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when did season 3 of turn come out on netflix
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List of Orange Is the New Black episodes - wikipedia List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy - drama series created by Jenji Kohan , which premiered on July 11 , 2013 , on Netflix . The series , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , follows Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women 's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders , 10 years prior , for her girlfriend at the time , Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) . As of June 9 , 2017 , 65 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released , concluding the fifth season . Ten of the thirteen episodes of the fifth season were leaked online by hackers prior to its scheduled premiere date . The series has been renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally released <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date `` I Was n't Ready '' Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Tit Punch '' Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Imaginary Enemies '' Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 5 5 `` The Chickening '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 6 6 `` WAC Pack '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 7 7 `` Blood Donut '' Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 8 8 `` Moscow Mule '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 9 9 `` Fucksgiving '' Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 10 10 `` Bora Bora Bora '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 11 11 `` Tall Men with Feelings '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 12 12 `` Fool Me Once '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 13 `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Morello June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Black Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 27 `` Mother 's Day '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 28 `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' Constantine Makris Jim Danger Gray Bennett June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 29 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' Michael Trim Nick Jones Nicky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 30 `` Finger in the Dyke '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Big Boo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 31 5 `` Fake It Till You Fake It Some More '' Nicole Holofcener Tara Herrmann Flaca June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 32 6 `` Ching Chong Chang '' Anthony Hemingway Sara Hess Chang June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 33 7 `` Tongue - Tied '' Julie Anne Robinson Sian Heder Norma June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 34 8 `` Fear , and Other Smells '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Alex June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 35 9 `` Where My Dreidel At '' Andrew McCarthy Jordan Harrison Leanne June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 36 10 `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli Pennsatucky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 37 11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Caputo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 38 12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' Uta Briesewitz Sara Hess Aleida & Daya June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 39 13 `` Trust No Bitch '' Phil Abraham Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 40 `` Work That Body for Me '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 41 `` Power Suit '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Maria June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 42 `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' Andrew McCarthy Jim Danger Gray Soso June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 43 `` Doctor Psycho '' Erin Feeley Carly Mensch Healy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 44 5 `` We 'll Always Have Baltimore '' Tricia Brock Jordan Harrison Maritza June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 45 6 `` Piece of Shit '' Uta Briesewitz Lauren Morelli none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 46 7 `` It Sounded Nicer in My Head '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Lolly June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 47 8 `` Friends in Low Places '' Phil Abraham Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 48 9 `` Turn Table Turn '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Blanca June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 49 10 `` Bunny , Skull , Bunny , Skull '' Phil Abraham Carly Mensch none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 50 11 `` People Persons '' Lev L. Spiro Nick Jones Suzanne June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 51 12 `` The Animals '' Matthew Weiner Lauren Morelli Bayley June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 52 13 `` Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread Again '' Adam Bernstein Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Poussey June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Stolen ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 5 Episodes to Piracy Network '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Leaked After Netflix Refuses Ransom Demand '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Orange Is the New Black episodes on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Episodes Season 1 `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Orange_Is_the_New_Black_episodes&oldid=798746969 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 16 : 07 . About Wikipedia
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1. Orange Is the New Black: American comedy-drama series
2. Piper Chapman: Main character in the series
3. Season 5: Leaked episodes and renewal for future seasons
4. List of episodes: Seasons 1-5
5. Jenji Kohan: Creator of the series
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4,423,220,769,915,500,000 |
what is a special geographic characteristic of central america
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Geography of North America - wikipedia Geography of North America Jump to : navigation , search Global view centered on North America North America is the third largest continent , and is also a portion of the second largest supercontinent if North and South America are combined into the Americas and Africa , Europe , and Asia are considered to be part of one supercontinent called Afro - Eurasia . With an estimated population of 460 million and an area of 24,346,000 km2 ( 9,400,000 mi2 ) , the northernmost of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west ; the Atlantic Ocean on the east ; the Caribbean Sea , Atlantic and Pacific oceans , and South America on the south ; and the Arctic Ocean on the north . The northern half of North America is sparsely populated and covered mostly by Canada , except for the northeastern portion , which is occupied by Greenland , and the northwestern portion , which is occupied by Alaska , the largest state of the U.S. The central and southern portions of the continent are represented by the United States , Mexico , and numerous smaller states primarily in Central America and in the Caribbean . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , a less common view would end North America at the man - made Panama Canal . Islands generally associated with North America include Greenland , the world 's largest island , and archipelagos and islands in the Caribbean . The terminology of the Americas is complex , but `` Anglo - America '' can describe Canada and the U.S. , while `` Latin America '' comprises Mexico and the countries of Central America and the Caribbean , as well as the entire continent of South America . Natural features of North America include the northern portion of the American Cordillera , represented by the geologically new Rocky Mountains in the west ; and the considerably older Appalachian Mountains to the east . The north hosts an abundance of glacial lakes formed during the last glacial period , including the Great Lakes . North America 's major continental divide is the Great Divide , which runs north and south down through Rocky Mountains . The major watersheds all drain to the east : The Mississippi / Missouri and Rio Grande into the Gulf of Mexico , and St. Lawrence into the Atlantic . Climate is determined to a large extent by the latitude , ranging from Arctic cold in the north to tropical heat in the south . The western half of North America tends to have milder and wetter climate than other areas with equivalent latitude , although there are steppes ( known as `` prairies '' ) in the central and western portions , and deserts in the Southwestern United States of Arizona , Colorado , California , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , Oklahoma , and Texas ; along with the Mexican states of Baja California , Baja California Sur , Sonora , Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas . The Blue Marble , NASA ; east more rain than west . Contents ( hide ) 1 Paleogeography 2 Physiography 3 Surface and climate 3.1 North America 's greatest snowfalls 3.2 Hydrography and Deserts 3.2. 1 River systems 4 Deserts 4.1 Climate and vegetation 5 Zoology 6 Mining and petroleum 6.1 Rocky Mountains 7 Agriculture and forestry 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links 12 Bibliography Paleogeography ( edit ) The paleogeological origins of the `` basement '' rocks underlying North America . Age of the bedrock underlying North America , from red ( oldest ) to blue , green , yellow ( newest ) . Seventy percent of North America is underlain by the Laurentia craton , which is exposed as the Canadian Shield in much of central and eastern Canada around the Hudson Bay , and as far south as the U.S. states of Michigan , Wisconsin , and Minnesota . The continental crust started to form 4 billion years ago ( Ga ) , and six of the microcontinents collided to form the craton about 2 Ga . This core has been enlarged by plate tectonics , most notably between 1.8 and 1.65 Ga when a piece currently stretching from Arizona to Missouri fused with the south and west portion of the craton . The craton started to rift about 1.1 Ga , and the fissure ( now the Midcontinent Rift System ) ran between Kansas and Lake Superior before stopping , perhaps due to the Grenville collision in the east . Otherwise the craton has remained relatively stable , with some rocks dating from 2.5 to 4 Ga , including what may be the world 's oldest known rock : Specimens from the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt on the coast of the Hudson Bay have been dated to 4.38 Ga , though the dating methods are disputed . Periodic flooding by inland seas , most recently the Western Interior Seaway during the Cretaceous , caused the layer of sedimentary rock over the remainder of the craton . The Laurentia craton is the center of the Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia in most models , and was also part of the later Laurussia , Pangea , and Laurasia supercontinents . Roughly 3 million years ago ( Ma ) , the volcanic Isthmus of Panama formed between the North and South American continents creating a bridge over what was the Central American Seaway and allowing the migration of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the Great American Interchange . Starting 2.58 Ma , the Quaternary glaciation covered much of the continent with ice , centered west of Hudson Bay , the floor of which is slowly rebounding after being depressed by the great weight of the ice . Glaciers descended the slopes of the Rocky Mountains and those of the Pacific Margin . Extensive glacial lakes , such as Glacial Lake Missoula , Bonneville , Lahontan , Agassiz , and Algonquin , formed by glacial melt water . `` Remnants of them are still visible in the Great Basin and along the edge of the Canadian Shield in the form of the Great Salt Lake , the Great Lakes , and the large lakes of west central Canada . '' The last glacial period of the current ice age caused a lowering of the sea level , exposing the Bering Land Bridge between Alaska and Siberia , which resulted in human migration from Asia to the Americas between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago . North American watersheds ( Atlantic , Arctic , Great Basin , & Pacific ) North America can also be divided into four great regions : Great Plains : stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west : including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; the varied eastern region : including the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain of the Atlantic Seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico and its long plateaus and cordilleras fall largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . North American Plate ( center top ) Caribbean Plate ( center ) Physiography ( edit ) North America may be divided into at least five major physiographic regions : Canadian Shield This is a geologically stable area of rock dating between 2.5 and 4 Gya that occupies most of the northeastern quadrant , including Greenland . Appalachian Mountains The Appalachians are an old and eroded system that formed about 300 Ma and extends from the Gaspé Peninsula to Alabama . Atlantic Coastal Plain The plain is a belt of lowlands widening to the south that extends from south New England to Mexico . Interior Lowlands The lowlands extend down the middle of the continent from the Mackenzie Valley to the Atlantic Coastal Plain , and include the Great Plains on the west and the agriculturally productive Interior Plains on the east . North American Cordillera The cordillera is a complex belt of mountains and associated plateaus and basins some of which were formed as recently as 100 -- 65 Ma , during the Cretaceous . The cordillera extend from Alaska into Mexico and includes two orogenic belts -- the Pacific Margin on the west and the Rocky Mountains on the east -- separated by a system of intermontane plateaus and basins . The Coastal Plain and the main belts of the North American Cordillera continue in the south in Mexico ( where the Mexican Plateau , bordered by the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre Occidental , is considered a continuation of the intermontane system ) to connect the Transverse Volcanic Range , a zone of high and active volcanic peaks south of Mexico City . The vast majority of North America is located on the North American Plate , centered on the Laurentia craton . Parts of California and western Mexico form the partial edge of the Pacific Plate ; the two plates meet along the San Andreas Fault . The southern portion of the Caribbean and parts of Central America compose the much smaller Caribbean Plate . The western mountains have split in the middle , into the main range of the Rockies and the Coast Ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia with the Great Basin ( a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts ) in between . The highest peak is Mount McKinley / Denali in Alaska . The geographic center of North America is approximately `` 6 miles west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at 480 10 ′ north , 1000 10 ′ west , and a 15 - foot ( 4.5 m ) field stone obelisk in Rugby , North Dakota ( ~ 15 miles or 25 km away ) claims to mark the center . Three countries ( Canada , the United States , and Mexico ) make up most of North America 's land mass ; they share the continent with 34 other island countries in the Caribbean and south of Mexico . Surface and climate ( edit ) The Great Plains The Great Plains is the broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lies east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada . The narrow plains in the Mexican coast and the savannas of the Mississippi are analogous to , respectively , the Patagonian steppes and the pampas of the Piranha , Paraguay , and Rio de la Plata . Thus the Appalachians and the mountain chains of Brazil are regarded as creating similar interruptions to the plains community . North America extends to within 10 ° of latitude of both the equator and the North Pole . It embraces every climatic zone , from tropical rain forest and savanna on the lowlands of Central America to areas of permanent ice cap in central Greenland . Subarctic and tundra climates prevail in north Canada and north Alaska , and desert and semiarid conditions are found in interior regions cut off by high mountains from rain - bearing westerly winds . However , most of the continent has temperate climates very favorable to settlement and agriculture . Prairies , or vast grasslands cover a huge amount in mountain ranges . North America 's greatest snowfalls ( edit ) Greatest Snowfalls Places Date Inches Centimeters 24 hours Silver Lake , Colorado April 14 -- 15 , 1921 76 195.6 1 month Tamarack , California January 1911 390 991 One storm Mt . Shasta Ski Bowl , Calif . February 13 -- 19 , 1959 189 480 One season Mount Baker , WA 1998 -- 1999 1 , 140 2 , 895.6 Hydrography and deserts ( edit ) See also : hydrography , evapotranspiration , surface runoff , and percolation The average rainfall in North America is 76 cm / year , which produces some 18 petaliters of water . River systems ( edit ) North American rivers include : Saint Lawrence River on the New York -- Ontario border The Upper Rio Grande by Creede , Colorado Approaching the Arctic Ocean Albany Churchill Mackenzie Nelson Severn Approaching the Atlantic Ocean Arkansas Churchill Connecticut Delaware Grijalva Hudson James Mississippi Missouri Ohio Potomac Rio Grande Saint John St. Johns St. Lawrence Savannah Susquehanna Tennessee Usumacinta The Columbia River from Canada to the Pacific Approaching the Pacific Ocean Balsas River Colorado Columbia Fraser Fuerte River Lerma River Sacramento San Joaquin Suchiate River Yukon Within the Great Basin Bear River Humboldt River Sevier River Deserts ( edit ) North America map of Köppen climate classification . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run along the entire Pacific Coast , acting as a barrier to the humid winds that sweep in from the ocean . The rising topography forces this air upwards , causing moisture to condense and fall in the form of rain on the western slopes of the mountains , with some areas receiving more than 70 inches ( 1.8 m ) of rainfall per year . As a result , the air has lost much of its moisture and becomes hot and dry when it reaches the areas east of the coastal mountain ranges . These arid conditions are , in some instances , exacerbated in regions of extremely low altitude ( some near or below sea level ) by higher air pressure , resulting in drier conditions and adiabatic heating effects , some of these pocket deserts exist in valleys well north of the Canada -- US border in interior British Columbia . What precipitation does fall generally does not last long , lost primarily to evaporation , as well as rapid runoff and efficient water uptake and storage by native vegetation . Climate and vegetation ( edit ) There are various plant life distributions in North America . Plant life in the Arctic includes grasses , mosses , and Arctic willows . Coniferous trees , including spruces , pines , hemlocks , and firs , are indigenous to the Canadian and Western U.S. mountain ranges as far south as San Francisco . Among these are giant sequoias , redwoods , great firs , and sugar pines . Sugar pines are generally confined to the northwestern area of the United States . The central region of the country has hardwoods . Southern states grow extensive yellow pines . In addition , mahogany , logwood , and lignumvitae - all tropical in nature - are grown . The southwest has desert plants , including yucci and cacti . The cultivated native plants of North America are tobacco , maize , potato , vanilla , melons , cacao , gourds , indigo plant , and bean . Major habitat types of the United States and Canada Ecoregions map of Canada , United States and Mexico Zoology ( edit ) North America is home to many native mammal species . Several species of deer , including elk , caribou , moose , mule deer , and the abundant white - tailed deer are found throughout various regions , along with the bison and musk ox in the central and northern plains , respectively . Three species of bear , several subspecies of wolf , and various other carnivores such as raccoons , skunks , and cats including cougars and lynxes are widely distributed . The family Mustelidae is well represented , including badgers , otters , ferrets , and wolverines . Numerous species of squirrels and other rodents , such as beavers and muskrats , can be found in virtually every region of the continent . Central America has adapted sloths , anteaters , and armadillos . Other animals includes the condor , among the heights of the Andes , the parrots and the monkeys of Tropical forests , the humming bird , rattlesnake , alligator , and Cayman of the banks of the streams , and swarms of mosquitoes on the wide plains . Mining and petroleum ( edit ) The mining and petroleum industries are important in Canada , the United States and Mexico . These natural resources make the region one of the richest on the earth . Rocky Mountains ( edit ) Picture of Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountain region is known for vast resources and rich mineral deposits including copper , lead , gold , silver , tungsten , uranium , and zinc . Coal , petroleum and natural gas are mineral fuels found . Old mine tailings are present in the Rocky Mountain landscape . Agriculture and forestry ( edit ) Agriculture and forestry are two major industries . Agriculture includes arid land and irrigated farming and livestock grazing . Livestock are often moved between high - elevation summer pastures and low - elevation and winter pastures . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal Aruba portal Bahamas portal Barbados portal Belize portal British Virgin Islands portal Canada portal Costa Rica portal Cuba portal Dominican Republic portal El Salvador portal Greenland portal Grenada portal Guadeloupe portal Guatemala portal Haiti portal Jamaica portal Mexico portal Nicaragua portal Panama portal Puerto Rico portal Trinidad and Tobago portal United States portal Geography of North America Geography of Canada Geography of the Caribbean Geography of Anguilla Geography of Antigua and Barbuda Geography of Aruba Geography of Barbados Geography of Bonaire Geography of the British Virgin Islands Geography of the Cayman Islands Geography of Cuba Geography of Curaçao Geography of Dominica Geography of the Dominican Republic Geography of Grenada Geography of Guadeloupe Geography of Haiti Geography of Jamaica Geography of Martinique Geography of Montserrat Geography of Puerto Rico Geography of Saba Geography of Saint Barthélemy Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis Geography of Saint Lucia Geography of Saint Martin Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Geography of Sint Eustatius Geography of Sint Maarten Geography of Trinidad and Tobago Geography of the United States Virgin Islands Geography of Central America Geography of Belize Geography of Costa Rica Geography of El Salvador Geography of Guatemala Geography of Honduras Geography of Nicaragua Geography of Panama Geography of Greenland Geography of the Lucayan Archipelago Geography of the Bahamas Geography of the Turks and Caicos Islands Geography of Mexico Geography of the United States Geology of North America List of mountain peaks of North America Transportation in North America References ( edit ) `` Deserts of America '' . The Golden Treasury of Knowledge . 4 , book 13 . Fratelli Fabbri. 1961 . pp. 1008 -- 1091 . 61 - 10594 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) `` Geography of North America '' . Universal World Reference Encyclopedia . 11 , book 1 . V.S. Thatcher . 1964 . pp. 231 -- 233 . 64 - 12955 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Guide - Images of North America '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Americas '' Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications ( M49 ) , United Nations Statistics Division Jump up ^ `` North America '' Archived October 21 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of Canada Jump up ^ North America Atlas National Geographic Jump up ^ `` United Plates of America '' . Smithsonian Museum of Natural History . Retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Andrea ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Oldest rocks on Earth found '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Jonathan ; Carlson , Richard W. ; Francis , Don ; Stevenson , Ross K. ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Neodymium - 142 Evidence for Hadean Mafic Crust '' . Science 321 ( 5897 ) : 1828 -- 1831 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1161925 . Jump up ^ Brahic , Catherine ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Discovery of world 's oldest rocks challenged '' . NewScientist . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Rodinia '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2005 ) . Palæos . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Steve . `` North America 's Geology and Geography '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Historical & Cultural Significance '' ( 1995 ) . Bering Land Bridge Natural Preserve . ^ Jump up to : `` Encyclozine - North America '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . 1995 . Archived from the original ( Online Edition ) on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . ^ Jump up to : `` North America climate '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Private Tutor '' . Infoplease.com. 2004 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ North America water resources . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Monster - North America : Resources and Economy '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . External links ( edit ) The Future for Water in North America Bibliography ( edit ) Map and aerial photos North America map Physical map Map of the Great Lakes North American map North America Political map Oldest Human Remains in North America Found T.H. Clark and C.W. Stearn , The Geological Evolution of North America ( 1968 ) W.P. Cumming et al. , The Discovery of North America ( 1972 ) R.C. West et al. , Middle America : Its Lands and Peoples ( 3d ed. 1989 ) T.L. McKnight , Regional Geography of the United States and Canada ( 1992 ) S. Birdsall , Regional Landscapes of the United States and Canada ( 4th rev . ed. 1992 ) T. Flannery , The Eternal Frontier : An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples ( 2001 ) A. Taylor , American Colonies ( 2001 ) . <Th_colspan="3"> Geography of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> North America articles History Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization New Spain New France British North America Turtle Island Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics <Td_colspan="2"> American imperialism North American Union ( NAU ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Transatlantic relations Economy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Transportation Countries by GDP ( per capita ) PPP per capita HDI Internet users Minimum wages <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Portal Maps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_North_America&oldid=815791933 '' Categories : Geography of North America Water in North America Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Polski Suomi Українська Zazaki Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Geography of North America
2. Physiography of North America
3. Climate and vegetation in North America
4. Hydrography and deserts in North America
5. Mining and petroleum in North America
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who wants to be a millionaire tunay na relihiyon
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Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( Philippine game show ) - wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( Philippine game show ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? <Td_colspan="2"> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? logo ( TV5 version ) Genre Game show Created by David Briggs Developed by Viva Television ( 2000 -- 2002 ) TV5 ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Presented by IBC : Christopher de Leon TV5 : Vic Sotto Country of origin Philippines No. of seasons IBC : 7 TV5 : 14 No. of episodes IBC : unknown TV5 : 220 ( final ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network IBC ( 2000 -- 2002 ) TV5 ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Original release IBC : November 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 13 ) -- December 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 14 ) TV5 : May 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 23 ) -- November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows UK version US version <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( also known as WW2BAM ) is a Filipino game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . The main goal of the game is to win 2 million Philippine pesos ( earlier 1 million ) by answering 12 multiple - choice ( previously 15 ) questions correctly . There are four lifelines : 50 : 50 ( fifty - fifty ) , Phone A Friend , and Switch and Double Dip . The latter two replaced Ask the Audience , which was used until the 2010 season and of Phone - a-Friend until the 2012 season and reused for the 5th Incarnation replacing the People 's Pick lifeline instead . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was broadcast from 2000 to 2002 on the government - sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation , produced by Viva Television , and was hosted by actor Christopher de Leon . On May 23 , 2009 , the game show returned under a new home over TV5 , with actor - host - comedian Vic Sotto as the new host . The show aired its season finale on October 7 , 2012 to give way to another game show hosted by Sotto , The Million Peso Money Drop ( the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live created by Endemol ) . However , the show returned on air September 15 , 2013 for a new season together with Pinoy Explorer and Wow Mali ! Pa Rin in exchange to the now defunct talent show Talentadong Pinoy . This incarnation ended on January 11 , 2015 in preparation for the launching of Move It : The Clash of the Street dancers on January 25 , 2015 . The show returned on May 10 , 2015 at 7pm , replacing Move It : The Clash of the Street dancers which held its Grand Finals two weeks before the launch of the new incarnation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 2000 -- 2002 : Viva / IBC Version 1.2 2009 -- 2015 : TV5 Version 2 Top - prize winners 2.1 Sharon Cuneta ( January 9 , 2010 ) 2.2 Karl Jonathan Aguilar ( September 18 , 2011 ) 2.3 Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr . ( October 20 , 2013 ) 3 Who Deserves to Be a Millionaire ? 4 References 5 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Originally , the contestants must first play a preliminary round , called `` Fastest Finger First '' , where they are all given a question and four answers from the host and are asked to put those four answers into a particular order . The contestant who does so correctly and in the fastest time goes on to sit in a chair in the center of the set , known as the `` Hot Seat '' , and play for the prize . Once in the Hot Seat , the contestant is asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host . Questions are multiple choice : four possible answers are given ( labeled A , B , C , and D ) , and the contestant must choose the correct one . Upon answering a question correctly , the contestant wins a certain amount of money . After questions , the host will ask the contestant `` is that your final answer ? '' When a contestant says `` final '' in conjunction with one of the answers , it is official , and can not be changed . For the first few questions , there is a possibility for the contestant to leave with no money if they fail to reach the guaranteed amounts . 2000 -- 2002 : Viva / IBC version ( edit ) The first version of the show was hosted by actor Christopher de Leon . The first season of the original Millionaire , which began on November 13 , 2000 , had its 15th question prize of ₱ 1,000,000 . In 2001 , the final question 's prize was doubled to ₱ 2,000,000 . The show lost its popularity soon after its original studio in Parañaque City ( Viva Television Studio , the same one used by the Philippine version of The Weakest Link ) was destroyed by a fire , and after the show moved to Riverbanks Center in Marikina City . Its last original episode was aired December 14 , 2002 . No one has ever won the game by way of answering all fifteen questions correctly in this incarnation . There have been two contestants who went the closest : DLSU professor Amelita Lopez - Forbes and actress Sharon Cuneta , who each answered 14 questions correctly and won a million pesos in separate instances in 2001 . The money tree used in the IBC version is as follows ( bold values indicate guaranteed amounts ) : Money Tree ( 2000 ) ₱ 1,000 ₱ 2,000 ₱ 3,000 ₱ 5,000 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 20,000 ₱ 30,000 ₱ 40,000 ₱ 50,000 ₱ 100,000 ₱ 200,000 ₱ 300,000 ₱ 400,000 ₱ 500,000 ₱ 1 MILLION ( top prize ) Money Tree ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ₱ 1,000 ₱ 2,000 ₱ 3,000 ₱ 5,000 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 20,000 ₱ 30,000 ₱ 40,000 ₱ 50,000 ₱ 100,000 ₱ 200,000 ₱ 300,000 ₱ 500,000 ₱ 1,000,000 ₱ 2 MILLION ( top prize ) 2009 -- 2015 : TV5 version ( edit ) Joey de Leon ( right ) plays as a contestant with Vic Sotto ( left ) as host In April 2009 , plugs about the `` comeback '' of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? started airing on TV5 . Vic Sotto was announced as the host of the show . A promo is being sponsored by the network in connection to its comeback . On January 9 , 2010 , Sharon Cuneta , who appeared in the previous incarnation became the first winner of the series after she correctly answered the final question worth ₱ 2,000,000 . The following winner was Karl Jonathan Aguilar on September 18 , 2011 . The show returned September 15 , 2013 with the High - risk Money Tree option , which has one safe haven amount of ₱ 20,000 and four lifelines are Fifty - fifty , People Speak ( which replaced Ask the Audience ) and Switch ( previously the fourth lifeline , which later replaced the Phone - a-Friend in the classic money tree ) , in addition to a new lifeline : Double Dip . The Classic Money Tree has two safe havens at ₱ 20,000 and ₱ 150,000 and three lifelines : Fifty - fifty , People Speak , and Switch . The Phone - a-Friend lifeline was also removed during this version . The third ₱ 2,000,000 winner was Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr. on October 20 , 2013 . First version ( Season 1 to 5 ) Second version ( Season 6 to 8 ) Third version ( Season 9 ) Fourth version ( Season 10 to 13 ) Classic Money Tree ( 2009 -- 2015 ) ₱ 1,000 ₱ 3,000 ₱ 5,000 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 20,000 ₱ 35,000 ₱ 50,000 ₱ 70,000 ₱ 100,000 ₱ 150,000 ₱ 250,000 ₱ 400,000 ₱ 600,000 ₱ 1,000,000 ₱ 2,000,000 ( top prize ) High - Risk Money Tree ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ₱ 1,000 ₱ 3,000 ₱ 5,000 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 20,000 ₱ 35,000 ₱ 50,000 ₱ 70,000 ₱ 100,000 ₱ 150,000 ₱ 250,000 ₱ 400,000 ₱ 600,000 ₱ 1,000,000 ₱ 2,000,000 ( top prize ) The show returned on May 10 , 2015 with a brand new format . The program replaced the 15 - question format with a new 12 - question format . Money Trees were not named : instead they are just identified as Money Tree 1 and Money Tree 2 , respectively . To distinguished both Money Trees , the first one has two `` Safe Havens '' ( Question # 2 and # 7 ) and it has 3 Lifelines ( Phone - A-Friend , Switch and Double Dip ) . Meanwhile , Money Tree 2 have only 1 `` Safe Haven '' ( Question # 2 ) and 4 Lifelines ( Phone - A-Friend , Switch , Double Dip and Fifty - Fifty ) . The `` People Speak '' lifeline from the preceding version was removed and it was replaced by the returning Phone A Friend . Money Tree 1 ( 2015 ) ₱ 10,000 ₱ 20,000 ₱ 35,000 ₱ 50,000 ₱ 70,000 ₱ 100,000 ₱ 150,000 ₱ 250,000 ₱ 400,000 ₱ 600,000 ₱ 1,000,000 ₱ 2,000,000 ( top prize ) Money Tree 2 ( 2015 ) ₱ 10,000 ₱ 20,000 ₱ 35,000 ₱ 50,000 ₱ 70,000 ₱ 100,000 ₱ 150,000 ₱ 250,000 ₱ 400,000 ₱ 600,000 ₱ 1,000,000 ₱ 2,000,000 ( top prize ) Top - prize winners ( edit ) Sharon Cuneta ( January 9 , 2010 ) ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> ₱ 2 million ( 15 of 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> According to Act 4 of Macbeth , which is an ingredient the witches added to their potion ? A : Serpent 's fang B : Dragon 's tails C : Lizard 's leg D: Bat 's tooth <Td_colspan="2"> Sharon Cuneta 's question On January 9 , 2010 , Sharon Cuneta once again played on the show and won ₱ 2,000,000 , making her the first top prize winner in the Philippine franchise 's history , three days after her birthday . References to her first appearance , especially the 14th question asked , were made during her game . All of the money she won was played for charity and was donated to the Hospicio de San Jose . Coincidentally , the 13th question in her game was about the orphanage 's exact location . A translation of the 15th question can be seen on the right . Karl Jonathan Aguilar ( September 18 , 2011 ) ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> ₱ 2 million ( 15 of 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> What is the name of the list of old books prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church for its members ? A : Index Literatura Prohibitre B : Index Librada Prohibantum C : Index Librodo Prohibitore D: Index Librorum Prohibitorum <Td_colspan="2"> Karl Jonathan Aguilar 's question On September 18 , 2011 , the Philippine version gained its second top prize winner in the person of IT specialist Karl Jonathan Aguilar . The final question involved the name of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum with the other options being made - up but similarly - sounding names . Of note , he did not use his lifelines up to the ₱ 600,000 question . When his last lifeline , Phone - A-Friend , was used during the final question , he was given one of the wrong answers . Also , the first fourteen were asked in the previous episode aired a week before . The translation of the ₱ 2 million question that Aguilar answered correctly can be seen at the right . Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr. . ( October 20 , 2013 ) ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> ₱ 2 million ( 15 of 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> What is the title of poem by Lewis Carroll that uses nonsense words ? A : Gibberish B : Jabberwocky C : Twaddle D: Gobbledygook <Td_colspan="2"> Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr. 's question The Philippine version show produced its third top - prize winner in the person of IT auditor Eduardo `` Gaeilo '' Pajinag , Jr. on October 20 , 2013 . According to him , he auditioned seven times before being accepted on his 8th audition . He is the first winner of the new money tree , the High - Risk money tree . The final question was about Jabberwocky , the poem written by Lewis Carroll where he used nonsense words . The other options were synonyms to `` nonsense '' . After carefully deducing on his answer , to the extent that he mentioned where the dance group Jabbawockeez got their name , he ultimately went on to win the ₱ 2 million peso top - prize . Who Deserves to Be a Millionaire ? ( edit ) For four episodes starting from December 12 , 2009 to January 2 , 2010 , a special charity edition of the show was held called Who Deserves to Be a Millionaire ? . Each episode comprised one celebrity and a representative from his / her chosen charity playing as a team . Rules stayed the same . The tradition returned on December 4 , 2011 . The Philippines was the fourth country to use the Deserves title and format ; after Chile ( 2006 ) , Nigeria and China ( both 2007 ) . The following are the celebrities who played in this special edition and the prize that they each won : 2009 : Efren Peñaflorida for the Dynamic Teen Company ( ₱ 400,000 ) Lucy Torres - Gomez ( ₱ 150,000 ; wrong on question 13 ) Sen. Francis Escudero ( ₱ 250,000 ) Ruffa Gutierrez ( ₱ 400,000 ) 2011 : Gloria Diaz ( ₱ 400,000 ) Atty . Persida Rueda - Acosta from Face to Face and Public Atorni ( ₱ 600,000 ) Tessa Prieto - Valdez ( ₱ 400,000 ) Aiza Seguerra ( ₱ 400,000 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be A Millionaire : Feature Show Archived retrieved via www.viva.com.ph 04 - 05 2009 Jump up ^ WWTBAM Feature Article coutesy of www.telebisyon.net retrieved via www.telebisyon.net 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Fragment of the old show retrieved via www.youtube.com 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.pep.ph/news/21758/Vic-Sotto-hosts-his-first-game-show-via-%3Cem%3EWho-Wants-To-Be-A-Millionaire%3C-em%3E Jump up ^ Who Wants to be a Millionaire on TV5 hosted by Vic Sotto retrieved via www.tv5.com.ph 05 - 16 - 2009 Jump up ^ Vic Sotto will host TV5 's Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? retrieved via www.pep.ph 03 - 13 - 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/01/09/10/sharon-cuneta-wins-p2-m-millionaire-game-show Jump up ^ http://www.pep.ph/news/24355/Sharon-Cuneta-wins-P2M-in-Who-Wants-To-Be-a-Millionaire Jump up ^ http://www.pep.ph/guide/guide/8946/tv5-shows-topped-sunday-primetime-based-on-nielsen-media-research-data Jump up ^ http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/09/13/1203541/your-chance-be-millionaire-back Jump up ^ http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/it-auditor-wins-p2m-jackpot-in-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire/ Jump up ^ http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/533870/stars-tv5s-weekend-winners External links ( edit ) List of programs broadcast by TV5 List of programs aired by Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation Who Wants to Be a Millionaire page from TV5 website Preceded by Bai Wan Da Ying Jia ( Singapore - Chinese version , August 16 , 2000 ) Asian versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Succeeded by Ai La Trieu Phu ? ( Vietnamese version . January 4 , 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(Philippine_game_show)&oldid=818097787 '' Categories : 2000 Philippine television series debuts 2002 Philippine television series endings 2009 Philippine television series debuts 2015 Philippine television series endings Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation shows Philippine game shows Philippine television series based on British television series TV5 ( Philippines ) shows Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 15 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Philippine game show)
2. TV5 version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
3. Gameplay of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
4. Top-prize winners of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
5. Who Deserves to Be a Millionaire? (charity edition)
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-5,528,653,233,960,111,000 |
who played ellie on the andy griffith show
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Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker - wikipedia Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker <Th_colspan="2"> Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker <Td_colspan="2"> Ellie Walker portrayed by Elinor Donahue First appearance `` Ellie Comes to Town '' , ( October 24 , 1960 ) Last appearance `` The Guitar Player Returns '' , ( May 15 , 1961 ) Created by Sheldon Leonard Portrayed by Elinor Donahue <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Occupation Pharmacist Family Fred Walker , uncle Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker is a fictional character in the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show . She is notable for being Andy Taylor 's first regular girlfriend seen on the show . Ellie makes 12 appearances in the first season . Despite the paucity of her appearances , she was intended as a series regular . Unlike girlfriends that would follow , her portrayer , Elinor Donahue , is given opening credit billing , alongside Andy Griffith . Elinor Donahue was an established television star and had just finished her tour of duty as Betty `` Princess '' Anderson in the popular 1950s sitcom , Father Knows Best when she joined The Andy Griffith Show . Producers believed her name would have `` drawing power '' and gave her top billing in the opening credits with stars Andy Griffith , Ron Howard and Don Knotts . The only other performer to receive top billing during the course of the series ' run was Frances Bavier ( Aunt Bee ) who began to appear in the opening credits in the 1965 - 1966 season after Don Knotts left the series . Donahue 's wardrobe in the show was created by Mr. Burt of Encino , who received a nod in the closing credits . Donahue was dining out with her mother and three - year - old son when Mr. Burt approached her table and offered to provide the wardrobe . She approved Mr. Burt 's designs and brought him to the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Ellie and Andy 3 Ellie 's adventures 4 Closure 5 Episodes 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Ellie is a graduate of Bernard University and is a pharmacist . She takes up residence in Mayberry to assist her uncle , Fred Walker , at his pharmacy . Opie becomes Ellie 's first friend in Mayberry when the two playfully make faces at each other through the glass window of the pharmacy 's front door . Ellie is an intelligent woman with a good deal of spunkiness and a strong sense of fair play . Ellie and Andy ( edit ) After a short and somewhat turbulent getting acquainted period , Ellie and Mayberry sheriff Andy Taylor date and become steadies . In the episode `` Cyrano Andy '' , Ellie and Andy are instrumental in bringing Andy 's deputy Barney Fife and Mayberry townswoman , Thelma Lou together as romantic partners . The two couples often double date . Ellie 's adventures ( edit ) In her first appearance , `` Ellie Comes to Town '' , Ellie refuses to dispense pills to Emma Brand without a prescription . Emma is unable to offer a prescription and black lists Ellie . Unknown to Ellie , her uncle regularly placated Emma with sugar pills . When Ellie discovers the ploy , she gives Emma the pills she demands . Emma then accepts Ellie into her good graces . In a later episode , Ellie runs for town council and faces stiff resistance from the menfolk of Mayberry who can not abide the idea of a woman holding a man 's position . With a good word or two from Andy however , the men change their minds and Ellie is elected . In another episode , Ellie introduces a muddy looking farmer 's daughter to makeup , perfume , hairdos , and attractive dresses . In the only Christmas episode in the show 's run , Ellie and Andy sing `` Away in a Manger '' with guitar accompaniment . Closure ( edit ) After twelve appearances in the first season , Ellie disappeared with no explanation offered the audience . It has long been rumored , however , that Ellie abandoned her Uncle 's pharmacy and Andy Taylor to run away with Jim Lindsey and become a groupie of Bobby Fleet and his Band with a Beat . The last appearance of Ellie Walker strangely coincided with the episode where Jim Lindsey returned to Mayberry after becoming a famous guitarist with Bobby Fleet 's band . At the end of `` The Guitar Player Returns '' ( 15 May 1961 ) , Jim Lindsey reunites with Bobby Fleet to tour with his band , and neither Ellie , nor Jim , is ever seen again . Of course , the good people of Mayberry would never speak about such a scandal , and thus no explanation could be offered for Ellie 's sudden departure . Over the years Donahue offered multiple explanations for her departure from the show . In one she believed that she and Griffith lacked the chemistry to make their on - screen romantic relationship credible and she decided to leave . Griffith later admitted that it was his own fault because he had a hard time showing affection on - screen , and as a result , the relationship did n't appear real or believable . However , Griffith 's character showed no such problems with the arrival of the Helen Crump character in the 1964 season . A more credible story that Donahue relayed was that she was undergoing personal problems during her year on the show and simply lacked confidence in the quality of her performance . She asked the producers to release her from her contract , which they did . Donahue also admitted that she was a little hurt that they agreed so readily . Episodes ( edit ) Ellie Comes to Town ( 24 October 1960 ) Irresistible Andy ( 31 October 1960 ) Andy the Matchmaker ( 14 November 1960 ) Ellie for Council ( 12 December 1960 ) Christmas Story ( 19 December 1960 ) The Horse Trader ( 9 January 1961 ) The Beauty Contest ( 23 January 1961 ) Mayberry on Record ( 13 February 1961 ) Cyrano Andy ( 6 March 1961 ) The New Doctor ( 27 March 1961 ) Ellie Saves a Female ( 17 April 1961 ) The Guitar Player Returns ( 15 May 1961 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andy Griffith Show , The Guitar Player Returns '' , Trivia , IMDB , January 8 , 2018 Donahue , E. In the Kitchen with Elinor Donahue , 1998 . ( ISBN 1 - 88895 - 292 - X ) External links ( edit ) Elinor Donahue on IMDb 1998 interview <Th_colspan="2"> Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_%22Ellie%22_Walker&oldid=828275618 '' Categories : The Andy Griffith Show characters Fictional characters from North Carolina Fictional characters introduced in 1960 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Elinor "Ellie" Walker - fictional character in The Andy Griffith Show
2. Portrayed by Elinor Donahue
3. Ellie's relationship with Andy Taylor
4. Ellie's adventures in Mayberry
5. Closure of Ellie's character in the show
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7,525,334,200,377,954,000 |
what college does maddie go to in liv and maddie
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Liv and Maddie - wikipedia Liv and Maddie Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Liv and Maddie <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Comedy Created by John D. Beck & Ron Hart Starring Dove Cameron Joey Bragg Tenzing Norgay Trainor Kali Rocha Benjamin King Lauren Lindsey Donzis Theme music composer Bardur Haberg Oli Jogvansson Molly Kaye Paula Winger Opening theme `` Better in Stereo '' by Dove Cameron Composer ( s ) Eric Goldman & Ken Lofkoll Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 80 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) John D. Beck & Ron Hart Andy Fickman Betsy Sullenger John Peaslee Producer ( s ) Greg A. Hampson Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Beck & Hart Productions Oops Doughnuts Productions It 's a Laugh Productions <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Disney Channel Original release July 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) -- March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Liv and Maddie , titled Liv and Maddie : Cali Style for the fourth season , is an American comedy television series created by John D. Beck and Ron Hart that aired on Disney Channel , premiering on July 19 , 2013 , and ending on March 24 , 2017 . The series stars Dove Cameron , Joey Bragg , Tenzing Norgay Trainor , Kali Rocha , Benjamin King , and Lauren Lindsey Donzis . A significant feature of the series is that Dove Cameron plays dual roles , one being Liv , an actress who has returned to her home after starring on a popular television series in Hollywood for four years , and the other one being Maddie , Liv 's identical twin who remained behind . Another significant feature of the series are documentary - style cutaways where characters speak to the viewers to explain their opinions on various situations in each episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Reception 8 Music 8.1 Songs 9 Merchandise 10 Awards and nominations 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Actress Liv Rooney is a girly girl who has just returned to her birthplace of Stevens Point , Wisconsin , after finishing a four - year stint in Hollywood , filming a popular television series called Sing It Loud ! Her identical twin sister , Maddie , a tomboy with a facility for sports , but with a particular talent for basketball , welcomes Liv back home with open arms . The twins have two younger brothers : Joey , an awkward and a smart teenager who likes cat shirts , and Parker , a clever and precocious tween with a slightly mischievous personality . Their parents are Karen , the high school psychologist and later the high school 's vice-principal , and Pete , the coach of Maddie 's high school basketball team who later accepts a position as the coach of a college team in Beloit , Wisconsin . The series revolves around Liv adjusting to normal family life after her successful career in Hollywood . Most events take place at the Rooney residence or at Ridgewood High School . At the end of the third season , the Rooney house collapses and Maddie enrolls in a college in Los Angeles , California . This prompts the rest of the Rooneys , except Pete who remains in Wisconsin to continue his coaching job , to move to Malibu , California , to take up residence with Karen 's younger sister , Dena , and her daughter , Ruby , where the series ' fourth season takes place . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Liv and Maddie characters Dove Cameron as Liv and Maddie Rooney Joey Bragg as Joey Rooney Tenzing Norgay Trainor as Parker Rooney Kali Rocha as Karen Rooney Benjamin King as Pete Rooney ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby ( season 4 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Liv and Maddie began production in April 2013 . The series was created by John D. Beck and Ron Hart , both of whom also serve as executive producers alongside Andy Fickman . Beck and Hart are a production - writing team whose credits include According to Jim , Hey Arnold ! , and Shake It Up ! . Originally , the pair had shopped a script of a project called Bits and Pieces which featured a blended family similar to series like The Brady Bunch and Step by Step . The series is produced under a joint venture by Beck & Hart Productions , Oops Doughnuts Productions , and It 's a Laugh Productions . On January 13 , 2014 , Disney Channel renewed Liv and Maddie for a 13 - episode second season slated to premiere in fall 2014 . The second season was later expanded to 24 episodes . The second season premiered on September 21 , 2014 . The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on April 3 , 2015 . The third season premiered on September 13 , 2015 . On December 21 , 2015 , actress Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel was picking up Liv and Maddie for a fourth season . On June 19 , 2016 , series creator Ron Hart announced on Twitter that the fourth season would premiere in fall 2016 . On July 1 , 2016 , Dove Cameron stated that they had filmed the series ' final episode . On August 19 , 2016 , it was announced by the series ' creators , John D. Beck and Ron Hart , that the final season would be called Liv and Maddie : Cali Style . They also stated that the fourth and final season would premiere on September 23 , 2016 . Casting ( edit ) Casting took place during the spring of 2012 ; however , only a pilot episode was produced . The series followed Kali Rocha , Dove Cameron , Joey Bragg , Benjamin King , Cozi Zuehlsdorff , and Tenzing Norgay Trainor portraying Jodie Sullenger , mother of Alanna and Sticky , who married Pete Fickman , father of Crystal and Brody , with all six adjusting to life under the same roof . Eventually , Disney chose to change the concept of Bits and Pieces into one about a pair of twins . Instead of hiring a new cast , production chose to keep those whom they had already hired and film a completely new pilot . The story now focused on Dove Cameron playing dual roles with the same parents and brothers . Lead billing for Cozi Zuehlsdorff was later dropped to guest star . The family name of `` Rooney '' was picked because of Sullenger 's enjoyment of the Pittsburgh Steelers , a team owned by the Rooney family . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Liv and Maddie episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 <Td_colspan="1"> July 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 <Td_colspan="1"> September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 <Td_colspan="1"> September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 July 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) 5.78 July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) TBD 2.87 24 September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 2.04 August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 2.45 2.17 20 September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 1.80 June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 1.53 1.87 15 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 1.66 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 1.21 Broadcast ( edit ) Liv and Maddie airs on Disney Channel in the United States and Family Channel in Canada . The pilot episode aired as a preview on July 19 , 2013 . The first promo for the series was seen on June 28 , 2013 . The series officially premiered in the United States on September 15 , 2013 , and in Canada on September 20 , 2013 . The series stopped airing in Canada on Family Channel on September 1 , 2015 , and started airing on Disney Channel on September 5 , 2015 . La Chaîne Disney in French Canada premiered the episode `` Home Run - a-Rooney '' on March 24 , 2016 , 17 days before the US and Canada airing on April 10 , 2016 . In the UK and Ireland , the series aired a preview on October 7 , 2013 , and later premiered on November 8 , 2013 . In Australia and New Zealand , the series premiered on October 11 , 2013 . The second season premiered on January 8 , 2015 . The third season premiered on December 2 , 2015 . The series premiered in Southeast Asia on January 10 , 2014 . In the Balkans , Greece , the Middle East and Africa , the series premiered on March 8 , 2014 . The second season premiered on February 7 , 2015 . In India , the series premiered on October 30 , 2017 on Disney International HD . Reception ( edit ) Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series ' quality a rating of three out of five stars , describing it as a `` jovial family sitcom '' and applicable for ages seven and above . Ashby credited the series ' `` comical spin '' on common family issues , like sibling rivalry , stating : `` As is true of most tween - targeted comedies , the series glosses over a lot , especially when it comes to teen issues , but that 's what makes it a worry - free pick for kids . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times compared the series to The Patty Duke Show while describing it as `` a gentle , moderately amusing comedy '' and praising Dove Cameron 's portrayal of the down - to - earth Maddie and diva Liv , stating : `` ... the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Liv and Maddie : Music from the TV Series A full version of the Liv and Maddie theme song , `` Better in Stereo '' , was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on October 15 , 2013 . A music video was filmed and aired on Disney Channel the night of October 29 , 2013 . The song was featured multiple times throughout the show , first in the season three finale , `` Californi - a-Rooney '' , and then an acoustic version sung by Dove Cameron during the season four and series finale , `` End - a-Rooney '' . In the pilot , `` Twin - a-Rooney '' , Liv shows Maddie a clip from the Sing It Loud ! finale in which Liv 's character , Stephanie Einstein , sings a cover of On Top of the World by Imagine Dragons . A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on August 27 , 2013 . In `` Fa - La - La - a-Rooney '' , Liv performs the classic `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' during the Steven 's Point Holiday Spectacular . A full version of the song was recorded by Dove Cameron and is included on Holidays Unwrapped , a holiday album released by Walt Disney Records on October 15 , 2013 . In `` Song - a-Rooney '' , Liv performs `` FroyoYOLO '' which goes viral , but Liv hates it . In the same episode , Liv performs `` Count Me In '' . A full version of `` Count Me In '' was recorded by Dove Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on June 3 , 2014 . In `` New Year 's Eve - a-Rooney '' , Liv performs `` You , Me and the Beat '' . A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on December 2 , 2014 . In `` Rate - a-Rooney '' , Liv uploads `` What a Girl Is '' . Two versions were created : the first being the one shown on Liv and Maddie and the other , including Christina Grimmie and Baby Kaely , was eventually recorded . Both versions are included in the Liv and Maddie soundtrack . The second version was released on iTunes on March 5 , 2015 , while the original version was released on March 17 , 2015 . On March 17 , 2015 , the Liv and Maddie soundtrack was released . The soundtrack includes `` Better in Stereo '' , `` On Top of the World '' , `` FroyoYOLO '' , `` Count Me In '' , `` You , Me and the Beat '' , and both versions of `` What a Girl Is '' . The soundtrack also includes `` Say Hey '' , `` As Long as I Have You '' , and `` True Love '' , of which the last one would be morphed into two versions : Ballad , which would be sung by Jordan Fisher , and a piano duet featuring Jordan Fisher and Dove Cameron . On March 5 , 2015 , with the announcing of the soundtrack , the singles for those songs , minus FroyoYOLO , will no longer be available . In `` Prom - a-Rooney '' , Liv performs `` True Love '' at the school prom . Dove Cameron , like the other songs , recorded a full version of the song which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17 , 2015 . In `` Band - a-Rooney '' , Liv 's band , `` The Dream '' , performs `` Say Hey '' at the Battle of the Bands . A full version was recorded by Dove Cameron , with the band member 's actor doing the chorus . The song was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17 , 2015 . In `` Video - a-Rooney '' , Liv 's band performs `` As Long as I Have You '' . Dove Cameron recorded a full version which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17 , 2015 . The song was the final song from the soundtrack that was played in the series . In `` SPARF - a-Rooney '' , Andy Grammer performs `` Honey , I 'm Good '' . This is one of the few songs in Liv and Maddie not to be part of the soundtrack . In `` Sing It Louder ! ! - a-Rooney '' , Liv and Ruby perform `` One Second Chance '' on the set of `` Sing It Louder ! ! '' The song was recorded by Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on November 4 , 2016 . In `` Falcon - a-Rooney '' , `` The Power of Two '' is performed again by Liv and Ruby for `` Sing It Louder ! ! '' Like the previous song in season four , Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis recorded a full song , released on January 20 , 2017 . In `` Sing It Live ! ! ! - a-Rooney , Liv sings `` My Destiny '' for the special episode of `` Sing It Louder ! ! '' Again , a full song was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single on March 3 , 2017 . Songs ( edit ) List of songs in Liv and Maddie Title Performed by First episode `` Better in Stereo '' Dove Cameron `` Twin - a-Rooney '' `` On Top of the World '' Dove Cameron `` Twin - a-Rooney '' `` Up on the Housetop '' Dove Cameron and Ella Anderson `` Fa - La - La - a-Rooney '' `` Let It Snow , Let It Snow , Let It Snow '' Dove Cameron `` Fa - La - La - a-Rooney '' `` FroyoYOLO '' Dove Cameron `` Song - a-Rooney '' `` Count Me In '' Dove Cameron `` Song - a-Rooney '' `` You , Me and the Beat '' Dove Cameron `` New Year 's Eve - a-Rooney '' `` What a Girl Is '' Dove Cameron `` Rate - a-Rooney '' `` True Love '' Dove Cameron `` Prom - a-Rooney '' `` Say Hey '' Dove Cameron `` Band - a-Rooney '' `` As Long as I Have You '' Dove Cameron `` Video - a-Rooney '' `` Honey , I 'm Good '' Andy Grammer `` SPARF - a-Rooney '' `` Key of Life '' Dove Cameron `` Dream - a-Rooney '' `` One Second Chance '' Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis `` Sing It Louder ! ! - a-Rooney '' `` Power of Two '' Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis `` Falcon - a-Rooney '' `` My Destiny '' Dove Cameron `` Sing It Live ! ! ! - a-Rooney '' Merchandise ( edit ) Brand marketing promotion from Liv and Maddie still continues strongly , with ACCO Brands , under the Day Dream brand , featuring a 2015 wall calendar and Disney D'Signed clothing line from selected retailers : Target and Kohl 's . Wooky Entertainment owns Style Me Up , a creative fashion brand for tween girls , featuring Liv and Maddie : Dreams Come True and Liv and Maddie : A Rising Star sketchbooks . Footwear retailer Payless ShoeSource conducts Liv and Maddie - themed character footwear based on the series . A novelization of the series , titled Liv and Maddie : Sisters Forever , was published by Disney Press on January 6 , 2015 . The junior novel is based on the episodes `` Twin - a-Rooney '' and `` Team - a-Rooney '' , and alternates between the view points of Liv , Maddie , Joey , and Parker . Featuring eight pages of photos from the series , the junior novel was adapted by Lexi Ryals . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Won Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite International Program Won 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Won Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Won Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite International Program Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie '' . Screener . March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Monica Disare ( September 15 , 2013 ) . `` Steelers fanatic behind Disney 's new series ' Liv and Maddie ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John D. Beck ( @ JohnDBeckTV ) ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Why have n't we got 21 episodes for season 2 : ( '' we have 24 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dove Cameron ( @ DoveCameron ) ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Friends . Guess what ? ! Disney Channel is picking up # LivandMaddie season 4 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ron Hart ( @ Scatter ) ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thank you for your amazing support this season . We hope to see you all back this fall for # LivAndMaddie # Season4 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jennifer Maldonado ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie '' . M - Magazine . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc Snetiker ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Casting Starring Roles for New Comedy Series Bits and Pieces '' . Film Television Auditions . October 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.21. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D Higgins ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` 200 + New and Returning Foxtel Shows '' . Foxtel . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29 '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Emily Ashby . `` Liv and Maddie TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neil Genzlinger ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Better in Stereo '' . iTunes . October 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On Top of the World '' . iTunes . August 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Holidays Unwrapped '' . Target . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Count Me In '' . iTunes . June 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories '' . Payless . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liv and Maddie : Sisters Forever ( Liv and Maddie Junior Novel ) '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Vulpo ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016 '' . Mundo Nick ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016 '' . Mundo Nick ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina 2016 '' . television.com.ar ( in Spanish ) . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Liv and Maddie on IMDb Liv and Maddie at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas <Th_colspan="2"> It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liv_and_Maddie&oldid=832146993 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2013 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings American children 's comedy television series American mockumentary television series Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Family Channel shows Fictional identical twins Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Television shows set in Wisconsin Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Use mdy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Picard Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 02 : 59 . 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is the supraspinatus tendon part of the rotator cuff
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Rotator cuff tear - wikipedia Rotator cuff tear Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Rotator cuff tear <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula , and the triceps brachii Specialty Orthopedics A rotator cuff tear is a tear of one or more of the tendons of the four rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder . A rotator cuff ' injury ' can include any type of irritation or overuse of those muscles or tendons , and is among the most common conditions affecting the shoulder . The tendons of the rotator cuff , not the muscles , are most commonly involved , and of the four , the supraspinatus is most frequently affected , as it passes below the acromion . The role of the supraspinatus is to resist downward motion . The supraspinatus resists downward motion while the shoulder is relaxed as well as when carrying weight . Such a tear usually occurs at its point of insertion onto the humeral head at the greater tubercle . Even though the supraspinatus is the most commonly injured muscle of the four muscles in the rotator cuff , the other three muscles that comprise the rotator cuff , the infraspinatus , teres minor , and subscapularis , may also be injured . The cuff is responsible for stabilizing the glenohumeral joint , abducting , externally rotating , and internally rotating the humerus . When shoulder trauma occurs , these functions can be compromised . Because individuals are highly dependent on the shoulder for many activities , overuse of the muscles can lead to tears , the vast majority again occurring in the supraspinatus tendon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Complications 2 Risk factors 3 Mechanisms of injury 3.1 Acute tears 3.2 Chronic tears 3.3 Extrinsic factors 3.4 Intrinsic factors 4 Pathophysiology 4.1 Classification 4.2 Surgical considerations 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Symptoms 5.2 Signs 5.3 MRI 5.4 Ultrasound 5.5 Projectional radiography 5.6 In - office testing 6 Prevention 6.1 Size 6.2 Position 6.3 Stretching 6.4 Muscle groups 7 Treatment 7.1 Non-operative treatment 7.2 Surgery 7.3 Rehabilitation 8 Prognosis 9 Epidemiology 9.1 Incidence 9.2 Prevalence 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Many rotator cuff tears are asymptomatic . They are known to increase in frequency with age and the most common cause is age - related degeneration and , less frequently , sports injuries or trauma . Both partial and full thickness tears have been found on post mortem and MRI studies in those without any history of shoulder pain or symptoms . However , the most common presentation is shoulder pain or discomfort . This may occur with activity , particularly shoulder activity above the horizontal position , but may also be present at rest in bed . Pain - restricted movement above the horizontal position may be present , as well as weakness with shoulder flexion and abduction . Complications ( edit ) Patients usually regain function in their shoulders , and experience less pain , following surgery . For some , however , the joint continues to hurt . Weakness and a limited range of motion also may persist . Those who report such symptoms frequently are diagnosed with failed rotator cuff syndrome . According to an article published by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons , arthroscopic procedures produce `` satisfactory results '' more than 90 percent of the time . Dr. Eric J. Strauss and the other authors wrote that 6 - 8 percent of patients have `` incompetent '' rotator cuffs , because their repaired tendons either fail to heal or develop additional tears . In some cases , the symptoms are due to cervical spine disease , featuring neck pain that radiates into the shoulder ; suprascapular neuropathy , a nerve disorder ; subacromial impingement , common in athletes and others who make repetitive overhead movements ; or arthritis . Superior labral anterior - posterior lesions produce pain similar to that of rotator cuff tears . Those most prone to failed rotator cuff syndrome are patients 65 years of age or older ; and those with large , sustained tears . Smokers , diabetes sufferers , patients with muscle atrophy and / or fatty infiltration , and those who do not follow postoperative - care recommendations also are at greater risk . Doctors examine patients and conduct imaging tests to identify the causes of continued discomfort . Depending upon the diagnosis , several treatment alternatives are available . They include revision repair , nonanatomic repair , tendon transfer and arthroplasty . When possible , surgeons make tension - free repairs in which they use grafted tissues rather than stitching to reconnect tendon segments . This can result in a complete repair . Other options are a partial repair , and reconstruction involving a bridge of biologic or synthetic substances . Partial repairs typically are performed on patients with retracted cuff tears . Two methods of promoting rotator cuff healing are injecting patients ' own stem cells ( or other growth factors ) into the site of the repair , and installing scaffolds ( natural or artificial supports that maintain tissue contour ) . The results of using PRP ( platelet rich plasma ) to augment the healing of rotator cuff repair at the time of surgery , although intellectually interesting , does not seem to demonstrate a statistically significant clinical difference . Biceps tenotomy and tendonesis are treatment alternatives for patients with rotator cuff tears as well as bicep tendon lesions . Tendonesis , which may be performed as an arthroscopic or open procedure , generally restores strength and function . Tenotomy is a shorter surgery , requiring less rehabilitation , that doctors tend to recommended for older patients . Tendon transfers are prescribed for young , active cuff - tear patients who experience weakness and decreased range of motion , but little pain . The technique is not considered appropriate for older people , or those with pre-operative stiffness or nerve injuries . People diagnosed with glenohumeral arthritis and rotator cuff anthropathy often undergo hemiarthroplasty , which entails replacement of the humerus portion of the shoulder joint . Elderly patients with recurring cuff tears and degenerative glenohumeral arthritis sometimes receive total shoulder arthroplasty ( replacement ) . Another surgery , reverse total shoulder arthroplasty , is effective for others . Risk factors ( edit ) Risk factors of rotator cuff tears Some risk factors of experiencing a rotator cuff tear can not be changed : age , body mass index , and height . Recurrent lifting and overhead motions are at risk for rotator cuff tears . People who have jobs that involve overhead work , such as carpenters , painters , custodians and servers are at risk of also experiencing a rotator cuff tear . People who play sports that involve overhead motions , such as swimming , volleyball , baseball , tennis , and American football quarterbacks , are at a greater risk of experiencing a rotator cuff tear . Generally , the incidence of rotator cuff tears or injuries increases by age while corticosteroid injection for pain relief increases the risk of tendon tear and delays tendon healing . Mechanisms of injury ( edit ) The two main causes are injury ( acute ) and degeneration ( chronic and cumulative ) , and the mechanisms involved can be either extrinsic or intrinsic or , probably most commonly , a combination of both . Acute tears ( edit ) The amount of stress needed to tear a rotator cuff tendon acutely will depend on the underlying condition of the tendon prior to the stress . In the case of a healthy tendon , the stress needed will be high , such as a fall on the outstretched arm . This stress may occur coincidentally with other injuries such as a dislocation of the shoulder , or separation of the acromioclavicular joint . In the case of a tendon with pre-existing degeneration , the force may be surprisingly modest , such as a sudden lift , particularly with the arm above the horizontal position . This is a common occurrence with rear seated passengers in a motor vehicle collision , regardless of speed . Chronic tears ( edit ) Chronic tears are indicative of extended use in conjunction with other factors such as poor biomechanics or muscular imbalance . Ultimately , most are the result of wear that occurs slowly over time as a natural part of aging . They are more common in the dominant arm , but a tear in one shoulder signals an increased risk of a tear in the opposing shoulder . Several factors contribute to degenerative , or chronic , rotator cuff tears of which repetitive stress is the most significant . This stress consists of repeating the same shoulder motions frequently , such as overhead throwing , rowing , and weightlifting . Many jobs that require frequent shoulder movement such as lifting and overhead movements also contribute . Another factor in older populations is impairment of blood supply . With age , circulation to the rotator cuff tendons decreases , impairing natural ability to repair , ultimately leading to , or contributing to , tears . The final common factor is impingement syndrome , the most common non-sports related injury and which occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed while passing through the subacromial space beneath the acromion . This relatively small space becomes even smaller when the arm is raised in a forward or upward position . Repetitive impingement can inflame the tendons and bursa , resulting in the syndrome . Extrinsic factors ( edit ) Well - documented anatomical factors include the morphologic characteristics of the acromion . Hooked , curved , and laterally sloping acromia are strongly associated with cuff tears and may cause tractional damage to the tendon . Conversely , flat acromia may have an insignificant involvement in cuff disease and consequently may be best treated conservatively . The development of these different acromial shapes is likely both genetic and acquired . In the latter case , only age has been positively correlated with progression from flat to curved or hooked . The nature of mechanical activities , such as sports involving the shoulder , along with frequency and intensity of such sports , may be responsible for the adverse development . Sports such as bowling in cricket , swimming , tennis , baseball , and kayaking , are most frequently implicated . However , a progression to a hooked acromion may simply be an adaptation to an already damaged , poorly balanced rotator cuff that is creating increasing stress on the coracoacromial arch . Other anatomical factors that may have significance include os acromiale and acromial spurs . Environmental factors implicated include increasing age , shoulder overuse , smoking , and any medical condition that affects circulation or impairs the inflammatory and healing response , such as diabetes mellitus . Intrinsic factors ( edit ) Intrinsic factors refer to injury mechanisms that occur within the rotator cuff itself . The principal is a degenerative - microtrauma model , which supposes that age - related tendon damage compounded by chronic microtrauma results in partial tendon tears that then develop into full rotator cuff tears . As a result of repetitive microtrauma in the setting of a degenerative rotator cuff tendon , inflammatory mediators alter the local environment , and oxidative stress induces tenocyte apoptosis causing further rotator cuff tendon degeneration . A neural theory also exists that suggests neural overstimulation leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells and may also contribute to tendon degeneration . Pathophysiology ( edit ) The shoulder joint is made up of three bones : the shoulder blade ( scapula ) , the collarbone ( clavicle ) and the upper arm bone ( humerus ) . Further information : Shoulder The shoulder is a complex mechanism involving bones , ligaments , joints , muscles , and tendons . Classification ( edit ) MRI of normal shoulder intratendinous signal MRI of rotator cuff full - thickness tear Tears of the rotator cuff tendon are described as partial or full thickness , and full thickness with complete detachment of the tendons from bone . Partial - thickness tears often appear as fraying of an intact tendon . Full - thickness tears are `` through - and - through '' . These tears can be small pinpoint , larger buttonhole , or involve the majority of the tendon where it still remains substantially attached to the humeral head and thus maintains function . Full - thickness tears may also involve complete detachment of the tendon ( s ) from the humeral head and may result in significantly impaired shoulder motion and function . Shoulder pain is variable and may not be proportional to the size of the tear . Surgical considerations ( edit ) Neer promoted the concept of three stages of rotator cuff disease . Stage I , according to Neer , occurred in those younger than 25 years and involved edema and hemorrhage of the tendon and bursa . Stage II involved tendinitis and fibrosis of the rotator cuff in 25 - to 40 - year - olds . Stage III involved tearing of the rotator cuff ( partial or full thickness ) and occurred in those older than 40 years . For surgical purposes , tears are also described by location , size or area , and depth . Further subclasses include the acromiohumeral distance , acromial shape , fatty infiltration or degeneration of muscles , muscle atrophy , tendon retraction , vascular proliferation , chondroid metaplasia , and calcification . Again , in surgical planning , age - related degeneration of thinning and disorientation of the collagen fibers , myxoid degeneration , and hyaline degeneration are considered . However , for simplicity , tears are sometimes classified based on the trauma that caused the injury : Acute , as a result of a sudden , powerful movement which might include falling onto an outstretched hand at speed , making a sudden thrust with a paddle in kayaking , or following a powerful pitch / throw Subacute , arising in similar situations but occurring in one of the five layers of the shoulder anatomy Chronic , developing over time , and usually occurring at or near the tendon ( as a result of the tendon rubbing against the overlying bone ) , and usually associated with an impingement syndrome Diagnosis ( edit ) A complete tear of the supraspinatus resulting in a shift upwards of the head of the humerus Diagnosis is based upon physical assessment and history , including description of previous activities and acute or chronic symptoms . A systematic , physical examination of the shoulder comprises inspection , palpation , range of motion , provocative tests to reproduce the symptoms , neurological examination , and strength testing . The shoulder should also be examined for tenderness and deformity . Since pain arising from the neck is frequently ' referred ' to the shoulder , the examination should include an assessment of the cervical spine looking for evidence suggestive of a pinched nerve , osteoarthritis , or rheumatoid arthritis . Diagnostic modalities , dependent on circumstances , include X-ray , MRI , MR arthrography , double - contrast arthrography , and ultrasound . Although MR arthrography is currently considered the gold standard , ultrasound may be most cost - effective . Usually , a tear will be undetected by X-ray , although bone spurs , which can impinge upon the rotator cuff tendons , may be visible . Such spurs suggest chronic severe rotator cuff disease . Double - contrast arthrography involves injecting contrast dye into the shoulder joint to detect leakage out of the injured rotator cuff and its value is influenced by the experience of the operator . The most common diagnostic tool is magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , which can sometimes indicate the size of the tear , as well as its location within the tendon . Furthermore , MRI enables the detection or exclusion of complete rotator cuff tears with reasonable accuracy and is also suitable to diagnose other pathologies of the shoulder joint . The logical use of diagnostic tests is an important component of effective clinical practice . Clinical judgement , rather than over reliance on MRI or any other modality , is strongly advised in determining the cause of shoulder pain , or planning its treatment , since rotator cuff tears are also found in some without pain or symptoms . The role of X-ray , MRI , and ultrasound , is adjunctive to clinical assessment and serves to confirm a diagnosis provisionally made by a thorough history and physical examination . Over-reliance on imaging may potentially lead to overtreatment or distraction from the true underlying problem . Symptoms ( edit ) Symptoms may occur immediately after trauma ( acute ) or develop over time ( chronic ) . Acute injury is less frequent than chronic disease , but may follow bouts of forcefully raising the arm against resistance , as occurs in weightlifting , for example . In addition , falling forcefully on the shoulder can cause acute symptoms . These traumatic tears predominantly affect the supraspinatus tendon or the rotator interval and symptoms include severe pain that radiates through the arm , and limited range of motion , specifically during abduction of the shoulder . Chronic tears occur among individuals who constantly participate in overhead activities , such as pitching or swimming , but can also develop from shoulder tendinitis or rotator cuff disease . Symptoms arising from chronic tears include sporadic worsening of pain , debilitation , and atrophy of the muscles , noticeable pain during rest , crackling sensations ( crepitus ) when moving the shoulder , and inability to move or lift the arm sufficiently , especially during abduction and flexion motions . Pain in the anterolateral aspect of the shoulder is not specific to the shoulder , and may arise from , and be referred from , the neck , heart or gut . Patient history will often include pain or ache over the front and outer aspect of the shoulder , pain aggravated by leaning on the elbow and pushing upwards on the shoulder ( such as leaning on the armrest of a reclining chair ) , intolerance of overhead activity , pain at night when lying directly on the affected shoulder , pain when reaching forward ( e.g. unable to lift a gallon of milk from the refrigerator ) . Weakness may be reported , but is often masked by pain and is usually found only through examination . With longer - standing pain , the shoulder is favored and gradually loss of motion and weakness may develop , which , due to pain and guarding , are often unrecognized by the patient and only brought to attention during examination . Primary shoulder problems may cause pain over the deltoid muscle intensified by abduction against resistance - the impingement sign . This signifies pain arising from the rotator cuff , but can not distinguish between inflammation , strain , or tear . Patients may report that they are unable to reach upwards to brush their hair or to lift a food can from an overhead shelf . Signs ( edit ) It has been suggested that no single physical examination test distinguishes reliably between bursitis , partial - thickness , and full - thickness tears . On the contrary , a combination of tests seems to provide the most accurate diagnosis . For impingement , these tests include the Hawkins - Kennedy impingement sign in which the examiner medially rotates the patient 's flexed arm , forcing the supraspinatus tendon against the coracoacromial ligament and so producing pain if the test is positive a positive painful arc sign , and weakness in external rotation with the arm at the side . For the diagnosis of full - thickness rotator cuff tear , the best combination appears to include once more the painful arc and weakness in external rotation , and in addition , the drop arm sign . This test is also known as Codman 's test . The arm is raised to the side to 90 ° by the examiner . The patient then attempts to look to lower the arm back to neutral , palm down . If the arm drops suddenly or pain is experienced , the test is considered positive . MRI ( edit ) Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) and ultrasound are comparable in efficacy and helpful in diagnosis although both have a false positive rate of 15 - 20 % . MRI can reliably detect most full - thickness tears although very small pinpoint tears may be missed . In such situations , an MRI combined with an injection of contrast material , an MR - arthrogram , may help to confirm the diagnosis . It should be realized that a normal MRI can not fully rule out a small tear ( a false negative ) while partial - thickness tears are not as reliably detected . While MRI is sensitive in identifying tendon degeneration ( tendinopathy ) , it may not reliably distinguish between a degenerative tendon and a partially torn tendon . Again , magnetic resonance arthrography can improve the differentiation . An overall sensitivity of 91 % ( 9 % false negative rate ) has been reported indicating that magnetic resonance arthrography is reliable in the detection of partial - thickness rotator cuff tears . However , its routine use is not advised , since it involves entering the joint with a needle with potential risk of infection . Consequently , the test is reserved for cases in which the diagnosis remains unclear . Ultrasound ( edit ) Musculoskeletal ultrasound has been advocated by experienced practitioners , avoiding the radiation of X-ray and the expense of MRI while demonstrating comparable accuracy to MRI for identifying and measuring the size of full - thickness and partial - thickness rotator cuff tears . This modality can also reveal the presence of other conditions that may mimic rotator cuff tear at clinical examination , including tendinosis , calcific tendinitis , subacromial subdeltoid bursitis , greater tuberosity fracture , and adhesive capsulitis . However , MRI provides more information about adjacent structures in the shoulder such as the capsule , glenoid labrum muscles and bone and these factors should be considered in each case when selecting the appropriate study . Projectional radiography ( edit ) Projectional radiograph of normal glenohumeral position . High - riding humeral head in a rotator cuff tear . X-ray projectional radiography can not directly reveal tears of the rotator cuff , a ' soft tissue ' , and consequently , normal X-rays can not exclude a damaged cuff . However , indirect evidence of pathology may be seen in instances where one or more of the tendons have undergone degenerative calcification ( calcific tendinitis ) . The humeral head may migrate upwards ( high - riding humeral head ) secondary to tears of the infraspinatus , or combined tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus . The migration can be measured by the distance between : A line crossing the center of a line between the superior and inferior rims of the glenoid articular surface ( blue in image ) . The center of a `` best - fit '' circle positioned over the humeral articular surface ( green in image ) Normally , the former is positioned inferiorly to the latter , and a reversal is therefore indicating a rotator cuff tear . Prolonged contact between a high - riding humeral head and the acromion above it , may lead to X-rays findings of wear on the humeral head and acromion and secondary degenerative arthritis of the glenohumeral joint ( the ball and socket joint of the shoulder ) , called cuff arthropathy , may follow . Incidental X-ray findings of bone spurs at the adjacent acromioclavicular joint may show a bone spur growing from the outer edge of the clavicle downwards towards the rotator cuff . Spurs may also be seen on the underside of the acromion , once thought to cause direct fraying of the rotator cuff from contact friction , a concept currently regarded as controversial . In - office testing ( edit ) As part of clinical decision - making , a simple , minimally invasive , in - office procedure may be performed , the rotator cuff impingement test . A small amount of a local anesthetic and an injectable corticosteroid are injected into the subacromial space to block pain and to provide anti-inflammatory relief . If pain disappears and shoulder function remains good , no further testing is pursued . The test helps to confirm that the pain arises from the shoulder primarily rather than referred from the neck , heart , or gut . If pain is relieved , the test is considered positive for rotator - cuff impingement , of which tendinitis and bursitis are major causes . However , partial rotator - cuff tears may also demonstrate good pain relief , so a positive response can not rule out a partial rotator - cuff tear . However , with demonstration of good , pain - free function , treatment will not change , so the test is useful in helping to avoid overtesting or unnecessary surgery . Prevention ( edit ) Long - term overuse / abuse of the shoulder joint is generally thought to limit range of motion and productivity due to daily wear and tear of the muscles , and many public web sites offer preventive advice . ( See external links ) The recommendations usually include : regular shoulder exercises to maintain strength and flexibility using proper form when lifting or moving heavy weights resting the shoulder when experiencing pain application of cold packs and heat pads to a painful , inflamed shoulder strengthening program to include the back and shoulder girdle muscles as well as the chest , shoulder and upper arm adequate rest periods in occupations that require repetitive lifting and reaching Size ( edit ) According to a study which measured tendon length against the size of the injured rotator cuff , researchers learned that as rotator cuff tendons decrease in length , the average rotator cuff tear severity is proportionally decreased , as well This shows that larger individuals are more likely to suffer from a severe rotator cuff tear if they do not `` tighten the shoulder muscles around the joint '' . Position ( edit ) Another study observed 12 different positions of movements and their relative correlation with injuries occurred during those movements . The evidence shows that putting the arm in a neutral position relieves tension on all ligaments and tendons . Stretching ( edit ) One article observed the influence of stretching techniques on preventative methods of shoulder injuries . Increased velocity of exercise increases injury , but beginning a fast - movement exercise with a slow stretch may cause muscle / tendon attachment to become more resistant to tearing . Muscle groups ( edit ) When exercising , exercising the shoulder as a whole and not one or two muscle groups is also found to be imperative . When the shoulder muscle is exercised in all directions , such as external rotation , flexion , and extension , or vertical abduction , it is less likely to suffer from a tear of the tendon . Treatment ( edit ) Weightlifting physical therapy exercise Those suspected of having a rotator cuff tear are potentially candidates for either operative or non-operative treatment . However , any individual may move from one group to the other based on clinical response and findings on repeated examination . No evidence of benefit is seen from early rather than delayed surgery , and many with partial tears and some with complete tears will respond to nonoperative management . Consequently , many recommend initial , nonsurgical management . However , early surgical treatment may be considered in significant ( > 1 cm - 1.5 cm ) acute tears or in young patients with full - thickness tears who have a significant risk for the development of irreparable rotator cuff changes . Finally , a review of more than 150 published papers in 2010 concluded that no solid evidence indicated rotator - cuff surgery benefited patients more than nonoperative management , adding to management and treatment controversies . Nonoperative treatment ( edit ) Ice pack Those with pain but reasonably maintained function are suitable for nonoperative management . This includes oral medications that provide pain relief such as anti-inflammatory agents , topical pain relievers such as cold packs , and if warranted , subacromial corticosteroid / local anesthetic injection . An alternative to injection is iontophoresis , a battery - powered patch which `` drives '' the medication to the target tissue . A sling may be offered for short - term comfort , with the understanding that undesirable shoulder stiffness can develop with prolonged immobilization . Early physical therapy may afford pain relief with modalities ( e.g. iontophoresis ) and help to maintain motion . Ultrasound treatment is not efficacious . As pain decreases , strength deficiencies and biomechanical errors can be corrected . A conservative physical therapy program begins with preliminary rest and restriction from engaging in activities which gave rise to symptoms . Normally , inflammation can usually be controlled within one to two weeks , using a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and subacromial steroid injections to decrease inflammation , to the point that pain has been significantly decreased to make stretching tolerable . After this short period , rapid stiffening and an increase in pain can result if sufficient stretching has not been implemented . A gentle , passive range - of - motion program should be started to help prevent stiffness and maintain range of motion during this resting period . Exercises , for the anterior , inferior , and posterior shoulder , should be part of this program . Codman exercises ( giant , pudding - stirring ) , to `` permit the patient to abduct the arm by gravity , the supraspinatus remains relaxed , and no fulcrum is required '' are widely used . The use of NSAIDs , hot and cold packs , and physical therapy modalities , such as ultrasound , phonophoresis , or iontophoresis , can be instituted during this stretching period , if effective . Corticosteroid injections are recommended two to three months apart with a maximum of three injections . Multiple injections ( four or more ) have been shown to compromise the results of rotator cuff surgery which result in weakening of the tendon . However , before any rotator cuff strengthening can be started , the shoulder must have a full range of motion . After a full , painless range of motion is achieved , the patient may advance to a gentle strengthening program . Rockwood coined the term orthotherapy to describe this program which is aimed at creating an exercise regimen that initially gently improves motion , then gradually improves strength in the shoulder girdle . Each patient is given a home therapy kit , which includes elastic bands of six different colors and strengths , a pulley set , and a three - piece , one - meter - long stick . The program is customized , fitting the needs of the individual and altering when necessary . Participants are asked to use their exercise program whether at home , work , or traveling . Several instances occur in which nonoperative treatment would not be suggested : 20 to 30 - year - old active patient with an acute tear and severe functional deficit from a specific event 30 to 50 - year - old patient with an acute rotator cuff tear secondary to a specific event a highly competitive athlete who is primarily involved in overhead or throwing sports These patients may need to be treated operatively because rotator cuff repair is necessary for restoration of the normal strength required to return to the preoperative , competitive level of function . Finally , those who do not respond to , or are unsatisfied with , conservative treatment should seek a surgical opinion . Surgery ( edit ) The three general surgical approaches are arthroscopic , mini open , and open - surgical repair . In the recent past , small tears were treated arthroscopically , while larger tears would usually require an open procedure . Advances in arthroscopy now allow arthroscopic repair of even the largest tears , and arthroscopic techniques are now required to mobilize many retracted tears . The results match open surgical techniques , while permitting a more thorough evaluation of the shoulder at time of surgery , increasing the diagnostic value of the procedure , as other conditions may simultaneously cause shoulder pain . Arthroscopic surgery also allows for shorter recovery time although significant differences in postoperative pain or pain medication use apparently are not seen between arthroscopic - and open - surgical patients . Even for full - thickness rotator cuff tears , conservative care ( i.e. , nonsurgical treatment ) outcomes are usually reasonably good . However , many patients still suffer disability and pain despite nonsurgical therapies . For massive tears of the rotator cuff , surgery has shown durable outcomes on 10 - year follow - up . However , the same study demonstrated ongoing and progressive fatty atrophy and repeat tears of the rotator cuff . MRI evidence of fatty atrophy in the rotator cuff prior to surgery is predicative of a poor surgical outcome . If the rotator cuff is completely torn , surgery is usually required to reattach the tendon to the bone . If a significant bone spur is present , any of the approaches may include an acromioplasty , a subacromial decompression , as part of the procedure . Subacromial decompression , removal of a small portion of the acromion that overlies the rotator cuff , aims to relieve pressure on the rotator cuff in certain conditions and promote healing and recovery . Although subacromial decompression may be beneficial in the management of partial and full - thickness tear repair , it does not repair the tear itself and arthroscopic decompression has more recently been combined with `` mini-open '' repair of the rotator cuff , allowing for the repair of the cuff without disruption of the deltoid origin . The results of decompression alone tend to degrade with time , but the combination of repair and decompression appears to be more enduring . Repair of a complete , full - thickness tear involves tissue suture . The method currently in favor is to place an anchor in the bone at the natural attachment site , with resuture of torn tendon to the anchor . If tissue quality is poor , mesh ( collagen , Artelon , or other degradable material ) may be used to reinforce the repair . Repair can be performed through an open incision , again requiring detachment of a portion of the deltoid , while a mini-open technique approaches the tear through a deltoid - splitting approach . The latter may cause less injury to muscle and produce better results . Contemporary techniques now use an all arthroscopic approach . Recovery can take as long as three -- six months , with a sling being worn for the first one -- six weeks . In a small minority of cases where extensive arthritis has developed , an option is shoulder joint replacement ( arthroplasty ) . Specifically , this is a reverse shoulder replacement , a more constrained form of shoulder arthroplasty that allows the shoulder to function well even in the presence of large full thickness rotator cuff tears . Rehabilitation ( edit ) Rehabilitation after surgery consists of three stages . First , the arm is immobilized so that the muscle can heal . Second , when appropriate , a therapist assists with passive exercises to regain range of motion . Third , the arm is gradually exercised actively , with a goal of regaining and enhancing strength . Yoshitsugu Takeda and his team have recently studied rotator cuff injuries and rehab exercises that target the supraspinatus . As mentioned earlier , the supraspinatus muscle is the muscle and tendon within the rotator cuff that is most often injured . In order to rehab the supraspinatus and combat future injuries in the rotator cuff , Takeda 's team has concluded that the empty can and full can exercises are most effective at isolating and strengthening the supraspinatus . Following arthroscopic rotator - cuff repair surgery , patients undergo rehabilitation to regain shoulder function . Orthopaedic surgeons stress that physical therapy is crucial to healing . Exercises decrease shoulder pain , strengthen the joint , and improve the arm 's range of motion . Therapists , in conjunction with the surgeon , design workout regimens in accordance with individuals ' needs and risk factors . Traditionally , patients have been advised to immobilize their shoulders for six weeks before doing rehabilitation . However , the appropriate timing and intensity of therapy are subject to debate . Regardless , most surgeons advocate to remain in the sling for at least six weeks . Some authorities advocate early , aggressive rehab . They favor the use of passive motion , which allows a patient to move the shoulder without physical effort . Alternatively , some authorities argue that therapy should be started later and carried out more cautiously . Theoretically , that gives tissues time to heal ; though there is conflicting data regarding the benefits of early immobilization . A study of rats suggested that it improved the strength of surgical repairs , while research on rabbits produced contrary evidence . Patients , especially those recovering from large rotator cuff tears , are prone to developing new tears . Rehabbing too soon or too strenuously might increase the risk of retear or failure to heal . However , no research has proven a link between early therapy and the incidence of re-tears . In some studies , patients who received earlier and more aggressive therapy reported reduced shoulder pain , less stiffness and better range of motion . Other research has shown that accelerated rehab results in better shoulder function . Ross et al. note that , despite the findings , `` no definitive consensus exists supporting a clinical difference '' between the two methods of rehab . There is consensus amongst orthopaedic surgeons and physical therapists regarding rotator cuff repair rehabilitation protocols . The timing and duration of treatments and exercises are based on biologic and biomedical factors involving the rotator cuff . For approximately two to three weeks following surgery , a patient experiences shoulder pain and swelling ; no major therapeutic measures are instituted in this window other than oral pain medicine and ice . All in all , those patients at risk of failure , should undergo a more conservative approach to rehabilitations . That is followed by the `` proliferative '' and `` maturation and remodeling '' phases of healing , which ensues for the following six to ten weeks . The effect of active or passive motion during any of the phases is unclear , due to conflicting information and a shortage of clinical evidence . Gentle physical therapy guided motion is instituted at this phase , only to prevent stiffness of the shoulder ; the rotator cuff remains fragile . At three months after surgery , physical therapy intervention changes substantially to focus on scapular mobilization and stretching of the glenohumeral joint . Once full passive motion is regained ( at usually about four to four and a half months after surgery ) strengthening exercises are the focus . The strengthening focuses on the rotator cuff and the upper back / scapular stabilizers . Typically at about six months after surgery , most patients have made a majority of the gains . The objective in repairing a rotator cuff is to enable the patient to regain full function . Surgeons and therapists analyze outcomes in several ways . Based on their examinations of patients , they compile scores on tests ; some examples are those created by the University of California at Los Angeles and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons . Other outcome measures include the Constant score ; the Simple Shoulder Test ; and the Disabilities of the Arm , Shoulder and Hand score . The tests assess a patient 's range of motion and the degree of shoulder function . Due to the conflicting information about the relative benefits of rehab conducted early or later , an individualized approach is necessary . The timing and nature of therapeutic activities are adjusted according to patients ' ages , the tissue integrity of their rotator cuff repairs and other factors . Special considerations are appropriate for those who have suffered multiple tears . Prognosis ( edit ) While people with rotator cuff tears may not have any noticeable symptoms , studies have shown that , those with age related tears , over time 40 % will have enlargement of the tear over a five - year period . Of those whose tears enlarge , 20 % have no symptoms while 80 % eventually develop symptoms . There is no irrefutable evidence that rotator cuff surgery benefits patients more than non-surgical management and a percentage of patients never regain full range of motion after surgery . Epidemiological studies strongly support a relationship between age and cuff tear prevalence . In a recent study the frequency of such tears increased from 13 % in the youngest group ( aged 50 -- 59 y ) to 20 % ( aged 60 -- 69 y ) , 31 % ( aged 70 -- 79 y ) , and 51 % in the oldest group ( aged 80 -- 89 y ) . This high rate of tear prevalence in asymptomatic individuals suggests that rotator cuff tears could be considered a `` normal '' process of aging rather than a result of an apparent pathological process . Epidemiology ( edit ) Incidence ( edit ) A rotator cuff tear can be caused by the weakening of the rotator cuff tendons . This weakening can be caused by age or how often the rotator cuff is used . Adults over the age of 60 are more susceptible to a rotator cuff tear . According to a study in the Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology the frequency of rotator cuff tears can increase with age . The study shows the participants that were the ages of 70 -- 90 years old had a rate of rotator cuff tears that were 1 to 5 . The participants who were 90 + years old the frequency of a rotator cuff tear jumped to 1 to 3 . This study shows that with an increase in age there is also an increase in the probability of a rotator cuff tear . Prevalence ( edit ) Prevalence of Rotator Cuff Tears According to a study in the Journal of Orthopaedics the prevalence of a rotator cuff tear was considerably greater in males than in females within the ages of 50 -- 60 years old , within the ages of 70 -- 80 years old there was n't much difference in prevalence . The data of this study showed that the prevalence of a rotator cuff tear in the general population is 22.1 % Yamamoto et al. performed a medical examination on 683 people whom live in a mountain village . The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of a rotator cuff tear among a population . Yamamoto found that among the mountain village population , rotator cuff tears were present in 20.7 % of the village population . In both of these studies we see that the percentages of the prevalence of a rotator cuff tear are very close in number so these numbers show us the prevalence of rotator cuff tears in the general population . In an autopsy study of rotator cuff tears , the incidence of partial tears was 28 % , and of complete rupture 30 % . Frequently , tears occurred on both sides and the frequency increased with age . The frequency was also higher in females . Other cadaver studies have noted intratendinous tears to be more frequent ( 7.2 % ) than bursal - sided ( 2.4 % ) or articular - sided tears ( 3.6 % ) . However , clinically , articular - sided tears are found to be 2 to 3 times more common than bursal - sided tears and among a population of young athletes , articular - sided tears constituted 91 % of all partial - thickness tears . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rotator cuff injury Definition - Diseases and Conditions '' . Mayo Clinic . 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Williams GR , Rockwood CA , Bigliani LU , Iannotti JP , Stanwood W ( December 2004 ) . `` Rotator cuff tears : why do we repair them ? '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 86 -- A ( 12 ) : 2764 -- 76 . PMID 15590865 . ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth S. `` Anatomy & Physiology . '' McGraw Hill , n.d. Web . 04 Oct. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Orthopaedic Connection : Rotator Cuff Tears and Treatment Options '' . Jump up ^ Harris JD , Pedroza A , Jones GL , The MOON ( Multicenter Orthopedic Outcomes Network ) Shoulder Group ( Nov 2011 ) . `` Predictors of Pain and Function in Patients With Symptomatic , Atraumatic Full - Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears : A Time - Zero Analysis of a Prospective Patient Cohort Enrolled in a Structured Physical Therapy Program '' . Am J Sports Med. 40 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 66 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546511426003 . PMC 3632074 . PMID 22095706 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Factor D , Dale B ( Apr 2014 ) . `` CURRENT CONCEPTS OF ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY '' . Int J Sports Phys Ther. 9 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 88 . PMC 4004132 . PMID 24790788 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Management of Failed Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair '' . JAAOS. 20 ( 5 ) : 301 -- 309 . doi : 10.5435 / jaaos - 20 - 05 - 301 . Jump up ^ Sliverstein B. ; Welp E. ; Nelson N. ; Kalat J. ( 1998 ) . `` Claims incidence of work - related disorders of upper extremities : Washington state 1987 - 1995 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 88 ( 12 ) : 1827 -- 1833 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 88.12. 1827 . PMC 1509055 . PMID 9842381 . Jump up ^ Teunis , Teun ; Lubberts , Bart ; Reilly , Brian T. ; Ring , David ( December 2014 ) . `` A systematic review and pooled analysis of the prevalence of rotator cuff disease with increasing age '' . Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery . 23 ( 12 ) : 1913 -- 1921 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2014.08. 001 . ISSN 1532 - 6500 . PMID 25441568 . Jump up ^ Mohamadi , Amin ; Chan , Jimmy J. ; Claessen , Femke M.A.P. ; Ring , David ; Chen , Neal C. ( January 2017 ) . `` Corticosteroid Injections Give Small and Transient Pain Relief in Rotator Cuff Tendinosis : A Meta - analysis '' . Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research . 475 ( 1 ) : 232 -- 243 . doi : 10.1007 / s11999 - 016 - 5002 - 1 . ISSN 1528 - 1132 . PMC 5174041 . PMID 27469590 . Jump up ^ Dean , Benjamin John Floyd ; Lostis , Emilie ; Oakley , Thomas ; Rombach , Ines ; Morrey , Mark E. ; Carr , Andrew J. ( February 2014 ) . `` The risks and benefits of glucocorticoid treatment for tendinopathy : a systematic review of the effects of local glucocorticoid on tendon '' . Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 43 ( 4 ) : 570 -- 576 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semarthrit. 2013.08. 006 . ISSN 1532 - 866X . PMID 24074644 . ^ Jump up to : Via AG , Cupis MD , Spoliti M , Oliva F ( Apr -- Jun 2013 ) . `` Clinical and biological aspects of rotator cuff tears '' . Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 3 ( 2 ) : 70 -- 9 . doi : 10.11138 / mltj / 2013.3. 2.070 . PMC 3711705 . PMID 23888289 . Jump up ^ `` Rotator Cuff Tears - OrthoInfo - AAOS '' . Orthoinfo.aaos.org. 2011 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mechanisms - Rotator Cuff '' . Biomed.brown.edu. 2004 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Nho SJ , Yadav H , Shindle MK , Macgillivray JD ( May 2008 ) . `` Rotator cuff degeneration : etiology and pathogenesis '' . Am J Sports Med. 36 ( 5 ) : 987 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546508317344 . PMID 18413681 . Jump up ^ Neer CS 2nd , Craig EV , Fukuda H ( Dec 1983 ) . `` Cuff - tear arthropathy '' . J Bone Joint Surg Am. 65 ( 9 ) : 1232 -- 44 . PMID 6654936 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wolf BR , Dunn WR , Wright RW ( June 2007 ) . `` Indications for repair of full - thickness rotator cuff tears '' . Am J Sports Med. 35 ( 6 ) : 1007 -- 16 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546506295079 . PMID 17337723 . Jump up ^ Marreez , YM ; Forman , MD ; Brown , SR ( May 2013 ) . `` Physical examination of the shoulder joint - Part I : Supraspinatus rotator cuff muscle clinical testing '' . Osteopathic Family Physician. 5 ( 3 ) : 128 -- 134 . doi : 10.1016 / j. osfp. 2013.01. 005 . Jump up ^ Arend CF . Ultrasound of the Shoulder . Master Medical Books , 2013 . Free chapter on ultrasound evaluation of rotator cuff disorders available at ShoulderUS.com Jump up ^ `` Rotator Cuff Tears and Injuries '' . Webmd.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rotator Cuff Disease Symptoms , Causes , Treatment - What are symptoms of rotator cuff disease ? '' . MedicineNet. 2012 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Gückel C , Nidecker A ( November 1997 ) . `` Diagnosis of tears in rotator - cuff - injuries '' . Eur J Radiol. 25 ( 3 ) : 168 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / s0720 - 048x ( 97 ) 01171 - 6 . PMID 9430826 . Jump up ^ Sox , Harold C. ( 1988 ) . Medical decision making . Boston : Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 409 - 90091 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bernstein J ( 1 September 1997 ) . `` Decision analysis '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 79 ( 9 ) : 1404 -- 14 . doi : 10.2106 / 00004623 - 199709000 - 00018 . PMID 9314406 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rotator Cuff Tears - OrthoInfo - AAOS '' . Orthoinfo.aaos.org. 2011 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : August 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Rotator Cuff Injury : Click for Surgery Info and Healing Time '' . Emedicinehealth.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ McFarland EG , Selhi HS , Keyurapan E ( 1 February 2006 ) . `` Clinical evaluation of impingement : what to do and what works '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 88 ( 2 ) : 432 -- 41 . doi : 10.2106 / 00004623 - 200602000 - 00026 . PMID 16475277 . ^ Jump up to : Park HB , Yokota A , Gill HS , El Rassi G , McFarland EG ( July 2005 ) . `` Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . 87 ( 7 ) : 1446 -- 55 . doi : 10.2106 / JBJS. D. 02335 . PMID 15995110 . Jump up ^ Jacobson JA ( Sep 2009 ) . `` Musculoskeletal ultrasound : focused impact on MRI '' . Am J Roentgenol. 193 ( 3 ) : 619 -- 27 . doi : 10.2214 / AJR. 09.2841 . PMID 19696273 . Jump up ^ Lenza M1 , Buchbinder R , Takwoingi Y , Johnston RV , Hanchard NC , Faloppa F ( Sep 24 , 2013 ) . `` Magnetic resonance imaging , magnetic resonance arthrography and ultrasonography for assessing rotator cuff tears in people with shoulder pain for whom surgery is being considered '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD009020. pub2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Stetson WB , Phillips T , Deutsch A ( 2005 ) . `` The use of magnetic resonance arthrography to detect partial - thickness rotator cuff tears '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 87 Suppl 2 ( suppl_2 ) : 81 -- 8 . doi : 10.2106 / JBJS. E. 00509 . PMID 16326727 . Jump up ^ Teefey SA , Rubin DA , Middleton WD , Hildebolt CF , Leibold RA , Yamaguchi K ( April 2004 ) . `` Detection and quantification of rotator cuff tears . Comparison of ultrasonographic , magnetic resonance imaging , and arthroscopic findings in seventy - one consecutive cases '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 86 -- A ( 4 ) : 708 -- 16 . PMID 15069134 . ^ Jump up to : Moosikasuwan JB , Miller TT , Burke BJ ( 2005 ) . `` Rotator cuff tears : clinical , radiographic , and US findings '' . Radiographics. 25 ( 6 ) : 1591 -- 607 . doi : 10.1148 / rg. 256045203 . PMID 16284137 . ^ Jump up to : Keener , Jay D ; Wei , Anthony S ; Kim , H Mike ; Steger - May , Karen ; Yamaguchi , Ken ( 2009 ) . `` Proximal Humeral Migration in Shoulders with Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Rotator Cuff Tears '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 91 ( 6 ) : 1405 -- 1413 . doi : 10.2106 / JBJS. H. 00854 . ISSN 0021 - 9355 . PMC 2686133 . Jump up ^ Kim , Kyung Cheon , Hyun Dae Shin , Bo Kun Kim , Soo Min Cha , and Jun Yeong Park . `` Changes in Tendon Length with Increasing Rotator Cuff Tear Size . '' Knee Surgery , Sports Traumatology , Arthroscopy 20.6 ( 2012 ) : 1022 - 026 . Print . Jump up ^ Howe , C. , P. Huber , F.M. Wolf , and F. Matsen . `` Differential Suture Loading in an Experimental Rotator Cuff Repair . '' The American Journal of Sports Medicine 37.2 ( 2009 ) : 324 - 29 . Print . Jump up ^ Zumstein , Matthias A. , Eric Frey , Brigitte Von Rechenberg , Robert Frigg , Christian Gerber , and Dominik C. Meyer . `` Device for Lengthening of a Musculotendinous Unit by Direct Continuous Traction in the Sheep . '' BMC Veterinary Research 8.1 ( 2012 ) : 50 . Print . Jump up ^ Andarawis - Puri , N. , E.T. Ricchetti , and L.J. Soslowsky . `` Interaction Between the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Tendons : Effect of Anterior Supraspinatus Tendon Full - Thickness Tears on Infraspinatus Tendon Strain . '' The American Journal of Sports Medicine 37.9 ( 2009 ) : 1831 - 839 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Rotator Cuff Tears '' . American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons . There is no evidence of better results from surgery performed near the time of injury versus later on . For this reason , many doctors first recommend nonsurgical management of rotator cuff tears . Jump up ^ Tashjian RZ ( October 2012 ) . `` Epidemiology , natural history , and indications for treatment of rotator cuff tears '' . Clin Sports Med. 31 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 604 . doi : 10.1016 / j. csm. 2012.07. 001 . PMID 23040548 . Jump up ^ `` Shoulder Rotator Cuff Surgery Research Review : Does Surgery work Better than No Surgery ? '' . Centeno - Schultz Clinic . You might think that with about 40,000 shoulder rotator cuff tear repair surgeries performed in the United States each year , that there was solid medical evidence supporting that this type of shoulder surgery was effective . However , a recent published review by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality looked at more than 150 published papers and concluded that there was no solid evidence that rotator cuff surgery benefited patients more than no surgery . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer C. Seida , MPH ; Claire LeBlanc , MD ; Janine R. Schouten , BSc ; Shima S. Mousavi , MD ; Lisa Hartling , PhD ; Ben Vandermeer , MSc ; Lisa Tjosvold , MLIS ; and David M. Sheps , MD , MSc ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Systematic Review : Nonoperative and Operative Treatments for Rotator Cuff Tears '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 153 ( 4 ) : 246 -- 55 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 153 - 4 - 201008170 - 00263 . PMID 20621893 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Comparative Effectiveness of Nonoperative and Operative Treatments for Rotator Cuff Tears : Executive Summary . Rockville , Md. : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , ( 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mantone J. K ; Burkhead W.Z. ; Noonan J. Jr ( 2000 ) . `` Nonoperative Treatment of Rotator Cuff Tears '' . Orthopedic Clinics of North America . 31 ( 2 ) : 295 -- 311 . doi : 10.1016 / s0030 - 5898 ( 05 ) 70149 - 8 . PMID 10736398 . Jump up ^ Rockwood C.A. Jr. ; Wirth M.A. ; Basamania C. ( 1997 ) . `` Nonoperative Management of Full - Thickness Tears of the Rotator Cuff '' . Orthopedic Clinics of North America . 28 : 1 . doi : 10.1016 / s0030 - 5898 ( 05 ) 70264 - 9 . Jump up ^ Williams , GR Jr ; Kraeutler , MJ ; Zmistowski , B ; Fenlin , JM Jr ( September 2014 ) . `` No difference in postoperative pain after arthroscopic versus open rotator cuff repair '' . Clin Orthop Relat Res. 472 ( 9 ) : 2759 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / s11999 - 014 - 3715 - 6 . PMC 4117892 . PMID 24912870 . Jump up ^ Baydar M ; Akalin E ; El O ; et . al ( April 2009 ) . `` The efficacy of conservative treatment in patients with full - thickness rotator cuff tears '' . Rheumatology International . 29 ( 6 ) : 623 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00296 - 008 - 0733 - 2 . PMID 18850322 . Jump up ^ Zumstein MA , Jost B , Hempel J , Hodler J , Gerber C ( November 2008 ) . `` The clinical and structural long - term results of open repair of massive tears of the rotator cuff '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 90 ( 11 ) : 2423 -- 31 . doi : 10.2106 / JBJS. G. 00677 . PMID 18978411 . Jump up ^ Shen PH , Lien SB , Shen HC , Lee CH , Wu SS , Lin LC ( 2008 ) . `` Long - term functional outcomes after repair of rotator cuff tears correlated with atrophy of the supraspinatus muscles on magnetic resonance images '' . Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery . 17 ( 1 Suppl ) : 1S -- 7S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2007.04. 014 . PMID 17931908 . Jump up ^ Matsen , Frederick A. ; Winston J. Warme ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` Repair of Rotator Cuff Tears : Surgery for shoulders with torn rotator cuff tendons can lessen shoulder pain and improve function without acromioplasty '' . University of Washington School of Medicine . Retrieved 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rotator cuff injury Definition - Diseases and Conditions '' . Mayo Clinic . 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Norberg FB , Field LD , Savoie FH ( 2000 ) . `` Repair of the rotator cuff . Mini-open and arthroscopic repairs '' . Clinics in sports medicine . 19 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / s0278 - 5919 ( 05 ) 70297 - 0 . PMID 10652666 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons P. ; Orwin J. ( 1998 ) . `` Rotator cuff tendinopathy and subacromial impingement syndrome '' . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise . 30 ( 4 ) : 12 -- 17 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005768 - 199804001 - 00003 . Jump up ^ `` Rotator cuff repair '' . MedlinePlus . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rotator Cuff Tears : Surgical Treatment Options '' . orthoinfo.aaos.org. 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Takeda Y ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The most effective exercise for strengthening the supraspinatus muscle evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging '' . The American journal of sports medicine . 30 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 381 . doi : 10.1177 / 03635465020300031201 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Tempelhof S , Rupp S , Seil R ( 1999 ) . `` Age - related prevalence of rotator cuff tears in asymptomatic shoulders '' . Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery . 8 ( 4 ) : 296 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S1058 - 2746 ( 99 ) 90148 - 9 . PMID 10471998 . Jump up ^ Chung SW , Huong CB , Kim SH , Oh JH ( February 2013 ) . `` Shoulder stiffness after rotator cuff repair : risk factors and influence on outcome '' . Arthroscopy. 29 ( 2 ) : 290 -- 300 . doi : 10.1016 / j. arthro. 2012.08. 023 . PMID 23290184 . ^ Jump up to : Yamamoto A , Takagishi K , Osawa T ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence and risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population '' . J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 19 : 116 -- 120 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2009.04. 006 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Minagawa H , Yamamoto N , Abe H ( 2013 ) . `` Prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic rotator cuff tears in the general population : From mass - screening in one village '' . Journal of Orthopaedic. 10 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jor. 2013.01. 008 . PMC 3768248 . Jump up ^ Jerosch J , Müller T , Castro W ( 1991 ) . `` The incidence of rotator cuff rupture . An anatomic study '' . Acta Orthop Belg. 57 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 9 . PMID 1872155 . ^ Jump up to : Matava M.J. ; Purcell D.B. ; Rudzki J.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Partial - Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears '' . Am J Sports Med. 33 ( 9 ) : 1405 -- 1417 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546505280213 . PMID 16127127 . This article contains text from the public domain document `` Questions and Answers about Shoulder Problems '' , NIH Publication No. 01 - 4865 , available from URL http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/shoulderprobs/shoulderqa.htm External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : M75. 1 , S46. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 726.1 727.61 , 840.4 DiseasesDB : 32230 External resources MedlinePlus : 007207 eMedicine : radio / 894 pmr / 125 radio / 889 sports / 115 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rotator cuff tear . Rotator Cuff . Arend CF . Ultrasound of the Shoulder . Master Medical Books , 2013 . Rotator Cuff Tears . Wheeless ' Textbook of Orthopedics . A description of rotator cuff tears from Wheeless ' <Th_colspan="2"> Soft tissue disorders / Rheumatism / Connective tissue arthropathy ( M65 -- M79 , 725 -- 728 ) Capsular joint Synoviopathy Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Calcific tendinitis Stenosing tenosynovitis Trigger finger De Quervain 's syndrome Transient synovitis Ganglion cyst osteochondromatosis Synovial osteochondromatosis Plica syndrome villonodular synovitis Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath Bursopathy Bursitis Olecranon Prepatellar Trochanteric Subacromial Achilles Retrocalcaneal Ischial Iliopsoas Synovial cyst Baker 's cyst Calcific bursitis Noncapsular joint Ligamentopathy Ligamentous laxity Hypermobility Enthesopathy / Enthesitis ( and general tendinopathy ) upper limb Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tear Golfer 's elbow Tennis elbow lower limb Iliotibial band syndrome Patellar tendinitis Achilles tendinitis Calcaneal spur Metatarsalgia Bone spur other / general : Tendinitis Tendinosis Nonjoint Fasciopathy Fasciitis : Plantar Nodular Necrotizing Eosinophilic Fibromatosis / contracture Dupuytren 's contracture Plantar fibromatosis Aggressive fibromatosis Knuckle pads <Th_colspan="2"> Dislocations / subluxations , sprains and strains Joints and ligaments Head and neck Dislocation of jaw Whiplash Shoulder and upper arm GH ( Dislocated shoulder ) AC ( Separated shoulder ) ALPSA lesion SLAP tear Bankart lesion Elbow and forearm Nursemaid 's elbow Gamekeeper 's thumb Hip and thigh Dislocation of hip Knee and leg Tear of meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament injury Unhappy triad Patellar dislocation Knee dislocation Ankle and foot Sprained ankle ( High ankle sprain ) Metatarsophalangeal joint sprain ( Turf toe ) Muscles and tendons Shoulder and upper arm Rotator cuff tear Hip and thigh Pulled hamstring Knee and leg Patellar tendon rupture Achilles tendon rupture Shin splints Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotator_cuff_tear&oldid=842410608 '' Categories : Soft tissue disorders Overuse injuries Shoulder Injuries of shoulder and upper arm Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Infobox medical condition ( new ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 08 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Rotator cuff tear
