Images of Alaska from 1890 -- 1920 Photo of Japanese fighter downed over Alaska 1942 The short film ALASKAN HERITAGE ( 1967 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film ALASKAN CENTENNIAL ( 1967 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive <Th_colspan="4"> History of Alaska Timeline of Alaska Prehistory Russian America ( 1733 -- 1867 ) Department of Alaska ( 1867 -- 1884 ) District of Alaska ( 1884 -- 1912 ) Territory of Alaska ( 1912 -- 1959 ) Recent history ( 1959 -- present ) Topics and events Russian - American Company Alaska Purchase Gold Rush era Klondike Nome Fairbanks Alaska boundary dispute 1925 serum run to Nome World War II Aleutian Islands Campaign Project Hula Alaska Statehood Act 1964 earthquake Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act Exxon Valdez oil spill History of Anchorage timeline History of Fairbanks Other topics <Th_colspan="2"> History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island <Th_colspan="3"> State of Alaska <Td_colspan="3"> Juneau ( capital ) Topics Index Geography Earthquakes Climate Wildlife History People Transportation Government Delegations Music Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Health ( Rural dentistry ) Politics Sports Regions Alaska Peninsula Aleutian Islands Arctic The Bush Inside Passage Interior Kenai Peninsula Mat ‐ Su Valley North Slope Seward Peninsula Southcentral Southeast Southwest Tanana Valley Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Largest cities Anchorage Badger Utqiaġvik Bethel Dillingham Fairbanks Homer Juneau Kenai Ketchikan Kodiak Kotzebue Nome Palmer Petersburg Seward Sitka Soldotna Unalaska Valdez Wasilla Boroughs Aleutians East Anchorage Bristol Bay Denali Fairbanks North Star Haines Juneau Kenai Peninsula Ketchikan Gateway Kodiak Island Lake and Peninsula Matanuska ‐ Susitna North Slope Northwest Arctic Petersburg Sitka Skagway Wrangell Yakutat Unorganized Census Areas Aleutians West Bethel Dillingham Hoonah -- Angoon Kusilvak Nome Prince of Wales -- Hyder Southeast Fairbanks Valdez -- Cordova Yukon -- Koyukuk <Th_colspan="2"> Years in Alaska ( 1959 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&oldid=812769066 '' Categories : History of Alaska History of the United States by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Ido Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. History of Alaska
2. Russian settlement in Alaska
3. Alaska Purchase
4. Gold rushes in Alaska
5. Statehood of Alaska
|
3,846,097,923,263,469,600 |
what is the third most spoken language in the united states
|
Languages of the United States - Wikipedia Languages of the United States Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Main languages English 80 % , Spanish 12.4 % , other Indo - European languages 3.7 % , Asian and Pacific languages 3 % , other languages 0.9 % ( 2009 survey by the Census Bureau ) Indigenous languages Navajo , Cherokee , Dakota , Lakota , Western Apache , Keres , Hopi , Zuni , Ojibwe , O'odham Others Abenaki , Achumawi , Acolapissa , Adai , Afro - Seminole Creole , Alabama , Aleut , Apalachee , Aranama , Arapaho , Arikara , Assiniboine , Atakapa , Atsugewi , Awaswas , Barbareño , Bay Miwok , Biloxi , Blackfoot , Buena Vista , Caddo , Cahto , Calusa , Carolina Algonquian , Catawba , Cayuga , Cayuse , Central Kalapuya , Central Pomo , Central Sierra Miwok , Chalon , Chemakum , Cheyenne , Chickasaw , Chico , Chimariko , Chinook Jargon , Chippewa , Chitimacha , Chiwere , Chochenyo , Choctaw , Chukchansi , Coast Miwok , Coast Tsimshian , Coahuilteco , Cocopah , Coeur d'Alene , Colorado River , Columbia - Moses , Comanche , Coree , Cotoname , Cowlitz , Cree , Crow , Cruzeño , Cupeño , Eastern Pomo , Erie , Esselen , Etchemin , Eyeri , Fox , Garza , Gashowu , Gros Ventre , Gullah , Halchidhoma , Halkomelem , Hanis , Havasupai , Havasupai -- Hualapai , Hawaiian Pidgin , Hidatsa , Hitchiti , Houma , Hupa , Ipai , Ivilyuat , Jicarilla , Kansa , Karankawa , Karkin , Karuk , Kashaya , Kathlamet , Kawaiisu , Kings River , Kiowa , Kitanemuk , Kitsai , Klallam , Klamath , Klickitat , Koasati , Konkow , Konomihu , Kumeyaay , Kutenai , Lake Miwok , Lipan , Louisiana Creole , Lower Tanana , Luiseño , Lummi , Lushootseed , Mahican , Maidu , Makah , Malecite - Passamaquoddy , Mandan , Maricopa , Massachusett , Mattole , Mednyj Aleut , Menominee , Mescalero - Chiricahua , Miami - Illinois , Mikasuki , Mi'kmaq , Miluk , Mitchigamea , Mobilian Jargon , Mohawk , Mohawk Dutch , Mohegan - Pequot , Mojave , Molala , Moneton , Mono , Munsee , Muscogee , Mutsun , Nanticoke , Natchez , Nawathinehena , Negerhollands , Neutral , New River Shasta , Nez Perce , Nicoleño , Nisenan , Nlaka'pamux , Nomlaki , Nooksack , Northeastern Pomo , Northern Kalapuya , Northern Paiute , Northern Pomo , Northern Sierra Miwok , Nottoway , Obispeño , Ofo , Okanagan , Okwanuchu , Omaha -- Ponca , Oneida , Onondaga , Osage , Ottawa , Palewyami , Pawnee , Pennsylvania German , Picuris , Piscataway , Plains Apache , Plains Cree , Plains Miwok Potawatomi , Powhatan , Purisimeño , Qawiaraq , Quapaw , Quechan , Quileute , Quinault , Quinipissa , Quiripi , Ramaytush , Rumsen , Saanich , Sahaptin , Salinan , Salish - Spokane - Kalispel , Scahentoarrhonon , Seneca , Serrano , Shasta , Shawnee , Shoshoni , Siuslaw , Solano , Southeastern Pomo , Southern Pomo , Southern Sierra Miwok , Southern Tiwa , Stoney , Susquehannock , Taensa , Takelma , Tamyen , Tangipahoa , Taos , Tataviam , Tawasa , Tequesta , Tewa , Texas German , Tillamook , Timbisha , Timucua , Tiipai , Tolowa , Tongva , Tonkawa , Tsetsaut , Tübatulabal , Tunica , Tuscarora , Tutelo , Tututni , Twana , Umatilla , Unami , Upper Chinook , Ute , Ventureño , Virgin Islands Creole , Wailaki , Wappo , Washo , Wenrohronon , Whulshootseed , Wichita , Winnebago , Wintu , Wiyot , Woccon , Wukchumni , Wyandot , Yamasee , Yana , Yaqui , Yavapai , Yoncalla , Yuchi , Yuki , Yurok Regional languages Ahtna , Alutiiq , Carolinian , Central Alaskan Yup'ik , Central Siberian Yupik , Chamorro , Deg Xinag , Dena'ina , Eyak , French , Gwich'in , Haida , Hän , Hawaiian , Holikachuk , Inupiaq , Koyukon , Samoan , Tanacross , Tanana , Tlingit , Tsimshian , Upper Kuskokwim , Upper Tanana Main immigrant languages English , Spanish , Chinese , French , Tagalog , Vietnamese , Arabic , Korean , Indian , Sign languages American Sign Language ( BASL ) , Hawai'i Sign Language , Keresan Sign Language , Navajo Family Sign , Plains Indian Sign Language , Puerto Rican Sign Language , Samoan Sign Language Common keyboard layouts QWERTYUIOP Many languages are spoken , or historically have been spoken , in the United States . Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population . The most commonly used language is English ( specifically , American English ) , which is the de facto national language of the United States . Since the 1965 Immigration Act , Spanish is the second most common language in the country . The United States does not have an official language , but some state governments recognize specific languages . For instance , the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French , as does New Mexico in Spanish . There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region . Hawaiian , although having few native speakers , is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii . Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages . <Th_colspan="2"> Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census Bureau , American Community Survey 2016 ) List ( show ) English only -- 237,810,023 Spanish -- 40,489,813 Chinese -- 3,372,930 Tagalog -- 1,701,960 Vietnamese -- 1,509,994 Arabic -- 1,231,098 French -- 1,216,668 Korean -- 1,088,788 Russian -- 909,374 German -- 905,691 Haitian Creole -- 856,009 Hindi -- 810,877 Portuguese -- 767,210 Italian -- 576,154 Polish -- 539,151 Urdu -- 474,481 Persian -- 438,448 Japanese -- 464,535 Gujarati -- 407,520 Telugu -- 365,566 Bengali -- 324,008 Tai -- Kadai -- 307,442 Greek -- 288,255 Punjabi -- 287,491 Tamil -- 273,332 Armenian -- 237,550 Serbo - Croatian -- 236,761 Hebrew -- 225,147 Hmong -- 224,133 Bantu -- 223,334 Khmer -- 203,115 Navajo -- 163,784 other Indo - European languages -- 578,492 other Afro - Asiatic languages -- 521,932 other Niger -- Congo languages -- 515,629 other West Germanic languages -- 487,675 other Austronesian languages -- 467,718 other Indic languages -- 409,631 other languages of Asia -- 384,154 other Slavic languages -- 338,644 other Dravidian languages -- 241,678 other languages of North America -- 195,550 other and unspecified languages -- 258,257 According to the 2016 American Community Survey , a project of the United States Census Bureau , the languages spoken at home by the most people older than five years of age are : English only -- 237.8 million Spanish -- 40.5 million Chinese ( including Mandarin and Cantonese ) -- 3.4 million Tagalog ( including Filipino ) -- 1.7 million Vietnamese -- 1.5 million Arabic -- 1.2 million French -- 1.2 million Korean -- 1.1 million Russian -- 0.91 million German -- 0.91 million Haitian Creole -- 0.86 million Hindi -- 0.81 million Portuguese -- 0.77 million Italian -- 0.58 million Polish -- 0.54 million Urdu -- 0.47 million Japanese -- 0.46 million Persian ( including Farsi and Dari ) -- 0.44 million Gujarati -- 0.41 million Telugu -- 0.37 million Bengali -- 0.32 million Tai -- Kadai ( including Thai and Lao ) -- 0.31 million Greek -- 0.29 million Punjabi -- 0.29 million Tamil -- 0.27 million Armenian -- 0.24 million Serbo - Croatian ( including Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin , and Serbian ) -- 0.24 million Hebrew -- 0.23 million Hmong -- 0.22 million Bantu ( including Swahili ) -- 0.22 million Khmer -- 0.20 million Navajo -- 0.16 million While modern estimates indicate that American Sign Language was signed by as many as 500,000 Americans , as of 1972 -- the last official survey , closer estimates range around 100,000 as of 2011 . ( Although various cultural factors , such as passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act , have resulted in far greater educational opportunities for deaf children , which could double or triple the number of current ASL users . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Official language status 1.1 Status of other languages 2 Indigenous languages 2.1 Native American languages 2.1. 1 List of Native American Languages 2.1. 2 Native American sign languages 2.2 Austronesian languages 2.2. 1 Hawaiian 2.2. 2 Samoan 2.2. 3 Chamorro 2.2. 4 Carolinian 3 Main languages 3.1 English 3.2 Spanish 3.3 Chinese 3.4 Tagalog 3.5 Vietnamese 3.6 Korean 3.7 French 3.8 German 3.9 Hindustani 3.10 Arabic 3.11 Cherokee 3.12 Italian 3.13 Dutch 3.14 Finnish 3.15 Russian 3.16 Hebrew 3.17 Ilocano 3.18 South Asian languages 3.19 Telugu 3.20 Irish 3.21 Khmer ( Cambodian ) 3.22 Polish 3.23 Portuguese 3.24 Swedish 3.25 Welsh 3.26 Yiddish 3.27 Tamil 3.28 Nepali 4 New American languages , dialects , and creoles 4.1 African - American English 4.2 Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon 4.3 Gullah 4.4 Hawai'i Creole English 4.5 Louisiana Creole French 4.6 Outer Banks languages 4.7 Pennsylvania German 4.8 Texas Silesian 4.9 Chesapeake Bay Islander 4.10 Chicano English 5 Sign languages 5.1 American Sign Language 5.1. 1 Black American Sign Language 5.2 Hawai'i Sign Language 5.3 Plains Sign Talk 5.3. 1 Navajo Sign Language 5.3. 2 Plateau Sign Language 5.4 Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language 5.5 Henniker Sign Language 5.6 Sandy River Valley Sign Language 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Official language status ( edit ) There is no official language at the U.S. federal level . However , 32 states of the United States , in some cases as part of what has been called the English - only movement , have adopted legislation granting official status to English . Out of 50 states , 30 have established English as the only official language , while Hawaii recognizes both English and Hawaiian as official , and Alaska has made some 20 native languages official , along with English . Moreover , English is one of the official languages in all of the U.S. territories . In Puerto Rico both English and Spanish are official , although Spanish has been declared the principal official language . The school system and the government operate almost entirely in Spanish . Guam recognizes English and Chamorro . In the U.S. Virgin Islands , English is the only official language . In American Samoa , both English and Samoan are officially recognized . In the Northern Mariana Islands , English , Chamorro , and Carolinian are official . The state of Alaska provides voting information in Iñupiaq , Central Yup'ik , Gwich'in , Siberian Yupik , Koyukon , and Tagalog , as well as English . English is the primary language used for legislation , regulations , executive orders , treaties , federal court rulings , and all other official pronouncements . Nonetheless , laws require documents such as ballots to be printed in multiple languages when there are large numbers of non-English speakers in an area . American schools , public as well as private , require English classes at every grade level , even in bilingual or dual - language learning situations . Semesters of English composition are compulsory in virtually all U.S. colleges and universities to satisfy requirements for associate 's and bachelor 's degrees . Spanish is spoken by approximately 35 million people . The United States has the world 's fifth largest Spanish - speaking population , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina ; other estimates put the United States at over 50 million , second only to Mexico . Throughout the Southwestern United States , long - established Spanish - speaking communities coexist with large numbers of more recent Hispanophone immigrants . Although many new Latin American immigrants are less than fluent in English , nearly all second - generation Hispanic Americans speak English fluently , while only about half still speak Spanish . Status of other languages ( edit ) Percentage of people 5 years and over who speak Spanish at home : 2008 . Second most prevalent language in each US state . Spanish French German Tagalog Languages brought to the country by colonists or immigrants from Europe , Asia , or other parts of the world make up a large portion of the languages currently used ; several languages , including creoles and sign languages , have also developed in the United States . Approximately 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population , of which 176 are indigenous to the area . Fifty - two languages formerly spoken in the country 's territory are now extinct . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , people of German ancestry make up the largest single ethnic group in the United States , and the German language ranks fifth . Italian , Polish , and French are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century , but the use of these languages is dwindling as the older generations die . Russian is also spoken by immigrant populations . Tagalog and Vietnamese have over one million speakers each in the United States , almost entirely within recent immigrant populations . Both languages , along with the varieties of Chinese ( mostly Cantonese , Taishanese , and Standard Mandarin ) , Japanese , and Korean , are now used in elections in Alaska , California , Hawaii , Illinois , New York , Texas , and Washington . Native American languages are spoken in smaller pockets of the country , but these populations are decreasing , and the languages are almost never widely used outside of reservations . Besides English , Spanish , French , German , Navajo and other Native American languages , all other languages are usually learned from immigrant ancestors that came after the time of independence or learned through some form of education . American Sign Language is the most common sign language in the United States although there are unrelated sign languages which have been developed in the States and its territories -- mostly in the Pacific . No concrete numbers exist for signers but something upwards of 250,000 is common . California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities . Languages such as Spanish , Chinese , Korean , Tagalog , Persian , Russian , Vietnamese , and Thai appear in official state documents , and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in nine languages . In New Mexico , although the state constitution does not specify an official language , laws are published in English and Spanish , and government materials and services are legally required ( by Act ) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages as well as Navajo and various Pueblo languages . New Mexico also has its own dialect of Spanish , which differs from Spanish spoken in the rest of Latin America . Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the U.S. Indian reservations and pueblos . In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907 , territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee , Choctaw , and Muscogee languages as co-official , but the idea never gained ground . Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma . After New Amsterdam ( formerly a Dutch colony ) was transferred to English administration ( becoming the Province of New York ) in the late 17th century , English supplanted Dutch as the official language . However , `` Dutch remained the primary language for many civil and ecclesiastical functions and most private affairs for the next century . '' The Jersey Dutch dialect is now extinct . The issue of multilingualism also applies in the states of Arizona and Texas . While the constitution of Texas has no official language policy , Arizona passed a proposition in 2006 declaring English as the official language . Nonetheless , Arizona law requires the distribution of voting ballots in Spanish , as well as indigenous languages such as Navajo , O'odham , Hopi , etc. , in counties where they are spoken . In 2000 , the Census Bureau printed the standard census questionnaires in six languages : English , Spanish , Korean , Chinese ( in traditional characters ) , Vietnamese , and Tagalog . A popular urban legend called the Muhlenberg legend claims that German was almost made an official language of the United States but lost by one vote . In reality , it was a request by a group of German immigrants to have an official translation of laws into German . House speaker Frederick Muhlenberg has since become associated with the legend . Indigenous languages ( edit ) Native American languages ( edit ) Native American languages predate European settlement of the New World . In a few parts of the U.S. ( mostly on Indian reservations ) , they continue to be spoken fluently . Most of these languages are endangered , although there are efforts to revive them . Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment , but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest ( Arizona and New Mexico ) which continue to thrive despite their small size . In 1929 , speaking of indigenous Native American languages , linguist Edward Sapir observed : Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages ... than in the whole of Europe . We may go further . We may say , quite literally and safely , that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe . According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys , the largest Native American language - speaking community by far is the Navajo . Navajo is an Athabaskan language of the Na - Dené family , with 178,000 speakers , primarily in the states of Arizona , New Mexico , and Utah . Altogether , Navajo speakers make up more than 50 % of all Native American language speakers in the United States . Western Apache , with 12,500 speakers , also mostly in Arizona , is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it . Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers ; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska . Dakota is a Siouan language with 18,000 speakers in the US alone ( 22,000 including speakers in Canada ) , not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related Lakota . Most speakers live in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota . Other Siouan languages include the closely related Winnebago , and the more distant Crow , among others . Central Alaskan Yup'ik is an Eskimo - Aleut language with 16,000 speakers , most of whom live in Alaska . The term `` Yupik '' is applied to its relatives , which are not necessarily mutually intelligible with Central Alaskan , including Naukan and Central Siberian , among others . Cherokee belongs to the Iroquoian family and has about 22,000 speakers as of 2005 . The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the U.S. , but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language . Recent efforts to preserve and increase the Cherokee language in the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band in Oklahoma , and among the Eastern Band in North Carolina , have been productive . More than 1,000 people each also speak the related languages of Mohawk and Seneca . The O'odham language , spoken by the Pima and the Tohono O'odham , is a Uto - Aztecan language with more than 12,000 speakers , most of whom live in central and southern Arizona and northern Sonora . Other Uto - Aztecan languages include Hopi , Shoshone , and the Pai - Ute languages . Choctaw has 11,000 speakers . Choctaw is part of the Muskogean family , like Seminole and Alabama . The Algonquian language family includes languages like Chippewa / Ojibwe , Cheyenne , and Cree . Keres has 11,000 speakers in New Mexico . A language isolate , the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations . The Keres pueblo of Acoma is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States . Zuni , another isolate , has around 10,000 speakers , most of whom reside within the Zuni pueblo . Although the languages of the Americas have a history stretching back about 17,000 to 12,000 years , current knowledge of them is limited . There are doubtless a number of undocumented languages that were once spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record . List of Native American languages ( edit ) Below is an estimate of Native American languages `` spoken at home '' in the United States ( American Community Survey 2006 -- 2008 ) . This is not an exhaustive list of Native American languages in the US . Because the distinction between dialect and language is n't always clear , multiple dialects of varying mutual intelligibility may be classified as a single language , while a group of effectively identical dialects may be classified separately for historical or cultural reasons . Languages included here may be classified as `` extinct '' ( having no living native speakers ) , but many extinct or moribund Native American languages are the subjects of ongoing language revitalization efforts ; other extinct languages undergoing revitalization might not be listed here . Language Endonym Family Speakers ( % of total ) Speaks English < `` Very Well '' Total -- -- 373 949 19.22 % Total ( excl . Navajo ) -- -- 203 127 ( 54.32 ) 15.82 % Navajo Diné bizaad Na - Dené 170 822 ( 45.68 ) 23.25 % Dakota Dakȟótiyapi Siouan 18 804 ( 5.03 ) 9.86 % Yupik -- Eskimo - Aleut 18 626 ( 4.98 ) 37.02 % Apache Ndee biyati ' Na - Dené 14 012 ( 3.75 ) 3.53 % Keres -- Isolate 13 073 ( 3.50 ) 6.20 % Cherokee Tsalagi ( ᏣᎳᎩ ) Iroquoian 12 320 ( 3.29 ) 16.33 % Choctaw Chahta ' Muskogean 10 368 ( 2.77 ) 23.44 % Zuni Shiwi'ma Isolate 9 432 ( 2.52 ) 14.22 % American Indian ( Other ) -- -- 8 888 ( 2.38 ) 16.73 % O'odham ( Pima ) Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ Uto - Aztecan 8 190 ( 2.19 ) 14.70 % Ojibwe ( Chippewa ) Anishinaabemowin Algic 6 986 ( 1.87 ) 11.28 % Hopi Hopilàvayi Uto - Aztecan 6 776 ( 1.81 ) 18.80 % Inupiat ( Inupik ) Iñupiatun Eskimo - Aleut 5 580 ( 1.49 ) 26.04 % Tewa -- Tanoan 5 123 ( 1.37 ) 13.80 % Muskogee ( Creek ) Mvskoke Muskogean 5 072 ( 1.36 ) 19.62 % Crow Apsáalooke Siouan 3 962 ( 1.06 ) 6.59 % Shoshoni Sosoni ' da̲i̲gwape Uto - Aztecan 2 512 ( 0.67 ) 7.25 % Cheyenne Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse Algic 2 399 ( 0.64 ) 3.21 % Tiwa -- Tanoan 2 269 ( 0.61 ) 3.22 % Towa ( Jemez ) -- Tanoan 2 192 ( 0.59 ) 27.65 % Inuit ( Eskimo ) -- Eskimo - Aleut 2 168 ( 0.58 ) 25.46 % Blackfoot Siksiká ( ᓱᖽᐧᖿ ) Algic 1 970 ( 0.53 ) 11.02 % Sahaptin Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit Plateau Penutian 1 654 ( 0.44 ) 6.17 % Paiute -- Uto - Aztecan 1 638 ( 0.44 ) 11.78 % Athapascan -- Na - Dené 1 627 ( 0.44 ) 19.55 % Ute Núu - ' apaghapi Uto - Aztecan 1 625 ( 0.43 ) 5.23 % Mohawk Kanien'kéha ' Iroquoian 1 423 ( 0.38 ) 11.67 % Seneca Onödowága Iroquoian 1 353 ( 0.36 ) 11.23 % Winnebago Hocąk Siouan 1 340 ( 0.36 ) 6.27 % Kiowa Cáuijògà Tanoan 1 274 ( 0.34 ) 9.58 % Aleut Unangam tunuu Eskimo - Aleut 1 236 ( 0.33 ) 19.01 % Salish -- Salishan 1 233 ( 0.33 ) 22.87 % Gwich'in ( Kuchin ) Gwich'in Na - Dené 1 217 ( 0.33 ) 25.82 % Kickapoo Kiwikapawa Algic 1 141 ( 0.31 ) 41.72 % Arapaho Hinónoʼeitíít Algic 1 087 ( 0.29 ) 1.20 % Tlingit Lingít Na - Dené 1 026 ( 0.27 ) 8.19 % Siberian Yupik ( SLI Yupik ) Sivuqaghmiistun Eskimo - Aleut 993 ( 0.27 ) 39.48 % Passamaquoddy Peskotomuhkat Algic 982 ( 0.26 ) 6.11 % Comanche Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ Uto - Aztecan 963 ( 0.26 ) 10.59 % Cree Nēhiyawēwin Algic 951 ( 0.25 ) 8.73 % Menominee Omāēqnomenew Algic 946 ( 0.25 ) 39.64 % Nez Perce Niimiipuutímt Plateau Penutian 942 ( 0.25 ) 12.10 % Potawatomi Bodéwadmi Algic 824 ( 0.22 ) 9.95 % Hidatsa Hidatsa Siouan 806 ( 0.22 ) 4.47 % Mesquakie ( Fox ) Meshkwahkihaki Algic 727 ( 0.19 ) 22.15 % Karok Káruk Isolate 700 ( 0.19 ) 5.43 % Pomo -- Pomoan 648 ( 0.17 ) 14.81 % Chinook Jargon Chinuk wawa Creole 644 ( 0.17 ) 17.70 % Oneida Oneyota'aaka Iroquoian 527 ( 0.14 ) 58.63 % Yurok Puliklah Algic 491 ( 0.13 ) 1.63 % Cocopah Kwikapa Yuman 483 ( 0.13 ) 22.77 % Hualapai Hwalbáy Yuman 458 ( 0.12 ) 4.80 % Omaha Umonhon Siouan 457 ( 0.12 ) 1.97 % Chiricahua Ndee bizaa Na - Dené 457 ( 0.12 ) -- Jicarilla Abáachi mizaa Na - Dené 455 ( 0.12 ) 14.51 % Yaqui Yoem noki Uto - Aztecan 425 ( 0.11 ) 10.12 % Yokuts -- Yokutsan 407 ( 0.11 ) 27.27 % Mono Mono Uto - Aztecan 349 ( 0.09 ) -- Mohave Hamakhav Yuman 330 ( 0.09 ) 6.36 % Luiseño Cham'teela Uto - Aztecan 327 ( 0.09 ) 4.28 % Shawnee Sawanwa Algic 321 ( 0.09 ) 6.23 % Maidu ( NE Maidu ) Májdy Maiduan 319 ( 0.09 ) 6.90 % Ottawa Nishnaabemwin Algic 312 ( 0.08 ) 10.90 % Algonquin Anicinâbemowin Algic 288 ( 0.08 ) 19.79 % Okanogan Nsəlxcin Salishan 284 ( 0.08 ) 10.92 % Osage Wazhazhe ie Siouan 260 ( 0.07 ) 20.38 % Wichita Kirikirʔi :s Caddoan 242 ( 0.06 ) 16.12 % Onondaga Onǫda'gegá Iroquoian 239 ( 0.06 ) 2.93 % Mi'kmaq ( Micmac ) Míkmawísimk Algic 230 ( 0.06 ) 10.87 % Digueño ( Ipai - Kumiai - Tipai ) -- Yuman 228 ( 0.06 ) 60.96 % Washo Wá : šiw ʔítlu Isolate 227 ( 0.06 ) 9.69 % Miwok Miwok Utian 216 ( 0.06 ) -- Lushootseed ( Puget Salish ) Xwəlšucid Salishan 207 ( 0.06 ) 47.83 % Kutenai Ktunaxa Isolate 200 ( 0.05 ) 32.50 % Miccosukee Mikisúkî Muskogean 188 ( 0.05 ) 22.87 % Tuscarora Ska : rù : rę ' Iroquoian 179 ( 0.05 ) 10.06 % Makah Qwi qwi diččaq Wakashan 176 ( 0.05 ) 30.11 % Coeur d'Alene Snchitsuʼumshtsn Salishan 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Hupa Na : tinixwe Na - Dené 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Quechan ( Yuma ) Kwtsaan Yuman 172 ( 0.05 ) 31.98 % Miami Myaamia Algic 168 ( 0.04 ) 50.60 % Alabama Albaamo innaaɬiilka Muskogean 165 ( 0.04 ) 20.00 % Delaware Lënape / Lunaapeew Algic 146 ( 0.04 ) 25.34 % Clallam Nəxwsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən Salishan 146 ( 0.04 ) 1.37 % Penobscot ( E Abenaki ) Panawahpskek Algic 144 ( 0.04 ) 5.56 % Yavapai -- Yuman 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Cahuilla Ivia Uto - Aztecan 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Ponca Panka Siouan 131 ( 0.04 ) 6.87 % Quinault Kwínaył Salishan 128 ( 0.03 ) -- Deg Xinag ( Ingalit ) Degexit'an Na - Dené 127 ( 0.03 ) -- Pawnee Paári Caddoan 122 ( 0.03 ) 16.39 % Haida X̱aat Kíl Isolate 118 ( 0.03 ) 19.49 % Cowlitz Stl'pulimuhkl Salishan 110 ( 0.03 ) 82.73 % Mandan Nų́ʔetaːre Siouan 104 ( 0.03 ) 38.46 % Arikara Sáhniš Caddoan 103 ( 0.03 ) -- Klamath Maqlaqs Plateau Penutian 95 ( 0.03 ) 27.37 % Havasupai Havasu'baaja Yuman 90 ( 0.02 ) 52.22 % Chitimacha Sitimaxa Isolate 89 ( 0.02 ) 21.35 % Abenaki ( W Abenaki ) Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Algic 86 ( 0.02 ) -- Kwak'wala ( Kwakiutl ) Kwak'wala Wakashan 85 ( 0.02 ) 24.71 % Tututni ( Rogue River ) Dotodəni Na - Dené 84 ( 0.02 ) -- Iroquois -- Iroquoian 76 ( 0.02 ) -- Michif ( French Cree ) Michif Creole 75 ( 0.02 ) 70.67 % Tsimshian Sm'algyax Tsimshianic 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Achumawi -- Palaihnihan 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Chiwere Jíwere Siouan 60 ( 0.02 ) -- Koasati Kowassá : ti Muskogean 59 ( 0.02 ) 6.78 % Koyukon Denaakkʼe Na - Dené 58 ( 0.02 ) 12.07 % Upper Chinook Kiksht Chinookan 58 ( 0.02 ) 10.34 % Caddo Hasí : nay Caddoan 51 ( 0.01 ) 23.53 % Kalapuya ( Santiam ) -- Kalapuyan 50 ( 0.01 ) -- Gros Ventre ( Atsina ) Ahahnelin Algic 45 ( 0.01 ) -- Tachi -- Yokutsan 45 ( 0.01 ) 57.78 % Maricopa Piipaash chuukwer Yuman 44 ( 0.01 ) 22.73 % Chumash S. hamala Chumashan 39 ( 0.01 ) 100.00 % Nomlaki Nomlāqa Wintuan 38 ( 0.01 ) -- Konkow ( NW Maidu ) Koyoom k'awi Maiduan 32 100.00 % Tonkawa Tickanwa tic Isolate 29 -- Wintu Winthu : h Wintuan 24 -- Spokane Npoqínišcn Salishan 20 40.00 % Ahtna Atnakenaege ' Na - Dené 18 -- Columbia ( Sinkiuse ) Nxaảmxcín Salishan 17 -- Atsugewi Atsugé Palaihnihan 15 -- Chemehuevi Nüwüvi Uto - Aztecan 15 -- Northern Paiute Numu Uto - Aztecan 12 -- Dena'ina ( Tanaina ) Dena'ina qenaga Na - Dené 11 -- Cupeño Kupangaxwicham Uto - Aztecan 11 -- Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) Nuučaan̓uł Wakashan 10 -- Alutiiq ( Gulf Yupik ) Sugpiaq Eskimo - Aleut 8 -- Kansa Kánza Siouan 7 -- Siuslaw Šáayušła Isolate 6 -- Cayuga Gayogo̱hó : nǫ ' Iroquoian 6 -- Serrano Taaqtam Uto - Aztecan 5 -- Yuchi Tsoyaha Isolate -- Native American Sign languages ( edit ) A sign - language trade pidgin , known as Plains Indian Sign Language , Plains Standard or Plains Sign Talk , arose among the Native Americans of the plains . Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language , that was used by the hearing , and these were not mutually intelligible . Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations . It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north , through the Great Plains , as far as British Columbia . There are still a few users today , especially among the Crow , Cheyenne , and Arapaho . Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people , it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages . Through intergenerational transmission , Plains Sign Talk became a working language still in use today in some Deaf First Nations or Native American communities . As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents , it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella . One is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan . Additionally , Plateau Sign Language existed alongside Plains Sign Talk as either a trade pidgin or another language around the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions . Austronesian languages ( edit ) Hawaiian ( edit ) Hawaiian is an official state language of Hawaii as prescribed in the Constitution of Hawaii . Hawaiian has 1,000 native speakers . Formerly considered critically endangered , Hawaiian is showing signs of language renaissance . The recent trend is based on new Hawaiian language immersion programs of the Hawaii State Department of Education and the University of Hawaii , as well as efforts by the Hawaii State Legislature and county governments to preserve Hawaiian place names . In 1993 , about 8,000 could speak and understand it ; today estimates range up to 27,000 . Hawaiian is related to the Māori language spoken by around 150,000 New Zealanders and Cook Islanders as well as the Tahitian language which is spoken by another 120,000 people of Tahiti . Samoan ( edit ) Samoan is an official territorial language of American Samoa . Samoans make up 90 % of the population , and most people are bilingual . Chamorro ( edit ) Chamorro is co-official in the Mariana Islands , both in the territory of Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . In Guam , the indigenous Chamorro people make up about 60 % of the population . Carolinian ( edit ) Carolinian is also co-official in the Northern Marianas , where only 14 % of people speak English at home . Main languages ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( July 2016 ) <Th_colspan="5"> Main Languages in the United States Language percent <Td_colspan="2"> English <Td_colspan="2"> 79.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Spanish <Td_colspan="2"> 12.9 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other Indo - European <Td_colspan="2"> 3.8 % <Td_colspan="2"> Asian and Pacific island <Td_colspan="2"> 3.3 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> 0.9 % Cherokee language road signs . A trash can in Seattle labeled in four languages : English , Chinese , Vietnamese , and Spanish . Tagalog also uses the Spanish word . Some of the first European languages to be spoken in the U.S. are English , Dutch , French , Spanish , and Swedish . From the mid-19th century on , the nation had large numbers of immigrants who spoke little or no English , and throughout the country state laws , constitutions , and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups . There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as German , Ukrainian , Hungarian , Irish , Italian , Norwegian , Greek , Polish , Swedish , Romanian , Cherokee , Czech , Japanese , Yiddish , Hebrew , Lithuanian , Welsh , Cantonese , Bulgarian , Dutch , Portuguese and others , despite opposing English - only laws that , for example , illegalized church services , telephone conversations , and even conversations in the street or on railway platforms in any language other than English , until the first of these laws was ruled unconstitutional in 1923 ( Meyer v. Nebraska ) . Currently , Asian languages account for the majority of languages spoken in immigrant communities : Korean , the varieties of Chinese , and various Indian or South Asian languages like Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kannada , Gujarati , Marathi , Bengali , Telugu , Tamil and Malayalam , as well as Arabic , Vietnamese , Tagalog , Persian , and others . Typically , immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within two or three generations , though there are some groups such as the Cajuns ( French ) , Pennsylvania Dutch ( German ) in a state where large numbers of people were heard to speak it before the 1950s , and the original settlers of the Southwest ( Spanish ) who have maintained their languages for centuries . English ( edit ) Main article : American English English language distribution in the United States . English was inherited from British colonization , and it is spoken by the majority of the population . It serves as the de facto national language , the language in which government business is carried out . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , 80 % spoke only English at home and all but approximately 13,600,000 U.S. residents age 5 and over speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' . American English is different from British English in terms of spelling ( one example being the dropped `` u '' in words such as color / colour ) , grammar , vocabulary , pronunciation , and slang usage . The differences are not usually a barrier to effective communication between an American English and a British English speaker , but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings , usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences . Some states , like California , have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language , but in practice , this only means that official government documents must at least be in English , and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English . For example , the standard California Class C driver 's license examination is available in 32 different languages . Spanish ( edit ) Main article : Spanish language in the United States Spanish language distribution in the United States Spanish was also inherited from colonization and is sanctioned as official in the commonwealth of Puerto Rico . Spanish is also taught in various regions as a second language , especially in areas with large Hispanic populations such as the Southwestern United States along the border with Mexico , as well as Florida , parts of California , the District of Columbia , Illinois , New Jersey , and New York . In Hispanic communities across the country , bilingual signs in both Spanish and English may be quite common . Furthermore , numerous neighborhoods exist ( such as Washington Heights in New York City or Little Havana in Miami ) in which entire city blocks will have only Spanish language signs and Spanish - speaking people . Spanish speakers in the United States Year Number of Spanish speakers Percent of US population 1980 11 million 5 % 17.3 million 7 % 2000 28.1 million 10 % 37 million 13 % 2012 38.3 million 13 % 2015 41 million 14 % <Td_colspan="3"> Sources : In addition to Spanish - speaking Hispanic populations , younger generations of non-Hispanics in the United States seem to be learning Spanish in larger numbers due to the growing Hispanic population and increasing popularity of Latin American movies and music performed in the Spanish language . A 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau , showed that Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by over 35 million people aged 5 or older , making the United States the world 's fifth - largest Spanish - speaking community , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina . In northern New Mexico and southern Colorado , Spanish speakers have been isolated for centuries in the southern Rockies , and developed a distinct dialect of Spanish spoken nowhere else : New Mexican Spanish . The dialect features a mix of Castilian , Galician and , more recently , Mexican Spanish , as well as Pueblo loan words . New Mexican Spanish also contains a large proportion of English loan words , particularly for technological words ( e.g. bos , troca , and telefón ) . Speakers of New Mexican Spanish are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries . During this time , contact with the rest of Spanish America was limited , and New Mexican Spanish developed on its own course . In the meantime , Spanish colonists coexisted with and intermarried with Puebloan peoples and Navajos . After the Mexican -- American War , New Mexico and all its inhabitants came under the governance of the English - speaking United States , and for the next hundred years , English - speakers increased in number . Spanglish is a code - switching variant of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers , such as along the Mexico -- United States border ( California , Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas ) , Florida , and New York City . Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Chinese language and varieties in the United States The population of Chinese speakers was increasing rapidly in the 20th century because the number of Chinese immigrants increased at a rate more than 50 % since 1940 . 