2. Shoulder pain
3. Tendon injury
4. Treatment options
5. Diagnosis methods
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the outlaw run roller coaster in branson missouri
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Outlaw Run - wikipedia Outlaw Run <Th_colspan="2"> Outlaw Run <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Silver Dollar City Park section The Great Barn at Wilson 's Farm Coordinates 36 ° 40 ′ 05 '' N 93 ° 20 ′ 24 '' W / 36.66806 ° N 93.34000 ° W / 36.66806 ; - 93.34000 Coordinates : 36 ° 40 ′ 05 '' N 93 ° 20 ′ 24 '' W / 36.66806 ° N 93.34000 ° W / 36.66806 ; - 93.34000 Status Operating Soft opening date March 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) Opening date March 15 , 2013 ( 5 years ago ) ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) Cost US $ 10 million ( $10.5 million in 2017 dollars ) <Th_colspan="2"> General statistics Type Wood Manufacturer Rocky Mountain Construction Designer Alan Schilke Model Topper Track -- Custom Track layout Terrain Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Height 107 ft ( 33 m ) Drop 162 ft ( 49 m ) Length 2,937 ft ( 895 m ) Speed 68 mph ( 109 km / h ) Inversions Duration 1 : 27 Max vertical angle 81 ° Height restriction 48 in ( 122 cm ) Trains 2 trains with 6 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 24 riders per train . <Td_colspan="2"> Must transfer from wheelchair <Td_colspan="2"> Outlaw Run at RCDB Pictures of Outlaw Run at RCDB Outlaw Run is a wooden roller coaster located at the Silver Dollar City amusement park in Branson , Missouri . The ride was the first wooden roller coaster manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction and the first wooden roller coaster with multiple inversions , in which riders are turned upside - down and then back upright . The 2,937 - foot - long ( 895 m ) ride features three inversions and a top speed of 68 miles per hour ( 109 km / h ) , making Outlaw Run the sixth - fastest wooden roller coaster in the world . The 162 - foot - tall ( 49 m ) first drop of the ride is the fourth steepest in the world among wooden roller coasters , at 81 ° beyond horizontal . Planning for Outlaw Run began in 2009 , three years before its official announcement in August 2012 . Rocky Mountain Construction were contracted to manufacture the ride as their proposal best suited Silver Dollar City 's available space and budget . The ride 's track layout was designed by Alan Schilke . Outlaw Run opened to the public on March 15 , 2013 , to generally positive reviews . Contents 1 Planning and marketing 2 Characteristics 3 Ride experience 4 Records 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Planning and marketing ( edit ) Planning for a new 2013 attraction in the Silver Dollar City amusement park began in 2009 with the owners , Herschend Family Entertainment , approaching Rocky Mountain Construction and other manufacturers for ideas for `` a ride with marketing appeal '' . Joel Manby , CEO of Herschend , wanted a `` world first '' , to have a wooden roller coaster that would be `` the first to do a double barrel roll '' , which is when the train goes twice through a combination of a loop and a roll . In 2011 , Rocky Mountain Construction showcased their new steel roller coaster , New Texas Giant , to park executives . This demonstration secured the contract . Marketing began in 2011 when the public were made aware at the 2011 trade show of the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions that Rocky Mountain were working on a wooden roller coaster ; it being later revealed that this roller coaster would be built at Silver Dollar City . Following the beginning of construction at the park , Silver Dollar City launched a teaser website for a new attraction to open in 2013 . The website featured a public notice indicating that the ride 's theme would be stagecoaches and the wild west . The teaser website also stated that an announcement would be made on August 9 , 2012 . As part of its teaser campaign leading to the announcement , the park released two clues ; the first clue was a handwritten letter , while the second was a photo of the park 's Powder Keg : A Blast into the Wilderness attraction and the nearby Table Rock Lake . On August 9 , 2012 , Silver Dollar City officially announced that Outlaw Run would open in the second quarter of 2013 . At its opening , the ride would be the only wooden roller coaster to feature inversions and would feature the steepest drop on a wooden roller coaster . At a cost of $10 million , the ride would be the most expensive Silver Dollar City attraction in more than a decade . On September 26 , 2012 , the last piece of track was installed on Outlaw Run . The ride opened to a limited audience on March 13 , 2013 , with a public opening two days later . Official opening celebrations were held in April . Characteristics ( edit ) Outlaw Run was Rocky Mountain Construction 's first wooden roller coaster . It is the sixth fastest wooden roller coaster in the world , reaching speeds of up to 68 miles per hour ( 109 km / h ) . Throughout the course of the 2,937 - foot - long ( 895 m ) ride , riders go through three inversions , including a double heartline roll . The park 's existing terrain ( the park is located in the Ozark Mountains ) is used to allow a 107 - foot - tall ( 33 m ) lift hill to be translated into a first drop stretching 162 feet ( 49 m ) . The 2,937 feet ( 895 m ) of track is made primarily of layers of laminated wood , with a steel plate located in the upper layers of the track . The steel plating is known as Topper Track and is found on many roller coasters that Rocky Mountain Construction has renovated . This track style is designed to reduce the maintenance typically required for a wooden roller coaster and to provide a smoother ride experience . Rocky Mountain Construction spent four years developing technology to allow them to twist beams of wood , that make up the lower layers of the track . This track configuration allows for more dynamic roller coaster elements to be performed on a wooden roller coaster . Outlaw Run consists of two trains , each featuring twelve pairs of riders . Riders , who must be 48 inches ( 122 cm ) or taller to ride , are restrained in their individual fiberglass seats with a U-shaped lap bar . Unlike most roller coaster trains , which have polyurethane wheels , Outlaw Run features steel wheels . Outlaw Run features a Western stagecoach theme . The ride 's station is themed as a stagecoach depot located in the outskirts of Silver Dollar City . According to the ride 's storyline , stagecoaches depart daily heading west , where they are intercepted by outlaws who want to steal the riders ' belongings . Outlaw Run riders are law enforcement personnel tasked with stopping the outlaws . To keep their family - friendly image , Silver Dollar City uses a variety of theming to advertise that the `` good guys '' will always win . Ride experience ( edit ) The train exits out of the station and ascends the chain lift hill . The track then goes through a small pre-drop , similar to that on Bolliger & Mabillard steel roller coasters , before dropping 162 feet ( 49 m ) at an angle of 81 ° . The train then ascends into the first element , an outside banked turn , where the track is banked over to 153 ° before rolling back out of the bank . After going around a low - to - the - ground curve , the train enters a 100 - foot - tall ( 30 m ) double down followed by a 70 - foot - tall ( 21 m ) double up . After more turns , the train enters a small air - time hill . Outlaw Run 's final two inversions are heartline rolls , turns in which the axis of rotation is approximately at the riders ' hearts . The train then enters the brake run and returns to the station . A single ride cycle is completed in approximately 1 minute and 27 seconds . Records ( edit ) Outlaw Run debuted with the steepest drop , 81 ° , on any wooden roller coaster in the world at the time . Although the creators of Outlaw Run originally planned to claim the record for the only operating wooden roller coaster to feature inversions , the announcement of Hades 360 at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin , forced Silver Dollar City to modify their claim ; they now cite Outlaw Run as the only wooden roller coaster to feature multiple inversions . It is also tied with Colossos at Heide Park as the second fastest wooden roller coaster in the world , with a top speed of 68 miles per hour ( 109 km / h ) . The speed , height , and drop angle records were broken by Goliath at Six Flags Great America in the first half of 2014 . Goliath is another Rocky Mountain Construction roller coaster . Outlaw Run retains the record for the wooden roller coaster with the most inversions . Reception ( edit ) Following the announcement of Outlaw Run , the ride 's layout received favorable reviews . Arthur Levine of About.com said that `` the coaster appears to have a great layout and should provide the kind of ride that fans adore '' . Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times ranked Outlaw Run in his top 13 most anticipated new theme park attractions in the United States for 2013 . Outlaw Run received largely positive reviews following the ride 's opening in 2013 . Marcus Leshock of WGN - TV was among the first to ride Outlaw Run . Despite his high expectations , he described it as `` a great ride ; an incredible ride '' . Brandy McDonnell of The Oklahoman described Outlaw Run as the highlight of Silver Dollar City : `` it 's a speedy and spine - tingling ride worth waiting a few hours to take '' . Tim Baldwin of Roller Coaster Magazine described Outlaw Run as `` exhilarating but not intimidating '' and `` satisfying to the thrill seekers and fun for moms as well '' . Justin Garvanovic of First Drop Magazine , after describing pacing as an important characteristic of a roller coaster , said `` So many coasters get it wrong . Outlaw Run gets it right . '' In its debut year , Outlaw Run ranked highly in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards . The ride won the Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride with 45 % of the vote . It also ranked at position 7 for the world 's best wooden roller coasters . Golden Ticket Awards : Top wood Roller Coasters Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ranking 7 9 8 8 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Roller Coaster Search Results ( Rocky Mountain Construction ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Son Of Beast ( Kings Island ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Record Holders ( Inverting wooden roller coasters ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Silver Dollar City announces new roller coaster '' . News - Leader . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Devon ( 2013 ) . Outlaw Run : From Dreams To Screams . Branson , Missouri : Devin Olson Media . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schilke , Alan ( 16 November 2011 ) . `` IAAPA 2011 '' . Theme Park Review ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Robb Alvey . Orlando , Florida . Jump up ^ McLean , Mike ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` North Idaho roller coaster maker expands to accommodate innovations '' . Journal of Business . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Outlaw Run ( Silver Dollar City ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver Dollar City ( 23 June 2012 ) . `` Something bold is ... '' Facebook . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Dollar City 2013 '' . Silver Dollar City . 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Dollar City 2013 - Thank you ! '' . Silver Dollar City . 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clue 1 '' . Silver Dollar City . July 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clue 2 '' . Silver Dollar City . 3 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Dollar City rolls out new wooden coaster '' . The Sacramento Bee. 9 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Dollar City Announces World 's Most Daring Wood Coaster '' . Silver Dollar City . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outlaw Run : Silver Dollar City plans upside down woodie '' . Park World Magazine : 6 -- 7 . September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone Reached -- Last Piece of Track Set In Place '' . Silver Dollar City . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Larry ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Reporters Take On `` Outlaw Run '' Today `` . KTTS - FM . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outlaw Run 's official grand opening set for this weekend '' . Branson Tri-Lakes News . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Arthur . `` Outlaw Run Coaster Coming to Silver Dollar City in 2013 '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet '' . Silver Dollar City . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , Tim ( April 2013 ) . `` Outlaw Run charges into Silver Dollar City '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 1 ) : 1 , 4 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Cyclone : A Classic `` Woodie '' `` . Six Flags . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Coasterholic14 ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Rocky Mountain Construction Company '' . Coaster - Net . Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leshock , Marcus ( 15 March 2013 ) . `` Outlaw Run : Record breaking wooden roller coaster opens at Branson 's Silver Dollar City '' . WGN - TV . Tribune Broadcasting . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Layout '' . Silver Dollar City . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outlaw Run Official POV '' . YouTube . March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Going off the ( Wooden ) Rails on a Crazy Train '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outlaw Run '' . Silver Dollar City . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New for 2014 '' . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady ( 14 November 2011 ) . `` Top 13 for 2013 : Most anticipated new rides at U.S. theme parks '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Looping wooden roller coasters are about to become a reality '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Brandy ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` Video : Branson for the whole family -- Riding the Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City '' . The Oklahoman . OPUBCO Communications Group . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Linda ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Outlaw Run ... The World 's Most Daring Wood Coaster '' . Shepherd Gazette . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Tim ( September 2013 ) . `` Silver Dollar City , Dollywood win Best New Rides '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Park and ride winners '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 4 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 40 -- 41 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 18 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 19 ( 6.2 ) : 45 -- 46 . September 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 20 ( 6.2 ) : 46 . September 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 21 ( 6.2 ) : 50 . September 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Outlaw Run . Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Silver Dollar City Roller coasters Fire in the Hole Grand Exposition Coaster Outlaw Run Powder Keg : A Blast into the Wilderness Thunderation Wildfire Rides and attractions American Plunge Flooded Mine Giant Barn Swing Marvel Cave Former rides Buzz Saw Falls Runaway Ore Cart <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride Amusement ride Winners Hades ( 2005 ) The Voyage ( 2006 ) Maverick ( 2007 ) Ravine Flyer II ( 2008 ) Prowler ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ( 2010 ) New Texas Giant ( 2011 ) Wild Eagle ( 2012 ) Outlaw Run ( 2013 ) Flying Turns ( 2014 ) Fury 325 ( 2015 ) Lightning Rod ( 2016 ) Mystic Timbers ( 2017 ) Water slide Winners Black Anaconda ( 2005 ) Bahari River ( 2006 ) Bakuli ( 2007 ) Dragon 's Revenge ( 2008 ) Congo River Expedition ( 2009 ) Wildebeest ( 2010 ) The Falls ( 2011 ) Mammoth ( 2012 ) RiverRush ( 2013 ) Verrückt ( 2014 ) Dive Bomber ( 2015 ) Massiv ( 2016 ) Thunder Rapids ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outlaw_Run&oldid=853010859 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2013 Wooden roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction Roller coasters in Missouri Silver Dollar City Roller coasters operated by Herschend Family Entertainment Western ( genre ) amusement rides Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 20 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Outlaw Run - a wooden roller coaster at Silver Dollar City amusement park
2. Rocky Mountain Construction - the manufacturer of Outlaw Run
3. Multiple inversions - a feature of Outlaw Run, the first wooden roller coaster to have them
4. Speed and height records - Outlaw Run was the sixth fastest and had the fourth steepest drop among wooden roller coasters at the time of its opening
5. Positive reviews - Outlaw
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who gives the gift of the holy spirit
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Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit - wikipedia Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit For the charisms listed in the New Testament , see spiritual gift . Stained glass symbolic representation of the Holy Spirit as a dove , c. 1660 . The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors , later elaborated by five intellectual virtues and four other groups of ethical characteristics . They are : wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude , knowledge , piety , and fear of the Lord . Contents 1 Book of Isaiah 2 In Christianity 2.1 Roman Catholicism 3 The seven gifts of Holy Spirit 4 Aquinas : relation to the virtues 5 Augustine : relation to the Beatitudes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Book of Isaiah ( edit ) Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit . Folio from Walters manuscript W. 171 ( 15th century ) The seven gifts are found in the Book of Isaiah 11 : 1 - 2 , where the Biblical passage refers to the characteristics of a Messianic figure understood by Christians to be Jesus Christ empowered by the `` Spirit of the Lord '' . In the Hebrew Masoretic text the `` Spirit of the Lord '' is described with six characteristics ( wisdom , understanding , counsel , might , knowledge , fear of the Lord ) , and then the last characteristic ( fear of the Lord ) is mentioned a second time . In the Greek Septuagint the first mention of the fear of the Lord is translated as `` spirit of ( ... ) godliness '' ( πνεῦμα ( ... ) εὐσεβείας ) . Verse Hebrew Masoretic English New International Version Greek Septuagint Latin Vulgate 11.1 א וְיָצָא חֹטֶר , מִגֵּזַע יִשָׁי ; וְנֵצֶר , מִשָּׁרָשָׁיו יִפְרֶה. A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse ; from his roots a Branch will bear fruit . και εξελευσεται ραβδος εκ της ριζης ιεσσαι και ανθος εκ της ριζης αναβησεται et egredietur virga de radice Iesse et flos de radice eius ascendet 11.2 ב וְנָחָה עָלָיו , רוּחַ יְהוָה -- רוּחַ חָכְמָה וּבִינָה , רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה , רוּחַ דַּעַת , וְיִרְאַת יְהוָה. The Spirit of the LORD will rest on him -- the Spirit of wisdom and of understanding , the Spirit of counsel and of might , the Spirit of the knowledge and fear of the LORD -- και αναπαυσεται επ ' αυτον πνευμα του θεου πνευμα σοφιας και συνεσεως πνευμα βουλης και ισχυος πνευμα γνωσεως και ευσεβειας et requiescet super eum spiritus Domini spiritus sapientiae et intellectus spiritus consilii et fortitudinis spiritus scientiae et pietatis 11.3 ג וַהֲרִיחוֹ , בְּיִרְאַת יְהוָה ; and he will delight in the fear of the LORD . εμπλησει αυτον πνευμα φοβου θεου et replebit eum spiritus timoris Domini The seven Latin terms are then : sapientia intellectus consilium fortitudo scientia pietas timor Domini . In christianity ( edit ) The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit is one of several works in Christian devotional literature which follow a scheme of seven . Others include the seven petitions of the Lord 's Prayer , the beatitudes , the seven last words from the cross , the seven deadly sins , and the seven virtues . The seven gifts were often represented as doves in medieval texts and especially figure in depictions of the Tree of Jesse which shows the Genealogy of Jesus . For Saint Thomas Aquinas , the dove signifies by its properties each gift of the Holy Spirit . Roman Catholicism ( edit ) Although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11 : 1 - 2 regarding these gifts , Roman Catholicism teaches that initiates receive them at Baptism and that they are strengthened at Confirmation , so that one can proclaim the truths of the faith : `` The reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace . '' For `` by the sacrament of Confirmation , ( the baptized ) are more perfectly bound to the Church and are enriched with a special strength of the Holy Spirit . Hence they are , as true witnesses of Christ , more strictly obliged to spread and defend the faith by word and deed . '' The seven gifts of Holy Spirit ( edit ) According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church , these gifts `` ... complete and perfect the virtues of those who receive them . '' Wisdom is considered the first and the greatest of the gifts . It acts upon both the intellect and the will . According to St. Bernard , it both illumines the mind and instills an attraction to the divine . Adolphe Tanquerey OP explained the difference between the gift of wisdom and that of understanding : `` The latter is a view taken by the mind , while the former is an experience undergone by the heart ; one is light , the other love , and so they unite and complete one another . '' A wise and loving heart is the perfection of the theological virtue of charity . Understanding helps one relate all truths to one 's supernatural purpose ; it further illuminates one 's understanding of Sacred Scripture ; and it assists us to understand the significance of religious ritual . This all gives us a profound appreciation for God 's providence . Counsel functions as a sort of supernatural intuition , to enable a person to judge promptly and rightly , especially in difficult situations . It perfects the cardinal virtue of prudence . While prudence operates in accord with reason as enlightened by faith , the gift of counsel operates under the guidance of the Holy Spirit to illuminate the will of God . Fortitude is often identified with courage , but Aquinas takes its meaning to also encompass endurance . Joseph J. Rickaby describes it as a willingness to stand up for what is right in the sight of God , even if it means accepting rejection , verbal abuse , or physical harm . The gift of fortitude allows people the firmness of mind that is required both in doing good and in enduring evil . It is the perfection of the cardinal virtue of the same name . Knowledge : The gift of knowledge allows one , as far as is humanly possible , to see things from God 's perspective . It `` allows us to perceive the greatness of God and his love for his creatures '' through creation . Piety accords with reverence . A person with reverence recognizes his total reliance on God and comes before God with humility , trust , and love . Thomas Aquinas says that piety perfects the virtue of religion , which is an aspect of the virtue of justice , in that it accords to God that which is due to God . In a series of talks on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit , Pope Francis said that piety is a recognition of `` ... our belonging to God , our deep bond with him , a relationship that gives meaning to our whole life and keeps us resolute , in communion with him , even during the most difficult and troubled moments '' . Francis goes on : `` Piety is not mere outward religiosity ; it is that genuine religious spirit which makes us turn to the Father as his children and to grow in our love for others , seeing them as our brothers and sisters . '' Fear of the Lord is akin to wonder ( or awe ) . With the gift of fear of the Lord , one is made aware of the glory and majesty of God . At a June 2014 general audience Pope Francis said that it `` is no servile fear , but rather a joyful awareness of God 's grandeur and a grateful realization that only in him do our hearts find true peace '' . A person with wonder and awe knows that God is the perfection of all one desires . This gift is described by Aquinas as a fear of separating oneself from God . He describes the gift as a `` filial fear , '' like a child 's fear of offending his father , rather than a `` servile fear , '' that is , a fear of punishment . Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom . It is the perfection of the theological virtue of hope . Aquinas : relation to the virtues ( edit ) In Summa Theologiae I. II , q. 68 , a1 , Saint Thomas Aquinas says that four of these gifts ( wisdom , understanding , knowledge , and counsel ) direct the intellect , while the other three gifts ( fortitude , piety , and fear of the Lord ) direct the will toward God . In some respects , the gifts are similar to the virtues , but a key distinction is that the virtues operate under the impetus of human reason ( prompted by grace ) , whereas the gifts operate under the impetus of the Holy Spirit ; the former can be used when one wishes , but the latter , according to Aquinas , operate only when the Holy Spirit wishes . In the case of Fortitude , the gift has , in Latin and English , the same name as the virtue which it is related , to but from which it must be distinguished . In Summa Theologiae II. II , Thomas Aquinas asserts the following correspondences between the seven Capital Virtues and the seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit : The gift of wisdom corresponds to the virtue of charity . The gifts of understanding and knowledge correspond to the virtue of faith . The gift of counsel ( right judgment ) corresponds to the virtue of prudence . The gift of fortitude corresponds to the virtue of courage . The gift of fear of the Lord corresponds to the virtue of hope . The gift of Reverence corresponds to the virtue of justice . To the virtue of temperance , no Gift is directly assigned ; but the gift of fear can be taken as such , since fear drives somebody to restrict himself from forbidden pleasures . The Rev. Brian Shanley contrasts the gifts to the virtues this way : `` What the gifts do over and above the theological virtues ( which they presuppose ) is dispose the agent to the special promptings of the Holy Spirit in actively exercising the life of the virtues ; the gifts are necessary for the perfect operations of the virtues , especially in the face of our human weakness and in difficult situations . '' Augustine : relation to the beatitudes ( edit ) Saint Augustine drew a connection between the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the Beatitudes ( Matt. 5 : 3 - 12 ) . Blessed are the poor in spirit , for theirs is the kingdom of heaven , reflects Fear of the Lord as the `` poor in spirit '' are the humble and God - fearing . Blessed are they who mourn , for they will be comforted , corresponds to the Gift of Knowledge , as for Augustine the knowledge of God brings both an increased awareness of personal sin , and to some extent grieving at the abandonment of practices and activities that separate one from God . Blessed are the meek , for they will inherit the land , relates to Piety . Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness , for they will be satisfied , pertains to Fortitude . Blessed are the merciful , for they will be shown mercy demonstrates the Gift of Counsel . Blessed are the clean of heart , for they will see God , the Gift of Understanding . Blessed are the peacemakers , for they will be called children of God , Wisdom . Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of heaven . See also ( edit ) Fruit of the Holy Spirit Tree of Jesse Theological virtues Works of mercy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , see Victorinus , Commentarii in Apocalypsim Iohannis 1 , 4 : Septiformem spiritum in Esaia legimus ' ( Esa. , XI , 2 ) , spiritum ' videlicet ' sapientiae et intellectus , consilii et fortitudinis , scientiae et pietatis , spiritum amorem Domini . ' Authors such Augustine , Hilary of Poitiers , and John Cassian all speak of the gifts with familiarity . Jump up ^ Macfarlane , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Researching with Integrity . The Ethics of Academic Enquiry . London : Routledge . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88696 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 20388696 - 8 . The theoretical , intellectual virtues consist of philosophical wisdom ( sophia ) , scientific or empirical knowledge ( episteme ) , and intuitive understanding ( nous ) . In addition to these three is the virtue of practical wisdom . also known as prudence ( phronesis ) and the productive virtues of art , skill , and craft knowledge ( techne ) . Jump up ^ Stump , Eleonore ( 1998 ) . Kretzmann , Norman ; MacDonald , Scott Charles ; Stump , Eleonore , eds . Aquinas ' Moral Theory . Essays in honor of Norman Kretzmann . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 43436 - 5 . ISBN 0 - 80143436 - X . Besides the five intellectual virtues and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit , Aquinas recognizes four other groups of ethical characteristics which are important for his discussion of wisdom . Jump up ^ Walters , Barbara R. ; Corrigan , Vincent Justus ; Ricketts , Peter T. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Feast of Corpus Christi . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State Press . p. 451 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 04831 - 4 . ISBN 0 - 27104831 - X . set grasces : these are the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit , which , in the Middle Ages , were probably codified by Thomas Aquinas ... cf . Isaias 11 : 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , Robin ( 2015 ) . Augustine . Conversions to Confessions . London : Penguin UK . p. 504 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 96548 - 2 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , John ( 2011 ) . Luke 1 - 17 MacArthur New Testament Commentary Set . Chicago : Moody Publishers . pp. 347ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 802 - 48263 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cantalamessa , Raniero ( 2003 ) . Come , Creator Spirit . Meditations on the Veni Creator . Collegeville , Minnesota : Liturgical Press . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814 - 62871 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 81462871 - 0 . The text from which it takes its rise is Isaiah 1 1 : 1 , 3 . In the Hebrew original six gifts are listed , and the last , fear , is mentioned twice : wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude , knowledge , and fear of the Lord . Jump up ^ `` katapi New Study Bible : Parallel Greek English Old Testament '' . Septuagint Compiled from the Translation by Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton , 1851 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 - 3 ( Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon - Mamre ) Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 - 3 ( New International Version ) . Jump up ^ `` Online Greek OT ( Septuagint / LXX ) UTF8 '' . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Isaias 11 : 1 - 3 ( Biblia Sacra Vulgata ) . Jump up ^ Anlezark , Daniel ( 2010 ) . Godden , Malcolm ; Keynes , Simon ; Blackburn , Mark , eds . Anglo - Saxon England ( Volume 38 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19406 - 8 . ISBN 0 - 52119406 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rolle , Richard ( 1988 ) . Jeffrey , David Lyle , ed . English Spirituality in the Age of Wyclif . Vancouver : Regent College Publishing . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 573 - 83185 - 7 . ISBN 1 - 57383185 - 9 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae III , 39 , q. 66 , a6 . The baptizing of Christ . Article 6 . Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove ? Reply to Objection 4 '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Erickson , Millard J. ( 1992 ) . Introducing Christian Doctrine . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 03215 - 8 . ISBN 0 - 80103215 - 6 . 2nd ed. 2001 . Chapter Thirty - `` The work of the Holy Spirit '' ( pp. 275ff . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 02250 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 80102250 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Russell ; Stravinskas , Peter M.J. ( 1998 ) . Our Sunday Visitor 's Catholic Encyclopedia . Huntington , Indiana : Our Sunday Visitor Publishing . p. 457 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 879 - 73669 - 9 . ISBN 0 - 87973669 - 0 . Jump up ^ CCC § 1285 . Jump up ^ CCC § 1831 . Jump up ^ Tanquerey , Adolphe . The Spiritual Life , § § 1348 & 1349 . Jump up ^ Pope , Charles . `` Distinguishing Knowledge , Wisdom and Understanding '' , Community in Mission , July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Pope Francis : gift of counsel illuminates the will of God '' , Catholic News Agency , May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rickaby , John . `` Fortitude . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Gift of knowledge attunes us to vision of God , Pope says '' , Catholic News Agency , May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Delany , Joseph . `` Virtue of Religion . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 1 September 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Piety is embracing God and others with real love , not fake devotion , says Pope CatholicHerald.co.uk '' . CatholicHerald.co.uk. 2014 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Pope : Fear of the Lord an alarm reminding us of what 's right '' , Catholic News Agency , June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae . First Part of the Second Part ( Prima Secundæ Partis ) . Question 68 . The gifts . Article 1 . Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues ? '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae . Second Part of the Second Part ( Secunda Secundæ Partis ) '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Shanley , Brian . Review of Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas by John I. Jenkins . The Thomist 63 ( 1999 ) , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Augustine . `` On the Sermon on the Mount , Book I '' , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , First Series , Vol. 6 . ( William Findlay , trans . ) , ( Philip Schaff , ed . ) ( Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1888 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit at Wikimedia Commons Judaism portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit&oldid=864688448 '' Categories : Catholic theology and doctrine Christian terminology Spiritual gifts Holy Spirit Hidden categories : Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Español Français Hrvatski Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Nederlands Polski Português Shqip 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 20 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit
2. Spiritual gifts
3. Wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord
4. Relationship between the gifts and virtues
5. Connection between the gifts and the Beatitudes
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give a short description of how problem isolation is done
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Troubleshooting - wikipedia Troubleshooting Jump to : navigation , search You might be looking for Wikipedia : Troubleshooting . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Troubleshooting or dépanneuring is a form of problem solving , often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a system . It is a logical , systematic search for the source of a problem in order to solve it , and make the product or process operational again . Troubleshooting is needed to identify the symptoms . Determining the most likely cause is a process of elimination -- eliminating potential causes of a problem . Finally , troubleshooting requires confirmation that the solution restores the product or process to its working state . In general , troubleshooting is the identification or diagnosis of `` trouble '' in the management flow of a corporation or a system caused by a failure of some kind . The problem is initially described as symptoms of malfunction , and troubleshooting is the process of determining and remedying the causes of these symptoms . A system can be described in terms of its expected , desired or intended behavior ( usually , for artificial systems , its purpose ) . Events or inputs to the system are expected to generate specific results or outputs . ( For example , selecting the `` print '' option from various computer applications is intended to result in a hardcopy emerging from some specific device ) . Any unexpected or undesirable behavior is a symptom . Troubleshooting is the process of isolating the specific cause or causes of the symptom . Frequently the symptom is a failure of the product or process to produce any results . ( Nothing was printed , for example ) . Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failures of a similar kind . The methods of forensic engineering are especially useful in tracing problems in products or processes , and a wide range of analytical techniques are available to determine the cause or causes of specific failures . Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failure of a similar kind . Preventative action is possible using failure mode and effects ( FMEA ) and fault tree analysis ( FTA ) before full - scale production , and these methods can also be used for failure analysis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aspects 2 Half - splitting 3 Reproducing symptoms 4 Intermittent symptoms 5 Multiple problems 6 See also 7 References Aspects ( edit ) Usually troubleshooting is applied to something that has suddenly stopped working , since its previously working state forms the expectations about its continued behavior . So the initial focus is often on recent changes to the system or to the environment in which it exists . ( For example , a printer that `` was working when it was plugged in over there '' ) . However , there is a well known principle that correlation does not imply causality . ( For example , the failure of a device shortly after it has been plugged into a different outlet does n't necessarily mean that the events were related . The failure could have been a matter of coincidence . ) Therefore , troubleshooting demands critical thinking rather than magical thinking . It is useful to consider the common experiences we have with light bulbs . Light bulbs `` burn out '' more or less at random ; eventually the repeated heating and cooling of its filament , and fluctuations in the power supplied to it cause the filament to crack or vaporize . The same principle applies to most other electronic devices and similar principles apply to mechanical devices . Some failures are part of the normal wear - and - tear of components in a system . A basic principle in troubleshooting is to start from the simplest and most probable possible problems first . This is illustrated by the old saying `` When you see hoof prints , look for horses , not zebras '' , or to use another maxim , use the KISS principle . This principle results in the common complaint about help desks or manuals , that they sometimes first ask : `` Is it plugged in and does that receptacle have power ? '' , but this should not be taken as an affront , rather it should serve as a reminder or conditioning to always check the simple things first before calling for help . A troubleshooter could check each component in a system one by one , substituting known good components for each potentially suspect one . However , this process of `` serial substitution '' can be considered degenerate when components are substituted without regard to a hypothesis concerning how their failure could result in the symptoms being diagnosed . Simple and intermediate systems are characterized by lists or trees of dependencies among their components or subsystems . More complex systems contain cyclical dependencies or interactions ( feedback loops ) . Such systems are less amenable to `` bisection '' troubleshooting techniques . It also helps to start from a known good state , the best example being a computer reboot . A cognitive walkthrough is also a good thing to try . Comprehensive documentation produced by proficient technical writers is very helpful , especially if it provides a theory of operation for the subject device or system . A common cause of problems is bad design , for example bad human factors design , where a device could be inserted backward or upside down due to the lack of an appropriate forcing function ( behavior - shaping constraint ) , or a lack of error - tolerant design . This is especially bad if accompanied by habituation , where the user just does n't notice the incorrect usage , for instance if two parts have different functions but share a common case so that it is not apparent on a casual inspection which part is being used . Troubleshooting can also take the form of a systematic checklist , troubleshooting procedure , flowchart or table that is made before a problem occurs . Developing troubleshooting procedures in advance allows sufficient thought about the steps to take in troubleshooting and organizing the troubleshooting into the most efficient troubleshooting process . Troubleshooting tables can be computerized to make them more efficient for users . Some computerized troubleshooting services ( such as Primefax , later renamed Maxserve ) , immediately show the top 10 solutions with the highest probability of fixing the underlying problem . The technician can either answer additional questions to advance through the troubleshooting procedure , each step narrowing the list of solutions , or immediately implement the solution he feels will fix the problem . These services give a rebate if the technician takes an additional step after the problem is solved : report back the solution that actually fixed the problem . The computer uses these reports to update its estimates of which solutions have the highest probability of fixing that particular set of symptoms . Half - splitting ( edit ) Efficient methodical troubleshooting starts on with a clear understanding of the expected behavior of the system and the symptoms being observed . From there the troubleshooter forms hypotheses on potential causes , and devises ( or perhaps references a standardized checklist of ) tests to eliminate these prospective causes . This approach is often called `` divide and conquer '' . Two common strategies used by troubleshooters are to check for frequently encountered or easily tested conditions first ( for example , checking to ensure that a printer 's light is on and that its cable is firmly seated at both ends ) . This is often referred to as `` milking the front panel . '' Then , `` bisect '' the system ( for example in a network printing system , checking to see if the job reached the server to determine whether a problem exists in the subsystems `` towards '' the user 's end or `` towards '' the device ) . This latter technique can be particularly efficient in systems with long chains of serialized dependencies or interactions among its components . It is simply the application of a binary search across the range of dependencies and is often referred to as `` half - splitting '' . Reproducing symptoms ( edit ) One of the core principles of troubleshooting is that reproducible problems can be reliably isolated and resolved . Often considerable effort and emphasis in troubleshooting is placed on reproducibility ... on finding a procedure to reliably induce the symptom to occur . Intermittent symptoms ( edit ) Some of the most difficult troubleshooting issues relate to symptoms which occur intermittently . In electronics this often is the result of components that are thermally sensitive ( since resistance of a circuit varies with the temperature of the conductors in it ) . Compressed air can be used to cool specific spots on a circuit board and a heat gun can be used to raise the temperatures ; thus troubleshooting of electronics systems frequently entails applying these tools in order to reproduce a problem . In computer programming race conditions often lead to intermittent symptoms which are extremely difficult to reproduce ; various techniques can be used to force the particular function or module to be called more rapidly than it would be in normal operation ( analogous to `` heating up '' a component in a hardware circuit ) while other techniques can be used to introduce greater delays in , or force synchronization among , other modules or interacting processes . Intermittent issues can be thus defined : An intermittent is a problem for which there is no known procedure to consistently reproduce its symptom . -- Steven Litt , ( 1 ) In particular he asserts that there is a distinction between frequency of occurrence and a `` known procedure to consistently reproduce '' an issue . For example , knowing that an intermittent problem occurs `` within '' an hour of a particular stimulus or event ... but that sometimes it happens in five minutes and other times it takes almost an hour ... does not constitute a `` known procedure '' even if the stimulus does increase the frequency of observable exhibitions of the symptom . Nevertheless , sometimes troubleshooters must resort to statistical methods ... and can only find procedures to increase the symptom 's occurrence to a point at which serial substitution or some other technique is feasible . In such cases , even when the symptom seems to disappear for significantly longer periods , there is a low confidence that the root cause has been found and that the problem is truly solved . Also , tests may be run to stress certain components to determine if those components have failed . Multiple problems ( edit ) Isolating single component failures which cause reproducible symptoms is relatively straightforward . However , many problems only occur as a result of multiple failures or errors . This is particularly true of fault tolerant systems , or those with built - in redundancy . Features which add redundancy , fault detection and failover to a system may also be subject to failure , and enough different component failures in any system will `` take it down . '' Even in simple systems the troubleshooter must always consider the possibility that there is more than one fault . ( Replacing each component , using serial substitution , and then swapping each new component back out for the old one when the symptom is found to persist , can fail to resolve such cases . More importantly the replacement of any component with a defective one can actually increase the number of problems rather than eliminating them ) . Note that , while we talk about `` replacing components '' the resolution of many problems involves adjustments or tuning rather than `` replacement . '' For example , intermittent breaks in conductors -- - or `` dirty or loose contacts '' might simply need to be cleaned and / or tightened . All discussion of `` replacement '' should be taken to mean `` replacement or adjustment or other maintenance . '' See also ( edit ) 5 Whys Bathtub curve Cause and effect Debugging Forensic engineering No Trouble Found Problem solving Root cause analysis RPR Problem Diagnosis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Troubleshooting at your fingertips '' by Nils Conrad Persson . `` Electronics Servicing and Technology '' magazine 1982 June . Jump up ^ `` Hewlett Packard Bench Briefs '' ( PDF ) . Hewlett Packard . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Mike ( Nov 15 , 2000 ) . `` Secrets of a super geek : Use half splitting to solve difficult problems '' . TechRepublic . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~joyoung/trouble/page1.shtml GND : 4016615 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troubleshooting&oldid=804396950 '' Categories : Problem solving Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 19 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Troubleshooting process and techniques
2. Identifying and diagnosing problems
3. Reproducing and resolving symptoms
4. Intermittent issues and their challenges
5. Multiple failures and their impact on troubleshooting
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when did disney start buying land in florida
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Walt Disney World - Wikipedia Walt Disney World Jump to : navigation , search Walt Disney World <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Cinderella Castle , the icon of the Magic Kingdom Industry Theme parks and resorts Founded October 1 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 10 - 01 ) Founders Walt and Roy Disney Headquarters Lake Buena Vista , Florida , U.S. Key people George Kalogridis ( President ) Number of employees 62,000 Parent Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products ( The Walt Disney Company ) Website Official website Walt Disney World Theme parks Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Other attractions Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Resort hotels Walt Disney World Resorts Coordinates : 28 ° 23 ′ 07 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 50 '' W / 28.385233 ° N 81.563874 ° W / 28.385233 ; - 81.563874 The Walt Disney World Resort , commonly known as Walt Disney World , or often just as Disney World , is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista , Florida , near Orlando and Kissimmee , Florida . Opened on October 1 , 1971 , the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products , a division of The Walt Disney Company . It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company . The property covers 27,258 acres ( 43 sq mi ; 110 km ) , featuring four theme parks , two water parks , twenty - seven themed resort hotels , nine non-Disney hotels , several golf courses , a camping resort , and other entertainment venues , including the outdoor shopping center Disney Springs . Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 , the complex was developed by Walt Disney in the 1960s . `` The Florida Project '' , as it was known , was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of attractions . Walt Disney 's original plans also called for the inclusion of an `` Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow '' ( EPCOT ) , a planned community intended to serve as a test bed for new city living innovations . After extensive lobbying , the government of Florida created the Reedy Creek Improvement District , a special government district that essentially gave The Walt Disney Company the standard powers and autonomy of an incorporated city . Walt Disney died on December 15 , 1966 , during construction of the complex . Without Disney spearheading the construction , the company created a resort similar to Disneyland , abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community . Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex , in 1971 , followed by Epcot in 1982 , Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 1989 , and the most recent , Disney 's Animal Kingdom in 1998 . Today , Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world , with an average annual attendance of over 52 million . The resort is the flagship destination of Disney 's worldwide corporate enterprise , and has become a popular staple in American culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Planning and construction 1.1. 1 Conception 1.1. 2 Roy Disney 's oversight of construction 1.2 Recent history 1.3 Timeline 1.4 Future expansion 2 Location 3 Attractions 3.1 Theme parks 3.2 Water parks 3.3 Other attractions 3.4 Golf and recreation 3.5 Former attractions 4 Resorts 4.1 On - site Disney resorts 4.2 On - site non-Disney hotels 4.3 Former resorts 4.4 Proposed resorts 4.5 Never - built resorts 4.6 Disney 's Magical Express 5 Attendance 6 Operations 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Employment 6.3 Corporate culture 6.4 Security 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Planning and construction ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Walt Disney ( left ) with his brother Roy O. Disney ( right ) and then - governor of Florida W. Haydon Burns ( center ) on November 15 , 1965 , publicly announcing the creation of Disney World . In 1959 , Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 . Market surveys at the time revealed that only 5 % of Disneyland 's visitors came from east of the Mississippi River , where 75 % of the population of the United States lived . Additionally , Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland and wanted more control over a larger area of land in the next project . Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando , Florida -- one of many -- in November 1963 . After witnessing the well - developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida 's Turnpike into account , with McCoy Air Force Base ( later Orlando International Airport ) to the east , Disney selected a centrally - located site near Bay Lake . To avoid a burst of land speculation , Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) of land . In May 1965 , some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County . In addition , two large tracts totaling $1.5 million were sold , and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically - named companies such as the `` Ayefour Corporation '' , `` Latin - American Development and Management Corporation '' and the `` Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation '' . Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street , U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom . The smaller parcels of land acquired were called `` outs '' . They were 5 - acre ( 2 ha ) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors . Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land , which was mostly swamp at the time . Another issue was the mineral rights to the land , which were owned by Tufts University . Without the transfer of these rights , Tufts could come in at any time and demand the removal of buildings to obtain minerals . Eventually , Disney 's team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the mineral rights for $15,000 . Working strictly in secrecy , real estate agents unaware of their client 's identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties . The agents were careful not to reveal the extent of their intentions , and they were able to negotiate numerous land contracts with some including large tracts of land for as little as $100 an acre . With the understanding that the recording of the first deeds would trigger intense public scrutiny , Disney delayed the filing of paperwork until a large portion of the land was under contract . Early rumors and speculation about the land purchases assumed possible development by NASA in support of the nearby Kennedy Space Center , as well as references to other famous investors such as Ford , the Rockefellers , and Howard Hughes . An Orlando Sentinel news article published weeks later on May 20 , 1965 , acknowledged a popular rumor that Disney was building an `` East Coast '' version of Disneyland . However , the publication denied its accuracy based on an earlier interview with Disney at Kennedy Space Center , in which he claimed a $50 million investment was in the works for Disneyland , and that he had no interest in building a new park . In October 1965 , editor Emily Bavar from the Sentinel visited Disneyland during the park 's 10th - anniversary celebration . In an interview with Disney , she asked him if he was behind recent land purchases in Central Florida ; Bavar later described that Disney `` looked like I had thrown a bucket of water in his face '' before denying the story . His reaction , combined with other research obtained during her Anaheim visit , led Bavar to author a story on October 21 , 1965 , where she predicted that Disney was building a second theme park in Florida . Three days later after gathering more information from various sources , the Sentinel published another article headlined , `` We Say : ' Mystery Industry ' Is Disney '' . Walt Disney had originally planned to publicly reveal Disney World on November 15 , 1965 , but in light of the Sentinel story , Disney asked Florida Governor Haydon Burns to confirm the story on October 25 . His announcement called the new theme park `` the greatest attraction in the history of Florida '' . The official reveal was kept on the previously - planned November 15 date , and Disney joined Burns in Orlando for the event . Roy Disney 's oversight of construction ( edit ) Roy O. Disney inspecting design plans on - site in Florida . Walt Disney died from circulatory collapse caused by lung cancer on December 15 , 1966 , before his vision was realized . His brother and business partner , Roy O. Disney , postponed his retirement to oversee construction of the resort 's first phase . On February 2 , 1967 , Roy O. Disney held a press conference at the Park Theatres in Winter Park , Florida . The role of EPCOT was emphasized in the film that was played . After the film , it was explained that for Disney World , including EPCOT , to succeed , a special district would have to be formed : the Reedy Creek Improvement District with two cities inside it , Bay Lake and Reedy Creek , now Lake Buena Vista . In addition to the standard powers of an incorporated city , which include the issuance of tax - free bonds , the district would have immunity from any current or future county or state land - use laws . The only areas where the district had to submit to the county and state would be property taxes and elevator inspections . The legislation forming the district and the two cities was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. on May 12 , 1967 . The Supreme Court of Florida then ruled in 1968 that the district was allowed to issue tax - exempt bonds for public projects within the district , despite the sole beneficiary being Walt Disney Productions . The district soon began construction of drainage canals , and Disney built the first roads and the Magic Kingdom . The Contemporary Resort Hotel and Polynesian Village were also completed in time for the park 's opening on October 1 , 1971 . The Palm and Magnolia golf courses near Magic Kingdom had opened a few weeks before , while Fort Wilderness opened a month later . 24 days after the park opened , Roy O. Disney dedicated the property and declared that it would be known as `` Walt Disney World '' in his brother 's honor . In his own words : `` Everyone has heard of Ford cars . But have they all heard of Henry Ford , who started it all ? Walt Disney World is in memory of the man who started it all , so people will know his name as long as Walt Disney World is here . '' After the dedication , Roy Disney asked Walt 's widow , Lillian , what she thought of Walt Disney World . According to biographer Bob Thomas , she responded , `` I think Walt would have approved . '' Roy Disney died at age 78 on December 20 , 1971 , less than three months after the property opened . Admission prices in 1971 were $3.50 for adults , $2.50 for juniors under age 18 , and one dollar for children under twelve . Recent history ( edit ) Much of Walt Disney 's plans for his Progress City were abandoned after his death after the company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city . The concept evolved into the resort 's second theme park , EPCOT Center , which opened in 1982 ( renamed EPCOT in 1996 ) . While still emulating Walt Disney 's original idea of showcasing new technology , the park is closer to a world 's fair than a `` community of tomorrow '' . One of EPCOT 's main attractions is their world 's showcase which highlights 11 countries across the globe . Some of the urban planning concepts from the original idea of EPCOT would instead be integrated into the community of Celebration much later . The resort 's third theme park , Disney - MGM Studios ( renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 2008 ) , opened in 1989 and is inspired by show business . The resort 's fourth theme park , Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened in 1998 . George Kalogridis was named president of the resort in December 2012 , replacing Meg Crofton , who had overseen the site since 2006 . On January 21 , 2016 , the resort 's management structure was changed , with general managers within a theme park being in charge of an area or land , instead of on a functional basis as previously . Theme parks have already had a vice-president overseeing them . Disney Springs and Disney Sports were also affected . Now hotel general managers manage a single hotel instead of some managing multiple hotels . On October 18 , 2017 , it was announced that resort visitors could bring dogs to Disney 's Yacht Club Resort , Disney Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside , Disney 's Art of Animation Resort and Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground . Timeline ( edit ) Some popular Disney characters ( from left to right ) : Goofy , Donald Duck , Mickey Mouse , and Minnie Mouse can be found throughout the resort . ( hide ) Year Event 1965 Walt Disney announces Florida Project 1966 Walt Disney dies of lung cancer at age 65 1967 Construction of Walt Disney World Resort begins 1971 Magic Kingdom Opened Palm and Magnolia Golf Courses Opened Disney 's Contemporary Resort Opened Disney 's Polynesian Resort Opened Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Opened Roy O. Disney dies at age 78 1972 Disney 's Village Resort opens 1973 The Golf Resort opens Discovery Island opens Walt Disney Village Marketplace opens 1976 Disney 's River Country opens 1980 Walt Disney World Conference Center opens 1982 EPCOT Center opens 1986 The Golf Resort is expanded and renamed The Disney Inn Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort opens Disney - MGM Studios opens Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon opens Pleasure Island opens Disney 's Yacht and Beach Club resorts open Walt Disney World Swan opens Walt Disney World Dolphin opens 1991 Disney 's Port Orleans Resort French Quarter opens Disney Vacation Club is launched Disney 's Old Key West Resort opens Disney 's Port Orleans Resort Riverside ( Dixie Landings ) opens Bonnet Creek Golf Club opens Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort and Disney 's All Star Music Resort opens Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens The Disney Inn is Shades of Green 1995 Disney 's Blizzard Beach opens Disney 's Wedding Pavilion opens Walt Disney World Speedway opens EPCOT Center is renamed Epcot Disney Institute opens Disney 's BoardWalk Inn and BoardWalk Villas open Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort opens Disney 's Wide World of Sports Complex opens Downtown Disney West Side opens 1998 Disney 's Animal Kingdom opens DisneyQuest opens 1999 Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort opens Discovery Island closes Hurricane Floyd closes the resort for September 15 . 2000 The Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge opens Disney 's River Country closes September 11 attack causes all parks on property to evacuate early due to national safety concerns . 2002 Disney 's Beach Club Villas opens 2003 Disney 's Pop Century Resort opens Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa opens Hurricane Frances causes the second closure on both Sept. 4 and 5 . Hurricane Jeanne closes the resort for its third time on September 26 . 2007 Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas opens 2008 Disney - MGM Studios is renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2009 Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort opens Treehouse Villas opens 2011 Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort opens 2012 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Phase 1 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2013 The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens 2014 Phase 2 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2015 Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows open Downtown Disney is expanded and renamed Disney Springs 2016 Disney Springs finishes construction Hurricane Matthew forced the resort to close for its fourth time on October 7 . 2017 Pandora -- The World of Avatar opens at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Hurricane Irma forced the resort to close for its fifth time on September 10 and 11 . DisneyQuest closes permanently for the NBA experience Future expansion ( edit ) The resort has a number of expansion projects planned or ongoing , including : Toy Story Land due to open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios on June 30 2018 . This plans to feature various rides and attractions including a Slinky Dog Roller Coaster and the park is Toy Story themed Star Wars Hotel ( opening date to be announced ) Disney Riviera Resort an all new Disney resort opening fall 2019 Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge due to open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 2019 A Tron themed ride at Magic Kingdom due to open in 2021 Expansion at Epcot including new attractions related to Guardians of the Galaxy and Ratatouille due to open by the end of 2021 Disney Skyliner , a new gondola lift style transportation system . Select cabins will feature iconic Disney characters on the exterior and will transport guests across Disney property Location ( edit ) Map of the resort as of May 2015 One of four arches welcoming guests to the resort . The Florida resort is not within Orlando city limits but is southwest of Downtown Orlando . Much of the resort is in southwestern Orange County , with the remainder in adjacent Osceola County . The property includes the cities of Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake which are governed by the Reedy Creek Improvement District . The site is accessible from Central Florida 's Interstate 4 via Exits 62B ( World Drive ) , 64B ( US 192 West ) , 65B ( Osceola Parkway West ) , 67B ( SR 536 West ) , and 68 ( SR 535 North ) , and Exit 8 on SR 429 , the Western Expressway . At its founding , the park occupied approximately 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) . Portions of the property have since been sold or de-annexed , including land now occupied by the Disney - built community of Celebration . Now the resort occupies 27,258 acres ( 43 sq mi ; 110 km ) , about the size of San Francisco , or twice the size of Manhattan . Attractions ( edit ) Further information : List of Walt Disney World Resort attractions Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom Spaceship Earth at Epcot The Chinese Theatre at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Tree of Life at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Theme parks ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , opened October 1 , 1971 Epcot , opened October 1 , 1982 Disney 's Hollywood Studios , opened May 1 , 1989 Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened April 22 , 1998 Water parks ( edit ) Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon , opened June 1 , 1989 Disney 's Blizzard Beach , opened April 1 , 1995 Other attractions ( edit ) The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Typhoon Lagoon , one of two waterparks at the resort View of Disney Springs Multiple resorts across Disney property offer a variety of spa treatments including Disney 's Grand Floridian and Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort Disney 's Boardwalk is located outside of their Boardwalk Inn and is a quarter - mile of shopping , entertainment , dining , and nightlife options that are fun for a variety of ages EPCOT has annual festivals that run for limited amounts of time throughout the year like the EPCOT Flower and Garden Festival , EPCOT Festival of the Arts , and the EPCOT Food and Wine Festival Disney does special ticketed events throughout the year including the Mickey 's Not So Scary Halloween Party , which usually runs late August through October , and Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party Disney Springs , opened March 22 , 1975 ( Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village , Disney Village Marketplace , and Downtown Disney ) Disney 's Wedding Pavilion , opened July 15 , 1995 ESPN Wide World of Sports , opened March 28 , 1997 Golf and recreation ( edit ) Disney 's property includes four golf courses . The three 18 - hole golf courses are Disney 's Palm ( 4.5 stars ) , Disney 's Magnolia ( 4 stars ) , and Disney 's Lake Buena Vista ( 4 stars ) . There is also a nine - hole walking course ( no electric carts allowed ) called Oak Trail , designed for young golfers . The Magnolia and Palm courses played home to the PGA Tour 's Children 's Miracle Network Hospitals Classic . Arnold Palmer Golf Management manages the Disney golf courses . Additionally , there are two themed miniature golf complexes , each with two courses , Fantasia Gardens and Winter Summerland . The two courses at Fantasia Gardens are Fantasia Garden and Fantasia Fairways . The Garden course is a traditional miniature - style course based on the `` Fantasia '' movies with musical holes , water fountains and characters . Fantasia Fairways is a traditional golf course on miniature scale having water hazards and sand traps . The two courses at Winter Summerland are Summer and Winter , both themed around Santa . Summer is the more challenging of the two 18 - hole courses . Former Attractions ( edit ) Discovery Island -- an island in Bay Lake that was home to many species of animals and birds . It opened on April 8 , 1974 , and closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney 's River Country -- the first water park at the Walt Disney World Resort . It opened on June 20 , 1976 , and closed on November 2 , 2001 . Walt Disney World Speedway -- a racetrack at Walt Disney World and included the Richard Petty Driving Experience . It opened November 28 , 1995 , and closed on August 9 , 2015 . DisneyQuest -- an indoor interactive theme park that featured many arcade games and virtual attractions . It opened June 19 , 1998 as part of an unsuccessful attempt to launch a chain of similar theme parks . It closed on July 2 , 2017 to be replaced by the NBA Experience . La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil -- opened December 23 , 1998 , and closed after December 31 , 2017 . Resorts ( edit ) See also : Category : Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort Of the thirty - four resorts and hotels on the Walt Disney World property , twenty - eight are owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products . These are classified into four categories -- Deluxe , Moderate , Value , and Disney Vacation Club Villas -- and are located in one of five resort areas : the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Wide World of Sports , Animal Kingdom , or Disney Springs resort areas . While all of the Deluxe resort hotels have achieved an AAA Four Diamond rating , Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa is considered the highest tier flagship luxury resort on the Walt Disney World Resort complex . On - site Disney resorts ( edit ) Name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Resort Area <Th_colspan="5"> Deluxe resorts Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge April 16 , 2001 African Wildlife preserve 1,307 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Resort November 19 , 1990 Newport Beach cottage 576 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Inn July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic and Ocean City 378 Disney 's Contemporary Resort October 1 , 1971 Modern 655 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa July 1 , 1988 Early 20th Century Florida 867 Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort October 1 , 1971 South Seas 492 Disney 's Wilderness Lodge May 28 , 1994 Pacific Northwest , National Park Service rustic 729 Disney 's Yacht Club Resort November 5 , 1990 Martha 's Vineyard Resort 621 Epcot <Th_colspan="5"> Moderate resorts Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort October 1 , 1988 Caribbean Islands 2,112 Epcot Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort August 1 , 1997 Mexico , American Southwest 1,915 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- French Quarter May 17 , 1991 New Orleans French Quarter 1,008 Disney Springs Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside February 2 , 1992 Antebellum South 2,048 <Th_colspan="5"> Value resorts Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort January 15 , 1999 Disney films 1,920 Animal Kingdom Disney 's All - Star Music Resort November 22 , 1994 Music 1,604 Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort April 24 , 1994 Sports 1,920 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort May 31 , 2012 Disney and Pixar animated films 1,984 Wide World of Sports Disney 's Pop Century Resort December 14 , 2003 20th Century American pop culture 2,880 <Th_colspan="5"> Disney Vacation Club Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort August 4 , 2009 Modern 428 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas August 15 , 2007 African safari lodge 708 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Villas July 1 , 2002 Newport resort 282 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Villas July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic City 530 Disney 's Old Key West Resort December 20 , 1991 Early 20th Century Key West 761 Disney Springs Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows April 1 , 2015 South Seas 380 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa May 17 , 2004 1880s Upstate New York resort 1,320 Disney Springs The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa October 23 , 2013 Early 20th Century Florida 147 Magic Kingdom Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge November 15 , 2000 Pacific Northwest 181 Copper Creek Villas and Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge July 17 , 2017 Pacific Northwest 184 Disney Riviera Resort Fall 2019 Riviera 300 Epcot <Th_colspan="5"> Cabins and campgrounds Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground November 19 , 1971 Rustic Woods Camping 800 campsites 409 cabins Magic Kingdom <Th_colspan="5"> Residential areas Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort Fall 2011 Varies 450 homes Magic Kingdom The Grand Floridian Resort & Spa , Walt Disney World 's flagship resort Disney 's Polynesian Resort , a deluxe level resort Caribbean Beach Resort , the first moderate resort at Walt Disney World Fort Wilderness , Disney 's campground and cabin resort Disney 's All Star Movies Resort , one of five value resorts On - site non-Disney hotels ( edit ) Hotel name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Owner Area Best Western Lake Buena Vista Resort Hotel November 21 , 1972 None 325 Drury Hotels Hotel Plaza Boulevard , close to Disney Springs Doubletree Guest Suite Resort March 15 , 1987 229 Hilton Hotels Corporation Wyndham Lake Buena Vista October 15 , 1972 626 Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Hilton Walt Disney World November 23 , 1983 787 Hilton Hotels Corporation Holiday Inn in the Walt Disney World Resort February 8 , 1973 323 InterContinental Hotels Group B Resort October 1 , 1972 394 B Hotels & Resorts Buena Vista Palace Resort & Spa March 10 , 1983 1,014 Hilton Hotels Corporation Four Seasons Orlando at Walt Disney World Resort August 3 , 2014 450 Four Seasons Magic Kingdom Bonnet Creek Resort Various Various , 3,000 total Hilton Worldwide , Wyndham Worldwide Epcot Walt Disney World Dolphin June 1 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 1509 Sheraton Walt Disney World Swan January 13 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 756 Westin Shades of Green February 1 , 1994 Upscale Country Club 586 United States Department of Defense Magic Kingdom Shades of Green Resort , owned and operated by the United States Military The Walt Disney World Dolphin The Walt Disney World Swan The Hilton at Walt Disney World , located at Hotel Plaza Boulevard Former resorts ( edit ) The Golf Resort -- Became The Disney Inn , and later became Shades of Green . Disney 's Village Resort -- Became the Villas at Disney Institute and then Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa . The `` Tree House '' Villas were decommissioned for a time because they were not accessible to disabled guests . Until early 2008 , they were used for International Program Cast Member housing . In February 2008 , Disney submitted plans to the South Florida Water Management District to replace the 60 existing villas with 60 new villas . The Treehouse Villas opened during the summer of 2009 . Celebration -- a town designed and built by Disney , now managed by a resident - run association . Lake Buena Vista -- Disney originally intended this area to become a complete community with multiple residences , shopping , and offices , but transformed the original homes into hotel lodging in the 1970s , which were demolished in the early 2000s to build Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa ) Proposed resorts ( edit ) Star Wars Hotel -- planned to be built just outside of the under - construction Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge land of Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park planning to open in 2019 . Never - built resorts ( edit ) Disney 's Asian Resort Disney 's Persian Resort Disney 's Venetian Resort Disney 's Mediterranean Resort Fort Wilderness Junction Disney 's Magical Express ( edit ) Main article : Disney 's Magical Express Guests with a Disney Resort reservation ( excluding the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin ) that arrive at Orlando International Airport can be transported to their resort from the airport using the complimentary Disney Magical Express service , which is operated by Mears Destination Services . Guests can also have their bags picked up and transported to their resort for them through a contract with BAGS Incorporated on participating airlines . Many resorts feature Airline Check - in counters for guests returning to the airport . Here their bags will be checked all the way through to their final destination and they can also have boarding passes printed for them . Some participating airlines are Delta , United , American , Jet Blue , and Alaska Airlines . Attendance ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , the world 's most visited theme park In 2014 , the resort 's four theme parks all ranked in the top 8 on the list of the 25 most visited theme parks in the world ; ( 1st ) Magic Kingdom - 19,332,000 visitors , ( 6th ) Epcot - 11,454,000 visitors , ( 7th ) Disney 's Animal Kingdom - 10,402,000 visitors , and ( 8th ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios - 10,312,000 visitors . Year Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Overall Ref . 2008 17,063,000 10,935,000 9,608,000 9,540,000 47,146,000 2009 17,233,000 10,990,000 9,700,000 9,590,000 47,513,000 16,972,000 10,825,000 9,603,000 9,686,000 47,086,000 2011 17,142,000 10,826,000 9,699,000 9,783,000 47,450,000 2012 17,536,000 11,063,000 9,912,000 9,998,000 48,509,000 2013 18,588,000 11,229,000 10,110,000 10,198,000 50,125,000 2014 19,332,000 11,454,000 10,312,000 10,402,000 51,500,000 2015 20,492,000 11,798,000 10,828,000 10,922,000 54,040,000 2016 20,395,000 11,712,000 10,776,000 10,844,000 53,727,000 <Th_colspan="5"> Total overall 1,347,096,000 Operations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transportation ( edit ) The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transport across the resort . The Walt Disney World Resort is serviced by Disney Transport , a complimentary mass transportation system allowing guest access across the property . The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transportation at Walt Disney World . Guests can aboard the monorail from select on property resorts including The Grand Floridian and The Polynesian . The system operates on three routes that interconnect at the Transportation and Ticket Center ( TTC ) , adjacent to the Magic Kingdom 's parking lot . A fleet of Disney - operated buses on property , branded Disney Transport , is also complimentary for guests . Disney Transport also operates a fleet of watercraft , ranging in size from water taxis , up to the ferries that connect the Magic Kingdom to the Transportation and Ticket Center . Disney Transport is also responsible for maintaining the fleet of parking lot trams that are used for shuttling visitors between the various theme park parking lots and their respective main entrances . Walt Disney World previously had its own small airport : the Walt Disney World Airport which was also known as the Lake Buena Vista STOLport . During the early 1970s , scheduled passenger service was operated by Shawnee Airlines with small de Havilland Canada DHC - 6 Twin Otter commuter turboprops which had STOL ( short take off and landing ) capabilities on flights to Tampa and Orlando . The airport is no longer in operation . Employment ( edit ) When the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971 , the site employed about 5,500 `` cast members '' . Today , Walt Disney World employs more than 74,000 cast members , spending more than $1.2 billion on payroll and $474 million on benefits each year . The largest single - site employer in the United States , Walt Disney World has more than 3,700 job classifications . The resort also sponsors and operates the Walt Disney World College Program , an internship program that offers American college students ( CP 's ) the opportunity to live about 15 miles ( 24 km ) off - site in four Disney - owned apartment complexes and work at the resort , and thereby provides much of the theme park and resort `` front line '' cast members . There is also the Walt Disney World International College Program , an internship program that offers international college students ( ICP 's ) from all over the world the same opportunity . Corporate culture ( edit ) Walt Disney World 's corporate culture uses jargon based on theatrical terminology . For example , park visitors are always `` guests '' , employees are called `` cast members '' , rides are `` attractions '' or `` adventures '' , cast members costumed as famous Disney characters in a way that does not cover their faces are known as `` face characters '' , jobs are `` roles '' , and public and nonpublic areas are respectively labeled `` onstage '' and `` backstage '' . Security ( edit ) Disney 's security personnel are generally dressed in typical security guard uniforms , though some of the personnel are dressed as tourists in plain clothes . Since September 11 , 2001 , uniformed security has been stationed just outside each Disney park in Florida to search guests ' bags as they enter the parks . Disney Security Vehicle , picture taken July 2 , 2009 in front of Epcot The land where Walt Disney World resides is part of the Reedy Creek Improvement District ( RCID ) , a governing jurisdiction created in 1967 by the State of Florida at the request of Disney . RCID provides 911 services , fire , environmental protection , building code enforcement , utilities and road maintenance but does not provide law enforcement services . The approximately 800 security staff are instead considered employees of the Walt Disney Company . Arrests and citations are issued by the Florida Highway Patrol along with the Orange County and Osceola County sheriffs deputies who patrol the roads . Disney security does maintain a fleet of security vans equipped with flares , traffic cones , and chalk commonly used by police officers . These security personnel are charged with traffic control by the RCID and may only issue personnel violation notices to Disney and RCID employees , not the general public . Despite the appearance of the uniformed security personnel , they are not considered a legal law enforcement agency . Disney and The Reedy Creek Improvement District were sued for access to Disney Security records by Bob and Kathy Sipkema following the death of their son at the resort in 1994 . The court characterized Disney security as a `` night watchman '' service not a law enforcement agency and was not subject to Florida 's open records laws . An appeals court later upheld the lower court 's ruling . In late 2015 , Disney confirmed the addition of randomized secondary screenings and dogs trained to detect body - worn explosives within parks , in addition to metal detectors at entrances . It has also increased the number of uniformed security personnel at Walt Disney World and Disneyland properties . Disney Security personnel in Florida have investigated traffic accidents and issued accident reports . The forms used by Disney Security may be confused with official , government forms by some . The Orange County Sheriff maintains an office on Disney property , but this is primarily to process guests accused of shoplifting by Disney security personnel . See also ( edit ) Walt Disney World Company Walt Disney Travel Company Walt Disney World Hospitality and Recreation Corporation Disney College Program Incidents at Walt Disney World Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Walt Disney World Casting Center The Walt Disney World Explorer Walt Disney World International Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Telling , Gillian. `` 10 crazy things you never knew about Walt Disney World '' . Today . NBC . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Popular Theme Parks in the World '' . uscitytraveler.com . US City Traveler . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fogleson , Richard E. ( 2003 ) . Married to the Mouse . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09828 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mannheim , Steve ( 2002 ) . Walt Disney and the Quest for Community . Aldershot , Hampshire , England : Ashgate Publishing Limited . pp. 68 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 1974 - 5 . Jump up ^ Koenig , David ( 2007 ) . Realityland : True - Life Adventures at Walt Disney World . Irvine , CA : Bonaventure Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9640605 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Assembled Cast Of Buyers To Amass Land Stage For Kingdom '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Andrews ( August 6 , 2000 ) . `` Disney Pulled Strings So Mouse Moved In With Barely A Squeak '' . orlandosentinel.com . Tribune Newspapers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1994 ) . Walt Disney - An American Original . p. 357 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney World Florida opens next Friday '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . UPI . September 27 , 1971 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney World opens Florida gates '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . California . UPI . October 2 , 1971 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Backstage brain Roy Disney dies '' . St. Petersburg Independent . Florida . Associated Press . December 21 , 1971 . p. 10 - A . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Walt Disney World announces management reorganization '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trejos , Nancy . `` Dogs now welcome at Disney World resorts '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney World closes for just fourth time ever as Hurricane Matthew nears '' . cnbc.com . CNBC . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma causes Disney World to close for sixth time in nearly 50 years '' . Fox News . September 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We Have More Information About the Disney Skyliner Transportation System Coming to Walt Disney World '' . Oh My Disney . 2017 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Press Release on Resort Landscape Facts ( 2008 ) Walt Disney World News Jump up ^ `` Disney 's BoardWalk '' . Walt Disney World . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Springs : The story behind Disney World 's former Downtown Disney '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Garcia ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Disney golf : Disney World to turn its golf courses over to Arnold Palmer '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Susan B. ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Putt putt your way across the USA '' . Detroit Free Press . USA TODAY . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Emily . `` Walt Disney World Mini Golf '' . USA Today . studioD . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandra Pedicini ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` DisneyQuest closing at Downtown Disney '' . orlandosentinel.com . Tribune Newspapers . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ; Palm , Matthew J. `` Cirque du Soleil 's ' La Nouba ' to close at Disney '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Floridian Construction Project '' . Laughing Place . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse Villas To Be Replaced By New Treehouses At Walt Disney World '' . Netcot.com . February 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Magic Kingdom Tops The List Of The 25 Most Visited Theme Parks In The World '' . dwtickets.com . OrlandoTastic . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2008 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2009 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2010 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2011 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2012 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2013 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association / AECOM. 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Judith ; Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Beth ; Cheu , Linda ; Elsea , Daniel ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Lock , Jodie ; Linford , Sarah ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Pincus , Jeff ; Robinett , John ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , Will ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris . `` TEA / AECOM 2014 Theme Index & Museum Index : The Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association ( TEA ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Bet ; Chen , Bryan ; Cheu , Linda ; Fischer , Lucia ; Hoffman , Marina ; Kondaurova , Olga ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Li , Shaojin ; Linford , Sarah ; Marling , George ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Robinett , John ; Rubin , Judith ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , William ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` TEA / AECOM 2016 Theme Index & Museum Index : Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Airlines ( International ) system timetable June 15 , 1972 timetableimages.com Jump up ^ Eastern Air Lines system timetable , Air Commuter Service section Sept. 6 , 1972 departedflights.com Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Grand Opening '' . www.thisdayindisneyhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Disney donates $1 million to help those affected by Orlando massacre '' . 7 News Miami . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Profile '' . Hospitality Online . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Rich ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` How Walt Disney 's Love of Trains Changed the World '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sehlinger , Bob ; Testa , Len ( 2014 ) . The Unofficial Guide to Walt Disney World 2014 . Birmingham , AL : Keen Communications . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781628090000 . ^ Jump up to : Mohney , Chris ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Irreverent Guide to Walt Disney World . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley Publishing , Inc. p. 115 . ISBN 9780470089880 . Jump up ^ Foglesong , Richard E. ( 2003 ) . Married to the Mouse . Yale University Press , . pp. 69,139 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09828 - 6 . Jump up ^ Southern Reporter . Second Series . Alabama . Supreme Court , Alabama . Court of Appeals , Florida . Supreme Court , Louisiana . Courts of Appeal , Louisiana . Supreme Court , Florida . District Court of Appeals , Mississippi . Supreme Court . West Pub. Co . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Pastor , James F. ( 2006 ) . Security Law and Methods . Butterworth - Heinemann , . pp. 505 -- 512 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7994 - 8 . Jump up ^ Louissant , Moise . `` The Walt Disney Company : A Case Study in Private Security Trends '' . Fast Guard Service . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter ; Rochelle Schweizer ( 1998 ) . Disney : The Mouse Betrayed : Greed , Corruption , and Children at Risk . Regnery Publishing . pp. 65 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 387 - 4 . 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how did the constellation aquarius get its name
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Aquarius ( constellation ) - wikipedia Aquarius ( constellation ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) at 06 : 38 , 8 July 2017 ( Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 4 ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 06 : 38 , 8 July 2017 by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) ( Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 4 ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search For the sun sign , see Aquarius ( astrology ) . Aquarius <Td_colspan="2"> Constellation <Td_colspan="2"> List of stars in Aquarius Abbreviation Aqr Genitive Aquarii Pronunciation / əˈkwɛəriəs / , genitive / əˈkwɛəriaɪ / Symbolism the Water - Bearer Right ascension 20 38 19.1706 -- 23 56 23.5355 Declination 03.3256676 ° -- − 24.9040413 ° Area 980 sq. deg . ( 10th ) Main stars 10 , 22 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 97 Stars with planets 12 Stars brighter than 3.00 2 Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) 7 Brightest star β Aqr ( Sadalsuud ) ( 2.91 ) Messier objects 3 Meteor showers March Aquariids Eta Aquariids Delta Aquariids Iota Aquariids Bordering constellations Pisces Pegasus Equuleus Delphinus Aquila Capricornus Piscis Austrinus Sculptor Cetus <Td_colspan="2"> Visible at latitudes between + 65 ° and − 90 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of October . Aquarius is a constellation of the zodiac , situated between Capricornus and Pisces . Its name is Latin for `` water - carrier '' or `` cup - carrier '' , and its symbol is ( Unicode ♒ ) , a representation of water . Aquarius is one of the oldest of the recognized constellations along the zodiac ( the Sun 's apparent path ) . It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy , and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations . It is found in a region often called the Sea due to its profusion of constellations with watery associations such as Cetus the whale , Pisces the fish , and Eridanus the river . At apparent magnitude 2.9 , Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in the constellation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and mythology 1.1 Depictions 1.2 In Eastern astronomy 2 Features 2.1 Stars 2.2 Planetary systems 2.3 Deep sky objects 2.4 Meteor showers 3 Astrology 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History and mythology ( edit ) Aquarius is identified as GU.LA `` The Great One '' in the Babylonian star catalogues and represents the god Ea himself , who is commonly depicted holding an overflowing vase . The Babylonian star - figure appears on entitlement stones and cylinder seals from the second millennium . It contained the winter solstice in the Early Bronze Age . In Old Babylonian astronomy , Ea was the ruler of the southernmost quarter of the Sun 's path , the `` Way of Ea '' , corresponding to the period of 45 days on either side of winter solstice . Aquarius was also associated with the destructive floods that the Babylonians regularly experienced , and thus was negatively connoted . In Ancient Egypt astronomy , Aquarius was associated with the annual flood of the Nile ; the banks were said to flood when Aquarius put his jar into the river , beginning spring . In the Greek tradition , the constellation came to be represented simply as a single vase from which a stream poured down to Piscis Austrinus . The name in the Hindu zodiac is likewise kumbha `` water - pitcher '' . In Greek mythology , Aquarius is sometimes associated with Deucalion , the son of Prometheus who built a ship with his wife Pyrrha to survive an imminent flood . They sailed for nine days before washing ashore on Mount Parnassus . Aquarius is also sometimes identified with beautiful Ganymede , a youth in Greek mythology and the son of Trojan king Tros , who was taken to Mount Olympus by Zeus to act as cup - carrier to the gods . Neighboring Aquila represents the eagle , under Zeus ' command , that snatched the young boy ; some versions of the myth indicate that the eagle was in fact Zeus transformed . An alternative version of the tale recounts Ganymede 's kidnapping by the goddess of the dawn , Eos , motivated by her affection for young men ; Zeus then stole him from Eos and employed him as cup - bearer . Yet another figure associated with the water bearer is Cecrops I , a king of Athens who sacrificed water instead of wine to the gods . Depictions ( edit ) A representation of Aquarius printed in 1825 as part of Urania 's Mirror ( including a now - obsolete constellation , Ballon Aerostatique south of it ) In the first century , Ptolemy 's Almagest established the common Western depiction of Aquarius . His water jar , an asterism itself , consists of Gamma , Pi , Eta , and Zeta Aquarii ; it pours water in a stream of more than 20 stars terminating with Fomalhaut , now assigned solely to Piscis Austrinus . The water bearer 's head is represented by 5th magnitude 25 Aquarii while his left shoulder is Beta Aquarii ; his right shoulder and forearm are represented by Alpha and Gamma Aquarii respectively . In eastern astronomy ( edit ) In Chinese astronomy , the stream of water flowing from the Water Jar was depicted as the `` Army of Yu - Lin '' ( Yu - lin - kiun or Yulinjun ) . The name `` Yu - lin '' means `` feathers and forests '' , referring to the numerous light - footed soldiers from the northern reaches of the empire represented by these faint stars . The constellation 's stars were the most numerous of any Chinese constellation , numbering 45 , the majority of which were located in modern Aquarius . The celestial army was protected by the wall Leibizhen , which counted Iota , Lambda , Phi , and Sigma Aquarii among its 12 stars . 88 , 89 , and 98 Aquarii represent Fou - youe , the axes used as weapons and for hostage executions . Also in Aquarius is Loui - pi - tchin , the ramparts that stretch from 29 and 27 Piscium and 33 and 30 Aquarii through Phi , Lambda , Sigma , and Iota Aquarii to Delta , Gamma , Kappa , and Epsilon Capricorni . Near the border with Cetus , the axe Fuyue was represented by three stars ; its position is disputed and may have instead been located in Sculptor . Tienliecheng also has a disputed position ; the 13 - star castle replete with ramparts may have possessed Nu and Xi Aquarii but may instead have been located south in Piscis Austrinus . The Water Jar asterism was seen to the ancient Chinese as the tomb , Fenmu . Nearby , the emperors ' mausoleum Xiuliang stood , demarcated by Kappa Aquarii and three other collinear stars . Ku ( `` crying '' ) and Qi ( `` weeping '' ) , each composed of two stars , were located in the same region . Three of the Chinese lunar mansions shared their name with constellations . Nu , also the name for the 10th lunar mansion , was a handmaiden represented by Epsilon , Mu , 3 , and 4 Aquarii . The 11th lunar mansion shared its name with the constellation Xu ( `` emptiness '' ) , formed by Beta Aquarii and Alpha Equulei ; it represented a bleak place associated with death and funerals . Wei , the rooftop and 12th lunar mansion , was a V - shaped constellation formed by Alpha Aquarii , Theta Pegasi , and Epsilon Pegasi ; it shared its name with two other Chinese constellations , in modern - day Scorpius and Aries . Features ( edit ) The constellation Aquarius as it can be seen by the naked eye See also : List of stars in Aquarius Stars ( edit ) Despite both its prominent position on the zodiac and its large size , Aquarius has no particularly bright stars , its four brightest stars being less than magnitude 2 . However , recent research has shown that there are several stars lying within its borders that possess planetary systems . The two brightest stars , Alpha and Beta Aquarii , are luminous yellow supergiants , of spectral types G0Ib and G2Ib respectively , that were once hot blue - white B - class main sequence stars 5 to 9 times as massive as the Sun . The two are also moving through space perpendicular to the plane of the Milky Way . Just shading Alpha , Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in Aquarius with an apparent magnitude of 2.91 . It also has the proper name of Sadalsuud . Having cooled and swollen to around 50 times the Sun 's diameter , it is around 2200 times as luminous as the Sun . It is around 6.4 times as massive as the Sun and around 56 million years old . Sadalsuud is 540 ± 20 light - years from Earth . Alpha Aquarii , also known as Sadalmelik , has an apparent magnitude of 2.94 . It is 520 ± 20 light - years distant from Earth , and is around 6.5 times as massive as the Sun and 3000 times as luminous . It is 53 million years old . Gamma Aquarii , also called Sadachbia , is a white main sequence star of spectral type star of spectral type A0V that is between 158 and 315 million years old and is around two and a half times the Sun 's mass , and double its radius . Of magnitude 3.85 , it is 164 ± 9 light years away . It has a luminosity of 50 L. The name Sadachbia comes from the Arabic for `` lucky stars of the tents '' , sa 'd al - akhbiya . δ Aquarii , also known as Scheat or Skat , is a blue - white A2 spectral type star of magnitude 3.27 and luminosity of 105 L . ε Aquarii , also known as Albali , is a blue - white A1 spectral type star with an apparent magnitude of 3.77 , an absolute magnitude of 1.2 , and a luminosity of 28 L . ζ Aquarii is an F2 spectral type double star ; both stars are white . Overall , it appears to be of magnitude 3.6 and luminosity of 50 L. The primary has a magnitude of 4.53 and the secondary a magnitude of 4.31 , but both have an absolute magnitude of 0.6 . Its orbital period is 760 years ; the two components are currently moving farther apart . θ Aquarii , sometimes called Ancha , is a G8 spectral type star with an apparent magnitude of 4.16 and an absolute magnitude of 1.4 . λ Aquarii , also called Hudoor or Ekchusis , is an M2 spectral type star of magnitude 3.74 and luminosity of 120 L . ξ Aquarii , also called Bunda , is an A7 spectral type star with an apparent magnitude of 4.69 and an absolute magnitude of 2.4 . π Aquarii , also called Seat , is a B0 spectral type star with an apparent magnitude of 4.66 and an absolute magnitude of - 4.1 . Planetary systems ( edit ) Twelve exoplanet systems have been found in Aquarius as of 2013 . Gliese 876 , one of the nearest stars to Earth at a distance of 15 light - years , was the first red dwarf star to be found to possess a planetary system . It is orbited by four planets , including one terrestrial planet 6.6 times the mass of Earth . The planets vary in orbital period from 2 days to 124 days . 91 Aquarii is an orange giant star orbited by one planet , 91 Aquarii b . The planet 's mass is 2.9 times the mass of Jupiter , and its orbital period is 182 days . Gliese 849 is a red dwarf star orbited by the first known long - period Jupiter - like planet , Gliese 849 b . The planet 's mass is 0.99 times that of Jupiter and its orbital period is 1,852 days . There are also less - prominent systems in Aquarius . WASP - 6 , a type G8 star of magnitude 12.4 , is host to one exoplanet , WASP - 6 b . The star is 307 parsecs from Earth and has a mass of 0.888 solar masses and a radius of 0.87 solar radii . WASP - 6 b was discovered in 2008 by the transit method . It orbits its parent star every 3.36 days at a distance of 0.042 astronomical units ( AU ) . It is 0.503 Jupiter masses but has a proportionally larger radius of 1.224 Jupiter radii . HD 206610 , a K0 star located 194 parsecs from Earth , is host to one planet , HD 206610 b . The host star is larger than the Sun ; more massive at 1.56 solar masses and larger at 6.1 solar radii . The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method in 2010 and has a mass of 2.2 Jupiter masses . It orbits every 610 days at a distance of 1.68 AU . Much closer to its sun is WASP - 47 b , which orbits every 4.15 days only 0.052 AU from its sun , yellow dwarf ( G9V ) WASP - 47 . WASP - 47 is close in size to the Sun , having a radius of 1.15 solar radii and a mass even closer at 1.08 solar masses . WASP - 47 b was discovered in 2011 by the transit method , like WASP - 6 b . It is slightly larger than Jupiter with a mass of 1.14 Jupiter masses and a radius of 1.15 Jupiter masses . There are several more single - planet systems in Aquarius . HD 210277 , a magnitude 6.63 yellow star located 21.29 parsecs from Earth , is host to one known planet : HD 210277 b . The 1.23 Jupiter mass planet orbits at nearly the same distance as Earth orbits the Sun - 1.1 AU , though its orbital period is significantly longer at around 442 days . HD 210277 b was discovered earlier than most of the other planets in Aquarius , detected by the radial velocity method in 1998 . The star it orbits resembles the Sun beyond their similar spectral class ; it has a radius of 1.1 solar radii and a mass of 1.09 solar masses . HD 212771 b , a larger planet at 2.3 Jupiter masses , orbits host star HD 212771 at a distance of 1.22 AU . The star itself , barely below the threshold of naked - eye visibility at magnitude 7.6 , is a G8IV ( yellow subgiant ) star located 131 parsecs from Earth . Though it has a similar mass to the Sun - 1.15 solar masses - it is significantly less dense with its radius of 5 solar radii . Its lone planet was discovered in 2010 by the radial velocity method , like several other exoplanets in the constellation . As of 2013 , there were only two known multiple - planet systems within the bounds of Aquarius : the Gliese 876 and HD 215152 systems . The former is quite prominent ; the latter has only two planets and has a host star farther away at 21.5 parsecs . The HD 215152 system consists of the planets HD 215152 b and HD 215152 c orbiting their K0 - type , magnitude 8.13 sun . Both discovered in 2011 by the radial velocity method , the two tiny planets orbit very close to their host star . HD 215152 c is the larger at 0.0097 Jupiter masses ( still significantly larger than the Earth , which weighs in at 0.00315 Jupiter masses ) ; its smaller sibling is barely smaller at 0.0087 Jupiter masses . The error in the mass measurements ( 0.0032 and 0.0049 M respectively ) is large enough to make this discrepancy statistically insignificant . HD 215152 c also orbits further from the star than HD 215152 b , 0.0852 AU compared to 0.0652 . On 23 February 2017 , NASA announced that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST - 1 in Aquarius has seven Earth - like rocky planets . Of these , three are in the system 's habitable zone , and may contain water . The discovery of the TRAPPIST - 1 system is seen by astronomers as a significant step toward finding life beyond Earth . Deep sky objects ( edit ) The green bean galaxy J2240 lies in the constellation of Aquarius Because of its position away from the galactic plane , the majority of deep - sky objects in Aquarius are galaxies , globular clusters , and planetary nebulae . Aquarius contains three deep sky objects that are in the Messier catalog : the globular clusters Messier 2 , Messier 72 , and the open cluster Messier 73 . Two well - known planetary nebulae are also located in Aquarius : the Saturn Nebula ( NGC 7009 ) , to the southeast of μ Aquarii ; and the famous Helix Nebula ( NGC 7293 ) , southwest of δ Aquarii . M2 , also catalogued as NGC 7089 , is a rich globular cluster located approximately 37,000 light - years from Earth . At magnitude 6.5 , it is viewable in small - aperture instruments , but a 100 mm aperture telescope is needed to resolve any stars . M72 , also catalogued as NGC 6981 , is a small 9th magnitude globular cluster located approximately 56,000 light - years from Earth . M73 , also catalogued as NGC 6994 , is an open cluster with highly disputed status . Aquarius is also home to several planetary nebulae . NGC 7009 , also known as the Saturn Nebula , is an 8th magnitude planetary nebula located 3,000 light - years from Earth . It was given its moniker by the 19th century astronomer Lord Rosse for its resemblance to the planet Saturn in a telescope ; it has faint protrusions on either side that resemble Saturn 's rings . It appears blue - green in a telescope and has a central star of magnitude 11.3 . Compared to the Helix Nebula , another planetary nebula in Aquarius , it is quite small . NGC 7293 , also known as the Helix Nebula , is the closest planetary nebula to Earth at a distance of 650 light - years . It covers 0.25 square degrees , making it also the largest planetary nebula as seen from Earth . However , because it is so large , it is only viewable as a very faint object , though it has a fairly high integrated magnitude of 6.0 . One of the visible galaxies in Aquarius is NGC 7727 , of particular interest for amateur astronomers who wish to discover or observe supernovae . A spiral galaxy ( type S ) , it has an integrated magnitude of 10.7 and is 3 by 3 arcseconds . NGC 7252 is a tangle of stars resulting from the collision of two large galaxies and is known as the Atoms - for - Peace galaxy because of its resemblance to a cartoon atom . Meteor showers ( edit ) There are three major meteor showers with radiants in Aquarius : the Eta Aquariids , the Delta Aquariids , and the Iota Aquariids . The Eta Aquariids are the strongest meteor shower radiating from Aquarius . It peaks between 5 and 6 May with a rate of approximately 35 meteors per hour . Originally discovered by Chinese astronomers in 401 , Eta Aquariids can be seen coming from the Water Jar beginning on April 21 and as late as May 12 . The parent body of the shower is Halley 's Comet , a periodic comet . Fireballs are common shortly after the peak , approximately between May 9 and May 11 . The normal meteors appear to have yellow trails . The Delta Aquariids is a double radiant meteor shower that peaks first on 29 July and second on 6 August . The first radiant is located in the south of the constellation , while the second radiant is located in the northern circlet of Pisces asterism . The southern radiant 's peak rate is about 20 meteors per hour , while the northern radiant 's peak rate is about 10 meteors per hour . The Iota Aquariids is a fairly weak meteor shower that peaks on 6 August , with a rate of approximately 8 meteors per hour . Astrology ( edit ) Main article : Aquarius ( astrology ) As of 2002 , the Sun appears in the constellation Aquarius from 16 February to 11 March . In tropical astrology , the Sun is considered to be in the sign Aquarius from 20 January to 19 February , and in sidereal astrology , from 15 February to 14 March . Aquarius is also associated with the Age of Aquarius , a concept popular in 1960s counterculture . Despite this prominence , the Age of Aquarius will not dawn until the year 2597 , as an astrological age does not begin until the Sun is in a particular constellation on the vernal equinox . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Aquarius , constellation boundary '' . The Constellations . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Aquarius '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers 1998 , pp. 9 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Thompson 2007 . Jump up ^ Thurston 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Staal 1988 , pp. 42 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Star Tales . ^ Jump up to : Moore 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Ridpath 2001 . Jump up ^ Rogers 1998 , pp. 79 - 89 . Jump up ^ Staal 1988 , pp. 42 - 44 . ^ Jump up to : Lyubimkov , Leonid S. ; Lambert , David L. ; Rostopchin , Sergey I. ; Rachkovskaya , Tamara M. ; Poklad , Dmitry B. ( 2010 ) . `` Accurate fundamental parameters for A - , F - and G - type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 402 ( 2 ) : 1369 -- 79 . Bibcode : 2010MNRAS. 402.1369 L. arXiv : 0911.1335 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 15979. x . Jump up ^ Ayres , Thomas R. ; Brown , Alexander ; Harper , Graham M. ( July 2005 ) . `` Chandra Observations of Coronal Emission from the Early G Supergiants α and β Aquarii '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 627 ( 1 ) : L53 -- L56 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 627L ... 53A . doi : 10.1086 / 431977 . Jump up ^ Kaler , James B. `` Sadalsuud ( Beta Aquarii ) '' . Stars . University of Illinois . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyubimkov , Leonid S. ; Lambert , David L. ; Korotin , Sergey A. ; Rachkovskaya , Tamara M. ; Poklad , Dmitry B. ( 2015 ) . `` Carbon abundance and the N / C ratio in atmospheres of A - , F - and G - type supergiants and bright giants '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 446 ( 4 ) : 3447 . Bibcode : 2015MNRAS. 446.3447 L. arXiv : 1411.2722 . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu2299 . ^ Jump up to : van Leeuwen , F. ( 2007 ) . `` Validation of the New Hipparcos Reduction '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 ( 2 ) : 653 -- 64 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 474 ... 653V . arXiv : 0708.1752 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20078357 . Jump up ^ David , Trevor J. ; Hillenbrand , Lynne A. ( 2015 ) . `` The Ages of Early - Type Stars : Strömgren Photometric Methods Calibrated , Validated , Tested , and Applied to Hosts and Prospective Hosts of Directly Imaged Exoplanets '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 804 ( 2 ) : 146 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 804 ... 146D . arXiv : 1501.03154 . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 804 / 2 / 146 . Vizier catalog entry Jump up ^ Pasinetti Fracassini , L.E. ; Pastori , L. ; Covino , S. ; Pozzi , A. ( February 2001 ) . `` Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars ( CADARS ) - Third edition - Comments and statistics '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 367 : 521 -- 524 . Bibcode : 2001A&A ... 367 ... 521P . arXiv : astro - ph / 0012289 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20000451 . Jump up ^ APOD Gliese 876 . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia Gliese 876 . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia 91 Aqr . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia Gj 849 . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia WASP - 6 . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia HD 206610 b . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia WASP - 47 b . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia HD 210277 b . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia HD 212771 b . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia HD 215152 b . Jump up ^ Exoplanet Encyclopedia HD 215152 c . Jump up ^ `` NASA Telescope Reveals Largest Batch of Earth - Size , Habitable - Zone Planets Around Single Star '' . NASA . NASA . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ ESO 2012 . Jump up ^ Levy 2005 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Levy 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Sherrod & Koed 2003 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ APOD Atoms - for - Peace Galaxy . Jump up ^ Sherrod & Koed 2003 , p. 52 . References ( edit ) `` Atoms - for - Peace Galaxy Collision '' , Astronomy Picture of the Day , NASA , 16 November 2010 , retrieved 22 August 2014 `` A Planet for Gliese 876 '' , Astronomy Picture of the Day , NASA , 26 June 1998 , retrieved 23 April 2012 `` Galaxy - wide Echoes from the Past '' , ESO Press Release , retrieved 7 December 2012 `` Planet WASP - 6 b '' , The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia , Paris Observatory , 8 April 2012 , archived from the original on 14 March 2014 , retrieved 23 February 2013 Notes for star Gliese 876 , The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia , retrieved 23 April 2012 Notes for star 91 Aqr , The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia , retrieved 23 April 2012 Notes for star Gj 849 , The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia , retrieved 23 April 2012 `` Planet HD 206610 b '' , The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia , Paris Observatory , 19 March 2010 , archived from the original on 14 March 2014 , retrieved 21 March 2013 `` Planet WASP - 47 b '' , The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia , Paris Observatory , 24 April 2012 , archived from the original on 14 March 2014 , retrieved 21 March 2013 `` Planet HD 210277 b '' , The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia , Paris Observatory , 6 September 2006 , archived from the original on 14 March 2014 , retrieved 22 March 2013 * `` Planet HD 212771 b '' , The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia , Paris Observatory , 19 March 2010 , archived from the original on 14 March 2014 , retrieved 22 March 2013 `` Planet HD 215152 b '' , The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia , Paris Observatory , 12 September 2011 , archived from the original on 14 March 2014 , retrieved 22 March 2013 `` Planet HD 215152 c '' , The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia , Paris Observatory , 12 September 2011 , archived from the original on 14 March 2014 , retrieved 22 March 2013 Levy , David H. ( 2005 ) , Deep Sky Objects , Prometheus Books , ISBN 1 - 59102 - 361 - 0 Moore , Patrick ; Tirion , Wil ( 1997 ) , Cambridge Guide to Stars and Planets ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58582 - 1 Moore , Patrick ( 2000 ) , The Data Book of Astronomy , Institute of Physics Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0620 - 3 Ridpath , Ian ( 2001 ) , Stars and Planets Guide , Wil Tirion ( 3rd ed . ) , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08913 - 2 Ridpath , Ian ; Tirion , Wil ( 2007 ) , Stars and Planets Guide ( ISBN 978 - 0691135564 ) ( 4th ed . ) , Collins , London : Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0007251209 Ridpath , Ian , `` Aquarius '' , Star Tales , retrieved 14 March 2013 Rogers , John H. ( 1998 ) , `` Origins of the ancient constellations : I . The Mesopotamian traditions '' , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 108 , Bibcode : 1998JBAA ... 108 ... 9R Rogers , John H. ( 1998 ) , `` Origins of the ancient constellations : II . The Mediterranean traditions '' ( PDF ) , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 108 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 89 , Bibcode : 1998JBAA ... 108 ... 79R Sherrod , P. Clay ; Koed , Thomas L. ( 2003 ) , A Complete Manual of Amateur Astronomy : Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations , Courier Dover Publications , ISBN 9780486152165 Sadalmelik , SIMBAD , retrieved 23 April 2012 bet Aqr , SIMBAD , retrieved 24 April 2012 gam Aqr , SIMBAD , retrieved 24 April 2012 Staal , Julius D.W. ( 1988 ) , The New Patterns in the Sky : Myths and Legends of the Stars ( 2nd ed . ) , The McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 939923 - 04 - 1 Thompson , Robert Bruce ; Thompson , Barbara Fritchman ( 2007 ) , Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders , O'Reilly Media , ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 52685 - 6 Thurston , Hugh ( 1996 ) , Early Astronomy , Springer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 94822 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Aquarius ( category ) The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations : Aquarius Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 300 medieval and early modern images of Aquarius ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Aquarius constellation Stars ( list ) Bayer α ( Sadalmelik ) β ( Sadalsuud ) γ ( Sadachbia ) δ ( Skat ) ε ( Albali ) ζ η θ ( Ancha ) ι κ ( Situla ) λ μ ν ξ ο π ( Seat ) ρ σ τ τ υ φ χ ψ ψ ψ ω ω Flamsteed 1 3 ( k ) 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 ( d ) 26 28 29 30 32 35 36 37 38 ( e ) 39 40 41 42 44 45 47 49 50 51 53 ( f ) 54 56 58 60 61 64 65 66 ( g ) 67 68 ( g ) 70 72 74 75 77 78 81 82 83 ( h ) 84 85 86 ( c ) 87 88 ( c ) 89 ( c ) 94 96 97 98 ( b ) 99 ( b ) 100 101 ( b ) 103 ( A ) 104 ( A ) 106 ( i ) 107 ( i ) 108 ( i ) Variable R U UU VY AE BS BW CY DV EP EW EZ FF FK FO HK HU IQ IZ LP HR 7890 7946 7976 7994 7998 8017 8054 8056 8068 8096 8121 8132 8134 8203 8205 8251 8263 8332 8360 8363 8376 8382 8394 8451 8453 8457 8467 8495 8497 8500 8507 8530 8542 8565 8580 8581 8596 8612 8629 8645 8716 8727 8741 8756 8759 8764 8783 8816 8836 8840 8856 8869 8879 8900 8917 8921 8924 8928 8931 8946 8951 8958 8979 8987 9009 9014 9021 9027 9029 9037 9040 9043 HD 196676 206610 210121 210244 210277 212771 214080 215152 216143 216553 216727 220466 220689 220766 222582 Gliese Gliese 849 Gliese 867 Gliese 876 Gliese 884 Other BD - 22 ° 5866 CS 22892 - 052 LDS 749 LS IV - 14 116 2MASS J21392676 + 0220226 PSR J2145 - 0750 Sneden 's Star TRAPPIST - 1 WASP - 6 Star clusters Globular Messier 2 Messier 72 NGC 7492 Nebulae Planetary Helix Nebula Saturn Nebula Galaxies NGC 6945 6959 6961 6962 6964 6965 6967 6968 6976 6977 6978 6985 7001 7010 7047 7051 7065 7065A 7069 7077 7081 7108 7120 7121 7164 7165 7167 7170 7171 7180 7181 7182 7183 7184 7185 7188 7189 7198 7211 7215 7218 7220 7222 7230 7239 7246 7247 7251 7252 7255 7256 7257 7266 7269 7284 7285 7287A 7288 7298 7300 7301 7302 7308 7309 7310 7341 7344 7349 7351 7359 7364 7365 7371 7377 7378 7381 7391 7392 7393 7399 7406 7416 7425 7441 7443 7444 7450 7491 7492 7494 7498 7520 7573 7576 7585 7596 7600 7606 7646 7656 7665 7692 7709 7717 7719 7721 7723 7724 7725 7727 7730 7736 7754 7758 7759 7759A 7761 7763 7776 Other 3C 444 3C 445 3C 446 DDO 210 Markarian 509 Markarian 896 MCG - 2 - 58 - 22 MR 2251 - 178 PHL 61 PHL 5200 PKS 2322 - 123 QSO B2131 - 021 QSO B2206 - 199N QSO B2243 - 123 QSO B2345 - 167 South America Galaxy clusters Abell 2597 Abell 2670 Cl 2244 - 02 MS 2053 - 04 XMMXCS 2215 - 1738 Other GRB 050922C GRB 060605 Lyman - alpha blob 1 Messier 73 XRF 020903 <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) The 88 modern constellations <Td_colspan="2"> Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of constellations <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Constellation history <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD <Td_colspan="2"> Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries <Td_colspan="2"> Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c : Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536 : Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596 : Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613 : Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621 : Reticulum Hevelius 1683 : Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763 : Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Obsolete constellations ( including Ptolemy 's Argo Navis ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anser Antinous Apes Argo Navis Asterion Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Frederici Honores / Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Jordanus Lilium Lochium Funis Machina Electrica Malus Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Officina Typographica Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum / Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Rangifer / Tarandus Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa Vultur cadens Vultur volans <Td_colspan="2"> obsolete constellation names <Td_colspan="2"> Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) The Zodiac Astrological signs Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Alternative signs Ophiuchus Cetus Western astrology House Triplicity Mode Cardinal Fixed Mutable Binary Positive Negative Related Astronomy Axial precession Constellations of the Ecliptic Ecliptic coordinate system Planets in astrology Zodiacal light Coordinates : 23 00 00 , − 15 ° 00 ′ 00 '' Authority control GND : 4131727 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquarius_(constellation)&oldid=789583424 '' Categories : Aquarius ( constellation ) Constellations Western astrology Equatorial constellations Constellations listed by Ptolemy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Sumerian - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - 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Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Picard Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Aquarius constellation
2. Water-bearer symbolism
3. Mythology and history of Aquarius
4. Stars and planetary systems in Aquarius
5. Deep sky objects in Aquarius
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United States Attorney - wikipedia United States Attorney Jump to : navigation , search See also : Prosecutor United States Attorney <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Occupation <Td_colspan="2"> Profession Activity sectors Law Practice , Law Enforcement , Politics <Th_colspan="2"> Description Competencies Advocacy skills , analytical mind , sense of justice , political fit Education required Law degree , Bar exam Fields of employment Government legal service Related jobs Prosecutor , District Attorney , State 's attorney , Commonwealth 's attorney Flag of a United States Attorney . United States Attorneys ( also known as chief federal prosecutors and , historically , as United States District Attorneys ) represent the United States federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals . The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual suspected of breaking the law , initiating and directing further criminal investigations , guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders , and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings . There are 93 U.S. Attorney offices located throughout the United States , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands . As of June 2017 , most of the U.S. Attorney positions have been held by acting or interim appointees since at least March . One U.S. Attorney is assigned to each of the judicial districts , with the exception of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands where a single U.S. Attorney serves both districts . Each U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction , acting under the guidance of the United States Attorneys ' Manual . They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U.S. Attorneys ( AUSAs ) and as many as 350 support personnel . An Assistant U.S. Attorney ( AUSA ) , or federal prosecutor , is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U.S. Attorney ( USA ) in criminal prosecutions , and in certain civil cases as either the plaintiff or the defendant . In carrying out their duties as prosecutors , AUSAs have the authority to investigate persons , issue subpoenas , file formal criminal charges , plea bargain with defendants , and grant immunity to witnesses and accused criminals . U.S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice . U.S. Attorneys receive oversight , supervision , and administrative support services through the Justice Department 's Executive Office for United States Attorneys . Selected U.S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney General 's Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and statutory authority 2 Appointment 2.1 United States Attorneys controversy 2.2 History of interim U.S. Attorney appointments 3 Role of U.S. Attorneys 4 Executive Office for United States Attorneys 5 List of current U.S. Attorneys ' offices 6 Defunct U.S. Attorney 's offices 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History and statutory authority ( edit ) The Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 , along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service . The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary , including a district court system . Thus , the office of U.S. Attorney is older than the Department of Justice . The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for the appointment in each judicial district of a `` Person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States ... whose duty it shall be to prosecute in each district all delinquents for crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States , and all civil actions in which the United States shall be concerned ... '' Prior to the existence of the Department of Justice , the U.S. Attorneys were independent of the Attorney General , and did not come under the AG 's supervision and authority until 1870 , with the creation of the Department of Justice . Appointment ( edit ) The U.S. Attorney is appointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years , with appointments subject to confirmation by the Senate . A U.S. Attorney continues in office , beyond the appointed term , until a successor is appointed and qualified . By law , each United States attorney is subject to removal by the President . The Attorney General has had the authority since 1986 to appoint interim U.S. Attorneys to fill a vacancy . United States Attorneys controversy ( edit ) Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Main issues Timeline Summary of attorneys Documents Congressional hearings List of Dismissed Attorneys Complete list of related articles Main article : Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys controversy The governing statute , 28 U.S.C. § 546 provided , up until March 9 , 2007 : ( c ) A person appointed as United States attorney under this section may serve until the earlier of -- ( 1 ) the qualification of a United States attorney for such district appointed by the President under section 541 of this title ; or ( 2 ) the expiration of 120 days after appointment by the Attorney General under this section . ( d ) If an appointment expires under subsection ( c ) ( 2 ) , the district court for such district may appoint a United States attorney to serve until the vacancy is filled . The order of appointment by the court shall be filed with the clerk of the court . On March 9 , 2007 , President George W. Bush signed into law the USA PATRIOT Act which amended Section 546 by striking subsections ( c ) and ( d ) and inserting the following new subsection : ( c ) A person appointed as United States attorney under this section may serve until the qualification of a United States Attorney for such district appointed by the President under section 541 of this title . This , in effect , extinguished the 120 - day limit on interim U.S. Attorneys , and their appointment had an indefinite term . If the president failed to put forward any nominee to the Senate , then the Senate confirmation process was avoided , as the Attorney General - appointed interim U.S. Attorney could continue in office without limit or further action . Related to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy , in March 2007 the Senate and the House voted to overturn the amendments of the USA PATRIOT Act to the interim appointment statute . The bill was signed by President George W. Bush , and became law in June 2007 . History of interim U.S. Attorney appointments ( edit ) Senator Dianne Feinstein ( D , California ) , summarized the history of interim United States Attorney appointments , on March 19 , 2007 in the Senate . `` When first looking into this issue , I found that the statutes had given the courts the authority to appoint an interim U.S. attorney and that this dated back as far as the Civil War . Specifically , the authority was first vested with the circuit courts in March 1863 . Then , in 1898 , a House of Representatives report explained that while Congress believed it was important to have the courts appoint an interim U.S. attorney : ' There was a problem relying on circuit courts since the circuit justice is not always to be found in the circuit and time is wasted in ascertaining his whereabouts . ' Therefore , at that time , the interim appointment authority was switched to the district courts ; that is , in 1898 it was switched to the district courts . Thus , for almost 100 years , the district courts were in charge of appointing interim U.S. attorneys , and they did so with virtually no problems . This structure was left undisturbed until 1986 when the statute was changed during the Reagan administration . In a bill that was introduced by Senator Strom Thurmond , the statute was changed to give the appointment authority to the Attorney General , but even then it was restricted and the Attorney General had a 120 - day time limit . After that time , if a nominee was not confirmed , the district courts would appoint an interim U.S. attorney . The adoption of this language was part of a larger package that was billed as technical amendments to criminal law , and thus there was no recorded debate in either the House or the Senate and both Chambers passed the bill by voice vote . Then , 20 years later , in March 2006 -- again without much debate and again as a part of a larger package -- a statutory change was inserted into the PATRIOT Act reauthorization . This time , the Executive 's power was expanded even further , giving the Attorney General the authority to appoint an interim replacement indefinitely and without Senate confirmation . '' Role of U.S. Attorneys ( edit ) The U.S. Attorney is both the primary representative and the administrative head of the Office of the U.S. Attorney for the district . The U.S. Attorney 's Office ( USAO ) is the chief prosecutor for the United States in criminal law cases , and represents the United States in civil law cases as either the defendant or plaintiff , as appropriate . However , they are not the only one that can represent the United States in Court . In certain circumstances , using an action called a qui tam , any U.S. citizen , provided they are represented by an attorney , can represent the interests of the United States , and share in penalties assessed against guilty parties . The U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia has the additional responsibility of prosecuting local criminal cases in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia , the equivalent of a municipal court for the national capital . The Superior Court is a federal Article I court . Executive Office for United States Attorneys ( edit ) The Executive Office for United States Attorneys ( EOUSA ) provides the administrative support for the 93 United States Attorneys ( encompassing 94 United States Attorneys ' offices , as the Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands has a single U.S. Attorney for both districts ) , including : General executive assistance and direction , Policy development , Administrative management direction and oversight , Operational support , Coordination with other components of the United States Department of Justice and other federal agencies . These responsibilities include certain legal , budgetary , administrative , and personnel services , as well as legal education . The EOUSA was created on April 6 , 1953 , by Attorney General Order No. 8 - 53 to provide for close liaison between the Department of Justice in Washington , DC , and the 93 U.S. attorneys located throughout the 50 states , the District of Columbia , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . It was organized by Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals judge James R. Browning , who also served as its first chief . List of current U.S. Attorneys ' offices ( edit ) U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Alabama U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama U.S. Attorney for the District of Alaska U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of California U.S. Attorney for the District of Colorado U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut U.S. Attorney for the District of Delaware U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Florida U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Georgia U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Georgia U.S. Attorney for the Districts of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the District of Hawaii ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the District of Idaho U.S. Attorney for the Central District of Illinois U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Indiana ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Indiana U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the District of Kansas U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Kentucky U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Louisiana U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Louisiana U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Louisiana U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Michigan U.S. Attorney for the District of Minnesota U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Mississippi U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Mississippi U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Missouri U.S. Attorney for the District of Montana U.S. Attorney for the District of Nebraska U.S. Attorney for the District of Nevada U.S. Attorney for the District of New Hampshire U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the District of New Mexico U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of New York ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Western District of New York ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of North Carolina U.S. Attorney for the Western District of North Carolina U.S. Attorney for the District of North Dakota U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Oklahoma U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Oklahoma U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Oklahoma ( USAO ) U.S. Attorney for the District of Oregon U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania U.S. Attorney for the District of Puerto Rico U.S. Attorney for the District of Rhode Island U.S. Attorney for the District of South Carolina U.S. Attorney for the District of South Dakota U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Tennessee U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Tennessee U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Texas U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Texas U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Texas U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Texas U.S. Attorney for the District of Utah U.S. Attorney for the District of Vermont U.S. Attorney for the District of the Virgin Islands U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Washington U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of West Virginia U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of West Virginia U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin U.S. Attorney for the District of Wyoming Note : Except as indicated parenthetically , the foregoing links are to the corresponding district court , rather than to the U.S. Attorney 's Office . Defunct U.S. Attorney 's offices ( edit ) See also : List of former United States district courts This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . U.S. Attorney for the District of Michigan ( February 24 , 1863 ) U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of South Carolina ( October 2 , 1965 ) U.S. Attorney for the Western District of South Carolina ( October 2 , 1965 ) U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Illinois ( October 2 , 1978 ; succeeded by the Central District of Illinois ) U.S. Attorney for the Panama Canal Zone ( March 31 , 1982 ) U.S. Attorney for the District of Indiana See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal United States Attorneys appointed by Donald Trump Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy ( 2007 ) 2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys United States Attorney General United States Department of Justice Law Officers of the Crown Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Despite the fact that the 46 U.S. Attorneys still in office ( i.e. , those who had not resigned at the beginning of the Trump administration ) were all asked to submit their resignations on March 10 , 2017 , four of them had their resignations declined and were allowed to continue serving in office : Dana Boente ( E.D. Va . ) , Deirdre Daly ( D. Conn . ) , Richard Hartunian ( N.D.N.Y. ) , and Rod Rosenstein ( D. Md . ) . Boente was serving as Acting Deputy Attorney General at the time , and Rosenstein had been nominated for Deputy Attorney General , a position which he assumed on April 26 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Curry , 47 U.S. ( 6 How . ) 106 '' . justia.com . Jump up ^ William Bennett Munro ( 1919 ) . The Government of the United States . Macillan . p. 370 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William M. McKinney ; William Mark McKinney ; Burdett Alberto Riched ( 1918 ) . 22 . Ruling Case Law . Edward Thompson Co. p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations ( Table of Contents ) - Criminal Justice Section '' . Jump up ^ The Editorial Board ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Where Are the United States Attorneys ? '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ; Haberman , Maggie ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Trump Abruptly Orders 46 Obama - Era Prosecutors to Resign '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` US Attorneys ' Manual '' . usdoj.gov . Jump up ^ `` United States Attorney Office for the District of Columbia '' . usdoj.gov . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations Jump up ^ Sisk , Gregory C. ( 2nd Edition Editors : John Steadman , David Schwartz & , Sidney B. Jacoby ) ( 2006 ) . Litigation With the Federal Government ( 2nd Edition ) . ALI - ABA ( American Law Institute -- American Bar Association ) . pp. 12 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8318 - 0865 - 9 . Jump up ^ Partial access online . Google Books . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 541 ( a ) . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 541 ( b ) . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 541 ( b ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 541 ( c ) . Jump up ^ `` E : \ PUBLAW \ PUBL177. 109 US Politics Blog '' ( PDF ) . uspolitics.about.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to strip U.S. Attorney provision '' . Think Progress . March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Roston ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` Bush signs bill to preserve US Attorneys ' ' independence ' '' . Raw Story . Jump up ^ Congressional Record , March 19 , 2007 , 2007 Congressional Record , Vol. 153 , Page S3240 - S3241 ) Jump up ^ see generally 28 U.S.C. § 547 Jump up ^ `` US Attorneys ' Manual . Title 1 , section 1 - 2.500 '' . usdoj.gov . Jump up ^ `` attorneys , lawyers and law firms listed in Martindale 's Attorney Directory '' . Jump up ^ http://www.judgepedia.org/index.php/William_Roshko/ Jump up ^ `` US Attorneys ' Manual , Title 3 '' . usdoj.gov . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Attorneys . US Attorneys Office United States Attorneys Mission Statement United States Attorneys ' Manual Memorandum on Starting Date for Calculating the Term of an Interim U.S. Attorney D.C. Superior Court Division Index of prosecuting offices in all state and federal jurisdictions , and some foreign jurisdictions . <Th_colspan="3"> Agencies under the United States Department of Justice <Td_colspan="3"> Headquarters : Robert F. 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Battle of Bunker Hill - wikipedia Battle of Bunker Hill Jump to : navigation , search For a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle , see Bunker Hill . <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of Bunker Hill <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the American Revolutionary War <Td_colspan="2"> Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull <Td_colspan="2"> Date June 17 , 1775 Location Charlestown , Massachusetts 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W / 42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W / 42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Result Pyrrhic British victory Territorial changes British capture Charlestown Peninsula <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United Colonies Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Great Britain <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders William Prescott Israel Putnam Joseph Warren † John Stark William Howe Thomas Gage Sir Robert Pigot James Abercrombie † Henry Clinton Samuel Graves John Pitcairn † <Th_colspan="2"> Strength ~ 2,400 3,000 + <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 115 killed , 305 wounded , 30 captured ( 20 POWs died ) Total : 450 19 officers killed 62 officers wounded 207 soldiers killed 766 soldiers wounded Total : 1,054 The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17 , 1775 , during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War . The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown , Massachusetts , which was peripherally involved in the battle . It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops , though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed 's Hill . On June 13 , 1775 , the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city , which would give them control of Boston Harbor . In response , 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed 's Hill . During the night , the colonists constructed a strong redoubt on Breed 's Hill , as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula . By daybreak of June 17 , the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them that day . Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties ; the third and final attack carried the redoubt after the defenders ran out of ammunition . The colonists retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill , leaving the British in control of the Peninsula . The battle was a tactical , though somewhat Pyrrhic victory for the British , as it proved to be a sobering experience for them , involving many more casualties than the Americans had incurred , including a large number of officers . The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle . Subsequently , the battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines . American casualties were comparatively much fewer , although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary , the final casualty of the battle . The battle led the British to adopt a more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements , which was evident in the subsequent New York and New Jersey campaign , and arguably helped rather than hindered the American forces . Their new approach to battle was actually giving the Americans greater opportunity to retreat if defeat was imminent . The costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 British planning 3 Prelude to battle 3.1 Fortification of Breed 's Hill 3.2 British preparations 3.3 Colonists reinforce their positions 4 British assault 5 Aftermath 6 Political consequences 7 Analysis 7.1 Disposition of Colonial forces 7.2 Disposition of British forces 8 `` The whites of their eyes '' 9 Notable participants 10 Commemorations 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Geography 1775 map of the Boston area ( contains some inaccuracies ) Boston , situated on a peninsula , was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it , which were dominated by British warships . In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 , the colonial militia , a force of about 15,000 men had surrounded the town , and effectively besieged it . Under the command of Artemas Ward , they controlled the only land access to Boston itself ( the Roxbury Neck ) , but , lacking a navy , were unable to even contest British domination of the waters of the harbor . The British troops , a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage , occupied the city , and were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea . In theory , they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely . However , the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills , which could be used to advantage . If the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces , these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered . It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition , led by Henry Knox , later transported cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Boston area . The Charlestown Peninsula , lying to the north of Boston , started from a short , narrow isthmus ( known as the Charlestown Neck ) at its northwest , extending about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeastward into Boston Harbor . Bunker Hill , with an elevation of 110 feet ( 34 m ) , lay at the northern end of the peninsula . Breed 's Hill , at a height of 62 feet ( 19 m ) , was more southerly and nearer to Boston . The town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula . At its closest approach , less than 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula , where Copp 's Hill was at about the same height as Breed 's Hill . While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown , General Gage , rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula , had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle , turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man 's land . The Battle of Bunker Hill , by Howard Pyle , 1897 British planning Throughout May , in response to orders from Gage requesting support , the British received reinforcements , until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men . On May 25 , three generals arrived on HMS Cerberus : William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . Gage began planning with them to break out of the city , finalizing a plan on June 12 . This plan began with the taking of the Dorchester Neck , fortifying the Dorchester Heights , and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury . Once the southern flank had been secured , the Charlestown heights would be taken , and the forces in Cambridge driven away . The attack was set for June 18 . On June 13 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was notified , by express messenger from the Committee of Safety in Exeter , New Hampshire , that a New Hampshire gentleman `` of undoubted veracity '' had , while visiting Boston , overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown . On June 15 , the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected . General Ward directed General Israel Putnam to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula , specifically on Bunker Hill . Prelude to battle Fortification of Breed 's Hill Array of American forces for the Battle of Bunker Hill On the night of June 16 , colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston . This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott , Putnam ( the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton ) , James Frye , and Ebenezer Bridge . At first , Putnam , Prescott , and their engineer , Captain Richard Gridley , disagreed as to where they should locate their defense . Some work was performed on Bunker Hill , but Breed 's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible . Arguably against orders , they decided to build their primary redoubt there . Prescott and his men , using Gridley 's outline , began digging a square fortification about 130 feet ( 40 m ) on a side with ditches and earthen walls . The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high , with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls . The works on Breed 's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British . General Clinton , out on reconnaissance that night , was aware of them , and tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight . British sentries were also aware of the activity , but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm . Then , in the early predawn , around 4 a.m. , a sentry on board HMS Lively spotted the new fortification , and notified her captain . Lively opened fire , temporarily halting the colonists ' work . Aboard his flagship HMS Somerset , Admiral Samuel Graves awoke , irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered . He stopped it , only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning . He ordered all 128 guns in the harbor , as well as batteries atop Copp 's Hill in Boston , to fire on the colonial position , which had relatively little effect . The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt -- it could easily be flanked on either side . He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east , deciding he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt . British preparations When the British generals met to discuss their options , General Clinton , who had urged an attack as early as possible , preferred an attack beginning from the Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists ' retreat , reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants . However , he was outvoted by the other three generals . Howe , who was the senior officer present and would lead the assault , was of the opinion that the hill was `` open and easy of ascent and in short would be easily carried . '' General Burgoyne concurred , arguing that the `` untrained rabble '' would be no match for their `` trained troops '' . Orders were then issued to prepare the expedition . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 <Td_colspan="2"> Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights When General Gage surveyed the works from Boston with his staff , Loyalist Abijah Willard recognized his brother - in - law Colonel Prescott . `` Will he fight ? '' asked Gage . `` ( A ) s to his men , I can not answer for them ; '' replied Willard , `` but Colonel Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell . '' Prescott lived up to Willard 's word , but his men were not so resolute . When the colonists suffered their first casualty , Asa Pollard of Billerica , a young private killed by cannon fire , Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly , but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead , with several deserting shortly thereafter . It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade . General Howe was to lead the major assault , drive around the colonial left flank , and take them from the rear . Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt , and Major John Pitcairn led the flank or reserve force . It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe 's initial forces ( consisting of about 1,500 men ) to the eastern corner of the peninsula , known as Moulton 's Point . By 2 p.m. , Howe 's chosen force had landed . However , while crossing the river , Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill . Believing these to be reinforcements , he immediately sent a message to Gage , requesting additional troops . He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula , alerting the colonists to his intended course of action . The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for the reinforcements . The first British attack on Bunker Hill ; shaded areas are hills Colonists reinforce their positions Prescott , seeing the British preparations , called for reinforcements . Among the reinforcements were Joseph Warren , the popular young leader of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety , and Seth Pomeroy , an aging Massachusetts militia leader . Both of these men held commissions of rank , but chose to serve as infantry . Prescott ordered the Connecticut men under Captain Knowlton to defend the left flank , where they used a crude dirt wall as a breastwork , and topped it with fence rails and hay . They also constructed three small v - shaped trenches between this dirt wall and Prescott 's breastwork . Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments , under Colonels John Stark and James Reed . Stark 's men , who did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces ( and thus filled a gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of , had he pressed his attack sooner ) , took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position . When low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River to the north , they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water 's edge . Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet ( 30 m ) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it . Just prior to the action , further reinforcements arrived , including portions of Massachusetts regiments of Colonels Brewer , Nixon , Woodbridge , Little , and Major Moore , as well as Callender 's company of artillery . Behind the colonial lines , confusion reigned . Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge , which was under constant fire from gun batteries to the south . Others reached Bunker Hill , but then , uncertain about where to go from there , milled around . One commentator wrote of the scene that `` it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command . '' While General Putnam was on the scene attempting to direct affairs , unit commanders often misunderstood or disobeyed orders . British assault The second British attack on Bunker Hill By 3 p.m. , the British reinforcements , which included the 47th Foot and the 1st Marines , had arrived , and the British were ready to march . Brigadier General Pigot 's force , gathering just south of Charlestown village , were taking casualties from sniper fire , and Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers . Graves , who had planned for such a possibility , ordered incendiary shot fired into the village , and then sent a landing party to set fire to the town . The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting , as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle . Pigot , commanding the 5th , 38th , 43rd , 47th , and 52nd regiments , as well as Major Pitcairn 's Marines , were to feint an assault on the redoubt . However , they continued to be harried by snipers in Charlestown , and Pigot , when he saw what happened to Howe 's advance , ordered a retreat . General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank , expecting an easy effort against Stark 's recently arrived troops . His light infantry were set along the narrow beach , in column , in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position . The grenadiers were deployed in the middle . They lined up four deep and several hundred across . As the regulars closed , John Simpson , a New Hampshire man , prematurely fired , drawing an ineffective volley of return fire from the regulars . When the regulars finally closed within range , both sides opened fire . The colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the regulars , using the fence to steady and aim their muskets , and benefit from a modicum of cover . With this devastating barrage of musket fire , the regulars retreated in disarray , and the militia held their ground . The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again . This time , Pigot was not to feint ; he was to assault the redoubt , possibly without the assistance of Howe 's force . Howe , instead of marching against Stark 's position along the beach , marched instead against Knowlton 's position along the rail fence . The outcome of the second attack was much the same as the first . One British observer wrote , `` Most of our Grenadiers and Light - infantry , the moment of presenting themselves lost three - fourths , and many nine - tenths , of their men . Some had only eight or nine men a company left ... '' Pigot did not fare any better in his attack on the redoubt , and again ordered a retreat . Meanwhile , in the rear of the colonial forces , confusion continued to reign . General Putnam tried , with only limited success , to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to Breed 's Hill to support the men in the redoubt and along the defensive lines . The third and final British attack on Bunker Hill The British rear was also in some disarray . Wounded soldiers that were mobile had made their way to the landing areas , and were being ferried back to Boston , and the wounded lying on the field of battle were the source of moans and cries of pain . General Howe , deciding that he would try again , sent word to General Clinton in Boston for additional troops . Clinton , who had watched the first two attacks , sent about 400 men from the 2nd Marines and the 63rd Foot , and then followed himself to help rally the troops . In addition to the new reserves , he also convinced about 200 of the wounded to form up for the third attack . During the interval between the second and third assaults , General Putnam continued trying to direct troops toward the action . Some companies , and leaderless groups of men , moved toward the action ; others retreated . John Chester , a Connecticut captain , seeing an entire company in retreat , ordered his company to aim muskets at that company to halt its retreat ; they turned about and headed back to the battlefield . The third assault , concentrated on the redoubt ( with only a feint on the colonists ' flank ) , was successful , although the colonists again poured musket fire into the British ranks , and it cost the life of Major Pitcairn . The defenders had run out of ammunition , reducing the battle to close combat . The British had the advantage once they entered the redoubt , as their troops were equipped with bayonets on their muskets while most of the colonists were not . Colonel Prescott , one of the last colonists to leave the redoubt , parried bayonet thrusts with his normally ceremonial sabre . It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed . The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled retreat of the forces along the rail fence , led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton , which prevented the encirclement of the hill . Their disciplined retreat , described by Burgoyne as `` no flight ; it was even covered with bravery and military skill '' , was so effective that most of the wounded were saved ; most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded . General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill ; however the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned . The colonists suffered most of their casualties during the retreat on Bunker Hill . By 5 p.m. , the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge , and the British were in control of the peninsula . Aftermath The Bunker Hill Monument Ralph Farnham , one of the last survivors The British had taken the ground but at a great loss ; they had suffered 1,054 casualties ( 226 dead and 828 wounded ) , with a disproportionate number of these officers . The casualty count was the highest suffered by the British in any single encounter during the entire war . General Clinton , echoing Pyrrhus of Epirus , remarked in his diary that `` A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America . '' British dead and wounded included 100 commissioned officers , a significant portion of the British officer corps in North America . Much of General Howe 's field staff was among the casualties . Major Pitcairn had been killed , and Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie fatally wounded . General Gage , in his report after the battle , reported the following officer casualties ( listing lieutenants and above by name ) : 1 lieutenant colonel killed 2 majors killed , 3 wounded 7 captains killed , 27 wounded 9 lieutenants killed , 32 wounded 15 sergeants killed , 42 wounded 1 drummer killed , 12 wounded The colonial losses were about 450 , of whom 140 were killed . Most of the colonial losses came during the withdrawal . Major Andrew McClary was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle ; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck , the last person to be killed in the battle . He was later commemorated by the dedication of Fort McClary in Kittery , Maine . A serious loss to the Patriot cause , however , was the death of Dr. Joseph Warren . He was the President of Massachusetts ' Provincial Congress , and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14 . His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill . Only thirty men were captured by the British , most of them with grievous wounds ; twenty died while held prisoner . The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools , as well as five out of the six cannon they had brought to the peninsula . Political consequences When news of the battle spread through the colonies , it was reported as a colonial loss , as the ground had been taken by the enemy , and significant casualties were incurred . George Washington , who was on his way to Boston as the new commander of the Continental Army , received news of the battle while in New York City . The report , which included casualty figures that were somewhat inaccurate , gave Washington hope that his army might prevail in the conflict . We have ... learned one melancholy truth , which is , that the Americans , if they were equally well commanded , are full as good soldiers as ours . A British officer in Boston , after the battle The Massachusetts Committee of Safety , seeking to repeat the sort of propaganda victory it won following the battles at Lexington and Concord , commissioned a report of the battle to send to England . Their report , however , did not reach England before Gage 's official account arrived on July 20 . His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the Tories and the Whigs , but the casualty counts alarmed the military establishment , and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability . King George 's attitude toward the colonies hardened , and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress ' Olive Branch Petition , the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation . Sir James Adolphus Oughton , part of the Tory majority , wrote to Lord Dartmouth of the colonies , `` the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will ( Crown control over them ) be produced , and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to . '' About a month after receiving Gage 's report the Proclamation of Rebellion would be issued in response ; this hardening of the British position would also lead to a hardening of previously weak support for the rebellion , especially in the southern colonies , in favor of independence . Gage 's report had a more direct effect on his own career . His dismissal from office was decided just three days after his report was received , although General Howe did not replace him until October 1775 . Gage wrote another report to the British Cabinet , in which he repeated earlier warnings that `` a large army must at length be employed to reduce these people '' , that would require `` the hiring of foreign troops '' . Analysis Much has been written in the wake of this battle over how it was conducted . Both sides made strategic and tactical missteps which could have altered the outcome of the battle . While hindsight often gives a biased view , some things seem to be apparent after the battle that might reasonably have been within the reach of the command of the day . Years after the battle , and after Israel Putnam was dead , General Dearborn published an account of the battle in Port Folio magazine , accusing General Putnam of inaction , cowardly leadership and failing to supply reinforcements during the battle , which subsequently sparked a long lasting and major controversy among veterans of the war , various friends , family members and historians . People were shocked by the rancor of the attack , and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam , including such notables as John and Abigail Adams . Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn 's account `` abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination . '' The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of considerable controversy himself . He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the War of 1812 due to his mistakes . He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President Monroe , but was rejected by the United States Senate ( which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice ) . Disposition of colonial forces A historic map of Bunker Hill featuring military notes The colonial forces , while nominally under the overall command of General Ward , with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in the field , often acted quite independently . This was evident in the opening stages of the battle , when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications . After deliberating with General Putnam and Colonel Gridley , Colonel Prescott and his staff , apparently in contravention of orders , decided to fortify Breed 's Hill rather than Bunker Hill . The fortification of Breed 's Hill was more provocative ; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston . It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped , as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck . If the British had taken that step , they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties . While the front lines of the colonial forces were generally well managed , the scene behind them , especially once the action began , was significantly disorganized , due at least in part to a poor chain of command . Only some of the militias operated directly under Ward 's and Putnam 's authority , and some commanders also disobeyed orders , staying at Bunker Hill rather than joining in the defense on the third British assault . Several officers were subjected to court martial and cashiered . Colonel Prescott was of the opinion that the third assault would have been repulsed , had his forces in the redoubt been reinforced with either more men , or more supplies of ammunition and powder . Disposition of British forces The British leadership , for its part , acted slowly once the works on Breed 's Hill were spotted . It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault , roughly ten hours after the Lively first opened fire . This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces time to reinforce the flanking positions that had been poorly defended . Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter , when an encircling move ( gaining control of Charlestown Neck ) , would have given them a more resounding victory . ( This move would not have been without risks of its own , as the colonists could have made holding the Neck expensive with fire from the high ground in Cambridge . ) But the British leadership was excessively optimistic , believing that `` two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province '' . View of the Attack on Bunker 's Hill with the Burning of Charlestown , by Lodge Once in the field , Howe , rather than focusing on the redoubt , opted ( twice ) to dilute the force attacking the redoubt with a flanking maneuver against the colonial left . It was only with the third attack , when the flank attack was merely a feint , and the main force ( now also reinforced with additional reserves ) squarely targeted the redoubt , that the attack succeeded . Following the taking of the peninsula , the British arguably had a tactical advantage that they could have used to press into Cambridge . General Clinton proposed this to Howe ; having just led three assaults with grievous casualties , he declined the idea . The colonial military leaders eventually recognized Howe as a tentative decision - maker , to his detriment ; in the aftermath of the Battle of Long Island ( 1776 ) , he again had tactical advantages that might have delivered Washington 's army into his hands , but again refused to act . Historian John Ferling maintains that had General Gage used the Royal Navy to secure the narrow neck to the Charleston peninsula , cutting the Americans off from the mainland , he could have achieved a far less costly victory , but he was motivated by revenge over patriot resistance at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and relatively heavy British losses , and also felt that the colonial militia were completely untrained and could be overtaken with little effort , opting for a frontal assault . `` The whites of their eyes '' The famous order `` Do n't fire until you see the whites of their eyes '' was popularized in stories about the battle of Bunker Hill . It is uncertain as to who said it there , since various histories , including eyewitness accounts , attribute it to Putnam , Stark , Prescott , or Gridley , and it may have been said first by one , and repeated by the others . It was also not an original statement . The idea dates originally to the general - king Gustavus Adolphus ( 1594 -- 1632 ) who gave standing orders to his musketeers : `` never to give fire , till they could see their own image in the pupil of their enemy 's eye '' . Gustavus Adolphus 's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated . It was used by General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham , when his troops defeated Montcalm 's army on September 13 , 1759 . The earliest similar quote came from the Battle of Dettingen on June 27 , 1743 , where Lieutenant - Colonel Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw warned his Regiment , the Royal Scots Fusiliers , not to fire until they could `` see the white of their e'en . '' The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745 , and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great , and may have been mentioned in histories the colonial military leaders were familiar with . Whether or not it was actually said in this battle , it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until the moment when it would have the greatest effect , especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited . Notable participants According to the John Trumbull painting , this flag of New England was carried by the colonists during the battle . This flag , known as the Bunker Hill flag , is also associated with the battle . A significant number of notable people fought in this battle . Henry Dearborn and William Eustis , for example , went on to distinguished military and political careers ; both served in Congress , the Cabinet , and in diplomatic posts . Others , like John Brooks , Henry Burbeck , Christian Febiger , Thomas Knowlton , and John Stark , became well known for later actions in the war . Stark became known as the `` Hero of Bennington '' for his role in the 1777 Battle of Bennington . Free African - Americans also fought in the battle ; notable examples include Barzillai Lew , Salem Poor , and Peter Salem . Another notable participant was Daniel Shays , who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays ' Rebellion . Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter : His Fifty Years of Exile , a novel by Herman Melville . Colonel John Paterson commanded the Massachusetts First Militia , served in Shays ' Rebellion , and became a congressman from New York . Lt. Col. Seth Read , who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill , went on to settle Geneva , New York and Erie , Pennsylvania , and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase E pluribus unum being added to U.S. coins . George Claghorn of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution , a.k.a. `` Old Ironsides '' , which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat . Commemorations John Trumbull 's painting , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill ( displayed in lede ) , was created as an allegorical depiction of the battle and Warren 's death , not as an actual pictorial recording of the event . The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer , John Small , among those who stormed the redoubt , yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow redcoat from bayoneting him . He was friends of Putnam and Trumbull . Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle . The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk that stands 221 feet ( 67 m ) high on Breed 's Hill . On June 17 , 1825 , the fiftieth anniversary of the battle , the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette and an address delivered by Daniel Webster . ( When Lafayette died , he was buried next to his wife at the Cimetière de Picpus under soil from Bunker Hill , which his son Georges sprinkled over him . ) The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge was specifically designed to evoke this monument . There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down . Bunker Hill clipper ship The National Park Service operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument , which is part of the Boston National Historical Park . A cyclorama of the battle was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated . In nearby Cambridge , a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription : `` Here assembled on the night of June 16 , 1775 , 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott . After prayer by President Langdon , they marched to Bunker Hill . '' See footnote for picture . ( Samuel Langdon , a Congregational minister , was Harvard 's 11th president . ) Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety , which had become the Patriots ' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge . These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard 's Littaeur Center , which is itself the west of Harvard 's huge Science Center . See footnote for map . Statue of William Prescott in Charlestown , Massachusetts Bunker Hill Day , observed every June 17 , is a legal holiday in Suffolk County , Massachusetts ( which includes the city of Boston ) , as well as Somerville in Middlesex County . Prospect Hill , site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck , is now located in Somerville , which was previously part of Charlestown . State institutions in Massachusetts ( such as public institutions of higher education ) located in Boston also celebrate the holiday . However , the state 's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day . On June 16 and 17 , 1875 , the centennial of the battle was celebrated with a military parade and a reception featuring notable speakers , among them General William Tecumseh Sherman and Vice President Henry Wilson . It was attended by dignitaries from across the country . Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial ( 150th anniversary ) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975 . Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps . Issue of 1959 Issue of 1975 Issue of 1968 Issue of 1968 Left stamp depicts Battle of Bunker Hill battle flag and Monument Left - center , depicts John Trumbull 's painting of the battle Right - center depicts detail of Trumbull 's painting Right depicts image of Bunker Hill battle flag See also United States Army portal American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War Dr. John Hart , Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott 's Regiment who treated the wounded at Bunker Hill Royal Welch Fusiliers USS Bunker Hill Notes Jump up ^ In 1822 Dearborn wrote an anonymous plea in the Boston Patriot to urge the purchase the site of the Bunker Hill battlefield which was currently listed for sale . References ^ Jump up to : Clinton , p. 19 . General Clinton 's remark is an echoing of Pyrrhus of Epirus 's original sentiment after the Battle of Heraclea , `` one more such victory and the cause is lost '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bunker Hill '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Although the British eventually won the battle , it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night - time fortification work . Frothingham is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out . In a footnote on p. 136 , as well as on p. 190 , he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550 , but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began . Frothingham p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000 . Furthermore , according to Frothingham p. 148 , additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed . Frothingham , p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 104 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 191 , 194 . Jump up ^ Borneman , Walter R. American Spring : Lexington , Concord , and the Road to Revolution , p. 350 , Little , Brown and Company , New York , Boston , London , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 22102 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 85 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 85 -- 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ 18th century Boston was a peninsula . Primarily in the 19th century , much land around the peninsula was filled , giving the modern city its present geography . See the history of Boston for details . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 72 New Hampshire 1,200 , Rhode Island 1,000 , Connecticut 2,300 , Massachusetts 11,500 Jump up ^ Alden , p. 178 Jump up ^ Visitors to Boston , upon seeing the nearby hills , may conclude that they are too low . The hills were once higher , but were lowered by excavations to obtain landfill used to expand Boston in the 19th century . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold : Revolutionary Hero . New York : New York University Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 0 . OCLC 36343341 . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 91 has an historic map showing elevations . Jump up ^ French , p. 220 Jump up ^ French , p. 249 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 119 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 47 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ French , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 84 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 102 , 245 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 135 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 88 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 115 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 125 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 117 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Wood , p. 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Graydon , p. 424 Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p 143 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 93 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 96 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 147 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 93 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 160 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 152 Jump up ^ Fusillers , Mark Urban p38 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 161 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 162 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 146 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 163 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 164 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 99 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 150 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 151 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 181 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 145 , 196 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 387 -- 389 lists the officer casualties by name , as well as this summary Jump up ^ Bardwell , p. 76 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 150 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 96 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 207 -- 208 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 209 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 211 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 213 Jump up ^ Scheer , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Cray , 2001 Jump up ^ Purcell , 2010 , pp. 164 - 168 Jump up ^ Ketchum , Richard M. The Battle for Bunker Hill , p. 178 , The Cresset Press , London , England , 1963 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Harold . Bunker Hill , Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle , Kessinger Publishing , LLC , 2010 . ISBN - 10 : 1163174912 , Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 191 -- 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 131 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 155 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ French , pp. 274 -- 276 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 153 Jump up ^ French , pp. 263 -- 265 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 156 Jump up ^ French , p. 277 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 148 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 20 Jump up ^ Ferling , 2015 , p. 127 - 129 Jump up ^ Lewis , John E. , ed . The Mammoth Book of How it Happened . London : Robinson , 1998 . Print . P. 179 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 97 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joannis Schefferi , `` Memorabilium Sueticae Gentis Exemplorum Liber Singularis '' ( 1671 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ R. Reilly , The Rest to Fortune : The Life of Major - General James Wolfe ( 1960 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 679 Jump up ^ Winsor , p. 85 Jump up ^ French , pp. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ Abbatt , p. 252 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 132,165 Jump up ^ Woodson , p. 204 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 260 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 95 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 257 Jump up ^ Melville Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Jump up ^ Buford , 1895 , Preface Jump up ^ Marvin , p. 425 , 436 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Coppers 1787 -- 1788 : Introduction '' . University of Notre Dame . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` e pluribus unum FAQ # 7 '' . www.treas.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , O. Keith ( 30 January 2002 ) . `` Individual Summary for COL . GEORGE CLAGHORN '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades ; however , Victory has been in dry dock since 1922 . `` HMS Victory Service Life '' . HMS Victory website . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bunce , p. 336 Jump up ^ Hayward , p. 322 Jump up ^ Clary Jump up ^ MTA Bridges Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Museum Jump up ^ McKenna Jump up ^ https://picasaweb.google.com/115084101490686051189/DropBox?authkey=Gv1sRgCIb7-7uW5e244QE#5827876206844880834 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Committee of Safety ( American Revolution ) Jump up ^ http://map.harvard.edu/mapserver/campusmap.htm Jump up ^ MA List of legal holidays Jump up ^ Somerville Environmental Services Guide Jump up ^ University of Massachusetts , Boston , observed holidays Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Day closings Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Massachusetts FY2011 Budget , Outside Section 5 '' . July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See the Centennial Book for a complete description of the events . Jump up ^ Sesquicentennial celebration Jump up ^ New York Times , June 15 , 1975 Jump up ^ Scotts 2008 United States stamp catalogue Bibliography Major sources Most of the information about the battle itself in this article comes from the following sources . Brooks , Victor ( 1999 ) . The Boston Campaign . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 007 - 9 . OCLC 42581510 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston . Boston , MA : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1851 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Charles C. Little and James Brown . OCLC 2138693 . French , Allen ( 1911 ) . The Siege of Boston . New York : McMillan . OCLC 3927532 . Ketchum , Richard ( 1999 ) . Decisive Day : The Battle of Bunker Hill . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41897 - 3 . OCLC 24147566 . ( Paperback : ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6099 - 5 ) Philbrick , Nathaniel . Bunker Hill : A City , a Siege , a Revolution ( New York : Viking , 2013 ) Minor sources Specific facts not necessarily covered by the major sources come from the following sources . Buford , Mary Hunter ( 1895 ) . Seth Read , Lieut. - Col. Continental Army ; Pioneer at Geneva , New York , 1787 , and at Erie , Penn. , June , 1795 . His Ancestors and Descendants . Boston , Mass . pp. 167 Pages on CD in PDF Format . Bunce , Oliver Bell ( 1870 ) . The romance of the revolution : being true stories of the adventures , romantic incidents , hairbreath escapes , and heroic exploits of the days of ' 76 . Philadelphia : Porter & Coates . OCLC 3714510 . Abbatt , William ( ed ) ( 1883 ) . The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries , volume 8 . A.S. Barnes . OCLC 1590082 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Alden , John R ( 1989 ) . A History of the American Revolution . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . Anderson , William ( 1863 ) . The Scottish Nation : Or , The Surnames , Families , Literature , Honours , and Biographical History of the People of Scotland , volume 2 . Fullarton . OCLC 1290413 . Bardwell , John D ( 2005 ) . Old Kittery . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2476 - 4 . Clinton , Henry ( 1954 ) . Willcox , William B. , ed . The American Rebellion : Sir Henry Clinton 's Narrative of His Campaigns , 1775 -- 1782 . Yale University Press . OCLC 1305132 . Graydon , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Littell , John Stockton , ed . Memoirs of His Own Time : With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution . Philadelphia : Lindsay & Blakiston . OCLC 1557096 . Ferling , John ( 2015 ) . Whirlwind , The American Revolution and the War That Won it . Bloomsbury Press , New York , London . Hayward , John ( 1854 ) . A Gazetteer of the United States of America . self published . OCLC 68756962 . Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 . Melville , Herman ( 1855 ) . Israel Potter : his fifty years of exile . G. Routledge . OCLC 13065897 . Richards , Leonard L ( 2003 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : The American Revolution 's Final Battle . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1870 - 1 . Scheer , George F ; Rankin , Hugh F ( 1987 ) . Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80307 - 9 . Winsor , Justin ; Jewett , Clarence F ( 1882 ) . The Memorial History of Boston : Including Suffolk County , Massachusetts , 1630 -- 1880 , Volume 3 . James R. Osgood . OCLC 4952179 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2002 ) . The American Revolution : A History . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 1 . Woodson , Carter Godwin ; Logan , Rayford Whittingham ( 1917 ) . The Journal of Negro History , Volume 2 . Association for the Study of Negro Life and History . OCLC 1782257 . Cray , Robert E. ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill Refought : Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts , 1775 - 1825 ( PDF ) . Historical Journal of Massachusetts . `` Congressional bio of John Patterson '' . Biographical Directory of the United States . Commemorations Various commemorations of the battle are described in the following sources . `` Charles River Bridges '' . Massachusetts Turnpike Authority . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` Massachusetts List of Legal Holidays '' . Massachusetts Secretary of State . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . `` Environmental Guide 2008 '' ( PDF ) . City of Somerville , Massachusetts . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . `` UMass Boston Holidays observed '' . University of Massachusetts , Boston . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . `` Bunker Hill Day Closings '' . Boston Globe . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Winsor , Justin ( 1875 ) . Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill . Boston , MA : Boston City Council . OCLC 2776599 . Celebration of the sesquicentennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill , June 17 , 1925 . Boston , MA : City of Boston . 1925 . OCLC 235594934 . `` Bunker Hill Museum '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Clary , David ( 2007 ) . Adopted Son : Washington , Lafayette , and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution . New York City : Bantam Books . pp. 443 -- 448 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80435 - 5 . OCLC 70407848 . Kifner , John ( July 15 , 1975 ) . `` Not Unusual Occurrence : British Take Bunker Hill '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . ( ProQuest document number : 118450359 ) McKenna , Kathleen ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` On Bunker Hill , a boost in La Fayette profile '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Further reading Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) . The real History of the American Revolution . Sterling Publishing Company , New York . Beck , Derek W. ( 2016 ) . The War Before Independence : 1775 - 1776 . Sourcebooks , Inc. , 480 pages Doyle , Peter ( 1998 ) . Bunker Hill . Charlottesville , VA : Providence Foundation . ISBN 1 - 887456 - 08 - 2 . OCLC 42421560 . Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1875 ) . Bunker Hill : the story told in letters from the battle field by British Officers Engaged . Boston : Nichols and Hall . Elting , John R. ( 1975 ) . The Battle of Bunker 's Hill . Monmouth Beach , NJ : Phillip Freneau Press . ISBN 0 - 912480 - 11 - 4 . OCLC 2867199 . Ferling , John ( 2007 ) . Almost a Miracle . Oxford University Press . Fast , Howard ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : ibooks inc . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2384 - 4 . OCLC 248511443 . Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2008 ) . The American Revolution 100 . Source Books , Naperville , Illinois . O'Brien , Michael J. ( 1968 ) . The Irish at Bunker Hill : Evidence of Irish Participation in the Battle of 17 June 1775 . Irish University Press . Ristow , W. Walter ( 1979 ) . Cartography of the Battle of Bunker Hill . Swett , S ( 1826 ) . History of Bunker Hill Battle , With a Plan , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Munroe and Francis . OCLC 3554078 . This book contains printings of both Gage 's official account and that of the Massachusetts Congress . Commager , Henry Steele ; Morris , Richard B. ( 1958 ) . The Spirit of 76 . Harper & Row Publishers , New York , London . , eBook , Vol 2 External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bunker Hill . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Bunker Hill . Boston National Historical Park official website Bunker Hill Museum website About the battle Library of Congress page about the battle Bunker Hill Web Exhibit of the Massachusetts Historical Society SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter list of colonial fallen at Bunker Hill SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter description of the battle The Battle of Bunker Hill : Now We Are at War , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan TheAmericanRevolution.org description of the battle BritishBattles.com description of the battle Animated History of the Battle of Bunker Hill `` Bunker Hill '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . About people in the battle Israel Putnam Website Genealogy of Captain Samuel Cherry , who fought at Bunker Hill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bunker_Hill&oldid=804642923 '' Categories : Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States History of Boston Charlestown , Boston Massachusetts in the American Revolution 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 1775 in Massachusetts History of the Royal Marines Military history of New England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 08 : 15 . 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1. Battle of Bunker Hill
2. American Revolutionary War
3. Siege of Boston
4. British victory
5. Pyrrhic victory
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why was nationalism particularly significant to italian unification
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Italian nationalism - wikipedia Italian nationalism Jump to : navigation , search Flag of Italy The Altare della Patria in Rome . Italian nationalism builds upon the idea that Italians are the ethnic , cultural , and linguistic successors of the ancient Romans who inhabited the Italian Peninsula for over a millennium . The origins of Italian nationalism have been traced to the Renaissance . Italian nationalism first arose as a potent political force in the 1830s in the Italian peninsula under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini . It served as a cause for Risorgimento in the 1860s to 1870s . Italian nationalism became strong again in World War I with Italian irredentist claims to territories held by Austria - Hungary , and during the era of Italian Fascism . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Renaissance to 19th century 1.2 1830s to 1848 1.3 Revolutions of 1848 to Risorgimento ( 1859 to 1870 ) 1.4 Post-Risorgimento , World War I and aftermath ( 1870 to 1922 ) 1.5 Fascism and World War II ( 1922 to 1945 ) 1.6 Post -- World War II and current situation 2 Symbols 3 Italian nationalist parties 3.1 Current 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography History ( edit ) Renaissance to 19th century ( edit ) Niccolò Machiavelli The origins of Italian nationalism have been traced to the Renaissance where Italy led a European revival of classical Greco - Roman style of culture , philosophy , and art . Renaissance - era diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli in his work The Prince ( 1532 ) appealed to Italian patriotism urging Italians `` to seize Italy and free her from the Barbarians '' , the `` Barbarians '' he referred to were foreign powers occupying the Italian Peninsula . When France started to annex Corsica in the XVIII century ( and then incorporated during the Napoleon 's empire the regions of Piemonte , Liguria , Toscana and Lazio ) , the first movements to defend Italy 's existence aroused with Paoli revolt and were later followed by the birth of the so - called `` irredentism '' . Monument to Pasquale Paoli , the Corsican hero who made Italian the official language of his Corsican Republic in 1755 Paoli was sympathetic to Italian culture and regarded his own native language as an Italian dialect ( Corsican is an Italo - Dalmatian tongue closely related to Tuscan and Sicilian ) . He was considered by Niccolò Tommaseo , who collected his Lettere ( Letters ) , as one of the precursors of the Italian irredentism . The so - called Babbu di a Patria ( `` Father of the fatherland '' ) , as Pasquale Paoli was nicknamed by the Corsican Italians , wrote in his Letters the following appeal in 1768 against the French : We are Corsicans by birth and sentiment , but first of all we feel Italian by language , origins , customs , traditions ; and Italians are all brothers and united in the face of history and in the face of God ... As Corsicans we wish to be neither slaves nor `` rebels '' and as Italians we have the right to deal as equals with the other Italian brothers ... Either we shall be free or we shall be nothing ... Either we shall win or we shall die ( against the French ) , weapons in hand ... The war against France is right and holy as the name of God is holy and right , and here on our mountains will appear for Italy the sun of liberty ... 1830s to 1848 ( edit ) Giuseppe Mazzini The initial important figure in the development of Italian nationalism was Giuseppe Mazzini , who became a nationalist in the 1820s . In his political career , Mazzini held as objectives the liberation of Italy from the Austrian occupation , indirect control by Austria , princely despotism , aristocratic privilege , and clerical authority . Mazzini was captivated by ancient Rome that he considered the `` temple of humanity '' and sought to establish a united Italy as a `` Third Rome '' that emphasized Roman spiritual values that Italian nationalists claimed were preserved by the Catholic Church . Mazzini and Italian nationalists in general promoted the concept of Romanità ( the Roman - ness ) , which claimed that Roman culture made invaluable contributions to the Italian and Western civilization . Since the 1820s , Mazzini supported a revolution to create a utopy of an ideal Italian republic based in Rome . Mazzini formed revolutionary patriotic Young Italy society in 1832 . Upon Young Italy breaking apart in the 1830s , Mazzini reconstituted it in 1839 with the intention to gain the support of workers ' groups . However , at the time Mazzini was hostile to socialism due to his belief that all classes needed to be united in the cause of creating a united Italy rather than divided against each other . Giuseppe Garibaldi , the prominent Italian nationalist leader during the Risorgimento . Vincenzo Gioberti in 1843 in his book On the Civil and Moral Primacy of the Italians , advocated a federal state of Italy led by the Pope . Camillo Benso , the future Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia and afterwards the Kingdom of Italy , worked as an editor for the nationalist Italian newspaper Il Risorgimento in the 1840s . Cavour was a clear example of civic nationalism with a high consideration for values including freedom , tolerance , equality , and individual rights compatible with a sober nationalism . Economic nationalism influenced businessmen and government authorities to promote a united Italy . Prior to unification , tariff walls held between the Italian states and the disorganized railway system prevented economic development of the peninsula . Prior to the revolutions of 1848 , Carlo Cattaneo advocated an economic federation of Italy . Revolutions of 1848 to Risorgimento ( 1859 to 1870 ) ( edit ) Daniele Manin , founder of the Italian National Society . Supporters of Italian nationalism ranged from across the political spectrum : it appealed to both conservatives and liberals . The Revolutions of 1848 resulted in a major development of the Italian nationalist movement . Liberalization of press laws in Piedmont allowed nationalist activity to flourish . Following the Revolutions of 1848 and the liberalization of press laws , the Italian nationalist organization , called the Italian National Society , was created in 1857 by Daniele Manin and Giorgio Pallevicino . The National Society was created to promote and spread nationalism to political moderates in Piedmont and raised money , held public meetings , and produced newspapers . The National Society helped to establish a base for Italian nationalism amongst the educated middle class . By 1860 , the National Society influenced dominant liberal circles in Italy and won over middle class support for the union of Piedmont and Lombardy . The statesman Daniele Manin seems to have believed in Italian unification years before Camillo Benso of Cavour , who actually unified the country with Giuseppe Garibaldi through diplomatic and military actions . During the 1856 Congress of Paris , Manin talked with Cavour about several plans and strategies to achieve the unification of Italy ; Cavour clearly considered those plans vain things , and after the meeting wrote that Manin had talked about `` l'unità d'Italia ed altre corbellerie '' ( `` the unity of Italy and other nonsense '' ) . The Risorgimento was an ideological movement that helped incite the feelings of brotherhood and nationalism in the imagined Italian community , which called for the unification of Italy and the pushing out of foreign powers . Literature , music , and other outlets of expression frequently alluded back to the glorious past of Rome and the miraculous feats their ancestors had accomplished in defending their homeland and kicking out the foreign occupants . Post-risorgimento , World war I and aftermath ( 1870 to 1922 ) ( edit ) Francesco Crispi After the unification of Italy was completed in 1870 , the Italian government faced domestic political paralysis and internal tensions , resulting in it resorting to embarking on a colonial policy to divert the Italian public 's attention from internal issues . In these years , one of the most prominent political figures was Francesco Crispi , whose actions as prime minister were characterised by a nationalism that often appeared as a form of obsession for the national unity and defence from hostile foreign countries . Italy managed to colonize the East African coast of Eritrea and Somalia , but failed to conquer Ethiopia with 15,000 Italians dying in the war and being forced to retreat . Then , Italy waged war with the Ottoman Empire from 1911 to 1912 and gained Libya and the Dodecanese Islands from Turkey . However , these attempts to gain popular support from the public failed , and rebellions and violent protests became so intense that many observers believed that the young Kingdom of Italy would not survive . Tired of the internal conflicts in Italy , a movement of bourgeois intellectuals led by Gabriele d'Annunzio , Gaetano Mosca , and Vilfredo Pareto declared war on the parliamentary system , and their position gained respect among Italians . D'Annunzio called upon young Italians to seek fulfillment in violent action and put an end to the politically maneuvering parliamentary government . The Italian Nationalist Association ( ANI ) was founded in Florence in 1910 by the jingoist nationalist Enrico Corradini who emphasized the need for martial heroism , of total sacrifice of individualism and equality to one 's nation , the need of discipline and obedience in society , the grandeur and power of ancient Rome , and the need for people to live dangerously . Corradini 's ANI 's extremist appeals were enthusiastically supported by many Italians . Gabriele d'Annunzio At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , Italy initially maintained neutrality , despite its official alliance with Germany and Austria - Hungary since 1882 on the grounds that Germany and Austria - Hungary were waging an aggressive war that it refused to take part in . In 1915 , Italy eventually decided to enter the war on the British and French side against Austria - Hungary and Germany . Nationalist pride soared in Italy after the end of hostilities in November 1918 , with the victory of Italy and Allied forces over Austria - Hungary and the seizure by Italy of former Austro - Hungarian territories . Citizens in Rome celebrated the victory . The Italian population of newly liberated Trieste ( 140,000 of 240 , 00 inhabitants ) attended the arrival of General Carlo Petitti di Roreto , the newly proclaimed Governor - General of Trieste , who arrived at Trieste by warship and met cheering mass crowds . Italy 's demands in the Paris peace settlement of 1919 were not fully achieved : Italy did attain Trentino , Trieste , the Istrian peninsula , and South Tyrol from Austria - Hungary , though other territories previously promised to Italy were not given to it . Benito Mussolini In particular , Italian nationalists were enraged by the Allies denying Italy the right to annex Fiume , that had a slight majority Italian population but was not included in Italy 's demands agreed with the Allies in 1915 , and a larger part of Dalmatia which had a vast majority Slavic population and an Italian minority , claiming that Italian annexation of large part of Dalmatia would violate Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points . D'Annunzio responded to this by mobilizing two thousand veterans of the war who seized Fiume by force ; this action was met with international condemnation of d'Annunzio's actions but was supported by a majority of Italians . Though d'Annunzio's government in Fiume was forced from power , Italy annexed Fiume a few years later . Fascism and World war II ( 1922 to 1945 ) ( edit ) The seizure of power by the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and his development of a fascist totalitarian state in Italy involved appeal to Italian nationalism , advocating a Roman - like Italian Empire in the Mediterranean Sea . Mussolini sought to build closer relations with Germany and the United Kingdom while showing hostility towards France and Yugoslavia . Post -- World war II and current situation ( edit ) Carlo Azeglio Ciampi After the fall of Fascism and following the birth of the Republic , the interest in Italian nationalism by scholars , politicians and the masses was relatively low , mainly because of its close relation with Fascism and consequently with bad memories of World War II . The only notable and active political party who clearly declared Italian nationalism as its main ideology was the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) , which became the fourth largest party in Italy by the early 1960s . In these years , Italian nationalism was considered an ideology linked to right - wing political parties and organisations . Nevertheless , two significant events seemed to revitalise Italian nationalism among Italians , the first one in 1953 with the Question of Trieste when the claim of Italy on the full control of the city of Trieste was largely endorsed by most of the Italian society with patriotic demonstrations , and the second one in 1985 during the Sigonella crisis between Italy and the United States . Palazzo Vecchio in Florence during the celebrations of the 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification . In the 2000s , Italian nationalism seemed to gain a moderate support by the society , in particular during important days such as the National Day Festa della Repubblica ( Republic day ) and the Anniversary of the Liberation . The President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi has often praised patriotism among Italians by mentioning in his speeches national events , including the Risorgimento or the Resistenza , and national symbols like the Flag of Italy and the National Anthem , although he seems to want to stress self - confidence rather than plain nationalism . In 2011 , the 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification showed a moderately renewed interest in Italian nationalism among the society . Nationalist ideologies are often present during Italian anti-globalisation protests . Today , Italian nationalism is still mainly supported by right - wing political parties like Brothers of Italy and minor far - right political parties like The Right , Casapound , Forza Nuova and Tricolour Flame . Nonetheless , in recent times Italian nationalism has been occasionally embraced as a form of banal nationalism by liberal parties like Forza Italia , centrist parties like the Union of the Centre or even by centre - left parties like the Democratic Party . Italian nationalism has also faced a great deal of opposition from within Italy itself . Regionalism and municipal identities have challenged the concept of a unified Italian identity , like those in Friuli - Venezia Giulia , Naples , Sardinia , Sicily and Veneto . Such regional identities evoked strong opposition after the Piedmontese - led unification of Italy to plans for `` Piedmontization '' of Italy . Italian identity has also been long strained by an ever growing North - South divide that developed partly from the economic differences of a highly industrialized North and a highly agricultural South . Symbols ( edit ) Civil flag of Italy , originally designed in 1797 . A symbol of the Italian nation since the early - 19th century and symbol of the Italian Republic since 1946 . Civil flag of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946 . Presently used by Italian monarchists . War flag of the Italian Social Republic , the incarnation of Fascist Italy from 1943 to 1945 after the Fascist regime in the Kingdom of Italy was dismantled in 1943 . It is a prominent symbol used by Italian neo-fascists . Italian nationalist parties ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Tricolour Flame ( 1995 -- present ) New Force ( Italy ) ( 1997 -- present ) See also ( edit ) Italy portal Nationalism # Italy History of Italy Italian culture Italian Fascism Italian irredentism Italian unification Italians Revolutions of 1848 Romanità References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Motyl 2001 , pp. 248 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Gillette . Racial theories in fascist Italy . 2nd edition . London , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 2003 . Pp. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Trafford R. Cole . Italian Genealogical Records : How to Use Italian Civil , Ecclesiastical & Other Records in Family History Research . Salt Lake City , Utah , USA : Ancestry Incorporated , 1995 . Pp. 15 . Jump up ^ J.P.T. Bury , ed . The new Cambridge modern history : The zenith of European power 1830 -- 70 1964 . Pp. 224 . Jump up ^ Mikael Hörnqvist . Machiavelli and Empire . Cambridge , England , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2004 . Pp. 259 . Jump up ^ N. Tommaseo . `` Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli '' ( in Archivio storico italiano , 1st series , vol . XI ) . ^ Jump up to : Vincent P. Pecora . Nations and identities : classic readings . Oxford , England , UK ; Malden , Massachusetts , USA : Blackwell Publishers , Inc , 2001 . Pp. 156 . ^ Jump up to : John Gooch . The Unification of Italy . Taylor & Francis e-library , 2001 . Pp. 5 . ^ Jump up to : John Gooch . The Unification of Italy . Taylor & Francis e-library , 2001 . Pp. 6 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber . The European revolutions , 1848 - 1851 . Second Edition . Cambridge , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . Pp. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Lucy Riall . The Italian Risorgimento : State , society and national unification . London , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 1994 . Pp. 69 . Jump up ^ Nationalism ( Cavour ) . treccani.it/ Jump up ^ J.P.T. Bury . The new Cambridge modern history : The zenith of European power 1830 -- 70 . London , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Cambridge University Press , 1964 . Pp. 226 . Jump up ^ Lucy Riall . The Italian Risorgimento : State , society and national unification . London , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 1994 . Pp. 70 . Jump up ^ Holt , The Making of Italy : 1815 -- 1870 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Risorgimento , Britannica.com Jump up ^ Nation - building in 19th - century Italy : the case of Francesco Crispi , Christopher Duggan , History Today , February 1 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Francis W Halsey . The Literary Digest History of the World War , Vol . IX . New York , New York , USA : Cosimo , Inc , 2009 . Pp. 147 - 149 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds Mathewson Salerno . Vital crossroads : Mediterranean origins of the Second World War , 1935 - 1940 . Ithaca , New York , USA : Cornell University Press , 2002 . Pp. 4 . Jump up ^ Reynolds Mathewson Salerno . Vital crossroads : Mediterranean origins of the Second World War , 1935 - 1940 . Ithaca , New York , USA : Cornell University Press , 2002 . Pp. 5 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2004 ) . `` Italian Social Movement ( Movimento Sociale Italiano ) ( MSI ) ( Italy ) '' . Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32485 - 7 . Jump up ^ PIGLIUCCI M. , Gli ultimi martiri del Risorgimento . Gli incidenti per Trieste italiana del novembre 1953 , Ed . Mosetti , Trieste 2013 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 9026 - 741 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.repubblica.it/online/esteri/abbas/sigonella/sigonella.html Jump up ^ Carlo Azeglio Ciampi . La Repubblica.it Jump up ^ http://www.italia150.it/150-Anniversario Jump up ^ Miklós Sukosd , Karol Jakubovicz ( 2011 ) . Media , Nationalism and European Identities . 1st . Budapest : CEU Press . Jump up ^ John A. Agnew ( 2002 ) . Place and Politics in Modern Italy . 1st . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ^ Jump up to : Peter Wagstaff . Regionalism in the European Union . Intellect Books , 1999 . P ; 141 Jump up ^ Damian Tambini . Nationalism in Italian Politics : The Stories of the Northern League , 1980 - 2000 . London , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 2001 . P. 34 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barbour , Stephen and Cathie Carmichael , eds. ( 2000 ) . Language and Nationalism in Europe ( Oxford UP ) chapter 8 . Cunsolo , Ronald S. `` Italian nationalism in historical perspective . '' History of European Ideas 16.4 - 6 ( 1993 ) : 759 - 766 . Cunsolo , Ronald S. Italian nationalism : from its origins to World War II ( Krieger Pub Co , 1990 ) . Cunsolo , Ronald S. `` Italian Emigration and Its Effect on the Rise of Nationalism . '' Italian Americana 12.1 ( 1993 ) : 62 - 72 . in JSTOR Drake , Richard . `` The Theory and Practice of Italian Nationalism , 1900 - 1906 . '' Journal of Modern History ( 1981 ) : 213 - 241 . in JSTOR Motyl , Alexander J. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism , Volume II . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 227230 - 7 . Noether , Emiliana Pasca . Seeds of Italian nationalism , 1700 - 1815 ( Columbia University Press , 1951 ) . Noether , Emiliana P . `` The intellectual dimension of italian nationalism : An overview . '' History of European Ideas 16.4 - 6 ( 1993 ) : 779 - 784 . Patriarca , Silvana , and Lucy Riall , eds. , The Risorgimento Revisited : Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth - century Italy ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Ethnic nationalism Africa Acholi Afrikaner Algerian Berber Canarian Congolese Coptic Egyptian Ethiopian Hutu Igbo Libyan Nigerian Sahrawi Rhodesian Somali Tunisian Ugandan Asia Arab Armenian Assamese Assyrian Azerbaijani Balkar and Karachay Baloch Bangladeshi Bengali Bodo Burmese ( Burmese Buddhist ) Chinese Circassian Dalit East Turkestani Filipino Georgian Gorkha Hindu Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Israeli Japanese Kashmiri Khmer Korean Kurdish Lebanese Lezgian Malay Early Malaysian Malay Malaysian Hindu Manchurian Mongolian Marathi Naga Pashtun Pakistani Palestinian Punjabi Ryukyu Saraiki Sikh Sindhi Sinhalese Buddhist South Asian Muslim Sri Lankan Tamil Syrian Taiwanese Tamil Thai Tibetan Tripuri Turkic Turkish Vietnamese Zaza Europe Albanian in Albania in Kosovo in Rep. of Macedonia Andalusian Armenian Asturian Austrian Azerbaijani Balkar and Karachay Basque Bavarian Belgian Belarusian Bosniak Breton British Bulgarian Canarian Castilian Catalan Celtic Circassian Cornish Corsican Croatian Cypriot Czech Czechoslovak English Estonian Faroese Flemish Finnish French Galician German in Austria Georgian Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Lezgian Lithuanian Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Norwegian Occitan Padanian Polish Prussian Rhenish Romanian Russian Scandinavian Sardinian Scottish Serbian Sicilian Silesian Slavic Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swabian Swiss Turkic Turkish Ukrainian Ulster Valencian Venetian Walloon Welsh The Americas American Argentine Brazilian Canadian Confederate Chicano Puerto Rican Native - American Greenlandic Québécois Oceania Australian Hawaiian Māori Other Racial Black White Religious Christian Islamic Soviet ( spanning two continents ) Yugoslav <Td_colspan="2"> Note : Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above . 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when did they start putting warning labels on cigarettes