2.8 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese , which combined are counted by the federal census as the third most - spoken language in the country . Until the late 20th century , Yue dialects including Taishanese and Cantonese were the most common among immigrants or the descendants of immigrants , especially in California . Since the opening of the People 's Republic of China , Mandarin , the official language in PRC and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has become increasingly prevalent . Many Americans of all ethnic backgrounds are also learning Mandarin and to a far lesser extent Cantonese . In New York City in 2002 , Mandarin was spoken as a native language among only 10 % of Chinese speakers but was predicted to replace Cantonese as the lingua franca among Chinese speakers . Tagalog ( edit ) Tagalog language distribution in the United States . Tagalog speakers were already present in the United States as early as the late sixteenth century as sailors contracted by the Spanish colonial government . In the eighteenth century , they established settlements in Louisiana , such as Saint Malo . After the American annexation of the Philippines , the number of Tagalog speakers steadily increased , as Filipinos began to migrate to the U.S. as students or contract laborers . Their numbers , however , decreased upon Philippine independence , as some Filipinos were repatriated . Today , Tagalog , together with its standardized form Filipino , is spoken by over a million and a half Filipino Americans and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates . As Filipinos are the second largest Asian ethnic group in the United States , Tagalog is the second most spoken Asian language in the country . Taglish , a form of code - switching between Tagalog and English , is also spoken by a number of Filipino Americans . Tagalog is also taught at some universities where a significant number of Filipinos exist . As it is the national and most spoken language of the Philippines , most Filipinos in the United States are proficient in Tagalog in addition to their local regional language . Vietnamese ( edit ) Spread of the Vietnamese language in the United States According to the 2010 Census , there are over 1.5 million Americans who identify themselves as Vietnamese in origin , ranking fourth among the Asian American groups and forming the largest Overseas Vietnamese population . Orange County , California , is home to the largest concentration of ethnic Vietnamese outside Vietnam , especially in its Little Saigon area . Other significant Vietnamese communities are found in the metropolitan areas of San Jose , Houston , Seattle , Northern Virginia , and New Orleans . Similarly to other overseas Vietnamese communities in Western countries ( except France ) , the Vietnamese population in the United States was established following the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and communist takeover of South Vietnam following the Vietnam War . Korean ( edit ) Speakers of Korean are found in the Koreatowns . French ( edit ) Main article : French language in the United States French language distribution in the United States . Counties and parishes marked in yellow are those where 6 % to 12 % of the population speak French at home ; brown , 12 % to 18 % ; red , over 18 % . Cajun French and French - based creole languages are not included even though the Creole dialects are spoken throughout the U.S. and taught in many U.S. schools . French , the fourth-most - common language ( when all varieties of Chinese are combined and separate yet related languages such as Haitian Creole are counted as French ) , is spoken mainly by the Louisiana Creole , native French , Cajun , Haitian , and French - Canadian populations . It is widely spoken in Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and in Louisiana , with notable Francophone enclaves in St. Clair County , Michigan , many rural areas of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the northern San Francisco Bay area . Three varieties of French developed within what is now the United States in colonial times : Louisiana French , Missouri French , and New England French ( essentially a variant of Canadian French ) . French is the second language in the states of Louisiana ( where the French dialect of Cajun predominates ) and Maine . The largest French - speaking communities in the United States reside in Northeast Maine ; Hollywood and Miami , Florida ; New York City ; certain areas of rural Louisiana ; and small minorities in Vermont and New Hampshire . Many of the New England communities are connected to the dialect found across the border in Quebec or New Brunswick . More than 13 million Americans possess primary French heritage , but only 2 million speak French or a French Creole language at home . German ( edit ) Main article : German language in the United States See also : Pennsylvania German language , Hutterite German , Plautdietsch , Texas German , and Pennsylvania Dutch English German language distribution in the United States . German was a widely spoken language in some of the colonies , especially Pennsylvania , where a number of German - speaking Protestants and other religious minorities settled to escape persecution in Europe . Another wave of settlement occurred when Germans fleeing the failure of 19th Century German revolutions emigrated to the United States . A large number of these German immigrants settled in the urban areas , with neighborhoods in many cities being German - speaking and numerous local German language newspapers and periodicals established . German farmers also took up farming around the country , including the Texas Hill Country , at this time . The language was widely spoken until the United States entered World War I . In the early twentieth century , German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States , and prior to World War I , more than 6 % of American schoolchildren received their primary education exclusively in German , though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper . Currently , more than 49 million Americans claim German ancestry , the largest self - described ethnic group in the U.S. , but less than 4 % of them speak a language other than English at home , according to the 2005 American Community Survey . The Amish speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German . One reason for this decline of German language was the perception during both World Wars that speaking the language of the enemy was unpatriotic ; foreign language instruction was banned in places during the First World War . Unlike earlier waves , they were more concentrated in cities and integrated quickly . Another reason for the decline in German was the lack of first - generation immigrants , as immigration to the United States from Western Europe slowed following the World Wars . There is a myth ( known as the Muhlenberg Vote ) that German was to be the official language of the U.S. , but this is inaccurate and based on a failed early attempt to have government documents translated into German . The myth also extends to German being the second official language of Pennsylvania ; however , Pennsylvania has no official language . Although more than 49 million Americans claim they have German ancestors , only 1.24 million Americans speak German at home . Many of these people are either Amish and Mennonites or Germans having newly immigrated ( e.g. for professional reasons ) . Hindustani ( edit ) Main article : Hindustani language Hindi is an Indo - Aryan language , deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi . The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Sanskrit , Persian and Arabic . It is a pluricentric language , with two official forms , Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu , which are its standardised registers . The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable , and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar , they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary , with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences , and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit . Before the Partition of the British Indian Empire , the terms Hindustani , Urdu , and Hindi were synonymous ; all covered what would be mostly called Urdu and Hindi today . The term Hindustani is still used for the colloquial language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan , for example for the language of Bollywood films , as well as for several quite different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Indian Subcontinent , such as Fiji Hindi of Fiji and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , and the rest of the Caribbean . Hindustani is also spoken by a small number of people in Mauritius and South Africa . Hindustani is the third most - spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English . Arabic ( edit ) Main article : Arabic in the United States Varieties of Arabic are spoken by immigrants from the Middle East as well as many Muslim Americans . The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like Chicago , New York City , and Los Angeles . Detroit and the surrounding areas of Michigan boast a significant Arabic - speaking population including many Arab Christians of Lebanese , Syrian , and Palestinian descent . Arabic is used for religious purposes by Muslim Americans and by some Arab Christians ( notably Catholics of the Melkite and Maronite Churches as well as Rum Orthodox , i.e. Antiochian Orthodox Christians and Coptic churches . ) . A significant number of educated Arab professionals who immigrate often already know English quite well , as it is widely used in the Middle East . Lebanese immigrants also have a broader understanding of French as do many Arabic - speaking immigrants from North Africa . Cherokee ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee language Distribution of the Cherokee language Cherokee is the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people , and the official language of the Cherokee Nation . Significant numbers of Cherokee speakers of all ages still populate the Qualla Boundary in Cherokee , North Carolina and several counties within the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma , significantly Cherokee , Sequoyah , Mayes , Adair , and Delaware . Increasing numbers of Cherokee youth are renewing interest in the traditions , history , and language of their ancestors . Cherokee - speaking communities stand at the forefront of language preservation , and at local schools , all lessons are taught in Cherokee and thus it serves as the medium of instruction from pre-school on up . Also , church services and traditional ceremonial `` stomp '' dances are held in the language in Oklahoma and on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina . Cherokee is one of the few , or perhaps the only , Native American language with an increasing population of speakers , and along with Navajo it is the only indigenous language with more than 50,000 speakers , a figure most likely achieved through the tribe 's 10 - year long language preservation plan involving growing new speakers through immersion schools for children , developing new words for modern phrases , teaching the language to non-Cherokee in schools and universities , fostering the language among young adults so their children can use that language at home , developing iPhone and iPad apps for language education , the development of language radio stations including Cherokee Voices , Cherokee Sounds , and promoting the writing system through public signage , products like Apple Inc. , internet use through Google including Gmail , and others so the language remains relevant in the 21st century . Italian ( edit ) Main article : Italian language in the United States Current distribution of the Italian language in the United States . The Italian language and its various dialects have been widely spoken in the United States for more than one hundred years , primarily due to large - scale immigration from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century . In addition to Standard Italian learned by most people today , there has been a strong representation of the dialects and languages of Southern Italy amongst the immigrant population ( Sicilian and Neapolitan in particular ) . As of 2009 , though 15,638,348 American citizens report themselves as Italian - Americans , only 753,992 of these report speaking the Italian language at home ( 0.3264 % of the US population ) . Dutch ( edit ) Dutch language distribution in the United States . There has been a Dutch presence in America since 1602 when the government of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered the Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , or VOC ) with the mission of exploring for a passage to the Indies and claiming any uncharted territories for the Dutch republic . In 1664 , English troops under the command of the Duke of York ( later James II of England ) attacked the New Netherland colony . Being greatly outnumbered , director general Peter Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam , with Fort Orange following soon . New Amsterdam was renamed New York , Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany . Dutch city names can still be found in New York 's neighbourhoods . Harlem is Haarlem , Staten Island is Staten Eiland and Brooklyn refers to Breukelen . Dutch was still spoken in many parts of New York at the time of the Revolution . For example , Alexander Hamilton 's wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch - language church during their marriage . African - American abolitionist and women 's rights activist Sojourner Truth ( born ' Isabella Baumfree ' ) was a native speaker of Dutch . Martin Van Buren , the first President born in the United States following its independence , spoke Dutch as his native language , making him the only President whose first language was not English . In a 1990 demographic consensus , 3 % of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers . Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million , lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans . Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts ( Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , and Eleanor Roosevelt ) , Marlon Brando , Thomas Alva Edison , Martin Van Buren and the Vanderbilts . The Roosevelts are direct descendants of Dutch settlers of the New Netherland colony in the 17th century . Around 136,000 people in the United States still speak the Dutch language at home today . They are concentrated mainly in California ( 23,500 ) , Florida ( 10,900 ) , Pennsylvania ( 9,900 ) , Ohio ( 9,600 ) , New York ( 8,700 ) and Michigan ( 6,600 ; i.e. almost entirely in the city of Holland ) . A vernacular dialect of Dutch , known as Jersey Dutch was spoken by a significant number of people in the New Jersey area between the start of the 17th century to the mid-20th century . With the beginning of the 20th century , usage of the language became restricted to internal family circles , with an ever - growing number of people abandoning the language in favor of English . It suffered gradual decline throughout the 20th century , and it ultimately dissipated from casual usage . Finnish ( edit ) Finnish language distribution in the United States . The first Finnish settlers in America were amongst the settlers who came from Sweden and Finland to the New Sweden colony . Most colonists were Finnish . However , the Finnish language was not preserved as well among subsequent generations as Swedish . Between the 1890s and the outbreak of the first World War , an estimated quarter million Finnish citizens immigrated to the United States , mainly in rural areas of the Midwest and more specifically in the mining regions of Northeastern Minnesota , Northern Wisconsin and Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Hancock , Michigan , as of 2005 , still incorporates bi-lingual street signs written in both English and Finnish . Americans of Finnish origin yield at 800,000 individuals , though only 26,000 speak the language at home . There is a distinctive dialect of English to be found in the Upper Peninsula , known as Yooper . Yooper often has a Finnish cadence and uses Finnish sentence structure with modified English , German , Swedish , Norwegian , and Finnish vocabulary . Notable Finnish Americans include U.S. Communist Party leader Gus Hall , film director Renny Harlin , and the Canadian - born actress Pamela Anderson . Northern Clark County , Washington ( encompassing Yacolt , Amboy , Battle Ground and Chelatchie ) contains a large exclave of Old Apostolic Lutherans who originally immigrated from Finland . Many families in this portion of the county speak fluent Finnish at home before learning English . Another noteworthy Finnish community in the United States is found in Lake Worth , Florida , north of Miami . Russian ( edit ) Main article : Russian language in the United States Russian language distribution in the United States . The Russian language is frequently spoken in areas of Alaska , Los Angeles , Seattle , Spokane , Miami , San Francisco , New York City , Philadelphia , Vancouver , Washington , Portland , Oregon , Woodburn , Oregon , and Chicago . The Russian - American Company used to own Alaska Territory until selling it after the Crimean War . Russian had always been limited , especially after the assassination of the Romanov dynasty of tsars . Starting in the 1970s and continuing until the mid-1990s , many people from the Soviet Union and later its constituent republics such as Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and Uzbekistan have immigrated to the United States , increasing the language 's usage in America . The largest Russian - speaking neighborhoods in the United States are found in Queens , Brooklyn , and Staten Island in New York City ( specifically the Brighton Beach area of Brooklyn ) ; parts of Los Angeles , particularly West Los Angeles and West Hollywood ; parts of Philadelphia , particularly the Far Northeast ; and parts of Miami like Sunny Isles Beach . In Nikolaevsk , Alaska , 66.57 % of the population speaks Russian at home . Slavic Voice of America media group serves Russian - speaking Americans out of Dallas . Hebrew ( edit ) Modern Hebrew is used by some immigrants from Israel and Eastern Europe . Liturgical Hebrew is used as a religious or liturgical language by many of the United States ' approximately 7 million Jews . Ilocano ( edit ) Like the Tagalogs , the Ilocanos are an Austronesian stock which came from the Philippines . They were the first Filipinos to migrate en masse to the United States . They first entered the State of Hawaii and worked there in the vast plantations . As they did in the Philippine provinces of Northern Luzon and Mindanao , they quickly gained importance in the areas where they settled . Thus , the state of Hawaii became no less different from the Philippines in terms of percentage of Ilocano speakers . Like Tagalog , Ilocano is also being taught in universities where most of the Filipinos reside . South Asian languages ( edit ) There are many South Asians in the United States . These include Indians , Pakistanis , and Bangladeshis , who speak various South Asian languages . Major South Asian languages spoken in the US include Telugu ( see paragraph on Telugu below ) , Malayalam , Kannada , Tamil , Gujarati , Hindi , Urdu , Bengali , Punjabi , Sinhala , Nepali , and Marathi . Telugu ( edit ) In the second half of the 20th century , Telugu people from India migrated as professionals to the United States , Canada , Europe , and Southeast Asia . The Telugu American population enumerates over 886,988 individuals , and the Federation of Telugu Sangams of North America functions as an NATA & TANA organizations for the growing community . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Telugu people . Telugu people have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Telugu associations such as TANA , ATA & NATA . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Telugu - speakers . Irish ( edit ) About 40 million Americans have Irish ancestry , many of whose ancestors would have spoken Irish . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 22,279 people speak Irish at home . As of 2008 it was the 76th most spoken language in the USA . Khmer ( cambodian ) ( edit ) Main article : Cambodian Americans Between 1981 and 1985 about 150,000 Cambodians resettled in the United States . Before 1975 very few Cambodians came to the United States . Those who did were children of upper - class families sent abroad to attend school . After the fall of Phnom Penh to the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975 , some Cambodians managed to escape . In 2007 the American Community Survey reported that there were approximately 200,000 Cambodians living in the United States , making up about 2 % percent of the Asian population . This population is , however , heavily concentrated in two areas : the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California , especially the city of Long Beach ; and Greater Boston in New England , especially Lowell , Massachusetts . These two areas hold a majority of the Cambodians living in the US . Polish ( edit ) The Polish language is very common in the Chicago metropolitan area . Chicago 's third largest white ethnic groups are those of Polish descent , after German and Irish . The Polish people and the Polish language in Chicago were very prevalent in the early years of the city , and today the 650,000 Poles in Chicago make up one of the largest ethnically Polish populations in the world , comparable to the city of Wrocław , the fourth largest city in Poland . That makes it one of the most important centers of Polonia and the Polish language in the United States , a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park . Portuguese ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese Americans , Brazilian Americans , and Cape Verdean Americans The first Portuguese speakers in America were Portuguese Jews who had fled the Portuguese Inquisition . They spoke Judeo - Portuguese and founded the earliest Jewish communities in the Thirteen Colonies , two of which still exist : Congregation Shearith Israel in New York and Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia . However , by the end of the 18th century , their use of Portuguese had been replaced by English . In the late 19th century , many Portuguese , mainly Azoreans , Madeirans and Cape Verdeans ( who prior to independence in 1975 were Portuguese citizens ) , immigrated to the United States , settling in cities like Providence , Rhode Island , New Bedford , Massachusetts , and Santa Cruz , California . There was also a substantial Portuguese immigration to Hawaii , which at the time was not yet part of the United States . In the mid-late 20th century there was another wave of Portuguese immigration to the US , mainly the Northeast ( New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Massachusetts ) , and for a time Portuguese became a major language in Newark , New Jersey . Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Portuguese Africa ( known as Portuguese Africans , or , in Portugal , as retornados ) and Asia ( mostly Macau ) . There were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000 . Portuguese ( European Portuguese ) has been spoken in the United States by small communities of immigrants , mainly in the metropolitan New York City area , like Newark , New Jersey . The Portuguese language is also spoken widely by Brazilian Americans , concentrated in Miami , New York City , and Boston . Swedish ( edit ) Swedish language distribution in the United States . There has been a Swedish presence in America since the New Sweden colony came into existence in March 1638 . Widespread diaspora of Swedish immigration did not occur until the latter half of the 19th century , bringing in a total of a million Swedes . No other country had a higher percentage of its people leave for the United States except Ireland and Norway . At the beginning of the 20th century , Minnesota had the highest ethnic Swedish population in the world after the city of Stockholm . 3.7 % of US residents claim descent from Scandinavian ancestors , amounting to roughly 11 -- 12 million people . According to SIL 's Ethnologue , over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language , though according to the 2007 American Community Survey only 56,715 speak it at home . Cultural assimilation has contributed to the gradual and steady decline of the language in the US . After the independence of the US from the Kingdom of Great Britain , the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication , and in some cases , imposed it upon them . Subsequent generations of Swedish Americans received education in English and spoke it as their first language . Lutheran churches scattered across the Midwest started abandoning Swedish in favor of English as their language of worship . Swedish newspapers and publications alike slowly faded away . There are sizable Swedish communities in Minnesota , Ohio , Maryland , Philadelphia , and Delaware , along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania , San Francisco , Fort Lauderdale , and New York . Chicago once contained a large Swedish enclave called Andersonville on the city 's north side . John Morton , the person who cast the decisive vote leading to Pennsylvania 's support for the United States Declaration of Independence , was of Finnish descent . Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the 18th century . Welsh ( edit ) Welsh language distribution in the United States . Up to two million Americans are thought to have Welsh ancestry . However , there is very little Welsh being used commonly in the USA . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 2,285 people speak Welsh at home ; primarily spoken in California ( 415 ) , Florida ( 225 ) , New York ( 204 ) , Ohio ( 135 ) , and New Jersey ( 130 ) . Some place names , such as Bryn Mawr in Chicago and Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania ( English : Big Hill ) are Welsh . Several towns in Pennsylvania , mostly in the Welsh Tract , have Welsh namesakes , including Uwchlan , Bala Cynwyd , Gwynedd , and Tredyffrin . Yiddish ( edit ) Yiddish has a much longer history in the United States than Hebrew . It has been present since at least the late 19th century and continues to have roughly 148,000 speakers as of the 2009 American Community Survey . Though they came from varying geographic backgrounds and nuanced approaches to worship , immigrant Jews of Eastern Europe and Russia were often united under a common understanding of the Yiddish language once they settled in America , and at one point dozens of publications were available in most East Coast cities . Though it has declined by quite a bit since the end of WWII , it has by no means disappeared . Many Israeli immigrants and expatriates have at least some understanding of the language in addition to Hebrew , and many of the descendants of the great migration of Ashkenazi Jews of the past century pepper their mostly English vocabulary with some loan words . Furthermore , it is a lingua franca among Orthodox Jewry ( particularly Hasidic Jewry ) , concentrated in Los Angeles , Miami , and New York . Tamil ( edit ) The Tamil American population enumerates over 190,000 individuals , and the Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America functions as an umbrella organization for the growing community as such . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Tamils . New Jersey houses its own Tamil Sangam . Sizeable populations of Indian American Tamils have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Tamil associations such as the Bay Area Tamil Mandram . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Tamil - speaking Sri Lankan Americans , with New York City 's Staten Island alone estimated to be home to more than 5,000 Sri Lankan Americans , one of the largest Sri Lankan populations outside Sri Lanka itself , and a significant proportion of whom speak Tamil . Nepali ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Nepalese to enter the United States were classified as `` other Asian '' . Immigration records show that between 1881 and 1890 , 1,910 `` other Asians '' were admitted to the United States . However , Nepal did not open its borders until 1950 , and most Nepalis who left the country during that time went primarily to India to study . Nepalese Americans were first classified as a separate ethnic group in 1974 when 56 Nepalese immigrated to the United States . New York City , Boston , Chicago , Denver , Gainesville , Florida , Portland , Oregon and Saint Paul , Minnesota have the largest number of Nepalese . There are some Nepalese community or cultural events in every American state , including Dashain , Tihar , Losar , Holi , Teej Special , and Nepali New Year . New American languages , dialects , and creoles ( edit ) Several languages have developed on American soil , including creoles and sign languages . African - American English ( edit ) Main article : African - American English Often simply called AAE and known in North America as Black English , is a variety of American English along a continuum , spoken primarily by urban working - class and ( largely bidialectal and codeswitching ) middle - class African Americans. . It is generally accepted among linguists and many African Americans that Southern American English is closely related to AAE because AAE is part of a historical continuum between creoles such as Gullah and Southern American English . Some educators view AAE as exerting a negative influence on the learning of Standard English , as AAE differs grammatically from Standard English . Other educators , however , propose that Standard English should be taught as a `` second dialect '' in educational contexts where AAE is a strong part of students ' culture . Chinuk wawa or chinook jargon ( edit ) Main article : Chinook Jargon A Creole language of 700 -- 800 words of French , English , Cree and other Native origins . It is the old trade language of the Pacific Northwest . It was used extensively among both European and Native peoples of the Oregon Territory , even used instead of English at home by many pioneer families . It is estimated that around 100,000 people spoke it at its peak , between 1858 and 1900 , and it was last widely used in Seattle just before World War II . Gullah ( edit ) Main article : Gullah language An English - African creole language spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia , retains strong influences of West African languages . The language is sometimes referred to as `` Geechee '' . Hawai'i Creole English ( edit ) Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin Not to be confused with Hawaiian English . Commonly used by locals and is considered an unofficial language of the state . Louisiana Creole French ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana Creole French A French Creole language spoken by the Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana , close to Haitian Creole , Colonial French , and Cajun French ( language of Acadians deported from New France after 1755 and the Grand Dérangement ) . French Creole languages are spoken by millions of people worldwide , mainly in the United States , Caribbean , and Indian Ocean areas . Outer Banks languages ( edit ) In the islands of the Outer Banks off North Carolina , several unique English dialects have developed . This is evident on Harkers Island and Ocracoke Island . These dialects are sometimes referred to as `` high tider '' . Pennsylvania German ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania German language A language that traditionally was spoken mainly in Pennsylvania , but that since the 19th century has spread to the Midwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Iowa and other states ) , where the majority of speakers live today . It evolved from the German dialect of the Palatinate brought over to America by the Pennsylvania Dutch people before 1800 . Originally spoken by adherents of different Christian denominations ( Lutherans , Mennonites , Amish , German Baptist Brethren , Catholics ) today it is mainly spoken by Amish and Old Order Mennonites . Texas Silesian ( edit ) Main article : Texas Silesian A dialect of Silesian used by Texas Silesians in American settlements from 1852 to the present . Chesapeake Bay islander ( edit ) Another dialectal isolate is that spoken on Tangier Island , Virginia and Smith Island , Maryland , both located toward the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay . The dialect is partially derived from English as spoken by English pre-Revolutionary settlers , and partially from the present - day Middle - Atlantic American dialect of English . It also contains some words from the Cornish language , the Celtic language spoken in Cornwall in southwest England . Chicano English ( edit ) Main article : Chicano English See also : English in New Mexico A mixture of the Spanish and American English languages spoken by many Hispanics in urban areas and predominantly Latino communities . Sign languages ( edit ) Attested historical ranges of sign languages of the US and Canada excluding ASL and LSQ . Plains Sign Talk Inuiuuk ( ᐃᓄᐃᐆᒃ ) Hawai'i Sign Language Maritime Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Sandy River Valley Sign Language See also : Native American sign languages Alongside the numerous and varied oral languages , the United States also boasts several sign languages . Historically , the US was home to some six or more sign languages ( that number rising with the probability that Plains Sign Talk is actually a language family with several languages under its umbrella ) which has fallen with the death of several of these . As with all sign languages around the world that developed organically , these are full languages distinct from any oral language . American Sign Language ( unlike Signed English ) is not a derivation of English . Some languages present here were trade pidgins which were used first as a system of communication across national and linguistic boundaries of the Native Americans , however , they have since developed into mature languages as children learned them as a first language . American Sign language ( edit ) American Sign Language ( ASL ) is the native language of a number of deaf and hearing people in America ( roughly 100,000 to 500,000 ) . While some sources have stated that ASL is the third most frequently used language in the United States , after English and Spanish , recent scholarship has pointed out that most of these estimates are based on numbers conflating deafness with ASL use , and that the last actual study of this ( in 1972 ) seems to indicate an upper bound of 500,000 ASL speakers at the time . Black American Sign language ( edit ) Black American Sign Language ( BASL ) developed in the southeastern US , where separate residential schools were maintained for white and black deaf children . BASL shares much of the same vocabulary and grammatical structure as ASL and is generally considered one of its dialects . Hawai'i Sign language ( edit ) Hawaii Sign Language is moribund with only a handful of speakers on O'ahu , Lana'i , Kaua'i and possibly Ni'ihau . Some of these speakers may actually be speaking a creolized version of HSL and ASL , however , research is slow - going . The language was once called Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language as many people thought it was a derivation of ASL which was discovered to be false and to be a separate language altogether . Plains Sign Talk ( edit ) Once a trade pidgin and the most far - reaching sign language in North America , Plains Sign Talk or Plains Sign Language is now critically endangered with an unknown number of speakers . Navajo Sign language ( edit ) Navajo Sign Language has been found to be in use in one clan of Navajo ; however , whether it is a dialect of Plains Sign Talk or a separate language remains unknown . Plateau Sign language ( edit ) Another trade pidgin that may have become a separate language , Plateau Sign Language replaced Plains Sign Talk in the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions of British Columbia , Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . It is now extinct . Martha 's Vineyard Sign language ( edit ) Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language is now extinct . Along with French Sign Language , it was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . Henniker Sign language ( edit ) Henniker Sign Language is now extinct but was once found around the Henniker region of New Hampshire and formed a basis for American Sign Language . Sandy River Valley Sign language ( edit ) Sandy River Valley Sign Language is now extinct but once could be found around the Sandy River Valley in Maine . It was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . See also ( edit ) American English Language education in the United States Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census ) List of multilingual presidents of the United States Muhlenberg legend List of communities in the United States where English is n't the majority language spoken at home Modern Language Association General : Bilingual education Culture of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siebens , J & T Julian . Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico : 2006 -- 2010 . United States Census Bureau . December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census Data Of USA '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 53 . Languages Spoken At Home by Language : 2011 '' ( PDF ) , Language use in the United States , August 2013 , U.S. Census Bureau , archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2016 , retrieved February 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder - Results '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` States '' . Englishfirst.org . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language '' . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska 's indigenous languages attain official status '' Archived February 12 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Reuters.com , October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill History / Action for 28th Legislature HB 216 '' . The Alaska State Legislature . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official Archived January 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . April 21 , 2014 ; Bill Chappell ; NPR.org Jump up ^ `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States : 2007 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` English Usage Among Hispanics in the United States '' . Pew Research Center 's Hispanic Trends Project . November 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grimes 2000 Jump up ^ Ancestry : 2000 , U.S. Census Bureau , 2000 , archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Language Use and English - Speaking Ability : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Brueau . October 2003 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EAC Issues Glossaries of Election Terms in Five Asian Languages Translations to Make Voting More Accessible to a Majority of Asian American Citizens '' . Election Assistance Commission . June 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles Website ( actual website blocked by Wikipedia ) Jump up ^ James W. Parins ( November 4 , 2013 ) . Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation , 1820 -- 1906 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 5122 - 9 . Jump up ^ David W. Voorhees , `` Dutch Political Identity in English New York '' in Four Centuries of Dutch - American Relations : 1609 - 2009 ( eds . Hans Krabbendam , Cornelis A. van Minnen & Giles Scott - Smith : SUNY Press , 2009 ) , pp. 132 - 33 . Jump up ^ America Votes 2006 : Key Ballot Issues , CNN , archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 , retrieved February 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Arizona Voter Empowerment Card , 2010 Elections '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Heath , Shirley Brice & Frederick Mandabach . Language Status Decisions and the Law in the United States , in Cobarrubias , Juan & Joshua A. Fishman , eds. , Progress in Language Planning , p. 94 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Sick , Bastian ( 19 May 2004 ) . German as the official language of the USA ? Archived September 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Spiegel Online ( in English ) Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David ( 2008 ) . German Almost Became Official Language , Snopes Jump up ^ Alice N. Nash ; Christoph Strobel ( 2006 ) , `` Daily life of Native Americans from post-Columbian through nineteenth - century America '' , The Greenwood Press `` Daily life through history '' series , Greenwood Publishing Group , p . IX , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33515 - 0 Jump up ^ `` A Look at the Cherokee Language '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Museum of History , from Tar Heel Junior Historian 45 : 1 ( fall 2005 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States : 2006 - 2008 : Release Date : April , 2010 '' ( XLS ) . Census.gov . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A language 's endonym may not be available for a variety of possible reasons : The language in question encompasses multiple dialects with unique endonyms ; The language in question is actually a language family ; The language or community of speakers has a prohibition against writing the language ; No documentation is immediately available ; etc . Jump up ^ Respondents who reported speaking English less than `` Very Well . '' The total margin of error for this group was 1.78 % ; however , margins of error for individual languages , especially those with few total speakers , may exceed 100 % in some cases . Jump up ^ `` North America : : UNITED STATES '' . CIA The World Factbook . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English - Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Driver License and Identification Card Information '' . Dmv.ca.gov . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is the future of Spanish in the United States ? '' . Pew Research Center . September 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Spanish in the United States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Table 53 . Languages Spoken At Home by Language : 2009 '' , The 2012 Statistical Abstract , U.S. Census Bureau , archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 , retrieved December 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Instituto Cervantes ( Enciclopedia del español en Estados Unidos ) Jump up ^ `` Más ' speak spanish ' que en España '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Susan J. ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . Languages in America : A Pluralist View . Multilingual Matters . ISBN 9781853596513 . ^ Jump up to : Lai , H. Mark ( 2004 ) , Becoming Chinese American or Taiwanese American : A History of Communities and Institutions , AltaMira Press , ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0458 - 1 Jump up ^ García , Ofelia ; Fishman , Joshua A. ( 2002 ) , The Multilingual Apple : Languages in New York City , Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 017281 - X Jump up ^ Ammon , Ulrich ; International Sociological Association ( 1989 ) . Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 306 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 89925 - 356 - 3 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Did Hebrew almost become the official U.S. language ? , January 21 , 1994 , archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 , retrieved February 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ Michael Huxley ( editor ) ( 1935 ) , The Geographical magazine , Volume 2 , Geographical Press CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Great Britain , Royal Society of Arts ( 1948 ) , Journal of the Royal Society of Arts , Volume 97 Jump up ^ Robert E. Nunley ; Severin M. Roberts ; George W. Wubrick ; Daniel L. Roy ( 1999 ) , The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography , Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 080180 - 1 Jump up ^ Benjamin W. Fortson . Indo - European Language and Culture An Introduction , Second edition . John Wiley & Sons , 2011 . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8896 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Hindi '' . John Benjamins Publishing . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Students ' Britannica : India : Select essays by Dale Hoiberg , Indu Ramchandani page 175 Jump up ^ `` Hindustani B2 '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Hindustani '' . Columbia University press . encyclopedia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cherokee Nation & its Language '' ( PDF ) . University of Minnesota : Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition . 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Irene ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cherokee '' . Aboutworldlanguages.com/ . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyner , Michael ( September 30 , 2010 ) . Cherokee Lessons - Introductory Edition . Lulu Enterprises Incorporated . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Native American languages '' . Infoplease.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Will ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Immersion students win trophies at language fair '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Native Now : Language : Cherokee '' . We Shall Remain - American Experience - PBS . 2008 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Language Revitalization Project '' . Western Carolina University . 2014 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hauk , Alexis . `` Radio Free Cherokee : Endangered Languages Take to the Airwaves '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch : Source : American Community Survey : 5 - Year Estimates , Public Use Microdata Sample , 2006 -- 2010 '' . Mla.org . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Street names are in english and in finnish , The Selonen Family Network , archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Data Center Results '' . Web.archive.org . May 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Eric L. Friedland . `` Hebrew Liturgical Creativity in Nineteenth - Century America '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandeis University Study Finds that American - Jewish Population is Significantly Larger than Previously Thought '' ( PDF ) . February 2 , 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ US Census 2006 - 2008 American Community Survey See Row # 122 Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Language Use in the US 2006 -- 2008 ( 850k Excel file ! ) '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ America the diverse : Chicago 's Polish neighborhoods , usaweekend.com , May 15 , 2005 , retrieved July 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Welsh : Source : Census 2000 , Summary File 3 '' . Mla.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joshua A. Fishman ( 1991 ) . `` Appendix : The Hebrew Language in the United States '' . Yiddish : turning to life . John Benjamins Publishing Company . pp. 148 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 2075 - 2 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell Chan ( October 17 , 2007 ) , A Yiddish Revival , With New York Leading the Way , The New York Times , archived from the original on September 30 , 2008 , retrieved August 15 , 2008 + Patricia Ward Biederman ( July 7 , 2005 ) , Yiddish Program Aims to Get Beyond Schmoozing , Los Angeles Times , archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 , retrieved August 15 , 2008 + Yiddishkayt Los Angeles , yiddishkaytla.org , archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 Jump up ^ US Census 2006 - 2008 American Community Survey See Row # 125 Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT FETNA '' . Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Tamil Sangam Archived September 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bay Area Tamil Manram Archived October 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2012 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2011 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2010 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirk Semple ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sri Lankans have gathered on Staten Island , ... '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why Staten Island ? '' . Little Sri Lanka . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2004 ) , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nard ( 1972 ) . Seattle . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . p. 94 et . seq . ISBN 0 - 385 - 01875 - 4 ... Quotation is from p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , M. Paul ( 2013 ) . Simons , Gary F. ; Fennig , Charles D. , eds . `` American Sign Language '' . Ethnologue : Languages of the World , Seventeenth edition . SIL International . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Preston ( 1995 ) , Mother father deaf : living between sound and silence , Harvard University Press , p. 243 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 58748 - 9 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ross E. ; Young , Travas A. ; Bachleda , Bellamie ; Karchmer , Michael A. ( 2006 ) , `` How Many People Use ASL in the United States ? Why Estimates Need Updating '' ( PDF ) , Sign Language Studies , 6 ( 3 ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Clayton Valli ; Ceil Lucas ( 2000 ) , `` Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Black deaf Community '' , Linguistics of American Sign Language : an introduction , Gallaudet University Press , pp. 416 -- 428 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 097 - 7 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lambrecht , Linda ; Earth , Barbara ; Woodward , James ( March 3 , 2013 ) , History and Documentation of Hawaiʻi Sign Language : First Report , University of Hawaiʻi : 3rd International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation , archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Samuel J. Supalla ( 1992 ) The Book of Name Signs , p. 22 Bibliography ( edit ) Campbell , Lyle. ( 1997 ) . American Indian languages : The historical linguistics of Native America . New York : Oxford University Press . Campbell , Lyle ; & Mithun , Marianne ( Eds . ) . ( 1979 ) . The languages of native America : Historical and comparative assessment . Austin : University of Texas Press . Grimes , Barbara F. ( Ed . ) . ( 2000 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the world , ( 14th ed . ) . Dallas , TX : SIL International . ISBN 1 - 55671 - 106 - 9 . Online edition : http://www.ethnologue.com/ , accessed on December 7 , 2004 . Mithun , Marianne. ( 1999 ) . The languages of native North America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Zededa , Ofelia ; Hill , Jane H. ( 1991 ) . The condition of Native American Languages in the United States . In R.H. Robins & E.M. Uhlenbeck ( Eds . ) , Endangered languages ( pp. 135 -- 155 ) . Oxford : Berg . Further reading ( edit ) Blatt , Ben . `` Tagalog in California , Cherokee in Arkansas . '' Slate . May 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Bilingualism in the United States Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State : U.S. Census 2000 Foreign Languages in the U.S. About foreign languages and language learning in the United States How many indigenous American languages are spoken in the United States ? By how many speakers ? Native Languages of the Americas Ethnologue report for USA Linguistic map of the United States of America Modern Language Association Language Map <Th_colspan="2"> Articles Related to Languages of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Languages in italics are extinct . English <Th_colspan="2"> Dialects of American English <Td_colspan="2"> African - American English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English Eastern New England English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North - Central American English Ozark English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch English Philadelphia English Puerto Rican English Southern American English Texan English Tidewater English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Western American English Western New England English Western Pennsylvania English Yeshiva English Oral Indigenous Languages Families Algic Abenaki Anishinnabemowin Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Fox Gros Ventre Mahican Massachusett Menominee Mi'kmaq Mohegan - Pequot Munsee Myaamia Nanticoke Narragansett Pamlico Potawatomi Powhatan Quiripi Shawnee Unami Etchemin Loup Nawathinehena Austronesian Chamorro Hawaiian Refaluwasch Samoan Tokelauan Caddoan Arikara Caddo Wichita Kitsai Chinookan Kathlamet Tsinúk Upper Chinook Chumashan Barbareño Cruzeño Obispeño Purisimeño Ventureño Dené -- Yeniseian Ahtna Deg Xinag Dena'ina Gwich'in Hän Hupa Jicarilla Koyukon Lower Tanana Mescalero - Chiricahua Navajo Tanacross Tolowa Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana Western Apache Cahto Eyak Holikachuk Kwalhioqua - Clatskanie Lipan Mattole Plains Apache Tsetsaut Tututni Upper Umpqua Wailaki Eskaleut Inuit Inupiat Aleut Alutiiq Central Alaskan Yup'ik Central Siberian Yupik Chevak Cup'ik Iroquoian Cayuga Cherokee Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Osage Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Erie Neutral Huron Nottoway Susquehannock Wenrohronon Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya Northern Kalapuya Yoncalla Keresan Cochiti Pueblo San Felipe -- Santo Domingo Zia -- Santa Ana Pueblos Western Keres Acoma Pueblo Laguna Pueblo Maiduan Konkow Maidu Nisenan Chico Muskogean Alabama Chickasaw Choctaw Koasati Mikasuki Muscogee Apalachee Palaihnihan Achumawi Atsugewi Plateau Penutian Nez Perce Sahaptin Klamath Molala Pomoan Central Pomo Eastern Pomo Kashaya Southeastern Pomo Southern Pomo Northeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Salishan Coeur d'Alene Columbia - Moses Halkomelem Klallam Lushootseed Nooksack North Straits Salish Okanagan Salish Thompson Twana Cowlitz Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook Upper Chehalis Siouan Assiniboine Crow Dakota Hidatsa Kansa Lakota Mandan Omaha -- Ponca Quapaw Stoney Winnebago Biloxi Catawba Chiwere Mitchigamea Moneton Ofo Tutelo - Saponi Woccon Tanoan Jemez Kiowa Picuris Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Piro Pueblo Tsimshianic Coast Tsimshian Uto - Aztecan Comanche Hopi Ivilyuat Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño Mono Northern Paiute O'odham Serrano Shoshoni Timbisha Tübatulabal Ute - Chemehuevi Yaqui Cupeño Tongva Wakashan Makah Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Wintu Yuk - Utian Central Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Tule - Kaweah Yokuts Valley Yokuts Bay Miwok Buena Vista Yokuts Coast Miwok Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Lake Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Palewyami Plains Miwok Yuman -- Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai -- Hualapai Ipai Kumeyaay Maricopa Mojave Quechan Tiipai Yavapai Others Isolates Haida Karuk Kutenai Siuslaw Washo Yuchi Zuni Chitimacha Tonkawa Mixed or Trade Languages Chinook Jargon Michif Mohawk Dutch Manual Indigenous languages Hand Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Blackfoot Sign Language Cheyenne Sign Language Cree Sign Language Navajo Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Isolates Hawai'i Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Keresan Pueblo Navajo Family Sign Language Oral settler languages French Louisiana Cajun Colonial Métis Missouri Muskrat New England German Pennsylvania Dutch Hutterite Plautdietsch Bernese Alsatian Texas Spanish Caló ( Chicano ) New Mexican Puerto Rican Isleño Manual settler languages Francosign American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Puerto Rican Sign Language BANZSL Samoan Sign Language Kentish Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Isolates Sandy River Valley Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Immigrant languages ( number of speakers in 2010 in millions ) Spanish ( 37 ) Varieties of Chinese ( 3 ) French ( 2 ) Tagalog ( 1.6 ) Vietnamese ( 1.4 ) German ( 1.1 ) Korean ( 1.1 ) Arabic ( 0.9 ) Russian ( 0.9 ) Italian ( 0.7 ) Portuguese ( 0.7 ) Polish ( 0.6 ) Hindi ( 0.6 ) Persian ( 0.4 ) Urdu ( 0.4 ) Gujarati ( 0.4 ) Japanese ( 0.4 ) Greek ( 0.3 ) Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language in the United States ( 0.3 ) Armenian ( 0.2 ) Khmer ( 0.2 ) Hmong ( 0.2 ) Hebrew ( 0.2 ) Laotian ( 0.2 ) Yiddish ( 0.2 ) <Th_colspan="2"> United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps <Td_colspan="2"> 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy <Td_colspan="2"> By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society <Td_colspan="2"> Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Life in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Culture Economic issues affluence eviction home - ownership household income income inequality labor unions middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth Education ( attainment ) Family structure Health health care health insurance Holidays Homelessness Human rights Languages Passenger vehicle transport Political ideologies Race Religion Social class Society Sports <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of the United States by state <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of Alaska Indigenous Aleut Alutiiq Central Yup'ik Siberian Yupik Inupiaq Tlingit Eyak Ahtna Dena'ina Deg Xinag Holikachuk Upper Kuskokwim Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Tsetsaut Hän Gwich'in Haida Tsimshian Sign languages American Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Non-Indigenous English Spanish Ninilchik Tagalog Russian <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of Arizona Indigenous Athabaskan Navajo Western Apache Tanoan Tewa Uto - Aztecan Hopi O'odham Southern Paiute Yaqui Yuman - Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai Hualapai Maricopa Mojave Quechan Yavapai Language isolate Zuni Non-Indigenous Indo - European English Spanish <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of California Indigenous Algic Wiyot Yurok Athabaskan Tolowa Hupa Mattole Cahto Wailaki Chumashan Obispeño Island Chumash Purisimeño Ineseño Barbareño Ventureño Ohlone Karkin Chochenyo Ramaytush Tamyen Awaswas Mutsun Rumsen Chalon Hokan Chimariko Karuk Achomawi Atsugewi Northeastern Pomo Eastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Central Pomo Southern Pomo Kashaya Washo Mojave Kumeyaay Yana Yahi Penutian Klamath - Mudoc Yokuts Wintu Bay Miwok Coast Miwok Lake Miwok Plains Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Valley Maidu Northeast Maidu Northwest Maidu Nisenan Shastan Konomihu New River Shasta Okwanuchu Shasta Uto Aztecan Cahuilla Cupeño Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño - Juaneño Mono Northern Paiute Panamint Serrano Tataviam Tongva Ute Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Southern Patwin Wintu Yokutsan Buena Vista Yokuts , Chukchansi , Gashowu Yokuts , Kings River Yokuts , Palewyami , Tule - Kaweah Yokuts , Valley Yokuts Yukian Yuki , Wappo Language isolates and Unclassified Esselen , Chimariko , Karuk , Salinan , Takelma Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English California English Chicano English Spanish Armenian Punjabi Russian Asian Chinese Korean Tagalog Vietnamese Francosign American Sign Language <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate extinct languages <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of Minnesota Indigenous Algonquian Ojibwe Western Siouan Sioux Dakota Lakota Winnebago Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English Minnesota regional dialect Danish French German Hutterite Irish Norwegian Spanish Swedish Uralic Finnish Hmong -- Mien Hmong Afroasiatic Arabic Somali Sign languages American Sign Language Plains Indian Sign Language <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of Montana Indigenous Algonquian Blackfoot Cheyenne Gros Ventre Ojibwe Plains Cree Salishan Montana Salish Western Siouan Assiniboine Stoney Lakota Crow Language isolates Kutenai Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English Spanish German Swedish Uralic Finnish <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of New Mexico Indigenous Jemez Jicarilla Keresan Keresan Pueblo Sign Language Mescalero - Chiricahua Navajo Picuris Plains Sign Talk Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Zuni Non-Indigenous American Sign Language English New Mexican Spanish <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of Oklahoma Indigenous Alabama * Arapaho Caddo Cayuga Cherokee Cheyenne Chickasaw Chiwere ( Iowa and Otoe ) Choctaw Comanche Delaware Hitchiti - Mikasuki Kansa Koasati Mescalero - Chiricahua Apache Mesquakie ( Fox , Kickapoo , and Sauk ) Muscogee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Plains Apache Ponca Potawatomi Quapaw Seneca Shawnee Tonkawa Wichita Wyandot Yuchi Sign languages American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous English German Spanish Vietnamese <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere <Th_colspan="2"> English - speaking world <Td_colspan="2"> Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Further links <Td_colspan="2"> Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands <Td_colspan="2"> Countries and territories where English is an official language , but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu <Td_colspan="2"> Dependencies shown in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&oldid=843667192 '' Categories : Languages of the United States Languages of North America Demographics of the United States American culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2008 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from April 2018 Articles needing POV - check from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Nederlands Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Languages spoken in the United States
2. Official language status in the United States
3. Indigenous languages in the United States
4. Immigrant languages in the United States
5. Sign languages in the United States
|
7,181,022,204,917,761,000 |
when was the first 4th of july celebrated
|
Independence Day ( United States ) - wikipedia Independence Day ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Fourth of July '' and `` 4th of July '' redirect here . For the date , see July 4 . For other uses , see Independence Day ( disambiguation ) . For other related material , see Fourth of July ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Independence Day <Td_colspan="2"> Displays of fireworks , such as these over the Washington Monument in 1986 , take place across the United States on Independence Day . Also called The Fourth of July Observed by United States Type National Significance The day in 1776 that the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress Celebrations Fireworks , family reunions , concerts , barbecues , picnics , parades , baseball games Date July 4 Next time July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) Frequency Annual Independence Day , also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth , is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 . The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation , the United States of America , and were no longer part of the British Empire . The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier , on July 2 . Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks , parades , barbecues , carnivals , fairs , picnics , concerts , baseball games , family reunions , and political speeches and ceremonies , in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history , government , and traditions of the United States . Independence Day is the National Day of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Observance 3 Customs 4 Celebration gallery 5 Notable celebrations 6 Other countries 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background During the American Revolution , the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2 , when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule . After voting for independence , Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence , a statement explaining this decision , which had been prepared by a Committee of Five , with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author . Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration , finally approving it two days later on July 4 . A day earlier , John Adams had written to his wife Abigail : The second day of July , 1776 , will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America . I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival . It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance , by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade , with shows , games , sports , guns , bells , bonfires , and illuminations , from one end of this continent to the other , from this time forward forever more . Adams 's prediction was off by two days . From the outset , Americans celebrated independence on July 4 , the date shown on the much - publicized Declaration of Independence , rather than on July 2 , the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress . Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , even though Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day . Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption , on August 2 , 1776 , and not on July 4 as is commonly believed . Coincidentally , both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States , died on the same day : July 4 , 1826 , which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration . Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence , James Monroe , another Founding Father who was elected as President , also died on July 4 , 1831 . He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence . Calvin Coolidge , the 30th President , was born on July 4 , 1872 ; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day . Observance In 1777 , thirteen gunshots were fired in salute , once at morning and once again as evening fell , on July 4 in Bristol , Rhode Island . Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar : an official dinner for the Continental Congress , toasts , 13 - gun salutes , speeches , prayers , music , parades , troop reviews , and fireworks . Ships in port were decked with red , white , and blue bunting . In 1778 , from his headquarters at Ross Hall , near New Brunswick , New Jersey , General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute ( feu de joie ) . Across the Atlantic Ocean , ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris , France . American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon In 1779 , July 4 fell on a Sunday . The holiday was celebrated on Monday , July 5 . In 1781 , the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration . In 1783 , Moravians in Salem , North Carolina , held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter . This work was titled The Psalm of Joy . This is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today . In 1870 , the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees . In 1938 , Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday . Customs An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration Fireworks on Independence Day in Goleta , California . Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays . Similar to other summer - themed events , Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors . Independence Day is a federal holiday , so all non-essential federal institutions ( such as the postal service and federal courts ) are closed on that day . Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation 's heritage , laws , history , society , and people . Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue ; many take advantage of the day off and , in some years , a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends . Decorations ( e.g. , streamers , balloons , and clothing ) are generally colored red , white , and blue , the colors of the American flag . Parades are often held in the morning , before family get - togethers , while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks , fairgrounds , or town squares . The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations , marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece . In New England , towns competed to build towering pyramids , assembled from barrels and casks . They were lit at nightfall , to usher in the celebration . The highest were in Salem , Massachusetts ( on Gallows Hill , the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials ) , where the tradition of celebratory bonfires had persisted , with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels . These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded . The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries , and is still practiced in some New England towns . Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , `` God Bless America '' , `` America the Beautiful , '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee , '' `` This Land Is Your Land , '' `` Stars and Stripes Forever , '' and , regionally , `` Yankee Doodle '' in northeastern states and `` Dixie '' in southern states . Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812 . Independence Day Parade in Washington , D.C. Firework shows are held in many states , and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show . Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed . In addition , local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed . Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns . On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks , but professional displays ( such as those at sports events ) may still take place , if certain safety precautions have been taken . A salute of one gun for each state in the United States , called a `` salute to the union , '' is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base . In 2009 , New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country , with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded . It generally holds displays in the East River . Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan ; in San Diego over Mission Bay ; in Boston on the Charles River ; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River ; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay ; and on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. During the annual Windsor - Detroit International Freedom Festival , Detroit , Michigan hosts one of the world 's largest fireworks displays , over the Detroit River , to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor , Ontario 's celebration of Canada Day . The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year , as many people use what is often a three - day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips . Celebration gallery In addition to a fireworks show , Miami , Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red , white and blue color scheme on Independence Day New York City 's fireworks display , shown above over the East Village , is sponsored by Macy 's and is the largest in the country Play media Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4 , 1940 A festively decorated Independence day cake . Lakes are a popular destination for Fourth of July celebrations in the Midwest . Notable celebrations Originally entitled Yankee Doodle , this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of ' 76 . Often imitated or parodied , it is a familiar symbol of American patriotism Held since 1785 , the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol , Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States . Since 1868 , Seward , Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square . In 1979 Seward was designated `` America 's Official Fourth of July City - Small Town USA '' by resolution of Congress . Seward has also been proclaimed `` Nebraska 's Official Fourth of July City '' by Governor James Exon in proclamation . Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000 + during the July 4 celebrations . Since 1912 , the Rebild Society , a Danish - American friendship organization , has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish - Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark . Since 1959 , the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit , Michigan and Windsor , Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day ( July 1 ) . It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River . The famous Macy 's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976 . In 2009 , the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson 's exploration of that river . The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the `` Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular '' annually since 1973 . The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E , and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ - TV . WBZ / 1030 and WBZ - TV broadcast the entire event locally , and from 2002 through 2012 , CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime . The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013 , which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC 's encore presentation of the Macy 's fireworks . The national broadcast will be revived for 2016 , and expanded to two hours . On the Capitol lawn in Washington , D.C. , A Capitol Fourth , a free concert broadcast live by PBS , NPR and the American Forces Network , precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually . Other Countries The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence . July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day , and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962 . In 1964 , the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day . In Rwanda , July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day , commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role . Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States . See also Holidays portal United States portal 1776 ( musical ) Constitution Day ( United States ) To the Fourth of July ( 1898 ) , poem `` What to a slave is the 4th of July ? '' -- 1852 Frederick Douglass speech References ^ Jump up to : `` What is Independence Day in USA ? '' . Tech Notes . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Days of Countries '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . New Zealand . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . `` National Holiday '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Holiday of Member States '' . United Nations . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( July 1 , 1917 ) . `` How Declaration of Independence was Drafted '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . On the following day , when the formal vote of Congress was taken , the resolutions were approved by twelve Colonies -- all except New York . The original Colonies , therefore , became the United States of America on July 2 , 1776 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 , ' Had a Declaration ... ' '' . Adams Family Papers . Massachusetts Historical Society . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maier , Pauline ( August 7 , 1997 ) . `` Making Sense of the Fourth of July '' . American Heritage . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Edward Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 191 -- 96 . ISBN 1104991853 . Jump up ^ Warren , Charles ( July 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 3d. 2 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 272 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Myths About the Fourth of July ! '' . History News Network . George Mason University . June 30 , 2001 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker , pp. 184 -- 85 . Jump up ^ For the minority scholarly argument that the Declaration was signed on July 4 , see Wilfred J. Ritz , `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' , Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 , via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` The First Celebrations '' . ^ Jump up to : Heintze , `` A Chronology of Notable Fourth of July Celebration Occurrences '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` How the Fourth of July was Designated as an ' Official ' Holiday '' . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` Federal Legislation Establishing the Fourth of July Holiday '' . Jump up ^ `` The Night Before the Fourth '' . The Atlantic . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the 21 - Gun Salute '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . October 3 , 2003 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Biggest fireworks show in U.S. lights up sky , USA Today , July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AAA Chicago Projects Increase in Fourth of July Holiday Travelers '' , PR Newswire , 23 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` History of Seward Nebraska 4th of July '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Rebild Society . Rebild National Park Society . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Macy 's 4th of July Fireworks '' . Federated Department Stores . April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Boston 's 4th of July Celebration '' . Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation . 2009 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James H. Burnett III . Boston gets a nonreality show : CBS broadcasts impossible views of 4th fireworks . Boston Globe , July 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Powers , Martine ; Moskowitz , Eric ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` July 4 fireworks gala loses its national pop '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With CBS on board again , Keith Lockhart is ready to take over prime time '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philippine Republic Day , Official Gazette ( Philippines ) , retrieved July 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lindsey Galloway ( Jul 3 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate American independence in Denmark '' . Further reading Becker , Carl L. ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Criblez , Adam ( 2013 ) . Parading Patriotism : Independence Day Celebrations in the Urban Midwest , 1826 -- 1876 . DeKalb , IL : Northern Illinois University Press . Heintze , James R. `` Fourth of July Celebrations Database '' . American University of Washington , D.C . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Independence Day ( United States ) . Fourth of July Is Independence Day USA.gov , July 4 , 2014 U.S. Independence Day a Civic and Social Event U.S. State Department , June 22 , 2010 The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro by Frederick Douglass Fourth of July Orations Collection at the Division of Special Collections , Archives , and Rare Books , Ellis Library , University of Missouri The Fourth of July , Back in the Day -- slideshow by Life magazine Fourth of July 2015 Fireworks in New York City on Youtube <Th_colspan="2"> Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Former The Eighth ( 1828 -- 1861 ) Victory Day ( 1948 -- 1975 ) Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( 2011 ) Native American Day ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) <Td_colspan="2"> Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . <Th_colspan="2"> Official holidays of the New York Stock Exchange Whole days New Year 's Day Martin Luther King Jr . Day Washington 's Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Partial days Day before Independence Day Day after Thanksgiving Christmas Eve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(United_States)&oldid=815624783 '' Categories : Annual events in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Fireworks in the United States History of the United States Holidays related to the American Revolution Independence Day ( United States ) Independence days July observances Public holidays in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2014 Infobox holiday fixed day Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malti Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Independence Day (United States)
2. Fourth of July
3. Declaration of Independence
4. Fireworks
5. Celebrations
|
8,824,543,582,829,452,000 |
what components make up the preparation of payroll data
|
Payroll - wikipedia Payroll Jump to : navigation , search For financial firms , see Payroll service bureau . For the 1961 film , see Payroll ( film ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Handling payroll typically involves sending out payslips to employees . A payroll is a company 's list of its employees , but the term is commonly used to refer to : the total amount of money that a company pays to its employees a company 's records of its employees ' salaries and wages , bonuses , and withheld taxes the company 's department that calculates and pays these . Payroll in the sense of `` money paid to employees '' plays a major role in a company for several reasons . From an accounting perspective , payroll is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and because they are subject to laws and regulations ( e.g. in the US , payroll is subject to federal , state , and local regulations ) . From a human resources viewpoint , the payroll department is critical because employees are sensitive to payroll errors and irregularities : Good employee morale requires payroll to be paid timely and accurately . The primary mission of the payroll department is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct withholdings and deductions , and that the withholdings and deductions are remitted in a timely manner . This includes salary payments , tax withholdings , and deductions from paychecks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Payroll taxes 1.1 Payroll taxes in United States 2 Frequency 3 Outsourcing 4 References 5 External links Payroll taxes ( edit ) Government agencies at various levels require employers to withhold income taxes from employees ' wages . In the United States , `` payroll taxes '' are separate from income taxes , although they are levied on employers in proportion to salary ; the programs they fund include Social Security , and Medicare . U.S. income and payroll taxes collected through deductions are considered to be trust fund taxes , because the employer holds the deducted money in trust for later remittance . Payroll taxes in United States ( edit ) Before considering the payroll taxes , it is necessary to talk about the basic formula for the Net Pay . From gross pay ( the salary paid to the employee ) one or more deductions are subtracted , to arrive at Net Pay . Thus the employee 's gross pay ( pay rate times number of hours worked , including any overtime ) minus payroll tax deductions , minus voluntary payroll deductions , is equal to Net Pay . Payroll tax deductions play a critical role and because they are provided by law they are known as Statutory payroll tax deductions . The employer must withhold payroll taxes from an employee 's check and hand them over to several tax agencies by law . Payroll taxes include the following : Federal income tax withholding , based on withholding tables in `` Publication 15 , Employer 's Tax Guide '' by the Internal Revenue Service -- IRS ; Social Security tax withholding . The employee pays 6.2 percent of the salary or wage , up to $118,500 ( as of 2015 -- 2016 ) . ) . The employer also pays 6.2 percent in Social Security taxes . If you are self - employed , you pay the combined employee and employer amount of 12.4 percent in Social Security taxes on your net earnings ; Medicare tax . The employee pays 1.45 percent in Medicare taxes on the entire salary or wage. 0.9 % is added for the salary portion bigger than $200,000 ( only for the employee portion ) . The employer also pays 1.45 percent in Medicare taxes ( regardless if the amount is bigger than $200,000 ) . If you are self - employed , you pay the combined employee and employer amount of 2.9 percent ( 3.8 % for the portion bigger than $200,000 ) in Medicare taxes on your net earnings ; State income tax withholding ; various local tax withholding , such as city taxes , county taxes , school taxes , state disability , and unemployment insurance . References include the following publications : Publication 15 , ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide . This publication explains employer 's tax responsibilities . It explains the requirements for withholding , depositing , reporting , paying , and correcting employment taxes . It explains the forms any employer must give to its employees , those employees must give to the employer , and those employers must send to the IRS and SSA ( Social Security Administration ) . This guide also has tax tables needed to figure the taxes to withhold from each employee ; Publication 15 -- A , Employer 's Supplemental Tax Guide . This publication supplements Publication 15 ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide . It contains specialized and detailed employment tax information supplementing the basic information provided in Publication 15 ( Circular E ) ; Publication 15 - B. Employer 's Tax Guide to Fringe Benefits . This publication supplements Publication 15 ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide , and Publication 15 -- A , Employer 's Supplemental Tax Guide . This publication contains information about the employment tax treatment of various types of noncash compensation . In the earlier part we have considered payroll taxes related to employee 's side . Now it 's the moment to talk about the Employer Payroll Taxes Employers are responsible for paying their portion of payroll taxes . These payroll taxes are an expense over and above the expense of an employee 's gross pay . The employer - portion of payroll taxes include the following : Social Security taxes ( 6.2 % up to the annual maximum ) ; Medicare taxes ( 1.45 % of wages ) ; Federal unemployment taxes ( FUTA ) ; State unemployment taxes ( SUTA ) . Very often you can hear people using FICA in their terminology . FICA stands for the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the FICA tax consists of both Social Security and Medicare taxes . As we explained earlier both parties pay half of these taxes . Employees pay half , and employers pay the other half . Social Security and Medicare taxes are paid both by the employees and the employers . In summary together both halves of the FICA taxes add up to 15.3 percent . Any employer is responsible for paying the employer 's share of payroll taxes , for depositing tax withheld from the employees ' paychecks , preparing various reconciliation reports , accounting for the payroll expense through their financial reporting , and filing payroll tax returns . As you see this suite of employer payroll tax responsibilities is far above issuing paychecks to employees. -- Frequency ( edit ) Companies typically generate their payrolls at regular intervals , for the benefit of regular income to their employees . The regularity of the intervals varies from company to company , and sometimes between job grades within a given company . Common payroll frequencies include : daily , weekly , bi-weekly / fortnightly ( once every two weeks ) , semi-monthly ( twice per month ) , and monthly . Less common payroll frequencies include : 4 - weekly ( 13 times per year ) , bi-monthly ( once every two months ) , quarterly ( once every 13 weeks ) , semi-annually ( twice per year ) , and annually ( yearly ) . Outsourcing ( edit ) Businesses may decide to outsource their payroll functions to an outsourcing service like a Payroll service bureau or a fully managed payroll service . These can normally reduce the costs involved in having payroll trained employees in - house as well as the costs of systems and software needed to process a payroll . Where this may reduce the cost for some companies many will foot a bigger bill to outsource their payroll if they have a special designed payroll program or payouts for their employees . In many countries , business payrolls are complicated in that taxes must be filed consistently and accurately to applicable regulatory agencies . Restaurant payrolls which typically include tip calculations , deductions , garnishments and other variables , can be difficult to manage especially for new or small business owners . In the UK , payroll bureaus will deal with all HM Revenue & Customs inquiries and deal with employee 's queries . Payroll bureaus also produce reports for the businesses ' account department and payslips for the employees and can also make the payments to the employees if required . As of 6 April 2016 , umbrella companies are no longer able to offset travel and subsistence expenses and if they do , they will be deemed liable to reimburse to HMRC any tax relief obtained . Furthermore , recruitment companies and clients may be potentially liable for the unpaid tax . Another reason many businesses outsource is because of the ever - increasing complexity of payroll legislation . Annual changes in tax codes , Pay as you earn ( PAYE ) and National Insurance bands as well as statutory payments and deductions having to go through the payroll often mean there is a lot to keep abreast of in order to maintain compliance with the current legislation . On the other hand , businesses may also decide to utilize payroll software to supplement the efforts of a payroll accountant or office instead of hiring more payroll specialists and outsourcing a payroll company . Payroll software base its calculation on entered rate , approved data obtained from other integrated tools like the electronic Bundy clock , and other essential digital HR tools . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragg , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Essentials of Payroll : Management and Accounting . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0471456144 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomerleau , Kyle ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` A Comparison of the Tax Burden on Labor in the OECD '' . Tax Foundation . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Taxes and the Trust Fund Recovery Penalty ( TFRP ) '' . IRS . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Publication 15 , ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SSA Publication No. 05 - 10003 , Update 2017 '' ( PDF ) . SocialSecurity.gov . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How frequently do private businesses pay workers ? '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Charlie ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Payroll Matters '' . StaffOne.com . Staff One . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All change for Umbrella Companies from April 2016 '' . FCSA . The Freelancer & Contractor Services Association . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Payroll . Look up payroll in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . NACHA -- The Electronic Payments Association IRS Publication 15 ( 2010 ) ( Circular E ) Employer 's Tax Guide <Th_colspan="2"> Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - job fit theory Person - environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work - at - home scheme Roles Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer Worker class Blue - collar Gold - collar Green - collar Grey - collar Pink - collar White - collar Career and training Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice - based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call , no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock Schedules Four - day week Eight - hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance - related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take - home vehicle Safety and health Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Karōshi Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers ' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equality Affirmative action Equal pay for women Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Infractions Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Boreout Civil conscription Conscription Dead - end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work -- life balance Downshifting ( lifestyle ) Slow living Termination At - will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover Unemployment Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession - proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment - to - population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment <Td_colspan="2"> See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payroll&oldid=832335497 '' Categories : Expense Employment compensation Payroll Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Ślůnski 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 10 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Payroll taxes and deductions