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Tobacco packaging warning messages - wikipedia Tobacco packaging warning messages `` Smoking Kills '' redirects here . For album of The Disciplines , see Smoking Kills ( album ) . Tobacco package warning messages are warning messages that appear on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products concerning their health effects . They have been implemented in an effort to enhance the public 's awareness of the harmful effects of smoking . In general , warnings used in different countries try to emphasize the same messages . Warnings for some countries are listed below . Such warnings have been required in tobacco advertising for many years . The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , adopted in 2003 , requires such package warning messages to promote awareness against smoking . A 2009 review summarises that `` There is clear evidence that tobacco package health warnings increase consumers ' knowledge about the health consequences of tobacco use . '' The warning messages `` contribute to changing consumers ' attitudes towards tobacco use as well as changing consumers ' behavior . '' At the same time , such warning labels have been subject to criticism . 2007 meta - analyses indicated that communications emphasizing the severity of a threat are less effective than communications focusing on susceptibility , and that warning labels may have no effect among smokers who are not confident that they can quit , which lead the authors to recommend exploring different , potentially more effective methods of behavior change . Contents 1 Albania 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Azerbaijan 5 Bangladesh 6 Bolivia 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 Brazil 9 Brunei 10 Cambodia 11 Canada 12 Chile 13 China 14 Colombia 15 East Timor 16 Ecuador 17 Egypt 18 European Union 18.1 Austria and Germany 18.2 Belgium 18.3 Croatia 18.4 Cyprus 18.5 Czech Republic 18.6 Denmark 18.7 Estonia 18.8 Finland 18.9 France 18.10 Greece 18.11 Hungary 18.12 Ireland 18.13 Italy 18.14 Latvia 18.15 Lithuania 18.16 Malta 18.17 The Netherlands 18.18 Poland 18.19 Portugal 18.20 Romania 18.21 Slovenia 18.22 Spain 18.23 Sweden 18.24 United Kingdom 19 Georgia 20 Ghana 21 Hong Kong 22 Iceland 23 India 24 Indonesia 25 Iran 26 Japan 27 Laos 28 Malaysia 29 Mexico 30 Moldova 31 Mongolia 32 Montenegro 33 Nepal 34 New Zealand 35 Nigeria 36 Norway 37 Pakistan 38 Paraguay 39 Peru 40 Philippines 41 Russia 42 Serbia 43 Singapore 44 Switzerland 45 Somalia 46 South Africa 47 South Korea 48 Sri Lanka 49 Taiwan 50 Thailand 51 Turkey 52 Ukraine 53 United States of America 53.1 Cigars 53.2 Smokeless tobacco 54 Venezuela 55 Vietnam 56 References 57 External links Albania ( edit ) Text - based warnings on cigarette packets are used in Albania . Pirja e duhanit vret ( Smoking kills ) Pirja e duhanit mund të vrasë Smoking can kill Pirja e duhanit ju dëmton ju dhe të tjerët rreth jush Smoking seriously harms you and others around you Duhanpirësit vdesin më të rinj Smokers die younger Duhanpirja bllokon arteriet dhe shkakton infarkt të zemrës ose hemorragji cerebrale Smoking blocks the arteries and causes heart attack or cerebral hemorrhage Duhanpirja shkakton kancer në mushkëri Smoking causes lung cancer Duhanpirja gjatë shtatëzanisë dëmton fëmijën tuaj Smoking during pregnancy harms your baby Ruani fëmijët : mos i lini ata të thithin tymin tuaj Protect children : do not let them breathe your smoke Mjeku ose farmacisti juaj mund t'ju ndihmojë të lini duhanin Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking Duhanpirja shkakton varësi të fortë , mos e filloni atë Smoking causes a strong addiction , do not start it Lënia e duhanit pakëson rrezikun e sëmundjeve vdekjeprurëse të zemrës dhe mushkërive Leaving smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart disease and lung Duhanpirja mund të shkaktojë një vdekje të ngadaltë dhe të dhimbshme Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Kërkoni ndihmë për të lënë duhanin : telefon 0 800 47 47 ; Sektori i abuzimit me substancat , Instituti i Shëndetit Publik : www.ishp.gov.al ; konsultonhuni me mjekun / farmacistin tuaj Ask for help to quit smoking : telephone 0800 47 47 ; Substance Abuse sector , the Institute of Public Health : www.ishp.gov.al ; consult your doctor / pharmacist Duhanpirja mund të ngadalësojë rrjedhjen e gjakut dhe shkakton impotencë Smoking can slow blood flow and causes impotence Duhanpirja shkakton plakjen e fytyrës Smoking causes facial aging Duhani përmban benzen , nitrosaminë , formalinë dhe cianid hidrogjeni Smoking contains benzene , nitrosamines , formalin and hydrogen cyanide Pirja e duhanit shkakton sëmundje të zemrës Smoking causes heart disease Duhanpirja mund të dëmtojë spermën dhe ul pjellorinë Smoking can damage sperm and decrease fertility Duhani dëmton rëndë shëndetin Smoking seriously harms health Argentina ( edit ) General warning : Fumar es muy malo para la salud . Puede causar enfermedades del corazon , gangrena , cancer de pulmon , funcion pulmonar reducida , bronquitis cronica , accidente cerebrovascular , cancer de garganta , cancer de boca y enfisema . Si todavia usted fuma , no diga que no le advertimos . As of January 30 , 2013 , all cigarette packages must include graphical warning labels that show the detrimental effects on the health of long - term smokers . Translation of words in box : Smoking is very bad for health . It can cause heart disease , gangrene , lung cancer , reduced lung function , chronic bronchitis , stroke , throat and mouth cancer , and emphysema . If you smoke despite all this , do n't say that we did not warn you . Australia ( edit ) On 1 December 2012 , Australia introduced groundbreaking legislation and the world 's toughest tobacco packaging warning messages to date . All marketing and brand devices were removed from the package and replaced with warnings , only the name of the product remain in generic standard sized text . All tobacco products sold , offered for sale or otherwise supplied in Australia were plain packaged and labelled with new and expanded health warnings . Main article : Cigarette packets in Australia Azerbaijan ( edit ) In Azerbaijan , cigarette packages carry a small notice : `` Ministry of Health warns : Smoking is dangerous for your health '' , but this is usually printed in light and small fonts , and the first part of the message is not always visible . Bangladesh ( edit ) In Bangladesh , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a mouth cancer and lung cancer ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Bolivia ( edit ) In Bolivia , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a laryngeal cancer and heart attack ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Bosnia and herzegovina ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) Pušenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) Pušenje ozbiljno šteti vama i drugima oko vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 50 % of surface ) : Pušenje uzrokuje rak pluća ( Smoking causes lung cancer ) Pušenje uzrokuje srčani udar ( Smoking causes heart attack ) Pušenje uzrokuje moždani udar ( Smoking causes stroke ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti zdravlju Vašeg djeteta ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Before 2011 , a small warning with the text Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) was printed on the back of cigarette packets . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil 's third and current batch of graphic images , mandatory on all cigarette packs . Brazil was the second country in the world and the first country in Latin America to adopt mandatory warning images in cigarette packages . Warnings and graphic images illustrating the risks of smoking occupy 100 % of the back of cigarettes boxes since 2001 . In 2008 , the government elected a third batch of images , aimed at younger smokers . Since 2003 , the sentence Este produto contém mais de 4 , 7 mil substâncias tóxicas , e nicotina que causa dependência física ou psíquica . Não existem níveis seguros para consumo dessas substâncias . ( This product contains over 4700 toxic substances and nicotine , which causes physical or psychological addiction . There are no safe levels for the intake of these substances . ) is displayed in all packs . Brunei ( edit ) In Brunei , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tracheotomy and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Cambodia ( edit ) In Cambodia , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a premature birth and lung cancer ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Canada ( edit ) A Canadian Number 7 cigarette package , with 1 of the 16 warnings found on packages between 2000 and 2011 Canada has had 3 phases of tobacco warning labels . The first set of warnings was introduced in 1989 under the Tobacco Products Control Act , and required warnings to be printed on all tobacco products sold legally in Canada . The set consisted of 4 messages printed in black - and - white on the front and back of the package , and was expanded in 1994 to include 8 messages covering 25 % of the front top of the package . In 2000 , the Tobacco Products Information Regulations ( TPIR ) were passed under the Tobacco Act . The regulations introduced a new set of 16 warnings . Each warning was printed on the front and back of the package , covering 50 % of the surface , with a short explanation and a picture illustrating that particular warning , for example : WARNING CIGARETTES CAUSE LUNG CANCER 85 % of lung cancers are caused by smoking . 80 % of lung cancer victims die within three years . accompanied by a picture of a human lung detailing cancerous growths . Additionally , on the inside of the packaging or , for some packets , on a pull - out card , `` health information messages '' provide answers and explanations regarding common questions and concerns about quitting smoking and smoking - related illnesses . The side of the package also featured information on toxic emissions and constituent levels . In 2011 , the TPIR were replaced for cigarettes and little cigars with the Tobacco Products Labelling Regulations ( Cigarettes and Little Cigars ) . These regulations introduced the third and current set of 16 warnings in Canada . Currently , cigarette and little cigar packages in Canada must bear new graphic warning messages that cover 75 % of the front and back of the package . The interior of each package contains 1 of 8 updated health warning messages , all including the number for a national quitline . The side of the package now bears 1 of 4 simplified toxic emission statements . These labels were fully implemented on cigarette and little cigar packages by June 2012 ( though the 2000 labels still appear on other tobacco products ) . Canada also prohibits terms such as `` light '' and `` mild '' from appearing on tobacco packaging . The current labels were based on extensive research and a long consultation process that sought to evaluate and improve upon the warnings introduced in 2000 . In accordance with Canadian law regarding products sold legally in Canada , the warnings are provided in both English and French . Imported cigarettes to be sold in Canada which do not have the warnings are affixed with sticker versions when they are sold legally in Canada . Health Canada is also considering laws mandating plain packaging , in which legal tobacco product packaging would still include warning labels , but brand names , fonts , and colors would be replaced with simple unadorned text , thereby reducing the impact of tobacco industry marketing techniques . There have been complaints from some Canadians due to the graphic nature of the labels , but they generally enjoy wide public support . Chile ( edit ) Starting in November 2006 , all cigarette packages sold in Chile are required to have one of two health warnings , a graphic pictorial warning or a text - only warning . These warnings are replaced with a new set of two warnings each year . China ( edit ) Under laws of the People 's Republic of China , `` Law on Tobacco Monopoly '' ( 中华 人民 共和国 烟草 专卖 法 ) Chapter 4 Article 18 and `` Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on Tobacco Monopoly '' ( 中华 人民 共和国 烟草 专卖 法 实施 条例 ) Chapter 5 Article 29 , cigarettes and cigars sold within the territory of China should indicate the grade of tar content and `` Smoking is hazardous to your health '' ( 吸烟 有害 健康 ) in the Chinese language on the packs and cartons . In 2009 , the warnings were changed . The warnings which occupy not less than 30 % of the front and back of cigarettes boxes shows `` 吸烟 有害 健康 尽早 戒烟 有益 健康 ( Smoking is harmful to your health . Quitting smoking early is good for your health ) in the front , and `` 吸烟 有害 健康 戒烟 可 减少 对 健康 的 危害 '' ( ' Smoking is harmful to your health . Quitting smoking can reduce health risks ) in the back . The warnings were revised in October , 2016 . The warnings occupy not less than 35 % of the front and back of cigarettes boxes . The following warnings shows what is printed at the current time . In the front : `` 本 公司 提示 吸烟 有害 健康 请 勿 在 禁烟 场所 吸烟 '' ( `` The company suggested . Smoking is harmful to your health . Do not smoke in non-smoking places '' in the Chinese language ) In the back : 尽早 戒烟 有益 健康 戒烟 可 减少 对 健康 的 危害 '' ( `` Quitting smoking early is good for your health . Quitting smoking can reduce health risks '' in the Chinese language ) or 劝阻 青少年 吸烟 禁止 中 小学生 吸烟 ( `` Dissuade teenagers from smoking . Prohibit smoking of primary and middle school students '' in the Chinese language ) Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a smoking hurts your arteries and bladder cancer ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . East Timor ( edit ) General warning : FUMA OHO ITA ( Smoking kills ) Ecuador ( edit ) In Ecuador , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tongue cancer and premature birth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Egypt ( edit ) In Egypt , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a mouth cancer and gangrene ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . European Union ( edit ) Cigarette packets and other tobacco packaging must include warnings in the same size and format and using the same approved texts ( in the appropriate local languages ) in all member states of the European Union . These warnings are displayed in black Helvetica bold on a white background with a thick black border . Ireland once prefaced its warnings with `` Irish Government Warning '' , Latvia with `` Veselības ministrija brīdina '' ( Health Ministry Warning ) and Spain with `` Las Autoridades Sanitarias Advierten ( The Health Board Warns ) . In member states with more than one official language , the warnings are displayed in all official languages , with the sizes adjusted accordingly ( for example in Belgium the messages are written in Dutch , French and German , in Luxembourg in French and German and in Ireland , in Irish and English ) . All cigarette packets sold in the European Union must display the content of nicotine , tar , and carbon monoxide in the same manner on the side of the packet . In 2003 , it was reported that sales of cigarette cases had surged , attributable to the introduction of more prominent warning labels on cigarette packs by an EU directive in January 2003 . Alternatively , people choose to hide the warnings using various arguably `` funny '' stickers , such as `` You could be hit by a bus tomorrow . '' The most recent EU legislation is the Tobacco Products Directive , which became applicable in EU countries in May 2016 . Austria and germany ( edit ) Carton of German cigarettes , complete with warning General warnings : Rauchen ist tödlich . ( Smoking is lethal ) Rauchen kann tödlich sein ( Smoking can be lethal ) Rauchen fügt Ihnen und den Menschen in Ihrer Umgebung erheblichen Schaden zu . -- Smoking severely harms you and the people around you . Additional warnings : Raucher sterben früher -- Smokers die sooner . Rauchen führt zur Verstopfung der Arterien und verursacht Herzinfarkte und Schlaganfälle . -- Smoking leads to clogging of arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . Rauchen verursacht tödlichen Lungenkrebs . -- Smoking causes lethal lung cancer . Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft schadet Ihrem Kind -- Smoking while pregnant harms your child . Schützen Sie Kinder -- lassen Sie sie nicht Ihren Tabakrauch einatmen ! -- Protect children -- do n't let them inhale your tobacco smoke ! Ihr Arzt oder Apotheker kann Ihnen dabei helfen , das Rauchen aufzugeben . -- Your doctor or pharmacist can help you to give up smoking . Rauchen macht sehr schnell abhängig : Fangen Sie gar nicht erst an ! -- Smoking makes you addicted very fast : Do n't start in the first place ! Wer das Rauchen aufgibt , verringert das Risiko tödlicher Herz - und Lungenerkrankungen -- Giving up smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . Rauchen kann zu einem langsamen und schmerzhaften Tod führen -- Smoking can lead to a slow and painful death . Rauchen kann zu Durchblutungsstörungen führen und verursacht Impotenz -- Smoking can lead to blood circulation disorders and causes impotence . Rauchen lässt Ihre Haut altern -- Smoking ages your skin . Rauchen kann die Spermatozoen schädigen und schränkt die Fruchtbarkeit ein -- Smoking can damage the spermatozoa and decreases your fertility . Rauch enthält Benzol , Nitrosamine , Formaldehyd und Blausäure -- Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , warning signs are written in both Dutch , French and German languages . Roken is dodelijk - stop nu Fumer tue - arrêtez maintenant Rauchen ist tödlich - hören Sie jetzt auf ( Smoking kills - stop now ) Croatia ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Pušenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) or Pušenje ozbiljno šteti vama i drugima oko vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) : Pušači umiru mlađi ( Smokers die younger ) Pušenje uzrokuje začepljenje arterija i uzrokuje srčani i moždani udar ( Smoking clogs your arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Pušenje uzrokuje smrtonosan rak pluća ( Smoking causes lethal lung cancer ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti vašem djetetu ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Zaštitite djecu od udisanja vašeg cigaretnog dima ( Protect children from inhaling your cigarette smoke ) Vaš liječnik ili ljekarnik može vam pomoći prestati pušiti ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Pušenje stvara izrazitu ovisnost , nemojte ni počinjati ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't even start ) Prestanak pušenja umanjuje rizik smrtnih srčanih ili plućnih bolesti ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart and lung diseases ) Pušenje može izazvati polaganu i bolnu smrt ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Potražite pomoć za prestanak pušenja / savjetujte se sa svojim liječnikom / ljekarnikom ) ( Get help to stop smoking / consult with your doctor / pharmacist ) Pušenje može usporiti krvotok i prouzročiti impotenciju ( Smoking can slow down blood circulation and cause impotence ) Pušenje uzrokuje starenje kože ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) Pušenje može oštetiti spermu i smanjiti plodnost ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Dim sadrži benzene , nitrozamine , formaldehide i ugljikove cijanide ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanides * ) The last warning contains a mistranslation from Directive 2001 / 37 / EC -- `` hydrogen '' was translated as ugljik ( carbon ) instead of vodik . It was nevertheless signed into law and started appearing on cigarette packages in March 2009 . Front of packaging 2004 -- 2009 Back of packaging 2004 -- 2009 Side of packaging 2004 -- 2009 2004 -- 2009 These warnings are also simple text warnings . Front of packaging : Pušenje šteti Vašem zdravlju ( Smoking harms your health ) Back of packaging : Pušenje uzrokuje rak ( Smoking causes cancer ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti i razvoju djeteta ( Smoking while pregnant harms the child 's development ) Pušenje uzrokuje srčani i moždani udar ( Smoking causes heart attacks and strokes ) Pušenje skraćuje život ( Smoking shortens your life ) Side of packaging : Zabranjuje se prodaja osobama mlađim od 18 godina ( Not for sale to persons under the age of 18 ) 1997 -- 2004 Between 1997 and 2004 , a simple text label warning Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) was used . Cyprus ( edit ) Front side Το κάπνισμα σκοτώνει . Τütün içmek öldürür . ( Smoking kills . ) or Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά εσάς και τους γύρω σας . Τütün içmek size çevrenizdekilere ciddi zararlar verir . ( Smoking seriously harms you and those around you . ) Rear Οι καπνιστές πεθαίνουν γρήγορα . Τütün içenler genç yaşta ölür . ( Smokers die younger . ) Το κάπνισμα αποφράσσει τις αρτηρίες και προκαλεί εμφράγμα και εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια . Τütün damarları tıkar , kalp krizine ve felçlere neden olur . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί θανατηφόρο καρκίνο των πνευμόνων . Τütün ölümcül akciğer kanserine neden olur . ( Smoking causes terminal lung cancer . ) Το κάπνισμα κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης μπορεί να βλάψει την υγεία του παιδιού σας . Hamile iken tütün içmek bebeğe zarar verir . ( Smoking during pregnancy may harm your baby . ) Προστατέψτε τα παιδιά : μην τα αναγκάζετε να αναπνέουν τον καπνό σας . Çocukları koruyun : Dumanınızı onlara solutmayın . ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke . ) Ο γιατρός σας ή ο φαρμακοποιός σας μπορούν να σας βοηθήσουν να κόψετε το κάπνισμα . Sağlık kuruluşları tütünü bırakmada size yardımcı olabilir . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking . ) Το κάπνισμα είναι εξαιρετικά εθιστικό , μην το αρχίσετε . Τütün yüksek derecede bağımlılık yapar , başlamayın . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Το σταμάτημα του καπνίσματος μειώνει τον κίνδυνο θανατηφόρων καρδιαγγειακών και πνευμονικών παθήσεων . Τütünü bırakmak ölümcül kalp ve akciğer hastalıkları riskini azaltır . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να προκαλέσει αργό και επώδυνο θάνατο . Τütün ağrılı ve yavaş bir ölüme neden olabilir . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να μειώσει τη ροή του αίματος και να προκαλέσει ανικανότητα . Τütün kan akışını yavaşlatır ve cinsel iktidarsızlığa neden olur . ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί γήρανση του δέρματος . Τütün cildin erken yaşlanmasına neden olur . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να βλάψει το σπέρμα και μειώνει τη γονιμότητα . Τütün spermlere zarar vererek doğurganlığı azaltır . ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility . ) Ο καπνός περιέχει βενζόλιο , νιτροζαμίνες , φορμαλδεΰδη και υδροκυάνιο . Τütün dumanında benzen , nitrosamine , formaldehit ve hidrojensiyanit gibi kanser yapıcı maddeler bulunur . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Czech Republic ( edit ) Kouření může zabíjet ( Smoking can kill . ) Kouření vážně škodí Vám i lidem ve Vašem okolí . ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you . ) Kuřáci umírají předčasně . ( Smokers die younger . ) Kouření ucpává tepny a způsobuje infarkt a mrtvici . ( Smoking clogs the blood vessels and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Kouření způsobuje smrtelnou rakovinu plic . ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer . ) Kouření je vysoce návykové , nezačínejte s ním . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Přestat kouřit , znamená snížit riziko vzniku smrtelných onemocnění srdce a plic . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart and lung diseases . ) Kouření může způsobit pomalou a bolestivou smrt . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Kouření způsobuje stárnutí kůže . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin . ) Kouření může poškodit sperma a snižuje plodnost . ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility . ) Kouření může snižovat krevní oběh a způsobuje neplodnost . ( Smoking can reduce blood flow and cause impotence . ) Kouř obsahuje benzen , nitrosaminy , formaldehyd a kyanovodík . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanides . ) Kouření v těhotenství škodí zdraví Vašeho dítěte . ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child . ) Chraňte děti : nenuťte je vdechovat Váš kouř . ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke . ) Váš lékař nebo lékárník Vám může pomoci přestat s kouřením . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking . ) Získejte pomoc při odvykání kouření . ( Seek help to stop smoking . ) Denmark ( edit ) Warning texts in tobacco products , health warnings , which are reproduced on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products . It is implemented in an effort to strengthen public knowledge about the dangers of smoking . The order was introduced in Denmark on 31 December 1991 . The Order was last revised on 2 October 2003 , which also imposed ban on the words `` light '' and `` mild '' on Danish cigarette packages , as did European Union countries . The marking shall appear on one third of the most visible part of the package . Rygning kan dræbe ( Smoking can kill ) Rygning er yderst skadelig for dig og dine omgivelser ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Rygning nedsætter levealderen ( Smokers die younger ) Rygning medfører åreforkalkning og forårsager hjerteanfald og slagtilfælde ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Rygning forårsager dødelig lungekræft ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Hvis du er gravid , skader rygning dit barns sundhed ( If you are pregnant , smoking damages your child 's health ) Beskyt børn mod tobaksrøg − de har ret til selv at vælge ( Protect children from tobacco smoke -- they have the right to choose ) Din læge eller din apoteker kan hjælpe dig med at holde op med at ryge ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Rygning er stærkt vanedannende : lad være med at begynde ( Smoking is highly addictive , do not start ) Hold op med at ryge , hvis du vil nedsætte risikoen for dødelige hjerte - og lungesygdomme ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Rygning kan medføre en langsom og smertefuld død ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Få hjælp til at holde op med at ryge : Tlf.nr. 80313131 ( Get help to quit smoking : Telephone number 80313131 ) Rygning kan nedsætte blodgennemstrømningen og medfører impotens ( Smoking may reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Rygning ælder huden ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) Rygning kan beskadige sæden og nedsætter frugtbarheden ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Røg indeholder benzen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd og cyanbrinte ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) For smokeless tobacco use above markings does not , whereas the label `` Denne tobaksvare kan være sundhedsskadelig og er afhængighedsskabende '' ( This tobacco product can damage your health and is addictive ) is always used for such products . Estonia ( edit ) General warning : Suitsetamine võib tappa ( Smoking kills ) or Suitsetamine kahjustab raskeit sinu ja sind ümbritsevate inimeste tervist ( Smoking affects the health of you and the people around you ) Finland ( edit ) On the left there is a new Lucky Strike cigarette pack by a new EU directive meanwhile on the right there 's an obsolete pack as red . The warning texts are both in Finnish and Swedish as they both are official languages in Finland . In Finland , warning signs are written in both Finnish and Swedish languages . Tupakointi on hengenvaarallista . Rökning kan döda . ( Smoking is perilous / Smoking can kill ) Tupakointi vahingoittaa vakavasti sinua ja ympärilläsi olevia / Rökning skadar allvarligt dig själv och personer i din omgivning ( Smoking severely harms you and those around you ) Tupakoivat kuolevat nuorempina / Rökare dör i förtid ( Smokers die younger ) Tupakointi tukkii verisuonet sekä aiheuttaa sydänkohtauksia ja aivoveritulppia / Rökning ger förträngningar i blodkärlen och orsakar hjärtinfarkt och stroke ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa keuhkosyöpää , joka johtaa kuolemaan / Rökning orsakar dödlig lungcancer ( Smoking causes lung cancer , which leads to death / Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Tupakointi raskauden aikana vahingoittaa lastasi / Rökning under graviditeten skadar ditt barn ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child ) Suojele lapsia ― älä pakota heitä hengittämään tupakansavua / Skydda barnen ― låt dem inte andas in din tobaksrök ( Protect children ― do n't force them to breathe tobacco smoke / Protect children ― do n't make them breathe your smoke ) Lääkäriltä tai apteekista saat apua tupakoinnin lopettamiseen / Din läkare eller ditt apotek kan hjälpa dig att sluta röka ( You receive help to stop smoking from a doctor or a pharmacy / Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa voimakasta riippuvuutta . Älä aloita / Rökning är mycket beroendeframkallande . Börja inte rök ( Smoking causes powerful addiction . Do n't start / Smoking is highly addictive . Do n't start ) Lopettamalla tupakoinnin vähennät vaaraa sairastua kuolemaan johtaviin sydän - ja keuhkosairauksiin / Om du slutar röka löper du mindre risk att få dödliga hjärt - och lungsjukdomar ( By stopping smoking you reduce the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases / Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Tupakointi voi aiheuttaa hitaan ja tuskallisen kuoleman / Rökning kan leda till en långsam och smärtsam död ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Pyydä apua tupakoinnin lopettamiseen : puh. 0800 148 484 / Sök hjälp för att sluta röka : tfn 0800 148 484 ( Request help to stop smoking : phone 0800 148 484 / Get help to stop smoking : phone 0800 148 484 ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa impotenssia ja voi heikentää verenkiertoa / Rökning kan försämra blodflödet och orsakar impotens ( Smoking causes impotence and may reduce the blood flow / Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Tupakointi vanhentaa ihoa / Rökning får din hy att åldras ( Smoking ages the skin / Smoking causes ageing of the skin ) Tupakointi voi vahingoittaa siittiöitä ja vähentää hedelmällisyyttä / Rökning kan skada sperman och minskar fruktsamheten ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decrease fertility / Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility ) Savu sisältää bentseeniä , nitrosamiineja , formaldehydiä ja vetysyanidia / Rök innehåller bensen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd och cyanväte ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) France ( edit ) Warning on the French cigarette packaging Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) Fumer tue ( Smoking kills ) or Fumer nuit gravement à votre santé et à celle de votre entourage ( Smoking seriously harms your health and that of others around you ) Rear ( covers 40 % of surface , similar design ) Les fumeurs meurent prématurément . ( Smokers die prematurely . ) Fumer bouche les artères et provoque des crises cardiaques et des attaques cérébrales . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Fumer provoque le cancer mortel du poumon . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Fumer pendant la grossesse nuit à la santé de votre enfant . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child 's health . ) Protégez les enfants : ne leur faites pas respirer votre fumée . ( Protect your children : do n't make them breathe your smoke . ) Votre médecin ou votre pharmacien peuvent vous aider à arrêter de fumer . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking . ) Fumer crée une forte dépendance , ne commencez pas . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Arrêter de fumer réduit les risques de maladies cardiaques et pulmonaires mortelles . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Fumer peut entraîner une mort lente et douloureuse . ( Smoking can result in a slow and painful death . ) Faites - vous aider pour arrêter de fumer : téléphonez au 0 825 309 310 ( 0 , 15 euro / min ) ( Help yourself quit smoking : call 0 825 309 310 ) Fumer peut diminuer l'afflux sanguin et provoque l'impuissance . ( Smoking can cause low blood pressure and impotence . ) Fumer peut nuire aux spermatozoïdes et réduit la fertilité . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) La fumée contient du benzène , des nitrosamines , du formaldéhyde et du cyanure d'hydrogène . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Left or right side of packaging Components percentages ( 15 % of surface , small prints ) : Tobacco -- Cigarette paper -- Flavor and texture agents ISO yields of toxics in mg / cigarette ( in prominent black on white square and bold letters ) : Tar -- Nicotin -- Carbon monoxide Other side of packaging Country of manufacturing , name of manufacturer , quantity Product identifier ( EAN - 7 bar code ) Other characteristics Small print : `` Vente en France 01 '' ( sales in France ) Recyclable logo ( for the packaging ) Words forbidden in the displayed product name : light , ultra-light , légere , or any indication that may indicate that this is a minor drug with low impact ... ( These branding words have been replaced by various colour names ) Greece ( edit ) ΤΟ ΚΑΠΝΙΣΜΑ ΣΚΟΤΩΝΕΙ . ( Smoking kills ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να σκοτώσει . ( Smoking can kill ) Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά τον καπνιστή και τους γύρω του . ( Smoking seriously harms the smoker and the ones around him . ) Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά εσάς και τους γύρω σας . ( Smoking seriously harms you and the ones around you . ) Οι καπνιστές πεθαίνουν πρόωρα . ( Smokers die prematurely . ) Το κάπνισμα αποφράσσει τις αρτηρίες και προκαλεί εμφράγματα και εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί θανατηφόρο καρκίνο των πνευμόνων . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancers . ) Το κάπνισμα κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης μπορεί να βλάπτει την υγεία του παιδιού σας . ( Smoking during pregnancy can harm the health of your baby . ) Προστατέψτε τα παιδιά : μην τα αναγκάζετε να αναπνέουν τον καπνό σας . ( Protect children : do not force them to breathe in your smoke . ) Ο γιατρός σας ή ο φαρμακοποιός σας μπορεί να σας βοηθήσει να κόψετε το κάπνισμα . ( Your physician or pharmacist can assist you in quitting smoking . ) Το κάπνισμα είναι εξαιρετικά εθιστικό , μην το αρχίσετε . ( Smoking is very addictive ; do n't start with it ) Το σταμάτημα του καπνίσματος μειώνει τον κίνδυνο θανατηφόρων καρδιαγγειακών και πνευμονικών παθήσεων . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να προκαλέσει αργό και επώδυνο θάνατο . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Ζητήστε βοήθεια για να σταματήσετε το κάπνισμα : συμβουλευτείτε το γιατρό σας . ( Seek help to quit smoking : consult your doctor . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να μειώσει τη ροή του αίματος και να προκαλέσει ανικανότητα . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotence ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί γήρανση του δέρματος . ( Smoking causes premature skin aging . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να βλάψει το σπέρμα και μειώνει τη γονιμότητα . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) Ο καπνός περιέχει βενζόλιο , νιτροζαμίνες , φορμαλδεΰδη και υδροκυάνιο . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Hungary ( edit ) A dohányzás halált okozhat . ( Smoking can kill . ) A dohányosok korábban halnak . ( Smokers die earlier . ) A dohányzás elzárja az artériákat , szívrohamot és agyvérzést okoz . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart diseases and strokes . ) A dohányzás halálos tüdőrákot okoz . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) A terhes nők dohányzása károsítja a magzat egészségét . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the baby . ) Védje a gyermekeket : ne tegye ki őket a dohányfüst belélegzése veszélyének . ( Protect the kids , do n't smoke in their presence . ) Az orvosok és a gyógyszerészek segíthetnek a leszokásban . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist may help you quit smoking . ) A dohányzásról nagyon nehéz leszokni , ezért ne szokjon rá . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) A dohányzás abbahagyása csökkenti a halálos szív - és tüdőbetegségek kockázatát . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly cardiovascular and lung diseases . ) A dohányzás lassú és fájdalmas halálhoz vezet . ( Smoking can cause a long and painful death . ) Kérjen segítséget a leszokáshoz ( telefon / levélcím / Internet - cím ) kérdezze meg háziorvosát / gyógyszerészét . ( Specialists in the medical profession may help you quit smoking . ) A dohányzás lassíthatja a vér áramlását , és impotenciát okozhat . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotency . ) A dohányzás öregíti a bőrt . ( Smoking ages the skin . ) A dohányzás károsítja a spermákat és gyengíti a megtermékenyítő képességet . ( Smoking may damage sperm and diminish fertility . ) A füst benzolt , nitrozamint , formaldehidet és hidrogén - cianidot tartalmaz . ( Cigarettes contain benzene , nistrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid . ) Ireland ( edit ) Packet of Irish cigarettes , complete with warning Toradh caithimh tobac -- bás Smoking kills Ireland currently follows EU standards ( see above ) , but previously ran its own scheme , where one of 8 messages was placed on the pack , as defined in SI 326 / 1991 . After a High Court settlement in January 2008 , it was accepted that the warnings on tobacco products must appear in all official languages of the state . As a result , the European Communities ( Manufacture , Presentation and Sale of Tobacco Products ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2008 were enacted . This states that tobacco products going to market after 30 September 2008 must carry warnings in Irish and English . A year - long transition period applied to products which were on the market prior to 1 October 2008 , which may have been sold until 1 October 2009 . Each packet of tobacco products must carry : One of the following general warnings ( in both the Irish and English languages ) which must cover at least 32 % of the external side . Toradh caithimh tobac -- bás -- Smoking kills Déanann caitheamh tobac díobháil thromchúiseach duit agus do na daoine mórthimpeall ort -- Smoking seriously harms you and others around you AND One of the following additional warnings ( in both the Irish and English languages ) which must cover at least 45 % of the external side . Giorrú saoil tobac a chaitheamh -- Smokers die younger Nuair a chaitear tobac , tachtar na hartairí agus is é cúis le taomanna croí agus strócanna -- Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes Caitheamh tobac is cúis le hailse scamhóg mharfach -- Smoking causes fatal lung cancer Má chaitheann tú tobac le linn toirchis , déantar díobháil don leanbán -- Smoking when pregnant harms your baby Cosain leanaí : ná cuir iallach orthu do chuid deataigh an análú -- Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke Féadann do dhochtúir nó do chógaiseoir cabhrú leat éirí as caitheamh tobac Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking Is éasca a bheith tugtha do chaitheamh tobac , ná tosaigh leis -- Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start Má éiríonn tú as tobac a chaitheamh laghdaítear an riosca de ghalair mharfacha chroí agus scamhóg -- Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases Féadann caitheamh tobac bheith ina chúis le bás mall pianmhar -- Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Faigh cúnamh chun éirí as caitheamh tobac : Íosghlao Stoplíne 1850 201 203 -- Get help to stop smoking : Callsave Quitline 1850 201 203 Féadfaidh caitheamh tobac imshruthúfola a laghdú agus bheith ina chúis le héagumas -- Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence Caitheamh tobac is cúis le críonadh craicinn -- Smoking causes ageing of the skin Féadann caitheamh tobac dochar a dhéanamh don speirm agus laghdaíonn sé torthúlacht -- Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility Cuimsíonn deatach beinséin , nítreasaimíní , formaildéad agus ciainíd hidrigine -- Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide In the case of Smokeless Tobacco Products , only the following warning must be displayed : Féadann an táirge tobac seo dochar a dhéanamh do shláinte agus is táirge andúile é -- This tobacco product can damage your health and is addictive Italy ( edit ) Il fumo uccide ( Smoking kills ) Il fumo uccide / Il fumo può uccidere . ( Smoking kills / Smoking may kill ) Il fumo danneggia gravemente te e chi ti sta intorno . ( Smoking heavily damages you and whoever is near you ) I fumatori muoiono prima . ( Smokers die early . ) Il fumo ostruisce le arterie e provoca infarti e ictus . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart diseases and strokes ) Il fumo provoca cancro mortale ai polmoni . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Fumare in gravidanza fa male al bambino . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the baby . ) Proteggi i bambini , non fumare in loro presenza . ( Protect the kids , do n't smoke in their presence . ) Il medico o il tuo farmacista possono aiutarti a smettere di fumare . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist may help you quit smoking . ) Specialisti del settore medico possono aiutarti a smettere di fumare . ( Specialists in the medical profession may help you quit smoking . ) Il fumo crea un'elevata dipendenza , non iniziare . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Smettere di fumare riduce il rischio di malattie cardiovascolari e polmonari mortali . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly cardiovascular and lung diseases . ) Il fumo può provocare una morte lenta e dolorosa . ( Smoking can cause a long and painful death . ) Il fumo provoca il cancro della cavità orale . ( Smoking causes oral cancer . ) Fatti aiutare a smettere di fumare . ( Let ( someone ) help you to quit smoking . ) Il fumo può ridurre la circolazione sanguigna e causa impotenza . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotency . ) Il fumo invecchia la pelle . ( Smoking ages the skin . ) Il fumo può danneggiare lo sperma e diminuisce la fertilità . ( Smoking may damage sperm and diminish fertility . ) Il fumo contiene benzene , nitrosammine , formaldeide e acido cianidrico . ( Cigarettes contain benzene , nistrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid ) Other text is sometimes placed in the packets , for example some packets contain leaflets which have all the above warnings written on them , with more detailed explanations and reasons to give up , and advice from Philip Morris . Latvia ( edit ) Smēķēšana nogalina - atmetiet tagad ! ( Smoking kills - quit now ! ) Deviņi no desmit plaušu vēža slimniekiem ir smēķētāji . ( Smoking causes 9 out of 10 lung cancers ) Smēķēšana izraisa mutes un rīkles vēzi . ( Smoking causes mouth and throat cancer ) Smēķēšana nopietni kaitē plaušām . ( Smoking damages your lungs ) Smēķēšana izraisa sirdslēkmes . ( Smoking causes heart attacks ) Smēķēšana izraisa insultu un invaliditāti . ( Smoking causes strokes and disability ) Smēķēšana izraisa artēriju nosprostošanos . ( Smoking clogs your arteries ) Smēķēšana palielina risku kļūt aklam . ( Smoking increases the risk of blindness ) Smēķēšana izraisa zobu bojājumus un smaganu saslimšanas . ( Smoking can cause teeth damages and illnesses of something ) Smēķēšana var nogalināt jūsu vēl nedzimušo bērnu . ( Smoking can kill your unborn child ) Cigarešu dūmi kaitē jūsu bērniem , ģimenei un draugiem . ( Your smoke harms your children , family and friends ) Ja smēķējat jūs , paaugstinās risks , ka smēķēs arī jūsu bērni . ( Smokers ' children are more likely to start smoking ) Atmetiet tagad -- tuviniekiem jūs esat vajadzīgs dzīvs . ( Quit smoking now -- stay alive for those close to you ) Smēķēšana samazina auglību . ( Smoking reduces fertility ) Smēķēšana palielina impotences risku . ( Smoking increases the risk of impotence ) Lithuania ( edit ) General warning : Rūkymas žudo ( Smoking kills ) or Rūkymas labai kenkia jums ir aplinkiniams ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Malta ( edit ) Twissija mid-Dipartiment tas - Saħħa : PERIKLU -- ( DANGER -- Health Department -- Warning ) It - tipjip joqtol -- ( Smoking kills ) Min ipejjep imut żgħir -- ( Smokers die younger ) It - tipjip isodd l - arterji u jġib l - attakki tal - qalb u l - puplesiji -- ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) It - tipjip jagħmel kanċer fil - pulmun -- ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancers ) Jekk tpejjep waqt it - tqala tagħmel ħsara lit - tarbija tiegħek -- ( Smoking when pregnant harms your baby ) Ipproteġi lit - tfal : iġġelhomx jibilgħu d - duħħan tas - sigaretti tiegħek -- ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke ) It - tabib Jew l - ispiżjar jgħinuk biex tieqaf tpejjep -- ( Your doctor and your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) It - tipjip huwa vizzju , tibdiex tpejjep -- ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Jekk tieqaf tpejjep tnaqas ir - riskju ta ' attakki tal - qalb u mard tal - pulmun -- ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) It - tipjip jista ' jwassal għal agunija fit - tul u ħafna uġiegħ -- ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Itlob l - għajnuna biex tieqaf tpejjep -- 21231247 -- ( Get help to stop smoking -- 21231247 ) It - tipjip inaqqas iċ - ċirkulazzjoni tad - demm u jista ' jwassal għall - impotenza -- ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and causes impotence ) It - tipjip ixejjħek -- ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) It - tipjip jista ' jagħmel ħsara lill - isperma u jnaqqas il - fertilità -- ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decrease fertility ) Id - duħħan fih il - benżene , in - nitrosamini , il - formaldehyde , u l - idroġen cyanide -- ( Smokes contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) The netherlands ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Roken is dodelijk ( Smoking is lethal ) Roken veroorzaakt impotentie ( Smoking causes impotence ) Roken veroorzaakt dodelijke longkanker ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Tabaksrook bevat benzeen , nitrosaminen , formaldehyde en waterstofcyanide ( Tobacco smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogencyanide ) Uw arts of apotheker kan u helpen te stoppen met roken ( Your physician or pharmacist can help you to quit smoking ) Rokers sterven jonger ( Smokers die younger ) Roken veroorzaakt verstopping van de bloedvaten , hartaanvallen en beroertes ( Smoking causes clogging of the blood vessels , heart attacks and strokes ) Roken tijdens de zwangerschap is slecht voor uw baby ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your baby ) Roken kan uw ongeboren kind doden ( Smoking can kill your unborn child ) Bescherm kinderen : laat hen niet uw rook inademen ( Protect children : do n't let them inhale your smoke ) Roken werkt zeer verslavend ; begin er niet mee ( Smoking is very addictive ; prevent yourself from starting ) Stoppen met roken vermindert het risico op dodelijke hart - en longziekten ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Roken kan leiden tot een langzame , pijnlijke dood ( Smoking may result in a slow , painful death ) Roken kan de bloedsomloop verminderen en veroorzaakt impotentie ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and causes impotence ) Roken veroudert uw huid ( Smoking ages your skin ) Roken kan het sperma beschadigen en vermindert de vruchtbaarheid ( Smoking can damage the sperm and reduces fertility ) Roken brengt u en anderen rondom u ernstige schade toe ( Smoking causes serious damage to you and those around you ) Uw arts of apotheker kan u helpen te stoppen met roken , bel nu 0800 - 55532340 ( Your physician or pharmacist can help you to quit smoking , call 0800 - 555532340 now . ) Poland ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Palenie zabija ( Smoking kills ) or Palenie poważnie szkodzi Tobie i osobom w Twoim otoczeniu ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) There are also warnings on the back of every packet : Palacze tytoniu umierają młodziej ( Smokers die younger ) Palenie tytoniu zamyka naczynia krwionośne i jest przyczyną zawałów serca i udarów mózgu ( Smoking causes clogging of the blood vessels , heart attacks and strokes ) Palenie tytoniu powoduje śmiertelnego raka płuc ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Palenie tytoniu w czasie ciąży szkodzi Twojemu dziecku ( Smoking while pregnant harms your baby ) Chrońcie dzieci -- nie zmuszajcie ich do wdychania dymu tytoniowego ( Protect children : do n't let them breath your smoke ) Twój lekarz lub farmaceuta pomoże Ci rzucić palenie ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Palenie tytoniu silnie uzależnia -- nie zaczynaj palić ( Smoking is highly addictive ; do not start smoking ) Zaprzestanie palenia zmniejsza ryzyko groźnych chorób serca i płuc ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of serious heart and lung disease ) Palenie tytoniu może spowodować powolną i bolesną śmierć ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Dzwoniąc pod nr telefonu 0801108108 , uzyskasz pomoc w rzuceniu palenia ( Get help to quit smoking by calling 0801108108 ) Palenie tytoniu może zmniejszyć przepływ krwi i powodować impotencję ( Smoking can reduce blood flow and cause impotence ) Palenie tytoniu przyśpiesza starzenie się skóry ( Smoking accelerates skin aging ) Palenie tytoniu może uszkodzić nasienie i zmniejszać płodność ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Dym tytoniowy zawiera benzen , nitrozoaminy , formaldehyd i cyjanowodór ( Tobacco smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) Portugal ( edit ) A warning message on a Portuguese pack of Lucky Strike Fumar mata ( Smoking kills ) Fumar mata . ( Smoking kills ) Fumar provoca o cancro pulmonar mortal . ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Fumar causa elevada dependência . Não comece a fumar . ( Smoking causes high dependency . Do n't start smoking . ) Fumar provoca o envelhecimento da pele . ( Smoking promotes early skin aging ) Fumar prejudica gravemente a sua saúde ea dos que o rodeiam . ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Se está grávida : fumar prejudica a saúde do seu filho . ( If you 're pregnant : Smoking harms your child 's health ) Os fumadores morrem prematuramente . ( Smokers die prematurely ) Fumar bloqueia as artérias e provoca ataques cardíacos e AVC . ( Smoking clogs your arteries and promotes heart attacks and strokes ) Fumar pode reduzir o fluxo de sangue e provoca impotência . ( Smoking might reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Deixar de fumar reduz os riscos de doenças cardiovasculares e pulmonares mortais . ( Quitting reduces the risks of deadly cardiovascular and pulmonar diseases ) Romania ( edit ) Fumatul ucide ( Smoking kills ) General warning ( on the front of cigarette packages , covering at least 40 % of the area ) : Fumatul ucide ( Smoking kills ) Fumatul poate să ucidă ( Smoking can kill ) Fumatul dăunează grav sănătăţii dumneavoastră şi a celor din jur ( Smoking seriously harms you and those around ) ; Additional warnings ( on the back of cigarette packages , covering at least 50 % of the area ) : Fumătorii mor mai tineri . ( Smokers die younger . ) Fumatul blochează circulaţia sângelui în artere , provoacă infarct miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Fumatul provoacă cancer pulmonar , care este letal . ( Smoking causes lung cancer , which is lethal . ) Fumatul în timpul sarcinii daunează copilului dumneavoastră . ( Smoking when pregnant harms your baby . ) Protejaţi copiii : nu - i lăsaţi să respire fumul dumneavoastră ! ( Protect children : do n't let them breathe your smoke ! ) Doctorul sau farmacistul dumneavoastră vă poate ajuta să vă lăsaţi de fumat . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Fumatul dă dependenţă , nu începeţi să fumaţi ! ( Smoking is addictive , do n't start smoking ! ) Oprirea fumatului scade riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare fatale . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Primiţi ajutorul pentru renunţare la fumat : ( ... telefon / adresă postală / adresă de Internet / consultaţi doctorul dumneavoastră / farmacistul ... ) . ( Get help to stop smoking : telephone / postal address / Internet address / consult your doctor / pharmacist ... ) Fumatul încetineşte circulaţia sângelui şi provoacă impotenţă . ( Smoking reduces blood circulation and causes impotence ) Fumatul provoacă îmbătrânirea tenului ( pielii ) . ( Smoking causes skin aging . ) Fumatul poate dăuna calităţii spermei şi scade fertilitatea . ( Smoking can affect sperm quality and decreases fertility . ) Fumul de ţigară conţine benzeni , nitrozamine , formaldehide şi cianuri . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Slovenia ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) Kajenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) or Kajenje resno škoduje vam in ljudem okoli vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Rear of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) Kadilci umirajo mlajši . ( Smokers die younger . ) Kajenje maši žile in povzroča srčni infarkt in možgansko kap . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Kajenje povzroča smrt zaradi pljučnega raka . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Kajenje med nosečnostjo škoduje vašemu otroku . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child . ) Varujte otroke pred vdihavanjem vašega cigaretnega dima . ( Protect your children from breathing your cigarette smoke . ) Vaš zdravnik ali farmacevt vam lahko pomaga opustiti kajenje . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking . ) Kajenje povzroča hudo zasvojenost , zato ne začnite kaditi . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Opustitev kajenja zmanjša tveganje za smrt zaradi bolezni srca in pljuč . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Kajenje lahko povzroči počasno in boleče umiranje . ( Smoking can result in a slow and painful death . ) Poiščite pomoč pri opuščanju kajenja : posvetujte se z zdravnikom . ( Seek help to quit smoking : consult your doctor . ) Kajenje lahko zmanjša pretok krvi in povzroči impotenco . ( Smoking can reduce blood circulation and cause impotence . ) Kajenje povzroča staranje kože . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin . ) Kajenje lahko škoduje spermi in zmanjša plodnost . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) Cigaretni dim vsebuje benzen , nitrosamine , formaldehid in vodikov cianid . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Spain ( edit ) In Spain , cigarette packages are preceded by warnings on both sides of the package marked `` Las Autoridades Sanitarias advierten '' ( Health authorities warn ) , written in black and white above the black part of the standard warning . Fumar mata ( Smoking kills ) or Fumar perjudica gravemente su salud y la de los que están a su alrededor ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Front of cigarette packages Fumar puede matar ( Smoking can kill ) ( changed in 2010 to `` Fumar mata '' < Smoking kills > ) Fumar perjudica gravemente su salud y la de los que están a su alrededor ( Smoking seriously harms to your health and that of others ) Back of cigarette packages Fumar acorta la vida ( Smoking shortens life ) Fumar provoca cáncer mortal de pulmón ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) El tabaco es muy adictivo : no empiece a fumar ( The Tobacco is very addictive , do not start ) Fumar obstruye las arterias y provoca cardiopatías y accidentes cerebrovasculares ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart disease and stroke ) Fumar provoca el envejecimiento de la piel ( Smoking causes skin aging ) Ayuda para dejar de fumar : consulte a su médico o farmacéutico ( Help to stop smoking : consult your doctor or pharmacist ) Fumar puede reducir el flujo sanguíneo y provoca impotencia ( Smoking may reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Sweden ( edit ) General warnings on all Swedish cigarette packagings have been in force since 1977 . Front of cigarette packages Rökning dödar . ( Smoking kills . ) Tobak skadar din hälsa allvarligt . ( Tobacco causes serious harm to your health . ) Rökning under graviditet kan skada ditt foster . ( Smoking while pregnant may harm your fetus . ) Rökning kan leda till en långsam och smärtsam död . ( Smoking can lead to a slow and painful death . ) Rökning kan försämra blodflödet och orsakar impotens . ( Smoking can impair the blood flow and causes impotence . ) Rökning skadar allvarligt dig själv och personer i din omgivning . ( Smoking seriously hurts you and people around you . ) Rök innehåller bensen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd och cyanväte . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Skydda barnen . Låt dem inte andas in din tobaksrök . ( Protect the children . Do n't let them inhale your tobacco smoke . ) Back of cigarette packages Rökning kan skada sperman och minskar fruktsamheten . ( Smoking may damage the sperm and reduce fertility . ) Rökning är mycket beroendeframkallande . Börja inte röka ( Smoking is very addictive . Do not start smoking . ) Rear side of snus packaging Denna tobaksvara kan skada din hälsa och är beroendeframkallande . ( This tobacco product might cause harm to your health and is addictive . ) United Kingdom ( edit ) Benson & Hedges cigarette pack in the United Kingdom . In 1971 , tobacco companies printed on the left side of cigarette packets `` WARNING by H.M. Government , SMOKING CAN DAMAGE YOUR HEALTH '' . In 1991 , the E.U. tightened laws on tobacco warnings . `` TOBACCO SERIOUSLY DAMAGES HEALTH '' was printed on the front of all tobacco packs . An additional warning was also printed on the reverse of cigarette packs . In 2003 , new E.U. regulations required one of the following general warnings must be displayed , covering at least 30 % of the surface of the pack : Smoking kills Smoking seriously harms you and others around you Additionally , one of the following additional warnings must be displayed , covering at least 40 % of the surface of the pack : Smokers die younger Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes Smoking causes fatal lung cancer Smoking when pregnant harms your baby Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Get help to stop smoking : ( telephone ) / ( postal address ) / ( internet address ) / consult your doctor / pharmacist Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence Smoking causes ageing of the skin Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide From October 2008 , all cigarette products manufactured must carry picture warnings to the reverse . Every pack must have one of these warnings by October 2009 . Plain packaging , including prominent and standardised health warnings and minimal manufacturer information , became compulsory for all cigarette and hand - rolling tobacco packs manufactured after May 2016 and sold after May 2017 . Georgia ( edit ) General warning : მოწევა კლავს ( Smoking kills ) მწეველები კვდებიან ადრე ( Smokers die early ) Ghana ( edit ) Ghanaian warnings are very compliant with the EU 's legislations , as follows : Packaging 1 ( same as in the newer UK packaging ) : Smoking seriously harms you and others around you Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases Packaging 2 ( same as in the older UK packaging ) : Smoking causes cancer Smoking damages the health of those around you Packaging 3 ( same as in the older UK packaging ) : Smoking causes fatal diseases Smokers die younger Hong Kong ( edit ) Warning on HKSAR cigarette packages Under Hong Kong Law , Chap 371B Smoking ( Public Health ) ( Notices ) Order , packaging must indicate the amount of nicotine and tar that is present in cigarette boxes in addition to graphics depicting different health problems caused by smoking in the size and ratio as prescribed by law . The warnings are to be published in both official languages , Traditional Chinese and English . Warning begins with the phrase ' 香港 特區 政府 忠告 市民 HONG KONG SAR GOVERNMENT WARNING ' and then one of the following in all caps . 吸煙 引致 肺癌 Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 吸煙 足以 致命 Smoking Kills 吸煙 禍 及 家人 Smoking Harms Your Family 吸煙 引致 末梢 血管 疾病 Smoking Causes Peripheral Vascular Diseases 吸煙 可 引致 陽 萎 Smoking May Cause Impotence 吸煙 可 加速 皮膚 老化 Smoking Can Accelerate Aging of Skin In addition , any print advertisement must give minimum 20 % coverage of the following warnings : HKSAR GOVERNMENT HEALTH WARNING January - February SMOKING KILLS March - April SMOKING CAUSES CANCER May - June SMOKING CAUSES HEART DISEASE July - August SMOKING CAUSES LUNG CANCER September - October SMOKING CAUSES RESPIRATORY DISEASES November -- December SMOKING HARMS YOUR CHILDREN Iceland ( edit ) All cigarette packets and other tobacco packaging in Iceland must include warnings in the same size and format as in the European Union and using the same approved texts in Icelandic . Reikningar drepa ( Smoking kills ) Læknirinn þinn eða lyfjafræðingur geta hjálpað þér að hætta að reykja . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Reykingar valda krabbameini . ( Smoking causes cancer ) Reykingar eru mjög skaðlegar fyrir þig og þá sem eru nálægt þér . ( Smoking is very harmful to you and those close to you ) Reykingar stífla slagæðar og valda kransæðastíflu og heilablóðfalli . ( Smoking blocks your arteries and causes coronary artery disease and stroke . ) Reykingar valda banvænu krabbameini í lungum . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Reykingar á meðgöngu skaða barnið þitt . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child . ) Verndaðu börnin -- Láttu þau ekki anda að sér tókbaksreyk . ( Protect the children -- Do n't let them inhale tobacco smoke . ) India ( edit ) Cigarette packets sold in India are required to carry graphical and textual health warnings . The warning must cover at least 85 % of the surface of the pack , of which 60 % must be pictorial and the remaining 25 % contains textual warnings in English , Hindi or any other Indian language . Until 2008 , cigarette packets sold in India were required to carry a written warning on the front of the packet with the text CIGARETTE SMOKING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH in English . Paan , gutkha and tobacco packets carried the warning TOBACCO IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH in Hindi and English . The law later changed . According to the new law , cigarette packets were required to carry pictorial warnings of a skull or scorpion along with the text SMOKING KILLS and TOBACCO CAUSES MOUTH CANCER in both Hindi and English . The Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products ( Packaging and Labelling ) Rules 2008 requiring graphic health warnings came into force on 31 May 2008 . Under the law , all tobacco products were required to display graphic pictures , such as pictures of diseased lungs , and the text SMOKING KILLS or TOBACCO KILLS in English , covering at least 40 % of the front of the pack , and retailers must display the cigarette packs in such a way that the pictures on pack are clearly visible . In January 2012 controversy arose when it was discovered an image of English footballer John Terry was used on a warning label . On 15 October 2014 , Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan announced that only 15 % of the surface of a pack of cigarettes could contain branding , and that the rest must be used for graphic and text health warnings . The Union Ministry of Health amended the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products ( Packaging and Labelling ) Rules , 2008 to enforce the changes effective from 1 April 2015 . However , the government decision to increase pictorial warnings on tobacco packets from April 1 , was put on hold indefinitely , following the recommendations of a Parliamentary committee , which reportedly did not speak to health experts , but only spoke to tobacco lobby representatives . On April 5 , 2016 , the health ministry ordered government agencies to enforce this new rule . Following the intervention by the Parliamentary committee , NGO Health of Millions represented by Prashant Bhushan filed a petition in Supreme Court of India , which asks the government to stop selling of loose cigarettes and publish bigger health warnings on tobacco packs . Indonesia ( edit ) General warning : Current warning message in Indonesia ( only for advertisement ) , where uses `` 18 + '' sign . This picture is adapted from Thailand origin and used in many countries such as Indonesia . Before 1996 PERINGATAN PEMERINTAH : MEROKOK DAPAT MERUGIKAN KESEHATAN ( Government warning : smoking can harm your health ) 1996 - 1999 PERINGATAN PEMERINTAH : MEROKOK DAPAT BERBAHAYA BAGIKESEHATAN ( Government warning : smoking can be hazardous your health ) 1999 -- 2001 PERINGATAN PEMERINTAH : MEROKOK DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KANKER , SERANGAN JANTUNG , IMPOTENSI DAN GANGGUAN KEHAMILAN DAN JANIN ( Government warning : smoking can cause cancer , heart attacks , impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus ) 2002 -- end of 2013 MEROKOK DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KANKER , SERANGAN JANTUNG , IMPOTENSI DAN GANGGUAN KEHAMILAN DAN JANIN ( Smoking can cause cancer , heart attacks , impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus ) Since 2014 With the enforcement of 2012 Indonesian Government Regulation ( Peraturan Pemerintah ) No. 109 , all of tobacco products / cigarette packaging and advertisement should include warning images and age restriction ( 18 + ) . Graphic warning messages must consist 40 % of cigarette packages . After the introduction of graphic images in Indonesian cigarette packaging , the branding of cigarettes as `` light '' , `` mild '' , `` filter '' , etc. is forbidden . PERINGATAN : MEROKOK MEMBUNUHMU ( Warning : smoking kills you ) Other alternatives : PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER MULUT . ( Warning : smoking can cause oral cancer ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER TENGGOROKAN . ( Warning : smoking can cause laryngeal cancer ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK DEKAT ANAK BERBAHAYA BAGI MEREKA . ( Warning : smoking can endanger kids near you ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER PARU - PARU DAN BRONKITIS KRONIS . ( Warning : smoking can cause pulmonary cancer and chronic bronchitis ) This warning below is appear on the side of the cigarette packaging : DILARANG MENJUAL / MEMBERI PADA ANAK USIA DI BAWAH 18 TAHUN DAN PEREMPUAN HAMIL . ( Do not sell or give ( this product ) to the children under 18 years old and expectant mothers ) Iran ( edit ) In Iran , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a lung cancer and mouth cancer ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Japan ( edit ) Cigarette in Japan with warning message Japan is the first country in Asia to enforce general warning on cigarette packaging , in force since 1972 . Prior to 2005 , there was only one warning on all Japanese cigarette packages . 健康 の ため 吸い すぎ に 注意 しま しょう ( For the good of your health , be careful not to smoke too much ) ( 1972 -- 1989 ) あなた の 健康 を 損なう おそれ が あります ので 吸い すぎ に 注意 しま しょう ( Be careful not to smoke too much , as there is a risk of damaging your health ) ( 1990 -- 2005 ) Since 2005 , more than one general warning is printed on cigarette packaging . On the front of cigarette packages : 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 肺がん の 原因 の 一 つ となり ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 喫煙 者 は 肺がん により 死亡 する 危険 性 が 非 喫煙 者 に 比べ て 約 2 倍 から 4 倍 高く なり ます . ( Smoking is a cause of lung cancer . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about two to four times more likely than non-smokers to die of lung cancer . ) 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 心筋 梗塞 の 危険 性 を 高め ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 喫煙 者 は 心筋 梗塞 により 死亡 する 危険 性 が 非 喫煙 者 に 比べ て 約 1.7 倍 高く なり ます . ( Smoking increases risk of myocardial infarction . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about 1.7 times more likely than non-smokers to die of a heart attack . ) 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 脳卒中 の 危険 性 を 高め ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 喫煙 者 は 脳卒中 により 死亡 する 危険 性 が 非 喫煙 者 に 比べ て 約 1.7 倍 高く なり ます . ( Smoking increases risk of stroke . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about 1.7 times more likely than non-smokers to die of a stroke . ) 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 肺気腫 を 悪化 させる 危険 性 を 高め ます . ( Smoking can aggravate the symptoms of emphysema . ) On the back of cigarette packages : 妊娠 中 の 喫煙 は 、 胎児 の 発育 障害 や 早産 の 原因 の 一 つ となり ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 たばこ を 吸う 妊婦 は 、 吸わ ない 妊婦 に 比べ 、 低 出生 体重 の 危険 性 が 約 2 倍 、 早産 の 危険 性 が 約 3 倍 高く なり ます. ( 詳細 について は 、 厚生 労働省 の ホーム ・ ページ www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/tobacco/main.html を ご 参照 ください . ) ( Smoking during pregnancy is a cause of preterm delivery and impaired fetal growth . According to epidemiological estimates , pregnant women who smoke have almost double the risk of low birth weight and three times the risk of premature birth than pregnant women who do not smoke . ( For more information , please visit the Ministry of Health home page at www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/tobacco/main.html . ) ) たばこ の 煙 は 、 あなた の 周り の 人 、 特に 乳幼児 、 子供 、 お 年寄り など の 健康 に 悪影響 を 及ぼし ます. 喫煙 の 際 に は 、 周り の 人 の 迷惑 に ならない よう に 注意 しま しょう . ( Tobacco smoke adversely affects the health of people around you , especially infants , children and the elderly . When smoking , be careful not to inconvenience others . ) 人 により 程度 は 異なり ます が 、 ニコチン により 喫煙 へ の 依存 が 生じ ます . ( The degree may differ from person to person , but nicotine ( in cigarettes ) causes addiction to smoking . ) 未 成年 者 の 喫煙 は 、 健康 に対する 悪影響 や たばこ へ の 依存 を より 強め ます. 周り の 人 から 勧め られ て も 決して 吸っ て は いけ ませ ん . ( Smoking while underage heightens the addiction and damage to health caused by cigarettes . Never smoke , even if encouraged to by those around you . ) Laos ( edit ) In Laos , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a mouth cancer and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , general warning as a mandatory on all Malaysian cigarette packaging are in force since June 1976 . AMARAN OLEH KERAJAAN MALAYSIA , MEROKOK MEMBAHAYAKAN KESIHATAN ( Warning by the government of Malaysia , Smoking endangers health ) Starting 1 June 2009 , The Malaysian government has decided to place graphic images on the cigarette packs to show the adverse long - term effects of excessive smoking replacing the general warning with text describing the graphic images printed in Malay ( front ) and English ( back ) explaining : ( in Malay ) `` Rokok penyebab ... '' ( in English ) `` Cigarette causes ... '' Graphic warning messages must consist 40 % of the front of cigarette packages and 60 % in the back . After the introduction of graphic images in Malaysian cigarette packaging , the branding of cigarettes as `` light '' , `` mild '' , etc. is forbidden . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico cigarette packs contain health warnings and graphic images since 2010 . By law , 30 % of the pack 's front , 100 % of the pack 's rear , and 100 % of one lateral must consist on images and warnings . The Secretariat of Health issues new warnings and images every six months . Images have included a dead rat , a partial mastectomy , a laryngectomy , a dead human fetus surrounded by cigarette butts , a woman being fed after suffering a stroke , and damaged lungs amongst others . Warnings include smoking - related diseases and statistics , toxins found in cigarettes and others such as : Smoking kills Your baby can die ( appealing to pregnant women ) You will have a slow and painful death By smoking you are hurting your family Go ahead , shorten your life Smoking damages your arteries Moldova ( edit ) General warning ( on the front of cigarette packages , covering at least 30 % of the area , Helvetica font ) : `` Fumatul ucide '' ( smoking kills ) or `` Fumatul dăunează grav sănătăţii dumneavoastră şi a celor din jur '' ( smoking seriously harms you and those around ) ; Additional warnings ( on the back of cigarette packages , covering at least 40 % of the area , Helvetica font ) : `` Fumătorii mor mai tineri '' ( smokers die younger ) ; `` Fumatul blochează arterele şi provoacă infarct miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral '' ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) ; `` Fumatul conduce la moarte de cancer pulmonar '' ( smoking causes death from lung cancer ) ; `` Fumatul în timpul sarcinii dăunează copilului dumneavoastră '' ( Smoking while pregnant harm your baby ) ; `` Protejaţi copiii dumneavoastră de inspirarea fumului de ţigaretă '' ( Protect your children from breathing in the cigarette smoke ) ; `` Psihologul , profesorul sau medicul vă poate ajuta să renunţaţi la fumat '' ( Psychologists , Teachers , and Doctors can help you quit smoking ) ; `` Fumatul creează dependenţă rapidă , nu încercaţi să fumaţi '' ( Smoking becomes addictive fast , try not to smoke ) ; `` Abandonarea fumatului reduce riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare fatale '' ; `` Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă '' ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) ; `` Fumatul reduce circulaţia sîngelui şi provoacă impotenţă '' ( Smoking reduces blood circulation and increases impotency ) ; `` Fumatul provoacă îmbolnăvirea tenului ( pielei ) '' ( Smoking causes skin diseases ) ; `` Fumatul creează grave disfuncţii sexuale '' ( Smoking causes serious sexual dysfunction ) ; Regulated by `` LEGE cu privire la tutun şi la articolele din tutun `` ( Law on tobacco and tobacco articles ) nr. 278 - XVI from 14.12. 2007 enabled at 07.03. 2008 Cigarette packets in Transnistria have variable warning labels , depending from where they come from ( English , Russian , etc . ) Mongolia ( edit ) In Mongolia , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a heart disease and lung cancer ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Montenegro ( edit ) In Montenegro , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a mouth cancer and lung cancer ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Nepal ( edit ) In Nepal , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a lung cancer and mouth cancer ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . New Zealand ( edit ) The first health warnings appeared on cigarette packets in New Zealand in 1974 . Warning images accompanying text have been required to appear on each packet since 28 February 2008 . New Regulations were made on 14 March 2018 which provided for larger warnings and a new schedule of images and messages . By law , 75 % of the cigarette pack 's front and 100 % of the cigarette pack 's rear must consist of warning messages . Images include gangrenous toes , rotting teeth and gums , diseased lungs and smoking - damaged hearts . Cigarette packets also carry the Quitline logo and phone number and other information about quitting smoking . In total , there are 15 different warnings . A full list with pictures is available at the New Zealand Ministry of Health 's website . Warning messages are rotated annually . Following is a list of the warnings in English and Māori . Smoking causes heart attacks , KA PĀ MAI NGĀ MANAWA - HĒ I TE KAI PAIPA Smoking causes over 80 % of lung cancers , NEKE ATU I TE 80 % O NGĀ MATE PUKUPUKU KI NGĀ PŪKAHUKAHU I AHU MAI I TE KAI PAIPA Smoking causes over 80 % of lung cancers , NEKE ATU I TE 80 % O NGĀ MATE PUKUPUKU KI NGĀ PŪKAHUKAHU I AHU MAI I TE KAI PAIPA Smoking harms your baby before it is born , KA TŪKINOHIA TŌ PĒPI I TO KŌPŪ I TE KAI PAIPA Your smoking harms others , KA TŪKINOHIA ĒTAHI ATU I Ō MAHI KAI PAIPA Smoking is a major cause of stroke , KA PIKI AKE I TE KAI PAIPA TŌ TŪPONO KI TE IKURA RORO Smoking damages your blood vessels , KA TŪKINOHIA Ō IA TOTO I TE KAI PAIPA Smoking is not attractive , KA ANUANU KOE I TE KAI PAIPA Smoking causes heart attacks , KA PĀ MAI NGĀ MANAWA - HĒ I TE KAI PAIPA Smoking causes lung cancer , KA PĀ MAI TE MATE PUKUPUKU KI NGĀ PŪKAHUKAHU I TE KAI PAIPA Smoking when pregnant harms your baby , KA TŪKINOHIA TŌ PĒPI I TE KAI PAIPA IA KOE E HAPŪ ANA Your smoking harms children , KA TŪKINOHIA NGĀ TAMARIKI I Ō MAHI KAI PAIPA Smoking is a major cause of stroke , KA PIKI AKE I TE KAI PAIPA TŌ TŪPONO KI TE IKURA RORO Quit before it is too late , ME WHAKAMUTU KEI RIRO KOE Smoking causes gum disease and stinking breath , KA PĀ TE MATE PŪNIHO , KA HAUNGA TŌ HĀ I TE KAI PAIPA Nigeria ( edit ) There are two versions of general warnings , as follows : Smoking is addictive Smoking damages lungs Smoking can kill Smoking can cause cancer Smoking can damage the fetus . From 2013 onward , there is a warning : The Federal Ministry of Health warns that smokers are liable to die young . Norway ( edit ) A warning in Norwegian ( bokmål ) Norway have had general warnings on cigarette packets since 1975 . Norway 's warnings of today were introduced in 2003 and are in line with EU 's legislation , as Norway is an EEA member : On the front of cigarette and cigar packages , covering about 30 % of the area : Røyking dreper ( Smoking kills ) Røyking er svært skadelig for deg og dine omgivelser ( Smoking is very harmful to you and your surroundings ) On the back of cigarette and cigar packages , covering about 45 % of the area : Røyking fører til dødeleg lungekreft ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Hvis du slutter å røyke vil du minske risikoen for dødelige hjerte - og lungesykdommer ( If you stop smoking , you will reduce the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Røyking fører til tidleg aldring av huda ( Smoking causes early ageing of the skin ) Røyking kan redusere blodgjennomstrømminga og føre til impotens ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Røyking kan føre til ein langsam og smertefull død ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Røyking kan redusere sædkvaliteten og minske fruktbarheten ( Smoking can reduce the sperm quality and decrease fertility ) Vern barn mot tobakksrøyk , ikke la dem puste inn din røyk ( Protect children against tobacco smoke , do n't let them inhale your smoke ) Røyking er sterkt avhengighetsskapende : Ikke begynn å røyke ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start smoking ) Røyking fører til forkalking av årene og forårsakar hjarteinfarkt og slag ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Din lege eller ditt apotek kan hjelpe deg med røykeslutt ( Your doctor or your pharmacy can help you stop smoking ) Få hjelp til røykeslutt -- ring Røyketelefonen 800 400 85 ( Get help to stop smoking -- call the Quitline : 800 400 85 ) Røyking nedsetter levealderen ( Smoking lowers life expectancy ) Røyking under graviditeten skader barnet ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the child ) Røyk inneholder benzen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd og blåsyre ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) Tobacco products like snus and chewing tobacco have the following warning printed on them : Denne tobakksvaren kan være helseskadelig og er avhengighetsskapende ( This tobacco product may be a health hazard , and is addictive ) Pakistan ( edit ) All cigarettes are required by a Statutory Order 1219 ( I ) / 2008 dated 25 September 2008 , published in the Gazette of Pakistan dated 24 November 2008 , to carry rotational health warnings from 1 July 2009 . Under the previous law , health warnings were not required to be rotated . Each health warning will be printed for a period of 6 months . The health warnings are to be in Urdu and in English . Here are the English versions : 1 . WARNING : Protect children . Do not let them breathe your smoke . Ministry of Health . 2 . WARNING : Smoking causes mouth and throat cancer . Ministry of Health . 3 . WARNING : Quit smoking ; live longer life . Ministry of Health . 4 . WARNING : Smoking severely harms you and the people around you . Ministry of Health . The warnings shall cover at least 30 % on both sides of the packet , and located at the top portions of the face ( in Urdu ) and back ( in English ) of the packet . Paraguay ( edit ) In Paraguay , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including impotence and heart attack ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Peru ( edit ) In Peru , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including abortions and asthma ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Philippines ( edit ) Tobacco packaging warning messages on cigarette packs sold in the Philippines prior to March 2016 Graphic tobacco packaging warning messages prior to 2018 revision See also : Smoking in the Philippines § Legislation All cigarette packaging sold in Philippines are required to display a government warning label . The warnings include : Government Warning : Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health . Government Warning : Cigarettes are addictive . Government Warning : Tobacco smoke can harm your children . Government Warning : Smoking kills . In July 2014 , Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed the Republic Act 10643 , or `` An Act to Effectively Instill Health Consciousness through Graphic Health Warnings on Tobacco Products '' , more known as the `` Graphic Health Warning Act . '' This law requires tobacco product packaging to display pictures of the ill effects of smoking , occupying the bottom half of the display area in both front and the back side of the packaging . On March 3 , 2016 , Department of Health ( DOH ) secretary Janette Garin started the implementation of Republic Act 10643 , requiring tobacco manufacturers to include graphic health warnings on newer cigarette packaging . With the Graphic Health Warning Act implemented , graphic health warnings are used on all newer cigarette packaging , and older packages using text - only warnings are required to be replaced by newer packaging incorporating graphic warnings . The 12 new warnings , showing photos of negative effects of smoking , like mouth cancer , impotence , and gangrene , are rotated every month , and on November 3 , 2016 , all cigarette packaging without graphic health warning messages are banned from sale . Labeling of cigarettes with `` light '' or `` mild '' is also forbidden by the Graphic Health Warning Act . Russia ( edit ) Warning messages on Russian cigarette packets Type of warning Message English translation Main Минздравсоцразвития России предупреждает : курение вредит Вашему здоровью The Russian Ministry of Public Health and Social Development warns : smoking is harmful to your health . Additional Курение -- причина раковых заболеваний Smoking causes cancer Курение -- причина смертельных заболеваний Smoking causes fatal diseases Оградите детей от табачного дыма Keep children away from tobacco smoke Курение табака вызывает никотиновую зависимость Smoking tobacco causes nicotine addiction Курение -- причина заболеваний сердца Smoking causes heart diseases Warning messages on Russian cigarette packets revised in 2013 , falling in line with European Union standards . Changes to Tobacco packaging warning messages in Russia Obverse Reverse Example design Text warnings will cover 30 % of surface Pictorial warnings will cover 50 % of surface Курение убивает ( Smoking kills ) Note : 12 different variants . Serbia ( edit ) Pack with Serbian warning The warning messages on Serbian cigarette packets are visually similar to those in European Union countries , but the texts used in Serbia are not translated directly from EU - approved texts . Warning messages on Serbian cigarette packets Serbian English Example design Пушење убија . Дувански дим штети људима у Вашој околини . Smoking kills . Tobacco smoke harms people around you . Пушење убија . Дувански дим штети људима у Вашој околини . Желите бебу ? Пушење неповољно утиче на плодност код мушкараца и жена . Want a baby ? Smoking reduces fertility in men and women . Пушење изазива зависност ! Потражите стручну помоћ за одвикавање . Smoking causes addiction ! Seek professional help to quit the habit . Singapore ( edit ) Text warnings were first added on cigarette packets . They used blunt , straight - to - the - point messages such as ' Smoking causes lung cancer ' . They were later replaced by graphic warnings in August 2004 . They featured gory pictures and were printed with the messages : Smoking causes a slow painful death Smoking harms your family Tobacco smoke can kill babies Smoking causes stroke Smoking causes lung cancer Smoking causes mouth diseases In 2016 , the images and warnings were revised , with images focusing on damaged organs . The following warnings shows what is printed nowadays . Smoking causes mouth diseases Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Smoking causes lung cancer Smoking causes gangrene Smoking causes neck cancer Smoking harms your family Smoking causes 92 % of oral cancer From 1 January 2009 , people possessing cigarettes without the SDPC ( Singapore Duty Paid Cigarettes ) label will be committing an offence under the Customs and GST Acts . The law was passed to distinguish non-duty paid , contraband cigarettes from duty - paid ones . Switzerland ( edit ) Switzerland has four official languages , but only has warning messages in three languages . The fourth language , Romansh , is only spoken by 0.5 % of the population , and those persons typically also speak either German or Italian . The three warning messages below are posted on cigarette packets , cartons and advertisements such as outdoor billboard posters : ( in French ) Fumer tue . ( Smoking kills . ) ( in German ) Rauchen tötet . ( Smoking kills . ) ( in Italian ) Il Fumo uccide . ( Smoking kills . ) Somalia ( edit ) A small warning , in Somali and English , appears on British American Tobacco brands , Royals and Pall Mall . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , the Tobacco Products Control Act , 1993 and its amendments ( 1999 , 2007 , 2009 ) , stipulate that a warning related to the harmful effects ( health , social , or economic ) of tobacco smoking , or the beneficial effects of cessation , must be placed prominently on tobacco products covering 15 % of the obverse , 25 % of the reverse and 20 % of the sides of packing . According to the draft Control of Tobacco Products and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill , 2018 , new legislation , once enacted , will require uniform , plain colored packaging ( branding and logos prohibited ) containing the brand and product name in a standard typeface and color , a warning related to the harmful effects of tobacco smoking , or beneficial effects of cessation , and a graphic image of tobacco - related harm . Warnings related to the harmful effects of tobacco smoking on South African tobacco products Obverse Reverse DANGER : SMOKING CAN KILL YOU Tobacco smoke contains many harmful chemicals such as carbon monoxide , cyanide , nicotine and tar , which can cause disease and death . Non-smokers and ex-smokers , on average , live longer and are healthier than smokers . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 DANGER : SMOKING CAUSES CANCER Nine out of ten patients with lung cancer are smokers . Smoking also causes cancer of the lip , mouth , voice box , food pipe and bladder . Quitting smoking reduces your risk of cancer . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 DANGER : SMOKING CAUSES HEART DISEASE Smoking is a major cause of heart attacks , strokes and blood vessel diseases . Quitting smoking reduces your risk of heart diseases . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 SMOKING DAMAGES YOUR LUNGS A morning cough and shortness of breath are signs of lung disease . It is never too late to quit . Stop smoking now and you can prevent further harm . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 PREGNANT ? BREASTFEEDING ? YOUR SMOKING CAN HARM YOUR BABY The babies of mothers who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to die before birth or to be born underweight . Stopping smoking before or during the first months of pregnancy reduces the risk to the baby . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 WARNING DON 'T SMOKE NEAR CHILDREN Children who live with smokers suffer more from colds , coughs , ear infections , asthma and chest disease . Protect your children from the harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 TOBACCO IS ADDICTIVE Nicotine in tobacco is a drug which acts on the brain and nerves . Most smokers are dependent on nicotine that is why they feel uncomfortable and get cravings when they go without smoking for a while . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 YOUR SMOKE CAN HARM THOSE AROUND YOU Every time you smoke , those around you smoke too . Your smoking increases their risk of lung cancer and heart disease . Stop smoking for the sake of your health and that of your family and friends . For more information call ( 011 ) 720 - 3145 South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , general warning on cigarette packaging are in force since 1976 . The warning messages are : From 1976 to 1989 건강 을 위하여 지나친 흡연 을 삼 갑시다 ( For your health , please refrain from smoking too much ) From December 1989 to 1996 흡연 은 폐암 등 을 일으킬 수 있으며 , 특히 임산부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking may cause lung cancer and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) From 1996 to March 2005 Front 흡연 은 폐암 등 각종 질병 의 원인 이 되며 , 특히 임신부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 할 수 없습니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ) and additionally , 금연 하면 건강 해지고 장수 할 수 있습니다 ( You can be healthy and live longer if you quit ) , 흡연 은 중풍 과 심장병 도 일으 킵니다 ( Smoking also causes paralysis and heart diseases ) , 흡연 은 사랑하는 자녀 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking also damages your beloved children ) , 당신 이 흡연 하면 다른 사람 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking damages others ) From April 2005 to April 2007 Front 건강 을 해치는 담배 그래도 피우 시겠습니까 ? ( Smoking damages your health . Do you still want to smoke ? ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 할 수 없습니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ) and additionally , 금연 하면 건강 해지고 장수 할 수 있습니다 ( You can be healthy and live longer if you quit ) , 흡연 은 중풍 과 심장병 도 일으 킵니다 ( Smoking also causes paralysis and heart diseases ) , 흡연 은 사랑하는 자녀 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking also damages your beloved children ) , 당신 이 흡연 하면 다른 사람 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking damages others ) From April 2007 to April 2009 Front 흡연 은 폐암 등 각종 질병 의 원인 이 되며 , 특히 임신부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 금지 ! 당신 자녀 의 건강 을 해 칩니다 '' ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ! It hurts your children 's health ) From April 2009 to April 2011 ( a prospectus ) Front 건강 에 해로운 담배 , 일단 흡연 하게 되면 끊기 가 매우 어렵 습니다 ( Smoking damages your health . Once you start smoking , it is very difficult to quit ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 금지 ! 당신 자녀 의 건강 을 해 칩니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ! It hurts your children 's health ) From December 2016 , 50 % of cigarette packages must contain warning elements , of which 30 % must be graphic or photographic warnings . In addition to the existing warning 흡연 이 질병 의 원인 이 될 수 있다 ( Smoking can be a cause of disease ) , the following warning will be mandatory : 흡연 은 다른 사람 의 건강 을 위협 할 수 있다 ( Smoking can harm another person 's health ) Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a cancer and heart attack ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . Taiwan ( edit ) The warnings in Taiwan are led by the phrase `` 行政 院 衛生 署 警告 '' ( Warning from the Department of Health , Executive Yuan : ) , and followed by one of the following warnings : 吸 菸 有害 健康 Smoking is hazardous to your health 孕婦 吸 菸 易 導致 胎兒 早產 及 體重 不足 Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature death and underweight birth 抽 菸 會 導致 肺癌 、 心臟 病 、 氣 腫 及 與 懷孕 有關 的 問題 Smoking can cause lung cancer , heart diseases , emphysema and pregnancy - related problems 吸 菸 害 人 害 己 Smoking hurts yourself , and hurts others 懷孕 婦女 吸 菸 可能 傷害 胎兒 , 導致 早產 及 體重 不足 Smoking during pregnancy might damage the fetus , and can cause premature death and underweight birth 戒菸 可 減少 健康 的 危害 Quitting smoking can reduce health risk -- no longer us Due to the Department of Health was reorganized into Ministry of Health and Welfare , the images and warnings were revised in 2014 . The following warnings shows what is printed ( the new warnings will use on June 1 , 2014 ) . 吸 菸 導致 皮膚 老化 Smoking causes ageing of skin 菸癮 困 你 一生 Tobacco addiction traps your life 吸 菸 會 導致 性 功能 障礙 Smoking causes sexual dysfunction 菸 害 導致 胎兒 異常 及 早產 Smoking and second hand smoking causes abnormality of baby or premature birth 不 吸 菸 , 你 可以 擁有 更 多 You can have more if you quit smoking 二手 菸 引發 兒童 肺炎 、 中耳炎 、 癌症 Second hand smoking causes children pneumonia , otitis media , or cancer 吸 菸 影響 口腔 衛生 Smoking affects oral hygiene 吸 菸 引發 自己 與 家人 中風 與 心臟 病 Smoking causes you and your family paralyzing stroke and heart disease Whether the warning is the old version or the new version , it will be marked with `` 戒煙 專線 0800 - 636363 '' ( Smoking Quitting Hotline : 0800 - 636363 ) . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tracheotomy and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . A recent study showed that the warnings made Thai smokers think more often about the health risks of smoking and about quitting smoking . Turkey ( edit ) Old Turkish cigarette packaging with a general warning Front of packaging ( covers 65 % of surface ) Sigara içmek öldürür ( Smoking kills ) or Sigara içmek size ve çevrenizdekilere ciddi zararlar verir ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) Sigara içenler genç yaşta ölür . ( Smokers die younger ) Sigara içmek damarları tıkar , kalp krizine ve felçlere neden olur . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and paralysis . ) Sigara içmek ölümcül akciğer kanserine neden olur . ( Smoking causes lethal lung cancer ) Hamile iken sigara içmek bebeğe zarar verir . ( Smoking while pregnant will harm the baby ) Çocukları koruyun : Dumanınızı onlara solutmayın . ( Protect your children , do n't let them breathe your smoke . ) Sağlık kuruluşları sigarayı bırakmada size yardımcı olabilir . ( Health agencies can help you quit smoking ) Sigara içmek yüksek derecede bağımlılık yapar , başlamayın . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Sigarayı bırakmak ölümcül kalp ve akciğer hastalıkları riskini azaltır . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Sigara içmek ağrılı ve yavaş bir ölüme neden olabilir . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Sigarayı bırakmak için doktorunuzdan ve ... ' den yardım isteyin . ( To quit smoking ask for help from your doctor and ... ) Sigara içmek kan akışını yavaşlatır ve cinsel iktidarsızlığa neden olur . ( Smoking will slow the blood flow and cause impotence ) Sigara içmek cildin erken yaşlanmasına neden olur . ( Smoking causes early ageing of the skin ) Sigara içmek spermlere zarar vererek doğurganlığı azaltır . ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility ) Sigara dumanında benzen , nitrozamin , formaldehit ve hidrojensiyanit gibi kanser yapıcı maddeler bulunur . ( Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens such as benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Ukraine ( edit ) The warning messages on Ukrainian cigarette packets are also visually similar to those in European Union countries : Warning messages on Ukrainian cigarette packets Message English translation Example design Курiння призводить до серцево - судинних захворювань та раку легенiв . Smoking causes heart diseases and lung cancer . Warning on Lucky Strike pack from Ukraine Курiння викликає залежнiсть , не починайте курити . Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . Курiння викликає iмпотенцiю . Smoking causes impotence . Захистiть дiтей : не дозволяйте їм дихати вашим димом . Protect your children , do n't let them inhale your smoke . Курiння під час вагiтностi шкодить вашiй дитинi . Smoking while pregnant harms your child . Тютюновий дим шкодить здоров'ю тих , хто вас оточує . Cigarette smoke harms those around you . Курцi помирають рано . Smokers die younger . United states of America ( edit ) Surgeon General 's warning on a cigarette pack , 2012 . In 1966 , the United States became the first nation in the world to require a health warning on cigarette packages . In 1973 , the Assistant Director of Research at R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company wrote an internal memorandum regarding new brands of cigarettes for the youth market . He observed that , `` psychologically , at eighteen , one is immortal '' and theorized that `` the desire to be daring is part of the motivation to start smoking . '' He stated , `` in this sense the label on the package is a plus . '' In 1999 , Philip Morris U.S.A. purchased three brands of cigarettes from Liggett Group Inc . The brands were : Chesterfield , L&M , and Lark . At the time Philip Morris purchased the brands from Liggett , the packaging for those cigarettes included the statement `` Smoking is Addictive '' . After Philip Morris acquired the three Liggett brands , it removed the statement from the packages . Though the United States started the trend of labeling cigarette packages with warnings , today the country has one of the least restrictive labelling requirements on their packages . Warnings are usually in small typeface placed along one of the sides of the cigarette packs with colors and fonts that closely resemble the rest of the package , so the warnings essentially are integrated and do not stand out with the rest of the cigarette package . However , this is subject to change as the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 requires color graphics with supplemental text that depicts the negative consequences of smoking to cover 50 percent of the front and rear of each pack . The nine new graphic warning labels were announced by the FDA in June 2011 and were required to appear on packaging by September 2012 , though this was delayed by legal challenges . In August 2011 , five tobacco companies filed a lawsuit against the FDA in an effort to reverse the new warning mandate . Tobacco companies claimed that being required to promote government anti-smoking campaigns by placing the new warnings on packaging violates the companies ' free speech rights . Additionally , R.J. Reynolds , Lorillard , Commonwealth Brands Inc. , Liggett Group LLC and Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company Inc. claimed that the graphic labels are an unconstitutional way of forcing tobacco companies to engage in anti-smoking advocacy on the government 's behalf . A First Amendment lawyer , Floyd Abrams , represented the tobacco companies in the case , contending that requiring graphic warning labels on a lawful product can not withstand constitutional scrutiny . The Association of National Advertisers and the American Advertising Federation also filed a brief in the suit , arguing that the labels infringe on commercial free speech and could lead to further government intrusion if left unchallenged . On 29 February 2012 , U.S. District Judge Richard Leon ruled that the labels violate the right to free speech in the First Amendment . However , the following month the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit upheld the majority of the Tobacco Control Act of 2009 , including the part requiring graphic warning labels . In April 2013 the Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal to this ruling , allowing the new labels to stand . As the original ruling against the FDA images was not actually reversed , the FDA will again need to go through the process of developing the new warning labels , and the timetable and final product remain unknown . Cigars ( edit ) SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigar Smoking Can Cause Cancers Of The Mouth And Throat , Even If You Do Not Inhale . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigars Are Not A Safe Alternative To Cigarettes . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Tobacco Smoke Increases The Risk Of Lung Cancer And Heart Disease , Even In Nonsmokers . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigar Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer And Heart Disease . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Tobacco Use Increases The Risk Of Infertility , Stillbirth , And Low Birth Weight . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : This Product Contains / Produces Chemicals Known To The State Of California To Cause Cancer , And Birth Defects Or Other Reproductive Harm . Stronger warning labels started to appear in May 2010 . Smokeless tobacco ( edit ) A can of Copenhagen with the warning label . The four warning label variants seen on various chewing tobacco products sold in the United States . Effective June 2010 , the following labels began to appear on smokeless tobacco products ( also known as chewing tobacco ) and their advertisements . WARNING : This product can cause mouth cancer . WARNING : This product can cause gum disease and tooth loss . WARNING : This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes . WARNING : Smokeless tobacco is addictive . The new warnings are required to comprise 30 percent of two principal display panels on the packaging ; on advertisements , the health warnings must constitute 20 percent of the total area . Venezuela ( edit ) For many years in Venezuela , the only warning in cigarette packs was printed in a very small typeface along one of the sides : `` Se ha determinado que el fumar cigarrillos es nocivo para la salud , Ley de impuesto sobre cigarrillos '' ( It has been determined that cigarette smoking is harmful to your health , Cigarette Tax Law ) Since 14 September 1978 On 24 March 2005 , another warning was introduced in every cigarette pack : `` Este producto contiene alquitrán , nicotina y monóxido de carbono , los cuales son cancerígenos y tóxicos . No existen niveles seguros para el consumo de estas sustancias '' ( This product contains tar , nicotine and carbon monoxide , which are carcinogenic and toxic . There are no safe levels for consumption of these substances `` . 1978 's warning , was not removed , now every cigarette pack contains both warnings ( one on each lateral ) . In addition , since 24 March 2005 , one of the following warnings is randomly printed very prominently , along with a graphical image , occupying the 100 % of the back of the pack ( 40 % for the text warning and 60 % for the image ) : Este producto es dañino para la salud y produce adicción ( This product is hazardous to your health and is addictive ) Fumar causa mal aliento , pérdida de muelas y cáncer de boca ( Smoking causes bad breath , tooth decay and mouth cancer ) Fumar causa cáncer de pulmón , tos , enfisema pulmonar y bronquitis crónica ( Smoking causes lung cancer , coughing , pulmonar emphysema and chronic bronchitis ) , the picture is a comparison between a smoker 's lung ( left ) and a healthy lung ( right ) Fumar causa infarto al corazón , Q.E.P.D. al portador , muerto por fumador ( Smoking causes cardiac infarction , R.I.P. bearer , Killed by smoking ) Fumar durante el embarazo daña la salud de tu bebé ( Smoking while pregnant harms your baby ) Los niños y niñas comienzan a fumar al ver adultos fumando ( Children start smoking when they see adults smoke ) Fumar cigarrillos causa cáncer de laringe ( Smoking cigarettes causes larynx cancer ) Fumar causa impotencia en los hombres ( Smoking causes impotence in men ) El humo del cigarrillo afecta también a quien no fuma ( Cigarette smoke also harms those who do n't smoke ) Da hoy el primer paso , dejar de fumar es posible ( take today your first step , quitting is possible ) Also , in Venezuela , tobacco advertising is strictly forbidden , so much so that the words tobacco , cigarette , cigar , etc. are not permitted in media such as radio and television and no one can smoke on television . In the campaign called : `` Venezuela 100 % libre de humo '' ( Venezuela , 100 % smoke - free ) , curiously , these warnings only appear on cigarette packs and not on other tobacco products ( which only conserve the 1978 warning ) . Vietnam ( edit ) In Vietnam , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tracheotomy and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , Article 9 and 11 Jump up ^ A review of the science base to support the development of health warnings for tobacco packages ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Sambrook Research International . 2009 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ruiter R , Kok , G ( 2005 ) . `` Saying is not ( always ) doing : Cigarette warning labels are useless '' . European Journal of Public Health . 15 ( 3 ) : 329 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / cki095 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ruiter R , Kok , G ( 2006 ) . `` Response to Hammond et al. Showing leads to doing , but doing what ? The need for experimental pilot - testing '' . European Journal of Public Health . 16 ( 2 ) : 225 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckl014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ de Hoog N , Stroebe W , de Wit J ( 2007 ) . `` The impact of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on processing and acceptance of fear - arousing communications : A meta - analysis '' . Review of General Psychology . 11 ( 3 ) : 258 -- 285 . doi : 10.1037 / 1089 - 2680.11. 3.258 . Jump up ^ Peters GJ , Ruiter R , Kok G ( 2012 ) . `` Threatening communication : a critical re-analysis and a revised meta - analytic test of fear appeal theory '' . Health Psychology Review . doi : 10.1080 / 17437199.2012. 703527 . PMC 3678850 . Jump up ^ `` Los paquetes de cigarrillos deberán incluir advertencias sanitarias con imágenes sobre el daño que provoca en la salud '' . Programa Nacional de Control de Tabaco . Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Important changes to the sale of tobacco products in Australia '' . Department of Health and Ageing , Australian Government . Archived from the original on 19 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco plain packaging '' . Department of Health and Ageing , Australian Government . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco plain packaging design released '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governo lança novas imagens para embalagens de cigarro '' . globo.com. 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Health Warnings on Tobacco Products in Canada - Warnings from 2000 '' . Non-Smokers ' Rights Association . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , JL ; Hammond , D ( 2013 ) , Tobacco Use in Canada : Patterns and Trends ( Supplement : Tobacco Control Policies in Canada ) ( PDF ) , Waterloo : Propel Centre for Population Health Impact , pp. 4 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` No Retreat on Tobacco Warnings : Aglukkaq '' . CBC News . Toronto . December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chai , Carmen ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Could Plain Packaging for Cigarettes Help Canadians Quit Smoking ? '' . Global News . Toronto . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kline , Jesse ( 1 December 2012 ) . `` Hey , Anti-Smoking Crusaders ? You Can Stop Now . You Won '' . The National Post . Toronto . Archived from the original on 25 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chile '' . tobaccolabels.ca . ^ Jump up to : Day , Elizabeth ( 15 October 2003 ) . `` Film star glamour of cigarette cases hides truth for smokers '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` European Union : Tobacco Products Directive ( 2014 / 40 / EU ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` S.I. No. 326 / 1991 -- Tobacco Products ( Control of Advertising , Sponsorship and Sales Promotion ) Regulations , 1991 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco warnings to be made bilingual '' . RTÉ. 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Instruments '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UK Government Legislation : The Standardised Packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations 2015 '' . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tumours , ulcers to occupy most space on cigarette packs soon '' . dna . Jump up ^ `` ' John Terry ' image appears in India anti-smoking drive '' . news.bbc.co.uk. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt mandates health warning to cover 85 % display on cigarettes packaging '' . livemint.com/ . Jump up ^ `` Indian government tightens rules , health warning to cover 85 per cent space on tobacco pack '' . The Indian Express . 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cigarette packets to now carry health warnings covering 85 % of space '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Abantika ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Panel defers to lobbies over science , tobacco warnings put on hold '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` India steps up fight against cigarette firms over health warnings '' . Reuters. 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC hearing on tobacco warning today '' . Deccan Herald . 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Master Blaster ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Thailand not Playing Around When It Comes to Cigarette Warning Labels - RocketNews24 '' . RocketNews24 . Jump up ^ `` Cigarette packets to carry health warnings '' . New Straits Times . 14 February 1976 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LEGE cu privire la tutun şi la articolele din tutun ( Law on tobacco and tobacco articles ) nr. 278 - XVI '' . 14 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke - free Environments Regulations 2017 . Order in Council '' . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 ... Jump up ^ `` Smoke - free Environments Regulations 2017 . Order in Council '' . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 ... Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Tobacco Packages -- Graphic Warnings '' . New Zealand Ministry of Health . 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Patricia Denise ( 20 July 2014 ) . `` Aquino signs law on graphic warnings on tobacco products '' . GMA News . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Crisostomo , Sheila ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Graphic health warning law takes effect today '' . Philstar Global . Philstar . The Philippine Star . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Villa , Jet ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Starting today , cigarette packs must have graphic health warnings '' . InterAksyon . News5 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Health Warning Act '' . Section 8 , Republic Act No. 10643 of July 15 , 2014 ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ State Duma ( in Russian ) ( Translation ) Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Products Control Act No. 83 of 1993 , Government Gazette No. 14916 Vol. 337 '' ( PDF ) . South African Government . 2 July 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Health Warnings / Messages Features -- Packing / Labelling -- Tobacco Control Laws South Africa '' . Tobacco Control Laws. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Government Gazette No. 41617 of 9 May 2018 , Department of Health No. 475 , Control of Tobacco Products and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill : Draft '' ( PDF ) . South African Government . 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations Relating to the Labelling , Advertising and Sale of Tobacco Products , 1994 , as amended in 1995 , Government Notice R1148 in Government Gazette 16588 of 4 August 1995 '' ( PDF ) . SA Tobacco Control Regulation. 4 August 1995 . Jump up ^ http://www.moneyweek.co.kr/news/mwView.php?type=1&no=2015070908488059013&outlink=1 Jump up ^ `` Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China '' . law.moj.gov.tw . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluating the Effects of Warning Labels on Adult Smokers in Thailand : Findings from the ITC Thailand Survey '' . 2006.confex.com . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Duff Wilson ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` U.S. Releases Graphic Images to Deter Smokers '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Satcher , David ( 1998 - 04 - 01 ) . Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial Ethnic Minority Groups : African Americans , American Indians & Alaska Natives , Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders , Hispanics . DIANE Publishing . pp. 299 -- . ISBN 9780788177958 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Teague , Claude E. `` Research Planning Memorandum on Some Thoughts About New Brands of Cigarettes for the Youth Market '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Philip Morris U.S.A. `` Circular No. 719 '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Keane , Denise . `` Written Direct Testimony of Denise F. Keane '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dumas , Bethany K. `` An Analysis of the Adequacy of Federally Mandated Cigarette Package Warnings . '' Ch. 11 of Language in the Judicial Process , ed . J.N. Levi and A.G. Walker . NY : Plenum Press Corp. , 1990 , 309 -- 352 . Reprinted Tennessee Law Review 59.2 ( 1992 ) , 261 -- 304 . Jump up ^ `` Health Groups Weigh In On Lawsuit Over Graphic Cigarette Labels '' . Huffington Post . 20 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US cigarette makers sue over graphic warning labels '' . BBC.co.uk . BBC . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Nathan ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` FDA Defends New Graphic Cigarette Labels '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Big Tobacco Gets Top First Amendment Lawyer for New Suit '' . AdWeek . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Cos . Get Allies in Warning Label Fight '' . Convenience Store News . Archived from the original on 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Craver , Richard ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Judge blocks graphic images on cigarette packages '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Jump up ^ `` Graphic tobacco warning labels to remain , but look , timetable unknown '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Court : Tobacco health labels constitutional '' . Reuters. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rejects challenge to tobacco warnings '' . The Hill . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Agrees : Cigarette Warning Labels Do n't Violate Big Tobacco 's Free Speech '' . Consumerist . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smokeless Tobacco Product Warning Labels '' . Fda.gov . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen1.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen2.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen9.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen6.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen4.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen7.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen3.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen5.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen10.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen8.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cigarette packet warning signs . Tobacco Labelling Resource Centre Warning : Graphic Cigarette Labels -- slideshow by Life magazine BBC News Online : `` Spoof cigarette warnings slammed '' Directive 2001 / 37 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2001 UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection Quit Now , website advertised on Australian packets of cigarettes Cigarette Package Health Warnings International Status Report - Fourth Edition <Th_colspan="2"> Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health <Td_colspan="2"> Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - 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who knows what will happen next the shadow knows
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The Shadow - wikipedia The Shadow Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Shadow ( disambiguation ) . `` Lamont Cranston '' redirects here . For the musical group , see The Lamont Cranston Band . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Shadow <Td_colspan="2"> Art by John Cassaday <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Street & Smith Condé Nast First appearance Detective Story Hour ( July 31 , 1930 ) ( radio ) `` The Living Shadow '' ( April 1 , 1931 ) ( print ) Created by Walter B. Gibson <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Alter ego Kent Allard ( print ) Lamont Cranston ( radio , film and television ) Notable aliases Lamont Cranston ( print ) Henry Arnaud ( print ) Isaac Twambley ( print ) Fritz the Janitor ( print ) Abilities In print , radio , and film : Expert detective Skilled marksman and hand - to - hand combatant Master of disguise Master of stealth In radio and film only : Ability to make himself nearly invisible to others Hypnotic mental - clouding abilities altering a person 's thoughts and perceptions The Shadow is the name of a collection of serialized dramas , originally in 1930s pulp novels , and then in a wide variety of media , and it is also used to refer to the character featured in The Shadow media . One of the most famous adventure heroes of the 20th century United States , the Shadow has been featured on the radio , in a long - running pulp magazine series , in comic books , comic strips , television , serials , video games , and at least five films . The radio drama included episodes voiced by Orson Welles . Originally simply a mysterious radio narrator who hosted a program designed to promote magazine sales for Street and Smith Publications , The Shadow was developed into a distinctive literary character , later to become a pop culture icon , by writer Walter B. Gibson in 1931 . The character has been cited as a major influence on the subsequent evolution of comic book superheroes , particularly Batman . The Shadow debuted on July 31 , 1930 , as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program Detective Story Hour , which was developed in an effort to boost sales of Detective Story Magazine . When listeners of the program began asking at newsstands for copies of `` That Shadow detective magazine , '' Street & Smith decided to create a magazine based around The Shadow and hired Gibson to create a character concept to fit the name and voice and write a story featuring him . The first issue of The Shadow Magazine went on sale on April 1 , 1931 , a pulp series . On September 26 , 1937 , The Shadow radio drama , a new radio series based on the character as created by Gibson for the pulp magazine , premiered with the story `` The Death House Rescue , '' in which The Shadow was characterized as having `` the power to cloud men 's minds so they can not see him . '' As in the magazine stories , The Shadow was not given the literal ability to become invisible . The introduction from The Shadow radio program `` Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men ? The Shadow knows ! '' , spoken by actor Frank Readick Jr , has earned a place in the American idiom . These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme , Camille Saint - Saëns ' Le Rouet d'Omphale ( `` Omphale 's Spinning Wheel '' , composed in 1872 ) . At the end of each episode The Shadow reminded listeners that , `` The weed of crime bears bitter fruit ! Crime does not pay ... The Shadow knows ! '' ( Some early episodes , however , used the alternate statement , `` As you sow evil , so shall you reap evil ! Crime does not pay ... The Shadow knows ! '' ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Origin of the character 's name 1.2 Creation as a distinctive literary character 2 Publications 3 Character development 3.1 Background 3.2 Supporting characters 3.3 Enemies 4 Radio program 4.1 Early years 4.2 Radio drama 4.3 Margo Lane 4.4 Radio drama LPs 5 Comic strips , comic books , graphic novels 6 Films 6.1 Shadow film shorts ( 1931 -- 1932 ) 6.2 The Shadow Strikes ( 1937 ) 6.3 International Crime ( 1938 ) 6.4 The Shadow ( 1940 ) 6.5 The Shadow Returns , etc . ( 1946 ) 6.6 Invisible Avenger ( 1958 ) 6.7 The Shadow ( 1994 ) 6.8 Sam Raimi Shadow feature film 7 Television 8 Influence on superheroes and other media 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Publication History ( edit ) Origin of the character 's name ( edit ) In order to boost the sales of their Detective Story Magazine , Street and Smith Publications hired David Chrisman of the Ruthrauff & Ryan advertising agency and writer - director William Sweets to adapt the magazine 's stories into a radio series . Chrisman and Sweets felt the upcoming series should be narrated by a mysterious storyteller with a sinister voice , and began searching for a suitable name . One of their scriptwriters , Harry Engman Charlot , suggested various possibilities , such as `` The Inspector '' or `` The Sleuth . '' Charlot then proposed the ideal name for the phantom announcer : `` ... The Shadow . '' Thus , beginning on July 31 , 1930 , `` The Shadow '' was the name given to the mysterious narrator of the Detective Story Hour . The narrator was initially voiced by James LaCurto , who was replaced after four months by prolific character actor Frank Readick Jnr . The episodes were drawn from the Detective Story Magazine issued by Street and Smith , `` the nation 's oldest and largest publisher of pulp magazines . '' Although the latter company had hoped the radio broadcasts would boost the declining sales of Detective Story Magazine , the result was quite different . Listeners found the sinister announcer much more compelling than the unrelated stories . They soon began asking newsdealers for copies of `` that Shadow detective magazine , '' even though it did not exist . Creation as a distinctive literary character ( edit ) `` Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men ? '' The Shadow as depicted on the cover of the July 15 , 1939 , issue of The Shadow Magazine . The story , `` Death from Nowhere '' , was one of the magazine plots adapted for the legendary radio drama . Recognizing the demand and responding promptly , circulation manager Henry William Ralston of Street & Smith commissioned Walter B. Gibson to begin writing stories about `` The Shadow '' . Using the pen name of Maxwell Grant and claiming the stories were `` from The Shadow 's private annals as told to '' him , Gibson wrote 282 out of 325 tales over the next 20 years : a novel - length story twice a month ( 1st and 15th ) . The first story produced was The Living Shadow , published April 1 , 1931 . Gibson 's characterization of The Shadow laid the foundations for the archetype of the superhero , including stylized imagery and title , sidekicks , supervillains , and a secret identity . Clad in black , The Shadow operated mainly after dark as a vigilante in the name of justice , and terrifying criminals into vulnerability . Gibson himself claimed the literary inspirations upon which he had drawn were Bram Stoker 's Dracula and Edward Bulwer - Lytton 's `` The House and the Brain '' . Another possible inspiration for The Shadow is the French character Judex ; the first episode of the original Judex film serial was released in the United States as The Mysterious Shadow , and Judex 's costume is rather similar to The Shadow 's . French comics historian Xavier Fournier notes other similarities with another silent serial , The Shielding Shadow , whose protagonist had a power of invisibility , and considers The Shadow to be a mix between the two characters . In the 1940s , some Shadow comic strips were translated in France as adventures of Judex . Because of the great effort involved in writing two full - length novels every month , several guest writers were hired to write occasional installments in order to lighten Gibson 's workload . These guest writers included Lester Dent , who also wrote the Doc Savage stories , and Theodore Tinsley . In the late 1940s , mystery novelist Bruce Elliott ( also a magician ) would temporarily replace Gibson as the primary author of the pulp series . Richard Wormser , a reader for Street & Smith , wrote two Shadow stories . The Shadow Magazine ceased publication with the Summer 1949 issue , but Walter B. Gibson wrote three new `` official '' stories between 1963 and 1980 . The first of these began a new series of nine updated Shadow novels from Belmont Books , starting with Return of The Shadow under his own by - line . But the remaining eight -- The Shadow Strikes , Beware Shadow , Cry Shadow , The Shadow 's Revenge , Mark of The Shadow , Shadow Go Mad , Night of The Shadow , and The Shadow , Destination : Moon -- were written , not by Gibson , but instead by Dennis Lynds under the `` Maxwell Grant '' byline . In these last eight novels , The Shadow was given psychic powers , including the radio character 's ability `` to cloud men 's minds '' so that he effectively became invisible , and was more of a spymaster than crime fighter . The Shadow returned in 2015 in the authorized novel The Sinister Shadow , which was an entry in the Wild Adventures of Doc Savage series from Altus Press . The novel was written by Will Murray , who used unpublished material originally written in 1932 by Doc Savage originator Lester Dent and published under the pen name of Kenneth Robeson . Set in 1933 , the story details the conflict between the two pulp magazine icons . A sequel appeared in 2016 . Empire of Doom takes place several years later in 1940 . Here , The Shadow 's old enemy , Shiwan Khan , attacks his hated adversary , and Doc Savage joins forces with The Shadow to vanquish him in a Doc Savage novel written by Will Murray from a concept by Lester Dent . Publications ( edit ) See List of The Shadow stories Character development ( edit ) The character and look of The Shadow gradually evolved over his lengthy fictional existence : As depicted in the pulps , The Shadow wore a wide - brimmed black hat and a black , crimson - lined cloak with an upturned collar over a standard black business suit . In the 1940s comic books , the later comic book series , and the 1994 film starring Alec Baldwin , he wore either the black hat or a wide - brimmed , black fedora and a crimson scarf just below his nose and across his mouth and chin . Both the cloak and scarf covered either a black double - breasted trench coat or a regular black suit . As seen in some of the later comics series , The Shadow would also wear his hat and scarf with either a black Inverness coat or Inverness cape . In the radio drama , which debuted in 1937 , The Shadow was an invisible avenger who had learned , while `` traveling through East Asia , '' `` the mysterious power to cloud men 's minds , so they could not see him . '' This feature of the character was born out of necessity : time constraints of 1930s radio made it difficult to explain to listeners where The Shadow was hiding and how he was remaining concealed . Thus , the character was given the power to escape human sight . Voice effects were added to suggest The Shadow 's seeming omnipresence . To explain this power , The Shadow was described as a master of hypnotism , as explicitly stated in several radio episodes . Background ( edit ) `` The Living Shadow '' from The Shadow # 1 ( April 7 , 1931 ) In print , The Shadow 's real name is Kent Allard , and he was a famed aviator who fought for the French during World War I. He became known by the alias the Black Eagle , according to The Shadow 's Shadow ( 1933 ) , although later stories revised this alias as the Dark Eagle , beginning with The Shadow Unmasks ( 1937 ) . After the war , Allard finds a new challenge in waging war on criminals . Allard falsifies his death in the South American jungles , then returns to the United States . Arriving in New York City , he adopts numerous identities to conceal his existence . One of the identities Allard assumes -- indeed , the best known -- is that of Lamont Cranston , a `` wealthy young man - about - town . '' In the pulps , Cranston is a separate character ; Allard frequently disguises himself as Cranston and adopts his identity ( The Shadow Laughs , 1931 ) . While Cranston travels the world , Allard assumes his identity in New York . In their first meeting , Allard , as The Shadow , threatens Cranston , saying he has arranged to switch signatures on various documents and other means that will allow him to take over the Lamont Cranston identity entirely unless Cranston agrees to allow Allard to impersonate him when he is abroad . Although alarmed at first , Cranston is amused by the irony of the situation and agrees . The two men sometimes meet in order to impersonate each other ( Crime over Miami , 1940 ) . The disguise works well because Allard and Cranston resemble each other ( Dictator of Crime , 1941 ) . His other disguises include businessman Henry Arnaud , who first appeared in The Black Master ( March 1 , 1932 ) , which revealed that like Cranston , there is a real Henry Arnaud ; elderly Isaac Twambley , who first appeared in No Time For Murder ; and Fritz , who first appeared in The Living Shadow ( April 1931 ) ; in this last disguise , he pretends to be a doddering old slow - witted , uncommunicative janitor who works at Police Headquarters in order to listen in on conversations . For the first half of The Shadow 's tenure in the pulps , his past and identity are ambiguous . In The Living Shadow , a thug claims to have seen the Shadow 's face , and thought he saw `` a piece of white that looked like a bandage . '' In The Black Master and The Shadow 's Shadow , the villains both see The Shadow 's true face and remark that The Shadow is a man of many faces with no face of his own . It was not until the August 1937 issue , The Shadow Unmasks , that The Shadow 's real name is revealed . In the radio drama , the Allard secret identity was dropped for simplicity 's sake . On the radio , The Shadow was only Lamont Cranston ; he had no other aliases or disguises . Supporting characters ( edit ) Margo Lane and The Shadow . Art by Alex Ross . The Shadow has a network of agents who assist him in his war on crime . These include : Harry Vincent , an operative whose life he saved when Vincent tried to commit suicide in the first Shadow story . Moses `` Moe '' Shrevnitz , a.k.a. `` Shrevvy , '' a cab driver who doubles as his chauffeur . ( Peter Boyle performed the role in the 1994 film . ) Margo Lane , a socialite created for the radio drama and later introduced into the pulps . ( Penelope Ann Miller performed the role in the 1994 film , in which Margo was granted the power of telepathy , and hence the ability to pierce The Shadow 's hypnotic mental - clouding abilities . ) Clyde Burke , a newspaper reporter who also is paid to collect news clippings for The Shadow . Burbank , a radio operator who maintains contact between The Shadow and his agents . ( He was portrayed by Andre Gregory in the 1994 film . ) Clifford `` Cliff '' Marsland . He first appeared in the ninth novel ( Mobsmen on the Spot ) . He is a man with a checkered past ( known to The Shadow ) who changed his name to Clifford Marsland . He spent years in Sing Sing ( jail ) for a crime he did not commit and is wrongly believed to have murdered one or more people by the Underworld . He infiltrates gangs using his crooked reputation . ( The Green Hornet is often described as having a similar modus operandi to that of Marsland . ) Dr. Rupert Sayre , The Shadow 's personal physician . Jericho Druke , a giant , immensely strong black man . Slade Farrow , who works with The Shadow to rehabilitate criminals . Miles Crofton , who sometimes pilots The Shadow 's autogyro . Claude Fellows , the only agent of The Shadow ever to be killed , in Gangdom 's Doom ( 1931 ) . Rutledge Mann , a stockbroker who collects information ; he took over from Claude Fellows . First appeared in Double Z ( June 1 , 1932 ) . Known to Cranston , his business had failed and he was heavily in debt and ready to commit suicide before The Shadow recruited him . Hawkeye , a reformed underworld snoop who trails gangsters and other criminals . Myra Reldon , a female operative who uses the alias of Ming Dwan when in Chinatown . Dr. Roy Tam , The Shadow 's contact man in New York 's Chinatown . ( Sab Shimono portrayed him in the 1994 film , in which he provided valuable information to Lamont Cranston , believing the latter to be an agent of The Shadow . ) Though initially wanted by the police , The Shadow also works with and through them , notably gleaning information from his many chats with Police Commissioners Ralph Weston and Wainwright Barth while at the Cobalt Club ; the latter is also Cranston 's uncle . ( Jonathan Winters portrayed him in the 1994 film . ) Weston believes that Cranston is merely a rich playboy who dabbles in detective work . Another police contact is Detective ( later Inspector ) Joseph Cardona , a key character in many Shadow novels . In contrast to the pulps , The Shadow radio drama limited the cast of major characters to The Shadow , Commissioner Weston , and Margo Lane , the last of whom was created specifically for the radio series , as it was believed the abundance of agents would make it difficult to distinguish between characters . Harry Vincent appeared as an agent of The Shadow in the first episode , `` The Death House Rescue . '' Clyde Burke and Moe Shrevnitz ( identified only as `` Shrevvy '' ) made occasional appearances , but not as agents of The Shadow . Lt. Cardona was a minor character in several episodes . Shrevvy was merely an acquaintance of Cranston and Lane , and occasionally Cranston 's chauffeur . Enemies ( edit ) The Shadow also faces a wide variety of enemies , ranging from kingpins and mad scientists and international spies . Among The Shadow 's recurring foes are Shiwan Khan , seen in The Golden Master , Shiwan Khan Returns , The Invincible Shiwan Khan , and Masters of Death ; Dr. Rodil Moquino , the Voodoo Master ( The Voodoo Master , The City of Doom , and Voodoo Trail ) ; Bernard Stark , the Prince of Evil ( The Prince of Evil , The Murder Genius , The Man Who Died Twice , and The Devil 's Paymaster , all written by Theodore Tinsley ) ; and the Wasp ( The Wasp and The Wasp Returns ) . The only recurring criminal organization he fought was the Hand ( The Hand , Murder for Sale , Chicago Crime , Crime Rides the Sea , and Realm of Doom ) , where he defeated one Finger of the organization in each book . In addition , the villain King Kauger from the Shadow story Wizard of Crime is also the unseen mastermind behind the events of Intimidation , Inc . The series also featured a myriad of one - shot villains , including the Red Envoy , the Death Giver , Gray Fist , the Black Dragon , the Silver Skull , the Red Blot , the Black Falcon , the Cobra , Gaspard Zemba , the Black Master , Five - Face , the Gray Ghost , and Dr. Z . The Shadow also battles collectives of criminals , such as the Silent Seven , the Salamanders , and the Hydra . Radio program ( edit ) Promotional photograph for The Detective Story Hour , with James La Curto as The Shadow ( 1930 ) In early 1930 , Street & Smith hired David Chrisman and Bill Sweets to adapt the Detective Story Magazine to radio format . Chrisman and Sweets felt the program should be introduced by a mysterious storyteller . A young scriptwriter , Harry Charlot , suggested the name of `` The Shadow . '' Thus , `` The Shadow '' premiered over CBS airwaves on July 31 , 1930 , as the host of the Detective Story Hour , narrating `` tales of mystery and suspense from the pages of the premier detective fiction magazine . '' The bulk of the radio show was written primarily by Sidney Slon . The narrator was first voiced by James La Curto , but became a national sensation when radio veteran Frank Readick , Jr. assumed the role and gave it `` a hauntingly sibilant quality that thrilled radio listeners . '' Early years ( edit ) Following a brief tenure as narrator of Street & Smith 's Detective Story Hour , `` The Shadow '' character was used to host segments of The Blue Coal Radio Revue , playing on Sundays at 5 : 30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time . This marked the beginning of a long association between the radio persona and sponsor Blue Coal . While functioning as a narrator of The Blue Coal Radio Revue , the character was recycled by Street & Smith in October 1931 , for their newly created Love Story Hour . Contrary to dozens of encyclopedias , published reference guides , and even Walter Gibson himself , The Shadow never served as narrator of Love Story Hour . He appeared only in advertisements for The Shadow Magazine at the end of each episode . In October 1932 , the radio persona temporarily moved to NBC . Frank Readick again played the role of the sinister - voiced host on Mondays and Wednesdays , both at 6 : 30 p.m. , with La Curto taking occasional turns as the title character . Readick returned as The Shadow to host a final CBS mystery anthology that fall . The series disappeared from CBS airwaves on March 27 , 1935 , due to Street & Smith 's insistence that the radio storyteller be completely replaced by the master crime - fighter described in Walter B. Gibson 's ongoing pulps . Radio drama ( edit ) Orson Welles was the voice of The Shadow from September 1937 to October 1938 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Street & Smith entered into a new broadcasting agreement with Blue Coal in 1937 , and that summer Gibson teamed with scriptwriter Edward Hale Bierstadt to develop the new series . The Shadow returned to network airwaves on September 26 , 1937 , over the new Mutual Broadcasting System . Thus began the `` official '' radio drama , with 22 - year - old Orson Welles starring as Lamont Cranston , a `` wealthy young man about town . '' Once The Shadow joined Mutual as a half - hour series on Sunday evenings , the program did not leave the air until December 26 , 1954 . Welles did not speak the signature line , `` Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men ? '' Instead , Readick did , using a water glass next to his mouth for the echo effect . The famous catch phrase was accompanied by the strains of an excerpt from Opus 31 of the Camille Saint - Saëns classical composition , Le Rouet d'Omphale . After Welles departed the show in 1938 , Bill Johnstone was chosen to replace him and voiced the character for five seasons . Following Johnstone 's departure , The Shadow was portrayed by such actors as Bret Morrison ( the longest tenure , with 10 years in two separate runs ) , John Archer , and Steve Courtleigh . ( The actors were rarely credited . ) The Shadow also inspired another radio hit , The Whistler , with a similarly mysterious narrator . Margo Lane ( edit ) Main article : Margo Lane The radio drama also introduced female characters into The Shadow 's realm , most notably Margo Lane ( played by Agnes Moorehead , among others ) as Cranston 's love interest , crime - solving partner and the only person who knows his identity as The Shadow . Four years later , the character was introduced into the pulp novels . Her sudden , unexplained appearance in the pulps annoyed readers and generated a flurry of hate mail printed in The Shadow Magazine 's letters page . Lane was described as Cranston 's `` friend and companion '' in later episodes , although the exact nature of their relationship was unclear . In the early scripts of the radio drama the character 's name was spelled `` Margot . '' The name itself was originally inspired by Margot Stevenson , the Broadway ingénue who would later be chosen to voice Lane opposite Welles ' The Shadow during `` the 1938 Goodrich summer season of the radio drama . '' In the 1994 film in which Penelope Ann Miller acted out the character , she is described as being telepathic and hence aware of , but specifically immune to , The Shadow 's abilities . Radio drama lps ( edit ) In 1968 Metro Record 's `` Leo the Lion '' label released an LP titled The Official Adventures of The Shadow ( CH - 1048 ) with two original fifteen - minute radio - style productions written by John Fleming : `` The Computer Calculates , but The Shadow Knows '' and `` Air Freight Fracas '' . Bret Morrison , Grace Matthews and Santos Ortega reprised their roles as `` Lamont Cranston / The Shadow '' , `` Margo Lane '' and `` Commissioner Weston '' . Ken Roberts also returned as the announcer . Comic strips , comic Books , graphic novels ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Walter Gibson 's and Vernon Greene 's The Shadow ( August 12 , 1940 ) . The Shadow has been adapted for the comics several times during his long history ; his first comics appearance was on June 17 , 1940 as a syndicated daily newspaper comic strip offered through the Ledger Syndicate . The strip 's story continuity was written by Walter B. Gibson , with plot lines adapted from the Shadow pulps , and the strip was illustrated by Vernon Greene . Due to pulp paper shortages during World War II and the growing amount of space required for war news from both the European and Pacific fronts , the strip was canceled on June 13 , 1942 , after two years and nine adventures had been published . The Shadow daily was collected decades later in two comic book series from two different publishers ( see below ) , first in 1988 and then in 1999 . To both cross-promote The Shadow and attract a younger audience to their other pulp magazines , Street & Smith published 101 issues of the comic book Shadow Comics from Vol. 1 , # 1 - Vol. 9 , # 5 ( March 1940 - Sept. 1949 ) . A Shadow story led off each issue , with the remainder of the stories being strips based on other Street & Smith pulp heroes . In Mad # 4 ( April -- May 1953 ) , The Shadow was spoofed by Harvey Kurtzman and Will Elder . Their character was called `` The Shadow ' '' ( with an apostrophe ) , which is short for `` Lamont Shadowskeedeeboomboom '' . The Shadow ' is invisible as in the radio series ; when he makes himself visible , he is attired like the pulp character but is very short and ugly ; his companion , `` Margo Pain '' , begs him to cloud her mind again . Throughout the story , someone is trying to kill Margo , getting `` Shad '' , as she calls him , into various predicaments : he is beaten up by gangsters and has a piano dropped on him . He tricks Margo into an outhouse ( the interior of which is an impossibly huge mansion ) which he demolishes with dynamite . As The Shadow ' gleefully presses the detonator , he says , `` NOBODY knows to whom the voice of the invisible Shadow belongs ! '' This story was reprinted in The Brothers Mad ( ibooks , New York , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4482 - 5 ) . Lamont Shadowskeedeeboomboom returned in Mad # 14 ( August 1954 ) to guest - star in `` Manduck the Magician '' , a spoof by Harvey Kurtzman and Will Elder of the Mandrake the Magician comic strip . In this story , Lamont Shadowskeedeeboomboom lures Manduck and Loathar to his home on the pretense of wanting to buy 100 cases of Manduck 's snake oil ; in reality , he has learned that Manduck also has `` the secret power to cloud men 's minds , and so in order to keep ( his ) secret exclusive '' , he intends to destroy Manduck . A battle of hypnotic gesturing ensues , during which Loathar somehow also has the power . Each character turns himself or one or two of the others into one of the other characters , culminating in three Manducks who all gesture hypnotically , causing a massive explosion that leaves only one Manduck who may or may not be the real one . Manduck 's girlfriend , Narda , declares that whomever he really is , `` Only one of you is dear to my heart and that one is ... the one with the most loot ! '' This story was reprinted in Mad Strikes Back ! ( ibooks , New York , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4478 - 7 ) . During the superhero revival of the 1960s , Archie Comics published an eight - issue series , The Shadow ( Aug. 1964 - Sept. 1965 ) , under the company 's Mighty Comics imprint . In the first issue , The Shadow was loosely based on the radio version , but with blond hair . In issue # 2 ( Sept. 1964 ) , the character was transformed into a campy , heavily muscled superhero in a green and blue costume by writer Robert Bernstein and artist John Rosenberger . Later issues of this eight - issue series were written by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel . During the mid-1970s , DC Comics published an `` atmospheric interpretation '' of the character by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Michael Kaluta in a 12 - issue series ( Nov. 1973 - Sept. 1975 ) . Kaluta drew issues 1 - 4 and 6 and was followed by Frank Robbins and then E.R. Cruz . Attempting to be faithful to both the pulp - magazine and radio - drama character , the series guest - starred fellow pulp fiction hero the Avenger in issue # 11 . The Shadow also appeared in DC 's Batman # 253 ( Nov. 1973 ) , in which Batman teams with an aging Shadow and calls the famous crime fighter his `` greatest inspiration '' . In Batman # 259 ( Dec. 1974 ) , Batman again meets The Shadow , and we learn The Shadow saved Bruce Wayne 's life when the future Batman was a boy . DC Comics ' The Shadow # 1 ( Nov. 1973 ) . Cover art by Michael Kaluta . The Shadow is also referenced in DC 's Detective Comics # 446 ( 1975 ) , page 4 , panel 2 : Batman , out of costume and in disguise as an older night janitor , makes a crime fighting acknowledgement , in a thought balloon , to the Shadow . In 1986 , another DC adaptation was developed by Howard Chaykin . This four issue miniseries , The Shadow : Blood and Judgement , brought The Shadow to modern - day New York . While initially successful , this version proved unpopular with traditional Shadow fans because it depicted The Shadow using Uzi submachine guns and rocket launchers , as well as featuring a strong strain of black comedy and extreme violence throughout . The Shadow , set in our modern era , was continued in 1987 as a monthly DC comics series by writer Andy Helfer ( editor of the miniseries ) ; it was drawn primarily by artists Bill Sienkiewicz ( issues 1 - 6 ) and Kyle Baker ( issues 8 - 19 and two Shadow Annuals ) . In 1988 O'Neil and Kaluta , with inker Russ Heath , returned to The Shadow with the Marvel Comics graphic novel The Shadow : Hitler 's Astrologer , set during World War II . This one - shot appeared in both hardcover and trade paperback editions . The Vernon Greene / Walter Gibson Shadow newspaper comic strip from the early 1940s was collected by Malibu Graphics ( Malibu Comics ) under their Eternity Comics imprint , beginning with the first issue of Crime Classics dated July 1988 . Each cover was illustrated by Greene and colored by one of Eternity 's colorists . A total of 13 issues appeared featuring just the black - and - white daily until the final issue , dated November , 1989 . Some of the Shadow storylines were contained in one issue , while others were continued over into the next . When a Shadow story ended , another tale would begin in the same issue . This back - to - back format continued until the final 13th issue , when the strip storylines ended . Dave Stevens ' nostalgic comics series Rocketeer contains a great number of pop culture references to the 1930s . Various characters from the Shadow pulps make appearances in the storyline published in the Rocketeer Adventure Magazine , including The Shadow 's famous alter ego Lamont Cranston . Two issues were published by Comico in 1988 and 1989 , but the third and final instalment did not appear until years later , finally appearing in 1995 from Dark Horse Comics . All three issues were then collected by Dark Horse into a slick trade paperback titled The Rocketeer : Cliff 's New York Adventure ( ISBN 1 - 56971 - 092 - 9 ) . In 1989 , DC released in graphic novel hardcover reprinting five issues ( # 1 - 4 and 6 by Dennis O'Neil and Michael Kaluta ) of their 1970s series as The Private Files of The Shadow . The volume also featured a new Shadow adventure drawn by Kaluta . From 1989 to 1992 , DC published a new Shadow series , The Shadow Strikes , written by Gerard Jones and Eduardo Barreto . This series was set in the 1930s and returned The Shadow to his pulp origins . During its run , it featured The Shadow 's first team - up with Doc Savage , another popular hero of the pulp magazine era . Both characters appeared together in a four - issue story that crossed back and forth between each character 's DC comic series . The Shadow Strikes often led The Shadow into encounters with well - known celebrities of the 1930s , such as Albert Einstein , Amelia Earhart , Charles Lindbergh , union organizer John L. Lewis , and Chicago gangsters Frank Nitti and Jake Guzik . In issue # 7 , The Shadow meets a radio announcer named Grover Mills , a character based on the young Orson Welles , who has been impersonating The Shadow on the radio . The character 's name is taken from Grover 's Mill , New Jersey , the name of the small town where the Martians land in Welles ' 1938 radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds . When Shadow rights holder Condé Nast increased its licensing fee , DC concluded the series after 31 issues and one Annual ; it became the longest - running Shadow comic series since Street and Smith 's original 1940s series . During the early - to - mid-1990s , Dark Horse Comics acquired the rights to the Shadow from Condé Nast . It published the Shadow miniseries The Shadow : In the Coils of Leviathan ( four issues ) in 1993 , and The Shadow : Hell 's Heat Wave ( three issues ) in 1995 . In the Coils of Leviathan was later collected by Dark Horse in 1994 as a trade paperback . Both series were written by Joel Goss and Michael Kaluta , and drawn by Gary Gianni . A one - shot Shadow issue The Shadow and the Mysterious Three was also published by Dark Horse in 1994 , again written by Joel Goss and Michael Kaluta , with Stan Manoukian and Vince Roucher taking over the illustration duties but working from Kaluta 's layouts . A comics adaptation of the 1994 film The Shadow was published in two issues by Dark Horse as part of the movie 's merchandising campaign . The script was by Goss and Kaluta and drawn by Kaluta . It was collected and published in England by Boxtree as a graphic novel tie - in for the film 's British release . Emulating DC 's earlier team - up , Dark Horse also published a two - issue mini-series in 1995 called The Shadow and Doc Savage : The Case of the Shrieking Skeletons . It was written by Steve Vance , and illustrated by Manoukian and Roucher . Both issues ' covers were drawn by Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens . A final Dark Horse Shadow team - up was published in 1995 : the single issue Ghost and the Shadow , written by Doug Moench , pencilled by H.M. Baker , and inked by Bernard Kolle . The Shadow made an uncredited cameo appearance in issue # 2 of DC 's 1996 four issue miniseries Kingdom Come , re-released as a trade paperback in 1997 . The Shadow appears in the nightclub scene standing in the background next to The Question and Rorschach . The early 1940s Shadow newspaper daily strip was reprinted by Avalon Communications under their ACG Classix imprint . The Shadow daily began appearing in the first issue of Pulp Action comics . It carried no monthly date or issue number on the cover , only a 1999 copyright and a Pulp Action # 1 notation at the bottom of the inside cover . Each issue 's cover is a colorized panel blow - up , taken from one of the reprinted strips . The eighth issue uses for its cover a Shadow serial black - and - white film still , with several hand - drawn alterations . The first issue of Pulp Action is devoted entirely to reprinting the Shadow daily , but subsequent issues began offering back - up stories not involving The Shadow in every issue . These Shadow strip reprints stopped with Pulp Action 's eighth issue , before the story was complete ; the last issue carries a 2000 copyright date . In August 2011 , Dynamite licensed The Shadow from Condé Nast for ongoing comic book series and several limited run miniseries . Their first on - going series was written by Garth Ennis and illustrated by Aaron Campbell ; it debuted on April 19 , 2012 . This series ran for 26 issues ; the regular series ended in May 2014 , but a prologue issue # 0 was published in July 2014 . Dynamite followed with the release of an eight - issue miniseries , Masks , teaming the 1930s Shadow with Dynamite 's other pulp hero comic book adaptations , the Spider , The Green Hornet and Kato , and a 1930s Zorro , plus four other heroes of the pulp era from Dynamite 's comics line - up . Dynamite offered a second eight - issue Shadow miniseries , The Shadow Year One , followed by the team - up miniseries The Shadow / Green Hornet : Dark Nights , and a Shadow miniseries set in the modern era , The Shadow Now . In August 2015 , Dynamite Entertainment launched volume 2 of The Shadow , a new ongoing series is written by Cullen Bunn and drawn by Giovanni Timpano . Additional Dynamite Entertainment Shadow comics adaptations and team - ups continue . Films ( edit ) The Shadow character has been adapted for film shorts and films . Shadow film shorts ( 1931 -- 1932 ) ( edit ) In 1931 Universal Pictures created a series of six film shorts based on the popular Detective Story Hour radio program , narrated by The Shadow . The first short , A Burglar to the Rescue , was filmed in New York City and features the voice of The Shadow on radio , Frank Readick . Beginning with the second short , The House of Mystery , the series was produced in Hollywood without the voice of Readick as The Shadow ; it was followed by The Circus Show - Up and three additional shorts the following year with other voice actors portraying The Shadow . The Shadow Strikes ( 1937 ) ( edit ) The film The Shadow Strikes was released in 1937 , starring Rod La Rocque in the title role . Lamont Cranston assumes the secret identity of `` The Shadow '' in order to thwart an attempted robbery at an attorney 's office . Both The Shadow Strikes ( 1937 ) and its sequel , International Crime ( 1938 ) , were released by Grand National Pictures . International crime ( 1938 ) ( edit ) La Rocque returned the following year in International Crime . In this version , reporter Lamont Cranston is an amateur criminologist and detective who uses the name of `` The Shadow '' as a radio gimmick . Thomas Jackson portrayed Police Commissioner Weston , and Astrid Allwyn was cast as Phoebe Lane , Cranston 's assistant . The Shadow ( 1940 ) ( edit ) The Shadow , a 15 - chapter movie serial produced by Columbia Pictures and starring Victor Jory , premiered in theaters in 1940 . The serial 's villain , The Black Tiger , is a criminal mastermind who sabotages rail lines and factories across the United States . Lamont Cranston must become his shadowy alter ego in order to unmask the criminal and halt his fiendish crime spree . As The Shadow , Jory wears an all - black suit and cape , as well as a black bandana that helps conceal his facial features . The Shadow Returns , etc . ( 1946 ) ( edit ) Low - budget motion picture studio Monogram Pictures produced a trio of quickie Shadow B - movie features in 1946 starring Kane Richmond : The Shadow Returns , Behind the Mask and The Missing Lady . Richmond 's Shadow wore all black , including a trench coat , a wide - brimmed fedora , and a full face - mask similar to the type worn by movie serial hero The Masked Marvel , instead of the character 's signature black cape with red lining and red scarf . Invisible Avenger ( 1958 ) ( edit ) Episodes of a television pilot shot in 1957 were edited into the 1958 theatrical feature Invisible Avenger , rereleased in 1962 as Bourbon Street Shadows . The Shadow ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Shadow ( 1994 film ) Alec Baldwin as the eponymous character in the 1994 film The Shadow . In 1994 the character was adapted once again into a feature film , The Shadow , starring Alec Baldwin as Lamont Cranston and Penelope Ann Miller as Margo Lane . As the film opens , Cranston has become the evil and corrupt Yin - Ko ( literally `` Dark Eagle '' ) , a brutal warlord and opium smuggler in early 1930s Mongolia . Yin - Ko is kidnapped by agents of the mysterious Tulku , who begins to reform the warlord using the psychic power of his evolved mind to restore Cranston 's humanity . The Tulku also teaches him the ability to `` cloud men 's minds '' using psychic power in order to fight evil in the world . Cranston eventually returns to his native New York City and takes up the guise of the mysterious crime fighter `` The Shadow '' , in payment to humanity for his past evil misdeeds : `` Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men ? The Shadow knows ... '' His nemesis in the film is adapted from the pulp series ' long - running Asian villain ( and for the film , a fellow telepath ) , the evil Shiwan Khan ( John Lone ) , a descendant of Genghis Khan . He seeks to finish his ancestor 's legacy of conquering the world by first destroying New York City , using a newly developed atomic bomb , in a show of his power . Khan nearly succeeds in this , but he is thwarted by The Shadow in a final psychic duel of death : Cranston , as The Shadow , imposes his will on , and defeats , Khan during a psychokinetically enhanced battle in a mirrored room , which has exploded into thousands of flying mirror shards . Focusing his mind 's psychokinetic power , The Shadow flips a flying piece of jagged mirror in mid-air and then hurls it directly at a spot on Khan 's forehead ; this does not kill him , it renders him unconscious . To save both the warlord and the world , The Shadow secretly arranges with one of his agents , an administrative doctor at an unidentified New York asylum for the criminally insane , to have Khan locked away permanently in a padded cell ; Khan 's badly - injured frontal lobe , which controlled his psychic powers , having been surgically removed . The film combines elements from The Shadow pulp novels and comic books with the aforementioned ability to cloud minds described only on the radio show . In the film Alec Baldwin , as The Shadow , wears a red - lined black cloak and a long red scarf that covers his mouth and chin ; he also wears a black , double - breasted trench coat and a wide - brimmed , black slouch hat ; as in the pulp novels , he is armed with a pair of Browning . 45 - caliber semi-automatic pistols that for the film have longer barrels , are nickel - plated , and have ivory handles . The film also displays a first : Cranston 's ability to conjure a false face whenever he is in his guise as The Shadow , in keeping with his physical portrayal in the pulps and the comics . The film was financially and critically unsuccessful . Sam Raimi Shadow feature film ( edit ) On December 11 , 2006 , the website SuperHero Hype reported that director Sam Raimi and Michael Uslan would co-produce a new Shadow film for Columbia Pictures . On October 16 , 2007 , Raimi stated , `` I do n't have any news on The Shadow at this time , except that the company that I have with Josh Donen , my producing partner , we 've got the rights to The Shadow . I love the character very much and we 're trying to work on a story that 'll do justice to the character . '' On August 23 , 2012 , the website ShadowFan reported that during a Q&A session at San Diego 's 2012 Comic - Con , director Sam Raimi , when asked about the status of his Shadow film project , stated they had not been able to develop a good script and the film would not be produced as planned . Television ( edit ) Two attempts were made to adapt the character to television . The first , in 1954 , was titled The Shadow , and starred Tom Helmore as Lamont Cranston . The second attempt in 1958 was titled The Invisible Avenger ; it never aired . The two episodes produced were compiled into a theatrical film and released with the same title . It was re-released with additional footage in 1962 as Bourbon Street Shadows . Starring Richard Derr as The Shadow , the film depicts Lamont Cranston investigating the murder of a New Orleans bandleader . The film is notable as the second directorial effort of James Wong Howe , who directed only one of the two unaired episodes . Influence on superheroes and other media ( edit ) When Bob Kane and Bill Finger first developed Kane 's `` Bat - Man '' , Finger suggested they pattern the character after pulp mystery men such as The Shadow . Finger then used `` Partners of Peril '' -- a Shadow pulp written by Theodore Tinsley -- as the basis for Batman 's debut story , `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate . '' Finger later publicly acknowledged that `` my first Batman script was a take - off on a Shadow story '' and that `` Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps . '' This influence was further evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals and not being above using firearms . Decades later , noted comic book writer Dennis O'Neil would have Batman and The Shadow meet in Batman # 253 ( November 1973 ) and Batman # 259 ( December 1974 ) to solve crimes . In the former , Batman acknowledged that The Shadow was his biggest influence and in the latter , The Shadow reveals to Batman that he knows his true identity of Bruce Wayne , but assures him that his secret is safe with him . Additionally , characters such as Batman resemble Lamont Cranston 's alter ego . The Shadow is also mentioned by science fiction author Philip José Farmer as being a member of his widespread and hero - filled Wold Newton family . Welles 's sinister laughter and Shadow opening dialog line is parodied in the January 1946 Heckle and Jeckle debut cartoon , The Talking Magpies . Alan Moore has credited The Shadow as one of the key influences for the creation of V , the title character in his DC Comics miniseries V for Vendetta , that later became a Warner Bros. feature film released in 2006 . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Condé Nast , owner of The Shadow intellectual property Doctor Sax List of The Shadow episodes References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of The Shadow '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Raymond William ( 1977 ) . Serials : Suspense and Drama By Installment . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0806116952 . The definite article in The Shadow 's name was always capitalized in the pulp adventures ^ Jump up to : Secret Origins of Batman ( Part 1 of 3 ) - Retrieved on January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadow : A Short Radio History '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Tollin . `` Foreshadowings , '' The Shadow # 5 : The Salamanders and The Black Falcon ; February 2007 , Nostalgia Ventures . ^ Jump up to : Tollin , Anthony ( June 2006 ) . `` Spotlight on The Shadow '' . The Shadow # 1 : the Golden Vulture and Crime Insured . Nostalgia Ventures : 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Xavier Fournier , Super-héros : une histoire française , Huginn Muninn , 2014 , p. 70 - 73 Jump up ^ `` The Shadow in Review '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ p. 28 Wormser , Richard & Skutch , Ira How to Become a Complete Non-Entity : A Memoir 2006 iUniverse Jump up ^ Tollin , Anthony ( February 2007 ) . `` The Shadow on the Radio '' . The Shadow . Nostalgia Ventures ( # 5 : The Salamanders and The Black Falcon ) . Jump up ^ Grams , Jr. , Martin ( 2011 ) . The Shadow : The History and Mystery of the Radio Program , 1930 - 1954 . OTR Publishing , LLC . pp. 55 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9825311 - 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadow 's return to network airwaves began with the first episode , Deathhouse Rescue '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Will Murray . `` Introducing Margo Lane '' , p. 127 , The Shadow # 4 : Murder Master and The Hydra ; January 2007 , Nostalgia Ventures . Jump up ^ Anthony Tollin . `` Voices from the Shadows , '' p. 120 , The Shadow # 5 : The Salamanders and The Black Falcon ; February 2007 , Nostalgia Ventures . Jump up ^ Grand Comics Database : Shadow Comics Jump up ^ Grand Comics Database : The Shadow ( 1964 series ) Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1970s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . Dorling Kindersley . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . Writer Denny O'Neil and artist Mike Kaluta presented their interpretation of writer Walter B. Gibson 's pulp - fiction mystery man of the 1930s CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Grand Comics Database : The Shadow ( 1973 series ) Jump up ^ `` the series sold well -- earning an early graphic novel treatment and leading to an ongoing series by Andy Helfer , Bill Sienkiewicz and Kyle Baker '' . Kiel Phegley , Howard Chaykin : The Art of The Shadow . In Comic Book Resources , Feb. 28 , 2012 , page found 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ... Simply for bucks because he has confessed in interviews that he never cared a gram about the character , auteur Howard Chaykin has taken The Shadow and turned him , in a four - issue mini-series , into a sexist , calloused , clearly psychopathic obscenity . Rather than simply ignoring characters from the Shadow 's past , Chaykin has murdered them in full view ... And when Mr. Chaykin was asked why he had this penchant for drawing pictures of thugs jamming . 45 's into the mouths of terrified women , Mr. Chaykin responded that the only readers who might object to this bastardization of a much - beloved fictional character were ' forty - year - old boys ' . These comics bear the legend FOR MATURE READERS . For MATURE read DERANGED . '' Harlan Ellison , essay titled `` In Which Youth Goeth Before A Fall '' , in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , August 1986 . Jump up ^ Chaykin , in an interview after the book came out , had this to say : `` I thought the book was well received by the people I cared about . Comic book fandom is evenly divided between people who like comics in a general way and are fans of comics in general , and then there 's an entire spate of juvenilists who attach themselves to the old joke about the Golden Age of comics . ' What 's the Golden Age of comics ? 12 ! ' There 's this tremendous idea that their tastes were formed and refined at 12 , and frankly , I 'm not interested in supporting that sensibility . By the same token , if I 'm going to be doing a mature readers product , I do n't feel the need to stand by the standards of a 12 - year - old sensibility . I certainly feel the pain of the people who were offended by the material , but fuck ' em . Life is hard all over . I was hired to do a job , and I feel I did a pretty damn good job with the material I had to work with . I 'm happy with the work . I know that I antagonize and piss people off , but it 's fine . Who cares ? '' Kiel Phegley , Howard Chaykin : The Art of The Shadow . In Comic Book Resources , Feb. 28 , 2012 , page found 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Dynamite Returns THE SHADOW to Comics After 16 - Year Hiatus '' Newsarama . Jump up ^ p. 128 Radio Daily - Television Daily Volume 78 Jump up ^ Shimeld , Thomas J. ( 2003 ) . Walter B. Gibson and the Shadow . McFarland & Co. p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadow ( 1994 ) . '' Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` 20 Worst Comic - Book Movies Ever . The Shadow , Alec Baldwin . '' Entertainment Weekly Jump up ^ `` Columbia & Raimi Team on The Shadow '' . SuperHeroHype . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan ( 2007 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Sam Raimi on Spider - Man 4 and The Shadow '' . Superherohype.com . Coming Soon Media , ltd . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ The Shadow Vol. 9 - `` Foreshadowing The Batman '' - Retrieved on January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Secret Origins of Batman ( Part 2 of 3 ) - Retrieved on January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steranko , James ( 1972 ) . The Steranko History of Comics . Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2116 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , Les ( 1999 ) . Batman : The Complete History . Chronicle Books . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4232 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadow Comic Cover Gallery : Comic Crossover '' . Jump up ^ http://www.shadowsanctum.net/comic/comic_images/batman-253_p20.jpg Jump up ^ Boichel , Bill ( 1991 ) . `` Batman : Commodity as Myth . '' The Many Lives of the Batman : Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media . London : Routledge . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 276 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moore , Alan ( 1990 ) . V for Vendetta : Behind the Painted Smile . DC Comics . Jump up ^ Boudreaux , Madelyn ( 2006 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Annotation of References in Alan Moore 's V For Vendetta '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cox , J. Randolph . Man of Magic & Mystery , A Guide to the Work of Walter B. Gibson , Scarecrow Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2192 - 3 . ( Comprehensive history and career bibliography of Gibson 's works . ) Eisgruber , Jr. , Frank . Gangland 's Doom , The Shadow of the Pulps , Starmont House , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 930261 - 74 - 7 . Gibson , Walter B. , Tollin , Anthony . The Shadow Scrapbook , Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 681475 - 7 . ( Comprehensive history of The Shadow in all media forms up through the late 1970s . ) Goulart , Ron . Cheap Thrills : An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine , Arlington House , 1972 . ISBN 0870001728 Murray , Will . Duende History of the Shadow Magazine , Odyssey Publications , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 933752 - 21 - 0 . Overstreet , Robert . The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide , 35th Edition. , House of Collectibles , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 72107 - X . ( Lists all Shadow comics published to date . ) Sampson , Robert . The Night Master , Pulp Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 934498 - 08 - 3 . Shimfield , Thomas J. Walter B. Gibson and The Shadow . McFarland & Company , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1466 - 9 . ( Comprehensive Walter Gibson biography with an emphasis on The Shadow . ) Steranko , James . Steranko 's History of the Comics , Vol. 1 , Supergraphics , 1970 . No ISBN . Steranko , James , ( 1972 ) , Steranko 's History of the Comics , Vol. 2 , Supergraphics , 1972 . No ISBN . Steranko , James . Unseen Shadows , Supergraphics , 1978 . No ISBN . ( Collection of Steranko 's detailed black - and - white cover roughs , including alternate / unused versions , done for the Shadow novel reprints from Pyramid Books and Jove / HBJ . ) Van Hise , James . The Serial Adventures of the Shadow , Pioneer Books , 1989 . No ISBN . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Shadow The Shadow : Master of Darkness ThePulp.Net : The Shadow The Shadow on IMDb The Shadow at the Comic Book DB The Shadow on Way Back When The Shadow on Outlaws Old Time Radio Corner <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Shadow <Td_colspan="2"> Stories Episodes Margo Lane Key novels The Living Shadow ( 1931 ) The Golden Master ( 1939 ) Films The Shadow Strikes ( 1937 ) International Crime ( 1938 ) The Shadow ( serial ) ( 1940 ) Invisible Avenger ( 1958 ) The Shadow ( 1994 ) Games Pinball Music `` Original Sin '' ( Taylor Dayne song ) <Th_colspan="2"> Orson Welles <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Radio credits Theatre credits Discography Bibliography Awards and nominations Feature films Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) The Stranger ( 1946 ) The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) Macbeth ( 1948 ) Othello ( 1951 ) Mr. Arkadin ( 1955 ) Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) The Trial ( 1962 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1965 ) The Immortal Story ( 1968 ) F for Fake ( 1974 ) Filming Othello ( 1979 ) Shorts Twelfth Night ( 1933 ) The Hearts of Age ( 1934 ) The Green Goddess ( lost film ) ( 1939 ) Citizen Kane trailer ( 1940 ) Around the World ( lost film ) ( 1946 ) The Miracle of St. Anne ( lost film ) ( 1950 ) Magic Trick ( 1953 ) The Dominici Affair ( 1955 ) Portrait of Gina ( 1958 ) An Evening with Orson Welles ( 1970 ) Orson 's Bag ( 1968 -- 69 ) incorporating Vienna ( 1968 ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1969 ) One Man Band , aka London ( 1968 -- 71 ) Moby Dick ( 1971 ) Orson Welles ' Magic Show ( 1976 -- 85 ) The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh ( 1984 ) Unfinished films Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) It 's All True ( 1942 ) Don Quixote ( 1957 -- 69 ) The Heroine ( lost film ) ( 1967 ) The Deep ( 1967 -- 70 ) The Other Side of the Wind ( 1970 -- 76 ) Filming ' The Trial ' ( 1981 ) The Dreamers ( 1980 -- 82 ) Television Orson Welles ' Sketch Book ( 1955 ) Around the World with Orson Welles ( 1955 ) Orson Welles and People ( lost ) ( 1956 ) The Fountain of Youth ( 1958 ) In the Land of Don Quixote ( 1964 ) The Orson Welles Show ( 1979 ) Theatre Marching Song ( 1932 ) Bright Lucifer Voodoo Macbeth ( 1936 ) Horse Eats Hat ( 1936 ) Caesar ( 1937 -- 38 ) Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) Native Son ( 1941 ) The Mercury Wonder Show ( 1943 ) Around the World ( musical ) ( 1946 ) Othello ( 1951 ) The Lady in the Ice ( ballet ) ( 1953 ) Moby Dick -- Rehearsed ( 1955 ) Rhinoceros ( 1960 ) Radio Les Misérables ( 1937 ) The Shadow ( 1937 -- 38 ) The Mercury Theatre on the Air ( including `` The War of the Worlds '' ) ( 1938 ) The Campbell Playhouse ( 1938 -- 40 ) Orson Welles Show ( 1941 -- 42 ) Ceiling Unlimited ( 1942 -- 43 ) Hello Americans ( 1942 -- 43 ) The Orson Welles Almanac ( 1944 ) This Is My Best ( 1945 ) Orson Welles Commentaries ( 1945 -- 46 ) The Mercury Summer Theatre on the Air ( 1946 ) The Adventures of Harry Lime ( 1951 -- 52 ) The Black Museum ( 1951 -- 52 ) Spoken - word recordings The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) The Airborne Symphony ( 1966 ) The Begatting of the President ( 1970 ) Books This is Orson Welles ( co-written with Peter Bogdanovich ; 1992 , rev. 1998 ) Les Bravades ( 1996 ) Related Mercury Theatre Frozen Peas Orson Welles Paul Masson adverts It 's All True : Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles ( 1993 documentary ) Orson Welles ( crater ) Magician : The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles ( 2014 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shadow&oldid=802875020 '' Categories : The Shadow 1930s American radio programs 1930 radio programme debuts 1937 radio dramas 1940s American radio programs 1950s American radio programs CBS Radio programs American comic strips American radio dramas Archie Comics superheroes Archie Comics titles Characters in pulp fiction 1940 comics debuts DC Comics superheroes DC Comics titles Detective comic strips Fictional aviators Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 1930 Fictional characters who can manipulate darkness or shadows Fictional characters who can turn invisible Fictional detectives Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators Fictional socialites Fictional telepaths Fictional vigilantes Fictional World War I veterans Film serial characters Mutual Broadcasting System programs National Radio Hall of Fame inductees Pulp magazines American comics characters Radio superheroes Street & Smith Superhero comic strips Superhero film characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 00 : 43 . 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1. The Shadow: A famous adventure hero of the 20th century
2. Serialized dramas: The Shadow's stories in pulp novels and various media
3. Walter B. Gibson: The writer who developed The Shadow into a distinctive literary character
4. Radio drama: The Shadow's iconic presence on the radio, voiced by Orson Welles
5. Influence on superheroes: The Shadow's impact on the evolution of comic book superheroes, particularly Batman
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heard it through the grapevine california raisins commercial
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The California Raisins - wikipedia The California Raisins Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The California Raisins ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The California Raisins <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance June 19 , 1986 Last appearance 1992 ( Commercials ) 1994 ( Albums ) 1998 ( Merchandising ) Created by California Raisin Advisory Board <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases The Singin ' Dancin ' California Raisins Nationality American The California Raisins were a fictional rhythm and blues animated musical group as well as advertising and merchandising characters composed of anthropomorphized raisins . Lead vocals were sung by musician Buddy Miles . The California Raisins concept experienced high popularity in the mid-to - late 1980s principally through claymation TV commercials and animated specials , winning an Emmy Award and one nomination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and success 2 Merchandise 3 Decline 4 Post-popularity and legacy 4.1 Planned film 5 Discography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Origin and success ( edit ) The concept was originally created for a 1986 commercial on behalf of the California Raisin Advisory Board when one of the writers , Seth Werner ( at the time with the advertising firm Foote , Cone & Belding SF , and now with big ) came up with an idea for the new raisin commercial , saying , `` We have tried everything but dancing raisins singing ' I Heard It Through the Grapevine ' '' ( the 1968 song popularized by Marvin Gaye ) . To their surprise , the commercial became wildly popular , paving the way for several future commercials -- one of which featured Ray Charles and another with a raisin caricature of Michael Jackson -- and opportunities through other media . The commercials were produced by Vinton Studios using their claymation technique , with character designs by Michael Brunsfeld . The following year , the Raisins appeared in the Emmy Award - winning A Claymation Christmas Celebration , singing the Christmas carol , `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( voiced by The Street Corner Singers ) . The California Raisins released four studio albums on Priority Records between 1987 and 1988 , and their signature song , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine , '' landed on the Billboard Hot 100 . However , the Raisins would continue to make their strongest impression through animated endeavors . The campaign was so popular , The California Raisins were the official mascots of Post Raisin Bran , appearing in commercials and on packaging . On November 4 , 1988 , CBS aired a primetime special entitled Meet the Raisins ! . The musical mockumentary was again created by Vinton Studios and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award . It also provided the band members more personality and individual names : A.C. , Beebop ( drums ) , Stretch ( bass ) , and Red ( guitar / piano ) . A Saturday morning cartoon series , The California Raisin Show , debuted the following year but lasted merely 13 episodes . While cel animated by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson , it maintained Will Vinton 's creative direction . A sequel to the original CBS special aired in 1990 under the title The Raisins : Sold Out ! : The California Raisins II . This special saw the Raisins hiring a new manager with the goal of making a comeback . Merchandise ( edit ) Many of the items created for the campaign have become part of the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution . Merchandise sales included toys and Raisins images on nearly every conceivable medium : lunch boxes , notebooks , clothing , posters , bedsheets , and even a Halloween costume just to name a few . A California Raisins Fan Club began in 1987 which included a Grapevine Gazette Newsletter and various memorabilia . Blackthorne Publishing also released a 6 - issue comic book series entitled The California Raisins 3 - D which included 3D glasses ; these would later be re-released in the Ultimate Collection trade paperback . Several California Raisins music albums were also released , featuring classic Motown and rock standards . These albums were included in the Smithsonian collection and were illustrated and art - directed by Helane Freeman , who later became famous for her work on Hannah Montana and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , among other Disney programs . Perhaps the most memorable piece of California Raisins merchandise , however , came in the form of small , non-poseable California Raisins figures . The Hardee 's restaurant chain offered these as part of a promotion for their Cinnamon ' N ' Raisin biscuits . Different collections were produced in 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , and finally in 2001 ( the latter adding Carls Jr. due to their late ' 90s acquisition of Hardee 's ) for their new stylization . This latest incarnation can still be seen on the California Raisin Marketing Board website . In the early 1990s , Capcom produced a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System titled The California Raisins : The Grape Escape , in which the player controlled a California Raisin through five side - scrolling levels battling various evil fruit and vegetable characters that have stolen the Raisins ' music . The game was completed and several video game critics reviewed it , but it was never released on the open market . Decline ( edit ) Although popular with the public , the California Raisin campaign eventually failed because its production cost the raisin growers almost twice their earnings . CALRAB , the organization who made the campaign , was also closed on July 31 , 1994 due to disagreements with raisin producers over the fairness of required payments to the organization . Post-popularity and legacy ( edit ) On March 28 , 1997 Entertainment Weekly published `` The 50 Best Commercials of All Time '' as its cover story . The article ranked The California Raisins ' premiere advertisement , `` Lunchbox , '' at # 15 with comments by ad agency executive Claude Jacques and described the Raisins as `` The coolest wrinkled musicians this side of the Stones . '' The vast amount of California Raisins merchandise has made for a substantial collectors ' market . It even led to an unauthorized collectibles guide published in 1998 , cataloging the many items based on the clay characters . In 2002 , the Food Network program Unwrapped featured a segment on The California Raisins featuring interviews with Will Vinton , David Altschul , and Mark Gustafson of Vinton Studios . Concept illustrations of the Raisins were also featured as interviewees discussed the characters ' creation . In The Simpsons episode `` ' Tis the Fifteenth Season '' , The California Raisins were spoofed as The California Prunes , on a special entitled Christmas with the California Prunes . Lisa dismisses it as `` offensive to both Christians and prunes . '' An article published by AnimateClay.com in the late 2000s details the whereabouts of the original claymation sculptures used by Vinton Studios . The figures were kept in a box for several years and headed for the trash before being obtained by Webster Colcord , a former employee of Vinton . Several photos were taken providing a close look at the Raisins ' internal armatures and detailing their extremely poor condition , including the absence of the A.C. puppet 's head . As of the 2010s , packages of Sun - Maid Natural California Raisins still modestly feature an updated California Raisin character . This figure is also included on CalRaisins.org . In 2010 , claymation versions of the California Raisins were featured in the special Christmas episode of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , ' `` A Very Sunny Christmas . '' In 2014 , the California Raisins made a cameo appearance in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial `` The ' 80s Called '' . In 2017 , an episode of The Simpsons called `` The Cad and the Hat '' included a couch gag segment featuring the California Raisins being killed by Homer . Planned film ( edit ) In 2015 , it was announced that a live - action / CGI reboot of the California Raisins would be produced , with president of The Actors Hall of Fame Foundation , Rusty Citron , as one of the people behind the project . Discography ( edit ) The California Raisins Sing the Hit Songs - 1987 , Priority Records `` What Does It Take ( To Win Your Love ) '' b / w `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' - 1988 , Purple Vinyl 7 '' `` I Heard it Through the Grapevine '' - 1988 ( single , peaked at # 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) Sweet , Delicious , & Marvelous - 1988 , Priority Records Meet the Raisins ! - 1988 , Atlantic Records Christmas with The California Raisins - 1988 , Priority Records Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Claymation Christmas Celebration - Primetime Emmy Meet the Raisins ! - Primetime Emmy nominee References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` Buddy Miles , Hendrix Drummer , Dies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` TV Review ; ' Claymation Christmas , ' On CBS '' . The New York Times . December 21 , 1987 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On View : A Feat of Clay : The Creator of California Raisins Molds an Animated Easter Special '' . Los Angeles Times . April 12 , 1992 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stardom Is Feat Of Clay For California Raisins '' . Orlando Sentinel . January 25 , 1988 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bad 25 : Spike Lee Brings Michael Jackson Back to Thrilling Life '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` California Raisins Collectibles '' . Wharble.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hardee 's Story '' . Hardees . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CalRaisins.org Jump up ^ Nintendo Power Staff ( November -- December 1989 ) . `` Pak Watch '' . Nintendo Power . Nintendo ( 9 ) : 95 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Commercials of All Time '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 28 , 1997 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Collectible California Raisins : An Unauthorized Guide With Values '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The California Raisins '' . Unwrapped . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Spess , Marc ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` California Raisin Raisin Puppets : Late 80 's - Early 90 's '' . AnimateClay.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zingale , Jason ( November 21 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : A Very Sunny Christmas '' . Premium Hollywood . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( 2 February 2014 ) . `` Celebrating Every ' 80s Reference in That RadioShack Super Bowl Commercial '' . People . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Animation on FOX ( February 16 , 2017 ) . Robot Chicken Couch Gag , Season 28 Ep. 14 , The Simpsons . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` California Raisins Set for Comeback in Live - Action Feature '' . Cartoon Brew.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` California Raisins '' TV series on IMDb `` Raisins Sold Out : The California Raisins II '' on IMDb California Raisins NES Game Official Will Vinton ( LAIKA ) Studios Site New Laika Studio Site ( Will Vinton ) All Music Entry California Raisins Marketing Board official website The Clay and Stop - Motion Animation How - To Page : `` California Raisin Raisin Puppets : Late 80s - Early 90s '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The California Raisins TV specials and series A Claymation Christmas Celebration Meet the Raisins ! The California Raisin Show See also California Raisin Advisory Board The Grape Escape MusicBrainz : cfde2ddb - f733 - 4467 - 879a - 5a7d7f9fe412 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_California_Raisins&oldid=826514907 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1986 Food advertising characters Animated musical groups Fruit and vegetable characters Fictional food characters Clay animation Priority Records artists Motown Blackthorne Publishing titles 1988 in comics Comics featuring anthropomorphic characters Raisins Media franchises 1980s fads and trends Fictional musical groups Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The California Raisins - fictional musical group
2. Claymation TV commercials and animated specials
3. Merchandising and merchandise sales
4. Decline of the California Raisin campaign
5. Legacy and post-popularity of the California Raisins
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3,655,311,813,575,556,000 |
who plays the orc gang leader in bright
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Bright ( film ) - wikipedia Bright ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bright <Td_colspan="2"> Film release poster Directed by David Ayer Produced by Eric Newman David Ayer Bryan Unkeless Ted Sarandos Written by Max Landis Starring Will Smith Joel Edgerton Noomi Rapace Lucy Fry Édgar Ramírez Ike Barinholtz Music by David Sardy Cinematography Roman Vasyanov Edited by Michael Tronick Geoffrey O'Brien Production company Overbrook Entertainment Trigger Warning Entertainment Grand Electric Netflix Distributed by Netflix Release date December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Bright is a 2017 American urban fantasy crime film directed by David Ayer and written by Max Landis . The film stars Will Smith as a Los Angeles Police Department police officer who teams up with an orc rookie police officer ( Joel Edgerton ) in a world of both human and mythical creatures . It also stars Noomi Rapace , Lucy Fry , Édgar Ramírez , and Ike Barinholtz . Principal photography began in November 2016 in Los Angeles . The film was released worldwide on Netflix on December 22 , 2017 , and became one of the site 's most streamed programs ever , although it received negative reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Audience response 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Charts 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In an alternate present , humans live in uneasy peace with orcs , elves , centaurs , dwarves and other races after they fought for thousands of years . In Los Angeles , veteran LAPD police officer Daryl Ward has been involuntarily partnered with Nick Jakoby , the nation 's first orcish police officer . Jakoby is faced with prejudice by humans for his race , and by orcs for his position as an officer . In addition to the pushback from other officers , Ward is ambivalent towards him after an incident where Ward was nearly killed by a shotgun - wielding orc and Jakoby had apparently let the assailant get away . While driving back to the station , a previously detained human Shield of Light devotee tells Jakoby in Orcish that both officers are in a prophecy and that Ward is blessed . While Jakoby is booking the devotee , Ward is approached by Internal Affairs who say they believe that Jakoby put his racial loyalties before his partner in allowing the orc assailant to get away . Ward is pressured to try to have Jakoby confess on tape so they will have publicly acceptable grounds for a firing . That night , Ward and Jakoby respond to a disturbance at what turns out to be a Shield of Light safe house ; inside are a number of smoldering corpses , and the still - living torso of an elf woman embedded in a wall , indicating magic was used . They apprehend the lone unhurt survivor , a young elf named Tikka in possession of a legendary magic wand who apparently only speaks Elfish . As Jakoby puts it , a wand is like `` a nuclear weapon that grants wishes '' , and can only be commanded by a ' Bright ' -- a person with the rare ability to use magic . If a non-Bright touches a wand , they will explode from the raw magical power . When four officers arrive as backup , their racial prejudice cause them to try and coerce Ward into killing Jakoby and lying about the incident , telling Ward he will be spared in return and allowing them to steal the wand . They allow Ward to decide and he goes outside to Jakoby , holds him at gunpoint , and begins questioning him about the orc that had shot him . Jakoby admits to letting the suspect escape , though the reason being was that he had mistakenly cornered the wrong suspect . Jakoby had lost the original orc in the crowd and had instead caught up with a young orc who was spray painting a wall , not the orc who had tried to kill Ward , but he knew the other officers would not believe it and so let the kid go . During this confrontation , the four officers secretly plan on killing Ward after he kills Jakoby . As they approach Ward to hear his decision , Ward suddenly decides to believe Jakoby and kills all four officers . The incident , however , attracts the attention of the local human gang Altamira , and the two flee , under heavy fire , with Tikka and the wand . Leilah , a member of the ominous group Inferni and owner of the wand , arrives at the safehouse minutes later , searching for the wand and Tikka . After a pursuit , the trio flee through the territory of the Fogteeth Orc clan , causing a violent confrontation between the gang and the clan . Finally cornered in a strip club , the gang 's disabled leader , Poison , wanting to regain the use of his legs using the wand , threatens to burn the building down unless the officers give up the wand . As Jakoby and Ward pull out their weapons to give a final stand , the Inferni appear and the ensuing fight gives the trio the opportunity to escape again . Going to ground in a service station , Ward contacts his friend , Sheriff Deputy Rodriguez , who he hopes will help them in protecting the wand . Rodriguez contacts Kandomere , an elf working for the federal ' Magic Task Force ' ; dedicated to securing , containing and protecting magical objects . Kandomere tells Ward that he will be safe from prosecution for killing his fellow police officers , if they can keep the wand out of wrong hands . Before Rodriguez can bring them in , Leilah 's henchmen attack the trio , killing him . Ward , Jakoby , and Tikka run into the Fogteeth Orc clan again and are dragged before its leader Dorghu . Enraged at the chaos they are causing in his neutral territory , Dorghu has Jakoby and Ward beaten and tortured to reveal the location of the wand . Dorghu orders his son , Mikey , to kill Jakoby after failing to get an answer . However , Mikey reveals that he was the orc that Jakoby allowed to escape and thus refuses to kill him . Dorghu sends his son away and kills Jakoby himself , who falls dead into a deep pit . As he prepares to kill Ward as well , Tikka produces the wand she had magically hidden and uses it to resurrect Jakoby , revealing that she is a Bright , leaving herself incapacitated . The cloaked clan priest pronounces this to be the will of the Prophecy , causing the clan kneel to Jakoby and allow the trio to go free . Realizing that the two officers can now be trusted , Tikka speaks to them in English for the first time . She explains the Inferni 's plan to resurrect The Dark Lord , an ancient mythical figure who will rise from the dead and take over the world . Once a member of the Inferni herself , Tikka had been protected by the Shield of Light and fled with the wand . The use of the wand causes Tikka to become ill with black streaks appearing all over her body . She says that the only way to save her is to place her in a magic pool back at the Shield safe house . They return to the safehouse , but are ambushed by Leilah and the remaining Inferni . The trio successfully kill the Inferni , but Leilah is resurrected by a magic spell . Just as Ward places Tikka in the magic pool , Leilah hangs Jakoby and knocks both Ward and Tikka out of the pool . Leilah unsuccessfully tries to convince Tikka to join her ( revealing they are sisters ) . Jakoby breaks free and shoots the wand out of Leilah 's hand , but runs out of ammo before he can kill her again . Leilah is about to kill Tikka when Ward picks up the fallen wand and is revealed to also be a Bright , using the wand to kill Leilah with an explosion that sets the building on fire . In the ensuing commotion , Tikka disappears and the injured Ward and Jakoby flee from the building , but Ward falls behind and is trapped by an explosion , causing Jakoby to have to return and save him . After rescuing Ward , Dorghu and his clan appear and perform an ancient orc ceremony signifying to Jakoby that he is now `` blooded '' - an Orcish status only achievable by an act of great bravery . Ward awakens the next day in a hospital room to find Jakoby at his bedside and himself restrained as he is an `` extremely dangerous '' Bright . As Kandomere appears , Ward understands ( but Jakoby does not ) that Kandomere wants to contain the incident , and gives him a fake statement as to what happened , denying the use of magic . In a public announcement before a crowd , Jakoby and Ward are honored by the city for their actions against the ' extremist group ' Inferni . Ward smiles as he spots Tikka moving through the crowd in disguise . Cast ( edit ) Will Smith as Daryl Ward , a human LAPD officer . Joel Edgerton as Nick Jakoby , the nation 's first Orcish police officer , who is partnered with Daryl . Noomi Rapace as Leilah , an Inferni elf seeking control of the magic wand . Lucy Fry as Tikka , a young Inferni elf who is in possession of the magic wand . Édgar Ramírez as Kandomere , a high ranking elvish federal agent with the US Department of Magic 's Magic Task Force . Ike Barinholtz as Pollard , a corrupt human LAPD officer who seeks to steal the wand for himself . Happy Anderson as Hildebrandt Ulysses Montehugh , a human federal agent who works under Kandomere in the Magic Task Force . Dawn Olivieri as Sherri Ward , Daryl 's human wife and Sophia 's mother . Matt Gerald as Hicks , a corrupt human LAPD officer . Margaret Cho as Ching , a corrupt human LAPD sergeant . Brad William Henke as Dorghu , the imposing leader of the Fogteeth Orcs gang . Jay Hernandez as Rodriguez , a human LACSD deputy . Veronica Ngo as Tien , an Inferni elf enforcer working for Leilah . Alex Meraz as Serafin , an Inferni elf enforcer working for Leilah . Joseph Piccuirro as Brown , a corrupt human LAPD officer . Enrique Murciano as Poison , the wheelchair bound leader of the human Altamira gang . Scarlet Spencer as Sophia Ward , Daryl and Sherri 's human daughter . Andrea Navedo as Perez , a human LAPD captain and Ward 's superior . Kenneth Choi as Yamahara , a human LAPD internal affairs detective . Bobby Naderi as Arkashian , a human LAPD internal affairs detective . Cle Shaheed Sloan as OG Mike , the Wards ' human neighbor . Chris Browning as Serling , a human questioned by the US Department of Magic 's Task Force . Joe Rogan as himself Production ( edit ) ( L -- R ) : Director David Ayer and stars Noomi Rapace , Joel Edgerton , Will Smith , Édgar Ramírez , and Lucy Fry at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Described as `` a contemporary cop thriller , but with fantastical elements '' , the film is directed by David Ayer and stars Will Smith and Joel Edgerton , with a script penned by Max Landis , which Ayer rewrote . Netflix officially picked up the film for a $90 million deal with filming beginning in fall 2016 , making it the most expensive Netflix film to date . Noomi Rapace entered talks to join the cast in May 2016 . Landis stated in an interview that official production was expected to begin in September 2016 , but that they 'd already shot a small part in Los Angeles . Ayer 's frequent cinematographer , Roman Vasyanov , was confirmed to be working on the project . On October 15 , 2016 , Lucy Fry was added to the cast . On October 17 , 2016 , Andrea Navedo was added to the cast . On October 20 , 2016 , actor Brad William Henke was cast in the film . On November 1 , 2016 , Kenneth Choi and Dawn Olivieri were cast in an unknown role and the role of Smith 's wife , respectively . On November 9 , Édgar Ramírez was confirmed to be added to the cast . That same month , Alex Meraz , Matt Gerald , Ike Barinholtz , and Enrique Murciano joined the cast of the film in undisclosed roles . Filming ( edit ) Photos from the set were first published in November 2016 . Filming was completed by February 4 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Bright received criticism for its screenplay , cinematography and excessive focus on social commentary . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 27 % based on 89 reviews , with an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Bright tries to blend fantasy , hard - hitting cop drama , and social commentary -- and ends up falling painfully short of the mark on all three fronts . '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Bright is basically a tired buddy - cop movie dressed up in bizarre trappings ... It does n't take itself too seriously , but it 's not nearly as self - deprecating and funny as it needed to be . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , David Fear gave the film 1 out of 4 stars , criticizing the script and incoherent action scenes , writing : `` This combo of gritty cop procedural and fantasy is a dark , dank , dumb - as - hell mess . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film an `` F '' and called it the worst film of 2017 , saying : `` There 's boring , there 's bad , and then there 's Bright ... from the director of Suicide Squad and the writer of Victor Frankenstein comes a fresh slice of hell that somehow represents new lows for them both -- a dull and painfully derivative ordeal that often feels like it was made just to put those earlier misfires into perspective . '' Ayer responded enthusiastically to Ehrlich 's review , claiming that he desired for the film to receive `` a strong reaction either way . '' NPR 's Chris Klimek wrote : `` Critics have already lined up to pillory Bright as among the year 's worst releases . Do n't believe the clickbait . Lazy but not boring , this Net - flick is perfectly , stubbornly mediocre , and less a chore to sit through than either of 2017 's Vin Diesel vehicles . '' Audience response ( edit ) Several publications noted that while critics were harsh on the film , viewers seemed to enjoy it more and gave positive reactions on social media . Netflix announced that the film had been viewed more times in its first week than any of its other releases . According to Nielsen ratings , about 11 million American viewers streamed Bright within the first three days of its release , with 56 % of the audience being male and 7 million being between the ages of 18 -- 49 . Netflix CEO Reed Hastings noted that : `` The critics are pretty disconnected from the mass appeal ... ( they ) are an important part of the artistic process but are pretty disconnected from the commercial prospects of a film . If people are watching this movie and loving it , that 's the measurement of success . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bright : The Album <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Genre Hip Hop pop rock Length 42 : 50 Label Atlantic Records WEA International Producer Alex da Kid Dan Smith Mark Crew David Pramik David Phelps Grey Louis Bell Linus Wiklund JMIKE AC Andrew Bolooki Paul Judge Marshmello Viruss Beats Steve Aoki DJ Khalil D. Sardy Casey Bates Charlie Andrew Joe London DRAM Gabriel Niles Zach Crowell <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Bright : The Album <Td_colspan="2"> `` World Gone Mad '' Released : November 21 , 2017 `` Home '' Released : December 5 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> The soundtrack , titled Bright : The Album , was released under Atlantic Records on December 15 , 2017 , just a week before the official release of the film on December 22 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="5"> Bright : The Album No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Broken People '' ( Logic and Rag'n'Bone Man ) Dan Priddy Mark Crew Alexander Grant Rory Graham Sir Robert Hall II Nicholas Steele David Pramik Alex da Kid 3 : 32 2 . `` World Gone Mad '' ( Bastille ) Dan Smith Smith Mark Crew 3 : 16 3 . `` Home '' ( Machine Gun Kelly , X Ambassadors and Bebe Rexha ) Sam Nelson Harris David Phelps Robert Gillies Richard Baker Pramik Jacob Hawkes Charlie Snyder David Pramik Phelps 3 : 22 4 . `` Crown '' ( Camila Cabello and Grey ) Kyle Trewartha Karla Cabello Sarah Aarons Michael Trewartha Grey Louis Bell 3 : 21 5 . `` Darkside '' ( Ty Dolla $ ign and Future featuring Kiiara ) Jeremy Coleman Linus Wiklund Nayvadius Wilburn Tyrone Griffin Jr . Kiara Saulters Jonnali Parmenius Wiklund JMIKE AC Andrew Bolooki 3 : 53 6 . `` Danger '' ( Migos and Marshmello ) Chris Comstock Quavious Marshall Kiari Cephus Kirshnik Ball Paul Judge Judge Marshmello 3 : 34 7 . `` That 's My Nigga '' ( Meek Mill , YG and Snoop Dogg ) Shawn Carter Andre Young Melvin Bradford Scott Storch Robert Williams Calvin Broadus Jr . Eric Gamzoyan Keenan Jackson Viruss Beats 3 : 19 8 . `` Smoke My Dope '' ( Steve Aoki and Lil Uzi Vert ) Steven Aoki Symere Woods Bobby Turner Kenneth Smith Steve Aoki 3 : 22 9 . `` FTW ( Fuck the World ) '' ( A $ AP Rocky and Tom Morello ) Thomas Morello Khalil Abdul - Rahman Rakim Mayers DJ Khalil 2 : 23 10 . `` Cheer Up '' ( Portugal . The Man ) David Sardy Casey Bates John Gourley D. Sardy Bates 2 : 46 11 . `` Hares on the Mountain '' ( alt - J ) Traditional Charlie Andrew 3 : 48 12 . `` Campfire '' ( DRAM and Neil Young ) Joe Spargur Shelley Massenburg - Smith Roget Chahayed Gabriel Niles Joe London D.R.A.M. Niles 3 : 40 13 . `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( Sam Hunt ) Woody Guthrie Zach Crowell 2 : 34 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 42 : 50 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 85 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 13 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 92 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 97 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 24 US Billboard 200 48 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 28 Sequel ( edit ) In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a sequel . The following month Netflix confirmed they were moving ahead with the sequel , with Smith and Edgerton reprising their roles and Ayer directing and writing the script . See also ( edit ) Alien Nation Cast a Deadly Spell Shadowrun Special Unit 2 Witch Hunt ( 1994 film ) Wishfart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix is carrying $20 billion in debt . Can it keep borrowing its way to success ? '' . Los Angeles Times . July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` David Ayer to Direct Will Smith and Joel Edgerton in Fantastical Cop Flick ' Bright ' '' . Collider . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` William Smith , David Ayer Reteaming on Max Landis Spec ' Bright ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the First Teaser for Will Smith 's Fantasy Cop Thriller ' Bright ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poor Will Smith ! Critics tore apart Netflix 's first hopeful blockbuster , ' Bright ' '' . Mashable . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Makes Mammoth Deal for David Ayer 's ' Bright ' Starring Will Smith '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Ankers , Adele ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Noomi Rapace in Talks to Join Will Smith in David Ayer 's Bright '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Max Landis Hopes ' Bright ' Will Be His ' Star Wars ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ James , Daron ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Why DP Roman Vasyanov Chose Anamorphic & More Tales from Shooting ' Suicide Squad ' '' . No Film School . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` David Ayer 's ' Bright ' Lands ' Mr. Church ' Actress Lucy Fry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` David Ayer - Helmed Thriller ' Bright ' Adds Andrea Navedo ; Austin Hébert Cast In ' Burden ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Actor Brad William Henke Joins Will Smith in ' Bright ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( October 2016 ) . `` David Ayer 's Fantasy Cop Thriller Bright Adds Two '' . wegotthiscovered.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Edgar Ramirez Joins Will Smith in David Ayer 's Fantasy Thriller ' Bright ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ashley Bell Cast As Lead In ' Next Door ' ; Alex Meraz Joins David Ayer 's ' Bright ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Gerald Boards David Ayer 's ' Bright ' ; Angel Bonanni Cast In ' Entebbe ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Ike Barinholtz Reunites With David Ayer , Will Smith On Netflix Film ' Bright '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Enrique Murciano Cast In Netflix 's ' Bright ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Kayla ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Joel Edgerton is unrecognizable in orc make - up as he joins Will Smith on set of new Netflix fantasy film Bright '' . Mail Online . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` First Bright Set Photos Featuring Will Smith in Costume '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ayer , David ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap on # BRIGHT . Even in the darkest times we can find the light '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bright ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bright reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Put an orc in it : Will Smith 's cop fantasy ' Bright ' a Netflix disaster '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fear , David ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bright ' Review : Will Smith 's ' L.A.P.D. of the Rings ' Is Just South of Dim '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bright ' Review : Netflix 's First Blockbuster Is the Worst Movie of 2017 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ DavidAyerMovies ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` This is going on my fridge . Highest compliment is a strong reaction either way ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Klimek , Chris ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Will Smith Plays Cops - And - Monsters In Unremarkable ' Bright '' . NPR . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audiences Seem To Love ' Bright ' As Much As Critics Hate It '' . Decider . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' Bright ' lands 11 million audience , divides critics , viewers '' . Malay Mail . December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Audience Seems To Like Bright A Whole Lot More Than The Critics Do '' . CinemaBlend . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics be damned : ' worst film of the year ' Bright is a huge hit for Netflix '' . The Telegraph . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming , Jr . ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Firms ' Bright ' Sequel With Will Smith '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' Bright ' Lands 11 Million U.S. Streaming Viewers Over First Three Days '' . Decider.com . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/film/news/netflix-execs-call-film-critics-disconnected-for-bashing-bright-film-1202672912/ Jump up ^ `` Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations '' . All Access . December 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . December 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bright : The Album by Various Artists on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 454 '' . auspOp . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Bright : The Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eri esittäjiä : Bright : The Album '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- Bright : The Album '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Has Already Ordered a ' Bright ' Sequel with Will Smith Returning '' . Collider . December 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Bright on Netflix Bright on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> David Ayer Films directed Harsh Times ( 2005 ) Street Kings ( 2008 ) End of Watch ( 2012 ) Sabotage ( 2014 ) Fury ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Bright ( 2017 ) Films written U-571 ( 2000 ) Training Day ( 2001 ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Dark Blue ( 2002 ) S.W.A.T. ( 2003 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Netflix films and documentaries Current Documentaries The Zen of Bennett ( 2012 ) The Short Game ( 2013 ) The Square ( 2014 ) Mitt ( 2014 ) The Battered Bastards of Baseball ( 2014 ) Print the Legend ( 2014 ) E-Team ( 2014 ) Virunga ( 2014 ) Hot Girls Wanted ( 2015 ) What Happened , Miss Simone ? ( 2015 ) Tig ( 2015 ) Winter on Fire : Ukraine 's Fight for Freedom ( 2015 ) My Beautiful Broken Brain ( 2016 ) Extremis ( 2016 ) The White Helmets ( 2016 ) Audrie & Daisy ( 2016 ) Amanda Knox ( 2016 ) 13th ( 2016 ) Into the Inferno ( 2016 ) I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead ( 2016 ) The Ivory Game ( 2016 ) Casting JonBenet ( 2017 ) Get Me Roger Stone ( 2017 ) Joshua : Teenager vs. Superpower ( 2017 ) Icarus ( 2017 ) Heroin ( e ) ( 2017 ) Strong Island ( 2017 ) Gaga : Five Foot Two ( 2017 ) One of Us ( 2017 ) Jim & Andy : The Great Beyond ( 2017 ) Cuba and the Cameraman ( 2017 ) Films Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) A Very Murray Christmas ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Sword of Destiny ( 2016 ) Pee - wee 's Big Holiday ( 2016 ) Special Correspondents ( 2016 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) Brahman Naman ( 2016 ) Rebirth ( 2016 ) Tallulah ( 2016 ) XOXO ( 2016 ) ARQ ( 2016 ) The Siege of Jadotville ( 2016 ) Mascots ( 2016 ) I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House ( 2016 ) 7 Años ( 2016 ) True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) Mercy ( 2016 ) Spectral ( 2016 ) Barry ( 2016 ) Coin Heist ( 2017 ) Clinical ( 2017 ) Take the 10 ( 2017 ) iBoy ( 2017 ) Imperial Dreams ( 2017 ) Girlfriend 's Day ( 2017 ) I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore ( 2017 ) Burning Sands ( 2017 ) Deidra & Laney Rob a Train ( 2017 ) The Most Hated Woman in America ( 2017 ) The Discovery ( 2017 ) Win It All ( 2017 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Sand Castle ( 2017 ) Tramps ( 2017 ) Small Crimes ( 2017 ) Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) Blame ! 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1. Bright film plot
2. Cast of Bright film
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5. Audience response to Bright film
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i guess that's why they call it the blues music video
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I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues - wikipedia I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Elton John <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Too Low for Zero B - side `` Choc - Ice Goes Mental '' ( UK ) `` The Retreat '' ( US ) Released April 1983 ( UK ) November 1983 ( US ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 `` ) Recorded September 1982 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 45 Label Rocket Geffen ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Elton John , Bernie Taupin , Davey Johnstone Producer ( s ) Chris Thomas <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Too Low for Zero track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Religion '' ( 4 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 5 ) `` Crystal '' ( 6 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' is a song by English singer Elton John , with music by John and Davey Johnstone and lyrics by Bernie Taupin . In the US , it was one of John 's biggest hits of the 1980s , holding at # 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart , and reaching # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song features Stevie Wonder on harmonica . The song received largely favorable reviews , with Bill Janovitz of AllMusic declaring the song `` likely to stand the test of time as a standard . '' The song also was featured on an episode of Family Guy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Song life 3 Charts 4 Personnel 5 References 6 External links Track listing ( edit ) US 7 '' single `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' `` The Retreat '' UK 7 '' single `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' `` Choc Ice Goes Mental '' Song life ( edit ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' From Too Low for Zero <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song appeared on the album Too Low for Zero . Released as a single in April 1983 , the song reached number five in the UK chart and number four in the US chart six months later . The song was also featured on the film soundtrack to Peter 's Friends in 1992 . The original music video , one of twenty directed for John by Australian Russell Mulcahy , tells the story of two 1950s - era young lovers who are separated when the man is forced to leave for National Service , depicting the trials and tribulations he experiences there , and then are finally reunited at the end of the song . It was filmed in the Rivoli Ballroom in London and is marked as one of the few times John has been filmed or videotaped without wearing his trademark glasses . The song was later performed live by Mary J. Blige and Elton John , and this version of the song was part of the Mary J. Blige & Friends EP . A live version of the song with Mary J. Blige also appeared on John 's One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits live compilation , recorded in Madison Square Garden in October 2000 . Another live version , this one featuring just Elton John and basic rhythm section , was recorded live in Verona in 1996 during John 's appearance with Luciano Pavarotti as part of the master tenor 's Pavarotti and Friends for War Child benefit concerts . John has performed the song , a fan favourite , live numerous times , occasionally playing it as part of a medley with his hit `` Blue Eyes '' ( from the 1982 album Jump Up ! ) . The song was covered by James Blunt and released in the UK on the compilation album BBC Radio 2 : Sounds of the 80s on 7 November 2014 . Canadian singer Alessia Cara covered the song for the 2018 tribute album Revamp : Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Germany ( Media Control AG ) 22 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 48 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 South Africa ( RISA ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Canadian Adult Contemporary Canadian Top Singles 9 US Billboard Hot 100 Personnel ( edit ) Elton John : piano , keyboards , vocals Davey Johnstone : electric guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals Dee Murray : bass , backing vocals Nigel Olsson : drums , backing vocals Stevie Wonder : harmonica References ( edit ) Jump up ^ I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Russell Mulcahy '' . austlit.edu.au . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' . iTunes . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / JOHN , ELTON / Single '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Elton John -- I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Elton John -- I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` '' I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' on the South African Singles Chart `` . Springbok Radio . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues -- Hitparade.ch '' . Singles Top 75 . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Adult '' . RPM. 39 ( 22 ) . 4 February 1984 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Singles '' . RPM. 39 ( 23 ) . 11 February 1984 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Elton John - I Guess That 's Why They Call It The Blues on YouTube Lyrics for `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' at Bernietaupin.com `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Guess_That%27s_Why_They_Call_It_the_Blues&oldid=842058139 '' Categories : 1983 singles Elton John songs Geffen Records singles Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas ( record producer ) 1983 songs The Rocket Record Company singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from July 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 23 : 08 . About Wikipedia
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1. "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" - Elton John's hit song
2. Song features Stevie Wonder on harmonica
3. Music video tells the story of two young lovers
4. Song reached #2 on the Adult Contemporary chart
5. Covered by James Blunt and Alessia Cara
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4,151,321,516,395,017,700 |
who introduced the idea of quit india movement