2. Importance of accurate and timely payroll
3. Payroll frequency and outsourcing options
4. Employer payroll tax responsibilities
5. Payroll software and its benefits
|
-7,634,991,329,066,022,000 |
when was the last time milwaukee won the world series
|
Milwaukee Brewers - wikipedia Milwaukee Brewers This article is about the present - day Major League Baseball team . For other uses , see Milwaukee Brewers ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Milwaukee Brewers <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 Milwaukee Brewers season <Td_colspan="2"> Established in 1969 <Td_colspan="2"> Based in Milwaukee since 1970 <Td_colspan="2"> Team logo Cap insignia <Th_colspan="2"> Major league affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> National League ( 1998 -- present ) Central Division ( 1998 -- present ) American League ( 1969 -- 1997 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 1997 ) East Division ( 1972 -- 1993 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1971 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Retired numbers 19 34 44 42 <Th_colspan="2"> Colors <Td_colspan="2"> Navy blue , gold , white <Th_colspan="2"> Name <Td_colspan="2"> Milwaukee Brewers ( 1970 -- present ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ballpark <Td_colspan="2"> Miller Park ( Milwaukee ) ( 2001 -- present ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1970 -- 2000 ) Sick 's Stadium ( Seattle ) ( 1969 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 0 ) None AL Pennants ( 1 ) 1982 NL Central Division titles ( 1 ) 2011 AL East Division titles ( 1 ) 1982 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2008 <Th_colspan="2"> Front office Owner ( s ) Mark Attanasio Manager Craig Counsell General Manager David Stearns The Milwaukee Brewers are an American professional baseball team based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The Brewers compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team is named for the city 's association with the brewing industry . Since 2001 , the Brewers have played their home games at Miller Park , which has a seating capacity of 41,900 . The team was founded in 1969 as the Seattle Pilots , an expansion team of the American League ( AL ) , in Seattle , Washington . The Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium . After only one season , the team relocated to Milwaukee , becoming known as the Brewers and playing their home games at Milwaukee County Stadium . In 1998 , the Brewers joined the National League . They are the only franchise to play in four divisions since the advent of divisional play in Major League Baseball in 1969 . They are also one of two MLB franchises to switch leagues in their history , along with the Houston Astros . The team 's only World Series appearance came in 1982 . After winning the ALCS against the California Angels , the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series , losing 4 -- 3 . In 2011 , the Brewers won the NLDS versus the Arizona Diamondbacks 3 -- 2 , but lost in the NLCS to the eventual World Series - champion Cardinals , 4 -- 2 . Contents 1 History 2 Team uniforms 2.1 Uniforms 2.1. 1 1970 -- 77 2.1. 2 1978 -- 93 2.1. 3 1994 -- 99 2.1. 4 2000 -- present 3 Achievements 3.1 Awards 3.2 Hall of Famers 3.3 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.4 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame 3.5 Retired numbers 3.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 4 Season - by - season records 5 Franchise leaders 5.1 Single - season records 5.2 Career leaders 6 Current roster 7 Team managers 8 Minor league affiliations 9 Radio and television 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Milwaukee Brewers Originating as an expansion team in 1969 , in Seattle , Washington , as the Seattle Pilots , the club played for one season in the American League West Division before being acquired in bankruptcy court by Bud Selig , who then moved the team to Milwaukee . They would continue to play in the West Division for two more years . Before the beginning of the 1972 season the Brewers agreed to switch over to the American League East to make room for the Texas Rangers who had relocated from Washington . Beginning in 1994 , due to divisional re-alignment , the Brewers moved to the newly created American League Central division . In all , the Brewers were part of the American League from their creation in 1969 through the 1997 season , after which they moved to the National League Central Division . Milwaukee had previously been a National League city when its team was the Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) . In 1981 , Milwaukee won the American League East Division in the second half of the strike - shortened season . In the playoffs , they lost the divisional series to the New York Yankees , three games to two . In 1982 , Milwaukee won the American League East Division and the American League Pennant , earning their only World Series appearance to date as the Brewers . In the Series , they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three . In 1998 , the Brewers changed leagues , going from the American League to the National League . In 2008 , for the first time in the 26 years since their World Series appearance , the Brewers advanced to postseason play by winning the National League wild card . They were eliminated in the National League Division Series by the eventual World Series champion Philadelphia Phillies . On September 23 , 2011 , the Milwaukee Brewers clinched their first division title in 29 years . They won the National League Division Series in five games over the Arizona Diamondbacks , but lost the National League Championship Series to the eventual World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals in six games . Team uniforms ( edit ) Uniforms ( edit ) 1970 -- 77 ( edit ) The first Brewers uniforms were `` hand - me - downs '' from the Seattle Pilots . Because the move to Milwaukee received final approval less than a week before the start of the season , there was no time to order new uniforms . Selig had originally planned to change the Brewers ' colors to navy blue and red in honor of the minor league American Association 's Milwaukee Brewers , but was forced to simply remove the Seattle markings from the Pilots ' blue - and - gold uniforms and sew `` BREWERS '' on the front . However , the outline of the Pilots ' logo remained visible . The uniforms had unique striping on the sleeves left over from the Pilots days . The cap was an updated version of the Milwaukee Braves cap in blue and yellow . Ultimately , it was decided to keep blue and gold as the team colors , and they have remained so ever since . The Brewers finally got their own flannel design in 1971 . This design was essentially the same as the one used in 1970 , but with blue and yellow piping on the sleeves and collar . In 1972 , the Brewers entered the double - knit era with uniforms based upon their flannels : all white with `` BREWERS '' on the front and blue and yellow trim on the sleeves , neck , waistband and down the side of the pants . This is the uniform that Hank Aaron wore with the club in his final seasons and that Robin Yount wore in his first . During this period , the logo of the club was the Beer Barrel Man , which had been used by the previous minor league Brewers since at least the 1940s . The Brewers mascot , Bernie Brewer ( a man with a large yellow mustache wearing a Brewers hat ) was introduced in 1973 . 1978 -- 93 ( edit ) The Brewers unveiled new uniforms for the 1978 season . The uniforms featured pinstripes with a solid blue collar and waistband . The road uniforms continued to be powder blue , but for the first time the city name , `` MILWAUKEE '' , graced the chest in an upward slant . In addition , this season saw the introduction of the logo that was to define the club : `` M '' and `` B '' in the shape of a baseball glove . The logo was designed by Tom Meindel , an art history student at the University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire . The home cap was solid blue , and the road cap was blue with a yellow front panel . Additionally , their batting helmets had a white front panel . The club wore these uniforms in their pennant - winning season of 1982 . Only minor changes were made until 1990 ; the color of the road uniforms changed to gray in 1986 , while the blue - yellow - blue road cap and white - paneled batting helmets were abandoned at the same time . In 1990 , the Brewers made significant modifications to their uniforms , switching from pullover to button - down jerseys ( the last American League team to do so ) . Their individual uniforms showed other changes as well ; at home , the blue piping was removed and the block lettered `` BREWERS '' was changed to a script version similar to the script used on road uniforms , while those outfits had their piping changed from blue - yellow - blue to blue - yellow . The road jerseys were the first uniforms in franchise history to feature player names on the back ; names were added to the home jerseys beginning in 1993 . 1994 -- 99 ( edit ) In 1994 , in collaboration with the Brewers celebrating their 25th year in Milwaukee , the team did a radical makeover of their uniforms . The ball - in - glove logo was removed and replaced with a stylized interlocking `` M '' and `` B '' set on a pair of crossed bats and a diamond background . The royal blue changed to navy blue , while the yellow changed to a metallic gold . Forest green was added as a third color . The jerseys swapped pinstripes for retro - themed piping around the collar , buttons , and sleeves , following a trend that was popular in the 1990s . The uniforms ' lettering had the same style of letters as the new cap logo with heavily stylized `` BREWERS '' lettering on the home jerseys and `` MILWAUKEE '' on the road grays . For the first time , an alternative jersey was introduced . It was navy blue with the home `` BREWERS '' lettering on the front and featured the Brewers ' logo on the lower left side . The caps featured the interlocking `` MB '' logo ( without the bats or diamond ) on both the home and away versions . The home cap was completely navy blue , while the away cap featured a navy blue crown and a forest green bill . In 1997 , the uniforms were slightly modified , with the main logo being removed from the caps and replaced with an `` M '' . All navy caps were worn with both the home and away uniforms ; the home hats featured a white `` M '' and the road caps had a gold `` M . '' The green socks that had previously been worn on the road were changed to navy blue . The blue alternate jersey placed the player 's number on the lower left side instead of the logo . 2000 -- present ( edit ) Before the 2000 season , to coincide with the anticipated opening of Miller Park , the Brewers changed their uniforms again . The block letters on the front were replaced with `` Brewers '' in a flowing script , and green was removed as the third color . The cap logo was a script `` M '' , similar in style to the Miller logo , with a head of barley underlining it , symbolizing Milwaukee 's beer - making industry . The home uniforms also featured a patch on the left sleeve consisting of the cap logo with a gold outline of the state of Wisconsin behind it , showing the Brewers statewide appeal . The road uniforms were grey and featured the same script `` Brewers '' on the front , with a simple patch on the left sleeve bearing a script `` Milwaukee '' . There was also an alternate navy blue jersey that had the same features as the home jersey . Although the uniforms were supposed to debut with the opening of Miller Park , the Big Blue crane collapse in July 1999 , which cost the lives of three workers and caused damage to the first base side of the stadium , delayed the opening of Miller Park for one year , so the uniforms actually debuted at Milwaukee County Stadium in the ballpark 's final year . In 2006 , the Brewers introduced Retro Sundays , when the Brewers would wear uniforms featuring the `` ball - in - glove '' logo . The uniforms are similar to the uniforms worn from 1978 to 1989 , but with some modern modifications , such as the uniforms being button - up instead of pullover , displaying players ' last names on the backs of the jerseys , and a `` ball - in - glove '' logo patch on the left sleeve . In 2007 , the Retro day was changed from Sunday to Friday , though they may also be worn outside of those days if a starting pitcher chooses the retro uniforms to wear during his start . In 2010 , the Brewers debuted a new alternate road jersey which , like the other alternate jersey , is navy blue , but bears a script `` Milwaukee '' on the front . In 2013 , a gold alternate jersey with `` Brewers '' on the front was introduced , as well . During the off - season before the 2013 season , the Brewers allowed fans to design their own Milwaukee Brewers uniforms . Three finalists were chosen , which fans were given the opportunity to vote for their favorite through the Brewers website . The winning uniform was designed by Ben Peters of Richfield , Minnesota , and was worn by the Brewers for two spring training games . In 2016 , the Brewers replaced their road navy and home gold alternates with a new navy alternate jersey . The uniform is similar to the previous road navy alternate but with yellow replacing gold as the trim color , and will be paired with a navy cap featuring the `` ball - and - glove '' logo . Since 2017 , both alternate navy uniforms are used regardless of home or road games . Achievements ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers award winners and All - Stars Three Brewers have won MVP awards during their career with the team . While in the American League , Rollie Fingers won the award in 1981 , and Robin Yount received the honor in 1982 and 1989 . Ryan Braun won the National League MVP award in 2011 . Two pitchers have won the Cy Young Award in the American League . Rollie Fingers won in 1981 , and Pete Vuckovich won in 1982 . Two players have been named Rookie of the Year . Pat Listach won the American League 's award in 1992 , and Ryan Braun won the National League award in 2007 . Hall of famers ( edit ) The following inducted members of the Baseball Hall of Fame spent some or all of their careers with the Brewers . <Th_colspan="1"> Milwaukee Brewers Hall of Famers <Th_colspan="1"> Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Milwaukee Brewers Hank Aaron Rollie Fingers Trevor Hoffman Paul Molitor Bud Selig Don Sutton Robin Yount Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Brewers cap insignia . No major league player , manager , or executive affiliated with the team when it was known as the Seattle Pilots has been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Ford C. Frick award recipients ( edit ) Milwaukee Brewers Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Bob Uecker Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Brewers . Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame <Td_colspan="5"> Milwaukee Brewers in the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes Bud Selig Owner 1970 -- 1998 Born in Milwaukee , attended University of Wisconsin - Madison 3 , 20 , 44 Gorman Thomas CF / DH 1973 -- 1983 , 1986 Paul Molitor IF / DH 1978 -- 1992 11 , 17 Jim Gantner 2B Coach 1976 -- 1992 1996 -- 1997 Born in Fond du Lac , grew up in Eden , attended University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh 15 Cecil Cooper 1B 1977 -- 1987 19 Robin Yount SS / CF 1974 -- 1993 31 , 32 Harvey Kuenn Coach Manager 1972 -- 1975 1975 , 1982 -- 1983 Born in West Allis , raised in Milwaukee , attended University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee 34 Rollie Fingers CL 1981 -- 1982 , 1984 -- 1985 44 Hank Aaron RF / DH 1975 -- 1976 Elected mainly on his performance with Milwaukee Braves and Atlanta Braves 50 Bob Uecker Broadcaster 1971 -- present Born and raised in Milwaukee Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers In addition to the six numbers retired by the Brewers , the number 50 has been placed in the Brewers ' Ring of Honor for Bob Uecker and his half - century in baseball . Bud Selig Team Owner Retired April 6 , 2015 Paul Molitor 3B , DH Retired June 11 , 1999 Robin Yount SS , CF Coach Retired May 29 , 1994 Hank Aaron RF , DH Retired October 3 , 1976 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired by MLB April 15 , 1997 Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 17 : Has not been issued since Jim Gantner 's retirement in 1992 . The only time it was issued after 1992 was from 1996 to 1997 when he returned as first base coach . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons The records of the Brewers ' last seven seasons are listed below . MLB season Team season League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Postseason Awards 2011 2011 NL Central * 1st * 96 66 . 593 -- Won NLDS ( Diamondbacks ) 3 -- 2 Lost NLCS ( Cardinals ) 4 -- 2 Ryan Braun ( MVP , SSA ( OF ) ) John Axford ( ROL ) Prince Fielder ( SSA ( 1B ) , ASG MVP ) 2012 2012 NL Central 3rd 83 79 . 512 14 -- Ryan Braun ( SSA ( OF ) ) 2013 2013 NL Central 4th 74 88 . 457 23 -- Carlos Gómez ( Gold Glove ) 2014 2014 NL Central 3rd 82 80 . 506 8 -- -- 2015 2015 NL Central 4th 68 94 . 420 32 -- -- 2016 2016 NL Central 4th 73 89 . 451 301⁄2 -- -- 2017 2017 NL Central 2nd 86 76 . 531 6 -- Craig Counsell ( MOY ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers team records Single - season records ( edit ) Statistic Player Record Season Runs Paul Molitor 136 1982 Hits Cecil Cooper 219 1980 Home runs Prince Fielder 50 2007 RBI Prince Fielder 141 2009 Stolen bases Tommy Harper 73 1969 Wins Mike Caldwell 22 1978 ERA Mike Caldwell 2.36 1978 Saves John Axford 46 2011 Strikeouts ( pitcher ) Ben Sheets 264 Career leaders ( edit ) Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played ; R = Runs ; H = Hits ; RBI = Runs batted in ; HR = Home runs ; * = current Brewers player Home runs Player Pos AB HR GP Ryan Braun * OF 5907 314 1544 Robin Yount SS / OF 11008 251 2856 Prince Fielder 1B 3527 230 998 Geoff Jenkins OF 4407 212 1234 Gorman Thomas OF 3644 208 1102 Cecil Cooper 1B 6019 201 1490 Ben Oglivie OF 4136 176 1149 Greg Vaughn OF 3244 169 903 Jeromy Burnitz OF 2768 165 782 Paul Molitor 3B 7520 160 1856 RBI Player Pos RBI Robin Yount SS / OF 1406 Ryan Braun * OF 1031 Cecil Cooper 1B 944 Paul Molitor 3B 790 Geoff Jenkins OF 704 Ben Oglivie OF 685 Prince Fielder 1B 656 Gorman Thomas OF 605 Jim Gantner 2B 568 Greg Vaughn OF 566 Hits Player Pos Robin Yount SS / OF 3142 Paul Molitor 3B 2281 Cecil Cooper 1B 1815 Ryan Braun * OF 1768 Jim Gantner 2B 1696 Geoff Jenkins OF 1221 Don Money 3B 1168 Ben Oglivie OF 1144 BJ Surhoff Util 1064 Charlie Moore 1029 Runs Player Pos Robin Yount SS / OF 1632 Paul Molitor 3B 1275 Ryan Braun * OF 978 Cecil Cooper 1B 821 Jim Gantner OF 781 Rickie Weeks 2B 684 Geoff Jenkins OF 661 Don Money 3B 596 Prince Fielder 1B 571 Ben Oglivie OF 567 Stolen bases Player Pos SB Paul Molitor 3B 412 Robin Yount SS / OF 271 Ryan Braun * OF 202 Carlos Gómez OF 152 Jim Gantner 2B 137 Tommy Harper OF / 3B 136 Rickie Weeks 2B 126 Scott Podsednik OF 113 Pat Listach SS 112 Darryl Hamilton OF 109 All records updated on August 8 , 2018 Current roster ( edit ) See also : Milwaukee Brewers all - time roster <Th_colspan="7"> Milwaukee Brewers roster <Th_colspan="4"> Active roster <Th_colspan="2"> Inactive roster <Th_colspan="1"> Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 57 Chase Anderson 45 Jhoulys Chacín 41 Junior Guerra 20 Wade Miley 51 Freddy Peralta Bullpen 43 Matt Albers 39 Corbin Burnes 71 Josh Hader 32 Jeremy Jeffress 38 Dan Jennings 25 Jordan Lyles 54 Taylor Williams Closer 48 Joakim Soria Catchers 15 Erik Kratz 9 Manny Piña Infielders 24 Jesús Aguilar 3 Orlando Arcia 18 Mike Moustakas 5 Jonathan Schoop 21 Travis Shaw 7 Eric Thames Outfielders 8 Ryan Braun 6 Lorenzo Cain 14 Hernán Pérez 22 Christian Yelich Pitchers 50 Jacob Barnes 27 Zach Davies 73 Marcos Diplan -- Ariel Hernández 37 Adrian Houser 46 Corey Knebel -- Jake Thompson 56 Aaron Wilkerson 53 Brandon Woodruff Catchers 26 Jacob Nottingham Infielders 66 Mauricio Dubón 2 Nate Orf 13 Tyler Saladino Outfielders 23 Keon Broxton 16 Domingo Santana Manager 30 Craig Counsell Coaches 11 Darnell Coles ( hitting ) 63 Robinzon Díaz ( bullpen catcher ) 55 Marcus Hanel ( bullpen catcher ) 36 Derek Johnson ( pitching ) 40 Jason Lane ( assistant hitting ) 59 Pat Murphy ( bench / catching ) 0 Ed Sedar ( third base / outfield ) 31 Carlos Subero ( first base / infield ) 58 Lee Tunnell ( bullpen ) 60 - day disabled list 2 Nick Franklin 52 Jimmy Nelson 35 Brent Suter 12 Stephen Vogt 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 24 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Team managers ( edit ) Craig Counsell , manager since 2015 Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers managers Through 49 seasons of play , the Brewers franchise has employed 18 managers . The records and accomplishments of the last five Brewers ' managers are shown below . # A running total of the number of Brewers managers . Any manager who has two or more separate terms is only counted once . WPct Winning percentage : number of wins divided by number of games managed PA Playoff appearances : number of years this manager has led the franchise to the playoffs PW Playoff wins : number of wins this manager has accrued in the playoffs PL Playoff losses : number of losses this manager has accrued in the playoffs LC League Championships : number of League Championships , or pennants , achieved by the manager WS World Series : number of World Series victories achieved by the manager ‡ Member of the Milwaukee Brewers Walk of Fame # Manager Seasons Wins Losses WPct PA PW PL LC WS Ref 15 Ned Yost 2003 -- 2008 457 502 . 477 -- -- -- -- -- 16 Dale Sveum 2008 7 5 . 583 0 0 17 Ken Macha 2009 -- 2010 157 167 . 485 -- -- -- -- -- 18 Ron Roenicke 2011 -- 2015 342 331 . 508 5 6 0 0 19 Craig Counsell 2015 -- present 220 241 . 477 -- -- -- -- -- <Td_colspan="3"> Totals 3,569 3,912 . 4771 14 18 0 Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers minor league affiliates Level Team League Location Triple - A Colorado Springs Sky Sox Pacific Coast League Colorado Springs , Colorado Double - A Biloxi Shuckers Southern League Biloxi , Mississippi Advanced A Carolina Mudcats Carolina League Zebulon , North Carolina Class A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Midwest League Grand Chute , Wisconsin Rookie Helena Brewers Pioneer League Helena , Montana AZL Brewers Arizona League Phoenix , Arizona DSL Brewers Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Distrito Nacional , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) Bob Uecker , play - by - play announcer for Milwaukee Brewers radio broadcasts since 1971 Map of radio affiliates in 2017 ; note the map consists of data for stations by location of transmitter , thus WTMJ 's location being in Racine County near Union Grove rather than Milwaukee . See also : List of Milwaukee Brewers broadcasters The Brewers ' flagship radio station is WTMJ ( 620 AM / 103.3 FM ) . Bob Uecker , a winner of the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame , joined the Brewers in 1970 , when the team moved from Seattle , and has been there ever since . Alongside Uecker are Jeff Levering and Lane Grindle . Levering joined the team 's radio broadcast in 2015 as a fill - in for Uecker on select road games and Grindle joined the team in 2016 , replacing Joe Block , who had left to join the Pittsburgh Pirates after the 2015 season . Block replaced Cory Provus who had left to become the Minnesota Twins lead broadcaster on radio after the 2011 season . Provus , formerly of WGN radio in Chicago , replaced Jim Powell , who left Milwaukee for the Atlanta Braves radio network . Powell in turn replaced Pat Hughes , who departed to do play - by - play for the Cubs on WGN in 1996 . The Brewers radio broadcasts usually feature a 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 format where Uecker does solo play - by - play for the first , middle and last 2 innings , while Levering does innings 3 - 4 and 7 , and both doing analysis throughout and varied presentation for extra innings games . Starting with the 2014 season Uecker cut back on the amount of road games he works due to health concerns , mainly involving West Coast trips and distant road games in Colorado and Atlanta ; Block handled the play - by - play , with former Brewer and Met Darryl Hamilton on color for the first series at Atlanta . Select daytime home games were formerly broadcast in Spanish over Waukesha - licensed ESPN Deportes Radio affiliate WRRD ( 1510 ) , with Jaime Cano serving as play - by - play announcer . In 2017 the station was purchased by another party which instituted an English - language talk format , effectively ending that arrangement . Most of the team 's television broadcasts are aired on Fox Sports Wisconsin . Brian Anderson , who has worked on The Golf Channel , took over as the Brewers ' play - by - play announcer for the 2007 season . He replaced Daron Sutton , who joined the Arizona Diamondbacks . The color commentator is Bill Schroeder , a former major league catcher who played six of his eight seasons for the Brewers . As of 2014 Schroeder is in his 20th season as the Brewers ' color commentator . The 2010 season was the first year where all of Fox Sports Wisconsin 's games were broadcast in high definition . Anderson ( who also is a part of TBS playoff coverage ) also provided play - by - play for the 2011 NLCS due to Ernie Johnson stepping aside for the year due to a medical situation with his son . In 2014 , as Anderson 's Turner Sports duties have increased along with the addition of NCAA college basketball and NBA on TNT play - by - play duties , Wisconsin Badgers football and men 's college basketball radio announcer Matt Lepay served as play - by - play man on days when Anderson was working for Turner . From 2007 -- 2011 , the Brewers and FSN Wisconsin subcontracted to Weigel Broadcasting a package of 15 games and one spring training game over-the - air on WMLW - CA ( then - Channel 41 / 58.2 ) in Milwaukee each season with FSN Wisconsin producing the telecasts and Weigel selling air time for each of those games and additional games added depending on weather postponements and pennant race standings ( WMLW - CA games would air on the outstate FSN Wisconsin network for the remainder of the state ) . The deal was ended before the 2012 season in order to facilitate full - season HD coverage on FSN Wisconsin and distribution complications , along with the addition of a `` Plus '' channel for Milwaukee Bucks play - by - play conflict situations . Weigel continues to air a few Sunday home broadcasts per year with Spanish language play - by - play on Telemundo affiliate WYTU - LD ( Channels 63 / 58.4 ) , which produces their own broadcasts using FSN 's camera positions with Hector Molina on play - by - play and bilingual WDJT sports anchor Kevin Holden on color . Five of the six major network television stations in Milwaukee , along with WMLW - CA , have carried game broadcasts over the years , with WTMJ - TV being the original broadcaster in the 1970s . WVTV carried the team for the bulk of the 1980s and early 1990s , with WCGV - TV following from 1994 until 2004 , and WISN - TV carrying select Sunday games at the beginning of the 2000s . WITI is the only station not to have carried local coverage of the team through its history ( though former WITI sports anchor and current Bucks play - by - play man Jim Paschke was the team 's TV announcer during its time with WVTV and portions of WCGV 's coverage contract ) , although it has aired national games from CBS and Fox involving the Brewers through the years . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Brewers reveal new Sunday jersey , cap '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brewers Timeline '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://milwaukee.brewers.mlb.com/mil/fan_forum/bernie_brewer.jsp Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Finalists announced for designing Brewers uniform '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Axford Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/carlos-gomezs-gold-glove-award-ends-31-year-dry-spell-for-brewers-b99130694z1-229816291.html Jump up ^ https://www.brewcrewball.com/2017/10/25/16539650/brewers-craig-counsell-sporting-news-national-league-manager-of-the-year Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers Managers '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers Walk of Fame . '' Milwaukee Brewers . Retrieved on 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ned Yost Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Sveum Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Macha Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Roenicke Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Counsell Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/289447341.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/370309651.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/367098711.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/133165888.html Jump up ^ Haudricort , Tom ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Bob Uecker says he will cut back on workload '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Heistand , Michael ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Family situation keeps TBS ' Ernie Johnson from MLB playoffs '' . USA Today . pp. C3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pipines , Tom ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Matt Lepay to do play - by - play on 35 Brewers telecasts '' . WITI . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers team broadcasters page '' . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milwaukee Brewers . Milwaukee Brewers official website Milwaukee Brewers at ESPN Milwaukee Brewers at FOX Sports <Th_colspan="2"> Milwaukee Brewers <Td_colspan="2"> Established in 1969 Formerly the Seattle Pilots Based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Franchise History Seattle Milwaukee Expansion Draft Seasons Records Hall of Fame Walk of Fame Awards and All - Stars Players Management Opening Day starting pitchers First - round picks Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Sick 's Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Miller Park Spring training : Tempe Diablo Stadium Sun City Stadium Compadre Stadium Maryvale Baseball Park Culture and lore Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) Beer Barrel Man Bernie Brewer Bob Uecker `` Brewer Fever '' Hank T. Dog Mr. 3000 Roll Out The Barrel Sausage Race Secret Stadium Sauce Key personnel Owner : Mark Attanasio General Manager : David Stearns Manager : Craig Counsell Minor league affiliates Player overview AAA : Colorado Springs Sky Sox AA : Biloxi Shuckers A Adv. : Carolina Mudcats A : Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Rookie Adv. : Helena Brewers Rookie : AZL Brewers DSL Brewers DSL Indians / Brewers Rivalries Chicago Cubs League pennants American League : 1982 National League : none Division titles AL East : 1981 ( second half ) 1982 NL Central : 2011 Wild Card berths National League : 2008 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> hide Achievements Preceded by New York Yankees 1981 American League champions 1982 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1983 Preceded by New York Yankees 1981 American League Eastern Division champions 1982 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1983 Preceded by Colorado Rockies 2007 National League Wild Card Winners 2008 Succeeded by Colorado Rockies 2009 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 2010 National League Central Division champions 2011 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Milwaukee Brewers retired numbers <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bud Selig 4 Paul Molitor 19 Robin Yount 34 Rollie Fingers 44 Hank Aaron <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 <Td_colspan="2"> Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL <Th_colspan="2"> National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball <Th_colspan="2"> American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball <Th_colspan="3"> Sports teams based in Wisconsin Baseball MLB Milwaukee Brewers MWL Beloit Snappers Wisconsin Timber Rattlers NWL Eau Claire Express Fond du Lac Dock Spiders Green Bay Bullfrogs Kenosha Kingfish La Crosse Loggers Lakeshore Chinooks Madison Mallards Wisconsin Woodchucks Wisconsin Rapids Rafters Basketball NBA Milwaukee Bucks G League Wisconsin Herd IBA Kenosha Ballers Milwaukee Falcons Football NFL Green Bay Packers IFL Green Bay Blizzard WFA Madison Blaze Wisconsin Dragons MSFL Door County Destoryers Milwaukee Chargers Racine Raiders Wisconsin Hitmen GFL Madison Generals Hockey AHL Milwaukee Admirals USHL Green Bay Gamblers Madison Capitols NAHL Chippewa Steel Janesville Jets NA3HL Coulee Region Chill Wisconsin Whalers Soccer MASL Milwaukee Wave NPSL Aris SC Milwaukee Torrent PLA Croatian Eagles SC Milwaukee Bavarians Madison 56ers Australian rules football MAAFL Milwaukee Bombers Ultimate AUDL Madison Radicals Roller derby WFTDA Brewcity Bruisers Fox Cities Roller Derby Mad Rollin ' Dolls Mid-State Sisters of Skate MRDA Green Bay Smackers Milwaukee Blitzdkrieg USARS Root River Rollers College athletics NCAA Div . I Green Bay Phoenix Marquette Golden Eagles Milwaukee Panthers Wisconsin Badgers Div. II Wisconsin -- Parkside Rangers Div . III Alverno Inferno Beloit Buccaneers Carroll Pioneers Carthage Red Men Concordia Falcons Edgewood Eagles Lakeland Muskies Lawrence Vikings Maranatha Baptist Crusaders Marian Sabres MSOE Raiders Northland LumberJacks Ripon Red Hawks St. Norbert Green Knights Wisconsin -- Eau Claire Blugolds Wisconsin -- La Crosse Eagles Wisconsin -- Oshkosh Titans Wisconsin -- Platteville Pioneers Wisconsin -- River Falls Falcons Wisconsin -- Stevens Point Pointers Wisconsin -- Stout Blue Devils Wisconsin -- Superior Yellowjackets Wisconsin -- Whitewater Warhawks Wisconsin Lutheran Warriors NAIA Cardinal Stritch Wolves Viterbo V - Hawks <Td_colspan="3"> Category : Sports teams in Wisconsin Baseball portal Wisconsin portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milwaukee_Brewers&oldid=855691319 '' Categories : Milwaukee Brewers Major League Baseball teams Cactus League Baseball in Milwaukee Baseball teams established in 1969 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 04 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Milwaukee Brewers - Major League Baseball team
2. Miller Park - Home stadium of the Milwaukee Brewers
3. History of the Milwaukee Brewers - From Seattle Pilots to Milwaukee Brewers
4. Uniforms of the Milwaukee Brewers - Changes and designs over the years
5. Achievements of the Milwaukee Brewers - World Series appearances, MVPs, and more
|
7,793,330,105,275,038,000 |
where did the state of georgia get its name
|
Georgia ( U.S. state ) - wikipedia Georgia ( U.S. state ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state . For the country , see Georgia ( country ) . For other uses , see Georgia . `` State of Georgia '' redirects here . For the TV series , see State of Georgia ( TV series ) . <Th_colspan="2"> State of Georgia <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : Peach State , Empire State of the South <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Wisdom , Justice , Moderation <Td_colspan="2"> State song ( s ) : `` Georgia on My Mind '' <Td_colspan="2"> Official language English Spoken languages English , Spanish ( 7.42 % ) Demonym Georgian Capital ( and largest city ) Atlanta Largest metro Atlanta metropolitan area Area Ranked 24th Total 59,425 sq mi ( 153,909 km ) Width 230 miles ( 370 km ) Length 298 miles ( 480 km ) % water 2.6 Latitude 30.356 -- 34.985 ° N Longitude 80.840 -- 85.605 ° W <Td_colspan="2"> Population Ranked 8th Total 10,310,371 ( 2016 est . ) Density 165 / sq mi ( 65.4 / km ) Ranked 18th Median household income $50,768 ( 39th ) <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation Highest point Brasstown Bald 4,784 ft ( 1,458 m ) Mean 600 ft ( 180 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level <Td_colspan="2"> Before statehood Province of Georgia Admission to Union January 2 , 1788 ( 4th ) Governor Nathan Deal ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle ( R ) Legislature Georgia General Assembly Upper house State Senate Lower house House of Representatives <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Senators Johnny Isakson ( R ) David Perdue ( R ) U.S. House delegation 10 Republicans , 4 Democrats ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US - GA Abbreviations GA , Ga . Website www.georgia.gov <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Georgia state symbols <Td_colspan="2"> The Flag of Georgia <Td_colspan="2"> The Seal of Georgia <Th_colspan="2"> Living insignia Amphibian American green tree frog Bird Brown thrasher ( Toxostoma rufum ) Fish Largemouth bass Flower Cherokee Rose Insect Honey bee Mammal White - tailed deer Reptile Gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) Tree Live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) <Th_colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia Food Peanut Mineral Staurolite Song `` Georgia on My Mind '' Other Vegetable : Vidalia onion Marine mammal : Right whale <Th_colspan="2"> State route marker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State quarter <Td_colspan="2"> Released in 1999 <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols Georgia ( / ˈdʒɔːrdʒə / ( listen ) JOR - jə ) is a state in the Southeastern United States . It began as a British colony in 1733 , the last of the original Thirteen Colonies . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina down to Spanish Florida and New France along Louisiana ( New France ) , also bordering to the west towards the Mississippi River . Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution , on January 2 , 1788 . In 1802 -- 1804 , western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory , which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819 . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate states . It was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 . Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States . From 2007 to 2008 , 14 of Georgia 's counties ranked among the nation 's 100 fastest - growing , second only to Texas . Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South . Atlanta is the state 's capital , its most populous city , and has been named a global city . Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina , to the west by Alabama , and to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina . The state 's northernmost part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains , part of the Appalachian Mountains system . The Piedmont extends through the central part of the state from the foothills of the Blue Ridge to the Fall Line , where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain of the state 's southern part . Georgia 's highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet ( 1,458 m ) above sea level ; the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean . Of the states entirely east of the Mississippi River , Georgia is the largest in land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geology and terrain 2.3 Ecology 2.4 Flora 2.5 Fauna 2.6 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Languages 3.3 Major cities ( 2016 ) 3.4 Religion 4 Government 4.1 State government 4.2 Local government 4.3 Elections 4.4 Politics 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Mining 5.3 Industry 5.4 Logistics 5.5 Military 5.6 Energy use and production 5.7 State taxes 5.8 Film 5.9 Tourism 6 Cultural 6.1 Fine and performing arts 6.2 Literature 6.3 Television 6.4 Music 6.5 Film 6.6 Sports 7 Parks and recreational activities 8 Education 9 Media 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Health care 11 Cities 12 Notable people 13 State symbols 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Before settlement by Europeans , Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures . The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12 , 1733 . The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by ( and named for ) King George II . The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the colony 's settlement , known as the Oglethorpe Plan , which envisioned an agrarian society of yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery . The colony was invaded by the Spanish in 1742 , during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . In 1752 , after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony , the Trustees turned over control to the crown . Georgia became a crown colony , with a governor appointed by the king . The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain , on June 27 , 1864 The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence . The State of Georgia 's first constitution was ratified in February 1777 . Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24 , 1778 , and was the 4th state to ratify the current Constitution on January 2 , 1788 . In 1829 , gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains , which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega , which continued its operation until 1861 . The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to take land from the Cherokee Nation . In 1830 , President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law , sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present - day Oklahoma , including all of Georgia 's tribes . Despite the Supreme Court 's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) that ruled U.S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries , President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling . In 1838 , his successor , Martin Van Buren , dispatched federal troops to gather the Cherokee and deport them west of the Mississippi . This forced relocation , known as the Trail of Tears , led to the death of over 4,000 Cherokees . In early 1861 , Georgia joined the Confederacy and became a major theater of the Civil War . Major battles took place at Chickamauga , Kennesaw Mountain , and Atlanta . In December 1864 , a large swath of the state from Atlanta to Savannah was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman 's March to the Sea . 18,253 Georgian soldiers died in service , roughly one of every five who served . In 1870 , following the Reconstruction Era , Georgia became the last Confederate state to be restored to the Union . A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill , 1909 . With white Democrats having regained power in the state legislature , they passed a poll tax in 1877 , which disenfranchised many poor blacks and whites , preventing them from registering . In 1908 , the state established a white primary ; with the only competitive contests within the Democratic Party , it was another way to exclude blacks from politics . They constituted 46.7 % of the state 's population in 1900 , but the proportion of Georgia 's population that was African American dropped thereafter to 28 % , primarily due to tens of thousands leaving the state during the Great Migration . This political disfranchisement persisted through the mid-1960s , until after Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . According to the Equal Justice Institute 's 2015 report on lynching in the United States ( 1877 - 1950 ) , Georgia had 531 deaths , the second - highest total of these crimes of any state in the South , exceeded by Mississippi . The overwhelming number of victims were black and male . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Road to Brasstown Bald Jekyll Island Okefenokee Swamp , Georgia Boundaries ( edit ) Beginning from the Atlantic Ocean , the state 's eastern border with South Carolina runs up the Savannah River , northwest to its origin at the confluence of the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers . It then continues up the Tugaloo ( originally Tugalo ) and into the Chattooga River , its most significant tributary . These bounds were decided in the 1797 Treaty of Beaufort , and tested in the U.S. Supreme Court in the two Georgia v. South Carolina cases in 1923 and 1989 . The border then takes a sharp turn around the tip of Rabun County , at latitude 35 ° N , though from this point it diverges slightly south ( due to inaccuracies in the original survey ) . This northern border was originally the Georgia and North Carolina border all the way to the Mississippi River , until Tennessee was divided from North Carolina , and the Yazoo companies induced the legislature of Georgia to pass an act , approved by the governor in 1795 , to sell the greater part of Georgia 's territory presently comprising Alabama and Mississippi . The state 's western border runs in a straight line south - southeastward from a point southwest of Chattanooga , to meet the Chattahoochee River near West Point . It continues downriver to the point where it joins the Flint River ( the confluence of the two forming Florida 's Apalachicola River ) ; the southern border goes almost due east and very slightly south , in a straight line to the St. Mary 's River , which then forms the remainder of the boundary back to the ocean . The water boundaries are still set to be the original thalweg of the rivers . Since then , several have been inundated by lakes created by dams , including the Apalachicola / Chattahoochee / Flint point now under Lake Seminole . Georgia state legislators have claimed that in an 1818 survey , the state 's border with Tennessee was erroneously placed one mile ( 1.6 km ) farther south than intended , and they proposed a correction in 2010 . The state was then in the midst of a significant drought , and the new border would allow Georgia access to water from the Tennessee River . Geology and terrain ( edit ) Map of elevations in Georgia Main article : Geology of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Each region has its own distinctive characteristics . For instance , the Ridge and Valley , which lies in the northwest corner of the state , includes limestone , sandstone , shale and other sedimentary rocks , which have yielded construction - grade limestone , barite , ocher , and small amounts of coal . Ecology ( edit ) Main article : Ecology of Georgia Flora ( edit ) The state of Georgia has approximately 250 tree species and 58 protected plants . Georgia 's native trees include red cedar , a variety of pines , oaks , hollies , cypress , sweetgum , scaly - bark and white hickories and sabal palmetto . East Georgia is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and conifer species as other broadleaf evergreen flora make up the majority of the southern and coastal regions . Yellow jasmine , and mountain laurel make up just a few of the flowering shrubs in the state . See also : List of taxa described from Georgia Fauna ( edit ) White - tailed ( Virginia ) deer are in nearly all counties . The northern mockingbird and brown thrasher are among the 160 bird species that live in the state . Reptiles and amphibians include the eastern diamondback , copperhead , and cottonmouth , salamanders , frogs , alligators and toads . There are about 79 species of reptile and 63 amphibians known to live in Georgia . The most popular freshwater game fish are trout , bream , bass , and catfish , all but the last of which are produced in state hatcheries for restocking . Popular saltwater game fish include red drum , spotted seatrout , flounder , and tarpon . Porpoises , whales , shrimp , oysters , and blue crabs are found inshore and offshore of the Georgia coast . See also : List of taxa described from Georgia Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Köppen climate classification types of Georgia Image of March 1993 Storm of the Century covering the length of the east coast . The outline of Georgia is discernible in the center of the image . The majority of the state is primarily a humid subtropical climate . Hot and humid summers are typical , except at the highest elevations . The entire state , including the North Georgia mountains , receives moderate to heavy precipitation , which varies from 45 inches ( 1143 mm ) in central Georgia to approximately 75 inches ( 1905 mm ) around the northeast part of the state . The degree to which the weather of a certain region of Georgia is subtropical depends on the latitude , its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico , and the elevation . The latter factor is felt chiefly in the mountainous areas of the northern part of the state , which are farther away from the ocean and can be 4500 feet ( 1350 m ) above sea level . The USDA Plant hardiness zones for Georgia range from zone 6b ( no colder than − 5 ° F ( − 21 ° C ) ) in the Blue Ridge Mountains to zone 8b ( no colder than 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) ) along the Atlantic coast and Florida border . The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 ° F ( 44.4 ° C ) in Louisville on July 24 , 1952 , while the lowest is − 17 ° F ( − 27.2 ° C ) in northern Floyd County on January 27 , 1940 . Georgia is one of the leading states in frequency of tornadoes , though they are rarely stronger than F1 . Although tornadoes striking the city are very rare , a F2 nonviolent tornado hit downtown Atlanta on March 14 , 2008 , causing moderate to severe damage to various buildings . With a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean , Georgia is also vulnerable to hurricanes , although direct hurricane strikes were rare during the 20th century . Georgia often is affected by hurricanes that strike the Florida panhandle , weaken over land , and bring strong tropical storm winds and heavy rain to the interior , as well as hurricanes that come close to the Georgia coastline , brushing the coast on their way north . Monthly average daily high and low temperatures for major Georgia cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Athens 51 / 11 33 / 1 56 / 13 35 / 2 65 / 18 42 / 6 73 / 23 49 / 9 80 / 27 58 / 14 87 / 31 65 / 18 90 / 32 69 / 21 88 / 31 68 / 20 82 / 28 63 / 17 73 / 23 51 / 11 63 / 17 42 / 6 54 / 12 35 / 2 Atlanta 52 / 11 34 / 1 57 / 14 36 / 2 65 / 18 44 / 7 73 / 23 50 / 10 80 / 27 60 / 16 86 / 30 67 / 19 89 / 32 71 / 22 88 / 31 70 / 21 82 / 28 64 / 18 73 / 23 53 / 12 63 / 17 44 / 7 55 / 13 36 / 2 Augusta 56 / 13 33 / 1 61 / 16 36 / 4 69 / 21 42 / 6 77 / 25 48 / 9 84 / 29 57 / 14 90 / 32 65 / 18 92 / 33 70 / 21 90 / 32 68 / 20 85 / 29 62 / 17 76 / 24 50 / 10 68 / 20 41 / 5 59 / 15 35 / 2 Columbus 57 / 14 37 / 3 62 / 17 39 / 4 69 / 21 46 / 8 76 / 24 52 / 11 83 / 28 61 / 16 90 / 32 69 / 21 92 / 33 72 / 22 91 / 32 72 / 22 86 / 30 66 / 19 77 / 25 54 / 12 68 / 20 46 / 8 59 / 15 39 / 4 Macon 57 / 14 34 / 1 61 / 16 37 / 3 68 / 20 44 / 7 76 / 24 50 / 10 83 / 28 59 / 15 90 / 32 67 / 19 92 / 33 70 / 21 90 / 32 70 / 21 85 / 29 64 / 18 77 / 25 51 / 11 68 / 20 42 / 6 59 / 15 36 / 2 Savannah 60 / 16 38 / 3 64 / 18 41 / 5 71 / 22 48 / 9 78 / 26 53 / 12 84 / 29 61 / 16 90 / 32 68 / 20 92 / 33 72 / 22 90 / 32 71 / 22 86 / 30 67 / 19 78 / 26 56 / 13 70 / 21 47 / 8 63 / 17 40 / 4 <Td_colspan="13"> Temperatures are given in ° F / ° C format , with highs on top of lows . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 82,548 -- 1800 162,686 97.1 % 1810 251,407 54.5 % 1820 340,989 35.6 % 1830 516,823 51.6 % 1840 691,392 33.8 % 1850 906,185 31.1 % 1860 1,057,286 16.7 % 1870 1,184,109 12.0 % 1880 1,542,181 30.2 % 1890 1,837,353 19.1 % 1900 2,216,331 20.6 % 1910 2,609,121 17.7 % 1920 2,895,832 11.0 % 1930 2,908,506 0.4 % 1940 3,123,723 7.4 % 1950 3,444,578 10.3 % 1960 3,943,116 14.5 % 1970 4,589,575 16.4 % 1980 5,463,105 19.0 % 1990 6,478,216 18.6 % 2000 8,186,453 26.4 % 9,687,653 18.3 % Est. 2017 10,429,739 7.7 % <Td_colspan="4"> 1910 -- 2010 2015 Estimate Population density of Georgia . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Georgia was 10,214,860 on July 1 , 2015 , a 5.44 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . In 2015 , Georgia had an estimated population of 10,214,860 which was an increase of 117,517 from the previous year , and an increase of 527,207 since 2010 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 438,939 people ( that is 849,414 births minus 410,475 deaths ) and an increase from net migration of 606,673 people into the state . Immigration resulted in a net increase of 228,415 people , and migration within the country produced a net increase of 378,258 people . As of 2010 , the number of illegal immigrants living in Georgia has skyrocketed , more than doubling to 480,000 from January 2000 to January 2009 , according to a new federal report . That gave Georgia the greatest percentage increase among the 10 states with the biggest illegal immigrant populations during those years . There were 743,000 veterans in 2009 . Population ( edit ) According to the 2010 United States Census , Georgia had a population of 9,687,653 . In terms of race and ethnicity , the state was 59.7 % White ( 55.9 % Non-Hispanic White Alone ) , 30.5 % Black or African American , 0.3 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 3.2 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 4.0 % from Some Other Race , and 2.1 % from Two or More Races . Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 8.8 % of the population . Georgia Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 71.0 % 65.1 % 59.7 % Black 27.0 % 28.7 % 30.5 % Asian 1.2 % 2.1 % 3.3 % Native 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.3 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 0.6 % 2.4 % 4.0 % Two or more races -- 1.4 % 2.1 % As of 2011 , 58.8 % of Georgia 's population younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) compared to other states like California with 75.1 % , New York with 55.6 % , and Texas with 69.8 % . The largest European ancestry groups are : English 8.1 % Irish 8.1 % German 7.2 % In the 1980 census 1,584,303 Georgians claimed English ancestry out of a total state population of 3,994,817 , making them 40 % of the state , and the largest ethnic group at the time . Today , many of these same people claiming that they are of `` American '' ancestry are actually of English descent , and some are of Scots - Irish descent ; however , their families have lived in the state for so long , in many cases since the colonial period , that they choose to identify simply as having `` American '' ancestry or do not in fact know their own ancestry . Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim `` American '' ancestry , though they are of predominately English ancestry . As of 2004 , 7.7 % of Georgia 's population was reported as under 5 years of age , 26.4 % under 18 , and 9.6 % were 65 or older . Also as of 2004 , females made up approximately 50.6 % of the population and African Americans made up approximately 29.6 % . Historically , about half of Georgia 's population was composed of African Americans who , before the Civil War , were almost exclusively enslaved . The Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of blacks from the rural South to the industrial North from 1914 -- 70 reduced the African American population . Georgia had the second - fastest - growing Asian population growth in the U.S. from 1990 to 2000 , more than doubling in size during the ten - year period . In addition , according to census estimates , Georgia ranks third among the states in terms of the percent of the total population that is African American ( after Mississippi and Louisiana ) and third in numerical Black population after New York and Florida . Georgia was the state with the largest numerical increase in the black population from 2006 to 2007 with 84,000 . Georgia is the state with the third - lowest percentage of older people ( 65 or older ) , at 12.8 percent ( as of 2015 ) . The colonial settlement of large numbers of Scottish American , English American and Scotch - Irish Americans in the mountains and piedmont , and coastal settlement by some English Americans and African Americans , have strongly influenced the state 's culture in food , language and music . The concentration of Africans imported to coastal areas in the 18th century repeatedly from rice - growing regions of West Africa led to the development of Gullah - Geechee language and culture in the Low Country among African Americans . They share a unique heritage in which African traditions of food , religion and culture were continued more than in some other areas . In the creolization of Southern culture , their foodways became an integral part of all Southern cooking in the Low Country . Languages ( edit ) Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Georgia Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 7.42 % Korean 0.51 % Vietnamese 0.44 % French 0.42 % Chinese ( including Mandarin ) 0.38 % German 0.29 % Hindi 0.23 % Niger - Congo languages of West Africa ( Ibo , Kru , and Yoruba ) 0.21 % Gujarati 0.18 % Portuguese and French Creole 0.16 % As of 2010 , 87.35 % ( 7,666,663 ) of Georgia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 7.42 % ( 651,583 ) spoke Spanish , 0.51 % ( 44,702 ) Korean , 0.44 % ( 38,244 ) Vietnamese , 0.42 % ( 36,679 ) French , 0.38 % ( 33,009 ) Chinese ( which includes Mandarin ) , and German , which was spoken as a main language by 0.29 % ( 23,351 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 12.65 % ( 1,109,888 ) of Georgia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Major cities ( 2016 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities or towns in Georgia ( U.S. state ) http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src/bkmk Rank Name County Pop . Atlanta Columbus Atlanta Fulton 472,522 Augusta Macon Columbus Muscogee 197,485 Augusta Richmond 197,081 Macon Bibb 152,555 5 Savannah Chatham 146,763 6 Athens Clarke 123,371 7 Sandy Springs Fulton 105,703 8 Roswell Fulton 94,598 9 Johns Creek Fulton 83,873 10 Warner Robins Houston 74,388 * In 2012 , voters in Macon and Bibb County approved the consolidation of the city of Macon and unincorporated Bibb County ; they officially merged on January 1 , 2014 . Macon joined Columbus , Augusta , and Athens as consolidated cities in Georgia . The U.S. Census Bureau lists fourteen metropolitan areas in Georgia . The largest , Atlanta , is the ninth most populous metro area in the United States . Religion ( edit ) St. Mark 's United Methodist Church in Atlanta The composition of religious affiliation in Georgia is 70 % Protestant , 9 % Catholic , 1 % Mormon , 1 % Jewish , 0.5 % Muslim , 0.5 % Buddhist , and 0.5 % Hindu . Atheists , deists , agnostics , and other unaffiliated people make up 13 % of the population . The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,759,317 ; the United Methodist Church with 619,394 ; and the Roman Catholic Church with 596,384 . Non-denominational Evangelical Protestant had 566,782 members , the Church of God ( Cleveland , Tennessee ) has 175,184 members , and the National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc. has 172,982 members . The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) is the largest Presbyterian body in the state , with 300 congregations and 100,000 members . The other large body , Presbyterian Church in America , had at its founding date 14 congregations and 2,800 members ; in 2010 it counted 139 congregations and 32,000 members . The Roman Catholic Church is noteworthy in Georgia 's urban areas , and includes the Archdiocese of Atlanta and the Diocese of Savannah . Georgia is home to the largest Hindu temple in the United States , the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta , located in the suburb city of Lilburn . Georgia is home to several historical synagogues including The Temple ( Atlanta ) , Congregation Beth Jacob ( Atlanta ) , and Congregation Mickve Israel ( Savannah ) . Chabad and the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute are also active in the state . <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in Georgia ( 2014 ) Religion Percent <Td_colspan="2"> Protestant <Td_colspan="2"> 67 % <Td_colspan="2"> None <Td_colspan="2"> 18 % <Td_colspan="2"> Catholic <Td_colspan="2"> 9 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jehovah 's Witness <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jewish <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Mormon <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Do n't know <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Georgia ( U.S. state ) State government ( edit ) See also : List of governors of Georgia and Georgia elected officials The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta with the distinctive gold dome City Hall in Savannah As with all other US states and the federal government , Georgia 's government is based on the separation of legislative , executive , and judicial power . Executive authority in the state rests with the governor , currently Nathan Deal ( Republican ) . Both the Governor of Georgia and lieutenant governor are elected on separate ballots to four - year terms of office . Unlike the federal government , but like many other U.S. States , most of the executive officials who comprise the governor 's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia rather than appointed by the governor . Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly , composed of the Senate and House of Representatives . The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate , while members of the House of Representatives select their own Speaker . The Georgia Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 senators , elected from single - member districts , and a minimum of 180 representatives , apportioned among representative districts ( which sometimes results in more than one representative per district ) ; there are currently 56 senators and 180 representatives . The term of office for senators and representatives is two years . The laws enacted by the General Assembly are codified in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated . State judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals , which have statewide authority . In addition , there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction , including Superior Courts , State Courts , Juvenile Courts , Magistrate Courts and Probate Courts . Justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Appeals are elected statewide by the citizens in non-partisan elections to six - year terms . Judges for the smaller courts are elected to four - year terms by the state 's citizens who live within that court 's jurisdiction . Local government ( edit ) Further information : List of counties in Georgia Georgia consists of 159 counties , second only to Texas , with 254 . Georgia had 161 counties until the end of 1931 , when Milton and Campbell were merged into the existing Fulton . Some counties have been named for prominent figures in both American and Georgian history , and many bear names with Native American origin . Counties in Georgia have their own elected legislative branch , usually called the Board of Commissioners , which usually also has executive authority in the county . Several counties have a sole Commissioner form of government , with legislative and executive authority vested in a single person . Georgia is the only state with Sole Commissioner counties . Georgia 's Constitution provides all counties and cities with `` home rule '' authority . The county commissions have considerable power to pass legislation within their county , as a municipality would . Georgia recognizes all local units of government as cities , so every incorporated town is legally a city . Georgia does not provide for townships or independent cities , though there have been bills proposed in the Legislature to provide for townships ; it does allow consolidated city - county governments by local referendum . All of Georgia 's second - tier cities except Savannah have now formed consolidated city - county governments by referendum : Columbus ( in 1970 ) , Athens ( 1990 ) , Augusta ( 1995 ) , and Macon ( 2012 ) . ( Augusta and Athens have excluded one or more small , incorporated towns within their consolidated boundaries ; Columbus and Macon eventually absorbed all smaller incorporated entities within their consolidated boundaries . ) The small town of Cusseta adopted a consolidated city - county government after it merged with unincorporated Chattahoochee County in 2003 . Three years later , in 2006 , the town of Georgetown consolidated with the rest of Quitman County . There is no true metropolitan government in Georgia , though the Atlanta Regional Commission ( ARC ) and Georgia Regional Transportation Authority do provide some services , and the ARC must approve all major land development projects in the Atlanta metropolitan area . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in Georgia ( U.S. state ) See also : United States presidential election , 2004 , in Georgia and Political party strength in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 51.30 % 2,068,623 45.60 % 1,837,300 2012 53.40 % 2,070,221 45.44 % 1,761,761 2008 52.20 % 2,048,744 47.00 % 1,844,137 57.97 % 1,914,254 41.37 % 1,366,149 2000 54.67 % 1,419,720 42.98 % 1,116,230 47.01 % 1,080,843 45.84 % 1,053,849 42.88 % 995,252 43.47 % 1,008,966 59.75 % 1,081,331 39.50 % 714,792 1984 60.17 % 1,068,722 39.79 % 706,628 1980 40.95 % 654,168 55.76 % 890,733 1976 32.96 % 483,743 66.74 % 979,409 1972 75.04 % 881,496 24.65 % 289,529 1968 * 30.40 % 380,111 26.75 % 334,440 1964 54.12 % 616,584 41.15 % 522,557 1960 37.43 % 274,472 62.54 % 458,638 1956 32.65 % 216,652 66.48 % 441,094 1952 30.34 % 198,979 69.66 % 456,823 1948 18.31 % 76,691 60.81 % 254,646 1944 18.25 % 59,880 81.74 % 268,187 1940 14.83 % 46,360 84.85 % 265,194 <Td_colspan="3"> * State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party , at 42.83 % , or 535,550 votes Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Until 1964 , Georgia 's state government had the longest unbroken record of single - party dominance , by the Democratic Party , of any state in the Union . This record was established largely due to the disenfranchisement of most blacks and many poor whites by the state in its constitution and laws in the early 20th century . Some elements , such as requiring payment of poll taxes and passing literacy tests , prevented blacks from registering to vote ; their exclusion from the political system lasted into the 1960s and reduced the Republican Party to a non-competitive status in the early 20th century . White Democrats regained power after Reconstruction due in part to the efforts of some using intimidation and violence , but this method came into disrepute . In 1900 , shortly before Georgia adopted a disfranchising constitutional amendment in 1908 , blacks comprised 47 % of the state 's population . The whites dealt with this problem of potential political power by the 1908 amendment , which in practice disenfranchised blacks and poor whites , nearly half of the state population . It required that any male at least 21 years of age wanting to register to vote must also : ( a ) be of good character and able to pass a test on citizenship , ( b ) be able to read and write provisions of the U.S. and Georgia constitutions , or ( c ) own at least 40 acres of land or $500 in property . Any Georgian who had fought in any war from the American Revolution through the Spanish -- American War was exempted from these additional qualifications . More importantly , any Georgian descended from a veteran of any of these wars also was exempted . Because by 1908 many white Georgia males were grandsons of veterans and / or owned the required property , the exemption and the property requirement basically allowed only well - to - do whites to vote . The qualifications of good character , citizenship knowledge , and literacy ( all determined subjectively by white registrars ) , and property ownership were used to disqualify most blacks and poor whites , preventing them from registering to vote . The voter rolls dropped dramatically . In the early 20th century , Progressives promoted electoral reform and reducing the power of ward bosses to clean up politics . Their additional rules , such as the eight - box law , continued to effectively close out people who were illiterate . White , one - party rule was solidified . For more than 130 years , from 1872 to 2003 , Georgians nominated and elected only white Democratic governors , and white Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly . Most of the Democrats elected throughout these years were Southern Democrats , who were fiscally and socially conservative by national standards . This voting pattern continued after the segregationist period . Legal segregation was ended by passage of federal legislation in the 1960s . According to the 1960 census , the proportion of Georgia 's population that was African American was 28 % ; hundreds of thousands of blacks had left the state in the Great Migration to the North and Midwest . New white residents arrived through migration and immigration . Following support from the national Democratic Party for the civil rights movement and especially civil rights legislation of 1964 and 1965 , most African - American voters , as well as other minority voters , have largely supported the Democratic Party in Georgia . In the decades since the late 20th century , the conservative white - majority voters have increasingly supported Republicans for national and state offices . In 2003 , incumbent moderate Democratic Governor Roy Barnes was defeated by Republican Sonny Perdue , a state legislator and former Democrat . While Democrats retained control of the State House , they lost their majority in the Senate when four Democrats switched parties . They lost the House in the 2004 election . Republicans then controlled all three partisan elements of the state government . Even before 2003 , the state had become increasingly supportive of Republicans in Presidential elections . It has supported a Democrat for president only three times since 1960 . In 1976 and 1980 , native son Jimmy Carter carried the state ; in 1992 , the former Arkansas governor Bill Clinton narrowly won the state . Generally , Republicans are strongest in the predominantly white suburban ( especially the Atlanta suburbs ) and rural portions of the state . Many of these areas were represented by conservative Democrats in the state legislature well into the 21st century . One of the most conservative of these was U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald , former head of the John Birch Society , who died when the Soviet Union shot down KAL 007 near Sakhalin Island . Democratic candidates have tended to win a higher percentage of the vote in the areas where black voters are most numerous , as well as in the cities among liberal urban populations ( especially Atlanta and Athens ) , and the rural Black Belt region that passes through the central and southwestern portion of the state . The ascendancy of the Republican Party in Georgia and in the South in general resulted in Georgia U.S. House of Representatives member Newt Gingrich being elected as Speaker of the House following the election of a Republican majority in the House in 1994 . Gingrich served as Speaker until 1999 , when he resigned in the aftermath of the loss of House seats held by members of the GOP . Gingrich mounted an unsuccessful bid for President in the 2012 election , but withdrew after winning only the South Carolina and Georgia primaries . In recent events , Democrat Jim Martin ran against incumbent Republican Senator Saxby Chambliss . Chambliss failed to acquire the necessary 50 percent of votes , a Libertarian Party candidate receiving the remainder of votes . In the runoff election held on December 2 , 2008 , Chambliss became the second Georgia Republican to be reelected to the U.S. Senate . As of the 2010 reapportionment , the state has 14 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives . These are held by 10 Republicans and 4 Democrats . The Georgia House of Representatives has 61 Democrats , 118 Republicans , and 1 Independent , while the Georgia Senate has 17 Democrats and 39 Republicans . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) During the 1960s and 1970s , Georgia made significant changes in civil rights and governance . As in many other states , its legislature had not reapportioned congressional districts according to population from 1931 to after the 1960 census . Problems of malapportionment in the state legislature , where rural districts had outsize power in relation to urban districts , such as Atlanta 's , were corrected after the US Supreme Court ruling in Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) . The court ruled that congressional districts had to be reapportioned to have essentially equal populations . A related case , Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , required state legislatures to end their use of geographical districts or counties in favor of `` one man , one vote ; '' that is , districts based upon approximately equal populations , to be reviewed and changed as necessary after each census . These changes resulted in residents of Atlanta and other urban areas gaining political power in Georgia in proportion to their populations . From the mid-1960s , the voting electorate increased after African Americans ' rights to vote were enforced under civil rights law . Economic growth through this period was dominated by Atlanta and its region . It was a bedrock of the emerging `` New South '' . From the late 20th century , Atlanta attracted headquarters and relocated workers of national companies , becoming more diverse , liberal and cosmopolitan than many areas of the state . In the 21st century , many conservative Democrats , including former U.S. Senator and governor Zell Miller , decided to support Republicans . The state 's socially conservative bent results in wide support for such measures as restrictions on abortion . In 2004 , a state constitutional amendment banning same - sex marriages was approved by 76 % of voters . However , after the United States Supreme Court issued its ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges , all Georgia counties came into full compliance , recognizing the rights of same - sex couples to marry in the state . Economy ( edit ) See also : Georgia ( U.S. state ) locations by per capita income Georgia 's 2016 total gross state product was $531 billion . Its per capita personal income for 2011 put it 39th in the nation at $35,979 . For years Georgia as a state has had the highest credit rating by Standard & Poor 's ( AAA ) and is one of only 15 states with a AAA rating . If Georgia were a stand - alone country , it would be the 28th largest economy in the world . A heat map of Georgia 's counties depicting the median income as of 2014 . There are 17 Fortune 500 companies and 26 Fortune 1000 companies with headquarters in Georgia , including Home Depot , UPS , Coca - Cola , TSYS , Delta Air Lines , Aflac , Southern Company , Anthem Inc. , Honeywell , and SunTrust Banks . Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , the world 's busiest airport as measured by both passenger traffic and aircraft traffic , is located in Georgia . Also , the Port of Savannah is the fourth largest seaport and fastest - growing container seaport in North America , importing and exporting a total of 2.3 million TEUs per year . Atlanta has a large effect on the state of Georgia , the Southeastern United States , and beyond . Atlanta has been the site of growth in real estate , service , logistics and the communications and film industries , while tourism is important to the economy . Atlanta is a global city , also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center , as a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system . For the past five years , Georgia has been ranked the top state ( number 1 ) in the nation to do business , and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation , number 1 in business climate in the nation , number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a `` Best in Class '' state economic development agency . In 2016 , Georgia had median annual income per person of between $50,000 -- $59,999 which is inflated adjusted dollars for 2016 . The US Median annual income for the entire nation is $57,617 . This lies within the range of Georgia 's median annual income . Agriculture ( edit ) Widespread farms produce peanuts , corn , and soybeans across middle and south Georgia . The state is the number one producer of pecans in the world , with the region around Albany in southwest Georgia being the center of Georgia 's pecan production . Gainesville in northeast Georgia touts itself as the Poultry Capital of the World . Georgia is in the top five blueberry producers in the United States . Georgia 's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs , pecans , peaches , cotton , peanuts , rye , cattle , hogs , dairy products , turfgrass , timber , particularly pine trees , tobacco and vegetables . Mining ( edit ) A Georgia U.S. quarter Major products in the mineral industry include a variety of clays , stones , sands and the clay palygorskite , known as attapulgite . See also : List of gold mines in Georgia Industry ( edit ) Industry in Georgia is diverse . While many textile jobs moved overseas , there is still a textile industry located around the cities of Rome , Columbus , Augusta , Macon and along the I - 75 corridor between Atlanta and Chattanooga , Tennessee . Historically it started along the fall line in the Piedmont , where factories were powered by waterfalls and rivers . It includes the towns of Cartersville , Calhoun , Ringgold and Dalton In November 2009 , Kia started production in Georgia at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant , Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point . Industrial products include textiles and apparel , transportation equipment , food processing , paper products , chemicals and products , and electric equipment . Logistics ( edit ) Georgia was ranked the No. 2 state for infrastructure and global access by Area Development magazine . The Georgia Ports Authority owns and operates four ports in the state : Port of Savannah , Port of Brunswick , Port Bainbridge , and Port Columbus . The Port of Savannah is the fourth largest seaport in the United States , importing and exporting a total of 2.3 million TEUs per year . The Port of Savannah 's Garden City Terminal is the largest single container terminal in North America . Several major companies including Target , IKEA , and Heineken operate distribution centers in close proximity to the Port of Savannah . Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport has three cargo complexes that include two million square feet of space , the airport moves over 650,000 tons of cargo annually , it has nearby cold storage for perishables , and is the only airport in the Southeast with USDA - approved cold - treatment capabilities . Delta Air Lines also offers an on - airport refrigeration facility for perishable cargo , and a 250 - acre Foreign Trade Zone is located at the airport . Georgia is a major railway hub , has the most extensive rail system in the Southeast , and has the service of two Class I railroads , CSX and Norfolk Southern , plus 24 short - line railroads . Georgia is ranked the # 3 state in the nation for rail accessibility . Rail shipments include intermodal , bulk , automotive and every other type of shipment . Georgia has an extensive interstate highway system including 1,200 miles of interstate highway and 20,000 miles of federal and state highways that facilitate the efficient movement of more than $620 billion of cargo by truck each year . Georgia 's six interstates connect to 80 percent of the U.S. population within a two - day truck drive . More than $14 billion in funding has been approved for new roadway infrastructure . Military ( edit ) Southern Congressmen have attracted major investment by the US military in the state . The several US military installations include Moody Air Force Base , Fort Stewart , Hunter Army Airfield , Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay , Fort Benning , Robins Air Force Base , Fort Gordon , Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany , Dobbins Air Reserve Base , Coast Guard Air Station Savannah and Coast Guard Station Brunswick . These installations command numerous jobs and business for related contractors . Energy use and production ( edit ) Georgia 's electricity generation and consumption are among the highest in the United States , with natural gas being the primary electrical generation fuel , followed by coal . The state also has two nuclear power facilities , Plant Hatch and Plant Vogtle , which contribute almost one fourth of Georgia 's electricity generation , and an additional two nuclear power plants are under construction at Plant Vogtle . In 2013 , the generation mix was 39 % gas , 35 % coal , 23 % nuclear , 3 % hydro and other renewable sources . The leading area of energy consumption is the industrial sector because Georgia `` is a leader in the energy - intensive wood and paper products industry '' . Solar generated energy is becoming more in use with solar energy generators currently installed ranking Georgia 15th in the country in installed solar capacity . In 2013 , $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home , business and utility use representing a 795 % increase over the previous year . State taxes ( edit ) Georgia has a progressive income tax structure with six brackets of state income tax rates that range from 1 % to 6 % . In 2009 , Georgians paid 9 % of their income in state and local taxes , compared to the US average of 9.8 % of income . This ranks Georgia 25th among the states for total state and local tax burden . The state sales tax in Georgia is 4 % with additional percentages added through local options ( e.g. Special - purpose local - option sales tax or SPLOST ) , but there is no sales tax on prescription drugs , certain medical devices , or food items for home consumption . The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes , such as the 2 % SPLOST tax and the 1 % sales tax for MARTA serviced counties . Excise taxes are levied on alcohol , tobacco , and motor fuel . Owners of real property in Georgia pay property tax to their county . All taxes are collected by the Georgia Department of Revenue and then properly distributed according to any agreements that each county has with its cities . Film ( edit ) Main article : Film industry in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Georgia Film , Music and Digital Entertainment Office promotes filming in the state . Since 1972 , seven hundred film and television projects have been filmed on location in Georgia . Georgia overtook California in 2016 as the state location with the most feature films produced . In fiscal year 2017 film and tv production had an economic impact in Georgia of $9.5 billion . Tourism ( edit ) Savannah 's River Street is a popular tourist destination . In the Atlanta area , World of Coke , Georgia Aquarium , Zoo Atlanta and Stone Mountain are important tourist attractions . Stone Mountain is Georgia 's `` most popular attraction '' ; receiving over four million tourists per year . The Georgia Aquarium , in Atlanta , was the largest aquarium in the world in 2010 according to Guinness World Records . Callaway Gardens , in western Georgia , is a family resort . The area is also popular with golfers . The Savannah Historic District attracts over eleven million tourists each year . The Golden Isles are a string of barrier islands off the Atlantic coast of Georgia near Brunswick that include beaches , golf courses and the Cumberland Island National Seashore . Several sites honor the lives and careers of noted American leaders : the Little White House in Warm Springs , which served as the summer residence of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt while he was being treated for polio ; President Jimmy Carter 's hometown of Plains and the Carter Presidential Center in Atlanta ; the Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta , which is the final resting place of Martin Luther King , Jr. and Coretta Scott King ; and Atlanta 's Ebenezer Baptist Church , where Dr. King preached . Cultural ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Fox Theatre is a performing arts venue located in Midtown Atlanta , and is the centerpiece of the Fox Theatre Historic District . Fine and performing arts ( edit ) Georgia 's major fine art museums include the High Museum of Art and the Michael C. Carlos Museum , both in Atlanta ; the Georgia Museum of Art on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens ; Telfair Museum of Art and the SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah ; and the Morris Museum of Art in Augusta . The state theatre of Georgia is the Springer Opera House located in Columbus . The Atlanta Opera brings opera to Georgia stages . The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra is the most widely recognized orchestra and largest arts organization in the southeastern United States . There are a number of performing arts venues in the state , among the largest are the Fox Theatre , and the Alliance Theatre at the Woodruff Arts Center , both on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta as well as the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre , located in Northwest Atlanta . Literature ( edit ) Authors have grappled with Georgia 's complex history . Popular novels related to this include Margaret Mitchell 's Gone with the Wind , Olive Ann Burns ' Cold Sassy Tree , and Alice Walker 's The Color Purple . A number of noted authors , poets and playwrights have lived in Georgia , such as James Dickey , Flannery O'Connor , Sidney Lanier , Frank Yerby and Lewis Grizzard . Television ( edit ) Well - known television shows set in Atlanta include , from Tyler Perry Studios , House of Payne and Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns , The Real Housewives of Atlanta , the CBS sitcom Designing Women , Matlock , the popular AMC series The Walking Dead , Lifetime Drop Dead Diva , Rectify and numerous HGTV original productions . The Dukes of Hazzard , a 1980s TV show , was set in the fictional Hazzard County , Georgia . The first five episodes were shot on location in Conyers and Covington , Georgia as well as some locations in Atlanta . Production was then moved to Burbank , California . Also filmed in Georgia is The Vampire Diaries , using Covington as the setting for the fictional Mystic Falls . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Georgia ( U.S. state ) See also : List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta A number of notable musicians in various genres of popular music are from Georgia . Among them are Ray Charles ( whose many hits include `` Georgia on My Mind '' , now the official state song ) , and Gladys Knight ( known for her Georgia - themed song , `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' ) . Rock groups from Georgia include the Atlanta Rhythm Section , The Black Crowes , and The Allman Brothers . The university city of Athens sparked an influential rock music scene in the 1980s and 1990s . Among the groups achieving their initial prominence in that city were R.E.M. , Widespread Panic , and the B - 52 's . Since the 1990s , various hip - hop and R&B musicians have included top - selling artists such as Outkast , Usher , Ludacris , TLC , B.o.B. , and Ciara . Atlanta is mentioned in a number of these artists ' tracks , such as Usher 's `` A-Town Down '' reference in his 2004 hit Yeah ! ( which also features Atlanta artists Lil Jon and Ludacris ) , Ludacris ' `` Welcome to Atlanta '' , Outkast 's album `` ATLiens '' , and B.o.B. 's multiple references to Decatur , Georgia , as in his hit song `` Strange Clouds '' . Film ( edit ) Films set in Georgia include two pictures both set in Atlanta that were awarded the Oscar for Best Picture : Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) and Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) . Other films set in Georgia include Deliverance ( 1972 ) , which was based on the novel of the same name by James Dickey , Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) , and Vacation at Six Flags Over Georgia . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Kickoff at Sanford Stadium of the Georgia - South Carolina college football game on September 8 , 2007 Sports in Georgia include professional teams in nearly all major sports , Olympic Games contenders and medalists , collegiate teams in major and small - school conferences and associations , and active amateur teams and individual sports . The state of Georgia has teams in four major professional leagues -- the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . The Georgia Bulldogs ( Southeastern Conference ) , Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( Atlantic Coast Conference ) , Georgia State Panthers and Georgia Southern Eagles ( Sun Belt Conference ) are Georgia 's NCAA Division I FBS football teams , having won multiple national championships between them . The 1996 Summer Olympics took place in Atlanta . The stadium that was built to host various Olympic events was converted to Turner Field , the home of the Atlanta Braves through the 2016 season . The Masters golf tournament , the first of the PGA tour 's four `` majors '' , is held annually the second weekend of April at the Augusta National Golf Club . The Atlanta Motor Speedway hosts the Dixie 500 NASCAR Cup Series stock car race and Road Atlanta the Petit Le Mans endurance sports car race . Atlanta 's Georgia Dome hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . The Georgia Dome hosted the NCAA Final Four Men 's Basketball National Championship in 2002 , 2007 , and 2013 . It hosted WWE 's WrestleMania XXVII in 2011 , an event which set an attendance record of 71,617 . The dome was also the venue of the annual Chick - fil - A Bowl post-season college football games . Since 2017 , they have been held at the Mercedes - Benz Stadium along with the FIRST World Championships . Professional baseball 's Ty Cobb was the first player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . He was from Narrows and was nicknamed the `` Georgia Peach . '' Parks and recreational activities ( edit ) Main article : Protected areas of Georgia ( U.S. state ) There are 63 parks in Georgia , 48 of which are state parks and 15 that are historic sites , and numerous state wildlife preserves , under the supervision of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources . Other historic sites and parks are supervised by the National Park Service and include the Andersonville National Historic Site in Andersonville ; Appalachian National Scenic Trail ; Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area near Atlanta ; Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park at Fort Oglethorpe ; Cumberland Island National Seashore near St. Marys ; Fort Frederica National Monument on St. Simons Island ; Fort Pulaski National Monument in Savannah ; Jimmy Carter National Historic Site near Plains ; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park near Kennesaw ; Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta ; Ocmulgee National Monument at Macon ; Trail of Tears National Historic Trail ; and the Okefenokee Swamp in Waycross , Georgia Outdoor recreational activities include hiking along the Appalachian Trail ; Civil War Heritage Trails ; rock climbing and whitewater kayaking . Other outdoor activities include hunting and fishing . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Georgia Tech 's Tech Tower Georgia county and city public school systems are administered by school boards with members elected at the local level . As of 2013 , all but 19 of 181 boards are elected from single - member districts . Residents and activist groups in Fayette County , Georgia sued the board of commissioners and school board for maintaining an election system based on at - large voting , which tended to increase the power of the majority and effectively prevented minority participation on elected local boards for nearly 200 years . A change to single - member districts has resulted in the African - American minority being able to elect representatives of its choice . Georgia high schools ( grades nine through twelve ) are required to administer a standardized , multiple choice End of Course Test , or EOCT , in each of eight core subjects including algebra , geometry , U.S. history , economics , biology , physical science , Ninth Grade Literature and composition , and American literature . The official purpose of the tests is to assess `` specific content knowledge and skills . '' Although a minimum test score is not required for the student to receive credit in the course , completion of the test is mandatory . The EOCT score accounts for 15 % of a student 's grade in the course . The ' ' Georgia Milestone ' ' evaluation is taken by public school students in the state . Georgia has 85 public colleges , universities , and technical colleges in addition to over 45 private institutes of higher learning . Among Georgia 's public universities is the flagship research university , the University of Georgia , founded in 1785 as the country 's oldest state - chartered university and the birthplace of the American system of public higher education . The University System of Georgia is the presiding body over public education in the state . The System includes 29 institutions of higher learning . The System is governed by the Georgia Board of Regents . Georgia 's workforce of more than 6.3 million is constantly refreshed by the growing number of people who move here along with the 90,000 graduates from the universities , colleges and technical colleges across the state , including the nationally - ranked University of Georgia , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University . The HOPE Scholarship , funded by the state lottery , is available to all Georgia residents who have graduated from high school or earned a General Educational Development certificate . The student must maintain a 3.2 or higher grade point average and attend a public college or university in the state . The Georgia Historical Society , an independent educational and research institution , has a research center located in Savannah . The research center 's library and archives hold the oldest collection of materials related to Georgia history in the nation . Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The CNN Center in Atlanta . The Atlanta metropolitan area is the ninth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research . The state 's other top markets are Savannah ( 95th largest ) , Augusta ( 115th largest ) , and Columbus ( 127th largest ) . There are 48 television broadcast stations in Georgia including TBS , TNT , TCM , Cartoon Network , CNN and Headline News , all founded by notable Georgia resident Ted Turner . The Weather Channel also has its headquarters in Atlanta . By far , the largest daily newspaper in Georgia is the Atlanta Journal - Constitution with a daily readership of 195,592 and a Sunday readership of 397,925 . Other large dailies include The Augusta Chronicle , the Columbus Ledger - Enquirer , The Telegraph ( formerly The Macon Telegraph ) and the Savannah Morning News . WSB - AM in Atlanta was the first licensed radio station in the southeastern United States , signing on in 1922 . Georgia Public Radio has been in service since 1984 and , with the exception of Atlanta , it broadcasts daily on several FM ( and one AM ) stations across the state . Georgia Public Radio reaches nearly all of Georgia ( with the exception of the Atlanta area , which is served by WABE ) . WSB - TV in Atlanta is the state 's oldest television station , having begun operations in 1948 . WSB was only the second such operation founded in the Southern U.S. , trailing only WTVR in Richmond , Virginia . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Port of Brunswick and the Sidney Lanier Bridge Transportation in Georgia is overseen by the Georgia Department of Transportation , a part of the executive branch of the state government . Georgia 's major Interstate Highways are I - 20 , I - 75 , I - 85 , and I - 95 . On March 18 , 1998 , the Georgia House of Representatives passed a resolution naming the portion of Interstate Highway 75 , which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line the Larry McDonald Memorial Highway . Larry McDonald , a Democratic member of the House of Representatives , had been on Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by the Soviets on September 1 , 1983 . MARTA commuter train Georgia 's primary commercial airport is Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport ( ATL ) , and is the world 's busiest passenger airport . In addition to Hartsfield - Jackson , there are eight other airports serving major commercial traffic in Georgia . Savannah / Hilton Head International Airport is the second - busiest airport in the state as measured by passengers served , and is the only additional international airport . Other commercial airports ( ranked in order of passengers served ) are located in Augusta , Columbus , Albany , Macon , Brunswick , Valdosta , and Athens . The Georgia Ports Authority manages two deepwater seaports , at Savannah and Brunswick , and two river ports , at Bainbridge and Columbus . The Port of Savannah is a major U.S. seaport on the Atlantic coast . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) is the principal rapid transit system in the Atlanta metropolitan area . Formed in 1971 as strictly a bus system , MARTA operates a network of bus routes linked to a rapid transit system consisting of 48 miles ( 77 km ) of rail track with 38 train stations . MARTA operates almost exclusively in Fulton and DeKalb counties , with bus service to two destinations in Cobb county and the Cumberland Transfer Center next to the Cumberland Mall , and a single rail station in Clayton County at Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . MARTA also operates a separate paratransit service for disabled customers . As of 2009 , the average total daily ridership for the system ( bus and rail ) was 482,500 passengers . Health Care ( edit ) Medical Center of Central Georgia in Macon ( Georgia 's 2nd largest hospital ) See also : List of hospitals in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The state has 151 general hospitals , over 15,000 doctors and almost 6,000 dentists . The state is ranked forty - first in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise . Cities ( edit ) See also : Georgia census statistical areas Downtown Atlanta Atlanta , located in north - central Georgia at the Eastern Continental Divide , has been Georgia 's capital city since 1868 . It is the most populous city in Georgia , with just over 420,000 residents in 2010 . The Atlanta metropolitan area is the cultural and economic center of the Southeast ; its population in 2010 was 5,268,860 , or 53.6 % of Georgia 's total . Atlanta is the nation 's ninth largest metropolitan area . The state has fourteen other cities with populations above 50,000 ( based on 2012 census estimates ) . In descending order of size they are Columbus , Augusta , Macon , Savannah , Athens , Sandy Springs , Roswell , Albany , Johns Creek , Warner Robins , Alpharetta , Marietta , Valdosta and Smyrna . Along with the rest of the Southeast , Georgia 's population continues to grow rapidly , with primary gains concentrated in urban areas . The population of the Atlanta metropolitan area added 1.23 million people ( 24 percent ) between 2000 and 2010 , and Atlanta rose in rank from the eleventh - largest metropolitan area in the United States to the ninth - largest . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Jimmy Carter , from Plains , Georgia , was President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta in 1929 . He was a civil rights movement leader fighting for rights for African Americans and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 . State Symbols ( edit ) A brown thrasher , Georgia 's state bird . Rosa laevigata , Cherokee rose , the state flower of Georgia . Reference : Georgia Symbols Amphibian : American green tree frog Bird : brown thrasher Crop : peanut Fish : largemouth bass Flower : Cherokee rose Fruit : peach Gem : quartz Insect : honey bee Mammal : white - tailed deer Marine mammal : right whale Mineral : staurolite Nicknames : `` Peach State '' `` Empire State of the South '' Reptile : gopher tortoise Song : `` Georgia on My Mind '' Tree : live oak Vegetable : Vidalia onion See also ( edit ) Georgia USA portal Index of Georgia ( U.S. state ) - related articles Outline of Georgia ( U.S. state ) -- organized list of topics about Georgia Georgia ( U.S. state ) -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia History Overview -- The History Channel '' . The History Channel . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia at the Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Georgia Encyclopaedia '' . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coweta is the 41st fastest growing county in United States '' . The Times - Herald . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TIGER database ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates '' . Census.gov . United States Census . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Facts and Symbols -- Georgia.gov '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trustee Georgia , 1732 -- 1752 '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Articles of Confederation : Primary Documents of American History ( Virtual Programs & Services , Library of Congress ) '' . Loc.gov . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Resolution Archived October 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Georgia General Assembly . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Atlanta in the Civil Rights Movement `` , Atlanta Regional Council for Higher Education '' . Atlantahighered.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Charles ( January 1 , 1968 ) . `` Racial Violence and Social Reform - Origins of the Atlanta Riot of 1906 '' . The Journal of Negro History . 53 ( 3 ) : 234 -- 256 . doi : 10.2307 / 2716218 . JSTOR 2716218 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1900 Federal Census , University of Virginia Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ ) https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-second-edition-supplement-by-county.pdf Lynching in America : Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror , `` Supplement : Lynching by County '' 2nd edition , Montgomery , Alabama : Equal Justice Institute , 2015 Jump up ^ Ulrich Bonnell Phillips ( 1902 ) . Georgia and state rights : a study of the political history of Georgia from the Revolution to the Civil War . Annual Report of American Historical Association for the 57th US Congress , 1901 . p. 30 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drought - stricken Georgia eyes Tennessee 's border -- and river water '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California . February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia -- Flora and fauna '' . City-data.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monthly Averages for Macon , GA The Weather Channel . Jump up ^ Monthly Averages for Clayton , GA The Weather Channel . Jump up ^ `` Georgia USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Each state 's high temperature record USA Today , last updated August 2004 . Jump up ^ Each state 's low temperature record USA Today , last updated August 2006 ^ Jump up to : Wurman , Joshua . `` Why do n't tornadoes hit cities more often ? '' . scientificamerican.com . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , A DIVISION OF NATURE AMERICA , INC . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weather By Day Georgia '' . Weatherbyday.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast sees big influx of illegal immigrants '' . NBCNews.com . Associated Press . February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kanell , Michael E. ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Number of veterans , October '' . Atlanta , Georgia : Atlanta Constitution - Journal . pp. A6 . quoting the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Census . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of Georgia : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES - 2011 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Census . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions , Divisions and States '' ( PDF ) . Census . 1980 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pulera , Dominic J ( 2004 - 10 - 20 ) , Sharing the Dream : White Males in a Multicultural America , ISBN 9780826416438 Jump up ^ Farley , Reynolds ( August 1991 ) , `` The New Census Question about Ancestry : What Did It Tell Us ? '' , Demography , 28 ( 3 ) : 411 -- 29 , doi : 10.2307 / 2061465 , JSTOR 2061465 , PMID 1936376 Jump up ^ Lieberson , Stanley ; Santi , Lawrence ( 1985 ) , `` The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns '' , Social Science Research , 14 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 6 , doi : 10.1016 / 0049 - 089x ( 85 ) 90011 - 0 Jump up ^ Lieberson , Stanley ; Waters , Mary C ( September 1986 ) , `` Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites '' , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 487 ( 79 ) : 82 -- 86 , doi : 10.1177 / 0002716286487001004 Jump up ^ Frey , William H ( May 2004 ) , The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 -- 2000 ( PDF ) , The Brookings Institution , archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 28 , 2008 , retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Atlanta ( PDF ) ( profile ) , GA : Oca , archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia '' , Quickfacts , Census , archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Early Mountain Life '' , Travel , Georgia , archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Who are Americans , The well ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maps '' . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/13/rcms2010_13_state_name_2010.asp '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/presbyterian-church-america '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiszer , Marc ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Georgia 's Kublanow balances faith and football '' . Savannah Now . Kublanow was n't just born Jewish , he was raised and had his bar mitzvah while attending an orthodox Chabad synagogue . His mother , Shelly Kublanow Rosenblatt , will attend Friday night and Saturday morning services at the Chabad House in Athens and then head to Sanford Stadium in the afternoon to watch Kublanow and his linemates clear the way for Todd Gurley . Jump up ^ Sollish , Ari ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` Chabad Course Explores Israel 's Spiritual Side '' . Crown Heights Info . ATLANTA , GA -- A new six - part adult - education course from Chabad - Lubavitch 's Rohr Jewish Learning Institute will explore the spiritual connection between the Jewish people and the land of Israel starting at the end of October . Unlike courses that focus on the history or the culture of Israel , `` The Land & the Spirit : Why We All Care About Israel '' will explore the mystery of the deep connection between Jews everywhere and that small patch of land in the Middle East . Jump up ^ `` Religious Landscape Study '' . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Senate Kids . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived December 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Constitution of Georgia Article III Section II . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived December 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court of Georgia History '' . Supreme Court of Georgia . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Georgia Counties . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived November 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's County Governments '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Townships proposed as an alternative to cities in Georgia '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Race , Voting Rights , and Segregation '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saye , Albert B. ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . A Constitutional History of Georgia , 1732 -- 1945 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820335544 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1900 US Census , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's 1908 Disfranchisement Constitutional Amendment '' . Ray City History . Ray City Community Library . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A State Divided '' . Ourgeorgiahistory.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The long goodbye '' . Economist.com . November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Confident Years '' . Ngeorgia.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last white Democrat in House from Deep South wins re-election '' . Reuters.com. 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White voters solidly in for GOP in Georgia ( October 16 , 2012 ) '' . Ajc.com . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election 2004 '' . CNN . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partisan composition of state houses '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Senate '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Epstein , Thomas G. Walk , Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice 8th Edition , SAGE , 2012 , p. 753 Jump up ^ `` Georgia Marriage Amendment , Question 1 ( 2004 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bluestein , Greg ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Top Georgia court official : Judges are following the law on gay marriages '' . Atlanta , Georgia : Atlanta Constitution - Journal . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Per Capita Personal Income by State '' . Bureau of Business & Economic Research , UNM . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State credit ratings '' . ballotpedia.org . Ballotpedia . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BEA statistics for 2005 GSP -- October 26 , 2006 '' . Bea.gov . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Jim ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Atlanta Airport Still the `` Busiest '' `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport '' . Delta Air Lines , Inc . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Port of Savannah fourth - busiest , fastest - growing in the U.S. '' Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Belser , Briana . `` State of Georgia ranked No. 1 in business '' . CBS46.com . WGCL - TV ( Meredith Corporation ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 State For Business Georgia Leads in Workforce Training , Global Access and Infrastructure '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? '' . Georgia Blueberry Commission . Georgia Department of Agriculture . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Kathy ( September 3 , 2013 ) `` New Carpet Factories Help Cushion Blows From Recession Losses '' , NPR ; Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia '' . workforce.georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Savannah 's Garden City Terminal is the Largest Single Container Terminal in North America '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia By Air '' . workforce.georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INFRASTRUCTURE IN GEORGIA '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Information Administration '' . Tonto.eia.doe.gov . March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on the Georgia Solar Industry '' . Georgia Solar . Solar Energy Industries Association . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia 's State and Local Tax Burden 1977 -- 2009 '' . The Tax Foundation . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://etax.dor.ga.gov/salestax/salestaxrates/LGS_2014_Jul_Rate_Chart.pdf Jump up ^ `` Georgia Public Policy Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Gppf.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Film Industry in Georgia . ( 2004 -- 2010 ) . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Georgia Industries : Film Facts Archived February 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2010 ) . Georgia . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Kenna . `` GA GA LAND Georgia 's film industry spurs big plans beyond production '' . georgiatrend.com . Georgia Trend Magazine . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Zoo Atlanta . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Circues . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Sheridan `` Stone Mountain Park -- Georgia 's Most Popular Attraction '' . gosoutheast.about.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rattlesnake Roundups . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press `` Aquarium sets Guinness record -- Official from world record book says aquarium is world 's largest '' . ajc.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callaway Gardens . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Savannah GA Historical Information '' . Savannahvisit.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Willamette . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Archived October 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Atlanta Opera . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Atlanta Symphony Orchestra . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Literature : Overview . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tim ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta tunes up for Final Four with South region '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cobb , Ty '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Natural Resources gadnr.org , accessed May 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ National Park Service nps.gov , accessed May 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Appalachian Trail . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Civil War Heritage Trails . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rock climbing . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewater rafting '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , A.B.S. ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Fayette County At - Large Election Process Violates Voting Rights Act '' . Jump up ^ GA DOE -- Testing -- EOCT . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Archived May 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lowry , Donna ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` New Georgia test will be different from CRCT '' . 11 Alive . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points of Pride '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Leads in Workforce Training , Global Access and Infrastructure '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 210 Designated Market Areas -- 03 -- 04 '' . Nielsen Media . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AJC circulation continues to fall '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals. April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Network , Georgia Public Radio , archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 , retrieved May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ About , Georgia Public Radio , archived from the original on May 3 , 2007 , retrieved May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Airport information '' , Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 , retrieved June 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Public - Use Airports '' , Georgia Encyclopedia , retrieved June 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie ( Autumn 2009 ) , Public Transportation Ridership Report ( PDF ) , American Public Transportation Association Jump up ^ `` Living in Georgia '' , Culture , retrieved May 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Physical exercise '' , Health ( graph ) , Statemaster , retrieved May 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau '' . 2010.census.gov . March 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Area Population & Housing Patterns : 2000 -- 2010 '' . Proximityone.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta moves to 9th largest US Metro area '' . www.ajc.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tieck , Sarah ( 2013 ) . Georgia . Minneapolis , MN : ABDO Publishing Company . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61783 - 348 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Symbols '' . Georgia.gov . Jump up ^ `` White - Tailed Deer Named State Mammal of Georgia -- Georgia.gov '' . Jump up ^ `` Look Georgia Agriculture on www.georgia.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bartley , Numan V . The Creation of Modern Georgia ( 1990 ) . Covers 1865 -- 1990 period . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1183 - 9 . Coleman , Kenneth . ed . A History of Georgia ( 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1269 - X . London , Bonnie Bullard. ( 2005 ) Georgia and the American Experience Atlanta , Georgia : Clairmont Press ISBN 1 - 56733 - 100 - 9 . A middle school textbook . Peirce , Neal R . The Deep South States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Seven Deep South States ( 1974 ) . Information on politics and economics 1960 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05496 - 9 . Williams , David and Christopher C. Meyers . Georgia : A Brief History Macon : Mercer University Press , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGeorgia ( U.S. state ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Georgia state government website Georgia State Guide , from the Library of Congress The New Georgia Encyclopedia Georgia State Facts from USDA Vanishing Georgia from the Digital Library of Georgia Virtual Georgia from the Georgia Archives Georgia Historical Marker Program from the Georgia Historical Society Georgia ( U.S. state ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Georgia ( U.S. state ) at OpenStreetMap Preceded by New Jersey List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on January 2 , 1788 ( 4th ) Succeeded by Connecticut <Th_colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Georgia ( U.S. state ) <Td_colspan="2"> Tennessee and North Carolina South Carolina Alabama Georgia : Outline Index Atlantic Ocean Florida Atlantic Ocean <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Topics related to Georgia ( U.S. state ) Peach State <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) State of Georgia <Td_colspan="3"> Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Seal of Georgia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) <Th_colspan="3"> Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Georgia <Td_colspan="2"> Keisha Lance Bottoms ( Atlanta ) Teresa Tomlinson ( Columbus ) Hardie Davis ( Augusta ) Robert Reichert ( Macon ) Eddie DeLoach ( Savannah ) Nancy Denson ( Athens ) <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of Georgia Federal National historic sites and military parks Andersonville NHS Jimmy Carter NHS Martin Luther King Jr . NHS Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park National monuments Fort Frederica Fort Pulaski Ocmulgee National forests Chattahoochee Oconee National wildlife refuges Banks Lake Blackbeard Island Bond Swamp Eufaula Harris Neck Okefenokee Piedmont Savannah Wassaw Wolf Island Wilderness areas Big Frog Wilderness Blood Mountain Wilderness Brasstown Wilderness Cohutta Wilderness Cumberland Island National Seashore Ellicott Rock Wilderness Mark Trail Wilderness Okefenokee Wilderness Raven Cliffs Wilderness Rich Mountain Wilderness Southern Nantahala Wilderness Tray Mountain Wilderness Wild and scenic rivers Chattooga River National trails Appalachian Trail Pinhoti National Recreation Trail Other protected areas Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Cumberland Island National Seashore Gray 's Reef National Marine Sanctuary Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve State Parks Amicalola Falls Black Rock Mountain Bobby Brown Buck Shoals Chattahoochee Bend Cloudland Canyon Crooked River Don Carter Elijah Clark F.D. Roosevelt Florence Marina Fort Mountain Fort Yargo General Coffee George L. Smith George T. Bagby Georgia Veterans Gordonia - Alatamaha Hamburg Hard Labor Creek Hart High Falls Indian Springs James H. `` Sloppy '' Floyd John Tanner Laura S. Walker Little Ocmulgee Magnolia Springs Mistletoe Moccasin Creek Panola Mountain Providence Canyon Red Top Mountain Reed Bingham Richard B. Russell Sapelo Island Seminole Skidaway Island Smithgall Woods Sprewell Bluff Standing Boy Creek Stephen C. Foster Sweetwater Creek Tallulah Gorge Tugaloo Unicoi Victoria Bryant Vogel Watson Mill Bridge Historic parks and sites A.H. Stephens Chief Vann House Dahlonega Gold Museum Etowah Indian Mounds Fort McAllister Fort King George Fort Morris Hofwyl - Broadfield Plantation Jarrell Plantation Jefferson Davis Memorial Kolomoki Mounds Lapham - Patterson House Little White House New Echota Pickett 's Mill Battlefield Robert Toombs House Travelers Rest Wormsloe Forests Baldwin Bartram Brender - Hitchiti Dixon Memorial Dawson Hightower Paulding Spirit Creek Other Centennial Olympic Park Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center Jekyll Island Len Foote Hike Inn Radium Springs Sapelo Island Stone Mountain Park County , municipal and other Parks Chehaw Park Cobb County Parks McIntosh Reserve Murphey Candler Park Okefenokee Swamp Park Robert G. Hunter Memorial Park Roswell Recreation and Parks Seaborn Jones Memorial Park Shaking Rock Park Forests and nature preserves Autrey Mill Nature Preserve & Heritage Center Fernbank Forest Marshall Forest Morningside Nature Preserve Phinizy Swamp Nature Park Reynolds Nature Preserve Nature and environmental education centers Birdsong Nature Center Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center Chattahoochee Nature Center Cochran Mill Nature Center Dauset Trails Nature Center Dunwoody Nature Center Elachee Nature Science Center Georgia Nature Center Grand Bay Wetland Education Center Melvin L. Newman Wetlands Center Oatland Island Wildlife Center Oxbow Meadows Environmental Learning Center Panola Mountain State Park Nature Center Sandy Creek Nature Center Savannah - Ogeechee Canal Museum & Nature Center Tidelands Nature Center Tybee Island Marine Science Center West Atlanta Watershed Alliance Outdoor Activity Center <Td_colspan="2"> Georgia Department of Natural Resources Georgia Forestry Commission ( web ) <Th_colspan="2"> Southern United States Topics Culture Cuisine Geography Economy Government and Politics History Sports States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Major cities Atlanta Birmingham Charleston Charlotte Columbia Dallas Fort Worth Greensboro Houston Jacksonville Little Rock Memphis Miami Nashville New Orleans Norfolk Oklahoma City Orlando Raleigh Richmond Tampa Tulsa State capitals Atlanta Austin Baton Rouge Charleston Columbia Jackson Little Rock Montgomery Nashville Raleigh Richmond Oklahoma City Tallahassee <Th_colspan="3"> Political divisions of the Confederate States ( 1861 -- 65 ) States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia States in exile Kentucky Missouri Territory Arizona <Td_colspan="3"> Admitted to the Union June 20 , 1863 . Organized January 18 , 1862 . <Th_colspan="2"> Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 33 ° 00 ′ N 83 ° 30 ′ W / 33 ° N 83.5 ° W / 33 ; - 83.5 VIAF : 144230826 LCCN : n79023113 ISNI : 0000 0004 0405 8664 GND : 4020273 - 2 NDL : 00628631 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=834487452 '' Categories : Georgia ( U.S. state ) 1788 establishments in the United States Former British colonies Southern United States States and territories established in 1788 States of the Confederate States States of the East Coast of the United States States of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 165 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Georgia (U.S. state)
2. History of Georgia
3. Geography of Georgia
4. Climate of Georgia
5. Flora and fauna of Georgia
|
1,504,078,610,300,879,600 |
when did latin cease to be a spoken language
|