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Quit India movement - Wikipedia Quit India movement Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Procession in Bangalore during the Quit India Movement <Td_colspan="2"> Part of a series of articles on Indian people Motto : Jai Hind <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of people from India by state <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History <Td_colspan="2"> Indian independence movement Quit India Movement <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Festivals Literature Music Sports <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Languages <Td_colspan="2"> Hindi English ( Indian ) Other regional languages <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Religion <Td_colspan="2"> Hinduism ( Temples ) Islam Christianity Sikhism Jainism ( Temples ) Buddhism in India Zoroastrianism Bahá'í Faith <Td_colspan="2"> The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement , was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All - India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942 , during World War II , demanding an end to British Rule of India . The Cripps Mission had failed , and on 8 August 1942 , Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan . The All - India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called `` An Orderly British Withdrawal '' from India . Even though it was wartime , the British were prepared to act . Almost the entire leadership of the INC was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi 's speech . Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses . The British had the support of the Viceroy 's Council ( which had a majority of Indians ) , of the All India Muslim League , the princely states , the Indian Imperial Police , the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service . Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support Quit India Movement . Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose , who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers . The only outside support came from the Americans , as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands . The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed . The British refused to grant immediate independence , saying it could happen only after the war had ended . Sporadic small - scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens thousands of leaders , keeping them imprisoned until 1945 . In terms of immediate objectives Quit India failed because of heavy - handed suppression , weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear - cut programme of action . However , the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II , and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully . In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued an one Rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement . Contents ( hide ) 1 World War II and Indian involvement 1.1 Cripps ' Mission 1.2 Factors contributing to the movement 's launch 2 Resolution for immediate independence 3 Opposition to the Quit India Movement 3.1 Muslim League 3.2 Hindu Mahasabha 3.3 Communist Party of India 3.4 Princely States 4 No support to the Quit India Movement 4.1 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 5 Local violence 6 Suppression of the movement 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External links World war II and Indian involvement ( edit ) In 1939 , Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor - General of India , Lord Linlithgow , had without consultation with them brought India into the war . The Muslim League supported the war , but Congress was divided . Public lecture at Basavanagudi , Bengaluru with Charles Freer Andrews At the outbreak of war , the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working - committee in September 1939 , conditionally supporting the fight against fascism , but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return . Gandhi had not supported this initiative , as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war ( he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance , used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini , and Hideki Tojo ) . However , at the height of the Battle of Britain , Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort , stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain . However , opinions remained divided . The long - term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced the British to become net contributors to India 's budget , while taxes were sharply increased and the general level of prices of doubled : although many Indian businesses did benefit from increased war production , in general business `` felt rebuffed by the government '' and in particular the refusal of the British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for war time production After the onset of the war , only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action . Bose organised the Indian Legion in Germany and reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance , and , soliciting help from the Axis Powers , conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities . Cripps ' mission ( edit ) Stafford Cripps , on the March 1942 , faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops -- especially in Africa -- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent , the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps , the Leader of the House of Commons , in what came to be known as the Cripps mission . The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war , in return for progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature . The talks failed , as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self - government and of definition of the powers to be relinquished , essentially making an offer of limited dominion - status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement . Factors contributing to the movement 's launch ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1939 , with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain , India was announced to be a party to the war for being a constituent component of the British Empire . Following this declaration , the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939 , passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans . At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first . Responding to this declaration , the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven by the motif to strengthen peace in the world . He also stated that after the war , the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935 , in accordance to the desires of the Indians . Gandhi 's reaction to this statement was ; `` the old policy of divide and rule is to continue . The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone . '' According to the instructions issued by High Command , the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately . Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions . The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League , Mohammad Ali Jinnah . He called the day of 22 December 1939 ' The Day of Deliverance ' . Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day , however , it was futile . At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940 , Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland , Pakistan . In the meanwhile , crucial political events took place in England . Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as the Prime Minister and the Conservatives , who assumed power in England , did not have a sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress . In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of worsening war situation , the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians . On 8 August , the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the `` August Offer '' . However , the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League . In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress , Gandhi at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha revealed his plan to launch Individual Civil Disobedience . Once again , the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British . It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British . Vinoba Bhave , a follower of Gandhi , was selected by him to initiate the movement . Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country , with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the Government in its war endeavors . The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis . On 3 December 1941 , the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis . In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program . Subsequently , the movement was withdrawn . The Cripps ' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi 's call for The Quit India Movement . In order to end the deadlock , the British government on 22 March 1942 , sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain 's war efforts . A Draft Declaration of the British Government was presented , which included terms like establishment of Dominion , establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the Provinces to make separate constitutions . These would be , however , granted after the cessation of the Second World War . According to the Congress this Declaration only offered India a promise that was to be fulfilled in the future . Commenting on this Gandhi said ; `` It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank . '' Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India . Resolution for immediate independence ( edit ) The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha ( 14 July 1942 ) passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government . The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands . However , it proved to be controversial within the party . A prominent Congress national leader Chakravarti Rajgopalachari quit the Congress over this decision , and so did some local and regional level organisers . Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call , but backed it and stuck with Gandhi 's leadership until the end . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement , as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan . Allama Mashriqi ( head of the Khaksar Tehrik ) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement . Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee 's resolution . On 28 July 1942 , Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Mahatma Gandhi , C. Rajagopalachari , Jawaharlal Nehru , Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya . He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti ( former Speaker of the Madras Assembly ) . The telegram was published in the press , and it stated : I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 's letter of 8 July . My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature . The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan , and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India . If the British refuse , start total disobedience . The resolution said : The committee , therefore , resolves to sanction for the vindication of India 's inalienable right to freedom and independence , the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale , so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle ... they ( the people ) must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement . Opposition to the Quit India movement ( edit ) Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement . These included the Muslim League , the Hindu Mahasabha , the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , the Communist Party of India and the princely states as below : Muslim League ( edit ) The Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement as it was of the view that if the British left India in its current state , Muslims as a minority would be oppressed by the Hindu majority . Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's opposition to Gandhi 's call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British , and enlisting in the army . The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members . Congress members heeding Gandhi 's call resigned from provincial legislatures , enabling the Muslim League , in alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha , to take control in Sindh , Bengal and Northwest Frontier . Hindu Mahasabha ( edit ) Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time , even went to the extent of writing a letter titled `` Stick to your Posts '' , in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be `` members of municipalities , local bodies , legislatures or those serving in the army ... to stick to their posts '' across the country , and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost . Following the Hindu Mahasabha 's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement , Syama Prasad Mukherjee , leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal , ( which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq ) , wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond , if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India . In this letter , dated July 26 , 1942 he wrote : `` Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress . Anybody , who during the war , plans to stir up mass feeling , resulting internal disturbances or insecurity , must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being '' Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government , along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this : `` The question is how to combat this movement ( Quit India ) in Bengal ? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress , this movement will fail to take root in the province . It should be possible for us , especially responsible Ministers , to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement , already belongs to the representatives of the people . In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency . Indian have to trust the British , not for the sake for Britain , not for any advantage that the British might gain , but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself . You , as Governor , will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister . Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states : `` Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress . He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it , but that according to him could not be done only by persecution ... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation ... '' Communist party of India ( edit ) The Communist Party of India was banned at that time by the British government . In order to get the ban lifted , as well as to assist the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany , it supported the British war effort , despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers . In response the British lifted the ban on the party . Princely states ( edit ) The movement had less support in the princely states , as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition . The Indian nationalists had very little international support . They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence , in principle , and believed the U.S. was an ally . However , after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard , the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort . The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians . No support to the Quit India movement ( edit ) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( edit ) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) kept aloof from the Congress - led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925 . In 1942 , the RSS , under M.S. Golwalkar refused to join in the Quit India Movement . The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that , `` the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law , and in particular , has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942 ''. `` . The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress , `` speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed '' . The RSS head ( sarsanghchalak ) during that time , M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement . Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger , both by the general Indian public , as well as certain members of the organization itself . In Golwalkar 's own words , `` In 1942 also , there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many . At that time too , the routine work of the Sangh continued . Sangh decided not to do anything directly . ' Sangh is the organization of inactive people , their talks have no substance ' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks '' '' The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them , and as such their other political activities could be overlooked. The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India. The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not , in any way , infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law . The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940 , orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable , and the RSS , in turn , had assured the British authorities that `` it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government '' . Local violence ( edit ) According to John F. Riddick , from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942 , the Quit India movement : attacked 550 post offices , 250 railway stations , damaged many rail lines , destroyed 70 police stations , and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings . There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut . The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar . The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order . At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited . The movement had a local impact in some areas . especially at Satara in Maharashtra , Talcher in Odisha , and Midnapore . In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore , the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments , which continued to function , until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944 . A minor uprising took place in Ballia , now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh . People overthrew the district administration , broke open the jail , released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule . It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district . Of special importance in Saurashtra ( in western Gujarat ) was the role of the region 's ' baharvatiya ' tradition ( i.e. going outside the law ) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there . In rural west Bengal , the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants ' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports . There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement . Suppression of the movement ( edit ) Picketing in front of Medical School at Bengaluru One of the important achievements of the movement was to keep the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed . The British , already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India - Burma border , responded by imprisoning Gandhi . All the members of the Party 's Working Committee ( national leadership ) were imprisoned as well . Due to the arrest of major leaders , a young and till then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag ; later the Congress party was banned . These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population . Despite lack of direct leadership , large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country . Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called . Not all demonstrations were peaceful , at some places bombs exploded , government buildings were set on fire , electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed . Play media Video footage of the days during Quit India Movement The British swiftly responded with mass detentions . Over 100,000 arrests were made , mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging . Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army . Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations , distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments . The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India , possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt . The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years . Gandhi 's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi 's health was failing , despite this Gandhi went on a 21 - day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance . Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944 , Gandhi kept up the resistance , demanding the release of the Congress leadership . By early 1944 , India was mostly peaceful again , while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated . A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists , while Jinnah and the Muslim League , as well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage , criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party . See also ( edit ) British Raj Indian Independence Movement Non-Cooperation Movement Indian nationalism Government of Azad Hind Kallara - Pangode Struggle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . Random House Digital . pp. 494 -- 99 . ISBN 9780553804638 . Jump up ^ 1 Rupee Coin of 1992 - Quit India Movement Golden Jubilee , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2bWubXDYWU Jump up ^ Official Website of the Indian National Congress , sub-link to article titled The Second World War and the Congress . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2006 . URL accessed on 20 - Jul - 2006 Jump up ^ Raghavan , Srinath , India 's War - The Making of Modern South Asia 1939 - 1945 , Allen Lane , London , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14542 - 4 Parameter error in ( ( isbn ) ) : Invalid ISBN. , p. 320 Jump up ^ Barkawi , Tarak . Culture and Combat in the Colonies . The Indian Army in the Second World War . Journal of Contemporary History . 10000 ( 2 ) . pp. 325 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf Hidden facts behind British India 's freedom : a scholarly look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid - e-Azam 's political conflict , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Jinnah of Pakistan ( 1984 ) pp 209 , 215 Jump up ^ Martin Sieff , Shifting superpowers : the new and emerging relationship between the United States , China , and India ( 2009 ) p 21 Jump up ^ Syed Nesar Ahmad , Origins of Muslim consciousness in India : a world - system perspective ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1991 ) pp 213 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Prabhu Bapu ( 2013 ) . Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India , 1915 -- 1930 : Constructing Nation and History . Routledge . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 67165 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mookherjee , Shyama Prasad . Leaves from a Dairy . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani ( 2000 ) , The RSS and the BJP : A Division of Labour , LeftWord Books , pp. 56 -- , ISBN 978 - 81 - 87496 - 13 - 7 Jump up ^ Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ( 1978 ) . History of Modern Bengal . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . Jump up ^ K. Venugopal Reddy , `` Working Class in ' Quit India ' Movement , '' Indian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 37 # 2 pp275 - 289 Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert , Jinnah of Pakistan ( 1984 ) p 210 Jump up ^ Eric D. Pullin , `` ' Noise and Flutter ' : American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War II , '' Diplomatic History , ( April 2010 ) 34 # 2 pp 275 -- 298 online at Academic Search Premier Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa ( 1 January 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Blackswan . pp. 422 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra , Communalism 2008 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Noorani , RSS and the BJP 2000 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra ( 2008 ) . Communalism in Modern India . Har - Anand . pp. 140 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 241 - 1416 - 2 . Jump up ^ M.S. Golwalkar ( 1974 ) . Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan , Volume 4 . Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana . Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani ( 21 July 2005 ) . Religion , Power and Violence : Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times . SAGE Publications . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3338 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shamsul Islam ( 2006 ) . Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism : A Study of RSS . Media House . pp. 187 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7495 - 236 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra , Communalism 2008 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987 . Jump up ^ Noorani , RSS and the BJP 2000 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar ( 2005 ) . Beyond Nationalist Frames : Relocating Postmodernism , Hindutva , History . Permanent Black . pp. 258 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7824 - 086 - 2 . Jump up ^ Partha Sarathi Gupta ( 1997 ) . Towards Freedom 1943 -- 44 , Part III . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 3058 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0195638684 . Jump up ^ John F. Riddick , The History of British India : A Chronology ( 2006 ) p 115 ^ Jump up to : Chakraborty , Bidyut Local Politics and Indian Nationalism : Midnapur ( 1919 -- 1944 ) ... Manohar. 1997 . Jump up ^ Jaykumar R. Shukla , `` The Quit India Movement on Saurashtra , '' Quarterly Review of Historical Studies , 1981 , 21 # 1 pp 3 -- 8 Jump up ^ Sunil Sen , `` Popular Participation in the Quit India Movement : Midnapur , 1942 -- 44 , '' Indian Historical Review , ( Jan 1985 ) Vol. 12 Issue 1 / 2 , pp 300 -- 316 Jump up ^ D , Fisher D ; Read A ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . WW Norton . p. 330 . Jump up ^ D , Fisher D ; Read A ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . WW Norton . p. 329 . Works cited ( edit ) Chandra , Bipan ( 2008 ) , Communalism in Modern India , Har - Anand , ISBN 8124114161 Noorani , A.G. ( 2000 ) , The RSS and the BJP : A Division of Labour , LeftWord Books , ISBN 978 - 81 - 87496 - 13 - 7 Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , Walter K. ; Damle , Shridhar D. ( 1987 ) . The brotherhood in saffron : the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu revivalism . Westview Press . Akbar , M.J. Nehru : The Making of India ( Viking , 1988 ) , popular biography Buchanan , Andrew N. `` The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India , December 1941 -- September 1942 : A Political and Military Dilemma . '' Global War Studies 8.2 ( 2011 ) : 5 - 31 . Chakrabarty , Bidyut . `` Political Mobilization in the Localities : The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur , '' Modern Asian Studies ( 1992 ) 26 # 4 pp. 791 -- 814 in JSTOR Chakrabarty , Bidyut . `` Defiance and Confrontation : The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur , '' Social Scientist ( 1992 ) Vol. 20 , No. 7 / 8 in JSTOR Chopra , P.N. `` ' Quit India ' Movement of 1942 , '' Journal of Indian History , ( 1971 ) Vol. 49 Issue 145 / 147 , pp 1 -- 56 Clymer , Kenton J. Quest for Freedom : The United States and India 's Independence ( Columbia University Press , 1995 ) online edition Greenough , Paul R. `` Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement , 1942 -- 44 , '' Modern Asian Studies , ( 1983 ) 17 # 3 pp. 353 -- 386 in JSTOR Herman , Arthur ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . Random House Digital . ISBN 9780553804638 . Hutchins , Francis G. India 's Revolution : Gandhi and the Quit India Movement ( 1973 ) Johnson , Robert . `` The Army in India and Responses to Low - Intensity Conflict , 1936 - 1946 . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 89.358 ( 2011 ) : 159 . Krishan , Shri . `` Crowd vigour and social identity : The Quit India Movement in western India . '' Indian Economic & Social History Review 33.4 ( 1996 ) : 459 - 479 . Panigrahi ; D.N. India 's Partition : The Story of Imperialism in Retreat ( Routledge , 2004 ) online edition Pati , Biswamoy . `` The climax of popular protest : The Quit India Movement in Orissa . '' Indian Economic & Social History Review 29.1 ( 1992 ) : 1 - 35 . Patil , V.I. Gandhiji , Nehruji and the Quit India Movement ( 1984 ) Read , Anthony , and David Fisher ; The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence ( W.W. Norton , 1999 ) online edition ; detailed scholarly history Venkataramani , M.S. ; Shrivastava , B.K. Quit India : The American Response to the 1942 Struggle ( 1979 ) Zaidi , A. Moin ( 1973 ) . The way out to freedom : an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants . Orientalia ( India ) . p. 85 . Mansergh , Nicholas , and E.W.R. Lumby , eds . India : The Transfer of Power 1942 - 7 . Vol. II . ' Quit India ' 30 April - 21 September 1942 ( London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1971 ) , 1044pp Muni , S.D. `` The Quit India Movement : A Review Article , '' International Studies , ( Jan 1977 , ) 16 # 1 pp 157 -- 168 , Pran Nath Chopra ; Shri Ram Bakshi ( 1986 ) . Quit India Movement : British secret documents , Vol. 1 . Interprint . p. 17 . ISBN 81 - 85017 - 32 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Rejected ' Quit India ' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. Gandhi 27 April 1942 <Th_colspan="2"> Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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The Last Airbender - wikipedia The Last Airbender Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2010 film . For the TV series , see Avatar : The Last Airbender . <Th_colspan="2"> The Last Airbender <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by M. Night Shyamalan Produced by M. Night Shyamalan Sam Mercer Frank Marshall Screenplay by M. Night Shyamalan Based on Avatar : The Last Airbender by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko Starring Noah Ringer Dev Patel Nicola Peltz Jackson Rathbone Shaun Toub Aasif Mandvi Cliff Curtis Narrated by Nicola Peltz Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Production company Nickelodeon Movies Blinding Edge Pictures The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) ( New York City ) July 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $319.7 million The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written , co-produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It is based on the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series of the same name . The film stars Noah Ringer as Aang , with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko , Nicola Peltz as Katara , and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka . Development for the film began in 2007 . It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Premiering in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , it opened the following day in the rest of the US , grossing an estimated $16 million . The film was universally panned by critics and audiences alike upon release , with many reviewers citing inconsistencies between the plot , screenplay , and source material as well as deriding the acting , writing , casting , and dialogue . However , some praised James Newton Howard 's soundtrack , and the performances from Dev Patel , Aasif Mandvi , and Shaun Toub , while the film 's visual effects received mixed reception . The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 2010 , with five `` wins '' including Worst Picture ; the film is sometimes considered one of the worst ever made . Despite the negative reviews , The Last Airbender opened in second place at the box office behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Produced on a $150 million budget , the film grossed $131 million domestically and $319 million worldwide . It is currently the fourth highest grossing Nickelodeon film , behind The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) , and The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 3.5 Music 4 Casting controversy 5 Marketing 5.1 Promotion 5.2 Graphic novels 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Creators ' responses 7.4 Director 's responses 7.5 Awards and nominations 8 Possible sequels 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) 15 - year - old Sokka and his 14 - year - old sister , Katara , are near a river at the Southern Water Tribe , a small village in the South Pole . While hunting , they discover an iceberg that when broken open shoots a beam of light into the sky . Inside of the iceberg is a 12 - year - old boy named Aang and a giant flying bison named Appa . Unknown to them , Aang is the long - lost Avatar -- the only person capable of `` bending '' all 4 elements of Air , Water , Earth and Fire . A century has passed since the Fire Nation has declared war on the other 3 nations of Air , Water , and Earth in their attempt to conquer the world . Zuko is the scarred 16 - year - old exiled prince of the Fire Nation on a quest to find the Avatar and bring him to his father , Fire Lord Ozai , so he can regain his honor . Seeing the light that appeared from Aang 's release , Zuko and some Fire Nation soldiers arrive at the Southern Water Tribe to demand the villagers hand over the Avatar . Aang reveals himself and surrenders to Zuko on the condition that he agrees to leave the village alone . On the ship , Aang is tested by Zuko 's paternal uncle Iroh to confirm he is the Avatar . After being informed that he is to be their prisoner for passing the test , Aang escapes using his glider and flies to his flying bison brought by Katara and Sokka . Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple where they meet a winged lemur , who Aang later names Momo . Aang also learns that he was in the ice for a whole century and that the Fire Nation wiped out all of the Air Nomads , including his guardian , Monk Gyatso . In despair , he enters the Avatar State and finds himself in the Spirit World where he encounters a Dragon Spirit . Katara 's pleas bring Aang back out of the Avatar State . To seek shelter , Aang 's group arrives at a little Earth Kingdom village controlled by the Fire Nation , but they are arrested and taken to a prison for Earthbenders surrounded by earth because Katara tries to help a young boy escape from Fire Nation soldiers . They incite a rebellion by reminding the disgruntled Earthbenders that Earth was given to them . Aang tells Katara and Sokka that he only knows airbending and he must master the other three elements . Katara is given a waterbending scroll that she uses to greatly strengthen and hone her waterbending abilities and to help Aang learn as they make their way to the Northern Water Tribe ( where Aang will be able to learn from waterbending masters ) and liberate more Earth Kingdom villages in the process , weakening the Fire Nation 's food and water supplies . During a side track to the Northern Air Temple on his own , Aang is betrayed by a Southern Earth Kingdom peasant and captured by a group of Fire Nation archers , led by Commander Zhao , a Fire Nation Commander appointed by the Fire Lord . However , a masked marauder , the `` Blue Spirit '' , helps Aang escape from his imprisonment , fighting off the Fire Nation soldiers under Zhao 's command until the blue spirit realises they will be overwhelmed , at which point he takes Aang hostage to negotiate their way out . During the prison break , Zhao realizes that Zuko is the masked vigilante . He arranges to kill the prince , first by having a crossbowman fire a bolt over a huge distance that shatters the lower half of Zuko 's mask and knocks him out , however Aang uses his skills to bend a cloud across the bridge connecting the prison to the other side of the valley , causing the Fire Nation soldiers in pursuit to stop in fear . With the cloud covering their escape , Aang escapes with an unconscious Zuko into a nearby forest and watches over Zuko until morning , when he leaves to reunite with Sokka and Katara . Zhao tries again to kill Zuko , this time by rupturing a gas pipe running through Zuko 's quarters on Iroh 's ship . Noticing the danger , Zuko manages to survive the attempt on his life with Iroh 's help . He sneaks aboard Zhao 's lead ship as his fleet departs for the Northern Water Tribe , which is a heavy fortress , to capture the Avatar . Upon arriving , Aang 's group is welcomed warmly by the citizens of the Northern Water Tribe . Sokka quickly befriends the Northern Water Tribe princess , Yue . After a few agreements , a waterbending master , Pakku , teaches Aang waterbending . Katara also becomes a much stronger and more powerful waterbender due to her training with Master Pakku . Soon , the Fire Nation arrives and Zhao begins his attack while Zuko begins his search for the Avatar on his own . After defeating Katara in a battle , Zuko captures Aang as he enters the Spirit World to find the Dragon Spirit to give him the wisdom to defeat the Fire Nation who tells him to let his emotions `` flow like water '' . Returning to his body , Aang battles Zuko before Katara freezes him . Before leaving to join the battle , Aang lowers the ice so that Zuko can breathe . As the battle escalates , Iroh watches Zhao capture the Moon Spirit , with which its Ocean Spirit counterpart had assumed the form of a fish . Despite Iroh 's pleas , Zhao kills the Moon Spirit to strip all of the waterbenders of their ability to waterbend . Iroh , enraged by Zhao 's disrespect for sacredness and by his actions to unbalance the world , reveals the extent of his mastery of firebending by using his chi to create huge flame jets from his wrists , scaring Zhao and his entourage of Fire Nation Soldiers out of the sacred cave . Yue explains to everyone that the Moon Spirit gave her life and , with Iroh 's help , realises she can give her life back to the Moon Spirit as she dies in the process . With the tables turned , Zhao finds out Zuko survived . They almost fight before Iroh appears and tells Zuko it 's not worth it . Zhao attempts one more time to kill Zuko with a massive blast of fire , which Iroh manages to deflect . Zhao is drowned by waterbenders after Zuko and Iroh leave him to his fate . Aang remembers his life before being trapped in the ice , including when he left his home , seeing his master 's face . With his waterbending powers and his emotions `` flowing like water '' , Aang enters the Avatar State and raises the ocean into a gigantic wall to drive the armada back . Aang now fully embraces his destiny as the Avatar as he , Katara and Sokka prepare to continue their journey to the Earth Kingdom to find an earthbending teacher for Aang . The Fire Lord learns of the defeat ; angry over the betrayal of his brother Iroh and the failure of his eldest son Zuko , he tasks his youngest daughter , Zuko 's sister , Azula to stop the Avatar from mastering Earth and Fire before the arrival of Sozin 's Comet . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Avatar : The Last Airbender characters Noah Ringer as Aang An airbender who disappeared from public sight a hundred years ago . While chronologically one hundred and thirteen years old , Aang still retains his biological age of twelve . He is the latest incarnation of the Avatar Spirit . Though he is capable of bending all four elements , at the beginning of the film he has only learned to airbend . Dev Patel as Prince Zuko Age sixteen . A Fire Nation prince who travels with his Uncle Iroh . The former heir to the throne , he was exiled by his father , Fire Lord Ozai , who caused him a facial scar following a battle with him and ordered to capture the Avatar ( who had not been seen in almost a century , making the assignment a wild - goose chase ) in order to regain his lost honor . Nicola Peltz as Katara Age fourteen . A girl of the Southern Water Tribe and its last remaining waterbender . Since the death of her mother , Kya , she has served as the motherly figure in her family , and is no stranger to responsibility despite her young age . Jackson Rathbone as Sokka Age fifteen . He is Katara 's brother and a warrior from the Southern Water Tribe . He can be condescending , and has no waterbending abilities . He often takes up leadership roles by virtue of coming up with most of the workable plans and tactics . Shaun Toub as Uncle Iroh Zuko 's paternal uncle and the brother of Fire Lord Ozai . He is very easy - going and friendly , and often acts as a surrogate father to Zuko . Formerly a great general of the Fire Nation , personal tragedies led to his retirement , and the role of heir - presumptive passed to his younger brother . He is the only firebender shown in the film who is advanced enough to bend fire using only his chi . Aasif Mandvi as Commander Zhao A hot - tempered Fire Nation Commander in pursuit of the Avatar . He is Zuko 's principal rival . He has an obsession with libraries . Seychelle Gabriel as Princess Yue The princess of the Northern Water Tribe , who was Sokka 's romantic love interest . In a tragic turn of events , she sacrificed herself to save the water tribe and the balance of the planet , by turning into the moon . Cliff Curtis as Fire Lord Ozai The mighty leader of the Fire Nation , the brother of Iroh , and the father of Prince Zuko and Princess Azula . Summer Bishil as Princess Azula Age fifteen . She is the daughter of Fire Lord Ozai and sister to Prince Zuko . She appears once at the battle where Zuko refuses to fight and again at the end where she accepts the role as hunter of her older brother and uncle , and destroying the Avatar . Francis Guinan as Master Pakku A waterbending master of the Northern Water Tribe , who taught Aang to waterbend . Randall Duk Kim as Old man in temple An Earth Kingdom villager , who often visits the remains of the Northern Air Temple . Isaac Jin Solstein as Haru He started the prison uprising by earthbending a pebble to the back of the lead Fire Nation soldier 's head . Keong Sim as Tyro He and other earthbenders in his occupied village agreed to be imprisoned in exchange for the non-benders being allowed to live in peace . John Noble as Dragon Spirit A new composite character taking over the roles of Avatar Roku , Fang , Koh and Guru Pathik from the cartoon series . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) According to an interview with the co-creators in SFX magazine , Shyamalan came across Avatar when his daughter wanted to be Katara for Halloween . Intrigued , Shyamalan researched and watched the series with his family . `` Watching Avatar has become a family event in my house ... so we are looking forward to how the story develops in season three , '' said Shyamalan . `` Once I saw the amazing world that Mike and Bryan created , I knew it would make a great feature film . '' He added he was attracted to the spiritual and martial arts influences on the show . Avatar : The Last Airbender co-creators Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko voiced their opinion within an interview regarding Shyamalan writing , directing , and producing the film . The two displayed much enthusiasm over Shyamalan 's decision for the adaptation , stating that they admire his work and , in turn , he respects their material . Producer Frank Marshall explained that they have high hopes to stick to a PG rating . `` I 'm not even sure we want to get in the PG - 13 realm . Furthermore , Shyamalan said , `` A lot of the inspiration for the direction we took comes from a friend of mine . A Nathan Blackmer helped shape this Idea into the film it became . I took away a little bit of the slapsticky stuff that was there for the little little kids , the fart jokes and things like that ... We grounded Katara 's brother ... and that really did wonderful things for the whole theme of the movie . '' Paramount 's president Brad Grey said that despite the director 's career being inconsistent , he `` believed in ( Shyamalan 's ) vision and that he could execute it , '' adding that `` It 's a bold step because he had to create a potential new franchise . '' The studio was willing to spend $250 million in a trilogy of films , one for each season . The Last Airbender 's budget wound up being $150 million , with later over $130 million being spent on marketing costs , making it Shyamalan 's most expensive film . During production , the name Avatar was removed from the title to avoid confusion with the highly - successful 2009 film Avatar . Casting ( edit ) Shyamalan originally offered the roles of Aang to Noah Ringer ; Sokka to Jackson Rathbone ; Katara to Nicola Peltz ; and Zuko to Jesse McCartney . In an interview with People , Shyamalan claimed that he did not want to make The Last Airbender without Nicola Peltz , `` I said that only once before in my career , and that was when I met Haley in The Sixth Sense auditions . '' In February 2009 , Dev Patel replaced Jesse McCartney , whose tour dates conflicted with a boot camp scheduled for the cast to train in martial arts . Katharine Houghton played `` Gran Gran '' , the grandmother of Katara and Sokka , and Seychelle Gabriel portrayed Princess Yue , another of Sokka 's love interests and princess of the Northern Water Tribe . Isaac Jin Solstein played an earthbending boy . Comedian Aasif Mandvi played Commander Zhao , Cliff Curtis played Fire Lord Ozai , and Keong Sim was cast in the role of an Earthbender . Ringer began practicing Taekwondo -- the martial art and national sport of Korea -- at the age of 10 . His skills later garnered accolades , including the title of American Taekwondo Association Texas State Champion . He began shaving his head during his martial arts training to help cool off , which gave him the nickname `` Avatar '' due to his resemblance to Aang from the animated series . When he heard about the film adaptation , he made an audition tape with his instructor and sent it to the filmmakers . He had n't worked on a film before , but his resemblance to Aang -- enhanced by painting a blue arrow on his already shaved head , swung him the role . Having not acted before , Ringer was required to attend acting school a month before filming commenced . Peltz was familiar with the character before submitting for the part of Katara , having faithfully watched Avatar : The Last Airbender , the animated series on which the film is based , with her younger twin brothers . She describes her character as being a big role model with young girls and women , `` She 's really mentally and physically strong , strong - willed and - minded , but she 's also caring and compassionate ... The movie has a lot of values , but it 's also fun . It 's fantasy , but it 's also a really cool battle between good and evil . '' She explained that she initially did n't know about Rathbone starring in the Twilight films until after she met him and said that working with Shyamalan was an amazing experience . Rathbone , who originally auditioned for the role of Zuko , was approached by Shyamalan to audition for the film . After waiting for six months , he received a call informing him that he was cast as Sokka . Rathbone stated that his favorite scenes were the fight sequences , which he prepared for by stickfighting . Before Slumdog Millionaire was released , Patel auditioned for the role of Zuko by submitting a tape to the studio . Shyamalan called Patel personally to inform him that he got the part . Training for the film was intense , as he had to learn Wushu and different martial arts . Patel recalls fighting , punching , and throwing and said the experience was `` truly amazing . '' While he was filming Slumdog in India , he would finish a take and turn one of the channels over to the animated series . Even though it is based on a cartoon , he wanted to bring as much of himself as possible to the character he was portraying . Shaun Toub , who was cast as Iroh , describes his character in the first film as `` loose '' and `` free '' . He compares Zuko 's `` obsession '' to his childhood memories and how kids are always looking for their parents ' approval , saying that Zuko just wants his father 's . `` He is n't necessarily bad , he just has a great deal of built up anger and forgets to consider others . I think people will understand that he 's not bad , he 's just angry and hurting because he really wants his father to love him , but his father is too busy with other things . '' He says that Patel is an `` 18 year old with all this energy , '' and that Patel was able to influence him into appreciating the business of filmmaking more . While comparing the animated series to the film , he says the film is much more serious . He attributed this change to the director trying to relate to every age group , rather than just kids . Filming ( edit ) Pre-production began in late 2008 , while filming began in March 2009 in Greenland . After two weeks , the cast and crew moved to Reading , Pennsylvania , where production designers and special - effects crews worked for several weeks , preparing the local site for the film . A production team scouting the area found the pagoda on Mount Penn , which served as an ancient temple in the film . Reading mayor Tom McMahon explained that crews made road improvements and buried electrical lines surrounding the structure . Filming also took place in Ontelaunee Township and at the William Penn Memorial Fire Tower in Pennsylvania after the production crew finished at the Pagoda . When asked about shooting the film in Reading , Pamela Shupp , vice president of Berks Economic Development said , `` They needed buildings to shoot all the interiors , and were looking for a group of buildings with high ceilings and specific column spacing . We showed them a number of buildings , but we could n't come up with enough to meet their requirements . So the interiors will be shot in Philadelphia . '' Visual effects ( edit ) With a film as technologically advanced as Avatar , the expectations of realistically throwing balls of fire and water were pushed to the limit on The Last Airbender . Pablo Helman , who previously worked on Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , was the visual effects supervisor for the Industrial Light and Magic team on the film . He worked closely with Shyamalan , reviewing each scene and talking about the visual effects needed to tell the story , and ultimately worked with about 300 people to reflect the director 's vision , who he said planned it all in a story - board book . Upper : Water being animated . Lower : Final version of animated scene . Industrial Light and Magic was posed with visualizing the elemental tribes of Air , Water , Earth , and Fire ; most importantly creating the `` bending '' styles of these elements . Additionally , they were required to animate creatures and enhance stunt work with digital doubles . `` The work was challenging , '' shares Helman . `` We had to figure out what `` bending '' is for fire , water , air and earth . '' The project was started without the desired technology needed to create the effects . Rather than software , computer graphic cards were the basis for `` bending '' the elements , allowing previews to be viewed more swiftly . This resulted in Shyamalan having to direct more than sixty takes before the effect was finished and lined up with his visions . Due to reality - based expectations , fire and water were the hardest elements to effectively bend , and because of particle work which was unable to be rendered in hardware , earth bending also was difficult to create . With water , the variety in different scales required Helman and his team to create different techniques . The concept for air was derived from the animation of the television series . To create the air bending effect , visual effects art director Christian Alzman and digital matte department supervisor Barry Williams explained that seeing dust and snow particles , rather than seeing the air itself , helped shape the real world effect of bending the element . Before the bending effects could be applied though , the actor 's movements had to be matched ; Shyamalan therefore wanted each character 's bending styles to be unique to fit with their unique personalities . The challenge for fire did n't come with making it look realistic , but rather making the fire behave in an unrealistic way that would be believable to the audience . The film that inspired The Last Airbender 's fire style was the sixth Harry Potter film , which was re-engineered to reflect two - dimensional simulations . Helman 's team referenced images of flames being pushed through the air by giant fans for certain shots needed throughout the film . The team also considered using a meshed image of real and digital fire , but in the end , went with the richer , deeper texture of computer generated flame . In matte paintings , this was the biggest show that Helman had ever done . The paintings had to be in 3D because the visual style included long duration shots in which the camera always moved . The climax , which was enacted on a 200 by 200 feet ( 61 m × 61 m ) set , had to be incorporated with still of the landscapes shot in Greenland , as well as the low - angle lighting that was captured on location there . The camera was animated to get angles needed for different shots in the film by importing these stills into the computer . Multiple cameras were used to capture the different wire - work and animation that was used to create the creatures and many fight scenes within the film . In creating these creatures , the team referenced nature . In order for them to be believable , they looked for examples of the same size and weight as the animated character and then developed hybrids from different animals to make each species unique . This was done by observing actual animals to get a take on how they would act . Shyamalan 's take on the personality of each creature also influenced the creation stage of the creatures . For example , the lemur Momo has flying mechanics based on a giant fruit bat . Other elements , such as texturing , hair or scale simulation , and light and shadow complimentary to the live action , were added to make the final animation appear as real as possible during the later stages of character development . Paramount Pictures made an announcement in late April 2010 , revealing that The Last Airbender would be released in 3D . This decision came after an increasing number of films being made or converted to 3D , such as Avatar , Alice in Wonderland and Clash of the Titans , made a decent profit at the box office . Although Helman stated that Shyamalan 's way of shooting without fast edits and the film 's visuals could lend itself to the 3D conversion well , James Cameron voiced his disapproval on any film being converted using this process , saying , `` You can slap a 3 - D label on it and call it 3 - D , but there 's no possible way that it can be done up to a standard that anybody would consider high enough . '' Despite this , Shyamalan opted to work with Stereo D LLC , the company who worked on James Cameron 's own Avatar . The conversion process for the film cost between $5 million and $10 million , adding to the reported $100 million that already went into the film . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Last Airbender ( soundtrack ) In December 2008 , James Newton Howard was announced as the composer for The Last Airbender . The film marks the seventh collaboration between Howard and M. Night Shyamalan , after the 2008 film The Happening . Howard had received acclaim for his work with Hans Zimmer on The Dark Knight . On May 13 , 2009 , producer Frank Marshall announced that Howard was recording music for the teaser trailer that was later released that summer ; it was later confirmed by Frank Marshall that all of the film 's trailers featured original music by Howard himself . The soundtrack , released by Lakeshore Records on June 29 , 2010 , required Howard to hire a 119 - member ensemble . Running at about 66 minutes , it contains eleven tracks ranging from three to seven minutes , with a twelfth track , called `` Airbender Suite '' running at nearly eleven minutes . Reviews for the score were overwhelmingly positive . Casting controversy ( edit ) Main article : Racebending The casting of white actors in the East Asian and Inuit - influenced Avatar universe , as well as the fact that the casting of the heroes and villains seemed to be backward racially from the show , triggered negative reactions from some fans marked by accusations of racism , a letter - writing campaign , and various protests . `` To take this incredibly loved children 's series , and really distort not only the ethnicity of the individual characters but the message of acceptance and cultural diversity that the original series advocated , is a huge blow , '' said Michael Le of Racebending.com , a fan site calling for a boycott of the martial - arts fantasy . As a result of the casting , the Media Action Network for Asian - Americans urged a film boycott for the first time in the organization 's 18 - year history . `` This was a great opportunity to create new Asian - American stars ... I 'm disappointed . '' stated Guy Aoki , president of the organization . After a casting call specifically looking for `` Caucasians and other ethnicities , '' Shyamalan explained that `` Ultimately , this movie , and then the three movies , will be the most culturally diverse tent - pole movies ever released , period . '' Furthermore , Paramount provided a statement about the casting choices , `` The movie has 23 credited speaking roles -- more than half of which feature Asian and Pan Asian actors of Korean , Japanese and Indian descent . The filmmaker 's interpretation reflects the myriad qualities that have made this series a global phenomenon . We believe fans of the original and new audiences alike will respond positively once they see it . '' Shyamalan commented on the issues regarding fans ' perceptions of the casting in an interview with Washington Post columnist Jen Chaney , saying , `` Anime is based on ambiguous facial features . It 's meant to be interpretive . It 's meant to be inclusive of all races , and you can see yourself in all these characters ... This is a multicultural movie and I 'm going to make it even more multicultural in my approach to its casting . There 's African - Americans in the movie ... so it 's a source of pride for me . The irony that ( protesters ) would label this with anything but the greatest pride , that the movie poster has Noah and Dev on it and my name on it . I do n't know what else to do . '' In this quote , Shyamalan 's reference to Noah Ringer can be explained by Noah 's self - identification of his ancestry as `` American Indian , '' although critics of the film 's casting have presumed that the actor is simply `` white '' when making their complaints . Rathbone was also one to dismiss the complaints in an interview with MTV , saying , `` I think it 's one of those things where I pull my hair up , shave the sides , and I definitely need a tan . It 's one of those things where , hopefully , the audience will suspend disbelief a little bit . '' The controversy was poorly received by critics as well . Film critic Roger Ebert was one of the critical voices against the casting . When asked about casting a white cast to portray the characters , he said , `` The original series Avatar : The Last Airbender was highly regarded and popular for three seasons on Nickelodeon . Its fans take it for granted that its heroes are Asian . Why would Paramount and Shyamalan go out of their way to offend these fans ? There are many young Asian actors capable of playing the parts . '' Jevon Phillips of the Los Angeles Times noted that despite Shyamalan 's attempts to defuse the situation , `` this is definitely not an issue that will fade away or be overlooked '' and that this film exemplifies the need for a debate within Hollywood about racial diversity in its films . In July 2013 , series co-creator Bryan Konietzko responded to an online comment about skin color in The Legend of Korra . Konietzko wrote that his work on the two series `` speaks for itself which obviously does not include the gross misinterpretations and misrepresentations of our work in ( Shyamalan 's ) work . '' Marketing ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) The teaser trailer for the film was attached to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , released in theaters on June 24 , 2009 . The teaser trailer was also shown exclusively on the June 22 , 2009 episode of Entertainment Tonight . The trailer shows Aang airbending in a temple which is being attacked by a multitude of Fire Nation ships . A trailer was to be released around Christmas 2009 , but it was pushed back until February 2010 because not enough visual effects shots were completed . This trailer was attached to the first Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief film released on February 12 , 2010 . A trailer was later released on March 25 , 2010 . It was then attached with How to Train Your Dragon . The last theatrical trailer is attached to Iron Man 2 which was released May 7 , 2010 . The first TV spot aired during Super Bowl XLIV on February 7 , 2010 . It showed parts of the film that were not shown in the teaser trailer and had no diagetic dialogue , but merely narration . On February 10 , the theatrical trailer was released online . It shows multiple scenes from the film and is an expanded version of the first TV spot . McDonald 's sold Happy Meals to promote the film . On February 9 , 2010 , Nickelodeon Consumer Products also debuted the upcoming line of toys based on The Last Airbender . It includes various 3 ⁄ - inch action figures , as well as larger , action - enabled figures , costumes and other props . Among the toys featured in the line were figures based on Aang , Prince Zuko , Sokka , Katara , and a fully ride - able Appa the Sky Bison . `` We worked very closely with M. Night , the rest of the Paramount team and our in - house design team , along with our partner Spin - Master , to come up with the right assortment , the right size for these action figures and make sure we had representation of all the nations within the ' Airbender ' series , '' said Nickelodeon 's Lourdes Arocho . The Last Airbender action figures are expected to be released in three `` waves '' ; wave one on June 1 , wave two near the film 's July release date , and wave three near the 2010 holiday season . THQ Studio Australia also developed a video game based on the film . Titled The Last Airbender , it was released on June 29 , 2010 for the Wii and the Nintendo DS . Graphic novels ( edit ) Two original black - and - white graphic novels , entitled The Last Airbender Prequel : Zuko 's Story and The Last Airbender , drawn in the manga style , were written by Dave Roman and Alison Wilgus . `` We 're excited to be working with Nickelodeon to bring these great stories to the manga audience '' , says Dallas Middaugh , Associate Publisher of Del Rey Manga . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender has shown incredible crossover appeal with manga fans . The release of The Last Airbender movie and original tie - in manga gives us the chance to share completely new stories with Avatar fans looking for more about Aang , Zuko , and their favorite characters . '' The second manga , The Last Airbender , illustrated by Joon Choi , was released on June 22 , 2010 . The plot , like the film , is a condensed version of the first season of the series . The prequel , Zuko 's Story , is co-written by Alison Wilgus and Dave Roman and illustrated by Nina Matsumoto and was released on May 18 , 2010 . The synopsis for the graphic novel was released in early 2010 , `` When Prince Zuko dared to question authority , his father , Fire Lord Ozai , banished him from the Fire Nation . Horribly scarred and stripped of everything he held dear , Zuko has wandered the earth for almost three years in search of his only chance at redemption : the Avatar , a mystical being who once kept the four nations in balance . Everyone he encounters believes that this is an impossible task , as the Avatar disappeared a century ago . But Zuko stubbornly continues the search . He must regain his honor , so his quest is all he has left . '' Roman and Wilgus , who developed comics based on the series for Nick Magazine , consulted series creators Mike Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , and head writer for the show Aaron Ehasz while they were developing Zuko 's Story . The four wanted to try a comic that would fit into with the continuity of the show . The prequel , though mostly associated with the film , was meant to be a prequel to the series . Roman explained , `` In a lot of ways , it 's like an expanded origin . With the film and the series , there are differences and there are places where they split off , but the setup for both is exactly the same -- so when you 're introduced to the characters , that 's the part where they 're completely identical . '' The prequel allowed the expansions of different details told in the series ; for example , an episode called `` The Blue Spirit '' in the series was seen in the film . However , since explaining everything that happened in that episode was hard to translate onto film , the prequel allowed for them to `` delve '' into that specific story . What more , when asked about whether he answered some questions that were left open at the end of the series , Roman stated that , while he had a strong relationship with the show 's creators and got their blessing for his project , it was n't his plot to address . Release ( edit ) The Last Airbender was rumored to be released in the summer of 2010 before it received a formal release date of July 1 , 2010 . To avoid confusion with James Cameron 's Avatar , the title was changed from Avatar : The Last Airbender to simply The Last Airbender . On June 16 , 2010 , it was revealed that the film would be released on July 1 , 2010 , and after questions about the definition of the release being limited or wide , was later confirmed by the studio to be a full nationwide release . The film premiered in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , and opened the following day in 3,169 theaters , against The Twilight Saga : Eclipse which also stars Jackson Rathbone . Home Media ( edit ) The Last Airbender was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 16 , 2010 . At the same time , a Blu - ray 3D version was also made available exclusively at Best Buy locations . The Last Airbender grossed $12,757,094 and sold a total of 750,859 units in its first week on DVD . The Last Airbender was re-released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 25 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Last Airbender had grossed $131,772,187 in the United States , and $187,941,694 in other countries , making for a total of $319,713,881 worldwide . On its opening day in the United States , The Last Airbender made $16,614,112 , ranking fifth overall for Thursday openings . For its opening three - day , Fourth of July weekend , The Last Airbender accumulated a total of $40,325,019 . The following Monday , it grossed $11,479,213. 54 % of its total gross was from 3D presentations at 1,606 screens . On Thursday , July 1 , 2010 , its opening day , it debuted at # 2 behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . It stayed # 2 until Monday , July 5 , 2010 , when it went down to # 3 now behind Eclipse and Toy Story 3 . On July 9 , it went down to # 5 behind Despicable Me , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , Predators , and Toy Story 3 . By Friday , July 23 , it was down to # 9 behind Inception , Salt , Despicable Me , Ramona and Beezus , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , Toy Story 3 , Grown Ups , and Eclipse . Opening overseas in 923 sites , the film grossed an estimated $9 million , $8 million of which was from 870 sites in Russia , making it the number one film there . The film grossed $9.4 million from its second weekend in overseas markets . The film was the twentieth highest - grossing film of 2010 . Critical response ( edit ) The film was panned by critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave a 6 % approval rating based on 183 reviews with an average rating of 2.8 out of 10 , making it the lowest rated film ever produced by Nickelodeon Movies , and Shyamalan 's worst - reviewed film to date . The consensus was `` The Last Airbender squanders its popular source material with incomprehensible plotting , horrible acting , and detached joyless direction . '' By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews from the top mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 20 out of 100 , based on 33 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was `` C '' on an A+ to F scale . Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail stated the film had little chance to develop its characters and therefore suffered , with the overall storyline of the film becoming a run - on narrative . According to Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly , who gave the film a C , `` The Last Airbender keeps throwing things at you , but its final effect is , in every way , flat . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film half a star in his review , stating that it `` bores and alienates its audiences , '' and notes the poor use of 3D among the film 's faults . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film an F , criticizing the performances of the child actors , overuse of exposition , and shoehorned 3D special effects , calling it the worst summer blockbuster of 2010 . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said that the lack of correct casting caused the film to lose substantial credibility in regard to its source material , but did praise the casting and acting of Noah Ringer as Aang . Peter Debruge of Variety criticized the casting and the score , saying that the overall effect of each play into making the film a bore . Rifftrax put the film at number 5 of The top 10 Worst Movies of All Time , saying `` We CAN state for the record that it is quite easy to detest this movie even if you 've never seen a frame of the TV show . '' `` The Last Airbender '' is an agonizing experience in every category I can think of and others still waiting to be invented . The laws of chance suggest that something should have gone right . Not here . It puts a nail in the coffin of low - rent 3D , but it will need a lot more coffins than that . -- Roger Ebert , Sun Times Charlie Jane Anders in the review by io9 criticized `` the personality - free hero , the nonsensical plot twists , the CG clutter , the bland romance , the new - age pablum ... '' , concluding that `` Shyamalan 's true achievement in this film is that he takes a thrilling cult TV series , Avatar : The Last Airbender , and he systematically leeches all the personality and soul out of it -- in order to create something generic enough to serve as a universal spoof of every epic , ever . '' Anders summarized the experience of watching the film by stating that , `` Actually , my exact words when I walked out of this film were , ' Wow , this makes Dragonball Evolution look like a masterpiece . ' '' Ai n't It Cool News ' review questioned why Shyamalan was allowed to write the script , as well as why he was even chosen to direct such a high - profile film after a string of previous flops : `` Burdened by ( a ) never - ending onslaught of expository dialogue awkwardly delivered by actors giving career - worst performances across the board , The Last Airbender is so outrageously bad it 's a wonder it ever got before cameras . '' Scott Bowles of USA Today gave a generally favorable review , claiming that Shyamalan delivered on fight scenes and the film worked as a kid 's film , although he also added that poor scriptwriting made some of the performances sound wooden . Another favorable review came from Stephanie Zacharek of MovieLine , who praises the way Shyamalan captures the art of action and human motion . David Roark of Relevant Magazine accused other critics of having a bias against Shyamalan and gave the film a positive review , stating that its visuals and heart far outweighed the clunky plotting and `` awful '' dialogue . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian noted an unfortunate linguistic problem that reduced British viewers to `` a state of nervous collapse '' due to laughter . In British English , ' bent ' is a slang term for gay , with ' bender ' meaning a gay man , giving an entirely different meaning to lines such as , `` I could tell at once that you were a bender . '' Bradshaw commented that the response from the audience to such lines was `` deafeningly immature '' and would `` inevitably be repeated in every cinema in the land showing The Last Airbender . '' Creators ' responses ( edit ) In a Reddit AmA thread by Dante Basco , the original voice of Prince Zuko , when he was asked what he thought of the Last Airbender film , he responded by saying that Konietzko and DiMartino told him not to see it . The creators officially said that they would like to pretend the film does not exist . Bryan and Mike spoke extensively about how the project was given the go - ahead without their approval , and when they tried to provide input it was ignored . Director 's responses ( edit ) In a Vulture interview , Shyamalan argued that his style and art - form of storytelling resulted in the negative reviews of the film and compared it to asking a painter to change to a different style : `` I bring as much integrity to the table as humanly possible . It must be a language thing , in terms of a particular accent , a storytelling accent . I can only see it this certain way and I do n't know how to think in another language . I think these are exactly the visions that are in my head , so I do n't know how to adjust it without being me . '' Shyamalan also addressed criticisms about the barely 90 minute runtime of the film , which was considered bizarre given that it had to condense a 20 - episode TV season into one film , and is a far shorter runtime than is typical for summer blockbusters . Shyamalan 's response was that all of his previous films were 90 minutes , because they were small - scale supernatural thrillers , and as a result his instinct for the pacing of the film was to edit it down to 90 minutes . This short runtime indirectly led to several other problems which multiple critics listed above objected to : characters frequently resort to giving long speeches of exposition to summarize entire scenes that were cut for time , and a running voiceover commentary by Katara was added in which she summarizes entire subplots ( e.g. Sokka 's relationship with Yue ) that barely appear on screen . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Last Airbender received nine nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture . The film went on to sweep the Razzies with five awards : Worst Picture , Worst Director ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Screenplay ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Supporting Actor ( Jackson Rathbone ) , and a special award , `` Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D . '' Award Year Category Nominee Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer : Movie The Last Airbender Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Film Music Composition of the Year for `` Flow Like Water '' James Newton Howard Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror film Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actor ) Noah Ringer Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Supporting Young Actress ) Seychelle Gabriel 31st Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Frank Marshall , Sam Mercer and M. Night Shyamalan Won Worst Director M. Night Shyamalan Worst Screenplay Worst Supporting Actor Dev Patel Nominated Jackson Rathbone , also for The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Won Worst Supporting Actress Nicola Peltz Nominated Worst Screen Couple The Entire Cast Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel The Last Airbender Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D Won Possible sequels ( edit ) Shyamalan or Paramount / Nickelodeon did not immediately confirm the `` go - ahead '' or whether the plug will be pulled on the trilogy . While filming The Last Airbender , Shyamalan mapped out a rough draft for a second film that is `` darker '' and includes Azula , portrayed by Summer Bishil , as the main antagonist . In a July 2010 interview with New York Magazine , Shyamalan commented `` In the next few months we 'll be able to know whether we have that opportunity or not '' when asked about the sequel . No such announcement was made and in a September 2010 interview when asked if he knew when the sequel will be made , he replied , `` I do n't , because there are so many factors they take into account '' , adding , `` I guess it will get into an area where it becomes a discussion -- like pros and cons . '' In September 2015 , Shyamalan confirmed to Metro UK that he may work on the sequel after completing his next thriller , which started shooting in November 2015 . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Whitewashing in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Movie '' . Moviefone.com . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE LAST AIRBENDER ( 12A ) '' . Paramount Pictures . 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Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : LMCullen . `` VIPs bei der Premiere von ' The Last Airbender in 3D ' in NY '' . Eclipse Movie . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bryan Lufkin ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Razzies on - the - scene : M. Night Shyamalan ' wins ' big at last night 's camp-fest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Channel Awesome ( 2013 ) . Nostalgia Critic : The Last Airbender . In the show , the prison is on a metal ship , where no earthbending is possible , and thus , it breaks their spirit because they ca n't get away . They are powerless to stop them . Here , THEY 'RE FUCKING SURROUNDED BY THE STUFF ! ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . 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( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` Four more land ' Airbender ' roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' EW.com '' . Hollywoodinsider.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dyball , Rennie ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` 3 Reasons to Watch for Actress Nicola Peltz -- Movie News , M. Night Shyamalan , Robert Pattinson '' . People.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Slumdog Millionaire Star Joins The Last Airbender / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Inqlings : For Manuel , a job he can phone in '' ( PDF ) . Philly.com. 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` New Last Airbender Casting Stays On Right Side Of Racebending Debate ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More are cast in M. Night Shyamalan Last Airbender '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : June 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender set visit : Nicola Peltz and Noah Ringer '' . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Dart , Allan ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Jackson Rathbone `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 05 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Starlog 's `` Last Airbender '' set visit : Dev Patel `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 01 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Shaun Toub `` . Fangoria.com . 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Night Shyamalan 's The Last Airbender Gets Release Date , Director Update , `` Avatar '' Dropped From Title `` . / FILM . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Opens One Day Earlier '' . Jump up ^ `` Theater Counts for Week 27 of 2010 '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Epic Based on Nickelodeon 's Popular Series Delivers Inspiring Adventure the Whole Family Can Enjoy : The Last Airbender '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ News flash on Blu - ray 3D release Jump up ^ The-numbers.com Jump up ^ `` Opening Thursday Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Swoons But Sweeps Up Over Independence Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Eclipse still has bite at No. 1 overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . 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New York Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse , Last Airbender Lead Razzie Nominations '' . MTV Movie News . 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chris Tookey ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` Over-priced , over-hyped -- and they even make you feel ill . Are 3 - D films the biggest rip - off in cinema history ? '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` M Night Shyamalan 's Last Airbender wins Razzie Awards '' . BBC News . 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 31st Annual Razzie Awards '' . ^ Jump up to : Warmoth , Brian ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Last Airbender 2 Will Be Darker , M. Night Shyamalan Says -- Movie News Story MTV Movie News '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Lane Brown ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Vulture Breaks the News to M. Night Shyamalaman About The Last Airbender 's Reviews '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( 21 July 2010 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender Sequel Coming To Nickelodeon '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rick Marshall ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Will ' The Last Airbender ' Get A Sequel ? M. Night Shyamalan Ponders Potential ' Book 2 ' Adaptation '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` The Last Airbender , Part 2 ( Earth ) and M. Night Shyamalaman '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hanna Flint ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : M. Night Shyamalan to make ' another thriller ' before The Last Airbender 2 '' . Metro UK . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ali Jaafar ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Joaquin Phoenix , M. Night Shyamalan & Jason Blum In Talks To Reunite On New Project '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Last Airbender on IMDb The Last Airbender at Box Office Mojo The Last Airbender at Rotten Tomatoes The Last Airbender at Metacritic Ba Gua Demonstration representing style used for Air Nation characters on YouTube . <Th_colspan="2"> Avatar <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie ( 2020 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 , Sequels planned ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan <Td_colspan="2"> Praying with Anger ( 1992 ) Wide Awake ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Unbreakable ( 2000 ) Signs ( 2002 ) The Village ( 2004 ) Lady in the Water ( 2006 ) The Happening ( 2008 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) After Earth ( 2013 ) The Visit ( 2015 ) Split ( 2016 ) Glass ( 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Airbender&oldid=822507649 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s martial arts films American 3D films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films American films Avatar : The Last Airbender Films about reincarnation Films shot in Greenland Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in Vietnam Films using computer - generated imagery Live - action films based on animated series Blinding Edge Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Nickelodeon Movies films Films scored by James Newton Howard Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan Films produced by Frank Marshall Films produced by M. Night Shyamalan Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 19 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Last Airbender film
2. M. Night Shyamalan
3. Negative reviews and criticism
4. Box office success
5. Casting controversy
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-2,258,020,831,546,891,800 |
where does the us get its fresh water
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Water export - wikipedia Water export Water exports involve exporting freshwater from one country to another . Large increases in human population and economic growth throughout the world during the twentieth century placed a huge stress on the world 's freshwater resources . Combined with climate change , they will place an even greater demand on water resources in this century . Water shortages have become an international concern , and freshwater has been described as `` blue gold '' and `` the oil of the 21st Century . '' Contents 1 Water exports from Canada to the US 1.1 Needs 1.2 Proposals 1.3 Concerns 1.4 Legal issues 1.5 Alaska 2 Water exports within States in the United States 3 Water export in Germany 4 Water exports from Russia to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan 5 Alternatives to large - scale water exports 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Water exports from Canada to the US ( edit ) A satellite image of North America . The Great Lakes are in the east , while the south - west clearly lacks water . Canada has 7 % of the world 's renewable supply of freshwater . Freshwater export between Canada and the US currently takes place at a small scale , mostly as bottled water exports . The bottled water industry exports water in containers usually no larger than twenty litres . But even that can be controversial - the multinational food giant Nestle was accused of attempting to `` drain '' the town of Hillsburgh , Ontario , of its water in 2012 and 2013 , during a drought . Since 1850 Americans have been diverting much of the water of the Chicago River , which would naturally flow into Lake Michigan , into the Mississippi basin over Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . In that case , though , the goal was not taking possession of the water that would otherwise end up in the Great Lakes , but directing Chicago 's effluent away from Lake Michigan , Chicago 's source of water . Needs ( edit ) Many states in the US have experienced water shortages in the past few decades , creating a market for freshwater that could be profitable for Canada . In the south - western US , growing populations and lifestyles that consume large amounts of water have caused most of the aquifers and rivers in the region to be overused . The water in the Oglala Aquifer , which serves much of the west - central US , was used eight times faster in 2001 than the replenishment rate . Demands for this freshwater are expected to increase as the climate warms . As human populations and industries grow and the climate change takes place , greater pressure will be placed on water - rich countries like Canada to export their water to countries that have a water shortage . In early 2014 , Gary Doer , Canada 's ambassador to the United States , said that by 2020 the pressure on water quality and quantity would be immense . He predicted that water debates and disputes between the two countries would make the clash over the Keystone XL pipeline `` look silly '' by comparison . Proposals ( edit ) Numerous proposals about transferring large amounts of freshwater from the Great Lakes Basin into the US have been made . This would involve inter-basin transport of water across the international boundary between Canada and the US using a man - made reservoir . None of these proposals have as yet been implemented , mainly due to environmental and financial obstacles . Schemes to export water from Canada to the US on a large scale have been proposed in the past . These schemes include : The Great Recycling and Northern Development ( GRAND ) Canal scheme to dam James Bay , on the southern end of Hudson Bay , to create a freshwater reservoir and divert the water from the 20 rivers that flow into it to Georgian Bay . The water would then be flushed through the Great Lakes into pipelines to the south - western US . The North American Water and Power Alliance ( NAWAPA ) project proposed to divert the Yukon , Liard , and Peace rivers into the Rocky Mountain Trench to create an 800 km long reservoir that would transfer water into the US . During the 1990s , exporting water by ocean - going tankers was proposed to three Canadian provinces . In 1991 , Sun Belt Water Inc. of Santa Barbara , California , in partnership with Snowcap Waters Ltd. , of Fanny Bay , British Columbia , was selected by the Goleta Water District , of California , to enter a contract to supply bulk water by marine tanker but the government of British Columbia reversed its water export policy and introduced a prohibition on the issuance of water export licences leading to an arbitration claim against Canada under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement filed by Sun Belt Water Inc. in 1999 . The arbitration remains unresolved . In 1999 Nova Group Ltd. obtained a permit from the Ontario government to export 600 millions litres of water annually from Lake Superior to Asia . Political controversy in Canada and the US caused the government to cancel the permit . Concerns ( edit ) In Canada there have been concerns about exporting water to the United States since the 1960s , when states in the south - western US experienced their first water shortages and began to seek water sources to augment their overstretched supplies . Large - scale removal of water from lakes would negatively affect their ecosystems , increasing pollution concentrations and harming plant and animal communities . Legal Issues ( edit ) Water has been classed as a commodity under the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) since the 1980s . This has increased tensions in the debate about exporting water . Although none of the NAFTA rules force Canada to begin to export its water in bulk , if Canada voluntarily decides to begin exports it would be very difficult to later halt them . In 2002 the Federal government of Canada passed the International Boundary Waters Treaty Act . This banned the removal of more than 50 million cubic meters of water from a water basin in the Great Lakes in one day . The Boundary Waters Treaty is limited to waters on the Canadian - US border and does not apply to freshwater in other parts of Canada . This means the about 85 percent of Canada 's water is susceptible to export . Alaska ( edit ) Since Canada has taken a strong position against water exports , some companies have shifted their focus to Alaska . Alaska was the first jurisdiction in the world to permit the commercial export of bulk water , and has a large potential for water exports . One scheme proposes transporting water from Alaska to China by tanker . This water would be used to assemble computer wafers by China 's relatively cheap labour force . Computer wafers require extremely pure freshwater . This makes the cost of desalination of saltwater prohibitively expensive , making schemes like this , that would not be profitable for domestic purposes , profitable for industrial purposes . Water exports within states in the United states ( edit ) On June 13 , 2013 , the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously upheld lower court rulings in Tarrant Regional Water District v. Herrmann , holding that Oklahoma state water laws validly barred state entities from selling water for out - of - state use , via the Red River Compact among Oklahoma , Texas , Arkansas and Louisiana . Water export in germany ( edit ) While the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal was primarily built as a freight link across the European Main Watershed ( linking North Sea and Black Sea via inland waterways ) , it is also used to transport water from the Danube to the less water - rich rivers of Franconia and adjacent regions . To this end several artificial lakes like the Großer Brombachsee were created . Water exports from russia to kazakhstan and UZBEKISTAN ( edit ) Main article : Northern river reversal Arid but densely populated southern Kazakhstan and adjacent Central Asian states occupy somewhat similar position with respect to Russia 's Siberia as the south - western United States do with respect to Canada . Siberian rivers , as well as rivers of northern European Russia flow `` uselessly '' into the seas of the Arctic Ocean , while that water could be much more profitably used for irrigated agriculture by Russia 's southern neighbors . Not surprisingly , proposals for large - scale transfer of water from the Ob River in Siberia to the Aral Sea basin in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have been seriously considered by the Soviet federal government already in the 1960 - 80s , when all republics involved were members of the USSR . While welcomed by many in Central Asian republics , the project received severe criticism from many scientists as well as prominent writers and journalists in Russia , such as Valentin Rasputin and Sergey Zalygin , sometimes known collectively as the `` Siberian environmental lobby '' Shelved in 1986 for both economical and environmental reasons , the idea of international water transfers has been raised again in the 21st century in the ruling circles of the now independent states . Both the Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the Uzbek President Islam Karimov expressed interest in such a water transfer scheme . While the Russian federal government so far remains non-committal on the issue , the plan met enthusiastic response from Moscow mayor and Russian presidential hopeful , Yuri Luzhkov . Alternatives to large - scale water exports ( edit ) In the short run , better allocation of resources and more efficient water conservation technology may keep demand for water in some countries under control . However , a water crisis may occur in the near future that would make bulk water export a more favourable plan . The canals that would have to be constructed to transfer water require huge investment and operation costs . This would make the cost for consumers of the water expensive . In contrast , the technology needed to desalinise seawater has improved dramatically and has an acceptable cost for urban markets . Whether or not pressures for large - scale water exports continues to increase depends mostly on future advances in desalination technology . If the cost of desalination drops enough , it will be cheaper to generate freshwater from saltwater than to import freshwater from another country . The cost of desalination is currently less than US $1 per cubic meter . The World Water Commission has suggested that desalination will become the favoured method of procuring drinking and industrial - use waters . However , the need for extremely pure water for particular industrial uses would still require freshwater imports . See also ( edit ) Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel . Douglas Coastal reservoir Water resources Water trading References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Barlow , Maude , and Clarke , Tony , 2003 , Blue Gold : The Battle Against Corporate Theft of the World 's Water , James & James / Earthscan , ISBN 1 - 84407 - 024 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , 1996 , cited in Anderson , Terry L. , and Landry , Clay J. , Exporting Water To The World ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Environment Canada ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Heinmiller , B. Timothy , Harmonization Through Emulation : Canadian Federalism and Water Export Policy ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Tencer , Daniel ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Nestle Canada Water Dispute : Company Denies It Wants To Take Water During Times Of Drought '' . Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schindler , D.W. , The cumulative effects of climate warming and other stresses on Canadian freshwaters in the new millennium , in Bendell - Young , Leah and Gallaugher , Patricia , 2001 , Waters in Peril , Springer Science , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7504 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mason , Gary ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` In a water war , Canada could get hosed '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Terry L. , and Landry , Clay J. , Exporting Water To The World ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Fischhendler , Itay , 2003 , Can Basin Management Be Successfully Ignored : The Case Of The US - Canada Transboundary Water , SOAS Water Issues Study Group ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : Figuères , Caroline M. , Tortaiada , Cecilia , and Rockström , Johan , 2003 , Rethinking Water Management : Innovative Approaches to Contemporary Issues , James & James / Earthscan , ISBN 1 - 85383 - 999 - X , page 57 - 60 . Jump up ^ Daniel M. Krainin ; Edward M. Grauman ; Karen M. Hansen ; Madeleine Boyer Kadas ; Laura L. LaValle ; Bryan J. Moore ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Supreme Court Sides with Oklahoma In Dispute with Texas Water District '' . The National Law Review . Beveridge & Diamond PC . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ronnie D. Lipschutz , Ken Conca , `` The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics '' . Columbia University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08107 - 3 . Book info on Google Books Jump up ^ Douglas R. Weiner , `` A Little Corner of Freedom : Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev '' . University of California Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23213 - 5 . On Google Books p. 415 Jump up ^ By Bess A. Brown , UZBEKISTAN RESURRECTS RIVER - DIVERSION SCHEME : DESPERATION OR INSPIRATION ? Jump up ^ Rustam Temirov , LOBBYING GROWS IN MOSCOW FOR SIBERIA - UZBEKISTAN WATER SCHEME. 2 / 19 / 2003 . Jump up ^ Sergei Blagov , KAZAKHSTAN , KYRGYZSTAN , UZBEKISTAN , AND TAJIKISTAN SIGN PACT TO PRESERVE ARAL SEA . September 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ Siberian River Project Revived 08 - Sep - 06 External links ( edit ) Great Lakes Commission : Declaration of Partnerships . Council of the Great Lakes Governors . Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade , 1999 , Strategy Launched to Prohibit the Bulk Removal of Canadian Water , Including Water for Export . Sun Belt Water Inc. , Company website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_export&oldid=853409524 '' Categories : Water Water and politics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Water shortage and freshwater resources
2. Water exports from Canada to the US
3. Environmental concerns and legal issues
4. Alternatives to large-scale water exports
5. Water exports in Germany and Russia
|
-8,389,158,175,571,574,000 |
who played gary ewing's wife on knots landing
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Valene Ewing - wikipedia Valene Ewing Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Valene Ewing <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Knots Landing and Dallas character Portrayed by Joan Van Ark Duration 1978 -- 81 , 1991 , 2013 ( Dallas ) 1979 -- 93 , 1997 ( Knots Landing ) First appearance September 23 , 1978 Reunion , Part 1 Last appearance March 18 , 2013 Ewings Unite ! ( Dallas ) Created by David Jacobs Spin - off appearances Dallas ( 1978 series ) Dallas ( 2012 series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Verna Ellers Occupation Published author of `` Capricorn Crude '' , `` Nashville Junction '' , and `` Hostage '' Home Knots Landing 16966 Seaview Circle California , USA <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Father Jeremiah Clements Mother Lilimae Clements Brothers Joshua Rush Husband Gary Ewing ( 1961 -- 62 , 1979 -- 83 , 1991 -- ) Ben Gibson ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Danny Waleska ( 1990 ) Sons Bobby Ewing II Daughters Lucy Ewing Betsy Ewing Stepdaughters Molly Whittaker Uncles Jonathan J. Rush Aunts June Rush , née Patrick Virginia `` Ginny '' Bullock , née Patrick Valene `` Val '' Ewing ( maiden name Clements , formerly Gibson , Waleska ) , portrayed by Joan Van Ark , is a fictional character in the CBS primetime soap opera Knots Landing , a spin - off from the long - running series Dallas , in which she also appeared . The character originated on Dallas in 1978 as the mother of Lucy Ewing and ex-wife of Gary Ewing ( the second son of oil baron Jock and Miss Ellie Ewing ) . Van Ark made several guest appearances on Dallas before becoming one of the main stars of the spin - off Knots Landing in December 1979 , though she continued to make small appearances in Dallas for the next several years . Van Ark played Valene in Knots Landing for thirteen of its fourteen seasons , which made her one of the show 's longest running stars . The character made her last Knots Landing appearance in 1997 , when she appeared in the reunion miniseries Knots Landing : Back to the Cul - de-Sac . In 2013 , Van Ark reprised her character for the new , updated version of Dallas . Valene 's storyline in her first two episodes on Dallas focuses on the rebuilding of her relationship with estranged ex-husband Gary Ewing . When Valene arrives in Texas to find her daughter , Lucy Ewing , she is brought back into the drama of the Ewing family . Upon arrival , she is reunited with Gary with whom she slowly falls back in love . Once Dallas became a hit , series creator David Jacobs proceeded to launch a spin - off series titled Knots Landing , which would feature Valene and Gary prominently . The actress had strong input on how they would create her character outline . She recalled , `` I remember going to wardrobe and getting a peachy pink waitress uniform , and the shoes . And then I was trying to get that Texas sound , her all important accent . And so we created her layer by layer . '' Van Ark received positive reviews for her portrayal of Valene , and received two Soap Opera Digest award nominations in the category `` Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial '' . Greg Hernandez said , `` Her character of Valene was a best - selling author , but her personal life was always a mess . She had her husband , Gary , stolen by another woman , then got pregnant by him , her twin babies were kidnapped by a crooked doctor , she was given a drug overdose at gunpoint by her ex-husband's fiancee , and she racked up enough marriages to give Elizabeth Taylor a run for her money . But she and Gary Ewing ( Ted Shackelford ) made for one of television 's most beloved couples and the audience never stopped rooting for them to get back together . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Casting and creation 1.2 Characterization and relationships 2 Return 3 Character Arc 3.1 Dallas 3.2 Knots Landing 3.3 Dallas ( 2012 TV series ) 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) From the outset , Dallas was centered around the lives of the wealthy Ewing family who lived in Dallas , Texas . Once the show became a success after the initial run as a five - episode miniseries , the producers decided to expand the roles of certain characters . They introduced the parents of Lucy Ewing ( Charlene Tilton ) , who had not been shown on - screen until that point . Actress Joan Van Ark was contacted by series creator David Jacobs about joining the show . Her husband , John Marshall , convinced her to take the opportunity . In an interview for an episode of Celebrity Weddings , Van Ark said : `` At the time Dallas came up , I was doing two different jobs . They offered me to join Dallas , which would be shot in Dallas , Texas at Southfork . I read the script and it was buzzed about already ... they were saying this was the hot new show . I said to myself , ' How can I be in Los Angeles doing this , down in Dallas , and then back in New York doing two days worth of Estée Lauder commercials ? ' He ( my husband ) read it and said , ' You 've got to . It 's a wonderful part . So , my husband talked me into a role that would become a fifteen - year chapter in my life . '' When asked about the casting process , Van Ark explained : `` It all happened so fast . They sent me a script for a ( Dallas ) two - part guest shot , but I was supposed to be in New York recording commercials . My husband - much like Larry Hagman 's wife , Maj , talked him into playing J.R. - basically talked me into playing Val . '' She later added , `` I thought the script was wonderful , and ( Valene ) was a great character . But we created her within those two episodes . I remember going to wardrobe and getting a peachy pink waitress uniform , and the shoes . And then I was trying to get that Texas sound , her all important accent . And so we created her layer by layer . '' During the second season of Dallas , David Jacobs decided to create a spin - off for the quickly growing franchise . He wanted to create a television show based on `` family issues and examining relationships at the middle class level '' . The production company , CBS , turned down this idea , as they wanted something more `` glitzy '' to put on the air , with wealthier characters , which would become Dallas . After the success of Dallas , Jacobs ' presented his initial idea again and created Knots Landing , with some alterations of his original script . In an interview , Jacobs explained : `` Well , that 's pretty good , but you know - and then he pulled out the pages that we 'd left for them a few years ago on Knots Landing , or a year before on Knots , and he said , ' Is there any way we can make this a spin - off ? ' I just took one of the couples and made it , you know , Val and Gary who had already been created on the parent series and putting them into the mix , but when you have four couples and you change one , you sort of have to change the dynamic all the way around . However , once I wrote the script , remarkably little changed from the script and the pilot as you would see it . '' Gary Ewing was originally played by actor David Ackroyd , but Ackroyd was unable to sign on for the spin - off , and Ted Shackelford assumed the role . Initially , it was presumed that Charlene Tilton would be joining Knots Landing as Gary and Val 's daughter , but the network decided to keep her on Dallas in order to keep the two shows separate . She did , however , make a guest appearance in the first season . Van Ark appeared in Knots Landing for thirteen seasons of its fourteen - season run before she left to pursue other interests . According to co-star Michele Lee , Van Ark was apparently offered a role on an NBC sitcom after she left the show . The actress reprised her role for the series finale of Knots Landing , where Val is revealed to have been alive the whole time . When asked about her departure in an interview with the Los Angeles Times , she said : `` I could stay forever on the show and be safe . But three years ago I did Night of the Iguana in Williamstown ( Massachusetts ) , and I had a quote from Tennessee Williams taped on my mirror , taken from an essay he 'd written on success . It said , and I 'm paraphrasing here : ' Security is in the shape of a kidney - shaped pool in Los Angeles , where you sit waiting for your residual checks . ' I was in a comfortable spot on Knots , and an artist should not be comfortable . I 'd forgotten that there was a character I 'd loved for 13 years . She was the seed of the show . I am the sole person to spin off from Dallas ( because actor David Ackroyd originated the role of Gary on that show ) . Valene gave Knots a note of spirituality . There was a heart that was Valene . I hope they treat her with respect , that she is seen out with a resolution she deserves . '' Characterization and relationships ( edit ) Donna Mills as Abby Cunningham , the primary villain of the show , who seduces Gary Ewing from Val . Throughout the course of the show , Val was often played up as the good girl character . When asked about whether Val was a weak character , Van Ark said : `` God , no . No she was n't . For the very reason that she went through so much and landed on both feet . She was strong in a realistic kind of way . I do remember that TV Guide did a quote that the three of us can be compared to Earth , Wind and Fire . Michele was the Earth , I was the Wind and Donna was the Fire . I think that really captured it . '' Van Ark was later asked about who she saw Val as today . She said , `` Of course the dysfunctional elements would come out . Why even bother otherwise ? But of course they would persevere and still be together after all . I think Valene was headed to , and my sister 's like this , after years of doing everything for her husband and her children , Valene was going to further her achievements in the professional world . I think if you saw Valene today she 'd be much more accomplished as a writer and would be very successful overall . '' The actress also said : Since Valene , I 've tried to do anything and everything but play a goody - two - shoes . I love Val , I adore her . But I spent a total of 15 years -- if you count the first year I played her on Dallas . That was quite an investment for me as an actress . If you were playing a goody - two - shoes today , the tabloid media would be dying to catch you on a bad day . Look at what they 've done to Tiger Woods . Look at what they 've done to that man . My feeling is his father -- or the absence of his father in his life -- is ( the root of ) what 's going on with Tiger and that marriage . But the media wo n't leave him alone . No matter who you are , ( the celebrity coverage ) is obsessive and constant . It 's hurtful . For me , if they show my face in a bad photo , they latch into me hook , line and sinker . Even Entertainment Tonight now has blood on their hands . It 's brutal . I wonder what they 'll do with Alec Baldwin now . He was my brother on Knots . They really threw him under a bus ( when endlessly publicizing his infamous voice - mail rant against daughter Ireland , then 11 , in 2007 ) . He loves that child so much . '' Valene 's relationship with Gary is important to the understanding of her overall character . The Gary / Abby / Valene love triangle , which involved Gary cheating on Valene with Abby Cunningham -- the show 's main villain -- was a monumental storyline for all three characters . Van Ark described the storyline : `` There was n't really anything I could think of , but I will mention that Ted and I went in way early , whenever Donna Mills came on the show , and told David Jacobs that it made total sense that Gary would fall for Abby . I ca n't believe I did that but it really provided me with some great stories . Because they were celebrating Donna Mills and she became the center but Gary and Val were supposed to be this enduring couple . Ted and I were saying Gary and Val should break up and Gary should go with Abby . It was a pretty big deal to break up the couple that the show began with . So ( the producers ) were going toward this , then they pulled away but eventually returned to it . David Jacobs was against it but we convinced him . And it was the longest running story on the show . It took a long time for them to get back together . Eight years . '' Ted Shackelford , who plays Gary , described the love story , `` I ca n't complain . I mean , Gary spent six or seven years being led down the primrose path by one stupid broad after another . So with Val ... You 'd think after 13 years , at the age they are ( Val is 44 , Gary is 46 ) and the amount of bullshit they 've been through , they would have learned something ! They 'd probably have a very comfortable life by now . But it makes for a dead story line . '' When asked about working with Van Ark , he said : `` I do n't know how it could get any better . She 's remarkable , and I 'm not blowing smoke up your ass . I 'd tell you if I thought she was a pain in the ass , although sometimes she is a pain in the ass . But my best work is done with Joan . '' Van Ark also discussed Valene 's relationship with her daughter , Lucy Ewing . She said , `` The spine or the beginning of the series was Gary and Val , coming over from Dallas , so maybe there should have been more Lucy . I do know that CBS and the producers of both shows wanted to keep the two shows separate but in the beginning you had Larry Hagman and others going over to Knots . '' Return ( edit ) With the 2012 continuation of Dallas , there was talk of some Knots Landing characters returning to air . Rumors began surfacing that both Van Ark and Shackelford would reprise their roles as Valene and Gary . Ted Shackelford passed on the small role the producers offered him to reprise his role as Gary Ewing on the new series . Van Ark refuted the claims , saying : `` Well , rumor has it ... I 'm having lunch with Ted tomorrow . They asked him to come down and be part of it . It was several months ago , and he 's deeply into filming The Young and the Restless , the daytime soap for CBS . But if they asked Gary , maybe they 'll ask ( for Val ) . '' She would , however , love to be involved if the producers asked her , especially to torment fellow cast - member Larry Hagman . `` There is no doubt about it . This man I loved so much , Larry Hagman ... I was just at his birthday party several months ago ... I would kill , that if Val came back , if it was trouble for J.R. . Because they were always at odds . '' However , Gary and Valene 's daughter , Lucy Ewing , along with Ray Krebbs have made appearances in the new series . Although both Shackleford and Van Ark appeared in the 1991 series finale of Dallas playing `` alternative '' versions of Gary and Valene ( the episode depicted a fantasy world in which J.R. had never been born ) , there have been no real crossovers of story or characters from Knots Landing to Dallas or vice versa since the 1985 - 86 season of each show ( which , on Dallas , turned out to be a dream had by Pamela Ewing ) . On October 17 , 2012 , TV Guide reported that Joan Van Ark and Ted Shackelford are set to return to Dallas , reprising their characters Valene and Gary Ewing for three episodes in the show 's second season , which is set to air in 2013 . According to Joan Van Ark , she will appear as Valene in one episode only . Character arc ( edit ) Dallas ( edit ) Valene 's ( Joan Van Ark , pictured in present day ) storylines primarily revolved around her romantic relationship with Gary Ewing , the love of her life , with other characters often added internal conflict . Valene Ewing first appears in Dallas in 1978 , as the mother of Lucy Ewing ( Charlene Tilton ) and the ex-wife of Gary Ewing ( David Ackroyd , later played by Ted Shackelford ) , the middle son and the black sheep of the Ewing family . Valene and Gary Ewing were first married in their adolescence in 1961 , when Gary was 17 years old and Valene was 15 . When a pregnant Valene persuades Gary to take her to the Southfork Ranch in order to introduce her to his family , they settle down at Southfork , and Miss Ellie gave Gary a job as ranch foreman . However , Gary and Valene were soon pressured and manipulated by Gary 's older brother , J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ) , who constantly tried to undermine and destroy their marriage . Meanwhile , Gary 's father , Jock Ewing , put pressure on Gary to stand up and face his responsibilities for becoming a teenage husband and father - to - be . When Valene gives birth to their daughter Lucy , J.R. makes it clear that the child is an Ewing and will be raised by the Ewings themselves . J.R. 's constant interference causes Gary and Val 's marriage to collapse . Under the pressure , Gary fell victim to alcoholism , became violent in the process and walked out on Val and Lucy . With Gary gone , Valene is then driven off Southfork by J.R. , but she soon returns to get baby Lucy and flees to Virginia , and later to Tennessee , where she tries to get help from her mother , Lilimae Clements ( Julie Harris ) , to take them in , but they are turned away . At this point , Valene and Lucy had already been tracked down by heavies that were hired by J.R. and the heavies rip Lucy right out of Valene 's arms , and take Lucy back to Southfork to be raised by her paternal grandparents . When Valene later tried to take legal action to get Lucy back , J.R. warned Valene that he 'd kill her if she came back to the state of Texas . Valene is prevented from seeing her daughter again for many years as a result of this . Valene 's bitterness over her mother 's indifference , and the subsequent loss of Lucy is not resolved until 1979 when she and Gary move to Knots Landing . Much of this early backstory is told through flashbacks in episodes of Knots Landing , and is only briefly referenced in Dallas . While working in a diner in 1978 , Valene decided to wait for Lucy outside her school and they got to know each other . They stayed in contact with each other in secret for several months afterward . In the fall of 1978 , Lucy arranges a reunion for her parents . Gary and Valene move back to Southfork for a short time , but their reunion is again undermined by J.R. , who arranged for Gary to take charge of a failing company , hoping that the pressure would drive Gary away . Gary realized that he would fall off the wagon unless he left Southfork , so he departed . J.R. then turned on Valene , trying to bribe her , before ordering her to leave . In December 1979 , Valene and Gary are reunited once more in Dallas , and get married for the second time . Gary 's parents , Jock Ewing ( Jim Davis ) and Miss Ellie Ewing ( Barbara Bel Geddes ) , as well as Gary 's brother , Bobby ( Patrick Duffy ) , and sister - in - law Pamela Barnes Ewing ( Victoria Principal ) , attend the wedding . Shortly afterward , they move to California to live in a home that Miss Ellie had bought for them as a wedding gift . Valene also appears in the final episode of Dallas during J.R. 's dream , which showed how things would have turned out had J.R. never existed . In this dream , Val meets Gary for the first time when they are both middle aged and they take a liking to each other , highlighting the idea that Gary and Val were always destined to end up together one way or another . Knots Landing ( edit ) After their remarriage , Valene and Gary Ewing move to Knots Landing , a coastal suburb of Los Angeles , California . Valene is initially skeptical of the move , and describes Knots Landing as `` no place to start over '' . She is struck by her neighbors , the Fairgates , and particularly by Sid 's daughter , Annie , from Sid 's first marriage , who reminds Val of her own daughter , Lucy . Gary is determined to stay and convinces Val to give Knots Landing a chance . Val becomes involved in Jimmy Carter 's 1980 re-election effort , joining the local chapter of the Carter - Mondale ' 80 campaign . She also signs up neighbor Karen Fairgate ( Michele Lee ) and the pair eventually become best friends , a relationship struck when Annie , on the run , turns to Val for help , and Val convinces her to return to her father and stepmother . Val remained a central character on the show from 1979 to 1992 . Gary and Val 's daughter , Lucy , visits her parents in Knots Landing and appears in one episode in the show 's first season . Though largely uneducated , Valene discovers she has a talent for writing and writes a thinly veiled expose of the Ewings of Dallas called `` Capricorn Crude '' . Gary is extremely critical of the book , which affects their marriage . However , the book is published and Val becomes a best - selling novelist and financially independent . Val leaves Gary after Gary 's affair with his neighbor and business partner , Abby Cunningham ( Donna Mills ) ; and Val keeps the house in Seaview Circle . Gary and Val 's second marriage ended in divorce nearly a year later . Val is subsequently married to Ben Gibson ( Doug Sheehan ) ( 1985 - 1987 ) , and later briefly to Danny Waleska ( Sam Behrens ) ( 1990 ) . One of Val 's most memorable storylines occurs during the 1984 - 85 season when she is told that her infant twins are stillborn . Val senses that this could not be true as she clearly remembers hearing the babies cry . She suffers a nervous breakdown and disappears from Knots Landing for several months , and is later reunited with her babies , thanks largely to the investigations secretly undertaken by her neighbors Mack and Karen MacKenzie . In 1991 , over 8 years after their second divorce , Gary and Val got married for the third time ( Valene 's fifth marriage , and Gary 's fourth ) . While working on an assignment to write a biography about Greg Sumner ( William Devane ) in 1992 , Valene crosses paths with some mafioso type characters who are targeting Sumner . Fearing that she could expose them , they kidnap Val and she is later believed to have died in a car accident . Joan Van Ark had decided to leave the series in 1992 , at the end of Season 13 , which turned out to be the show 's penultimate season . However , Van Ark came back in the 2 - part finale to the show 's final season in 1993 , when it was discovered that Val was never in the car . Having escaped her kidnappers , she later returns to the cul - de-sac . Valene is seen once again in the 1997 reunion mini-series Knots Landing : Back to the Cul - de-Sac where she begins a new career as a screenwriter and adapts her best - selling novel `` Hostage '' , which tells the story of her kidnapping five years earlier , into a film . Dallas ( 2012 TV series ) ( edit ) In 2013 , it transpires Gary and Valene have separated again due to Gary falling off the wagon . Sue Ellen Ewing calls Val on behalf of Gary , to tell her that Gary misses her . Val shows up at Southfork with her daughter Lucy , where Gary coldly refuses to return home with her . Val realizes she has returned to Dallas under false pretenses and confronts Sue Ellen , who tells her to resume her relationship with Gary while she still has the chance . Reception ( edit ) For her portrayal of Valene , Van Ark received two Soap Opera Digest awards in the category `` Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial '' . Greg Hernandez said , `` Before I go on , I have to confess that I was a die - hard fan of Knots Landing , the series on which Joan played sweet Valene Ewing for 14 years . Her character of Valene was a best - selling author but her personal life was always a mess . She had her husband , Gary , stolen by another woman then got pregnant by him , her twin babies were kidnapped by a crooked doctor , she was given a drug overdose at gunpoint by her ex-husband's fiancee , and she racked up enough marriages to give Elizabeth Taylor a run for her money . But she and Gary Ewing ( Ted Shackleford ) made for one of television 's most beloved couples and the audience never stopped rooting for them to get back together . Joan keeps in touch with Ted ( pictured with Joan , above at a `` Knots '' reunion a few years back ) , Michelle Lee - who played her best friend Karen - and the great stage star Julie Harris who played her mother . '' Knots Landing itself has experienced a tremendous fan following and dedication . Van Ark said of this , `` It 's amazing . It 's like having friends everywhere in the United States . I heard that a group a fans from London were coming in just to see us at this ( autograph convention ) . We get a lot of fan mail from Europe -- France , Germany , Russia . Knots has a huge following , and I think fans of the show are loving and loyal . Not many shows last 14 years on prime - time . That 's a milestone , and I 'm very proud of it . '' The Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Valene Ewing Gibson would be the first to admit that the past seven years have been no day at the beach . She lost her first husband to a sultry siren who applies eyeliner with a trowel . She opened her heart and her home to a nagging mother who could drive Mother Teresa to slit her wrists . She discovered a long - lost brother who just happened to be a psychotic TV evangelist . She even had a nervous breakdown that left her convinced her name was Verna , and was an ' I do ' away from tying the knot with a scheming sleazeball who was well aware of her family ties to the Ewings of Dallas even if she had forgotten . '' Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Dallas Stages a Knots LandingReunion '' . TV Guide . Gemstar Media . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dallas : The Complete Story of the World 's Favorite Prime - Time Soap , pp. 28 ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Greg ( February 3 , 2008 ) . `` Chatting up Joan Van Ark ... '' . Out in Hollywood.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Outtakes : JOAN VAN ARK '' . Wedding TV . Creamdove Limited . January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dallas : The Complete Story of the World 's Favorite Prime - Time Soap , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : In conversation with series creator David Jacbos '' . Knots Landing.net ( The Official Knots Landing Website ) . CBS . Jump up ^ Dallas : The Complete Story of the World 's Favorite Prime - Time Soap , pp. 49 Jump up ^ Dallas : The Complete Story of the World 's Favorite Prime - Time Soap , pp. 61 Jump up ^ Carmody , John ( June 29 , 1992 ) . `` The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Washington Post Media . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilker , Deborah ( June 21 , 1992 ) . `` ' Knots Landing ' Looks Back on 13 Seasons '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Times Union ( Albany ) . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Knots Landing Episode Guide : Season 14 '' . Knots Landing.net ( The Official Knots Landing Website ) . CBS . Jump up ^ Slate , Libby . `` Actress Joan Van Ark Unties the Knot : Television : One of the original cast members of ' Knots Landing ' is leaving to pursue other interests '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : In conversation with Joan Van Ark ( Val Ewing ) '' . Knots Landing.net ( The Official Knots Landing Website ) . CBS . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , Chris ( February 3 , 2008 ) . `` Knot Cougars ? '' . Retoroality.tv . USA Today . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Mark ( April 19 , 1991 ) . `` Totally Knots '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` On the Set : The Ewings Return to Dallas '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig . `` TV Out Of The Box : Joan Van Ark On Whether We 'll Be Seeing Valene On Dallas '' . KSiteTV.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael . `` TV Previews '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultimatedallas.com/dallasnews/2013/02/06/joan-van-ark-talks-about-her-return-to-dallas-tnt/ Jump up ^ Holderman , Jerry ( May 8 , 1986 ) . `` Stormy years on ` Knots Landing ' : Joan Van Ark and Val Ewing both pull through '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . References ( edit ) Curran , Barbara A. ( 2005 ) . Dallas : The Complete Story of the World 's Favorite Prime - Time Soap . Cumberland House Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1581824728 . External links ( edit ) Valene Ewing on IMDb Valene Ewing Biography at Ultimate Dallas.com <Th_colspan="2"> Dallas <Td_colspan="2"> Original series ( 1978 -- 1991 ) Revival series ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Characters Original series regulars Liz Adams Cliff Barnes Pamela Barnes Ewing James Beaumont Donna Culver Krebbs Bobby Ewing Miss Ellie Farlow Jack Ewing Jock Ewing J.R. Ewing Lucy Ewing Sue Ellen Ewing Clayton Farlow Cally Harper Ewing Ray Krebbs Carter McKay April Stevens Ewing Michelle Stevens Jenna Wade Krebbs Revival series regulars Pamela Rebecca Barnes Ann Ewing Bobby Ewing Christopher Ewing John Ross Ewing J.R. Ewing Sue Ellen Ewing Drew Ramos Elena Ramos Emma Judith Ryland Harris Ryland Nicolas Treviño Supporting Rebecca Barnes Wentworth Digger Barnes Afton Cooper Marta Del Sol Gary Ewing Jamie Ewing Valene Ewing Bum Jones Judith Brown - Ryland Kristin Shepard Katherine Wentworth Families Ewing family Barnes family Listings Original series ( characters and cast ) Revival series ( characters and cast ) Seasons Original series : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Revival series : 1 TV movies Dallas : The Early Years ( 1986 ) Dallas : J.R. Returns ( 1996 ) Dallas : War of the Ewings ( 1998 ) Dallas Reunion : The Return to Southfork ( 2004 ) Related articles Original series crew David Jacobs Cynthia Cidre Lorimar Television Southfork Ranch ( Cloyce Box Ranch ) Dallas in popular culture Who shot J.R. ? Dallas Quest Knots Landing <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Knots Landing Main characters Laura Avery Richard Avery Jill Bennett Lilimae Clements Abby Cunningham Olivia Cunningham Gary Ewing Valene Ewing Diana Fairgate Michael Fairgate Sid Fairgate Cathy Geary Ben Gibson Karen MacKenzie Mack MacKenzie Anne Matheson Paige Matheson Joshua Rush Greg Sumner Ginger Ward Kenny Ward Claudia Whittaker Kate Whittaker Frank Williams Episodes Episodes Telemovies Knots Landing : Back to the Cul - de-Sac ( 1997 ) Knots Landing Reunion : Together Again ( 2005 ) Other David Jacobs ( creator ) Dallas ( 1978 - 91 ) Ewing family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valene_Ewing&oldid=800165873 '' Categories : Dallas ( TV franchise ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Fictional writers Dallas ( TV franchise ) Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 21 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Valene Ewing - fictional character
2. Knots Landing - TV show
3. Dallas - TV show
4. Joan Van Ark - actress
5. Gary Ewing - character
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who won the cricket world cup most times
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List of Cricket World Cup finals - wikipedia List of Cricket World Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search The Cricket World Cup is an international cricket competition established in 1975 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament generally takes place every four years . Most recently , the 2015 Cricket World Cup , jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand , was won by ( ( Australia national cricket team A , who beat their co-hosts New Zealand . The current trophy was instituted in 1999 . It always remains with the ICC , and a replica is awarded to the winning team . Nations with Test status automatically qualify for the World Cup , while associate and affiliate ICC members must qualify through a qualification tournament , the World Cup Qualifier . Though an associate member is yet to reach the final , Kenya did reach the semi-finals in 2003 . Australia is the most successful team in the competition 's history , winning five tournaments and finishing as runner - up twice . Twice , teams have won successive tournaments : the West Indies won the first two editions ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia won three in a row ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) . Australia has played in the most finals ( seven out of eleven : 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England is the team to reach the final and not win the World Cup most often , ending as runner - up in all three final appearances . Of the twenty teams that have qualified for at least one Cricket World Cup , seven have contested a tournament final . Seven venues have hosted the final ; only two of those -- Lord 's , in London , and the Melbourne Cricket Ground -- have hosted multiple finals . India is the only country that has hosted a World Cup final at more than one venue , with Eden Gardens , Kolkata , hosting in 1987 and Mumbai 's Wankhede Stadium hosting in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of finals 3 Results by country 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Lord 's has hosted the final four times . The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord 's , contested by Australia and the West Indies . A man of the match performance , including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50 / 3 , formed the basis of a 149 - run fourth - wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai . Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60 - over encounter . In reply , Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls . Australia `` contributed to their own destruction '' in an innings with five run outs , and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions , winning by 17 runs . Four years later , the West Indies qualified for the final , this time facing England , hosted at Lord 's for the second consecutive tournament . An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards , and support from Collis King in a 139 - run partnership for the fifth wicket , saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs . A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott ( the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures ) saw England to 129 . However , following Brearley 's dismissal , only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a `` brief assault '' on the West Indian bowling , before a batting collapse , Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls . England ended 194 all out , and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title , winning by 92 runs . Lord 's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983 , and was West Indies ' third consecutive final . On this occasion , they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators . Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs , and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty ; Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183 . Following the dismissals of Viv Richards , Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by Madan Lal for six runs between them , the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out , handing the title to India by 43 runs . India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament ; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England , both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title . Australia won the toss and elected to bat first ; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries , while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253 / 5 by the close of play , this time after 50 overs . In front of around 70,000 spectators , England 's middle order of Bill Athey , Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance , but with 17 runs required in the final over to win , England fell short and lost by 7 runs . The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand , with the first ever day / night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan . In their first final appearance , Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first . Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle , Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third - wicket partnership of 139 . Both Inzamam - ul - Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run - a-ball , leading Pakistan to a total of 249 / 6 in 50 overs . A crowd of over 87,000 saw man - of - the - match Wasim Akram take three of England 's wickets , including that of all - rounder Ian Botham for a duck , after Graeme Hick was `` baffled by the googly '' . England were bowled out for 227 , and Pakistan won by 22 runs . India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996 . Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final , and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day / night contest . After winning the toss , Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore . Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second - wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241 / 7 . Man of the match Aravinda de Silva 's century , assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare , and their first win in the final . This was the first time a host won the title , though the final was played in Pakistan . It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious . Australia 's Adam Gilchrist made sizeable contributions with the bat in three consecutive finals . Australia 's `` 12 - year era of World Cup dominance '' began with the 1999 tournament , hosted for the fourth time by England . In a `` one - sided '' final , Shane Warne 's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs , all out with 11 overs yet to bat . A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist , and support from Mark Waugh , Ponting and Darren Lehmann , saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs , winning by eight wickets . The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts : South Africa , Kenya and Zimbabwe , the final being a day / night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg . Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting , making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234 . Australia batted out their fifty overs , and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history : 359 / 2 . Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India 's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership . However , following Dravid 's dismissal , India 's batting collapsed , and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining , handing Australia a 125 - run victory . The 2007 final , held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados , was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two - hour rain delay . Australia 's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first - wicket partnership in World Cup history . Australia ended on 281 / 4 , an average of 7.39 runs per over . In reply , Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket , but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20 , Sri Lanka capitulated . Despite a revised target , due to a further rain break , calculated using the Duckworth -- Lewis method , Sri Lanka scored 215 -- 8 from their allotted overs . With a 53 - run victory , Australia won their third consecutive World Cup . Bangladesh , India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament , with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai . Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs , Sri Lanka 's innings ended on 274 / 6 , Mahela Jayawardene top - scoring with an unbeaten 103 . Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings , Tendulkar soon followed him , but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare . By winning the match , India became the first team to win the finals on home soil . List of finals ( edit ) Key to list of finals The final was played as a day / night game . The final was decided by the Duckworth -- Lewis method . The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and links to the article about that tournament . The links in the `` Result '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals , along with the host nation and location and result of the final Year Winner Result Runner - up Final venue Host nation ( s ) Crowd West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) Lord 's , London England 24,000 1979 West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Lord 's , London England 32,000 India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Lord 's , London England 30,000 Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata , India India , Pakistan 95,000 1992 Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) MCG , Melbourne , Australia Australia , New Zealand 87,182 Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore , Pakistan India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka 62,645 1999 Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) Lord 's , London England , Wales , Ireland , Scotland , Netherlands 30,000 2003 Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) Wanderers , Johannesburg , South Africa Kenya , South Africa , Zimbabwe 32,827 2007 Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown West Indies 28,108 2011 India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai , India Bangladesh , India , Sri Lanka 65,000 2015 Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) MCG , Melbourne , Australia Australia , New Zealand 93,013 Results by country ( edit ) Map of winning countries National team Final appearances Winners Runners - up Years won Years runners - up Australia 7 5 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 1975 , 1996 India 1983 , 2011 2003 West Indies 1975 , 1979 Sri Lanka 2007 , 2011 Pakistan 1992 1999 England 0 -- 1979 , 1987 , 1992 New Zealand 0 -- 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ICC CWC History '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC Cricket World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodrigopulle , Elmo ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Big money for winner of World Cup 2007 '' . Daily News ( Sri Lanka ) . Cabinet of Sri Lanka . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wijesiri , Lionel ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Battle for World cricket supremacy '' . Daily News ( Sri Lanka ) . Cabinet of Sri Lanka . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outsiders seek to prove their worth '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu Group . 4 March 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup / Records / Series results '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` The World Cup -- A brief history '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Vatsyayana , Manoj ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` A history of the Cricket World Cup from 1975 to 2007 '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / World Cup / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai now also becomes cricket capital '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi : HT Media Ltd. 2 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prudential World Cup -- 1975 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Lloyd -- 1975 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prudential World Cup , 1975 -- Fall of wickets and partnerships '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Preston , Norman . `` The Prudential World Cup Final , 1975 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prudential World Cup , 1979 -- Fall of wickets and partnerships '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prudential World Cup -- 1979 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Preston , Norman . `` Prudential World Cup final , 1979 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Lloyd -- 1979 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` India defy the odds '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prudential World Cup -- 1983 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reliance World Cup -- 1987 / 88 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 -- 88 World Cup -- Final '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benson & Hedges World Cup -- 1991 / 92 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Benson & Hedges World Cup 1991 -- 92 final '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wills World Cup -- Final -- Australia v Sri Lanka '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Coverdale , Brydon . `` Rollercoaster riders '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Reiffel -- 1999 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2003 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup -- Final -- Australia v Pakistan '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Partnership records '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup -- Final -- Australia v India '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Brett , Oliver ( 28 April 2007 ) . `` Final : Australia v Sri Lanka '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup Final 2006 / 07 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket News . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheringham , Sam ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup Final 2010 / 11 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official ICC website Winning Squads <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 <Td_colspan="3"> Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cricket_World_Cup_finals&oldid=812131214 '' Categories : Cricket World Cup Lists of Cricket World Cup matches Cricket World Cup Finals Cricket World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी ଓଡ଼ିଆ اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 04 : 15 . 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1. Cricket World Cup finals
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in what order should one watch the marvel movies
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List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe films <Td_colspan="2"> Packaging for the Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Phase One : Avengers Assembled Blu - ray box set Produced by Kevin Feige Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Production company Marvel Studios Columbia Pictures ( SM ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 2008 -- 11 ) Universal Pictures ( TIH ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2012 -- present ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ) Release date 2008 -- present Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 17 films ) : $3.207 billion ( gross ) $3.083 billion ( net ) Box office Total ( 17 films ) : $13.308 billion The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 17 films , with 9 more in various stages of production . The series collectively has grossed over $13.3 billion at the global box office , making it the highest - grossing film franchise of all time . Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Avi Arad served as a producer on the two 2008 releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk and Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , and Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , with Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) , and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . A sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phase One 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 7.2 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 7.3 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 7.4 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.5 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.6 Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) 7.7 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) 7.8 Other potential projects 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Phase one ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor as Iron Man in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with Arthur Marcum & Matt Holloway , and Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in North America on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to reference other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjolnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in North America . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man , Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . Captain America : the First Avenger ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi weaponry division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in North America on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in North America on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase Two ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States . on May 3 . The film is set six months after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , lets do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in North America on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in North America on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron . Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in North America . The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in North America on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Falcon ( Mackie ) , Captain America ( Chris Evans ) and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier ( Sebastian Stan ) . Phase Three ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="2"> James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost Kevin Feige Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange to set up the events of Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequels , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Vol. 3 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor 's belt Megingjörð is also referenced . The character Aaron Davis makes reference to his nephew Miles Morales in the film . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , imprisoned on another world without Mjölnir , must outlive a gladiatorial duel against his old friend -- the Hulk -- in order to return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo <Td_colspan="5"> Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier <Td_colspan="2"> Sebastian Stan Sebastian Stan <Td_colspan="7"> Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner <Td_colspan="6"> Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter <Td_colspan="2"> Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell <Td_colspan="7"> Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista <Td_colspan="4"> Dave Bautista <Td_colspan="4"> Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson <Td_colspan="2"> Samuel L. Jackson <Td_colspan="3"> Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana <Td_colspan="4"> Zoe Saldana <Td_colspan="4"> Groot Vin Diesel <Td_colspan="4"> Vin Diesel <Td_colspan="4"> Heimdall Idris Elba <Td_colspan="8"> Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders <Td_colspan="7"> Harold `` Happy '' Hogan <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jon Favreau <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jon Favreau Scott Lang Ant - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Rudd Paul Rudd <Td_colspan="7"> Loki Tom Hiddleston <Td_colspan="8"> Tom Hiddleston Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen <Td_colspan="7"> Nebula Karen Gillan <Td_colspan="4"> Karen Gillan <Td_colspan="4"> Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland <Td_colspan="4"> Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt <Td_colspan="4"> Chris Pratt <Td_colspan="4"> James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle <Td_colspan="4"> Terrence Howard Don Cheadle <Td_colspan="2"> Rocket Bradley Cooper <Td_colspan="4"> Bradley Cooper <Td_colspan="4"> Steve Rogers Captain America <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans Chris Evans <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson <Td_colspan="4"> Scarlett Johansson <Td_colspan="2"> Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross <Td_colspan="3"> William Hurt <Td_colspan="3"> William Hurt <Td_colspan="3"> Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård <Td_colspan="8"> Stellan Skarsgård Shuri <Td_colspan="2"> Letitia Wright <Td_colspan="8"> Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Robert Downey , Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch <Td_colspan="3"> Benedict Cumberbatch <Td_colspan="4"> Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Chadwick Boseman <Td_colspan="7"> Thor Chris Hemsworth <Td_colspan="3"> Chris Hemsworth <Td_colspan="4"> Chris Hemsworth Hope van Dyne Wasp <Td_colspan="2"> Evangeline Lilly <Td_colspan="9"> Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany <Td_colspan="7"> Sam Wilson Falcon <Td_colspan="2"> Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie <Td_colspan="7"> Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child who Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Home media ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose '' . The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 57 141 $140 million Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 402 494 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 61 123 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 225 215 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 241 290 $140 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,988 5 5 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 21 12 $200 million ( gross ) $178.4 million ( net ) Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 175 114 $170 million ( gross ) $152.7 million ( net ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 99 91 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 50 76 $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 12 7 $316 million ( gross ) $267.4 million ( net ) Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 227 172 $142 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 22 14 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 134 103 $165 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,750,730 $863,563,831 28 57 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $334,058,714 $545,965,784 $880,024,498 49 49 $175 million Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 $211,589,707 $438,500,000 $650,089,707 164 112 $180 million <Th_colspan="2"> Total $ 7009517041051200000 ♠ 5,170,410,512 $ 7009813722610700000 ♠ 8,137,226,107 $ 7010133076366190000 ♠ 13,307,636,619 $3.027 billion ( gross ) $2.903 billion ( net ) Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 94 % ( 268 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 279 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 270 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 80 % ( 252 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 328 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 79 % ( 297 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 252 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 271 reviews ) 70 ( 47 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 295 reviews ) 76 ( 52 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 323 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 82 % ( 284 reviews ) 64 ( 43 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 90 % ( 357 reviews ) 75 ( 52 reviews ) Doctor Strange 89 % ( 303 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 82 % ( 324 reviews ) 67 ( 47 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 301 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok 93 % ( 291 reviews ) 73 ( 48 reviews ) Average 83 % 67 Future ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status <Th_colspan="6"> Phase Three Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole Kevin Feige Post-production Avengers : Infinity War May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari and Paul Rudd Filming Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Geneva Robertson - Dworet Pre-production Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Filming <Th_colspan="6"> Post-Phase Three Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) TBA TBA Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Pre-production Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2020 ( 2020 ) <Td_colspan="2"> James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Black Panther ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther is scheduled to be released on February 16 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos , who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 . The film is set four years after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marvel has been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron . Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed he would return to direct in November 2015 , as well as the confirmation that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and is scheduled to last until November 2017 . Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Carol Danvers § Film In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Filming is expected to begin in March 2018 in California , and is scheduled to last until May 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson reprises his role as Nick Fury in the film , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man : Homecoming § Sequels In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . Filming is scheduled to begin in April or May 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) ( edit ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in 2020 . The film is set after Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . Other potential projects ( edit ) Three untitled films are set for release on May 1 , August 7 , and November 6 , 2020 . The August 7 film was previously scheduled for July 10 , 2020 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy these dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have ideas for films through 2021 , and additional storylines planned through 2028 . In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond '' . A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different , '' but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing . '' A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It is scheduled to premiere in November 2017 . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . The Inhumans were first introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Andrew W. Marlowe to write a script for Nick Fury . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . 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Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Frankly we were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp and when they told me maybe it could be Hawkeye and maybe Hawkeye was going to be Jeremy Renner , ' Are you kidding ! ' , I said . I was jumping up and down . I was thrilled . I get somebody like that to come and do something as cool as that ! Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' post-credits scene : What the heck WAS that thing ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks Thor Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Philbrick , Jami ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks ' The Avengers , ' ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , ' and ' Melancholia ' '' . IAmRogue.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . 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Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Iron Man 3 Synopsis Reveals Stark 's Personal Crisis '' . Blastr.com ( Syfy ) . October 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Kate ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' to come to theaters in 2013 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ; Fleming , Mike ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Shane Black To Direct Marvel 's ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 Notes '' ( pdf ) . Marvel.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Play the Mandarin in ' Iron Man 3 ' ? Plus First Photos from the Set '' . Collider.com . 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ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` This week 's cover : Meet the new boss in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Official Synopsis Spells Big Trouble for Tony Stark '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Announces ' Avengers 2 ' In Development '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr . To Return As Marvel 's Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' Casts James Spader as the Film 's Legendary Villain '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sapa ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming postponed , roads not closed '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whedon 's Avengers heading to Joburg '' . Channel 24 . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers 2 to assemble in UK '' . Screen Daily . 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Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Introduces Its Villain '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Bringing Hulk Into ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Is n't Lady Sif in Thor : Ragnarok ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Marvel.com . May 7 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Wraps Principal Photography '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel launches program for girl scientists '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Gets An Unnecessary ( But Awesome ) Second Trailer '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America to Return to Theaters May 6 , 2016 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Russo Brothers Explain Where Captain America : Civil War Starts '' . Comicbook.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch in Nepal '' . The Himalayan Times . November 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' shoot underway in UK with Benedict Cumberbatch '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch , Chiwetel Ejiofor spotted shooting scenes for Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' in New York '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Derrickson , Scott ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chu , Karen ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Director Addresses Whitewashing Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Offers Update on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy Assemble in a Rehearsal Photo '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # GoTGVol2 . WHEW . So much gratitude to my wonderful cast and crew . Thank you all '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . 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CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Back To Walley World : The Griswolds Go On ' Vacation ' Again '' . NPR . July 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel and Sony 's Spider - Man Reboot is Officially Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pratt , Tom Holland cross paths as Spider - Man : Homecoming starts filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Jennifer ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` '' Captain America : Civil War '' was shot in , around Atlanta `` . WXIA - TV . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Gamora Confirmed for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel : Groot & Hulk Must ' Get Down ' in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Idris Elba interview : Marvel movies are ' torture ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Thor ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Cobie Smulders joins ' Avengers ' cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Frank Grillo to play Crossbones in ' Captain America ' sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers 4 Set Photos Capture Iron Man Character 's Return '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Favreau Returning to ' Iron Man 3 ' -- As an Actor ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Rudd Set to Star in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Ant - Man & Doctor Strange Team Up In New Avengers : Infinity War Set Photos '' . Comicbook.com . 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Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Russo Brothers Confirm Star - Lord And Thor In Avengers : Infinity War '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Arienne ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Don Cheadle mellow , ' barely awake ' after Globes news '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Man 2 Interview ( Press Conference ) with Robert Downey Jr. , Mickey Rourke , Jon Favreau , Gwyneth Paltrow , Scarlett Johansson , Don Cheadle , Justin Thoreaux and Kevin Feige '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . 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Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2014 : Official : Evangeline Lilly & Corey Stoll Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . July 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Evangeline Lilly on introducing the Wasp , when she 'll join The Avengers '' . Blastr . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Bettany to Play the Vision in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Clip Confirms A Major Marvel Cameo '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe ' 10 - disc Blu - ray set announced '' . HD - Report . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Sued by Luggage Company Over ' Avengers ' Box Set Packaging '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Briefcase lawsuit delays Marvel 's ' Phase One ' box set until next spring -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's delayed ' Phase One ' box set to now feature ' Phase Two ' tease -- Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Cinematic Universe gets the DVD collector 's treatment for Phase Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 11 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 -- via The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2014 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 17 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 21 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Cinematic Universe Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . 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who has been in the most episodes of criminal minds
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Criminal Minds - wikipedia Criminal Minds Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Criminal Minds ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Criminal Minds <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Police procedural Action Thriller Crime drama Created by Jeff Davis Starring Mandy Patinkin Thomas Gibson Lola Glaudini Shemar Moore Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Paget Brewster Joe Mantegna Rachel Nichols Jeanne Tripplehorn Jennifer Love Hewitt Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Damon Gupton Daniel Henney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 296 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Gordon ( 2005 -- ) Jeff Davis ( 2005 -- 07 ) Edward Allen Bernero ( 2005 -- 11 ) Deborah Spera ( 2006 -- 11 ) Chris Mundy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Simon Mirren ( 2009 -- 11 ) Erica Messer ( 2010 -- ) Janine Sherman Barrois ( 2010 -- 15 ) Breen Frazier ( 2015 -- ) Harry Bring ( 2017 -- ) Glenn Kershaw ( 2017 -- ) Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 3 -- present ) Paramount Network Television ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( season 1 ) CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) CBS Television Studios ( 2009 -- present ) ( season 5 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Jeff Davis and is the original show in the Criminal Minds franchise . It premiered on September 22 , 2005 , on the broadcast network CBS . The series is produced by The Mark Gordon Company , in association with CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios ( a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company ) . Criminal Minds is set primarily at the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) based in Quantico , Virginia . In accordance with the show 's plot , Criminal Minds differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal , called the `` unsub '' or `` unknown subject '' , rather than the crime itself . The show has an ensemble cast that has had many cast member changes since its inception . Matthew Gray Gubler , A.J. Cook , Kirsten Vangsness , and Shemar Moore are the only actors to have appeared in every season . Thomas Gibson appeared in every season through Season 12 . The series follows a group of FBI profilers who set about catching various criminals through behavioral profiling . The plot focuses on the team working cases and on the personal lives of the characters , depicting the hardened life and statutory requirements of a profiler . The show spawned several spin - offs : Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior in 2011 , Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders in 2016 , and a South Korean adaptation in 2017 . On April 7 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a thirteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 American ratings 4.2. 1 Broadcast 4.2. 2 DVR 5 Syndication 6 Franchise 6.1 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior 6.2 Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders 6.3 크리미널 마인드 ( Criminal Minds Korea ) 6.4 Video game 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) When the series premiered in September 2005 , it featured FBI agents Jason Gideon , Aaron Hotchner , Elle Greenaway , Derek Morgan , Spencer Reid , Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau , and Penelope Garcia . For season 1 , Garcia was not a main cast member but rather had a recurring role , although she appeared in most episodes . In 2006 , at the start of season 2 , Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show , as she wanted to return home to New York City . Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss . At the start of season 3 , Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was deeply disturbed by the content of the series . He left letters of apology for his fellow cast members , explaining his reasons and wishing them luck . Joe Mantegna replaced him as David Rossi , a best - selling author and FBI agent who comes out of retirement . During season three , A.J. Cook became pregnant with her first child . Her pregnancy was written into the show . Cook 's son , Mekhai Andersen , has been written into a recurring role as Jennifer 's son Henry . Cook 's void during maternity leave was filled by Meta Golding , who played Jordan Todd , an FBI agent who works with the agency 's Counter Terrorism Unit . In season 6 , JJ is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon , causing her to leave the BAU . Later that season , Emily is seemingly killed off . Although she survives , she does not appear for the rest of the season . Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver , an FBI cadet . CBS 's decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions . CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss , respectively ; Nichols was released . In February 2012 Brewster announced her departure from the show after the seventh season . She was replaced in the eighth season by Jeanne Tripplehorn , who played Alex Blake , a linguistics expert . Later in season nine , Paget Brewster made a special guest appearance , reprising her role as Emily Prentiss in the 200th episode . After two seasons , Tripplehorn was released from the show . Former Ghost Whisperer star Jennifer Love Hewitt joined the cast as Kate Callahan , a former undercover FBI agent who joins the BAU . During season 10 , Jason Gideon was killed off - screen . Executive producer and showrunner Erica Messer said CBS and ABC Studios were fine with the decision because it was clear that Patinkin would not come back again , but the show would feature him in a flashback if he were ever to return in the future . Following the conclusion of season 10 , Hewitt and Cook announced that they will both be on hiatus from the show due to their pregnancies . Hewitt did not return for season 11 or any of the following ones , while Cook returned after the first seven episodes of season 11 . Aisha Tyler , who plays Dr. Tara Lewis , joined the show at the start of season 11 in a recurring role , though she appeared in most episodes . Later that season , Shemar Moore , who plays Derek Morgan , left the show after 11 seasons . He had thought to leave in the previous season when his contract ended but was persuaded to stay to give his character a proper sendoff . Messer said the initial thought was for Moore to do six episodes , but when that did n't feel like enough , they settled on Moore doing the first 18 episodes of that season , and he departed in March 2016 . He is replaced in the twelfth season by former CSI : Miami star Adam Rodriguez , who plays Luke Alvez , a Fugitive Task Force Agent . A week after Moore left , Paget Brewster made her second special guest appearance . In season 12 , Brewster once again became a series regular . On August 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Aisha Tyler would be promoted to series regular for the 12th season . The next day , it was reported that Thomas Gibson , who portrays Aaron Hotchner , had been suspended from and written off the show for at least one , most likely two , episodes in the 12th season owing to an on - set altercation with one of the producers . The day after that , Gibson was fired from the program due to this incident . On September 30 , 2016 , it was announced that Gibson 's character would be replaced by Damon Gupton , who will play Special Agent Stephen Walker , a seasoned profiler from the Behavioral Analysis Program ( the counterintelligence division of the FBI ) who will bring his spy - hunting skills to the BAU . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Gupton had been fired from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show . '' On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the 13th season . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Criminal Minds characters Cast members in 2011 -- 12 : ( left to right ) Gibson , Cook , Gubler , Mantegna , Brewster , and Moore . Absent : Kirsten Vangsness Cast and crew at a Paley Centre discussion of the show Main ( edit ) Jason Gideon ( Mandy Patinkin ) , senior supervisory special agent and former BAU unit chief ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Gideon is widely known as the BAU 's best profiler . After a series of emotionally troubling cases and the murder of his friend Sarah by fugitive serial killer Frank Breitkopf ( Keith Carradine ) , he begins to feel burned out . The last straw occurs when Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner is suspended for two weeks by the team 's boss -- an action for which Jason feels responsible . He retreats to his cabin and leaves a letter for Dr. Spencer Reid , who he knows will be the one to look for him . When Spencer arrives at the cabin , it is empty except for the letter and Jason 's badge and firearm . Jason is last seen remarking to a Nevada diner waitress that he does not know where he is going or how he will know when he gets there , leaving the diner and driving off . In season 10 , he is killed ( off - screen ) by a suspect he had tracked down from one of his first cases . Aaron Hotchner ( Thomas Gibson ) , Former BAU unit chief and senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 12 ) Hotch is a former prosecutor and was originally assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle . He is one of the most experienced agents in the BAU . He struggles to balance the demands of his job with his family life , but his wife , Haley Brooks ( Meredith Monroe ) , divorces him in season 3 . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley is killed by fugitive serial killer George Foyet ( C. Thomas Howell ) , also known as `` The Boston Reaper , '' whom Aaron fights and beats to death . He also has a son named Jack ( Cade Owens ) and a brother named Sean . After Haley is murdered , he has custody of Jack , and Haley 's sister , Jessica Brooks ( Molly Baker ) , helps him take care of Jack . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Aaron and technical analyst Penelope Garcia take over her job as communications liaison . Aaron dated a woman named Beth Clemmons ( Bellamy Young ) , who first appeared in the episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' ( season 7 ) , before the couple separated after Clemmons accepted a job in Hong Kong . Following an on - set altercation , Thomas Gibson was removed from the main cast after season 12 , episode 2 , at which point it 's claimed that Gibson 's character took a consulting job off screen . In a later episode , it 's revealed that the consulting job was a ruse and that Jack was being stalked by a serial killer from a previous BAU case . Therefore , Aaron and Jack went into the witness protection program . Elle Greenaway ( Lola Glaudini ) , Supervisory Special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greenaway is assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle and assigned to the BAU as an expert in sexual offense crimes . Elle suffers extreme emotional trauma after being shot by an unsub in the season 1 finale ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 1 ) '' ) . In the season 2 premiere ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 2 ) '' ) , Elle survives and returns to duty sooner than SSA Jason Gideon and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner would like . Several episodes later , while alone on stakeout of a suspected serial rapist , she murders the suspect by shooting in cold blood and planting her gun on the unarmed victim . The local police deem it self - defense , but Jason and Aaron question her ability as a profiler after this . Elle resigns , turning in her badge and gun to Aaron , declaring that it is `` not an admission of guilt . '' Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) , supervisory special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 11 ; guest star seasons 12 -- 13 ) Morgan is a confident , assertive , and often hot - tempered character . He was raised by his mother , Fran , along with his two sisters , Sarah Morgan and Desiree Benita , after the death of his police officer father right in front of him , Derek was a troubled Chicago youth headed for juvenile delinquency . He was rescued and mentored by Carl Buford ( Julius Tennon ) . Buford turned out to be a sexual predator who molested Derek and other young boys ; he was eventually arrested for murder . After developing an interest in football , Derek attended Northwestern University on a scholarship . After a football injury left him unable to play , he joined the Chicago Police Department 's bomb squad and later joined the FBI and the BAU . He has an emotionally intimate , but platonic , relationship with technical analyst Penelope Garcia ; the two have a unique shorthand and banter . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Derek shows utter hatred toward Ian Doyle ( Timothy V. Murphy ) for killing SSA Emily Prentiss , but when Emily returns alive , he has mixed feelings . In season 11 , Derek is kidnapped and tortured by the father of Giuseppe Montolo , a hitman whom Derek put away and who later died while in custody . Derek escapes and when he learns his girlfriend Savannah is pregnant , he realizes that he does n't want to put his family through something like this again . Derek leaves the BAU in the episode `` A Beautiful Disaster '' to care for his now - wife and newborn son . Spencer Reid , Ph. D. , ( Matthew Gray Gubler ) , supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- present ) Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12 and holds Ph. D.s in mathematics , chemistry , and engineering as well as bachelor of arts degrees in psychology and sociology and , as of season 4 , is working on a B.A. in philosophy . It has been revealed that he has an IQ of 187 , can read a dizzying 20,000 words per minute , and has an eidetic memory . Most of the members on the team are intimidated by his profound knowledge . He is habitually introduced as `` Dr. Spencer Reid '' in contrast to the other agents , who are introduced as `` supervisory special agent . '' The purpose of this , as explained by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner in the pilot episode ( `` Extreme Aggressor '' ) , is to create a respectable first impression of Spencer , deflecting judgments about his age . His mother , Diana Reid ( Jane Lynch ) , suffers from schizophrenia and is currently committed to a mental institution . In season 6 Reid starts suffering from cluster headaches and when doctors ca n't diagnose why , Reid thinks he might be in the early stages of schizophrenia himself . Reid takes SSA Emily Prentiss ' death very hard and when it was revealed the death was faked was distrustful of both Prentiss and SSA Jennifer Jareau ( who helped in the cover - up ) . During season 8 , Reid becomes involved with a woman who was being stalked . In the episode `` Zugzwang , '' her stalker ultimately kidnaps her and kills her , devastating Reid . In season 11 he is deeply affected by Derek Morgan 's decision to leave the BAU but understands and supports his reasons . Initially Reid had a crush on JJ , even going as far as taking her on a date to a football game . As the series progresses , their relationship becomes more of the brother -- sister kind . Morgan and Reid maintained a brotherly relationship and Morgan refers to Reid as his `` little brother '' prior to his departure in season 11 . Spencer is also the godfather of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and Derek 's son , Hank . Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau ( A.J. Cook ) , former BAU communications liaison and current supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 5 , 7 -- present ; recurring season 6 ) JJ served as the communications liaison on the team to local police agencies in seasons 1 -- 5 . She dates and marries William LaMontagne ( Josh Stewart ) , a New Orleans Police Department detective . They have two sons , Henry LaMontagne ( Mekhai Andersen ) and Michael LaMontagne ( Phoenix Sky Andersen ) . Both boys are played by A.J. Cook 's real - life sons . In the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) , Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon , causing her departure from the team , although Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner expresses his hope that she will return to the BAU in the future . Jennifer returns in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) to assist the team in finding SSA Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) . Jennifer returns as a series regular in the season 7 premiere as a legitimate profiler and admits to helping fake Prentiss 's death , much to dismay of her colleagues . In the 200th episode , JJ is kidnapped because of a secret mission she performed while at the Pentagon . At the end of season 10 , JJ reveals she is pregnant with her second child and consults over the phone for the few episodes of season 11 before rejoining the team in the field in the episode `` Target Rich . '' Penelope Garcia ( Kirsten Vangsness ) , BAU technical analyst and BAU communications liaison ( seasons 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) Garcia joined the BAU after bringing attention to herself by illegally accessing some of their equipment ; she is offered a job in lieu of a jail sentence . She submitted her resume to Hotch on pink stationery . She usually supports the team from her computer lab at Quantico but occasionally joins them on location when her skills can be used in the field . She is a leader in a support group for those who have lost someone in their lives . Her parents were killed by a drunk driver when they were out looking for her when she was a teen and had missed her curfew . She enjoys a flirtatious relationship with SSA Derek Morgan , often engaging in comical banter of a sexually suggestive nature when he calls in for information . He calls her `` Baby Girl . '' She was once shot and almost killed by Jason Clark Battle , who lured her on a date in the episode `` Lucky '' ( season 3 ) . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Penelope and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner take over her job as communications liaison . SSA Sam Cooper ( Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ) often calls when his team needs her computer skills . Penelope is the godmother of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and the godmother of Morgan 's son . Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) , supervisory special agent and BAU Unit Chief ( seasons 2 -- 7 , 12 -- present ; guest seasons 9 , 11 ) Prentiss is the daughter of Ambassador Elizabeth Prentiss ( Kate Jackson ) . After SSA Elle Greenaway leaves the BAU , Assistant Director Strauss approves Emily to join the BAU . The plan was for Emily to report any problems within the BAU , but Emily remained loyal to the team and refused to report any problems , going so far as threatening resignation . Emily is also fluent in several languages , such as Spanish , French , Greek , and Arabic , has a working knowledge in Italian , and was fluent in Russian at one point but has lost comprehension . She is apparently killed while being held hostage by Ian Doyle in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) , but in the last scene of the episode , it is revealed that she survived her encounter with Ian and is seen with SSA Jennifer Jareau in Paris passing her passports and bank accounts for protection . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , she returns alive and well , much to the team 's surprise . In the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) , Emily decides to leave the BAU after accepting a position running and returning to the Interpol office in London . She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode `` Tribute '' ( season 11 ) , where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States . Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several episode arc in season 12 . Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson , Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from season 12 , episode 3 ; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch 's position of unit chief . David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) , senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 3 -- present ) Rossi is a highly experienced profiler who once worked the BAU in its origins , then took early retirement in 1997 to write books and go on lecture tours about criminal analysis , until volunteering to return shortly after SSA Jason Gideon 's departure in 2007 . He has been married three times and is quite wealthy because of his successful writing career . In the episode `` From Childhood 's Hour '' ( season 7 ) , David reconnects with his first wife , Carolyn Baker , who has shocking news for him . It is revealed that she came to him because she was diagnosed with ALS ( Lou Gehrig 's disease ) and wants David to assist in her suicide . In the next episode ( `` Epilogue '' ) , Carolyn dies after taking a drug overdose . It is also revealed in this episode that David had a son who died at birth . In the season 8 episode `` The Fallen , '' it is revealed that David was a Marine in Vietnam . The season 7 finale ( `` Hit '' ) reveals SSA David Rossi may be having a secret relationship with Section Chief Erin Strauss ; this was discovered when technical analyst Penelope Garcia and SSA Dr. Spencer Reid spot them both leaving a hotel . In the last season 8 episode ( `` The Replicator '' ) we see their relationship has been known to the entire team . The episode is an emotional one for SSA David Rossi since Unit Chief Erin Strauss is murdered by The Replicator . She was taken from her hotel room , where he had planned to meet her that night , drugged and put on the streets of New York disoriented for Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner to find her . The episode 's last scene is SSA David Rossi eulogizing her to the team after her funeral , at a gathering at his home . In season 10 we learn that David has a daughter by his second wife . Since then , he is shown to have a strong relationship with his daughter , son - in - law , and grandson , even approving of her husband 's Italian heritage . In season 11 Rossi reunites with his second wife , and they give their relationship a second chance . Ashley Seaver ( Rachel Nichols ) , FBI cadet and special agent ( season 6 ) Seaver replaces SSA Jennifer Jareau after she is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon . She was chosen for her unique background ; her father , Charles Beauchamp , was a horrific serial killer known as the `` Redmond Ripper , '' who murdered dozens of women before being caught by the BAU , incidentally . At first , Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner was going to make her a special one - time consultant to the BAU , but SSA David Rossi allowed her to finish her remedial training with the team , under the supervision of SSA Emily Prentiss . In the episode `` ... With Friends Like These '' ( season 6 ) , she graduated from the Academy and had been added to the team as a `` probationary agent . '' In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Jennifer reveals to Emily that Ashley transferred to the domestic trafficking task force , which is led by Andi Swann . Alex Blake , Ph. D. , ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) , FBI linguistics expert , supervisory special agent , and professor at Georgetown University ( seasons 8 -- 9 ) Blake once worked for the BAU during the 2001 anthrax attacks but retired after a conflict with Chief Erin Strauss and rejoins the BAU after SSA Emily Prentiss transfers to the Interpol office in London . Alex first appears in the season 8 premiere ( `` The Silencer '' ) . She makes a personal connection with Spencer Reid after he reveals to her that he has begun a romantic relationship with a woman whom he has never met . In the season 9 finale , after a difficult case in Texas in which the team is targeted by a group of corrupt sheriff deputies and Reid is shot , she escorts Reid to his apartment , explaining that the experience brought back memories of her son 's death and that Reid reminds her of him . She leaves behind her credentials , which Reid finds in his bag before seeing Blake leave in a taxi , saddened but understanding . Kate Callahan ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , Former FBI undercover agent and supervisory special agent ( season 10 ) Callahan , as mentioned in the season 10 premiere , previously worked under Andi Swann 's team , which is also Ashley Seaver 's team since she left the BAU . She is a `` seasoned undercover agent whose stellar work at the FBI has landed her a coveted position with the Behavioral Analysis Unit . '' She and her husband , Chris , have been the guardians of Kate 's teenage niece , Meg , since Meg was a baby following her parents ' deaths in the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Kate and Chris discover they are expecting a baby in the middle of season 10 , coinciding with the actress 's real - life pregnancy . At the end of season 10 she decides to take a year off and raise her baby . As of season 12 , she has not returned , but producer Erica Messer has stated the door was open should Hewitt choose to return to the show . Dr. Tara Lewis ( Aisha Tyler ) , forensic psychologist and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ; recurring season 11 ) Lewis is a psychologist with an eye on forensic psychology and its application toward the criminal - justice system . Her dream was to study psychopaths up close and personal -- and her psychology background , combined with her experience in the FBI , brought her face to face with monsters . Her job was to stare them down and interview them , to determine if they were fit to stand trial . In the process , she made herself find the humanity inside these broken men ( and , sometimes , women ) in order to learn if there was a conscience behind their brutal crimes . Lewis replaced both JJ ( A.J. Cook ) and Kate ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) while they were on maternity leave in the 11th season . Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ) , fugitive task force agent and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ) Alvez is a member of the FBI fugitive task force that partners with the BAU to catch the serial killers that escaped in the season 11 finale . In the season 12 premiere , he works with the BAU to catch the `` Crimson King , '' one of the escapees that attacked Alvez 's old partner . The team discovers the real killer is `` Mr. Scratch , '' who taunts the team by turning over the real `` Crimson King , '' who was tortured to the point he no longer remembers who he was . After that , Alvez decides to join the BAU full time . Alvez has a dog , a Belgian Tervuren named Roxy ( whom Garcia thought at first was his human girlfriend ) and served in Iraq as an Army Ranger prior to joining the FBI . Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ) , supervisory special agent ( season 12 ) Walker is a supervisory special agent with the BAU . Walker was a member of the Behavioral Analysis Program . He was contacted by Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) about joining the BAU to assist in the manhunt for Peter Lewis , aka `` Mr. Scratch . '' Walker is an experienced profiler with about 20 years under his belt and a member of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Program before his transfer to the BAU . He is married to a woman named Monica and has two children with her , Maya and Eli . He met Emily Prentiss , then the chief of Interpol 's London office , during his line of work . He was also mentored by David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) . Stephen 's first case concerned a terrorist cell in Belgium , and three agents were sent undercover to infiltrate it . However , Stephen 's profile was wrong , and this resulted in the deaths of the undercover agents . He eventually moved on from the trauma and improved as he went along in his career . He and other BAP agents , including his longtime friend Sam Bower , were sent undercover to investigate corruption in the Russian government . Walker 's skills include being fluent in Russian and playing the trombone . In the season 13 premiere , it is revealed he had died in the car crash after Mr. Scratch laid spike strips down in the end of season 12 . Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) ( season 13 ; guest seasons 10 , 12 ) is a former member of the International Response Team . Simmons is a special operations agent and formerly worked with the IRT . Simmons as wife , Kristy , ( Kelly Frye ) and has a total of four children , including two boys ( Jake and David ) and twin daughters , all of them under the age of 3 . He was a former member of a special ops unit , and his experience with the unit allowed him to hone his profiling skills . Recurring ( edit ) Erin Strauss ( portrayed by Jayne Atkinson ; seasons 2 -- 8 , 9 ; 23 episodes ) , an assistant director and the BAU Unit Chief 's direct superior . While her FBI experience was primarily in administration , SSA Derek Morgan remarked on her masterly marksmanship , after observing her at a firing range . In early episodes , Strauss appeared only concerned with herself and appearances within the Bureau , going so far as to force SSA Jennifer Jareau to accept a promotion to the Pentagon in the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) . Further character development revealed her alcohol abuse . After being confronted by Morgan and Hotchner , Strauss accepts help and achieves sobriety . In the season 8 finale , the Replicator breaks into Strauss 's hotel room in New York , drugs her , and forces her -- at gunpoint -- to drink alcohol from her room 's minibar . Hotchner finds her on a bench near the hotel , where Strauss dies in his arms . Her death is avenged when Rossi traps the Replicator in an exploding house . Fittingly , Strauss 's sobriety helps defeat the Replicator as Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape the Replicator 's trap and taunts him with it . After attending her funeral , the members of the BAU gather in a still - emotional Rossi 's backyard , reminisce , and toast her memory . Showrunner Erica Messer chose to kill Strauss off because she felt that the character had come full circle since she was first introduced . Haley Hotchner ( portrayed by Meredith Monroe ; seasons 1 -- 5 , 9 ; 14 episodes ) is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's wife and the mother of his only son , Jack Hotchner , born in late 2005 . The couple 's marriage was troubled , as clues were revealed in season 3 that she may have been having an affair and walked out on him . She later appeared with divorce papers , and he accepted reluctantly so as not to cause any trouble for his son with the divorce . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley and Jack were captured by a killer known as `` The Reaper '' ; though Jack was saved , Haley was shot and died before Aaron could save her . Aaron later beat The Reaper to death . In the episode `` Route 66 , '' Hotch collapses from internal bleeding and dreams about Haley . She tells him that he should stop blaming himself for her death and to make sure Jack knows that he can talk about his mother 's death . Haley leaves Hotch by telling him that he and Beth have a good relationship and he should n't mess it up by not telling her how he feels . Jessica Brooks ( portrayed by Molly Baker ; seasons 1 -- 11 ) , is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's sister - in - law , Jack 's aunt , and Haley 's sister . Jordan Todd ( portrayed by Meta Golding ; season 4 ; 8 episodes ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's handpicked replacement to serve as the BAU 's media director during Jennifer 's maternity leave , from late 2008 through early 2009 . Jordan had formerly served in the FBI counterterrorism division , but follows Jennifer for only day of shadowing before Jennifer goes into labor . Jordan seemed to get along well with most of the team , even flirting platonically with SSA Derek Morgan . She is especially close with SSA David Rossi , who is seen to counsel her while they are on cases . However , Jordan has clashed several times with Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner . She eventually leaves when she decides she ca n't handle the stress that comes with her job . Diana Reid ( portrayed by Jane Lynch ; seasons 1 -- 4 , 12 ; 8 episodes ) is the mother of BAU team member Dr. Spencer Reid . Like her son , she has a high IQ . She was once a university professor of literature , but suffers from schizophrenia and is hospitalized in a Las Vegas sanitarium , where Spencer committed her when he was 18 . Her husband , William Reid , left prior to her diagnosis , because of his inability to cope with her illness , and he could not deal with protecting her after she witnessed a murder . She is functional when on her medication , but frequently lapses into regression to her university career . Diana spent much time reading aloud to Spencer while he was growing up , and he continues to write her a letter every day . She is proud of her son but disapproves of the FBI , as it is a government - run organization ; she refers to his colleagues as `` fascists . '' She seems to be showing signs of improvement in later episodes , when Reid states that she went on a supervised field trip to the Grand Canyon without feeling the need to notify Reid . However , she did not forget him , as Reid later receives a postcard and a gift from her . William LaMontagne Jr. ( portrayed by Josh Stewart ; season 2 -- present ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's husband and the father of Jennifer 's son , Henry LaMontagne . Will and Jennifer met while she was working a case in his hometown . As of early season 4 , Will had moved to Virginia and is a stay - at - home dad for Henry until he became a detective for the Metropolitan Police Department ( Washington D.C. ) as shown in the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) . It is also stated that the couple had made a deal that in a life - threatening situation , they would do everything so that one of them could live to look after Henry . Jennifer accepted his marriage proposal and they were married officially ; however , when their son was born , they exchanged rings with insets of Henry 's birthstone , citrine . He is seen briefly in the 100th episode getting medicine for Henry with Jennifer , as well as the episode `` The Slave of Duty '' ( season 5 ) , accompanying Jennifer and the team at Haley Hotchner 's funeral . In the season 7 finale , Will works alongside JJ to stop the bank robbers and is eventually taken hostage . Afterward , they agree to get married and unknowingly attend a surprise wedding ceremony thrown by Rossi and Will . Kevin Lynch ( portrayed by Nicholas Brendon ; season 3 -- present ) first appears in the episode `` Penelope '' ( season 3 ) , in which he is required to search Penelope Garcia 's computer to learn who shot her . Kevin sends the team live video alerting that the unsub ( unknown subject ) is in the BAU headquarters . He is intensely impressed by Penelope 's computer skills , and the feeling is mutual . At the end of the episode , Penelope is introduced to Kevin , and the two become romantically involved . In the episode `` I Love You , Tommy Brown '' ( season 7 ) , Kevin proposes to Penelope , but she turns him down , saying that `` things are going too fast , '' and ultimately the couple break up . Mateo Cruz ( portrayed by Esai Morales ; season 9 -- present ) takes over from the late Erin Strauss as the new BAU section chief in season 9 . He has a past working relationship with JJ . It was revealed in `` 200 '' that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East . He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and miscarriage during her time on the task force . In the same episode , they are both kidnapped by Tivon Askari ( Faran Tahir ) , who was a traitor within the task force . They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission . He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings ( Tahmoh Penikett ) , one of the men with whom they had worked on the task force , was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ to give him the access codes . He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari , who is quickly killed by Hotch . Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and is believed to be alive . Several episodes later , he reappears in the season 9 finale , `` Angels '' and `` Demons , '' when he asks the team to investigate a case brought to him by his friend Peter Coleman , the sheriff of Briscoe County , Texas . They first arrive to investigate a series of murders involving prostitutes , but as they investigate , the team soon finds that they are caught in a ring of corrupt deputies -- ironically the only officer not involved being Sheriff Coleman -- and find their lives in danger . After a fatal shootout with the corrupt , drug - peddling Preacher Mills ( Brett Cullen ) , Sheriff Coleman is killed , Morgan is wounded , and Reid is critically wounded and hospitalized as a result . Distraught by this turn of events , Cruz travels to Texas with Garcia to help the team investigate and apprehend the ring leader , Deputy Owen McGregor ( Michael Trucco ) . He is not seen again until late in season 10 ( episode 19 , `` Beyond Borders '' ) when he needs the BAU to help the FBI 's international team , led by Jack Garrett ( Gary Sinise ) , to catch an unsub who has kidnapped a family while on vacation in Barbados . The case is especially critical because this unsub has eluded both the domestic and international BAU teams by killing a family in Aruba , then in Florida one year later . This episode was the backdoor pilot for the upcoming spinoff , titled Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders . Dr. Savannah Hayes ( portrayed by Rochelle Aytes ; season 9 -- 11 ; 10 episodes ) Savannah Morgan ( née Hayes ) is Derek Morgan 's wife . She works as a doctor at Bethesda General Hospital . Savannah first appeared in Season 9 's `` The Return , '' and it is presumed Morgan and Savannah started dating prior to Season 9 , and first met after she approached him when he was depressed over a case that ended badly . Before they started dating they used to be neighbors . She was introduced to the show because Shemar Moore , the actor who portrays Morgan , had requested that his character should get a romantic partner . Joy Struthers ( portrayed by Amber Stevens ; season 10 -- present ) is Rossi 's daughter from his short - lived second marriage to French diplomat Hayden Montgomery . When they divorced , Hayden did n't tell him she was pregnant , and Joy thought her father was her mother 's second husband , who finally told her the truth before dying from cancer . In the episode `` Fate '' ( 10x09 ) , Joy seeks Rossi out and they 're getting to know each other . Joy is a reporter and true - crime writer and is married . She has a 2 - year - old son called Kai . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Criminal Minds episodes Twelve complete seasons of Criminal Minds have been aired , and the 13th season is currently in commission . As of April 4 , 2018 , 296 episodes of Criminal Minds have aired . <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 27 8.2 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) 18 8.8 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 <Td_colspan="1"> September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 18 8.2 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 11 9.4 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 14 8.5 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 10 8.7 <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13 8.6 <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 16 8.0 <Td_colspan="1"> 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 13 8.2 <Td_colspan="1"> 10 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 8 9.0 <Td_colspan="1"> 11 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 13 7.8 <Td_colspan="1"> 12 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 17 6.9 <Td_colspan="1"> 13 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBA TBA Jump up ^ Tied with Survivor Jump up ^ Tied with The Big Bang Theory and The Good Wife Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes Jump up ^ Tied with Scandal Jump up ^ Tied with Madam Secretary and Scandal ^ Jump up to : Tied with Madam Secretary Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : inclusion of more reviews and summaries , for all seasons . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) The first season of Criminal Minds received mixed reviews from critics . It has a Metacritic score of 42 based on 21 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Dorothy Rabinowitz said , in her review for The Wall Street Journal , `` From the evidence of the first few episodes , Criminal Minds may be a hit , and deservedly '' and gave particular praise to Gubler and Patinkin 's performance . Ned Martel in The New York Times was less positive , saying , `` The problem with `` Criminal Minds '' is its many confusing maladies , applied to too many characters . '' The reviewer felt that `` as a result , the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys , with which the audience -- and perhaps the creators -- may quickly become bored . '' The Chicago Tribune reviewer , Sid Smith , felt that the show `` may well be worth a look , '' though he too criticized the `` confusing plots and characters . '' Writing in PopMatters , Marco Lanzagorta criticized the show after its premiere , saying it `` confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities '' and that its characters conform to stereotypes . In the Los Angeles Times , Mary McNamara gave a similar review , and praised Patinkin and Gubler 's performances . American Ratings ( edit ) In 2016 a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` like several of the other police procedurals , '' Criminal Minds `` is more popular in rural areas , particularly in the southeastern half of the country . It hits peak popularity in Alabama and rural Tennessee and is least popular in Santa Barbara , Calif . '' Broadcast ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) 19.57 May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 12.67 2005 -- 06 28 12.63 23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 15.65 May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 13.21 2006 -- 07 24 14.05 20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 12.66 May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 13.15 2007 -- 08 24 12.78 26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 17.01 May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 13.99 2008 -- 09 11 14.95 5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 15.85 May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 12.97 2009 -- 10 16 13.70 6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 14.13 May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 12.84 2010 -- 11 10 14.11 7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 14.14 May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13.68 2011 -- 12 15 13.20 8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 11.73 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 11.01 2012 -- 13 20 12.15 9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 11.27 May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 12.03 2013 -- 14 12 12.66 10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 11.74 May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 9.61 2014 -- 15 11 14.11 11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 10.08 May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 8.84 2015 -- 16 16 12.20 12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8.92 May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8.12 2016 -- 17 20 10.86 13 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 7.00 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD DVR ( edit ) The show ranked number nine in DVR playback ( 2.35 million viewers ) , according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data from September 22& to November 23 , 2008 . For the week of October 10 , 2010 , Criminal Minds ranked sixth in DVR playback ( 2.40 million viewers ) , and seventh in the demo playback ( 1.0 demo ) according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data . Syndication ( edit ) The series is in syndication on A&E Network and Ion Television We TV and Sundance TV . Early seasons of Criminal Minds have begun airing on Rewind Networks 's HITS TV channel in South East Asia , Hong Kong and Taiwan . Franchise ( edit ) Criminal Minds has produced two spin - offs : Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior and Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , as well as a video game . Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ( edit ) The season five episode `` The Fight '' introduced a second BAU team and launched a new series called Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . The spin - off series debuted February 16 , 2011 , on CBS but was canceled after a short 13 - episode season owing to low ratings . On September 6 , 2011 , CBS DVD released The Complete Series on a four - disc set . It was packaged as `` The DVD Edition '' . The cast features Forest Whitaker as the lead role of Sam Cooper ; including Janeane Garofalo , Michael Kelly , Beau Garrett , Matt Ryan , Richard Schiff , and Kirsten Vangsness , who reprises her role as Penelope Garcia from the original series . Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ( edit ) A proposed new series in the Criminal Minds franchise to be named Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders was announced in January 2015 . Former CSI : NY star Gary Sinise ( who is also a producer on the show ) and Anna Gunn were cast in the lead roles of Jack Garrett and Lily Lambert , though the latter departed after the backdoor pilot . Tyler James Williams has been cast as Russ `` Monty '' Montgomery and Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons , with Alana de la Garza as Clara Seger and Annie Funke as Mae Jarvis further being cast as series regulars . The series follows the FBI agents of the International Response Team ( IRT ) helping American citizens who find themselves in trouble abroad . CBS aired a backdoor pilot on April 8 , 2015 in the Criminal Minds slot , with a crossover episode titled `` Beyond Borders '' . The second spin - off series debuted March 16 , 2016 , on CBS . On May 16 , 2016 , CBS renewed the series for a second season . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS canceled the series after two seasons due to low ratings . 크리미널 마인드 ( Criminal Minds korea ) ( edit ) In 2017 tvN launched their own Korean version of Criminal Minds . The episodes are based on the original American version after its third season . On the cast is Lee Joon - gi as Kim Hyun - joon ( Derek Morgan ) , Moon Chae Won as Ha Sun - woo ( Emily Prentiss ) , Son Hyun - joo as Kang Ki - hyung ( Aaron Hotchner ) , Yoo Sun as Nana Hwang ( Penelope Garcia ) , Lee Sun - bin as Yoo Min - young ( Jennifer Jareau ) , and Go Yoon as Lee Han ( Spencer Reid ) . The episodes are 1 hour long . Video game ( edit ) CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show . The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries . The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012 , but the show 's cast was not involved with the project so it did not feature any of their voices . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Criminal Minds Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2006 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Television Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Editing -- Television Jimmy Giritlian Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2007 Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2008 Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Music for Short Form Television Lisa A. Arpino For episode `` True Night '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Tabula Rasa '' Nominated 2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Normal '' Nominated Hollywood Music In Media Awards ( HMMA ) Best Score in a TV Show Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Remembrance of Things Past '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated MovieGuide Awards Faith and Freedom Award Criminal Minds For episode `` The Fallen '' Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Pact '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Strange Fruit '' Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Rob Hardy For episode `` Carbon Copy '' Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated Prism Awards Drama Episode -- Mental Health Criminal Minds For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated Monte - Carlo TV Festival International TV Audience Award -- Best Drama TV Series Touchstone Television , The Mark Gordon Company Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Won Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Hanelle Culpepper For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Shemar Moore To Reprise Derek Morgan Role In Season 12 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criminal Minds Fan . `` Criminal Minds Fanatic 's Favorite Things '' . Criminal Minds Fanatic . Mountain View , California : Blogger . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Witchel , Alex . `` Mandy Patinkin : ' I Behaved Abominably ' '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Fans And Co-Stars Back ' Minds ' Actresses '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` JJ Is Back ! AJ Cook Inks 2 - Year Deal To Return To ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` It 's Official : Criminal Minds Welcomes Back Paget Brewster , Bids Farewell to Rachel Nichols '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Paget Brewster To Leave ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Love Jeanne Tripplehorn becomes Criminal Minds series regular '' . Digital Spy . New York City : Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexandria Ingham . `` Criminal Minds Shares Details on Alex Blake 's Departure '' . Guardian Liberty Voice . Las Vegas . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Criminal Minds Finale Postmortem : Boss on ' Emotional Exit , ' Replacements and Season 10 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt joins ' Criminal Minds ' as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Postmortem : Criminal Minds Boss on That Big Death and Why It Had to Happen '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt not returning for ' Criminal Minds ' season 11 '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Criminal Minds ' Season 11 will handle A.J. Cook 's pregnancy '' . Zap2it . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shemar Moore on His Criminal Minds Exit : `` I 'm Proud of the Way Things Ended for Derek Morgan '' `` . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Hails the ' Exclamation Point ' on Derek 's ' Hero Ride , ' Says ' I Left It All on the Field ' '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds Boss on Shemar Moore 's Exit : `` There Is No Replacing Derek Morgan '' `` . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James . `` Criminal Minds adds Adam Rodriguez as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Paget Brewster is once again a series regular on ' Criminal Minds ' '' . CNN News . Atlanta : CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Paget Brewster To Return For Arc In Season 12 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paget Brewster Is Returning to Criminal Minds in Season 12 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Well , look who joined us for the table read on 1203 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Aisha Tyler Promoted to Series Regular for Season 12 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Gibson Suspended From ' Criminal Minds ' Over On - Set Altercation '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Gibson Fired From CBS ' ' Criminal Minds ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : New Series Regular Cast in Wake of Thomas Gibson 's Exit '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Lisa ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kirsten Vangsness -- Diani & Devine Meet The Apocalypse '' . Starry Mag . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Joins Criminal Minds as Series Regular '' . E ! Online . Los Angeles : NBCUniversal Cable . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Criminal Minds Boss on The Replicator Reveal , the Finale Death and What 's Next in Season 9 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Esai Morales Joins Criminal Minds as New Section Chief '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Criminal Minds ' doing new spinoff '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Spin - Off 2015 -- Globe - Trotting Team Of Profilers '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1697 - 1698 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season ( 2007 - Present ) Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critic Reviews for Criminal Minds Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( October 7 , 2005 ) . `` Circle of Genius '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City : News Corp . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel , Ned ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` On the Case , a Crack Team of Tic - Ridden F.B.I. Agents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topic Galleries -- chicagotribune.com Jump up ^ Lanzagorta , Marco . `` Criminal Minds '' . PopMatters . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` TV Review : ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' Goes with Its Gut '' . Los Angeles Times . Chicago : Tronc , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2005 -- 2006 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived October 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 31 , 2006 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2006 -- 2007 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 30 , 2007 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2007 -- 2008 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived April 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 28 , 2008 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , September 22 -- 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 18 -- 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2008 -- 2009 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived June 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( June 2 , 2009 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TV by the Numbers Staff ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Dollhouse Premiere 18 -- 49 Rating Increases To A 1.5 Via DVR ; Hopeful or Futile ? '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Top 25 : American Idol , Big Bang Theory , Two And A Half Men Top 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Tops ' Sunday Night Football ' For Week Ending September 25 , 2011 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gormam , Bill ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Modern Family ' Tops Week 35 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 , ' Dancing With the Stars ' on Top With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Cbs Number One Live -- And In Playback '' . The Futon Critic . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Fringe , The Mentalist Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adweek -- Breaking News in Advertising , Media and Technology '' . AdWeek . New York City : Mediabistro Holdings . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HITS '' . hitstv.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` CBS Picks Up ' Criminal Minds ' Spinoff To Series '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` CBS renews ' CSI : NY ' , cancels ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How The Criminal Minds Spinoff Will Replace Anna Gunn '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ `` Alana De La Garza & Annie Funke Join ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Spin - Off 2015 -- Globe - Trotting Team Of Profilers '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rush Hour ' Series Sets Premiere Date , CBS Shifts ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' '' . The Wrap . Santa Monica , California : The Wrap News Inc . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Code Black ' , ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' , ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Undercover Boss ' Renewed By CBS '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' Canceled at CBS7 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Game Blog '' ( Press release ) . November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Consumer Products Announces Eight New Video Games Based on Popular TV Shows '' ( Press release ) . CBS Interactive . October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Thomas Gibson '' . ShaveMagazine.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCriminal Mindsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com A&E 's Criminal Minds site AXN 's Criminal Minds site `` List of Criminal Minds Episodes '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Gamespy Article On The Game Preceded by Grey 's Anatomy 2006 Criminal Minds Super Bowl lead - out program 2007 Succeeded by House 2008 <Th_colspan="2"> Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake <Td_colspan="2"> Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean <Th_colspan="2"> CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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1. Criminal Minds - American police procedural crime drama
2. FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU)
3. Profiling criminals and catching various criminals
4. Ensemble cast with many cast member changes
5. Spin-offs and international adaptations
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7,842,398,068,714,381,000 |
where did the name bull arab come from
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Bull Arab - wikipedia Bull Arab Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bull Arab <Td_colspan="2"> Other names Aussie Pig Dog Origin Australia <Td_colspan="2"> Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Bull Arab is an Australian dog . The breed is variously described as being a terrier X pointer crossbreed , mastiff X Great Dane crossbreed , doberman X bull terrier crossbreed Or Bull Terrier X German Shorthaired Pointer X Greyhound crossbreed . Temperament ( edit ) Bull Arabs are bred for hunting purposes and were specially developed to pull pigs to the ground and hold them by the ear Several attacks on people in several states of Australia have been attributed to the breed . And reports supplied by 80 councils and passed on to the Department of Local Government , between 1 July 2005 and 30 October 2006 , detail several attacks attributed to Bull Arabs , yet show many other breeds with a greater number of attacks . Several attacks on livestock including the killing of large numbers of sheep , pet dogs and other animals have been attributed to Bull Arabs that escaped their owners and / or confinement . The breed is cited as being used for companion and therapy animals <Th_colspan="3"> Dogs originating in Australia <Td_colspan="2"> Australian Cattle Dog Australian Kelpie Australian Staghound Australian Silky Terrier Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog Australian Terrier Bull Arab Dingo Kangaroo Dog Koolie Miniature Fox Terrier Tenterfield Terrier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://tuskersmagazine.com/articles/intro-to-australia-and-bull-arabs-by-adam-mirfin-of-queensland-australia/ Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald - Mar 25 , 1979 p20 `` Policeman 's tussel with pig dog pack '' Jump up ^ Illawarra Mercury 25 / 10 / 2000 Page : 55 `` Gentle Viper Jump up ^ http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/dog-factions-row-breeds-loads-of-bad-feelings/2005/11/04/1130823401638.html?page=2 Jump up ^ https://www.echonews.com.au/news/bull-arab-with-a-touch-of-everything/3109904/ Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald - Mar 25 , 1979 p20 `` Policeman 's tussel with pig dog pack '' Jump up ^ http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/attack-by-dog-leads-to-hospital/2350081/ Jump up ^ http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/two-dogs-responsible-for-savage-attack-on-sunshine-coast-jogger-looking-for-artery/story-fnn8dlfs-1227144737461 Jump up ^ QLD Times : Dogs seized after attack Retrieved 2010 - 6 - 2 Jump up ^ SMH : Girl mauled by neighbour 's dog Retrieved 2010 - 6 - 2 Jump up ^ 9 News : Vicious dog pack attacks postal worker Retrieved 2010 - 6 - 2 Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph : Most dangerous dogs in NSW Retrieved 2010 - 6 - 2 ' Jump up ^ Northern Daily Leader , 20 May 2010 , Dogs mauled 30 sheep ( and killed them ) , p. 3 , Rural Press Jump up ^ The Times : Dogs seized for killing sheep Retrieved 2010 - 6 - 2 Jump up ^ http://www.dailymercury.com.au/news/four-sheep-dead-18-injured-in-dog-attack/2597001/ Jump up ^ http://www.dailymercury.com.au/news/dog-attack-has-hamptom-man-scared-leave-his-home/2117917/ Jump up ^ http://www.mygc.com.au/news/bull-arab-put-down-following-deadly-dog-attack-on-the-gold-coast/ Jump up ^ http://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/attack-dogs-euthanised-by-council-fraser/780207/ Jump up ^ http://www.news-mail.com.au/news/Alpaca-put-down-after-dog-attack/555700/ Jump up ^ http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/gold-coast/an-abandoned-dog-has-helped-a-gold-coast-soldier-get-his-life-back/news-story/41d423d38389302a4faedb258bce4a0a Jump up ^ http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/a-hero-dog-is-fighting-for-his-life-after-saving-two-young-boys-from-a-brown-snake-at-willow-vale/news-story/765decbf6d62f9ab6486ec3e32fa744c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bull_Arab&oldid=799795028 '' Categories : Dog breeds originating in Australia Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 22 : 07 . About Wikipedia
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1. Bull Arab breed description
2. Bull Arab temperament and hunting abilities
3. Attacks attributed to Bull Arabs
4. Bull Arabs as companion and therapy animals
5. Other dog breeds originating in Australia
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4,242,953,360,589,860,000 |
who played ben franklin in the movie 1776