History of Latin - wikipedia History of Latin Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One of the seven ceiling frescoes painted by Bartolomeo Altomonte in his 80th year for the library of Admont Abbey . An allegory of the Enlightenment , it shows Aurora , goddess of dawn , with the geniuses of language in her train awakening Morpheus , god of dreaming , a symbol of man . The geniuses are Grammar , Didactic , Greek , Hebrew and Latin . Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the 6th century BC . Latin is confined to Latium , a small region on the coast of west central Italy , hemmed in by other Italic peoples on the east and south and the powerful Etruscan civilization on the north . Latin is a member of the broad family of Italic languages . Its alphabet , the Latin alphabet , emerged from the Old Italic alphabets , which in turn were derived from the Greek and Phoenician scripts . Historical Latin came from the prehistoric language of the Latium region , specifically around the River Tiber , where Roman civilization first developed . How and when Latin came to be spoken by the Romans are questions that have long been debated . Various influences on Latin of Celtic dialects in northern Italy , the non-Indo - European Etruscan language in Central Italy , and the Greek of southern Italy have been detected , but when these influences entered the native Latin is not known for certain . Surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin in its broadest definition . It includes a polished and sometimes highly stylized literary language sometimes termed Golden Latin , which spans the 1st century BC and the early years of the 1st century AD . However , throughout the history of ancient Rome the spoken language differed in both grammar and vocabulary from that of literature , and is referred to as Vulgar Latin . In addition to Latin , Greek was often spoken by the well - educated elite , who studied it in school and acquired Greek tutors from among the influx of enslaved educated Greek prisoners of war . In the eastern half of the Roman Empire , which became the Byzantine Empire , the Greek Koine of Hellenism remained current and was never replaced by Latin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Old Latin 3 Classical Latin 3.1 Golden Age 3.2 Silver Age 4 Late Latin 5 Vulgar Latin 6 Romance languages 7 Ecclesiastical Latin 8 Medieval Latin 9 Renaissance Latin 10 New Latin 11 Phonology 11.1 Vowels 11.1. 1 Pure vowels 11.1. 1.1 Initial syllables 11.1. 1.2 Medial syllables 11.1. 1.3 Syncope 11.1. 1.4 Final syllables 11.1. 2 Diphthongs 11.1. 2.1 Initial syllables 11.1. 2.2 Medial syllables 11.1. 2.3 Final syllables 11.1. 3 Syllabic resonants and laryngeals 11.2 Consonants 11.2. 1 Aspirates 11.2. 2 Labiovelars 11.2. 3 Other sequences 11.2. 4 S - rhotacism 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Sources 15 External links Origins ( edit ) Main article : Italic languages The name Latin derives from the Italic tribal group named Latini that settled around the 10th century BC in Latium , and the dialect spoken by these people . The Italic languages form a centum subfamily of the Indo - European language family . These include the Romance , Germanic , Celtic , and Hellenic languages , and a number of extinct ones . Broadly speaking , in initial syllables the Indo - European simple vowels -- ( * a ) , * e , * i , * o , * u ; short and long -- are usually retained in Latin . The schwa indogermanicum ( * ə ) appears in Latin as a ( cf . IE * pəter > L pater ) . Diphthongs are also preserved in Old Latin , but in Classical Latin some tend to become monophthongs ( for example oi > ū or oe , and ei > ē > ī ) . In non-initial syllables , there was more vowel reduction . The most extreme case occurs with short vowels in medial open syllables ( i.e. short vowels followed by at most a single consonant , occurring neither in the first nor last syllable ) : All are reduced to a single vowel , which appears as i in most cases , but e ( sometimes o ) before r , and u before an l which is followed by o or u . In final syllables , short e and o are usually raised to i and u , respectively . Consonants are generally more stable . However , the Indo - European voiced aspirates bh , dh , gh , gwh are not maintained , becoming f , f , h , f respectively at the beginning of a word , but usually b , d , g , v elsewhere . Note that non-initial dh becomes b next to r or u , e.g. * h1rudh - `` red '' > rub - , e.g. rubeō `` to be red '' ; * werdh - `` word '' > verbum . s between vowels famously becomes r , e.g. flōs `` flower '' , gen . flōris ; erō `` I will be '' vs. root es - ; aurōra `` dawn '' < * ausōsā ( cf . Germanic * aust - > English `` east '' , Vedic Sanskrit uṣā́s `` dawn '' ) ; soror `` sister '' < * sosor < * swesōr ( cf. Old English sweostor `` sister '' ) . Of the original eight cases of Proto - Indo - European , Latin inherited six : nominative , vocative , accusative , genitive , dative , and ablative . The Indo - European locative survived in the declensions of some place names and a few common nouns , such as Roma `` Rome '' ( locative Romae ) and domus `` home '' ( locative domī `` at home '' ) . Vestiges of the instrumental case may remain in adverbial forms ending in - ē . It is believed that the earliest surviving inscription is a seventh - century B.C. pin known as the Praenestine fibula , which reads Manios med fhefhaked Numasioi `` Manius made me for Numerius '' . Old Latin ( edit ) The Duenos inscription , from the 6th century BC , is the second - earliest known Latin text . Main article : Old Latin Old Latin ( also called Early Latin or Archaic Latin ) refers to the period of Latin texts before the age of Classical Latin , extending from textual fragments that probably originated in the Roman monarchy to the written language of the late Roman republic about 75 BC . Almost all the writing of its earlier phases is inscriptional . Some phonological characteristics of older Latin are the case endings - os and - om ( later Latin - us and - um ) . In many locations , classical Latin turned intervocalic / s / into / r / . This had implications for declension : early classical Latin , honos , honosis ; Classical honor , honoris ( `` honor '' ) . Some Latin texts preserve / s / in this position , such as the Carmen Arvale 's lases for lares . Classical Latin ( edit ) Main article : Classical Latin Julius Caesar 's Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin . The unvarnished , journalistic style of this upper - class general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the Roman republic . Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in Classical Latin literature . In the latest and narrowest philological model its use spanned the Golden Age of Latin literature -- broadly the 1st century BC and the early 1st century AD -- possibly extending to the Silver Age -- broadly the 1st and 2nd centuries . It was a polished written literary language based on the refined spoken language of the upper classes . Classical Latin differs from Old Latin : the earliest inscriptional language and the earliest authors , such as Ennius , Plautus and others , in a number of ways ; for example , the early - om and - os endings shifted into - um and - us ones , and some lexical differences also developed , such as the broadening of the meaning of words . In the broadest and most ancient sense , the classical period includes the authors of Early Latin , the Golden Age and the Silver Age . Golden Age ( edit ) The golden age of Latin literature is a period consisting roughly of the time from 75 BC to AD 14 , covering the end of the Roman Republic and the reign of Augustus Caesar . In the currently used philological model this period represents the peak of Latin literature . Since the earliest post-classical times the Latin of those authors has been an ideal norm of the best Latin , which other writers should follow . Silver Age ( edit ) In reference to Roman literature , the Silver age covers the first two centuries AD directly after the Golden age . Literature from the Silver Age is more embellished with mannerisms . Late Latin ( edit ) Main article : Late Latin Late Latin is the administrative and literary language of Late Antiquity in the late Roman empire and states that succeeded the Western Roman Empire over the same range . By its broadest definition it is dated from about 200 AD to about 900 AD when it was replaced by written Romance languages . Opinion concerning whether it should be considered classical is divided . The authors of the period looked back to a classical period they believed should be imitated and yet their styles were often classical . According to the narrowest definitions , Late Latin did not exist and the authors of the times are to be considered medieval . Vulgar Latin ( edit ) Main article : Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin , as in this political graffito at Pompeii , was the language of the ordinary people of the Roman Empire , distinct from the Classical Latin of literature . Vulgar Latin ( in Latin , sermo vulgaris ) is a blanket term covering vernacular dialects of the Latin language spoken from earliest times in Italy until the latest dialects of the Western Roman Empire , diverging still further , evolved into the early Romance languages -- whose writings began to appear about the 9th century . This spoken Latin differed from the literary language of Classical Latin in its grammar and vocabulary . It is likely to have evolved over time , with some features not appearing until the late Empire . Other features are likely to have been in place much earlier . Because there are few phonetic transcriptions of the daily speech of these Latin speakers ( to match , for example , the post-classical Appendix Probi ) Vulgar Latin must be studied mainly by indirect methods . A replica of the Old Roman Cursive inspired by the Vindolanda tablets Knowledge of Vulgar Latin comes from a variety of sources . First , the comparative method reconstructs items of the mother language from the attested Romance languages . Also , prescriptive grammar texts from the Late Latin period condemn some usages as errors , providing insight into how Latin was actually spoken . The solecisms and non-Classical usages occasionally found in late Latin texts also shed light on the spoken language . A windfall source lies in the chance finds of wax tablets such as those found at Vindolanda on Hadrian 's Wall . The Roman cursive script was used on these tablets . Romance languages ( edit ) Main article : Romance languages The Romance languages , a major branch of the Indo - European language family , comprise all languages that descended from Latin , the language of the Roman Empire . The Romance languages have more than 700 million native speakers worldwide , mainly in the Americas , Europe , and Africa , as well as in many smaller regions scattered through the world . All Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin , the language of soldiers , settlers , and slaves of the Roman Empire , which was substantially different from that of the Roman literati . Between 200 BC and AD 100 , the expansion of the Empire and the administrative and educational policies of Rome made Vulgar Latin the dominant vernacular language over a wide area which stretched from the Iberian Peninsula to the west coast of the Black Sea . During the Empire 's decline and after its collapse and fragmentation in the 5th century , Vulgar Latin began to evolve independently within each local area , and eventually diverged into dozens of distinct languages . The overseas empires established by Spain , Portugal and France after the 15th century then spread these languages to other continents -- about two thirds of all Romance speakers are now outside Europe . In spite of the multiple influences of pre-Roman languages and later invasions , the phonology , morphology , lexicon , and syntax of all Romance languages are predominantly derived from Vulgar Latin . As a result , the group shares a number of linguistic features that set it apart from other Indo - European branches . Ecclesiastical Latin ( edit ) Main article : Ecclesiastical Latin Ecclesiastical Latin ( sometimes called Church Latin ) is a broad and analogous term referring to the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church , its liturgies ( mainly in past times ) and during some periods the preaching of its ministers . Ecclesiastical Latin is not a single style : the term merely means the language promulgated at any time by the church . In terms of stylistic periods , it belongs to Late Latin in the Late Latin period , Medieval Latin in the Medieval Period , and so on through to the present . One may say that , starting from the church 's decision in the early Late Latin period to use a simple and unornamented language that would be comprehensible to ordinary Latin speakers and yet still be elegant and correct , church Latin is usually a discernible substyle within the major style of the period . Its authors in the New Latin period are typically paradigmatic of the best Latin and that is true in contemporary times . The decline in its use within the last 100 years has been a matter of regret to some , who have formed organizations inside and outside the church to support its use and to use it . Medieval Latin ( edit ) Main article : Medieval Latin Page with medieval Latin text from the Carmina Cantabrigiensia ( Cambridge University Library , Gg. 5 . 35 ) , 11 . cent . Medieval Latin refers to the literary and administrative Latin used in the Middle Ages . It exhibits much variation between individual authors , mainly due to poor communications in those times between different regions . The individuality is characterised by a different range of solecisms and by the borrowing of different words from Vulgar Latin or from the local vernacular . Some styles show features intermediate between Latin and Romance languages ; others are closer to classical Latin . The stylistic variations came to an end with the rise of nations and new empires in the Renaissance period , and the authority of the first universities imposing a new style , Renaissance Latin . Renaissance Latin ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance Latin Renaissance Latin is a name given to the Latin written during the European Renaissance in the 14th - 16th centuries , particularly distinguished by the distinctive Latin style developed by the humanist movement . Ad fontes was the general cry of the humanists , and as such their Latin style sought to purge Latin of the medieval Latin vocabulary and stylistic accretions that it had acquired in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire . They looked to Golden Age Latin literature , and especially to Cicero in prose and Virgil in poetry , as the arbiters of Latin style . They abandoned the use of the sequence and other accentual forms of meter , and sought instead to revive the Greek formats that were used in Latin poetry during the Roman period . The humanists condemned the large body of medieval Latin literature as `` gothic '' -- for them , a term of abuse -- and believed instead that only ancient Latin from the Roman period was `` real Latin '' . The humanists also sought to purge written Latin of medieval developments in its orthography . They insisted , for example , that ae be written out in full wherever it occurred in classical Latin ; medieval scribes often wrote e instead of ae . They were much more zealous than medieval Latin writers in distinguishing t from c : because the effects of palatalization made them homophones , medieval scribes often wrote , for example , eciam for etiam . Their reforms even affected handwriting : humanists usually wrote Latin in a script derived from Carolingian minuscule , the ultimate ancestor of most contemporary lower - case typefaces , avoiding the black - letter scripts used in the Middle Ages . Erasmus even proposed that the then - traditional pronunciations of Latin be abolished in favour of his reconstructed version of classical Latin pronunciation . The humanist plan to remake Latin was largely successful , at least in education . Schools now taught the humanistic spellings , and encouraged the study of the texts selected by the humanists , largely to the exclusion of later Latin literature . On the other hand , while humanist Latin was an elegant literary language , it became much harder to write books about law , medicine , science or contemporary politics in Latin while observing all of the humanists ' norms of vocabulary purging and classical usage . Because humanist Latin lacked precise vocabulary to deal with modern issues , their reforms accelerated the transformation of Latin from a working language to an object of antiquarian study . Their attempts at literary work , especially poetry , often have a strong element of pastiche . New Latin ( edit ) A Recent Latin inscription at Salamanca University commemorating the visit of the then - Prince `` Akihitus '' and Princess `` Michika '' of Japan on 28 February 1985 Main article : New Latin New Latin ( or Neo-Latin ) is a post-medieval version of Latin , now used primarily in international scientific vocabulary and systematics . The term came into widespread use towards the end of the 1890s among linguists and scientists . Classicists use the term `` Neo-Latin '' to describe the use of the Latin language for any purpose , scientific or literary , after the Renaissance ( for which purpose they often use the date 1500 ) , although , for example , the editors of the I Tatti Renaissance Library call their Renaissance Latin language texts Neo-Latin as well . Such Contemporary Latin includes ecclesiastical use , as well as translations from modern languages into Latin and the occasional poetry . Under the name `` Living Latin '' , some have advocated reviving the language as a means of spoken communication . Phonology ( edit ) Vowels ( edit ) Proto - Italic inherited all ten of the early post-Proto - Indo - European simple vowels ( i.e. at a time when laryngeals had colored and often lengthened adjacent vowels and then disappeared in many circumstances ) : * a , * e , * i , * o , * u , * ā , * ē , * ī , * ō , * ū . It also inherited all of the post-PIE diphthongs except for * eu , which became * ou . Proto - Italic and Old Latin had a stress accent on the first syllable of a word , and this caused steady reduction and eventual deletion of many short vowels in non-initial syllables while affecting initial syllables much less . Long vowels were largely unaffected in general except in final syllables , where they had a tendency to shorten . Development of Proto - Italic vowels in Latin Initial <Th_colspan="4"> Medial <Th_colspan="5"> Final Proto - Italic + r + l pinguis <Th_colspan="2"> + other <Th_colspan="3"> + one consonant + cluster Absolutely final one consonant cluster s m , n other u i i i i i i o o u <Td_colspan="4"> u u u ā <Td_colspan="6"> ā <Td_colspan="3"> a , ā ē <Td_colspan="6"> ē <Td_colspan="3"> ē ? ī <Td_colspan="6"> ī <Td_colspan="3"> i ī ? ō <Td_colspan="6"> ō <Td_colspan="3"> o ō ū <Td_colspan="6"> ū <Td_colspan="3"> u ū ? ai ae <Td_colspan="9"> ī au au <Td_colspan="9"> ū ei <Td_colspan="10"> ī oi ū , oe <Td_colspan="4"> ū <Td_colspan="5"> ī ou <Td_colspan="10"> ū Note : For the following examples , it helps to keep in mind the normal correspondences between PIE and certain other languages : Development of some Proto - Indo - European sounds in other languages ( post - ) PIE Ancient Greek Old English Gothic Sanskrit Notes * i i i i , aí / ɛ / i * e i , aí / ɛ / * a * o o * u u u , o u , aú / ɔ / u * ī ī ī ei / ī / ī * ē ē ā ē ā * ā ē ( Attic ) ; ā ( Doric , etc . ) ō ō ā * ō ō ō ō ā * ū ū ū ū ū * ai ai ā ái ē * au au ēa áu ō * ei ei ī ei / ī / ē * eu eu ēo iu ō * oi oi ā ái ē * ou ou ēa áu ō * p p f f ; b p b in Gothic by Verner 's law * t þ / ð ; d þ ; d þ and ð are different graphs for the same sound ; d in the Germanic languages by Verner 's law * ḱ k h ; g h ; g ś g in the Germanic languages by Verner 's law * k k ; c ( + PIE e / i ) * kw p ; t ( + e / i ) hw , h ; g , w ƕ / hw / ; g , w , gw g , w , gw in the Germanic languages by Verner 's law * b p p * d d d * ǵ g k k j * g g ; j ( + PIE e / i ) * gw b ; d ( + i ) q , c q * bh ph ; p bh ; b Greek p , Sanskrit b before any aspirated consonant ( Grassmann 's law ) * dh th ; t d d dh ; d Greek t , Sanskrit d before any aspirated consonant * ǵh kh ; k g g h ; j Greek k , Sanskrit j before any aspirated consonant * gh gh ; g h ; j ( + PIE e / i ) Greek k , Sanskrit g , j before any aspirated consonant * gwh ph ; p th ; t ( + e / i ) b ( word - initially ) ; g , w b ( word - initially ) ; g , w , gw Greek p , t , Sanskrit g , j before any aspirated consonant * s h ( word - initially ) ; s , - s ; r s ; z s , ṣ r , z in Germanic by Verner 's law * y h , z ( word - initially ) ; - g ( e ) / j / j / j / y * w - w w Pure vowels ( edit ) Initial syllables ( edit ) In initial syllables , Latin generally preserves all of the simple vowels of Proto - Italic ( see above ) : PIE * h2eǵros `` field '' > * agro - > ager , gen . agrī ( cf . Greek agrós , English acre , Sanskrit ájra - ) PIE * kápr̥ - `` penis '' > * kapros > caper `` he - goat '' , gen . caprī ( cf . Greek kápros `` boar '' , Old English hæfer `` he - goat '' , Sanskrit kápr̥th - `` penis '' ) PIE * seḱs `` six '' , septḿ̥ `` seven '' > sex , septem ( cf . Greek heks , heptá , Lithuanian šešì , septynì , Sanskrit ṣáṣ , saptá ) PIE * kwis > quis `` who ? '' ( Greek tís , Avestan čiš , Sanskrit kíḥ ) PIE * kwod > quod `` what , that '' ( relative ) ( Old English hwæt `` what '' , Sanskrit kád ) PIE * oḱtōu `` eight '' > octō ( Greek oktṓ , Irish ocht , Sanskrit aṣṭā́ ( u ) ) PIE * nokwts `` night '' > nox , gen . noctis ( Greek nuks < * nokws , Sanskrit nák < * nakts , Lithuanian naktìs ) PIE * ( H ) i̯ug - óm `` yoke '' > iugum ( Greek zugón , Gothic juk , Sanskrit yugá - ) PIE * méh2tēr `` mother '' > * mā́tēr > māter ( Doric Greek mā́tēr , Old Irish máthir , Sanskrit mātár - ) PIE * sweh2dús `` pleasing , tasty '' > * swādu - > * swādwi - ( remade into i - stem ) > suāvis ( Doric Greek hādús , English sweet , Sanskrit svādú - ) PIE * sēmi - ( or * seh1mi - ) `` half '' > sēmi - ( Greek hēmi - , Old English sām - ) PIE * gneh3 - tó - `` known '' > * gnō - tó - > nōtus ( cf . i - gnōtus `` unknown '' ; Welsh gnawd `` customary '' , Sanskrit jñātá - ; Greek gnōtós ) PIE * muHs `` mouse '' > mūs ( cf. Old English mūs , Greek mûs , Sanskrit mū́ṣ - ) Short vowel changes in initial syllables : * swe - > so - : * swesōr > soror , gen . sorōris `` sister '' * swépnos ( or * swópnos ) > somnus `` sleep '' * we - > wo - before labial consonants or velarized l ( ɫ ) ( l pinguis ; i.e. an l not followed by i , ī or l ) : * welō `` I want '' > volō ( vs. velle `` to want '' before l exīlis ) * wemō `` I vomit '' > vomō ( cf . Greek eméō , Sanskrit vámiti ) i before ( ŋ ) ( spelled n before a velar , or g before n ) : PIE * dn̥ǵhwéh2s > * dn̥ɣwā > * denɣwā > Old Latin dingua > lingua `` tongue '' ( l - from lingō `` to lick '' ) PIE * pénkwe `` five '' > * kwenkwe > quīnque ( long ī from quīntus `` fifth '' < * quīnctos , where lengthening is normal before nct ) PIE * deḱ - no - > * deŋno - > dignus `` worthy '' There are numerous examples where PIE * o appears to result in Latin a instead of expected o , mostly next to labial or labializing consonants . A group of cases showing * - ow - > - av - ( before stress ) , * - ōw - > - āv - is known as Thurneysen - Havet 's law : examples include PIE * lowh3ṓ > * lowṓ > lavō ' I wash ' ; PIE * oḱtōwos > octāvus ' eighth ' ( but octō ' eight ' ) . Other cases remain more disputed , such as mare ' sea ' , in contrast to Irish muir , Welsh môr ( Proto - Celtic * mori ) < PIE * móri ; lacus ' lake ' , in contrast to Irish loch < PIE * lok - u - . De Vaan ( 2008 : 8 ) suggests a general shift * o > a in open syllables when preceded by any of * b , * m ; * kw , * w ; * l . Vine ( 2011 ) disputes the cases with * moCV , but proposes inversely that * mo - > ma - when followed by r plus a velar ( k or g ) . Medial syllables ( edit ) In non-initial syllables , there was more vowel reduction of short vowels . The most extreme case occurs with short vowels in medial syllables ( i.e. short vowels in a syllable that is neither the first nor the last ) , where all five vowels usually merge into a single vowel : 1 . They merge into e before r ( sometimes original o is unaffected ) * in - armis > inermis `` unarmed '' ( vs. arma `` arms '' ) Latin - Faliscan * pe - par - ai `` I gave birth '' > peperī ( vs. pariō `` I give birth '' ) * kom - gesō > congerō `` to collect '' ( vs. gerō `` to do , carry out '' ) * kinis - es `` ash '' ( gen.sg . ) > cineris ( vs. nom.sg . cinis ) * Falisioi > Faleriī `` Falerii ( major town of the Faliscans ) '' ( vs. Faliscus `` Faliscan '' ) * - foro - `` carrying '' ( cf . Greek - phóros ) > - fero - , e.g. furcifer `` gallows bird '' PIE * swéḱuros `` father - in - law '' > * swekuros > Old Latin * soceros > socer , gen . socerī 2 . They become Old Latin o > u before l pinguis , i.e. , an l not followed by i , ī , or l : * en - saltō `` to leap upon '' > īnsoltō ( with lengthening before ns ) > īnsultō ( vs. saltō `` I leap '' ) * ad - alēskō `` to grow up '' > adolēscō > adulēscō ( vs. alō `` I nourish '' ) * ob - kelō `` to conceal '' > occulō ( vs. celō `` I hide '' ) Greek Sikelós `` a Sicilian '' > * Sikolos > Siculus ( vs. Sicilia `` Sicily '' ) te - tol - ai > tetulī `` I carried '' ( formerly l pinguis here because of the original final - ai ) kom - solō `` deliberate '' > cōnsulō PIE * - kl̥d - to - `` beaten '' > * - kolsso - > perculsus `` beaten down '' 3 . But they remain o before l pinguis when immediately following a vowel : Latin - Faliscan * fili - olos > filiolus `` little son '' Similarly , alveolus `` trough '' 4 . Before / w / the result is always u , in which case the / w / is not written : * eks - lawō `` I wash away '' > ēluō * mon - i - wai `` I warned '' > monuī * tris - diw - om `` period of three days '' > trīduom > trīduum * dē nowōd `` anew '' > dēnuō 5 . They become i before one consonant other than r or l pinguis : * re-fakjō `` to remake '' > * refakiō > reficiō ( vs. faciō `` I do , make '' ) Latin - Faliscan * ke - kad - ai `` I fell '' > cecidī ( vs. cadō `` I fall '' ) * ad - tenējō > attineō `` to concern '' ( vs. teneō `` I hold '' ) * kom - regō > corrigō `` to set right , correct '' ( vs. regō `` I rule ; straighten '' ) Greek Sikelía `` Sicily '' > Sicilia ( vs. Siculus `` a Sicilian '' ) PIE * me - món - h2e ( perfect ) `` thought , pondered '' > Latin - Faliscan * me - mon - ai > meminī `` I remember '' * kom - itājō `` accompany '' > comitō * nowotāts `` newness '' > novitās * kornu - kan - `` trumpeter '' > cornicen * kaput - es `` head '' ( gen . sg . ) > capitis ( vs. nom.sg . caput ) 6 . But they sometimes become e before one consonant other than r or l pinguis , when immediately following a vowel : * sokiotāts `` fellowship '' > societās * wariogājesi `` to make diverse '' > variegāre But : * tībia - kan - `` flute - player '' > * tībiikan - > tībīcen But : * medio - diēs `` midday '' > * meriodiēs ( dissimilative rhotacism ) > * meriidiēs > merīdiēs `` noon ; south '' 7 . Variation between i and ( often earlier ) u is common before a single labial consonant ( p , b , f , m ) , underlyingly the sonus medius vowel : From the root * - kap - `` grab , catch '' : occupō `` seize '' vs. occipiō `` begin '' From the related noun * - kaps `` catcher '' : prīnceps `` chief '' ( lit . `` seizer of the first ( position ) '' ) , gen . prīncipis , vs. auceps `` bird catcher '' , gen . aucupis * man - kapiom > mancupium `` purchase '' , later mancipium * sub-rapuit > surrupuit `` filches '' , later surripuit * mag - is - emos > maxumus `` biggest '' , later maximus ; similarly proxumus `` nearest '' , optumus `` best '' vs. later proximus , optimus * pot - s - omos > possumus `` we can '' ; * vel - omos > volumus `` we want '' ; but * leg - omos > legimus `` we gather '' , and all other such verbs ( - umus is isolated in sumus , possumus and volumus ) Medially before two consonants , when the first is not r or l pinguis , the vowels do not merge to the same degree : 1 . Original a , e and u merge into e : Greek tálanton > * talantom > talentum * sub-raptos `` filched '' > surreptus ( vs. raptus `` seized '' ) * re-faktos `` remade '' > refectus ( cf . factus `` made '' ) * ad - tentos > attentus `` concerned '' ( cf . tentus `` held '' , attineō `` to concern '' ) 2 . But original i is unaffected : * re-likwtos `` left ( behind ) '' > relictus 3 . And original o raises to u : * legontor `` they gather '' > leguntur * ejontes `` going '' ( gen . sg . ) > euntis rōbos - to - > rōbustus `` oaken '' ( cf . rōbur `` oak '' < * rōbos ) Syncope ( edit ) Exon 's Law dictates that if there are two light medial syllables in a row ( schematically , σσ̆σ̆σ , where σ = syllable and σ̆ = light syllable , where `` light '' means a short vowel followed by only a single consonant ) , the first syllable syncopates ( i.e. the vowel is deleted ) : * deksiteros `` right ( hand ) '' > dexterus ( cf . Greek deksiterós ) * re-peparai > repperī `` I found '' ( cf . peperī `` I gave birth '' < * peparai ) * prīsmo - kapes > prīncipis `` prince '' gen . sg . ( nom . sg . prīnceps < * prīsmo - kaps by analogy ) * mag - is - emos > maximus `` biggest '' ( cf . magis `` more '' ) Syncopation tends to occur after r and l in all non-initial syllables , sometimes even in initial syllables . * feret `` he carries '' > fert * agros `` field '' > * agr̩s > * agers > * agerr > ager * imbris `` rainstorm '' > * imbers > imber * tris `` three times '' > * tr̩s > * ters > Old Latin terr > ter * faklitāts > facultās Sometimes early syncope causes apparent violations of Exon 's Law : kosolinos `` of hazel '' > * kozolnos ( not * * koslinos ) > * korolnos > * korulnos ( o > u before l pinguis , see above ) > colurnus ( metathesis ) Syncope of - i - also occurred in - ndis , - ntis and - rtis . - nts then became - ns with lengthening of the preceding vowel , while - rts was simplified to - rs without lengthening . * montis `` hill '' > * monts > mōns * gentis `` tribe '' > * gents > gēns * frondis `` leaf '' > * fronts > frōns * partis `` part '' > * parts > pars Final syllables ( edit ) In final syllables of polysyllabic words before a final consonant or cluster , short a , e , i merge into either e or i depending on the following consonant , and short o , u merge into u . 1 . Short a , e , i merge into i before a single non-nasal consonant : Proto - Italic * rededas , * rededat > reddis , reddit `` you return , he returns '' PIE thematic 2nd / 3rd sg . * - esi , * - eti > * - es , * - et > - is , - it ( e.g. legis , legit `` you gather , he gathers '' ) i - stem nom . sg. * - is > - is 2 . Short a , e , i merge into e before a cluster or a single nasal consonant : * prīsmo - kaps > prīnceps `` first , chief '' ( cf . capiō `` to take '' ) * kornu - kan - ( ? s ) > cornicen `` trumpeter '' ( cf . canō `` to sing '' ) * mīlets > mīles `` soldier '' * septḿ̥ > septem `` seven '' i - stem acc . sg . * - im > em 3 . Short o , u merge into u : o - stem nominative * - os > Old Latin - os > - us o - stem accusative * - om > Old Latin - om > - um PIE thematic 3rd pl . * - onti > * - ont > - unt PIE * i̯ekwr̥ > * jekwor > iecur `` liver '' PIE thematic 3rd sg . mediopassive * - etor > - itur * kaput > caput `` head '' 4 . All short vowels apparently merge into - e in absolute final position . Long vowels in final syllables shorten before most consonants ( but not final s ) , yielding apparent exceptions to the above rules : Proto - Italic * amāt > amat `` he / she loves '' ( cf . passive amātur ) Proto - Italic * amānt > amant `` they love '' a-stem acc . sg . * - ām > - am PIE thematic 1st sg . mediopassive * - ōr > - or * swesōr > soror `` sister '' ( cf . gen . sorōris ) Diphthongs ( edit ) Initial syllables ( edit ) Proto - Italic maintained all PIE diphthongs except for the change * eu > * ou . The Proto - Italic diphthongs tend to remain into Old Latin but generally reduce to pure long vowels by Classical Latin . 1 . PIE * ei > Old Latin ei > ẹ̄ , a vowel higher than ē < PIE * ē . This then developed to ī normally , but to ē before v : PIE * deiḱ - `` point ( out ) '' > Old Latin deicō > dīcō `` to say '' PIE * bheydh - `` be persuaded , be confident '' > * feiðe - > fīdō `` to trust '' PIE * deywós `` god , deity '' > Very Old Latin deiuos ( Duenos inscription ) > dẹ̄vos > deus But nominative plural * deivoi > * deivei > * dẹ̄vẹ̄ > dīvī > diī ; vocative singular * deive > * dẹ̄ve > dīve 2 . PIE * eu , * ou > Proto - Italic * ou > Old Latin ou > ọ̄ ( higher than ō < PIE * ō ) > ū : PIE * ( H ) jeug - `` join '' > * joug - s - mn - to - > Old Latin iouxmentom `` pack horse '' > iūmentum PIE * louk - s - neh2 > * louksnā > Old Latin losna ( i.e. lọ̄sna ) > lūna `` moon '' ( cf. Old Prussian lauxnos `` stars '' , Avestan raoχšnā `` lantern '' ) PIE * deuk - > * douk - e - > Old Latin doucō > dūcō `` lead '' 3 . PIE * ai , * Hei > ae : PIE * kh2ei - ko - > * kaiko - > caecus `` blind '' ( cf. Old Irish cáech / kaiχ / `` blind '' , Gothic háihs `` one - eyed '' , Sanskrit kekara - `` squinting '' ) 4 . PIE * au > au : PIE * h2eug - > * augeje / o > augeō `` to increase '' ( cf . Greek aúksō , Gothic áukan , Lithuanian áugti ) 5 . PIE * oi > Old Latin oi , oe > ū ( occasionally preserved as oe ) : PIE * h1oi - nos > Old Latin oinos > oenus > ūnus `` one '' Greek Phoiniks > Pūnicus `` Phoenician '' But : PIE * bhoidh - > * foiðo - > foedus `` treaty '' ( cf . fīdō above ) Medial syllables ( edit ) All diphthongs in medial syllables become ī or ū . 1 . ( Post - ) PIE * ei > ī , just as in initial syllables : * en - deik - ō > indīcō `` to point out '' ( cf . dīcō `` to say '' ) 2 . ( Post - ) PIE * oi > ū , just as in initial syllables : PIE * n̥ - poini `` with impunity '' > impūne ( cf . poena `` punishment '' ) . 3 . ( Post - ) PIE * eu , * ou > Proto - Italic * ou > ū , just as in initial syllables : * en - deuk - ō > * indoucō > indūcō `` to draw over , cover '' ( cf . dūcō `` to lead '' ) 4 . Post-PIE * ai > Old Latin ei > ī : * ke - kaid - ai `` I cut '' , perf. > cecīdī ( cf . caedō `` I cut '' , pres . ) * en - kaid - ō `` cut into '' > incīdō ( cf . caedō `` cut '' ) Early Greek ( or from an earlier source ) * elaíwā `` olive '' > olīva 5 . Post-PIE * au > ū ( rarely oe ) : * en - klaud - ō `` enclose '' > inclūdō ( cf . claudō `` close '' ) * ad - kauss - ō `` accuse '' > accūsō ( cf . causa `` cause '' ) * ob - aud - iō `` obey '' > oboediō ( cf . audiō `` hear '' ) Final syllables ( edit ) Mostly like medial syllables : * - ei > ī : PIE * meh2tr - ei `` to mother '' > mātrī * - ai > ī in multisyllabic words : Latin - Faliscan peparai `` I brought forth '' > peperī * - eu / ou - > ū : post-PIE manous `` hand '' , gen . sg. > manūs Different from medial syllables : - oi > Old Latin - ei > ī ( not ū ) : PIE o - stem plural * - oi > - ī ( cf . Greek - oi ) ; - oi > ī also in monosyllables : PIE kwoi `` who '' > quī - ai > ae in monosyllables : PIE * prh2ei `` before '' > prae ( cf . Greek paraí ) Syllabic resonants and laryngeals ( edit ) The PIE syllabic resonants * m̥ , * n̥ , * r̥ , * l̥ generally become em , en , or , ol ( cf . Greek am / a , an / a , ar / ra , al / la ; Germanic um , un , ur , ul ; Sanskrit am / a , an / a , r̥ , r̥ ; Lithuanian im̃ , iñ , ir̃ , il̃ ) : PIE * déḱm̥ ( t ) `` ten '' > decem ( cf . Irish deich , Greek deka , Gothic taíhun / tɛhun / ) PIE * ( d ) ḱm̥tóm `` hundred '' > centum ( cf . Welsh cant , Gothic hund , Lithuanian šim̃tas ) PIE * n̥ - `` not '' > OL en - > in - ( cf . Greek a - / an - , English un - ) PIE * tn̥tós `` stretched '' > tentus ( cf . Greek tatós , Sanskrit tatá - ) PIE * ḱr̥d - `` heart '' > * cord > cor ( cf . Greek kēr , English heart , Lithuanian širdìs ) PIE * ml̥dú - `` soft '' > * moldu - > * mollwi - ( remade as i - stem ) > * molwi - > mollis ( cf . Irish meldach `` pleasing '' , English mild , Czech mladý ) The laryngeals * h1 , * h2 , * h3 appear in Latin as a when between consonants , as in most languages ( but Greek e / a / o respectively , Sanskrit i ) : PIE * dhh1 - tós `` put '' > L factus , with / k / of disputed etymology ( cf . Greek thetós , Sanskrit hitá - < * dhitá - ) PIE * ph2tḗr `` father '' > L pater ( cf . Greek patḗr , Sanskrit pitā́ , English father ) PIE * dh3 - tós `` given '' > L datus ( cf . Greek dotós , Sanskrit ditá - ) A sequence of syllabic resonant + laryngeal , when before a consonant , produced mā , nā , rā , lā ( cf . Greek nē / nā / nō , rē / rā / rō , etc. depending on the laryngeal ; Germanic um , un , ur , ul ; Sanskrit ā , ā , īr / ūr , īr / ūr ; Lithuanian ím , ín , ír , íl ) : PIE * ǵr̥h2 - no - `` grain '' > grānum ( cf. Old Irish grán , English corn , Lithuanian žìrnis `` pea '' ) PIE * h2wl̥h1 - neh2 `` wool '' > * wlānā > lāna ( cf . Welsh gwlân , Greek lēnos , Lithuanian vìlna ) PIE * ǵn̥h1 - to - `` born '' > gnātus `` son '' ( cf . Middle Welsh gnawt `` relative '' , Greek dió - gnētos `` Zeus ' offspring '' , English kind ) Consonants ( edit ) Aspirates ( edit ) The Indo - European voiced aspirates bh , dh , gh , gwh , which were probably breathy voiced stops , first devoiced in initial position ( fortition ) , then fricatized in all positions , producing pairs of voiceless / voiced fricatives in Proto - Italic : f ~ β , θ ~ ð , χ ~ ɣ , χw ~ ɣw respectively . The fricatives were voiceless in initial position . However , between vowels and other voiced sounds , there are indications -- in particular , their evolution in Latin -- that the sounds were actually voiced . Likewise , Proto - Italic / s / apparently had a voiced allophone ( z ) in the same position . In all Italic languages , the word - initial voiceless fricatives f , θ , and χw all merged to f ; thus , in Latin , the normal outcome of initial PIE bh , dh , gh , gwh is f , f , h , f , respectively . Examples : PIE * bhréh2tēr `` brother '' > * bhrā́tēr > frāter ( cf. Old Irish bráthair , Sanskrit bhrā́tar - , Greek phrā́tēr `` member of a phratry '' ) PIE * bhére `` carry '' > ferō ( cf. Old Irish beirim `` I bear '' , English bear , Sanskrit bhárati ) PIE * dhwṓr `` door '' > θwor - > * forā > forēs ( pl . ) `` door ( s ) '' ( cf . Welsh dôr , Greek thurā , Sanskrit dhvā́raḥ ( pl . ) ) PIE * dheh1 - `` put , place '' > * dhh1 - k - > * θaki - > faciō `` do , make '' ( cf . Welsh dodi , English do , Greek títhēmi `` I put '' , Sanskrit dádhāti he puts `` ) PIE * ghabh - `` seize , take '' > * χaβ - ē - > habeō `` have '' ( cf. Old Irish gaibid `` takes '' , Old English gifan `` to give '' , Polish gabać `` to seize '' ) PIE * ǵhh2ens `` goose '' > * χans - > ( h ) ānser ( cf. Old Irish géiss `` swan '' , German Gans , Greek khḗn ) PIE * ǵhaidos `` goat '' > * χaidos > hædus `` kid '' ( cf. Old English gāt `` goat '' , Polish zając `` hare '' , Sanskrit háyas `` horse '' ) PIE * gwherm - `` warm '' > * χwormo - > formus ( cf. Old Prussian gorme `` heat '' , Greek thermós , Sanskrit gharmáḥ `` heat '' ) PIE * gwhen - dh - `` to strike , kill '' > * χw ( e ) nð - > fendō ( cf . Welsh gwanu `` to stab '' , Old High German gundo `` battle '' , Sanskrit hánti `` ( he ) strikes , kills '' ) Word - internal * - bh - , * - dh - , * - gh - , * - gwh - evolved into Proto - Italic β , ð , ɣ , ɣw . In Osco - Umbrian , the same type of merger occurred as that affecting voiceless fricatives , with β , ð , and ɣw merging to β . In Latin , this did not happen , and instead the fricatives defricatized , giving b , d ~ b , g ~ h , g ~ v ~ gu . * - bh - is the simplest case , consistently becoming b . PIE * bhébhrus `` beaver '' > * feβro > Old Latin feber > fiber * - dh - usually becomes d , but becomes b next to r or u , or before l . PIE * bheidh - `` be persuaded '' > * feiðe > fīdō `` I trust '' ( cf. Old English bīdan `` to wait '' , Greek peíthō `` I trust '' ) PIE * medhi - o - `` middle '' > * meðio - > medius ( cf. Old Irish mide , Gothic midjis , Sanskrit mádhya - ) PIE * h1rudh - ró - `` red '' > * ruðro - > ruber ( cf. Old Russian rodrŭ , Greek eruthrós , Sanskrit rudhirá - ) PIE * werh1 - dhh1 - o - `` word '' > * werðo - > verbum ( cf . English word , Lithuanian var̃das ) PIE * sth̥2 - dhlom > * staðlom > stabulum `` abode '' ( cf . German Stadel ) PIE * krei ( H ) - dhrom `` sieve , sifter '' > * kreiðrom > crībrum `` sieve '' ( cf. Old Irish críathar / krīǝ̯θǝρ / `` sieve '' , Old English hrīder `` sieve '' ) The development of * - gh - is twofold : * - gh - becomes h ( ɦ ) between vowels but g elsewhere : PIE * weǵh - `` carry '' > * weɣ - e / o > vehō ( cf . Greek okhéomai `` I ride '' , Old English wegan `` to carry '' , Sanskrit váhati `` ( he ) drives '' ) PIE * dhi - n - ǵh - `` shapes , forms '' > * θinɣ - e / o > fingō ( cf. Old Irish - ding `` erects , builds '' , Gothic digan `` to mold , shape '' ) * - gwh - has three outcomes , becoming gu after n , v between vowels , and g next to other consonants . All three variants are visible in the same root * snigwh - `` snow '' ( cf . Irish snigid `` snows '' , Greek nípha ) : PIE * snigwh - s > * sniɣws > * nigs > nom . sg . nix `` snow '' PIE * snigwh - ós > * sniɣwos > * niβis > gen . sg . nivis `` of snow '' PIE * snei - gwh - e / o > * sninɣw - e / o ( with n - infix ) > ninguit `` it snows '' Other examples : PIE * h1le ( n ) gwhu - > * h1legwhu - > * leɣwus > * leβwi - ( remade as i - stem ) > levis `` lightweight '' ( cf . Welsh llaw `` small , low '' , Greek elakhús `` small '' , Sanskrit laghú - , raghú - `` quick , light , small '' ) Labiovelars ( edit ) * gw has results much like non-initial * - gwh , becoming v / w / in most circumstances , but gu after a nasal and g next to other consonants : PIE * gwih3wos > * ɣwīwos > vīvus `` alive '' ( cf. Old Irish biu , beo , Lithuanian gývas , Sanskrit jīvá - `` alive '' ) PIE * gwm̥i̯e / o - `` come '' > * ɣwen - je / o > veniō ( cf . English come , Greek baínō `` I go '' , Avestan ǰamaiti `` he goes '' ) PIE * gwr̥h2us `` heavy '' > * ɣwraus > grāvis ( cf . Greek barús , Gothic kaúrus , Sanskrit gurú - ) PIE * h3engw - > * onɣw - en > unguen `` salve '' ( cf. Old Irish imb `` butter '' , Old High German ancho `` butter '' , Sanskrit añjanam `` anointing , ointment '' ) PIE * n̥gwén - `` ( swollen ) gland '' > * enɣwen > inguen `` bubo ; groin '' ( cf . Greek adḗn gen . adénos `` gland '' , Old High German ankweiz `` pustules '' ) * kw remains as qu before a vowel , but reduces to c / k / before a consonant or next to a u : PIE * kwetwóres , neut . * kwetwṓr `` four '' > quattuor ( cf. Old Irish cethair , Lithuanian keturì , Sanskrit catvā́raḥ ) PIE * sekw - `` to follow '' > sequor ( cf. Old Irish sechem , Greek hépomai , Sanskrit sácate ) PIE * leikw - ( pres . * li - né - kw - ) `` leave behind '' > * linkw - e / o - : * likw - ē - > linquō `` leaves '' : liceō `` is allowed ; is for sale '' ( cf . Greek leípō , limpánō , Sanskrit riṇákti , Gothic leiƕan `` to lend '' ) PIE * nokwts `` night '' > nox , gen . sg . noctis The sequence * p ... * kw assimilates to * kw ... * kw : PIE * pénkwe `` five '' > quīnque ( cf. Old Irish cóic , Greek pénte , Sanskrit páñca ) PIE * pérkwus `` oak '' > quercus ( cf . Trentino porca `` fir '' , Punjabi pargāī `` holm oak '' , Gothic faírƕus `` world '' , faírgun - `` mountain '' ) PIE * pekwō `` I cook '' > * kwekwō > coquō ( cf . coquīna , cocīnā `` kitchen '' vs. popīna `` tavern '' < Oscan , where * kw > p ) The sequences * ḱw , * ǵw , * ǵhw develop identically to * kw , * gw , * gwh : PIE * éḱwos `` horse '' > * ekwos > Old Latin equos > ecus > equus ( assimilated from other forms , e.g. gen . sg . equī ; cf . Sanskrit aśva - , which indicates - ḱw - not - kw - ) PIE * ǵhweh1ro - `` wild animal '' > * χwero - > ferus ( cf . Greek thḗr , Lesbian phḗr , Lithuanian žvėrìs ) PIE * mreǵhus `` short '' > * mreɣu - > * mreɣwi - ( remade as i - stem ) > brevis ( cf. Old English myrge `` briefly '' , Greek brakhús , Avestan mǝrǝzu - ) PIE * dn̥ǵhwéh2 `` tongue '' > * dn̥ɣwā > * denɣwā > Old Latin dingua > lingua Other sequences ( edit ) Initial * dw - ( attested in Old Latin as du - ) becomes b - , thus compensating for the dearth of words beginning with * b in PIE : PIE * dwis `` twice '' > duis > bis ( cf . Greek dís , Sanskrit dvis ) PIE * deu - l̥ - `` injure '' > duellom `` war '' > bellum ( a variant duellum survived in poetry as a trisyllabic word , whence English `` duel '' ) S - rhotacism ( edit ) Indo - European s between vowels was first voiced to ( z ) in late Proto - Italic and became r in Latin and Umbrian , a change known as rhotacism . Early Old Latin documents still have s ( z ) , and Cicero once remarked that a certain Papirius Crassus officially changed his name from Papisius in 339 b. c. , indicating the approximate time of this change . This produces many alternations in Latin declension : flōs `` flower '' , gen . flōris mūs `` mouse '' , pl . mūrēs est `` he is '' , fut . erit `` he will be '' Other examples : Proto - Italic * ausōs , ausōsem > * auzōs , auzōzem > aurōra `` dawn '' ( change of suffix ; cf . English east , Aeolic Greek aúōs , Sanskrit uṣā́s ) Proto - Italic * swesōr > * swozōr > soror `` sister '' ( cf. Old English sweostor , Sanskrit svásar ) However , before another r , dissimilation occurred with sr ( zr ) becoming br ( likely via an intermediate * ðr ) : Proto - Italic * swesr - īnos > * swezrīnos ~ * sweðrīnos > sobrīnus `` maternal cousin '' ( with so - by analogy to soror ) Proto - Italic * keras - rom > * kerazrom ~ * keraðrom > cerebrum `` skull , brain '' ( cf . Greek kéras `` horn '' ) See also ( edit ) De vulgari eloquentia Legacy of the Roman Empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leonard Robert Palmer - The Latin language - 372 pages University of Oklahoma Press , 1987 Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2136 - X Jump up ^ Ramat , Anna G. ; Paolo Ramat ( 1998 ) . The Indo - European Languages . Routledge . pp. 272 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06449 - X . Jump up ^ Ramat , Anna G. ; Paolo Ramat ( 1998 ) . The Indo - European Languages . Routledge . p. 313 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06449 - X . Jump up ^ Timothy J. Pulju Rice University . edu / ~ Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 Jump up ^ Allen , W. Sidney ( 1989 ) . Vox Latina . Cambridge University Press . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22049 - 1 . Jump up ^ kwi - > ti - is normal in Attic Greek ; Thessalian Greek had kís while Cypro - Arcadian had sís . Jump up ^ Greek is ambiguously either < * gneh3 - tó - or * gn̥h3 - tó - Jump up ^ Collinge , N.E. ( 1985 ) . The Laws of Indo - European . John Benjamins . pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 3530 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vine , Brent ( 2011 ) . `` Initial * mo - in Latin and Italic '' . Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft ( 65 ) : 261 -- 286 . Jump up ^ l̥ > ol is normal in Proto - Italic . ^ Jump up to : Sihler , New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , 1995 Jump up ^ James Clackson & Geoffrey Horrocks , The Blackwell History of the Latin Language ( Oxford : Blackwell , 2007 ) , 51 - 2 . Jump up ^ Both `` world '' and `` mountain '' evolve out of the early association of oak trees with strength , cf . Latin robur = `` oak '' but also `` strength '' Jump up ^ PIE * dn̥ǵhwéh2 ; - ǵhw - not - gwh - indicated by Old Church Slavonic języ - kŭ `` tongue '' < * n̥ǵhu - H-k - with loss of initial * d - ; - gwh - would yield / g / , not / z / . Jump up ^ Fortson , Benjamin W. , Indo - European Language and Culture : An Introduction , p. 283 Sources ( edit ) Allen , J. H. ; James B. Greenough ( 1931 ) . New Latin Grammar . Boston : Ginn and Company . ISBN 1 - 58510 - 027 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Latin Etymology , An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language <Th_colspan="2"> Ages of Latin <Td_colspan="2"> until 75 BC Old Latin 75 BC -- 200 AD Classical Latin 200 -- 900 Late Latin 900 -- 1300 Medieval Latin 1300 -- 1500 Renaissance Latin 1500 -- present New Latin 1900 -- present Contemporary Latin <Td_colspan="2"> History of Latin Latin literature Vulgar Latin Ecclesiastical Latin Romance languages Latino sine flexione Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Hiberno - Latin Judeo - Latin <Th_colspan="2"> Histories of the world 's languages <Td_colspan="2"> Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Aramaic Basque Belarusian Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Cherokee Chinese Gan Mandarin Czech Danish Dutch English Esperanto Estonian Finnish Filipino French ( Quebec ) German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Hindustani Icelandic Interlingua Irish Italian Japanese Kannada Korean Latin Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Malayalam Moldovan Nepali Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian ( in Ukraine ) Scots Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish Tamil Telugu Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yiddish <Th_colspan="2"> Ancient Rome topics <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Timeline Epochs <Td_colspan="2"> Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Latin&oldid=812546228 '' Categories : Latin language Language histories Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2014 Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Latina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 13 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. History of Latin
2. Old Latin
3. Classical Latin
4. Vulgar Latin
5. Romance languages
|
-7,021,960,967,948,869,000 |
who played tita in like water for chocolate
|
Like Water for Chocolate ( film ) - wikipedia Like Water for Chocolate ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Like Water for Chocolate <Td_colspan="2"> Directed by Alfonso Arau Produced by Alfonso Arau Written by Laura Esquivel Starring Marco Leonardi Lumi Cavazos Regina Torné Ada Carrasco Mario Iván Martínez Yareli Arizmendi Music by Leo Brouwer Cinematography Steven Bernstein Emmanuel Lubezki Distributed by Miramax Films Release date 16 April 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 16 ) Running time 123 minutes Country Mexico Language Spanish / English Box office $21.6 million ( USA ) Like Water for Chocolate ( Spanish : Como Agua Para Chocolate ) is a 1992 Mexican film in the style of magical realism based on the popular novel , published in 1989 by first - time Mexican novelist Laura Esquivel . It earned ten Ariel Awards including the Best Picture and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film . The film became the highest grossing Spanish - language film ever released in the United States at the time . The film was selected as the Mexican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Filming location 4 Reception 5 Awards 5.1 Ariel Awards 5.2 Golden Globe Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The story is about a girl named Tita , the youngest of three daughters . Their mother , Elena , insists on upholding the family tradition that the youngest daughter has the duty of caring for her mother until she dies . When Tita meets a boy named Pedro they quickly fall in love . Pedro goes to Tita 's house and asks her mother if they are allowed to marry . Elena forbids it and instead suggests he marry Tita 's older sister Rosaura . Pedro decides to accept and Tita is devastated . After the wedding , Pedro tells Tita that he only married her sister so that he will be able to stay close to his true beloved . Within the family structure , Rosaura is the oldest . Next is Gertrudis , who was created by an affair with another man . Last is Tita , who is always fighting for her rights . Each daughter represents something within the Mexican revolution . Rosaura is representing the upper class , the people who get things handed to them and have nothing to worry about . Gertrudis represents people who are actually in the revolution , since she runs away and joins it . Tita represents the people who are left fighting for their rights , who are given nothing in return . Before her sister 's wedding , Tita is preparing the food with Nacha , and some of Tita 's tears get mixed in with the batter . This results in an emotional riot in which everyone feels devastated and longs for their one true love . After Pedro gives Tita some roses , she uses the petals to prepare a sauce . As they are eating dinner everyone feels an intense passion and Gertrudis even sets the shower on fire with her passion . Tita was born on a kitchen table and spent most of her time with Nacha . She knew the smells of the kitchen and learned how to cook at a young age . In the kitchen Tita is able to connect with Pedro . She states that when she puts all of her passion into her food , and after Pedro eats it , it is like she is entering his body in a sexual way . That has always been how the two connected . They did not need to touch physically , as Tita is an expert in the kitchen and able to make others feel what she feels when she prepares food . When Rosaura has a baby boy , Elena becomes more suspicious about Tita and Pedro , and sends Pedro and Rosaura away to a different state to keep Pedro away from Tita . The baby then becomes sick and dies . Everyone blames Elena because she sent them away and they were not able to care for the boy the way Tita did . Tita then becomes extremely sad due to the loss , and is sent away where Dr. John Brown heals her . They begin a relationship and plan to marry shortly thereafter . However , Elena dies and Pedro and Rosaura come back . Pedro is still in love with Tita even after finding out that she is going to marry Dr. Brown . When Dr. Brown leaves on business , Tita sleeps with Pedro . After an alarming false pregnancy , Tita tells Dr. Brown and he supports her decision to call off the wedding . Years later , Rosaura dies of digestive problems and her daughter , Esperanza , marries Dr. Brown 's son . After the wedding Tita and Pedro make love , but Pedro died of being too happy all at once . Tita then swallows matches which results in the entire house catching on fire . Esperanza goes back to the house 's ruins and finds a cook book with recipes and the story of Tita 's and Pedro 's forbidden love story . Characters ( edit ) Lumi Cavazos as Tita Marco Leonardi as Pedro Regina Torné as Mama Elena Mario Iván Martínez as Doctor John Brown Ada Carrasco as Nacha Yareli Arizmendi as Rosaura Claudette Maillé as Gertrudis Pilar Aranda as Chencha Farnesio de Bernal as Cura Joaquín Garrido as Sargento Treviño Rodolfo Arias as Juan Alejándrez Margarita Isabel as Paquita Lobo Sandra Arau as Esperanza Muzquiz Andrés García Jr as Alex Brown Regino Herrera as Nicolás Genaro Aguirre as Rosalio David Ostrosky as Juan de la Garza Brígida Alexander as Tia Mary Amado Ramírez as Pedro 's father Arcelia Ramírez as Esperanza 's daughter Socorro Rodríguez as friend of Paquita Filming location ( edit ) Ciudad Acuna , Mexico Eagle Pass , Texas Piedras Negras , Coahuila Reception ( edit ) Like Water for Chocolate received positive reviews from critics , as the film holds a 91 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews . The American release of this film is quite shorter than the original Mexican version , in the original release you see the main character Tita , return home to take care of her dying mother who still makes her life as difficult as she can , in the American release this complete sequence is removed and instead Tita only returns home for her mother 's funeral . Awards ( edit ) Ariel Awards ( edit ) The Ariel Awards are awarded annually by the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences in Mexico . Como Agua Para Chocolate received ten awards out of 14 nominations . Year Nominee / work Award Result 1992 Como Agua Para Chocolate Best Picture Won Alfonso Arau Best Director Won Mario Iván Martínez Best Actor Won Regina Torné Best Actress Won Lumi Cavazos Nominated Claudette Maillé Best Supporting Actress Won Pilar Aranda Nominated Joaquín Garrido Best Actor in a Minor Role Nominated Margarita Isabel Best Actress in a Minor Role Won Laura Esquivel Best Screenplay Won Emmanuel Lubezki Best Cinematography Won Carlos Bolado and Francisco Chiú Best Editing Nominated Emilio Mendoza , Gonzalo Ceja and Ricardo Mendoza Best Production Design Won Marco Antonio Arteaga , Carlos Brown , Mauricio De Aguinaco and Denise Pizzini Best Set Design Won Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1992 Como Agua Para Chocolate Best Foreign Language Film Nominated See also ( edit ) List of submissions to the 65th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Mexican submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Like Water for Chocolate ( 1993 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Esquivel Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Neibylski , Dianna C ( 1998 ) . `` Heartburn , Humor and Hyperbole in Like Water for Chocolate '' . In Hengen , Shannon . Performing Gender and Comedy : Theories , Texts and subtext . Routledge . p. 189 . ISBN 90 - 5699 - 539 - 1 . Google excerpt . Jump up ^ Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Jump up ^ `` Foreign Oscar entries submitted '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` XXXIV 1992 -- Ganadores y nominados '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas. 1992 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Como agua para chocolate on IMDb Like Water for Chocolate at Box Office Mojo Like Water for Chocolate at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Alfonso Arau <Td_colspan="2"> El águila descalza ( 1971 ) Calzonzin Inspector ( 1974 ) Caribe , estrella y aguila ( 1976 ) Mojado Power ( 1979 ) Tacos de oro ( 1985 ) Like Water for Chocolate ( 1992 ) A Walk in the Clouds ( 1995 ) Picking Up the Pieces ( 2000 ) The Magnificent Ambersons ( 2002 ) A Painted House ( 2003 ) Zapata : El sueño de un héroe ( 2004 ) L'imbroglio nel lenzuolo ( 2009 ) Dare to Love Me ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_Water_for_Chocolate_(film)&oldid=827620152 '' Categories : 1992 films Mexican films Spanish - language films 1990s drama films Best Picture Ariel Award winners Films based on Mexican novels Films set in Mexico Cooking films Magic realism films Films directed by Alfonso Arau Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 19 : 51 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Like Water for Chocolate - film
2. Magical realism
3. Mexican novel
4. Love story
5. Family traditions
|
-8,851,242,640,693,662,000 |
what is the difference between body language and nonverbal communication
|
Body language - wikipedia Body language Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Body language ( disambiguation ) . Body language is a type of non-verbal communication in which physical behavior , as opposed to words , are used to express or convey information . Such behavior includes facial expressions , body posture , gestures , eye movement , touch and the use of space . Body language exists in both animals and humans , but this article focuses on interpretations of human body language . It is also known as kinesics . Body language must not be confused with sign language , as sign languages are full languages like spoken languages and have their own complex grammar systems , as well as being able to exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages . Body language , on the other hand , does not have a grammar and must be interpreted broadly , instead of having an absolute meaning corresponding with a certain movement , so it is not a language like sign language , and is simply termed as a `` language '' due to popular culture . In a community , there are agreed - upon interpretations of particular behavior . Interpretations may vary from country to country , or culture to culture . On this note , there is controversy on whether body language is universal . Body language , a subset of nonverbal communication , complements verbal communication in social interaction . In fact some researchers conclude that nonverbal communication accounts for the majority of information transmitted during interpersonal interactions . It helps to establish the relationship between two people and regulates interaction , but can be ambiguous . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical expressions 1.1 Facial expression 1.2 Body postures 1.3 Gestures 1.4 Handshakes 1.5 Breathing 1.6 Different physical movements 2 Other subcategories 2.1 Oculesics 2.2 Haptics 2.3 Proxemics 3 Tone of voice 4 Universal vs. culture - specific 4.1 Cultural equivalence model 4.2 Cultural advantage model 5 Applications 5.1 Instructional teaching 5.1. 1 Second - language acquisition 5.1. 2 Enhancing teaching 5.2 Detecting deceit 5.2. 1 Law enforcement 5.2. 2 Poker 6 Kinesics 7 See also 8 References Physical expressions ( edit ) Facial expression ( edit ) Facial expression is integral when expressing emotions through the body . Combinations of eyes , eyebrow , lips , nose , and cheek movements help form different moods of an individual ( example happy , sad , depressed , angry , etc . ) . A few studies show that facial expression and bodily expression ( body language ) are congruent when interpreting emotions . Behavioural experiments have also shown that recognition of facial expression is influenced by perceived bodily expression . This means that the brain processes the other 's facial and bodily expressions simultaneously . Subjects in these studies showed accuracy in judging emotions based on facial expression . This is because the face and the body are normally seen together in their natural proportions and the emotional signals from the face and body are well integrated . For example , a lack of crinkles around the eyes suggests a potentially fake smile . At one point , researchers believed that making a genuine smile was nearly impossible to do on command . When you 're smiling joyfully , they crinkle . When you 're faking it , they do n't . If someone 's trying to look happy but really is n't , you wo n't see the wrinkles . More recently , a study from Northeastern University researchers found that people could do a pretty good job of faking a Duchenne smile , even when they were n't feeling especially happy . Body postures ( edit ) Emotions can also be detected through body postures . Research has shown that body postures are more accurately recognised when an emotion is compared with a different or neutral emotion . For example , a person feeling angry would portray dominance over the other , and their posture would display approach tendencies . Comparing this to a person feeling fearful : they would feel weak , submissive and their posture would display avoidance tendencies , the opposite of an angry person . Sitting or standing postures also indicate one 's emotions . A person sitting till the back of their chair , leans forward with their head nodding along with the discussion implies that they are open , relaxed and generally ready to listen . On the other hand , a person who has their legs and arms crossed with the foot kicking slightly implies that they are feeling impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion . In a standing discussion , a person stands with arms akimbo with feet pointed towards the speaker could suggest that they are attentive and is interested in the conversation . However , a small difference in this posture could mean a lot . Standing with arms akimbo is considered rude in Bali . Gestures ( edit ) Gestures are movements made with body parts ( example hands , arms , fingers , head , legs ) and they may be voluntary or involuntary . Arm gestures can be interpreted in several ways . In a discussion , when one stands , sits or even walks with folded arms , this is normally not a welcoming gesture . It could mean that they have a closed mind and are most likely unwilling to listen to the speaker 's viewpoint . Another type of arm gesture also includes an arm crossed over the other , demonstrating insecurity and a lack of confidence . According to Barbara Pease and Allan Pease , authors of `` The Definitive Book of Body Language '' , everybody does shoulder shrug . The shrug is a good example of a universal gesture that is used to show that a person does n't understand what you are saying . `` It 's a multiple gesture that has three main parts , '' they continue . `` Exposed palms to show nothing is being concealed in the hands , hunched shoulders to protect the throat from attack , and raised brow , which is a universal , submissive greeting . '' Hand gestures often signify the state of well - being of the person making them . Relaxed hands indicate confidence and self - assurance , while clenched hands may be interpreted as signs of stress or anger . If a person is wringing their hands , this demonstrates nervousness and anxiety . Finger gestures are also commonly used to exemplify one 's speech as well as denote the state of well - being of the person making them . In certain cultures , pointing using one 's index finger is deemed acceptable . However , pointing at a person may be viewed as aggressive in other cultures -- for example , people who share Hindu beliefs consider finger pointing offensive . Instead , they point with their thumbs . Likewise , the thumbs up gesture could show `` OK '' or `` good '' in countries like the US , France and Germany . But this same gesture is insulting in other countries like Iran , Bangladesh and Thailand , where it is the equivalent of showing the middle finger in the US . In most cultures the Head Nod is used to signify ' Yes ' or agreement . It 's a stunted form of bowing - the person symbolically goes to bow but stops short , resulting in a nod . Bowing is a submissive gesture so the Head Nod shows we are going along with the other person 's point of view . Research conducted with people who were born deaf , dumb and blind shows that they also use this gesture to signify ' Yes ' , so it appears to be an inborn gesture of submission . Handshakes ( edit ) Handshakes are regular greeting rituals and commonly done on meeting , greeting , offering congratulations or after the completion of an agreement . They usually indicate the level of confidence and emotion level in people . Studies have also categorized several handshake styles , e.g. the finger squeeze , the bone crusher ( shaking hands too strongly ) , the limp fish ( shaking hands too weakly ) , etc . Handshakes are popular in the US and are appropriate for use between men and women . However , in Muslim cultures , men may not shake hands or touch women in any way and vice versa . Likewise , in Hindu cultures , Hindu men may never shake hands with women . Instead , they greet women by placing their hands as if praying . A firm , friendly handshake has long been recommended in the business world as a way to make a good first impression , and the greeting is thought to date to ancient times as a way of showing a stranger you had no weapons . Breathing ( edit ) Body language related to breathing and patterns of breathing can be indicative of a person 's mood and state of mind ; because of this , the relationship between body language and breathing is often considered in contexts such as business meetings and presentations . Generally , deeper breathing which uses the diaphragm and abdomen more is interpreted as conveying a relaxed and confident impression ; by contrast , shallow , excessively rapid breathing is often interpreted as conveying a more nervous or anxious impression . Some business advisers , such as those who promote neuro - linguistic programming , recommend mirroring a person 's breathing pattern in order to convey an impression of mutual understanding . Different physical movements ( edit ) Covering one 's mouth suggests suppression of feeling and perhaps uncertainty . This could also mean that they are thinking hard and may be unsure of what to say next . What you communicate through your body language and nonverbal signals affects how others see you , how well they like and respect you , and whether or not they trust you . Unfortunately , many people send confusing or negative nonverbal signals without even knowing it . When this happens , both connection and trust are damaged . Other subcategories ( edit ) Oculesics ( edit ) Main article : Oculesics Oculesics , a subcategory of body language , is the study of eye movement , eye behavior , gaze , and eye - related nonverbal communication . As a social or behavioral science , oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication focusing on deriving meaning from eye behavior . It is also crucial to note that Oculesics is culturally dependent . For example , in traditional Anglo - Saxon culture , avoiding eye contact usually portrays a lack of confidence , certainty , or truthfulness . However , in the Latino culture , direct or prolonged eye contact means that you are challenging the individual with whom you are speaking or that you have a romantic interest in the person . Also , in many Asian cultures , prolonged eye contact may be a sign of anger or aggression . Haptics ( edit ) Main article : Haptic communication Haptics , a subcategory of Body Language , is the study of touching and how it is used in communication . As such , handshakes , holding hands , back slapping , high fives , brushing up against someone or patting someone all have meaning . Based on the Body Language Project , touching is the most developed sense at birth and formulates our initial views of the world . Touching can be used to sooth , for amusement during play , to flirt , to express power and maintain bonds between people , such as with baby and mother . Touching can carry distinct emotions and also show the intensity of those emotions . Touch absent of other cues can signal anger , fear , disgust , love , gratitude and sympathy depending on the length and type of touching that is performed . Many factors also contribute to the meaning of touching such as the length of the touch and location on the body in which the touching takes place . Research has also shown that people can accurately decode distinct emotions by merely watching others communicate via touch . Heslin outlines five haptic categories : Functional / professional which expresses task - orientation Donald Walton stated in his book that touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or confidence between two people , but not seen often in business or formal relationships . Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent by the initiator . `` If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on the shoulder , that 's the gold star on the ribbon , '' wrote Walton . Social / polite which expresses ritual interaction A study by Jones and Yarbrough regarded communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others . For example , Jones and Yarbrough explained that strategic touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them . Friendship / warmth which expresses idiosyncratic relationship Love / intimacy which expresses emotional attachment Public touch can serve as a ' tie sign ' that shows others that your partner is `` taken '' . When a couple is holding hands , putting their arms around each other , this is a ' tie sign ' showing others that they are together . The use of ' tie signs ' are used more often by couples in the dating and courtship stages than between their married counterparts according to Burgoon , Buller , and Woodall . Sexual / arousal which expresses sexual intent . The amount of touching that occurs within a culture is also culturally dependent . Proxemics ( edit ) Main article : Proxemics Diagram of Edward T. Hall 's personal reaction bubbles ( 1966 ) , showing radius in feet Another notable area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships , which is also known as Proxemics . Introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966 , proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact with one another . In the book , Body Language , Julius Fast mentioned that the signals that we send or receive to others through body language are reactions to others ' invasions of our personal territories , which links Proxemics an important part of Body Language . Hall also came up with four distinct zones in which most men operate : Intimate distance for embracing , touching or whispering Close phase -- less than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) Far phase -- 6 to 18 inches ( 15 to 46 cm ) Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family members Close phase -- 1.5 to 2.5 feet ( 46 to 76 cm ) Far phase -- 2.5 to 4 feet ( 76 to 122 cm ) Social distance for interactions among acquaintances Close phase -- 4 to 7 feet ( 1.2 to 2.1 m ) Far phase -- 7 to 12 feet ( 2.1 to 3.7 m ) Public Distance used for public speaking Close phase -- 12 to 25 feet ( 3.7 to 7.6 m ) Far phase -- 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) or more . In addition to physical distance , the level of intimacy between conversants can be determined by `` socio - petal socio - fugal axis '' , or the `` angle formed by the axis of the conversants ' shoulders '' . Changing the distance between two people can convey a desire for intimacy , declare a lack of interest , or increase / decrease domination . It can also influence the body language that is used . For example , when people talk they like to face each other . If forced to sit side by side , their body language will try to compensate for this lack of eye - to - eye contact by leaning in shoulder - to - shoulder . It is important to note that as with other types of Body Language , proximity range varies with culture . Hall suggested that `` physical contact between two people ... can be perfectly correct in one culture , and absolutely taboo in another '' . In Latin America , people who may be complete strangers may engage in very close contact . They often greet one another by kissing on the cheeks . North Americans , on the other hand , prefer to shake hands . While they have made some physical contact with the shaking of the hand , they still maintain a certain amount of physical space between the other person . Tone of voice ( edit ) Tone of voice is a combination of spoken language and body language . The manner in which something is said can affect how it should be interpreted . Shouting , smiling , irony and so on may add a layer of meaning which is neither pure body language nor speech . Universal vs. culture - specific ( edit ) Scholars have long debated on whether body language , particularly facial expressions , are universally understood . In Darwin 's ( 1872 ) evolutionary theory , he postulated that facial expressions of emotion are inherited . On the other hand , scholars have questioned if culture influences one 's bodily expression of emotions . Broadly , the theories can be categorized into two models : Cultural equivalence model ( edit ) The cultural equivalence model predicts that `` individuals should be equally accurate in understanding the emotions of ingroup and outgroup members '' ( Soto & Levenson , 2009 ) . This model is rooted in Darwin 's ( 1872 ) evolutionary theory , where he noted that both humans and animals share similar postural expressions of emotions such as anger / aggression , happiness , and fear . These similarities support the evolution argument that social animals ( including humans ) have a natural ability to relay emotional signals with one another , a notion shared by several academics ( Chevalier - Skolnikoff , 1974 ; Linnankoski , Laakso , Aulanko , & Leinonen , 1994 ) . Where Darwin notes similarity in expression among animals and humans , the Cultural Equivalence Model notes similarity in expression across cultures in humans , even though they may be completely different . One of the strongest pieces of evidence that supports this model was a study conducted by Ekman and Friesen ( 1971 ) , where members of a preliterate tribe in Papua New Guinea reliably recognized the facial expressions of individuals from the United States . Culturally isolated and with no exposure to US media , there was no possibility of cross-cultural transmission to the Papuan tribesmen . Cultural advantage model ( edit ) On the other hand , the cultural advantage model predicts that individuals of the same race `` process the visual characteristics more accurately and efficiently than other - race faces '' . Other factors that increase accurate interpretation include familiarity with nonverbal accents . There are numerous studies that support both the cultural equivalence model and the cultural advantage model , but reviewing the literature indicates that there is a general consensus that seven emotions are universally recognized , regardless of cultural background : happiness , surprise , fear , anger , contempt , disgust , and sadness . Recently , scholars have shown that the expressions of pride and shame are universal . Tracy and Robins ( 2008 ) concluded that the expression of pride includes an expanded posture of the body with the head tilted back , with a low - intensity face and a non-Duchenne smile ( raising the corner of the mouth ) . The expression of shame includes the hiding of the face , either by turning it down or covering it with the hands . Applications ( edit ) Fundamentally , body language is seemed as an involuntary and unconscious phenomena that adds to the process of communication . Despite that , there have been certain areas where the conscious harnessing of body language - both in action and comprehension - have been useful . The use of body language has also seen an increase in application and use commercially , with large volumes of books and guides published designed to teach people how to be conscious of body language , and how to use it to benefit them in certain scenarios . The use of body language can be seen in a wide variety of fields . Body language has seen application in instructional teaching in areas such as second - language acquisition and also to enhance the teaching of subjects like mathematics . A related use of body language is as a substitution to verbal language to people who lack the ability to use that , be it because of deafness or aphasia . Body language has also been applied in the process of detecting deceit through micro-expressions , both in law enforcement and even in the world of poker. . Sometimes , Language Barrier could be such a problem to foreign people . Therefore , body language would be very beneficial to be used in communication . Instructional teaching ( edit ) Second - language acquisition ( edit ) The importance of body language in second - language acquisition was inspired by the fact that to successfully learn a language is to achieve discourse , strategic , and sociolinguistic competencies . Sociolinguistic competence includes understanding the body language that aids the use of a particular language . This is usually also highly culturally influenced . As such , a conscious ability to recognize and even perform this sort of body language is necessary to achieve fluency in a language beyond the discourse level . The importance of body language to verbal language use is the need to eliminate ambiguity and redundancy in comprehension . Pennycook ( 1985 ) suggests to limit the use of non-visual materials to facilitate the teaching of a second language to improve this aspect of communication . He calls this being not just bilingual but also ' bi-kinesic ' . Enhancing teaching ( edit ) Body language can be a useful aid not only in teaching a second language , but also in other areas . The idea behind using it is as a nonlinguistic input . It can be used to guide , hint , or urge a student towards the right answer . This is usually paired off with other verbal methods of guiding the student , be it through confirmation checks or modified language use . Tai in his 2014 paper provides a list of three main characteristic of body language and how they influence teaching . The features are intuition , communication , and suggestion . The intuitive feature of body language used in teaching is the exemplification of the language , especially individual words , through the use of matching body language . For example , when teaching about the word `` cry '' , teachers can imitate a crying person . This enables a deeper impression which is able to lead to greater understanding of the particular word . The communicative feature is the ability of body language to create an environment and atmosphere that is able to facilitate effective learning . A holistic environment is more productive for learning and the acquisition for new knowledge . The suggestive feature of body language uses body language as a tool to create opportunities for the students to gain additional information about a particular concept or word through pairing it with the body language itself . Detecting deceit ( edit ) Law enforcement ( edit ) Body language has seen use in the area of law enforcement . The relevance of body language in this area can be seen in the numerous Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Law Enforcement Bulletins that have included it in their articles . The application of body language in law enforcement goes both ways . Members of law enforcement can use body language to catch unspoken clues by suspects or even victims , this enables a more calculated and more comprehensive judgement of people . The other side of body language is that of the investigators ' themselves . The body language of the members of law enforcement might influence the accuracy of eyewitness accounts . Poker ( edit ) Main article : Poker The game of poker involves not only an understanding of probability , but also the competence of reading and analyzing the body language of the opponents . A key component of poker is to be able to `` cheat '' the opponents . To spot these cheats , players must have the ability to spot the individual `` ticks '' of their opponents . Players also have to look out for signs that an opponent is doing well . Kinesics ( edit ) Main article : Kinesics Kinesics is the study and interpretation of nonverbal communication related to the movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole ; in layman 's terms , it is the study of body language . However , Ray Birdwhistell , who is considered the founder of this area of study , never used the term body language , and did not consider it appropriate . He argued that what can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist 's definition of language . Birdwhistell pointed out that `` human gestures differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic , that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced '' . And , he `` resisted the idea that ' body language ' could be deciphered in some absolute fashion '' . He also indicated that `` every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication '' . Despite that , body language is still more widely used than kinesics . See also ( edit ) Mirror neuron Imitation Literal and figurative language Metaphor Mimoplastic art Smiley Paul Ekman Allan Pease Facial Action Coding System Nonverbal learning disorder Autism spectrum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Klima , Edward S. ; & Bellugi , Ursula. ( 1979 ) . The signs of language . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 80795 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Wendy ; & Lillo - Martin , Diane . ( 2006 ) . Sign Language and Linguistic Universals . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Barfield , T ( 1997 ) . The dictionary of anthropology . Illinois : Blackwell Publishing . Jump up ^ Onsager , Mark . ( 1 ) `` Understanding the Importance of Non-Verbal Communication '' ) , Body Language Dictionary , New York , 19 May 2014 . Retrieved on 26 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kurien , Daisy N ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Body Language : Silent Communicator at the Workplace '' . IUP Journal of Soft Skills. 4 ( 1 / 2 ) : 29 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Gu , Yuanyuan ; Mai , Xiaoqin ; Luo , Yue - jia ; Di Russo , Francesco ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` Do Bodily Expressions Compete with Facial Expressions ? Time Course of Integration of Emotional Signals from the Face and the Body '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 7 ) : e66762 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0066762 . PMC 3720771 . PMID 23935825 . Jump up ^ Kret , ME ; Pichon , S ; Grezes , J ; de Gelder , B ( Jan 15 , 2011 ) . `` Similarities and differences in perceiving threat from dynamic faces and bodies . An fMRI study '' . NeuroImage. 54 ( 2 ) : 1755 -- 1762 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2010.08. 012 . PMID 20723605 . ^ Jump up to : Mondloch , Catherine J. ; Nelson , Nicole L. ; Horner , Matthew ; Pavlova , Marina ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Asymmetries of Influence : Differential Effects of Body Postures on Perceptions of Emotional Facial Expressions '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 9 ) : e73605 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0073605 . PMC 3769306 . PMID 24039996 . Jump up ^ businessinsider ^ Jump up to : Black , Roxie M. ( 2011 ) . `` Cultural Considerations of Hand Use '' . Journal of Hand Therapy . 24 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jht. 2010.09. 067 . Jump up ^ Pease , Allan & Barbara ( 2004 ) . The Definitive Book of Body Language . Orion House , 5 Upper St Martin 's Lane , London WC2H 9EA : Orion Books Ltd. p. 230 . ISBN 0 - 75286 - 118 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ramadas , Nidhin . `` Handshake '' . Beckman Institute . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Covey , Stephen R. ; Tracy , Brian ; Hamilton , Jean , ' The Interview ' in Mission Possible : Learn How to Reach Your Potential from Some of the World 's Most Successful Possibility Thinkers 11th edition , Tennessee : Insight Publishing , 2006 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Bradbury , Andrew , ' Talking Body Language ' in Develop Your NLP Skills 3rd edition , London : Kogan Page , 2006 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Larry E. ( 31 August 2009 ) . The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences ( illustrated ed . ) . SAGE Publications . p. 577 . ISBN 1412951437 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , William . `` Differences In Nonverbal Communication Styles between Cultures : The Latino - Anglo Perspective '' . Leadership and Management in Engineering . 1 ( 4 ) : 51 -- 53 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 1532 - 6748 ( 2001 ) 1 : 4 ( 51 ) . ISSN 1532 - 6748 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haptics : The Use Of Touch In Communication '' . Body Language Project . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hertenstein , Matthew J. ; Keltner , Dacher ; App , Betsy ; Bulleit , Brittany A. ; Jaskolka , Ariane R. ( 2006 ) . `` Touch Communicates Distinct Emotions '' ( PDF ) . Emotion. 6 ( 3 ) : 528 -- 533 . doi : 10.1037 / 1528 - 3542.6. 3.528 . Jump up ^ Heslin , R. ( 1974 , May ) Steps toward a taxomony of touching . Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association , Chicago , IL . ^ Jump up to : Walton , Donald ( May 1989 ) . Are You Communicating ? : You Ca n't Manage Without It ( First ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Companies . p. 244 . ISBN 0070680523 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Stanley E. & A. Elaine Yarbrough ; Yarbrough , A. Elaine ( 1985 ) . `` A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch '' . Communication Monographs. 52 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 56 . doi : 10.1080 / 03637758509376094 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Desmond ( 1977 ) . Manwatching : A Field Guide to Human Behavior ( illustrated ed . ) . Abrams . p. 320 . ISBN 0810913100 . Jump up ^ Burgoon , Judee K. ; Buller , David B. ; Woodall , William Gill ( 1996 ) . Nonverbal Communication : The Unspoken Dialogue ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0070089957 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Edward T. ( 1966 ) . The Hidden Dimension . Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08476 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Fast , Julius ( 2014 ) . Body Language . Open Road Media . ISBN 1497622689 . Jump up ^ Moore , Nina ( 2010 ) . Nonverbal Communication : Studies and Applications . New York : Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : `` The significance of Body Language '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Edward T. ( 1968 ) . `` Proxemics '' ( PDF ) . Current Anthropology . The University of Chicago Press . 9 ( 2 / 3 ) : 88 . doi : 10.1086 / 200975 . JSTOR 2740724 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proxemics and culture '' . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ekman , Paul ( 1971 ) . `` Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. 19 : 207 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Soto , Jose Angel ; Levenson , Robert W. ( 2009 ) . `` Emotion recognition across cultures : The influence of ethnicity on empathic accuracy and physiological linkage '' . Emotion. 9 ( 6 ) : 874 -- 884 . doi : 10.1037 / a0017399 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy , Jessica L. ; Robins , Richard W. ( 2008 ) . `` The nonverbal expression of pride : Evidence for cross-cultural recognition '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 94 ( 3 ) : 516 -- 530 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.94. 3.516 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Alice J. ; Peterson , Jennifer ; Deffenbacher , Kenneth A. ( 1996 ) . `` An `` other - race effect '' for categorizing faces by sex `` . Perception. 25 ( 6 ) : 669 -- 676 . doi : 10.1068 / p250669 . Jump up ^ Marsh , A.A. ; Elfenbein , H.A. ; Ambady , N. ( 2003 ) . `` Nonverbal `` accents '' : Cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion `` . Psychological Science . 14 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 376 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9280.24461 . PMID 12807413 . Jump up ^ Russell , James A. ( 1994 ) . `` Is There Universal Recognition of Emotion From Facial Expression ? A Review of the Cross-Cultural Studies '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 141 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 1.102 . PMID 8202574 . Jump up ^ Gregersen , Tammy S. ( July 2007 ) . `` Language learning beyond words : Incorporating body language into classroom activities '' . Reflections on English Language Teaching. 6 : 51 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Caro , Mike ( 1994 ) . The Body Language of Poker : Mike Caro 's Book of Tells . ^ Jump up to : Kellerman , Susan ( 1992 ) . `` I see what you mean : The role of kinesic behaviour in listening and the implications for foreign and second language learning '' . Applied Linguistics. 13 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 258 . doi : 10.1093 / applin / 13.3. 239 . Jump up ^ Pennycook , Alastair ( 1985 ) . `` Actions speak louder than words : Paralanguage , communication , and education '' . TESOL Quarterly . 19 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 282 . doi : 10.2307 / 3586829 . Jump up ^ Brandl , Klaus ( 2007 ) . Communicative Language Teaching in Action : Putting Principles to Work . ^ Jump up to : Tai , Yuanyuan ( 2014 ) . `` The Application of Body Language in English Teaching '' . Journal of Language Teaching and Research . 5 ( 5 ) : 1205 -- 1209 . doi : 10.4304 / jltr. 5.5. 1205 - 1209 . Jump up ^ Pinizzoto , Anthony J. ; Davis , Edward F. ; Miller III , Charles E. ( March 2006 ) . `` Dead Right '' . FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . 75 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Matsumoto , David ; Hyi Sung , Hwang ; Skinner , Lisa ; Frank , Mark ( June 2011 ) . `` Evaluating Truthfulness and Detecting Deception '' . FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . 80 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Eyewitness Evidence : A Guide for Law Enforcement . October 1999 . Jump up ^ Danesi , M ( 2006 ) . `` Kinesics '' . Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. : 207 -- 213 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_language&oldid=834416604 '' Categories : Human positions Nonverbal communication Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 16 : 34 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Non-verbal communication
2. Facial expressions
3. Body postures
4. Gestures
5. Cultural differences in body language
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.