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1776 ( film ) - wikipedia 1776 ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the Broadway musical , see 1776 ( musical ) . For the book by David McCullough , see 1776 ( book ) . For other uses , see 1776 ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> 1776 <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter H. Hunt Produced by Jack L. Warner Written by Peter Stone Starring William Daniels Howard Da Silva Ken Howard Donald Madden John Cullum Music by Sherman Edwards Cinematography Harry Stradling , Jr . Edited by Florence Williamson William H. Ziegler Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date November 17 , 1972 ( 1972 - 11 - 17 ) Running time 141 minutes ( Theatrical ) 168 minutes ( DVD ) Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $2,800,000 ( Rentals ) 1776 is a 1972 American musical drama film directed by Peter H. Hunt . The screenplay by Peter Stone was based on his book for the 1969 Broadway musical of the same name . The song score was composed by Sherman Edwards . The cast included William Daniels , Howard Da Silva , Donald Madden , John Cullum , Ken Howard and Blythe Danner . Portions of the dialogue and some of the song lyrics were taken directly from the letters and memoirs of the actual participants of the Second Continental Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Soundtrack 5 Production 6 Political changes 7 Historical accuracy 8 Critical reception 9 Awards and honors 10 Home media releases 11 Comic book adaptation 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) While General George Washington is conducting the struggle against the British Empire on the battlefield , the Continental Congress in Philadelphia piddles away its time over trivial matters and continually refuses to begin debating the question of American independence . The leader of the independence faction is the abrasive John Adams of Massachusetts , whose continuous pushing of the issue has brought their cause to a complete standstill . John Dickinson of Pennsylvania leads the opposition that hopes for reconciliation with England . During his quieter moments , Adams calls up the image of his wife Abigail Adams , who resides in Massachusetts and gives him insight and encouragement ( these conversations are based on letters between the couple ) . Dr. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania suggests another colony that supports independence should submit a proposal . Richard Henry Lee of Virginia voluntarily rides off to Williamsburg , Virginia to get authorization from the Virginia Colony to propose independence . Dr. Lyman Hall arrives to represent Georgia , and immediately , he is interrogated by his fellow delegates regarding his views on independence ( with Dickinson framing it as `` treason '' ) . Weeks later , Lee returns with the resolution , and debate on the question begins . However , in the midst of debate , Caesar Rodney falters because of his cancer and is taken back to Delaware by fellow delegate Thomas McKean , leaving the anti-independence George Read to represent Delaware . After heated discussions , the question is called without a majority of positive votes present . The New Jersey delegation , led by Reverend John Witherspoon , arrives just in time to provide a vote supporting independence . In a move intended to defeat the resolution , Dickinson calls for a vote requiring unanimity for passage . The vote ends in a tie between the colonies , New York abstaining as it does in every vote . It is ultimately decided in favor of unanimity by John Hancock , president of the Continental Congress , who argues that any objecting colony would fight for England against independence . Stalling for time to rally support for the resolution , Adams and Franklin call again for a postponement , justifying their call by stating the need for a declaration describing their grievances . Once again tied and ultimately decided by Hancock , the vote is successfully postponed until such a document can be written . Hancock appoints a committee that includes Adams , Franklin , Roger Sherman of Connecticut , Robert Livingston of New York , and Thomas Jefferson ( after Lee declines due to an appointment to serve as governor of Virginia ) . Jefferson resists because he desires to return home to Virginia to see his wife , Martha , but the others present more compelling reasons to avoid the responsibility ; they opine that Jefferson 's diplomatic nature and superior writing skill are required to draft the declaration . Jefferson develops writer 's block due to missing his wife , so Adams sends for Martha : `` It simply occurred to me that the sooner his problem was solved the sooner ours would be . '' Upon meeting her , Adams and Franklin are quite taken with Martha . While maneuvering to get the required unanimity for the vote on independence , Adams , Franklin and Samuel Chase of Maryland visit the Colonial Army encamped in New Brunswick , New Jersey , at the request of General Washington , to help convince Maryland . When they return to Philadelphia , the declaration is read and then subsequently debated and amended . Jefferson agrees to most alterations to the document , much to Adams ' growing consternation . The debate reaches a head when the Southern delegates , led by Edward Rutledge of South Carolina , walk out of Congress when a clause opposing slavery is not removed . Adams remains adamant that the clause remain , but Franklin appeals to him to allow the passage to be removed so that they can first achieve the vote on independence and the formation of a nation , deferring the slavery fight to a later time . Adams leaves the final decision to Jefferson , who reluctantly concedes . After removing that clause , 11 of 13 colonies are now in favor . New York abstains yet again ( since its delegates have never been given specific orders by the disorganized New York legislature ) . The question is therefore up to the Colony of Pennsylvania , whose delegation is polled at Franklin 's request . Franklin votes for the declaration , but Dickinson votes against . The outcome is now in the hands of their fellow Pennsylvanian Judge James Wilson . Wilson has always followed Dickinson 's lead , but in this case Wilson votes in favor of the declaration , securing its passage , so that he would not be remembered by history as the man who voted to prevent American independence . After receiving word of the destruction of his property from General Washington , Lewis Morris finally withdraws New York 's abstention and agrees to sign the document . Finally , with the Declaration of Independence ready to be signed , Hancock places his signature first , whereupon the others ( including New York ) affix theirs to the Declaration , establishing the United States on July 4 , 1776 . Cast ( edit ) Delegates William Daniels as John Adams ( MA ) Howard Da Silva as Benjamin Franklin ( PA ) Ken Howard as Thomas Jefferson ( VA ) Donald Madden as John Dickinson ( PA ) John Cullum as Edward Rutledge ( SC ) David Ford as John Hancock ( MA ) Roy Poole as Stephen Hopkins ( RI ) Ron Holgate as Richard Henry Lee ( VA ) Ray Middleton as Thomas McKean ( DE ) William Hansen as Caesar Rodney ( DE ) Emory Bass as James Wilson ( PA ) Howard Caine as Lewis Morris ( NY ) Patrick Hines as Samuel Chase ( MD ) Daniel Keyes as Josiah Bartlett ( NH ) Leo Leyden as George Read ( DE ) Jonathan Moore as Lyman Hall ( GA ) James Noble as Reverend John Witherspoon ( NJ ) John Myhers as Robert Livingston ( NY ) Rex Robbins as Roger Sherman ( CT ) Charles Rule as Joseph Hewes ( NC ) Others Blythe Danner as Martha Jefferson Virginia Vestoff as Abigail Adams Ralston Hill as Charles Thomson William Duell as Andrew McNair Stephen Nathan as Courier Musical numbers ( edit ) 1776 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album cover Overture `` Sit Down , John '' -- Adams , Congress `` Piddle , Twiddle and Resolve '' -- Adams `` Till Then '' -- Adams , Abigail `` The Lees of Old Virginia '' -- Lee , Franklin , Adams `` But , Mr. Adams '' -- Adams , Franklin , Jefferson , Sherman , Livingston `` Yours , Yours , Yours '' -- John , Abigail `` He Plays the Violin '' -- Martha Jefferson , Franklin , Adams `` Cool , Cool , Considerate Men '' -- Dickinson , The Conservatives `` Mama Look Sharp '' -- Courier , McNair , Leather Apron `` The Egg '' -- Franklin , Adams , Jefferson `` Molasses to Rum '' -- Rutledge `` Compliments '' -- Adams , Abigail `` Is Anybody There ? '' -- Adams Finale Soundtrack ( edit ) An original motion picture soundtrack album was released in 1972 by Columbia Records on the vinyl LP format . It contained all the musical numbers listed above with the exception of `` Cool , Cool Considerate Men '' and `` Compliments '' . This soundtrack also contains the edited versions of some of the musical numbers which were presented in full on the laserdisc and DVD releases . Although the Broadway cast recording was released on CD in 1992 , the movie soundtrack was not . Production ( edit ) Jack L. Warner bought the film rights to the musical for $1.25 million . Many members of the original Broadway cast , including William Daniels , Ken Howard , John Cullum , and Howard Da Silva , reprised their roles for the film . Ralston Hill , Ron Holgate , David Ford , Charles Rule and others repeated their roles from the Broadway production , marking their only appearances in feature film . This was a decision Warner made himself after feeling he made a mistake by turning down Julie Andrews for the 1964 film adaptation of My Fair Lady in favor of Audrey Hepburn . This was also the only film of Donald Madden , who was not in the original Broadway cast . Exteriors were filmed at the Warner Ranch in Burbank , California , the former Columbia Pictures backlot , where they built an entire street of colonial Philadelphia . Most of the colonial sets were destroyed by a fire in the mid-1970s . The water fountain seen during the musical number `` The Lees of Old Virginia , '' with Ben Franklin , John Adams , and Richard Henry Lee , became known to television viewers as the fountain seen during the beginning credits of the TV series Friends . This fountain still exists directly across the street from the Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie houses . Interiors were shot at the old Columbia studio on Gower Street in Hollywood . 1776 was among the final films shot at Gower Studios before the Warner / Columbia merger in 1971 . In its theatrical and original home video releases , the film was rated G ; following the restoration of various parts cut by producer Jack L. Warner , the DVD was rated PG . The Laserdisc version , out of print , contains additional footage and background music not contained on the DVD release . The 168 - minute version is considered director Peter Hunt 's preferred version , hence its `` director 's cut '' moniker . The film was the Christmas attraction at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . `` Cool , Cool , Considerate Men '' was cut from the film prior to its release and not included on the soundtrack recording nor on the first VHS tapes and laserdiscs . The footage , some of physically poor quality , was restored for the later laserdisc and DVD releases . Political changes ( edit ) According to the Los Angeles Times , `` The song ' Cool , Cool , Considerate Men ' depicts Revolutionary War -- era conservatives as power - hungry wheedlers focused on maintaining wealth . '' According to Jack L. Warner , the film 's producer and a friend of U.S. President Richard Nixon , Nixon requested to have the song removed from the film . Nixon apparently saw the song as an insult to the conservatives of his time , as it suggested that the conservatives were the ones who were hindering American Independence as they danced a minuet singing the song that included the stanza , Come ye cool , cool considerate set We 'll dance together to the same minuet To the right , ever to the right Never to the left , forever to the right . To further complicate things as mentioned above , the song is anachronistic , because the terms `` right '' and `` left '' in politics were not coined until the French Revolution . Warner 's attempt to comply with Nixon 's demands had initially been rebuffed by director Hunt during production , only for the song to be removed in post-production while Hunt was on vacation . Warner also wanted the original negative of the song shredded , but the film 's editor kept it in storage unaltered . Trailers were already released in theaters with the `` Considerate Men '' number as its centerpiece ; Warner had those trailers pulled and re-edited . Hunt later mentioned in a 2015 interview that Warner , on his deathbed , told a friend that he regretted editing the scene , believing that he had ruined the structure of the film as a result of those edits . It was only decades later that the song was restored to the film . Interestingly , when the Broadway musical was about to be presented to Nixon at the White House in 1970 , before the film was made , his staff pressed the producers to cut the song then ; their request was denied . Historical accuracy ( edit ) According to The Columbia Companion to American History on Film , historical `` ( i ) naccuracies pervade 1776 , though few are very troubling . '' Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence , the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses , inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes . Some of the dialogue was taken from words written , often years or even decades later , by the actual people involved , and rearranged for dramatic effect . The movie particularly distorts and omits the views of the mid-Atlantic Quaker population , represented by Dickinson . Although in the movie Dickinson is portrayed as loyalist , and John Adams is seen making the points of objection about the tax abuses of George III of the United Kingdom , including regressive taxes and `` taxation without representation '' , and all to fund wars and the King 's lifestyle , not to benefit the people , it was Dickinson 's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania that had originally made these points . A supposed physical fight between Dickinson and Adams is portrayed , in which Dickinson calls Adams a `` lawyer '' as an epithet , which makes little sense since Dickinson was a lawyer himself . Also , despite the movie 's heavy focus on John Adams , John Dickinson , Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin , only Martha Jefferson and Abigail Adams and their marriages are depicted , despite Dickinson 's wife , Mary Norris Dickinson , being the only one of these spouses actually present in Philadelphia during the convention . ( Franklin 's common law wife , Deborah Read , had died a year or so earlier . ) Although the movie initially uses actual correspondence between Abigail Adams and John Adams as a basis for dialogue , it romanticizes her views in later scenes . The movie also fictionalizes the Martha Jefferson relationship in particular , depicting her as coming to the convention , when she had actually just suffered a miscarriage and was also dealing with complications of gestational diabetes and was invalid in Virginia . The omission of Mary Norris and Dickinson 's marriage to her is also particularly distorting as Quaker marriages such as that of Dickinson and Norris were more egalitarian than those of some of the other founding cultures ( including the patriarchal Puritan - style Adams marriage , to which Abigail Adams objects in her letters quoted in the movie ) and were by definition not bound to gender stereotypes . Another departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps : the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee 's resolution of independence . The wording of the Declaration of Independence -- the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split -- was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4 . The vote for independence did not hinge on some passages being removed from the Declaration , as implied in the movie ( and the play ) , since Congress had already voted in favor of independence before debating the Declaration . For the sake of drama , the play 's authors combined the two events . In addition , some historians believe that the Declaration was not signed on July 4 , as shown in 1776 , but was instead signed on August 2 , 1776 . Others point out that the final , official copy of the document was signed by the delegates not on a single date , but over several weeks and months , commencing in July but not being completed until as late as September . The authors of 1776 had the delegates sign the Declaration on July 4 for dramatic reasons . The Liberty Bell in 1776 is shown being rung as the delegates were signing the Declaration on July 4 ; however , this was also for dramatic effect . Independence Hall 's wooden steeple was structurally unstable , and the Liberty Bell was silent , having been lowered into the upper chamber of the brick tower . A smaller bell , used to toll the hours , may have rung on July 8 , for the public reading of the Declaration . Many characters in 1776 differ from their historical counterparts . Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as `` obnoxious and disliked . '' According to biographer David McCullough , however , Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776 . Adams 's often - quoted description of himself in Congress as `` obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular '' is from a letter written 46 years later in 1822 , after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past . According to McCullough , no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776 . Historian Garry Wills earlier made a similar argument , writing that `` historians relay John Adams 's memories without sufficient skepticism '' , and that it was Dickinson , not Adams , who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776 . For practical and dramatic purposes , the work does not depict all of the more than 50 members of Congress who were present at the time . This version of John Adams is , in part , a composite character , combining the real Adams with his cousin Samuel Adams , who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play . Although the play depicts Delaware 's Caesar Rodney as an elderly man near death from skin cancer ( which would eventually kill him ) , he was just 47 years old at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration . He was not absent from the voting because of health ; however , the play is accurate in having him arrive `` in the nick of time , '' having ridden 80 miles the night before ( an event depicted on Delaware 's 1999 State Quarter ) unaided , instead of with the help of another delegate . Further , Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor . He was never governor ; his cousin Henry Lee ( who is anachronistically called `` General ' Lighthorse ' Harry Lee , '' a rank and nickname earned later ) did eventually become governor ( and the father of Confederate general Robert E. Lee ) . John Adams was also depicted as disliking Richard Henry Lee , but according to McCullough , Adams expressed nothing but `` respect and admiration for the tall , masterly Virginian . '' He did dislike Benjamin Franklin , contrary to what was portrayed . Martha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband ; she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776 , having just endured a miscarriage . The play 's authors invented the scene `` to show something of the young Jefferson 's life without destroying the unity of setting . '' James Wilson was not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play and the movie . The real Wilson , who was not yet a judge in 1776 , had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date , but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote . Pennsylvania 's deciding swing vote was actually cast by John Morton , who is not depicted in the musical . The quote attributed to Edmund Burke by Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke . The song `` Cool Considerate Men '' is anachronistic ; the terms `` right '' and `` left '' in politics were not in use until the French Revolution of 1789 . John Dickinson , who is portrayed as an antagonist here , was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution , having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s . He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction , and freed his slaves in 1777 . Thomas Jefferson wrote that `` his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution '' . The movie also misses the objection some had to the Declaration 's stated basis in `` rights of Man '' based in `` natural law '' derived from a supernatural being . The Quaker - based population in the mid-Atlantic , represented by Dickinson , objected to this conception . Dickinson 's objection to the Declaration had to do with this , as well as the fact he and his base preferred civil disobedience to war as the means , and a view that the colonies were too immature and the egalitarian mid-Atlantic culture would be overruled by the slavery of the South and the patriarchal Puritan attitudes of New England , represented by John Adams , in the foundation of the new country . The movie also omits the fact that Dickinson , after refusing to sign the Declaration , set about drafting the Articles of Confederation , which he based on `` rights of Person '' with no reference to anything but law created by human beings and the only reference to `` men '' being in the context of mustering armies . This basis was then used when the Articles were converted to the Constitution but by then completely omitting the word `` man '' and only using the word `` Person . '' The musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery . In 1776 , after a dramatic debate over slavery , the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration 's denunciation of the slave trade , and only support independence when that language was removed from the Declaration . The walkout is fictional , as the debate over the wording of the declaration took place after the vote for independence on July 2 , and apparently most delegates , northern and southern , supported the deletion of the clause . The musical depicts Edward Rutledge as the leader of the opposition to an anti-slavery clause in Jefferson 's original draft of the Declaration . However , while we do know that , according to Jefferson , the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia , plus unspecified `` northern brethren '' ; that is all that is known about opposition to the clause . Rutledge was a delegate from South Carolina , but there is no historical evidence that he played any part -- much less a leadership role -- in the opposition to the clause . The musical does acknowledge the complexity of the colonial attitudes toward slavery in the dramatic song `` Molasses , to Rum , to Slaves '' , sung by the Rutledge character , which illustrates the hypocrisy in northern condemnations of slavery since northerners profited from the triangle trade . Thomas Jefferson is depicted in the musical as saying that he has resolved to free his slaves , something he did not do , except for a few slaves freed after his death 50 years later . The musical also depicts Franklin as claiming that he is the founder of the first abolitionist organization in the New World ; the real Franklin did not become an abolitionist until after the American Revolution , becoming president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1785 . It was actually Dickinson who freed his slaves in 1776 , conditionally at first , and fully by 1787 when the Constitution was ratified . In both the play and the film , John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution . `` Franklin smote the ground and out sprang -- George Washington . Fully grown , and on his horse . Franklin then electrified them with his miraculous lightning rod and the three of them -- Franklin , Washington , and the horse -- conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves . '' Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790 , just after Franklin 's death , although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical . James Wilson is portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson 's opposition to independence , only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably . In fact , Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause , consistently supporting and arguing for independence , although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused . Critical reception ( edit ) Vincent Canby of The New York Times observed , `` The music is resolutely unmemorable . The lyrics sound as if they 'd been written by someone high on root beer , and the book is familiar history -- compressed here , stretched there -- that has been gagged up and paced to Broadway 's not inspiring standards . Yet Peter H. Hunt 's screen version of 1776 ... insists on being so entertaining and , at times , even moving , that you might as well stop resisting it . This reaction , I suspect , represents a clear triumph of emotional associations over material ... ( It ) is far from being a landmark of musical cinema , but it is the first film in my memory that comes close to treating seriously a magnificent chapter in the American history . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave it two stars and declared , `` This is an insult to the real men who were Adams , Jefferson , Franklin and the rest ... The performances trapped inside these roles , as you might expect , are fairly dreadful . There are good actors in the movie ( especially William Daniels as Adams and Donald Madden as John Dickinson ) , but they 're forced to strut and posture so much that you wonder if they ever scratched or spit or anything ... I can hardly bear to remember the songs , much less discuss them . Perhaps I should n't . It is just too damn bad this movie did n't take advantage of its right to the pursuit of happiness . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy but lost to Cabaret . Harry Stradling Jr. was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography but lost to Geoffrey Unsworth for Cabaret . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated Home media releases ( edit ) The film was released on videocassette and laserdisc in the 1980s , and on DVD in 2002 . This DVD version was released as the `` Restored Director 's Cut '' and contains clips that were unreleased and unavailable in videocassette versions , including the `` Cool , Cool Considerate Men '' musical number and accompanying dialogue . Although out of print , the laserdisc contains an additional four minutes of material which is not available on the DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray 4K - master on June 2 , 2015 . It contains two commentaries : an all - new commentary , with director Peter H. Hunt , William Daniels , and Ken Howard , and also the DVD version 's commentary with Hunt and Peter Stone only . It also contains two versions of the film : the DVD 's `` Director 's Cut '' , and an `` extended cut '' adding an additional 2 minutes and 44 seconds to the DVD edition 's time . It also includes two deleted and alternate scenes with filmmaker commentary , screen tests , and original theatrical release trailers . Comic book adaptation ( edit ) Charlton Comics : 1776 ( March 1973 ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1972 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1776 ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1972 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jack Warner to Make ' 1776 ' Into a Movie - New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 26 Mar 1971 : 29 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , 9 January 1974 p 19 Jump up ^ `` 1776 film '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ William Daniels interview with William Daniels on Turner Classic Movies , April 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.columbiaranch.net/Park/ Jump up ^ `` COLUMBIA TRISTAR PICTURES SONY ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE SOLAR COLA , COKE , PEPSI , VIRGIN , COCA COLA . '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gary Wayne . `` Sunset - Gower Studios ( formerly Columbia Studios ) '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 1776 ( 1972 ) - Notes '' . TCM.com. 1969 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Heated Debate About ' Cool ' Cut , Los Angeles Times Archives , September 07 , 2001 , Accessed 2009 - 05 - 30 ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Ronald ( May 20 , 2015 ) . Peter Hunt interview . Home Theater Forum `` . Jump up ^ Peter C. Rollins , ed. , The Columbia Companion to American History on Film ( Columbia University Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 231 - 11222 - X ) , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Stone and Edwards , pp. 153 -- 65 , describing the play 's historical basis and dramatic license . ^ Jump up to : Stone and Edwards , p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Letter from Adams to Timothy Pickering , 1822 Archived November 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Adams also described himself as `` obnoxious '' in his Autobiography , written in 1805 . Jump up ^ McCullough , David . John Adams ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 ) , pp. 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence ( New York : Doubleday , 1978 ) , pp. 349 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Stone and Edwards , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Stone and Edwards , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Your Representative owes you , not his industry only , but his judgment ; and he betrays , instead of serving you , if he sacrifices it to your opinion . '' Edmund Burke , Select Works of Edmund Burke . A New Imprint of the Payne Edition . Foreword and Biographical Note by Francis Canavan ( Indianapolis : : Liberty Fund , 1999 ) . Vol. 4 . Chapter : Speech to the Electors of Bristol , Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/659/20392/1385301 on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jack Rakove : `` The Patriot Who Refused to Sign the Declaration of Independence '' , http://www.historynet.com/the-patriot-who-refused-to-sign-the-declaration-of-independence.htm Jump up ^ `` Student finds letter ' a link to Jefferson ' - CNN.com '' . CNN . December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia : a Comprehensive Collection of the Views of Thomas Jefferson ( 1900 ) by Thomas Jefferson , edited by John P. Foley , p. 246 Jump up ^ Nothing is known of what Rutledge said or did during the Continental Congress , as the Congress was conducted in closed session and its members had made a pact of secrecy . No letters or memoirs have been found in which his participation is specified , and no record has been found as to what Rutledge did or did not say in regard to Jefferson 's complaint about the King 's freeing of slaves and veto of slave tariffs . See , e.g. , Lives of the Presidents of the United States by Robert W. Lincoln ( 1836 ) , p. 390 ; Sanderson 's Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence ( 1846 ) by John Sanderson and Robert Taylor Conrad , p. 351 ; The United States Manual of Biography and History by James V. Marshall ( 1856 ) , p. 115 ; An Outline of the Political and Social Life of George Washington , Volume 2 ( 1895 ) by James Tyson , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ ' Old Family Letters ' , https://books.google.com/books?id=84oTAQAAMAAJ&dq=old%20family%20letters%20john%20adams%2055&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q=old%20family%20letters%20john%20adams%2055&f=false Jump up ^ James Wilson : Founding Father , Charles Page Smith , 1956 Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 1972 - 11 - 10 ) . `` New York Times review '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Sun - Times review '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . December 26 , 1972 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=16385 Jump up ^ `` Charlton Comics : 1776 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Charlton Comics : 1776 at the Comic Book DB External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1776 ( film ) . 1776 on IMDb 1776 at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> John Adams <Td_colspan="2"> 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady <Td_colspan="2"> ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Category <Th_colspan="2"> Benjamin Franklin <Td_colspan="2"> January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital The Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) <Th_colspan="3"> Thomas Jefferson <Td_colspan="3"> 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) <Td_colspan="3"> ← John Adams James Madison → Category <Th_colspan="2"> John Dickinson <Td_colspan="2"> 5th President of Pennsylvania , 1782 -- 1785 5th President of Delaware , 1781 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Stamp Act Congress , 1765 Founding of the United States Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 United we stand , divided we fall ) Petition to the King ( 1774 ) Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote , 1775 ) Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) Other events Brigadier General , Pennsylvania militia Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Delaware Constitution of 1792 Life and homes Mary Norris Dickinson ( wife ) Philemon Dickinson ( brother ) Early life Poplar Hall home Fair Hill estate Friends Burial Ground Legacy Dickinson College Dickinson School of Law , Pennsylvania State University John Dickinson High School 1776 ( 1969 musical , 1972 film ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related Claymont Stone School American Revolution patriots Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1776_(film)&oldid=796482187 '' Categories : 1972 films English - language films 1970s musical comedy films 1970s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films Films directed by Peter H. Hunt American Revolutionary War films Films about Presidents of the United States Films set in Philadelphia Films set in the 1770s 1776 in fiction Musical films based on actual events United States Declaration of Independence Columbia Pictures films Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson Cultural depictions of George Washington Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català فارسی Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban 3
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Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Alfonso Cuarón Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Robbie Coltrane Michael Gambon Richard Griffiths Gary Oldman Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Maggie Smith Timothy Spall David Thewlis Emma Thompson Julie Walters Music by John Williams Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by Steven Weisberg Production companies Heyday Films 1492 Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 23 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 23 ) ( Radio City Music Hall ) 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) ( United Kingdom ) 4 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $130 million Box office $796.7 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a 2004 British - American fantasy film directed by Alfonso Cuarón and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film , which is the third instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by Chris Columbus ( director of the first two instalments ) , David Heyman , and Mark Radcliffe . The story follows Harry Potter 's third year at Hogwarts as he is informed that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped from Azkaban intending to kill him . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It also features well - known actors in supporting roles , including Gary Oldman , David Thewlis , Michael Gambon ( in his debut in the role of Albus Dumbledore ) , Emma Thompson and Timothy Spall . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and is followed by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The film was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 4 June 2004 in North America , as the first Harry Potter film released into IMAX theatres and to be using IMAX Technology . It is also the last Harry Potter film to be released on VHS . The film was nominated for two Academy Awards , Best Original Music Score and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 . Prisoner of Azkaban grossed a total of $796.7 million worldwide , making it the second highest grossing film of 2004 and received widespread critical acclaim , with particular praise to Cuarón 's directing and the performances of the leads . It marked a notable change in the film series ' tone and direction and is considered by many critics and fans to be the best Harry Potter film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 3.4 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Harry Potter has been spending another dissatisfying summer with The Dursleys . When Uncle Vernon 's sister , Marge , insults Harry 's parents , Harry loses his temper and accidentally causes her to inflate and float away . Harry flees with his luggage , fed up with his life with the Dursleys . The Knight Bus delivers Harry to the Leaky Cauldron , where he is forgiven by Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge for using magic outside of Hogwarts . After reuniting with his best friends Ron and Hermione , Harry learns that Sirius Black , a convicted supporter of the dark wizard Voldemort , who murdered Harry 's parents , has escaped Azkaban prison , intending to kill Harry . The trio are returning to Hogwarts for the school year on the Hogwarts Express , when dementors suddenly board the train , searching for Sirius . One enters the trio 's compartment , causing Harry to pass out . New Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Lupin repels the dementor with a Patronus Charm . At Hogwarts , headmaster Albus Dumbledore announces that dementors will be guarding the school while Sirius is at large . Hogwarts groundskeeper Hagrid is announced as the new Care of Magical Creatures teacher ; his first class goes awry when Draco Malfoy deliberately provokes a hippogriff , Buckbeak , who attacks him . Draco exaggerates his injury , and Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy later has Buckbeak sentenced to death . The Fat Lady 's portrait , which guards the Gryffindor quarters , is found ruined and empty . Terrified and hiding in another painting , the Fat Lady tells Dumbledore that Sirius Black has entered the castle . During a stormy Quidditch match against Hufflepuff , dementors attack Harry , causing him to fall off his broomstick . At Hogsmeade , Harry is shocked to learn that not only had Sirius Black been his father 's best friend and apparently betrayed them to Voldemort , but that Sirius is also his godfather . Lupin privately teaches Harry to defend himself against dementors , using the Patronus Charm . After Harry , Ron and Hermione witness Buckbeak 's execution , Ron 's pet rat Scabbers bites him and escapes . When Ron gives chase , a large dog appears and drags both Ron and Scabbers into a hole at the Whomping Willow 's base , which leads to an underground passage to the Shrieking Shack . The trio discover that the dog is actually Sirius , who is an Animagus . Lupin arrives and embraces Sirius as an old friend . He admits to being a werewolf , and explains that Sirius is innocent . Sirius was falsely accused of betraying the Potters to Voldemort , and murdering twelve Muggles and their mutual friend , Peter Pettigrew . It is revealed that Scabbers is actually Pettigrew , an Animagus who committed the crime for which Sirius was seemingly convicted for , and had betrayed the Potters . After forcing him back into a human , Lupin and Sirius prepare to kill him , but Harry convinces them to turn Pettigrew over to the dementors . As the group departs , the full moon rises ; Lupin transforms into a werewolf , and Sirius transforms into his dog form to fight him off . In the chaos , Pettigrew escapes in his rat form . Sirius and Harry are attacked by dementors and Harry sees a figure in the distance save them by casting a powerful Patronus spell . He believes the mysterious figure is his deceased father , and passes out . He awakens to discover that Sirius has been captured and sentenced to the Dementor 's Kiss . Acting on Dumbledore 's advice , Harry and Hermione travel back in time with Hermione 's Time Turner , and watch themselves and Ron repeat the night 's events . They save Buckbeak from execution and witness the Dementors overpower Sirius and Harry . The present Harry realises that it was actually he who conjured the Patronus , and does so again . Harry and Hermione rescue Sirius , who escapes with Buckbeak . Lupin resigns to prevent an uproar from parents over a werewolf teaching their children . Sirius sends Harry a Firebolt broom , and Harry happily takes it for a ride . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , a 13 - year - old British wizard famous for surviving his parents ' murder at the hands of the evil dark wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant , who now enters his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend at Hogwarts . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's Muggle - born best friend and the trio 's brains . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , the gamekeeper and new Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts . Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , the headmaster of Hogwarts and one of the greatest wizards of the age . Gambon assumed the role after Richard Harris , who played Dumbledore in the previous two films , died on 25 October 2002 . Despite his illness , Harris was determined to film his part , telling a visiting David Heyman not to recast the role . Four months after Harris 's death , Cuarón chose Gambon as his replacement . Gambon was unconcerned with bettering or copying Harris , instead giving his own interpretation , putting on a slight Irish accent for the role , as well as completing his scenes in three weeks . Rumours of Ian McKellen being offered the role started to spread , but when asked he rejected the rumours and stated he had played a similar character in Gandalf of The Lord of the Rings trilogy . He also stated it would have been inappropriate to take Harris ' role , as the late actor had called McKellen a `` dreadful '' actor . Harris 's family had expressed an interest in seeing Harris 's close friend Peter O'Toole being chosen as his replacement . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle uncle . Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Harry 's infamous godfather , who escapes from the Wizarding prison Azkaban after serving twelve years there for being falsely accused of being the Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . Oldman accepted the part because he needed the money , as he had not taken on any major work in several years after deciding to spend more time with his children . He drew inspiration from Cuarón , whom he described as having `` such enthusiasm and a joy for life , '' and compared Sirius to John Lennon . He was `` surprised by how difficult it was to pull off '' , comparing the role to Shakespearean dialogue . Oldman suggested Sirius 's hairstyle , while Cuarón designed his tattoos . He had read the first book , and his children were fans of the series . The part made Oldman a hero with his children and their schoolmates . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions teacher at Hogwarts and head of Slytherin . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , Deputy Headmistress of Hogwarts , the Transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts and head of Gryffindor . Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , a friend of Harry 's parents said to have been killed by Sirius Black , but was later revealed to have been the real Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts and a werewolf . Thewlis , who had previously auditioned for the role of Quirinus Quirrell in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was Cuarón 's first choice for the role of Professor Lupin . He accepted the role on advice from Ian Hart , who was cast as Quirrell , and had told him that Professor Lupin was `` the best part in the book . '' Cuarón told Thewlis that he thought Lupin was gay , describing him as a `` gay junkie '' , although his idea turned out to be incorrect . Thewlis had seen the first two films and had only read part of the first book , although after taking the role he read the third . He was excited about the prospect of making a children 's film , and enjoyed its filming . Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , the Divination teacher at Hogwarts . Robert Hardy portrays Cornelius Fudge , the Minister for Magic . Julie Christie plays Madam Rosmerta in the film . Lee Ingleby portrays Stan Shunpike , the conductor of the Knight Bus . Also Pam Ferris appears in this film as Marge Dursley , Harry 's aunt who is a lush . Jimmy Gardner plays the driver of the Knight Bus , Ernest `` Ernie '' Prang ( also called `` Ern '' ) . Lenny Henry provides the voice for the shrunken head that accompanies Ernie Prang on the Knight Bus . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) With Prisoner of Azkaban , production of the Harry Potter films switched to an eighteen - month cycle , which producer David Heyman explained was `` to give each ( film ) the time it required . '' Chris Columbus , the director of the previous two films , decided not to return to helm the third instalment as he `` had n't seen ( his ) own kids for supper in the week for about two and a half years . '' Even so , he remained on as a producer alongside Heyman . Guillermo del Toro was approached to direct , but considered the film `` so bright and happy and full of light , that ( he ) was n't interested . '' Marc Forster turned down the film because he had made Finding Neverland and did not want to direct child actors again . M. Night Shyamalan was considered to direct but turned it down because he was working on his own film , The Village . Warner Bros. then composed a three - name short list for Columbus 's replacement , which comprised Callie Khouri , Kenneth Branagh ( who played Gilderoy Lockhart in Chamber of Secrets ) and eventual selection Alfonso Cuarón . Cuarón was initially nervous about accepting as he had not read any of the books , or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct , as he had immediately connected to the story . Cuarón 's appointment pleased J.K. Rowling who loved his film Y Tu Mamá También and was impressed with his adaptation of A Little Princess . Heyman found that `` tonally and stylistically , ( Cuarón ) was the perfect fit . '' As his first exercise with the actors who portray the central trio , Cuarón assigned Radcliffe , Grint and Watson to write an autobiographical essay about their character , written in the first person , spanning birth to the discovery of the magical world , and including the character 's emotional experience . Of Rupert Grint 's essay , Cuarón recalls , `` Rupert did n't deliver the essay . When I questioned why he did n't do it , he said , ' I 'm Ron ; Ron would n't do it . ' So I said , ' Okay , you do understand your character . ' That was the most important piece of acting work that we did on Prisoner of Azkaban , because it was very clear that everything they put in those essays was going to be the pillars they were going to hold on to for the rest of the process . '' Filming ( edit ) Loch Shiel , where scenes from Prisoner of Azkaban were filmed . Principal photography began on 24 February 2003 , at Leavesden Film Studios , and concluded in October 2003 . The third film was the first to extensively utilise real - life locations , as much of the first two films had been shot in the studio . Some sets for the film were built in Glen Coe , Scotland , near the Clachaig Inn . The indoor sets , including ones built for the previous two films , are mainly in Leavesden Film Studios . The Hogwarts Lake was filmed from Loch Shiel , Loch Eilt and Loch Morar in the Scottish Highlands . Incidentally , the train bridge , which was also featured in the Chamber of Secrets , is opposite Loch Shiel and was used to film the sequences when the Dementor boarded the train . A small section of the triple - decker bus scene , where it weaves in between traffic , was filmed in North London 's Palmers Green . Some parts were also filmed in and around Borough Market and Lambeth Bridge in London . Hogwarts grew and expanded significantly with the third film . For the first time , the Hogwarts courtyard and bridge were seen . At the end of the bridge , rock monoliths were placed onto the hillside to evoke a Celtic feeling . The use of live - action also significantly changed the look of Hagrid 's hut . In the first two films , it appeared at the end of a flat stretch , right in front of the Forbidden Forest . The third film utilised the more rugged Scottish locations to place Hagrid 's hut at the bottom of a steep hillside . A large pumpkin patch was added behind the hut . The Honeydukes set in this film is a redress of the set of Flourish & Blotts that was seen in Chamber of Secrets , which , in turn , was a redress of the Ollivanders set from the first film . Rowling allowed Cuarón to make minor changes to the book , on the condition that he stuck to the book 's spirit . She allowed him to place a sundial on Hogwarts ' grounds , but rejected a graveyard , as that would play an important part in the then unreleased sixth book . Rowling said she `` got goosebumps '' when she saw several moments in the film , as they inadvertently referred to events in the final two books , she stated `` people are going to look back on the film and think that those were put in deliberately as clues . '' When filming concluded , Cuarón found that it had `` been the two sweetest years of my life , '' and expressed his interest in directing one of the sequels . Effects ( edit ) Cuarón originally wanted to move away from CGI toward puppetry . He hired master underwater puppeteer Basil Twist to help , using puppets to study the potential movement of the Dementors . Once it became apparent that puppetry would be too expensive and unable to portray the specific elements of the Dementors , Cuarón turned to CGI ; however , he and his team did use footage of Dementor puppets underwater as a basis for the flowing movements of the computer - generated Dementors . The Knight Bus segment when Harry is being taken to The Leaky Cauldron uses the technique known as bullet time , popularised in The Matrix series of films . This segment takes humorous advantage of the magic quality of the Harry Potter world by having the Muggle world go into bullet time while inside the Knight Bus , Harry , Stan Shunpike and Ernie Prang ( and the talking shrunken head ) keep moving in real time . Music ( edit ) John Williams Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( soundtrack ) The Academy Award - nominated score was the third and final score in the series to be composed and conducted by John Williams . It was released on CD on 25 May 2004 . In general , this film 's music is not as bright as that of the previous films , with distinct medieval influences in the instrumentation . One of the new themes , `` Double Trouble , '' was written during production so that a children 's choir could perform it in Hogwarts 's Great Hall in one of the film 's earlier scenes . The lyrics of `` Double Trouble '' are from a ritual performed by the Weïrd Sisters in Act 4 , Scene 1 of Shakespeare 's Macbeth . The film 's trailer prominently features the cues `` Anticipation '' and `` Progeny '' by Brand X Music , a trailer music band . Differences from the book ( edit ) Prisoner of Azkaban was , at the time of publication , the series ' longest book . The increasing plot complexity necessitated a looser adaptation of the book 's finer plot lines and back - story . The film opens with Harry using magic to light his wand in short bursts , whereas in the same scene in the book , he uses a torch / flashlight , as performing magic outside the wizard world is illegal for wizards under the age of seventeen . The connection between Harry 's parents and the Marauder 's Map is only briefly mentioned , as is Remus Lupin 's association to both the map and James Potter . Additionally , it was never mentioned who the Marauders were or who the nicknames Moony , Wormtail , Padfoot , and Prongs referred to . Some exposition was removed for dramatic effect : both the Shrieking Shack and Scabbers the rat are mentioned only very briefly in the film , while they receive a more thorough coverage in the novel . Most of Sirius Black 's back story is also cut , with no mention of the manner of his escape from Azkaban . Only the first Quidditch game was kept in the film , due to its importance to the storyline ; the second ( Gryffindor / Ravenclaw ) and third ( Gryffindor / Slytherin ) were cut . Thus , Harry receives the Firebolt at the film 's end , while in the book he receives it anonymously at Christmas and it is confiscated for a few weeks to be checked for possible jinxes by Professor Flitwick and Madam Hooch . On account of pace and time considerations , the film glosses over detailed descriptions of magical education . Only one Hippogriff , Buckbeak , is seen , and only Malfoy and Harry are seen interacting with the Hippogriff during Care of Magical Creatures lessons , and most other lessons , including all of Snape 's potions classes , were cut from the film . The Fidelius Charm 's complicated description is removed entirely from the film , with no explanation given of exactly how Black `` betrayed '' the Potters to Lord Voldemort . Many of this scene 's lines are redistributed amongst Cornelius Fudge and Minerva McGonagall ; in compensation , McGonagall 's exposition of the Animagus transformation is instead given by Snape . In the film , where Harry and Hermione have travelled back in time and are hiding outside of Hagrid 's hut , it is heavily implied that Dumbledore somehow knows that they are there , as he distracts the other characters at key moments or slows down the proceedings ( such as by suggesting that he sign Buckbeak 's execution order as well , then after Fudge agrees he says it will take some time as he has an extremely long name ) , which allows Harry and Hermione time to free Buckbeak unseen . In the book , Dumbledore merely comments that the executioner must sign the order , right before he is about to leave the cabin to execute Buckbeak . The embryonic romantic connection between Ron and Hermione is more prominent in the film than the book ; in response to criticism of the first two films for sacrificing character development for mystery and adventure , the emotional development of all three lead characters is given more attention in the third film . That said , any mention of the beginnings of Harry 's crush on Cho Chang is removed . Chang herself is not even seen until the next film . Harry 's darker side is first glimpsed in this film , when Harry proclaims , `` I hope he ( Black ) finds me . Cause when he does , I 'm going to be ready . When he does , I 'm going to kill him ! '' Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) As with the series ' previous instalments , Prisoner of Azkaban was a large merchandising opportunity . The video game version , designed by EA UK , was released 25 May 2004 in North America and 29 May 2004 in Europe . Mattel released film tie - ins that included the Harry Potter Championship Quidditch board game and character action figures . Lego also expanded on its previous merchandising for the first two films with the release of sets ranging from the Knight Bus to the Shrieking Shack . Theatrical release ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban held its New York premiere at Radio City Music Hall on 23 May 2004 , followed by its London premiere at Leicester Square on 30 May 2004 . The film then opened in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2004 and on 4 June 2004 in the United States . It was the first film in the series to be released in both conventional and IMAX theatres . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Upon release , the film broke the record for biggest single day in the United Kingdom 's box office history making £ 5.3 million on a Monday . It went on to break records both with and without previews making a stunning £ 23.9 million including previews and £ 9.3 million excluding them . Prisoner of Azkaban had the highest - opening weekend at the UK 's box office , until Spectre beat the record in 2015 . It went on to make a total of £ 45.6 million in the UK . The film made $93.7 million during its opening weekend in the United States and Canada at 3,855 theatres , achieving , at the time , the third biggest - opening weekend of all time . This opening also broke Hulk 's record ( $62.1 million ) for the highest - opening weekend for a film released in June . Prisoner of Azkaban held this record for five years until Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen topped it in 2009 with $108.9 million . The film was also No. 1 at the North American box office for two consecutive weekends . Prisoner of Azkaban made a total of $796.7 million worldwide , which made it 2004 's second - highest - grossing film worldwide behind Shrek 2 . In the US and Canada , it was only the year 's sixth - highest - grossing film , making $249.5 million . Everywhere else in the world , however , it was the year 's number one film , making $547 million compared to Shrek 2 's $478.6 million . Despite its successful box office run , Azkaban is the lowest - grossing Harry Potter film ( all the others have grossed more than US $875 million worldwide ) and the lowest - grossing film of J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Series . Critical reception ( edit ) Prisoner of Azkaban earned notable critical acclaim and is often regarded by fans and critics as the best film in the franchise . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 91 % based on 250 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Under the assured direction of Alfonso Cuarón , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban triumphantly strikes a delicate balance between technical wizardry and complex storytelling . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle lauded the film 's more mature tone and said it was `` darker , more complex , rooted in character . '' The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` a deeper , darker , visually arresting and more emotionally satisfying adaptation of the J.K. Rowling literary phenomenon , '' especially compared to the first two installments . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars : `` Not only is this dazzler by far the best and most thrilling of the three Harry Potter movies to date , it 's a film that can stand on its own even if you never heard of author J.K. Rowling and her young wizard hero . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com asserts it to be `` one of the greatest fantasy films of all time . '' Nicole Arthur of The Washington Post praised the film as `` complex , frightening , ( and ) nuanced . '' Roger Ebert gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars , saying that the film was not quite as good as the first two , but still called it `` delightful , amusing and sophisticated '' Claudia Puig from USA Today found the film to be `` a visual delight , '' and added that `` Cuarón is not afraid to make a darker film and tackle painful emotions . '' while Richard Roeper called the film `` a creative triumph . '' Sean Smith from Newsweek said : `` The Prisoner of Azkaban boasts a brand - new director and a bold new vision , '' he also called the film `` moving , '' praising the performances by the three main leads , while Entertainment Weekly praised the film for being more mature than its predecessors . Accolades ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for Best Original Music Score ( John Williams ) and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards held in 2005 . This was the second film in the series to be nominated for an Oscar . The film also ranks at No. 471 in Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . IGN designated Prisoner of Azkaban as the fifth best fantasy film . Additionally , Moviefone designated the film as the tenth best of the decade . In 2011 , the film was voted Film of the Decade at the First Light Awards by children aged 5 -- 15 . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film ( show ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Name Outcome 77th Academy Awards Best Original Music Score John Williams Nominated Best Visual Effects Tim Burke , Roger Guyett , Bill George , John Richardson Nominated Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film Nominated 58th British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Nominated Best Production Design Stuart Craig Nominated Best Makeup & Hair Nick Dudman , Eithne Fennel , Amanda Knight Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Nominated Best Young Actor Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Best Young Actress Emma Watson Nominated 47th Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media John Williams Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Nominated 2005 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated 2002 MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Male Performance Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Live Action Family Film Won 32nd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director Alfonso Cuarón Nominated Best Supporting Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Best Writer Steve Kloves Nominated Best Music John Williams Nominated Best Costumes Jany Temime Nominated Best Make - Up Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight Nominated Best Special Effects Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , Bill George , John Richardson Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Won Choice Summer Movie Nominated See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter List of films featuring time loops Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 13 May 2004 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88b3cb7a ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/harry_potter_and_the_prisoner_of_azkaban Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ https://mic.com/articles/66473/alfonso-cuaron-how-the-gravity-director-saved-harry-potter#.sJJaao535 Jump up ^ http://www.denofgeek.com/us/movies/harry-potter/255937/how-prisoner-of-azkaban-changed-the-harry-potter-franchise-young-adult-cinema-forever Jump up ^ `` Actor Richard Harris dies '' . BBC News . 25 October 2002 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( 28 October 2005 ) . `` A Look Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Entertainment Weekly . 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Julie ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` J.K. Rowling And Her Magical Cash Cow '' . Frobes . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar , Parija ( 10 February 2004 ) . `` Hot in 2004 : Movie toys & singing Barbie '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2004 : Harry Potter -- LEGO ® '' . Row M Enterprises , Inc. 2004 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter star mobbed at US premiere '' . BBC News . 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard turn out for Harry Potter premiere '' . Daily Mail . 31 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter 3 will be screened on IMAX '' . CBBC Newsround. 19 December 2003 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Azkaban breaks box office record '' . BBC News . 2 June 2004 . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Highest UK box office opening weekends '' . 25th Frame . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All time box office openings no previews '' . Sky is Falling . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban UK box office '' . 25th Frame . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( 7 June 2004 ) . `` Hotter Potter : Summer Bow Yields Franchise High '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 29 June 2009 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Revenge of the Fallen ' Rises with Optimal Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` June 11 - 13 , 2004 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL YEARLY BOX OFFICE '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ https://mic.com/articles/66473/alfonso-cuaron-how-the-gravity-director-saved-harry-potter#.sJJaao535 Jump up ^ http://www.denofgeek.com/us/movies/harry-potter/255937/how-prisoner-of-azkaban-changed-the-harry-potter-franchise-young-adult-cinema-forever Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( 4 June 2004 ) . `` It had to happen . Harry Potter 's growing up '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Prisoner of Azkaban '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 28 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2007 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Newsround. 27 May 2004 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Nicole ( 4 June 2004 ) . `` Cuaron 's Magic Touch '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Azkaban wizard Cuaron casts an artful spell '' . USA Today . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Ebert & Roeper . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sean ( 31 May 2004 ) . `` The Harry Potter books have finally gotten the wondrous movie they deserve . The Prisoner of Azkaban boasts a brand - new director and a bold new vision '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 77th Academy Awards ( 2005 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's Greatest Movies of all Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Pirrello , Phil ( 4 April 2011 ) . `` IGN 's Top 25 Fantasy Films '' . IGN . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner of Azkaban named film of the decade '' . BBC . 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot Jump up ^ AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot Jump up ^ `` Amanda Awards for 2005 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2005 : The nominations '' . BBC News . 17 January 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee list for the 47th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Sound Spike. 7 December 2004 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Hugo Award Nominations '' . AwardWeb . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Host / Nominee Release -- Knickelodeon Kids Choice Awards '' . Nickelodeon. 8 February 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards for 2002 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 PHOENIX FILM CRITICS SOCIETY AWARD WINNERS '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films ( 2005 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards for 2005 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Official Warner Bros. Page Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban on IMDb Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Alfonso Cuarón <Td_colspan="2"> Sólo Con Tu Pareja ( 1991 ) A Little Princess ( 1995 ) Great Expectations ( 1998 ) Y Tu Mamá También ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Roma ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World <Th_colspan="2"> J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action <Td_colspan="2"> The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) VIAF : 227703490 LCCN : no2004061093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)&oldid=807906878 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films British films British adventure films British sequel films Fantasy adventure films Films directed by Alfonso Cuarón Time travel films Werewolves in film IMAX films Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films set in London High fantasy films Warner Bros. films Heyday Films films Films using computer - generated imagery Film scores by John Williams Films produced by Chris Columbus 1492 Pictures films Shapeshifting in fiction Size change in fiction Films produced by David Heyman Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 34 . 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1. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban film
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difference between diploma and national diploma in south africa
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South African qualifications authority - wikipedia South African qualifications authority This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South African Qualifications Authority <Td_colspan="2"> SAQA Type Statutory body Headquarters Pretoria , South Africa Membership BTC Southern Africa Website www.saqa.org.za The South African Qualifications Authority ( SAQA ) is a statutory body , regulated in terms of the National Qualifications Framework Act No. 67 of 2008 . It is made up of 29 members appointed by the Minister of Education in consultation with the Minister of Labour . SAQA is mandated by legislation to oversee the development and implementation of the National Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) . Contents 1 The National Qualifications Framework 2 History 3 Functions 4 Activities 5 References 6 External links The national qualifications framework ( edit ) The NQF is a framework , i.e. it sets the boundaries , principle and guidelines , which provide a vision , a philosophical base and an organisational structure , for the construction of a qualifications system . Detailed development and implementation is carried out within these boundaries . All education and training in South Africa fits within this framework . It is national because it is a national resource , representing a national effort at integrating education and training into unified structure of recognised qualifications . It is framework of qualifications i.e. records of learner achievements . The NQF is a set of principles and guidelines by which records of learner achievement are registered to enable national recognition of acquired skills and knowledge , thereby ensuring an integrated system that encourages lifelong learning . The NQF consist of 10 levels divided into three band ; Levels 1 to 4 equate to high school grades 9 to 12 or vocational training , 5 to 7 are college diplomas and technical qualifications , 7 to 10 are university degrees . Levels Designation Grade 9 Grade 10 and National ( vocational ) Certificates level 2 Grade 11 and National ( vocational ) Certificates level 3 Grade 12 ( National Senior Certificate ) and National ( vocational ) Cert . level 4 5 Higher Certificates and Advanced National ( vocational ) Cert . 6 National Diploma and Advanced certificates 7 Bachelor 's degree , Advanced Diplomas , Post Graduate Certificate and B - tech 8 Honours degree , Post Graduate diploma and Professional Qualifications 9 Master 's degree 10 Doctor 's degree A graph mapping out the National Qualification Frameworks ( NQF ) and how they relate to different educational options within the South African educational system in 2017 . History ( edit ) In October 1995 , the South African Qualifications Authority Act ( No. 58 of 1995 ) was promulgated to establish the authority , whose main task was to establish the National Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) . The authority started operations in May 1996 . By 2001 the NQF was under review , and after that the 1995 SAQA law was replaced by the National Qualifications Framework Act ( No. 67 of 2008 ) . The authority remained in place and so did the updated NQF . Functions ( edit ) The functions of SAQA are essentially twofold : to oversee the development of the NQF by formulating and publishing policies and criteria for registration of bodies responsible for establishing education and training standards or qualifications and for accreditation of bodies responsible for monitoring and auditing achievements in terms of such standards and qualifications to oversee the implementation of the NQF by ensuring the registration , accreditation and assignment of functions to bodies referred to above , as well as the registration of national standards and qualifications on the framework . It must also take steps to ensure that provisions for accreditations are complied with and where appropriate , that registered standards and qualifications are internationally comparable . Activities ( edit ) In order to realise this objective , SAQA has established and maintains the following : a system for setting nationally recognised and internationally comparable education and training standards and qualifications from NQF Level 1 ( Grade 9 or Adult Basic Education and Training Level 4 - the exit point from General Education and Training ) to NQF Level 8 ( post-graduate qualifications ) a national quality assurance system to ensure that education and training is delivered to the set standards an electronic management information system which records all relevant information on the achievements of South African learners ( the National Learners ' Records Database ) . SAQA also has the task of evaluating foreign educational qualifications to determine their South African equivalence . People with foreign qualifications who wish to attend South African education institutions or who wish to enter the South African labour market apply to SAQA to have their qualifications evaluated . SAQA 's contribution ensures that South Africans have access to quality education and skills development to improve their lives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SAQA Retrieved 20 December 2011 Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NQF History Retrieved 20 December 2011 Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NQF History Retrieved 20 December 2011 Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ What is the OQF Retrieved 20 December 2011 External links ( edit ) Homepage : South African Qualifications Authority , saqa.org.za Homepage : National Qualifications Framework , nqf.org.za <Th_colspan="2"> South African universities <Td_colspan="2"> University alliances CHEC FOTIM HESA SERA Public Traditional universities Cape Town Fort Hare Free State KwaZulu - Natal Limpopo North - West Pretoria Rhodes SMU Stellenbosch Western Cape Witwatersrand Comprehensive universities Johannesburg Nelson Mandela Unisa Venda Walter Sisulu Zululand Universities of technology Cape Peninsula Central Durban Mangosuthu Mpumalanga Sol Plaatje Tshwane Vaal Private Design and Art Schools AFDA Inscape Design College The Open Window School of Visual Communication Theological seminaries College of the Transfiguration Auckland Park Theological Seminary Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa Doxa Deo School of Divinity George Whitefield College South African Theological Seminary Universities and colleges Akademia CIDA City Campus CTI Education Group Damelin IMM Graduate School of Marketing Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation Midrand Graduate Institute Monash Regenesys Business School St Augustine College of South Africa Stenden South Africa TSiBA Education Related DHEAT SAQA Chancellors and vice-chancellors Endowment Rankings South African Technology Network TENET <Td_colspan="2"> List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Qualifications_Authority&oldid=842856557 '' Categories : 1995 establishments in South Africa Education in South Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking reliable references from October 2007 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 03 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA)
2. National Qualifications Framework (NQF)
3. Functions of SAQA
4. History of SAQA
5. Activities of SAQA
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what type of islands border deep sea trenches
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Challenger Deep - wikipedia Challenger Deep Jump to : navigation , search Location of Challenger Deep within the Mariana Trench and Western Pacific Ocean The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth 's seabed hydrosphere , with a depth of 10,898 to 10,916 m ( 35,755 to 35,814 ft ) by direct measurement from submersibles , and slightly more by sonar bathymetry . It is in the Pacific Ocean , at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group . The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot - shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent - shaped oceanic trench , which itself is an unusually deep feature in the ocean floor . Its bottom is about 11 km ( 7 mi ) long and 1.6 km ( 1 mi ) wide , with gently sloping sides . The closest land to the Challenger Deep is Fais Island ( one of the outer islands of Yap ) , 287 km ( 178 mi ) southwest , and Guam , 304 km ( 189 mi ) to the northeast . It is located in the ocean territory of the Federated States of Micronesia , 1.6 km ( 1 mi ) from its border with ocean territory associated with Guam . The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger , whose expedition of 1872 -- 1876 made the first recordings of its depth . According to the August 2011 version of the GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names , the location and depth of the Challenger Deep are 11 ° 22.4 ′ N 142 ° 35.5 ′ E / 11.3733 ° N 142.5917 ° E / 11.3733 ; 142.5917 and 10,920 m ( 35,827 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) . June 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 ( sonar multibeam bathymetry system for 300 -- 11,000 m deep water mapping ) aboard the RV Kilo Moana indicated a depth of 10,971 metres ( 35,994 ft ) . The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection , with a precision of 0.2 % to 0.5 % of water depth ; this is an error of about 22 to 55 m ( 72 to 180 ft ) at this depth . Further soundings made by the US Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping in October 2010 are in agreement with this figure , preliminarily placing the deepest part of the Challenger Deep at 10,994 m ( 36,070 ft ) , with an estimated vertical uncertainty of ± 40 m ( 131 ft ) . A 2014 study concludes that with the best of 2010 multibeam echosounder technologies a depth uncertainty of ± 25 m ( 82 ft ) ( 95 % confidence level ) on 9 degrees of freedom and a positional uncertainty of ± 20 to 25 m ( 66 to 82 ft ) ( 2drms ) remain and the location of the deepest depth recorded in the 2010 mapping is 10,984 m ( 36,037 ft ) at 11 ° 19 ′ 48 '' N 142 ° 11 ′ 57 '' E / 11.329903 ° N 142.199305 ° E / 11.329903 ; 142.199305 ( 11 ° 19 ′ 47.650 '' N 142 ° 11 ′ 57.498 '' E / 11.32990278 ° N 142.19930500 ° E / 11.32990278 ; 142.19930500 ) . Only four descents have ever been achieved . The first descent by any vehicle was by the manned bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960 . This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1995 and Nereus in 2009 . In March 2012 a manned solo descent was made by the deep - submergence vehicle Deepsea Challenger . These expeditions measured very similar depths of 10,898 to 10,916 metres ( 35,755 to 35,814 ft ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of depth mapping from the surface 2 Descents 2.1 Manned descents 2.1. 1 Trieste 2.1. 2 Deepsea Challenger 2.1. 3 Planned manned descents 2.2 Unmanned descents 2.2. 1 Kaikō 2.2. 2 ABISMO 2.2. 3 Nereus 2.2. 4 Haidou - 1 3 Lifeforms 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links History of depth mapping from the surface ( edit ) Over many years , the search for the point of maximum depth has involved many different vessels . The HMS Challenger expedition ( December 1872 -- May 1876 ) first sounded the depths now known as the Challenger Deep . This first sounding was made on 23 March 1875 at station 225 . The reported depth was 4,475 fathoms ( 26,850 ft ; 8,184 m ) at 11 ° 24 ′ N 143 ° 16 ′ E / 11.400 ° N 143.267 ° E / 11.400 ; 143.267 , based on two separate soundings . A 1912 book , The Depths of the Ocean by Sir John Murray , records the depth of the Challenger Deep as 31,614 ft ( 9,636 m ) , reporting the sounding taken by the converted navy collier USS Nero in 1899 . Murray was one of the expedition scientists . In 1951 , about 75 years after its original discovery , the entire Mariana Trench was surveyed by a second Royal Navy vessel , captained by George Stephen Ritchie ( later Rear Admiral Ritchie ) ; this vessel was also named HMS Challenger , after the original expedition ship . This survey recorded the deepest part of the trench using echo sounding , a more precise and easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition . A depth of 5,960 fathoms ( 35,760 ft ; 10,900 m ) was measured at 11 ° 19 ′ N 142 ° 15 ′ E / 11.317 ° N 142.250 ° E / 11.317 ; 142.250 . Research vessel Vityaz in Kaliningrad `` Museum of world ocean '' The maximum surveyed depth of the Challenger Deep was reported in 1957 by the Soviet Research vessel Vityaz recording a spot 11,034 metres ( 36,201 ft ) ± 50 m ( 164 ft ) deep at 11 ° 20.9 ′ N 142 ° 11.5 ′ E / 11.3483 ° N 142.1917 ° E / 11.3483 ; 142.1917 . It was dubbed the Mariana Hollow and is listed in many reference sources , including the Encyclopædia Britannica , articles in National Geographic and on maps . The pressure at this depth is approximately 1,099 times that at the surface , or 111 MPa ( 16,099 psi ) . In 1959 , the US Navy research vessel RV Stranger using bomb - sounding surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m ( 35,810 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) at 11 ° 20.0 ′ N 142 ° 11.8 ′ E / 11.3333 ° N 142.1967 ° E / 11.3333 ; 142.1967 . In 1962 , the US Navy research vessel RV Spencer F. Baird using a frequency - controlled depth recorder surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m ( 35,810 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) at 11 ° 20.0 ′ N 142 ° 11.8 ′ E / 11.3333 ° N 142.1967 ° E / 11.3333 ; 142.1967 . In 1975 and 1980 , the US Navy research vessel RV Thomas Washington using a precision depth recorder with satellite positioning surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m ( 35,810 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) at 11 ° 20.0 ′ N 142 ° 11.8 ′ E / 11.3333 ° N 142.1967 ° E / 11.3333 ; 142.1967 . In 1984 , the survey vessel Takuyo from the Hydrographic Department of Japan , used a narrow , multibeam echo sounder to take a measurement of 10,924 m ( 35,840 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) at 11 ° 22.4 ′ N 142 ° 35.5 ′ E / 11.3733 ° N 142.5917 ° E / 11.3733 ; 142.5917 . Deep Sea Research Vessel RV Kairei In 1998 , a regional bathymetric survey of the Challenger Deep was conducted by the Deep Sea Research Vessel RV Kairei , from the Japan Agency for Marine - Earth Science and Technology , using a SeaBeam 2112 multibeam echosounder . The regional bathymetric map made from the data obtained in 1998 shows that the greatest depths in the eastern , central , and western depressions are 10,922 m ( 35,833 ft ) ± 74 m ( 243 ft ) , 10,898 m ( 35,755 ft ) ± 62 m ( 203 ft ) , and 10,908 m ( 35,787 ft ) ± 36 m ( 118 ft ) , respectively , making the eastern depression the deepest of the three . In 1999 and 2002 , the RV Kairei revisited the Challenger Deep . The cross track survey in the 1999 RV Kairei cruise shows that the greatest depths in the eastern , central , and western depressions are 10,920 m ( 35,827 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) , 10,894 m ( 35,741 ft ) ± 14 m ( 46 ft ) , and 10,907 m ( 35,784 ft ) ± 13 m ( 43 ft ) , respectively , which supports the results of the 1998 survey . The detailed grid survey in 2002 showed that the deepest site is located in the eastern part of the eastern depression around 11 ° 22.260 ′ N 142 ° 35.589 ′ E / 11.371000 ° N 142.593150 ° E / 11.371000 ; 142.593150 , with a depth of 10,920 m ( 35,827 ft ) ± 5 m ( 16 ft ) , about 290 m ( 950 ft ) southeast of the deepest site determined by the survey vessel Takuyo in 1984 and about 240 m ( 790 ft ) east of the deepest place determined by the 1998 RV Kairei survey . On 1 June 2009 , sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Kongsberg Simrad EM 120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water ( 300 -- 11,000 metres ) mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana ( mothership of the Nereus underwater vehicle ) indicated a depth of 10,971 m ( 35,994 ft ) . The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection , which is capable of an accuracy of 0.2 % to 0.5 % of water depth across the entire swath . In 2014 the multibeam bathymetry data of this sonar mapping have yet to be publicly released , so the data are not available for comparisons with other soundings . On 7 October 2010 , further sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep area was conducted by the US Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center ( CCOM / JHC ) aboard the USNS Sumner ( T - AGS - 61 ) . The results were reported in December 2011 at the annual American Geophysical Union fall meeting . Using a Kongsberg Maritime EM 122 multibeam echosounder system coupled to positioning equipment that can determine latitude and longitude up to 50 cm ( 20 in ) accuracy , from thousands of individual soundings around the deepest part the CCOM / JHC team preliminary determined that the Challenger Deep has a maximum depth of 10,994 m ( 36,070 ft ) at 11 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 142 ° 11 ′ 14 '' E / 11.326344 ° N 142.187248 ° E / 11.326344 ; 142.187248 , with an estimated vertical uncertainty of ± 40 m ( 131 ft ) at 2 standard deviations ( ≈ 95.4 % ) confidence level . A secondary deep with a depth of 10,951 m ( 35,928 ft ) was located at approximately 23.75 nmi ( 44.0 km ) to the east at 11 ° 22 ′ 11 '' N 142 ° 35 ′ 19 '' E / 11.369639 ° N 142.588582 ° E / 11.369639 ; 142.588582 in the Mariana Trench . In 2014 , a study was conducted regarding the determination of the depth and location of the Challenger Deep based on data collected previous to and during the 2010 sonar mapping of the Mariana Trench with a Kongsberg Maritime EM 122 multibeam echosounder system aboard the USNS Sumner ( T - AGS - 61 ) . This study by James . V. Gardner et al. of the Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping - Joint Hydrographic Center ( CCOM / JHC ) , Chase Ocean Engineering Laboratory of the University of New Hampshire splits the measurement attempt history into three main groups : early single - beam echo sounders ( 1950s - 1970 's ) , early multibeam echo sounders ( 1980s - 21st century ) , and modern ( i.e. , post-GPS , high - resolution ) multibeam echo sounders . Taking uncertainties in depth measurements and position estimation into account the raw data of the 2010 bathymetry of the Challenger Deep vicinity consisting of 2,051,371 soundings from eight survey lines was analyzed . The study concludes that with the best of 2010 multibeam echosounder technologies after the analysis a depth uncertainty of ± 25 m ( 82 ft ) ( 95 % confidence level ) on 9 degrees of freedom and a positional uncertainty of ± 20 to 25 m ( 66 to 82 ft ) ( 2drms ) remain and the location of the deepest depth recorded in the 2010 mapping is 10,984 m ( 36,037 ft ) at 11 ° 19 ′ 48 '' N 142 ° 11 ′ 57 '' E / 11.329903 ° N 142.199305 ° E / 11.329903 ; 142.199305 . The depth measurement uncertainty is a composite of measured uncertainties in the spatial variations in sound - speed through the water volume , the ray - tracing and bottom - detection algorithms of the multibeam system , the accuracies and calibration of the motion sensor and navigation systems , estimates of spherical spreading , attenuation throughout the water volume , and so forth . The 2009 and 2010 maximal depths were not confirmed by the series of dives Nereus made to the bottom during an expedition in May -- June 2009 . The direct descent measurements by the four expeditions which have reported from the bottom , have fixed depths in a narrow range from 10,916 m ( Trieste ) to 10,911 m ( Kaikō ) , to 10,902 m ( Nereus ) to 10,898 m ( Deepsea Challenger ) Although an attempt was made to correlate locations , it could not be absolutely certain that Nereus ( or the other descents ) reached exactly the same points found to be maximally deep by the sonar / echo sounders of previous mapping expeditions , even though one of these echo soundings was made by Nereus mothership . Descents ( edit ) Manned descents ( edit ) Lt. Don Walsh , USN ( bottom ) and Jacques Piccard ( center ) in the bathyscaphe Trieste . Trieste ( edit ) Main article : Bathyscaphe Trieste On 23 January 1960 , the Swiss - designed Trieste , originally built in Italy and acquired by the U.S. Navy , descended to the ocean floor in the trench manned by Jacques Piccard ( who co-designed the submersible along with his father , Auguste Piccard ) and USN Lieutenant Don Walsh . Their crew compartment was inside a spherical pressure vessel , which was a heavy - duty replacement ( of the Italian original ) built by Krupp Steel Works of Essen , Germany . Their descent took almost five hours and the two men spent barely twenty minutes on the ocean floor before undertaking the three - hour - and - fifteen - minute ascent . Their early departure from the ocean floor was due to their concern over a crack in the outer window caused by the temperature differences during their descent . The measured depth at the bottom was measured with a manometer at 10,916 m ( 35,814 ft ) ± 5 m ( 16 ft ) . Deepsea Challenger ( edit ) Main article : Deepsea Challenger DSV Deepsea Challenger On 26 March 2012 ( local time ) , Canadian film director James Cameron made a solo manned descent in the DSV Deepsea Challenger to the bottom of the Challenger Deep . At approximately 05 : 15 ChST on 26 March ( 19 : 15 UTC on 25 March ) , the descent began . At 07 : 52 ChST ( 21 : 52 UTC ) , Deepsea Challenger arrived at the bottom . The descent lasted 2 hours and 36 minutes and the recorded depth was 10,898.4 metres ( 35,756 ft ) when Deepsea Challenger touched down . Cameron had planned to spend about six hours near the ocean floor exploring but decided to start the ascent to the surface after only 2 hours and 34 minutes . The time on the bottom was shortened because a hydraulic fluid leak in the lines controlling the manipulator arm obscured the visibility out the only viewing port . It also caused the loss of the submersible 's starboard thrusters . At around 12 : 00 ChST ( 02 : 00 UTC on 26 March ) , the Deepsea Challenger website says the sub resurfaced after a 90 - minute ascent , although Paul Allen 's tweets indicate the ascent took only about 67 minutes . During a post-dive press conference Cameron said : `` I landed on a very soft , almost gelatinous flat plain . Once I got my bearings , I drove across it for quite a distance ... and finally worked my way up the slope . '' The whole time , Cameron said , he did n't see any fish , or any living creatures more than an inch ( 2.5 cm ) long : `` The only free swimmers I saw were small amphipods '' -- shrimplike bottom - feeders . Planned manned descents ( edit ) Several other manned expeditions are planned . These include : Triton Submarines , a Florida - based company that designs and manufactures private submarines , whose vehicle , Triton 36000 / 3 , will carry a crew of three to the seabed in 120 minutes ; Virgin Oceanic , sponsored by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group , is developing a submersible designed by Graham Hawkes , DeepFlight Challenger , with which the solo pilot will take 140 minutes to reach the seabed ; DOER Marine , a San Francisco Bay Area based marine technology company established in 1992 , that is developing a vehicle , Deepsearch ( and Ocean Explorer HOV Unlimited ) , with some support from Google 's Eric Schmidt with which a crew of two or three will take 90 minutes to reach the seabed , as the program Deep Search . Unmanned descents ( edit ) Kaikō ( edit ) Main article : Kaikō On 24 March 1995 , the Japanese robotic deep - sea probe Kaikō broke the depth record for unmanned probes when it reached close to the surveyed bottom of the Challenger Deep . Created by the Japan Agency for Marine - Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ) , it was one of the few unmanned deep - sea probes in operation that could dive deeper than 6,000 metres ( 20,000 ft ) . The manometer measured depth of 10,911 m ( 35,797 ft ) ± 3 m ( 10 ft ) at 11 ° 22.39 ′ N 142 ° 35.54 ′ E / 11.37317 ° N 142.59233 ° E / 11.37317 ; 142.59233 for the Challenger Deep is believed to be the most accurate measurement taken yet . Kaikō also collected sediment cores containing marine organisms from the bottom of the deep . Kaikō made many unmanned descents to the Mariana Trench during three expeditions in 1995 , 1996 and 1998 . The greatest depth measured by Kaikō in 1996 was 10,898 m ( 35,755 ft ) at 11 ° 22.10 ′ N 142 ° 25.85 ′ E / 11.36833 ° N 142.43083 ° E / 11.36833 ; 142.43083 and in 1998 10,907 m ( 35,784 ft ) at 11 ° 22.95 ′ N 142 ° 12.42 ′ E / 11.38250 ° N 142.20700 ° E / 11.38250 ; 142.20700 . It was lost at sea off Shikoku Island during Typhoon Chan - Hom on 29 May 2003 . ABISMO ( edit ) Main article : ABISMO On 3 June 2008 , the Japanese robotic deep - sea probe ABISMO ( Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile ) reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench about 150 km ( 93 mi ) east of the Challenger Deep and collected core samples of the deep sea sediment and water samples of the water column . Created by the Japan Agency for Marine - Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ) , it was the only unmanned deep - sea probe in use that could dive deeper than 10,000 m ( 32,808 ft ) after that of Nereus . During ABISMO 's deepest Mariana Trench dive its manometer measured a depth of 10,258 m ( 33,655 ft ) ± 3 m ( 10 ft ) Nereus ( edit ) HROV Nereus Main article : Nereus ( underwater vehicle ) On 31 May 2009 the United States sent the Nereus hybrid remotely operated vehicle ( HROV ) to the Challenger Deep . Nereus thus became the first vehicle to reach the Mariana Trench since 1998 and the deepest - diving vehicle then in operation . Project manager and developer Andy Bowen heralded the achievement as `` the start of a new era in ocean exploration '' . Nereus , unlike Kaikō , did not need to be powered or controlled by a cable connected to a ship on the ocean surface . Nereus spent over 10 hours at the bottom of the Challenger Deep and measured a depth of 10,902 m ( 35,768 ft ) at 11 ° 22.1 ′ N 142 ° 35.4 ′ E / 11.3683 ° N 142.5900 ° E / 11.3683 ; 142.5900 , while sending live video and data back to its mothership RV Kilo Moana at the surface and collecting geological and biological samples from the Challenger Deep bottom with its manipulator arm for further scientific analysis . The Nereus was operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . It was lost on May 10 , 2014 . Haidou - 1 ( edit ) On 23 May 2016 the Chinese submersible Haidou - 1 dove to a depth of 10,767 m ( 35,325 ft ) in the Mariana Trench . This autonomous and remotely operated vehicle has a design depth of 11,000 m ( 36,089 ft ) . Lifeforms ( edit ) The Summary Report of the HMS Challenger expedition lists radiolaria from the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered . These ( Nassellaria and Spumellaria ) were reported in the Report on Radiolaria ( 1887 ) written by Ernst Haeckel . On their 1960 descent , the crew of the Trieste noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing `` some type of flatfish '' lying on the seabed . `` ... And as we were settling this final fathom , I saw a wonderful thing . Lying on the bottom just beneath us was some type of flatfish , resembling a sole , about 1 foot long and 6 inches across . Even as I saw him , his two round eyes on top of his head spied us -- a monster of steel -- invading his silent realm . Eyes ? Why should he have eyes ? Merely to see phosphorescence ? The floodlight that bathed him was the first real light ever to enter this hadal realm . Here , in an instant , was the answer that biologists had asked for the decades . Could life exist in the greatest depths of the ocean ? It could ! And not only that , here apparently , was a true , bony teleost fish , not a primitive ray or elasmobranch . Yes , a highly evolved vertebrate , in time 's arrow very close to man himself . Slowly , extremely slowly , this flatfish swam away . Moving along the bottom , partly in the ooze and partly in the water , he disappeared into his night . Slowly too -- perhaps everything is slow at the bottom of the sea -- Walsh and I shook hands . Many marine biologists are now skeptical of this supposed sighting , and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber . The video camera on board the Kaiko probe spotted a sea cucumber , a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom . At the bottom of the Challenger deep , the Nereus probe spotted one polychaete worm ( a multi-legged predator ) about an inch long . An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at 10,900 m ( 35,800 ft ) . While similar lifeforms have been known to exist in shallower ocean trenches ( > 7,000 m ) and on the abyssal plain , the lifeforms discovered in the Challenger Deep possibly represent taxa distinct from those in shallower ecosystems . Most of the organisms collected were simple , soft - shelled foraminifera ( 432 species according to National Geographic ) , with four of the others representing species of the complex , multi-chambered genera Leptohalysis and Reophax . Eighty - five percent of the specimens were organic , soft - shelled allogromiids , which is unusual compared to samples of sediment - dwelling organisms from other deep - sea environments , where the percentage of organic - walled foraminifera ranges from 5 % to 20 % . As small organisms with hard , calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water , scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft - shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from the typical biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now . Over the course of six to nine million years , as the Challenger Deep grew to its present depth , many of the species present in the sediment died out or were unable to adapt to the increasing water pressure and changing environment . The species that survived the change in depth were the ancestors of the Challenger Deep 's current denizens . On 17 March 2013 , researchers reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Challenger Deep . Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1,900 ft ( 579 m ) below the sea floor under 8,500 ft ( 2,591 m ) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States . According to one of the researchers , `` You can find microbes everywhere -- they 're extremely adaptable to conditions , and survive wherever they are . '' See also ( edit ) Sirena Deep Horizon Deep Galathea Depth Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All Things Considered ( 9 March 2012 ) . `` Diving Back to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench '' . NPR . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ The Colbert Report , airdate : 2012 April 12 , interview with James Cameron ^ Jump up to : `` IHO - IOC GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names , August 2011 version '' . GEBCO . August 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daily Reports for R / V KILO MOANA June and July 2009 '' . University of Hawaii Marine Center . 4 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R / V KILO MOANA '' . University of Hawaii Marine Center . 4 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` So , How Deep Is the Mariana Trench ? '' ( PDF ) . Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping - Joint Hydrographic Center ( CCOM / JHC ) , Chase Ocean Engineering Laboratory of the University of New Hampshire . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Amos , Jonathan ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` Oceans ' deepest depth re-measured '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Andrew A. ( 2011 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Cruise Report - UNH - CCOM / JHC Technical Report 11 - 002 '' ( PDF ) . NOAA / UNH Joint Hydrographic Center University of New Hampshire . p. 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Than , Ker ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron Completes Record - Breaking Mariana Trench Dive '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : AP Staff ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nakanishi , Masao ( 10 April 2011 ) . `` A precise bathymetric map of the world 's deepest seafloor , Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench '' ( PDF ) . Faculty of Fisheries , Nagasaki University . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years of 1872 - 76 ( page 877 ) '' . 19thcenturyscience.org . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Theberge , A. ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench '' . Hydro International . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Page 131 of Murray 's book refers to the Challenger Deep . Jump up ^ `` Mariana Trench '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean 's Deepest Point '' , National Geographic News , 3 February 2005 ^ Jump up to : Akimoto ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The deepest living foraminifera , Challenger Deep , Mariana Trench '' . Marine Micropaleontology. 42 : 95 . doi : 10.1016 / S0377 - 8398 ( 01 ) 00012 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Steve . `` The deepest depths '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 July 2007 . Jump up ^ EM 120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system brochure Jump up ^ EM 122 Multibeam echosounder Jump up ^ EM 122 sonar multibeam bathymetry system brochure Jump up ^ Instruction manual EM Series ( EM 120 & EM 122 ) Multibeam echo sounders Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Press Release , Office of Naval Research ( 1 February 1960 ) . `` Research Vessels : Submersibles -- Trieste '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 18 April 2002 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Prince , Rosa ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron becomes first solo diver to visit Earth 's deepest point '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ National Geographic ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron Begins Descent to Ocean 's Deepest Point '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ National Geographic ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron Now at Ocean 's Deepest Point '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ National Geographic ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Cameron 's Historic Dive Cut Short by Leak ; Few Signs of Life Seen '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ National Geographic ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Cameron 's Historic Dive Cut Short by Leak ; Few Signs of Life Seen '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ www.deepseachallenge.com ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` We Just Did the Impossible '' . www.deepseachallenge.com . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/PaulGAllen ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Paul Allen Tweets from Challenger Deep '' . https://twitter.com/PaulGAllen . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ National Geographic ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron on Earth 's Deepest Spot : Desolate , Lunar - Like '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Race to the bottom of the ocean '' . BBC News . 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triton 36,000 Full Ocean Depth Submersible '' . Triton Submarines . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin Oceanic , Operations Team Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 25 March 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Virgin Oceanic '' . Virgin Oceanic . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Search '' . DOER Marine . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiko 7000II '' . Japan Agency for Marine - Earth Science and Technology . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the Challenger Deep using the ROV Kaiko '' ( PDF ) . Winter 2009 Volume 43 , Number 5 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080616/ `` ABISMO '' , Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile , Succeeds in World 's First Multiple Vertical Sampling from Mid-ocean , Sea Floor and Sub-seafloor over Depth of 10,000 m in Mariana Trench June 16 , 2008 Japan Agency for Marine - Earth Science and Technology ^ Jump up to : `` Robot sub reaches deepest ocean '' . BBC News . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Nereus ' reaches deepest part of the ocean '' . physorg.com. 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Reports for R / V KILO MOANA April and May 2009 '' . University of Hawaii Marine Center . 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle `` Nereus '' Reaches Deepest Part of the Ocean `` . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27374326 Jump up ^ Nitrogen experiment among breakthroughs , by Zhao Xinying , Tuesday , August 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , entry on 23 March 1875 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Report on the Radiolaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger by Ernst Haeckel . Jump up ^ `` To the bottom of the sea '' , T.A. Heppenheimer , AmericanHeritage.com Jump up ^ Seven Miles Down : The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste ( 1961 ) by J. Piccard and R.S. Dietz . pp. 172 -- 174 . Published by the Putnam , New York . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron dives deep for Avatar '' , Guardian , 18 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` James Cameron heads into the abyss '' , Nature , 19 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Mission to Marianas '' , New Scientist , 2 November 1996 Jump up ^ `` The last frontier '' , Time , 14 August 1995 Jump up ^ Accessed 8 Oct 2009 Archived 1996 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Geography of the ocean floor near Guam with some notes on exploration of the Challenger Deep . Jump up ^ Todo , Yuko ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Simple Foraminifera Flourish at the Ocean 's Deepest Point '' . Science . 307 ( 5710 ) : 689 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1105407 . PMID 15692042 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( 3 February 2005 ) . `` Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean 's Deepest Point '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ Roach , John . `` Life If Found Thriving at Ocean 's Deepest Point '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Choi , Charles Q. ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Glud , Ronnie ; Wenzhöfer , Frank ; Middleboe , Mathias ; Oguri , Kazumasa ; Turnewitsch , Robert ; Canfield , Donald E. ; Kitazato , Hiroshi ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth '' . Nature Geoscience. 6 ( 4 ) : 284 . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 284G . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1773 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Oskin , Becky ( 14 March 2013 ) . `` Intraterrestrials : Life Thrives in Ocean Floor '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Official press release regarding Challenger Deep operation '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2002 . Mariana Trench Mariana Trench : Seven miles deep , the ocean is still a noisy place Location of Challenger Deep Interactive map Coordinates : 11 ° 22.4 ′ N 142 ° 35.5 ′ E / 11.3733 ° N 142.5917 ° E / 11.3733 ; 142.5917 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Challenger_Deep&oldid=805678702 '' Categories : Extreme points of Earth Geology of the Pacific Ocean Landforms of Oceania Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 22 : 58 . 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1. Challenger Deep
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where does the constitution discuss lame duck sessions
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Lame - duck session - wikipedia Lame - duck session Jump to : navigation , search The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A lame - duck session of Congress in the United States occurs whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected , but before the successor 's term begins . The expression is now used not only for a special session called after a sine die adjournment , but also for any portion of a regular session that falls after an election . In current practice , any meeting of Congress after election day , but before the next Congress convenes the following January , is a lame - duck session . Prior to 1933 , when the 20th Amendment changed the dates of the congressional term , the last regular session of Congress was always a lame duck session . Congress has held 16 lame - duck sessions since 1940 . Recesses preceding lame - duck sessions have usually begun by mid-October , and typically lasted between one and two months . Congress typically reconvened in mid-November and adjourned before Christmas , so that the lame - duck session lasted about a month . Some recesses , however , have begun as early as August 7 or as late as November 3 , and ended as early as November 8 or as late as December 31 . Lame - duck sessions have ended as early as November 22 and as late as January 3 , and have extended over as few as one , and as many as 145 , calendar days . Some lame - duck sessions have been held largely for pro forma reasons ( e.g. , 1948 ) , on a standby basis ( e.g. , 1940 , 1942 ) , or to deal with a single specific matter ( e.g. , 1954 , 1994 , 1998 ) . Some sessions , as well , have deferred major matters to the succeeding Congress ( e.g. , 1944 , 1982 , 2004 ) , especially when a stronger majority for the same party was in prospect . Most , however , could be regarded as at least moderately productive . When the President has presented an extensive agenda to a lame - duck session controlled by his own party , it has often approved many of his recommendations ( e.g. , 1950 , 2002 , 2004 ) , but when he has done so under conditions of divided government , he has had less success , and has often vetoed measures ( e.g. , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 ) . Additionally , a major task of most lame - duck sessions in recent years has been to complete action on appropriations and the budget . In 1974 , 1980 , 1982 , 2000 , 2004 , and 2012 , this effort was at least somewhat successful , but in 1970 and 2002 a final resolution was largely left to the following Congress . Lame - duck sessions do not usually occur in countries under a parliamentary form of government , whether the Westminster system or other models . Under a parliamentary system there are usually no fixed dates for elections or the beginning of terms , so that a new session of parliament will always begin with its first meeting after an election has been held . Often the previous parliament is dissolved by the head of state at the request of the head of government , therefore even in an emergency there is no parliament to call after the final session until the new parliament has been elected . Any cabinet ministers that were members of the now dissolved parliament will serve in an `` acting '' or `` caretaker '' capacity until the new parliament convenes . Contents ( hide ) 1 What makes a lame - duck session 2 Meaning of `` lame duck '' 3 Lame - duck sessions in the modern Congress 4 Lame - duck sessions before the 20th Amendment 5 How lame - duck sessions may occur 5.1 Sine die adjournment and its effects 5.2 Recess of the session 5.3 Contingent authority to reconvene 5.4 Intermittent and pro forma sessions 5.5 Sessions called by the President 6 Occurrence of sessions 7 Means of calling sessions 8 Timing of sessions 9 Length of sessions 10 Lame duck sessions since 1935 10.1 76th Congress , 3rd Session ( 1940 - 1941 ) 10.2 77th Congress , 2nd Session ( 1942 ) 10.3 78th Congress , 2nd Session ( 1944 ) 10.4 80th Congress , 2nd Session ( 1948 ) 10.5 81st Congress , 2nd Session ( 1950 - 1951 ) 10.6 83rd Congress , 2nd Session ( 1954 ) 10.7 91st Congress , 2nd Session ( 1970 - 1971 ) 10.8 93rd Congress , 2nd Session ( 1974 ) 10.9 96th Congress , 2nd Session ( 1980 ) 10.10 97th Congress , 2nd Session ( 1982 ) 10.11 103rd Congress , 2nd Session ( 1994 ) 10.12 105th Congress , 2nd Session ( 1998 ) 10.13 106th Congress , 2nd Session ( 2000 ) 10.14 107th Congress , 2nd Session ( 2002 ) 10.15 108th Congress , 2nd Session ( 2004 ) 10.16 109th Congress , 2nd Session ( 2006 ) 10.17 110th Congress , 2nd Session ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 10.18 111th - 112th lame duck sessions 11 2014 12 References What makes a lame - duck session ( edit ) A `` lame duck '' session of Congress is one that takes place after the election for the next Congress has been held , but before the current Congress has reached the end of its constitutional term . Under contemporary conditions , any meeting of Congress that occurs between a congressional election in November and the following January 3 is a lame duck session . The significant characteristic of a lame duck session is that its participants are the sitting Members of the existing Congress , not those who will be entitled to sit in the new Congress . A lame - duck session can occur in several ways : In practice , Congress has usually provided for its existing session to resume after a recess spanning the election . ( In 1954 , only the Senate returned in this way , while the House adjourned sine die . ) In 1940 , 1942 , and 2002 , Congress continued meeting , sometimes in pro forma sessions every third day , until well after the election . Congress can reconvene after an election pursuant to contingent authority granted to the leadership in a recess or adjournment resolution ( in 1998 , the House alone followed this course ) . Two other possibilities have not been realized : Congress could set a statutory date for a new session to convene after the election , then adjourn its existing session sine die . While Congress is in recess or sine die adjournment , the President could call it into extraordinary session at a date after the election . Meaning of `` lame duck '' ( edit ) Main article : Lame duck ( politics ) The expression `` lame duck '' originally applied in 18th century Britain to bankrupt businessmen , who were considered as `` lame '' in the sense that the impairment of their powers rendered them vulnerable , like a game bird injured by shot . By the 1830s , the usage had been extended to officeholders whose service already had a known termination date . In current American usage , for instance , a President is considered a `` lame duck '' not only if he has been defeated for re-election , or after his successor has been elected , but also whenever he can not be , or is known not to be , a candidate for reelection . Members of Congress in similar circumstances are also considered lame ducks . The expression may accordingly be applied to Members who are known not to be seeking re-election as well as to those who have been defeated . In particular , however , after an election of Congress , all the Members who did not gain reelection can be described as lame ducks until the term of the new Congress starts . When the previously sitting Congress , which includes these Members , meets in a post-election session , this session is called a lame duck session as well . Lame - duck sessions in the modern Congress ( edit ) The possibility of a lame - duck session of Congress in the modern sense began in 1935 , when the 20th Amendment to the Constitution took effect . Under this amendment , ratified in 1933 , Congress meets in a regular session on January 3 of each year , unless in the previous session it passes a law changing the date . Also , the terms of Members begin and end on January 3 of odd - numbered years . Under these arrangements , any meeting of Congress after election day ( in November of even - numbered years ) , but before the following January 3 , is a lame duck session . Since 1935 there have been 16 lame - duck sessions . The most recent one occurred at the end of the 113th Congress in 2014 . This report examines only the specific lame duck sessions that have occurred since 1935 , not those that occurred routinely before this date , as explained in the following section . Lame - duck sessions before the 20th Amendment ( edit ) The Constitution originally provided that the regular sessions of Congress begin annually on the first Monday in December . In the process of initiating the government under the Constitution , it was established that the term of Congress would begin and end on March 4 of odd - numbered years . Today , however , congressional elections are generally held in November of even - numbered years . The result was that after being elected in ( an even - numbered ) November , a new Congress did not begin its term until the following ( odd - numbered ) March , and was not required to convene until the following December , 13 months after it was first elected . This first December session of Congress typically continued until sometime in the summer of the following ( even - numbered ) year . The Congress would then adjourn until the time for the next regular session prescribed by the Constitution , the following ( even - numbered ) December . When Congress reconvened at that time , however , the next Congress would already have been elected , in the intervening ( even - numbered ) November . The term of that newly elected Congress , on the other hand , would not begin until the following March . The Congress that convened in an even - numbered December , accordingly , could not be the newly elected one , but could only be the one already sitting . Under these arrangements , as a result , the last session of every Congress was always a lame duck session . One purpose of the 20th Amendment was to change these arrangements that routinely required every Congress to hold its last session as a lame duck session . How lame - duck sessions may occur ( edit ) Under the 20th Amendment , lame duck sessions can still occur , but only as a result of specific actions undertaken either by the Congress already sitting or by the President . The specific actions through which a sitting Congress might reconvene after an election , but during the last portion of its own term of office , are of several kinds . The following sections describe these possible means of reconvening . Although some have been used rarely and others not at all , each method helps to illuminate the constitutional arrangements that make lame duck sessions possible and the conditions in which they may operate . The courses of action through which Congress might reconvene for a lame duck session include : pursuant to a previously enacted law prescribing an additional session of Congress following a recess within a session , but spanning the election under authority granted to the leadership at the time of a contingent adjournment or recess of the session by continuing to meet , perhaps in pro forma sessions , throughout the period spanning the election in response to a presidential proclamation calling an extraordinary session Sine die adjournment and its effects ( edit ) Although the `` lame - duck sessions '' that have occurred before and after 1935 are both `` lame duck '' in the same sense , they are not `` sessions '' in the same sense . Formally , a session of Congress ends when Congress adjourns sine die . The Latin phrase , literally translated as `` without day , '' is used to mean that Congress has adjourned without setting a day for its next meeting . An adjournment sine die , therefore , means that Congress is not scheduled to meet again until the day set by the Constitution ( or by law ) for its next session to convene . When Congress adjourns sine die in an election year , it is not scheduled to meet again until after the term of the new Congress begins . That meeting will therefore begin the first session of the new Congress . Before 1935 , Congress would normally adjourn its previous session sine die before the November elections . When it returned for its prescribed meeting in December , accordingly , a new session began . Under these conditions , the `` lame - duck session '' of each Congress was actually a session in its own right , numerically distinct from the previous session ( or sessions ) of the same Congress . Accordingly , each of the lame duck sessions that occurred routinely before 1935 was convened as a separate session of the Congress already sitting . Congress today could achieve an equivalent result by adjourning its session sine die before an election , after first providing by law for an additional session of the old Congress to convene on a date after the election . This additional , post-election session ( probably the third session of the old Congress ) would be a lame - duck session in same sense as those that occurred routinely before 1935 . It would be a new , separately numbered session of the old Congress . Subsequent to the implementation of the 20th Amendment in 1935 , however , Congress has never made use of this first means of bringing about a lame duck session . Recess of the session ( edit ) Instead , when a Congress has decided to continue meeting after an election , its usual practice has been not to adjourn sine die , but simply to recess its existing session for a period spanning the election , and then to reconvene at a date still within the constitutional term of the sitting Congress . Since 1935 , this second means of bringing about a lame - duck session has been used on 11 occasions . Congress authorizes a session recess in the same way it authorizes a sine die adjournment , by adopting a concurrent resolution . This form of authorization is necessary because the Constitution provides that `` Neither House , during the Session of Congress shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days ... '' A concurrent resolution requires adoption by both houses , and accordingly can be used for each house to consent to the adjournment of the other . This constitutional requirement applies both to sine die adjournments and to session recesses , which are technically adjournments within a session . Unlike a sine die adjournment , however , a recess does not terminate an existing session of Congress . When Congress reconvenes at the conclusion of a recess , accordingly , no new session begins , but the previously existing session resumes . Under these conditions , the post-election meeting of Congress is not a separate , new session of the old Congress , but a continuation of its existing session ( probably its second session ) . Nevertheless , the phrase `` lame - duck session '' has persisted as a way of referring to any post-election meeting of the old Congress , even though it now normally does not designate a separate session of Congress , but rather refers simply to the post-election portion of an ongoing existing session . Contingent authority to reconvene ( edit ) The two sequences of events just discussed ( a recess of an existing session and adjourning sine die after providing for a new session ) are not the only ones that can lead to a lame - duck session . A third such course of events becomes possible if , when Congress recesses before an election , it grants contingent authority to its leadership to reconvene it , or either house , `` if the public interest shall require . '' In the period since ratification of the 20th Amendment , the practice has grown up that Congress often includes this contingent authority , in some form , in concurrent resolutions providing for a session recess or a sine die adjournment . If Congress included this contingent authority in a resolution providing for a recess spanning an election , the leadership might use the authority to reconvene Congress before the scheduled expiration of the recess . It might do so either before or after the election itself , but in either case , any portion of the reconvened session occurring after the election would be considered a lame duck session . During the time since the 20th Amendment took effect , however , this course of action has not been taken . If Congress adjourns sine die with contingent reconvening authority , on the other hand , the sine die character of the adjournment becomes final only if the leadership does not exercise this authority by the time the next session of Congress is slated to convene , pursuant to either the Constitution or law . If the authority is exercised , the existing session of the old Congress resumes , and the previous adjournment turns out not to have been sine die . Any post-election portion of this continuation of the previous session of Congress would be considered a lame duck session . The Speaker of the House used authority of this kind in 1998 to reconvene the chamber in a post-election continuation of a session that had previously been terminated by a conditional sine die adjournment . Intermittent and pro forma sessions ( edit ) A fourth way in which a lame - duck session can occur arises if Congress chooses not to authorize a recess spanning an election . In this case , the lame duck session occurs if Congress simply continues to meet throughout the pre-election period and afterwards . Any portion of the continuing session of Congress that takes place after the election would be considered a lame duck session . As Table 1 and the accompanying discussion shows , Congress has taken this course of action on three occasions since 1935 . On some occasions , under these conditions , each house has chosen to meet only on every third day during the period spanning the election ( and sometimes throughout the post-election period as well , until sine die adjournment ) . In addition , it is not necessary that either house transact any business during these intermittent meetings . If , during a given day 's session , no business is transacted , it becomes a pro forma session , meaning one held only `` for the sake of formality . '' In this case , the formality being satisfied is the constitutional requirement that neither house recess for more than three days if the other has not consented to a recess . Sessions called by the President ( edit ) A final means by which a lame - duck session could occur arises from the constitutional authorization for the President to convene Congress , `` on extraordinary occasions , '' by calling a special session . If Congress convenes , pursuant to this call , after a sine die adjournment and before the next session is scheduled to begin , a new session of the existing Congress begins . This course of events has not occurred since 1935 . On the other hand , if the President calls Congress back during a recess of an existing session , the existing session resumes . This course of events occurred in 1948 , when President Harry Truman called Congress back for an extraordinary session in the middle of a recess for the national political conventions . The extraordinary session called by President Truman did not constitute a lame duck session , because it both convened and recessed before the election . By the same means , however , a President might call an extraordinary session to convene at a date after the election and before the term of the sitting Congress ends . He or she could do so whether Congress had only recessed its previous session or had adjourned it sine die . In either case , the post-election meeting of Congress would be considered a lame duck session . No lame duck session since 1935 has occurred through this means . Occurrence of sessions ( edit ) Lame duck sessions were frequent in the years surrounding World War II , occurring in six of eight Congresses ( 76th through 83rd ) between 1940 and 1954 . None occurred from 1956 through and 1968 . There were two in each of the next three decades . Another gap occurred from 1984 through 1992 . Lame duck sessions have occurred in the last seven Congresses in a row ( 105th - 111th ) . On one occasion , in 1954 , only the Senate returned , and only to consider the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy ; and once , in 1998 , only the House returned , principally to consider the impeachment of President Bill Clinton . Means of calling sessions ( edit ) Twelve lame duck sessions have been preceded by a recess spanning the election . The remaining three Congresses continued to meet intermittently , often in pro-forma session , during the election period . The latter schedule was used for the first two lame duck sessions after adoption of the 20th Amendment , which occurred shortly before or during World War II , in 1940 and 1942 . It was again used only in 2002 . Congress suspended its session during the election period preceding 12 lame duck sessions since 1935 . On seven of these 12 occasions ( 1944 , 1948 , 1974 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , and 2004 ) , the resolution providing for the break afforded contingent authority to the leadership to call Congress back before the scheduled resumption of the session . For the remaining five lame duck sessions ( 1950 , 1954 , 1970 , 1980 , and 1982 ) , Congress did not afford the leadership this authority . Ten of these 12 election breaks represented recesses of the ongoing session of Congress . The remaining two cases were those , mentioned above , in which only one house returned after the election . In 1954 , the House adjourned sine die and the Senate recessed ( with no contingent reconvening authority ) , permitting the Senate to deal with the censure of Senator McCarthy in a lame duck session . In 1998 , both houses adjourned sine die with contingent reconvening authority . The House leadership then used the reconvening authority to call the chamber back to address the question of impeachment . This last instance is the only occasion on which a lame duck session has convened pursuant to contingent authority of the leadership . Timing of sessions ( edit ) Since 1970 , when Congress has recessed before a lame duck session , the beginning of the recess has most often occurred in early to mid-October . The latest that Congress has ever continued to meet before recessing for an election was in 2000 ( 106th Congress ) , when the Senate left on November 2 and the House on November 3 . Prior to 1970 , by contrast , each of the four election recesses preceding a lame duck session began in September or August . The earliest start of an election recess was August 7 , 1948 ( 80th Congress ) . In this case , Congress had recessed its regular session on June 20 , scheduling itself to reconvene on December 31 , but President Truman had called Congress back into extraordinary session on July 26 . Most commonly , lame - duck sessions have convened in the latter half of November . The latest date of reconvening after an election was that of the 80th Congress on December 31 , 1948 . Except for years when Congress took no election recess , the earliest reconvening of both houses occurred in 1980 , when the 97th Congress returned on November 12 , but in 1954 ( 83rd Congress ) , the Senate alone returned on November 8 . Congress also reconvened on relatively early dates in 2000 ( 106th Congress ) , when the House returned on November 13 and the Senate on November 14 , and in 1944 ( 78th Congress ) , when both houses returned on November 14 . Lame duck sessions have most often adjourned sine die in about mid-December , or at least before Christmas . The 76th Congress , however , did not close until January 3 , 1941 , when the 77th Congress was to convene . This termination represents the latest sine die adjournment among the 15 lame duck sessions . Other late terminations occurred in the 81st and 91st Congresses , both of which adjourned sine die on January 2 ( 1951 and 1971 , respectively ) . The earliest end of a lame duck session occurred in 2002 ( 107th Congress ) , when the House adjourned sine die on November 22 , the Senate having done so two days earlier . Length of sessions ( edit ) Lame duck sessions since 1935 have typically lasted about a month . The average length from commencement to closing has been 28 calendar days ; the median , 33 ( that is , half the lame duck sessions were longer than 33 days and half shorter ) . Eight of the 15 lame duck sessions have lasted between 25 and 37 calendar days ; only three have exceeded this range . The longest was the first ( 76th Congress ) , which lasted 58 days , meeting ( usually every third day ) between November 7 , 1940 ( the day after election day ) , and January 3 , 1941 . The 77th Congress ( 1942 ) followed a similar pattern , but adjourned sine die after 48 calendar days . The lame duck session of the 91st Congress reached 45 calendar days by remaining in session until January 2 , 1971 . The shortest lame duck session occurred in the 80th Congress , when both houses returned solely to close the session on December 31 , 1948 . Other unusually short the lame duck sessions included those of 1994 ( 103rd Congress ) and 1998 ( 105th Congress , House only ) , each of which lasted only three calendar days . The length of the recess preceding a lame duck session has also varied . On the 12 occasions since 1935 when Congress recessed for the election , the recess typically lasted between one month and two . Nine of the 12 election recesses fell between 30 and 64 days in length ; the mean length of all 12 has been 54 days and the median 51 . The only election recess shorter than 30 days occurred in 2000 , when the 106th Congress recessed for only nine days around the election . The longest election recess occurred in 1948 ( 80th Congress ) , when 145 days elapsed between the end of the special session called by President Truman and the largely pro forma reconvening and adjournment on December 31 . The only other election recess longer than 64 days occurred in 1954 ( 83rd Congress ) , and lasted 79 days . Lame duck sessions since 1935 ( edit ) Following are summaries of 17 of the 18 lame duck sessions held since 1935 . Primary sources , including the Congressional Record and Congressional Directory , and secondary sources , including the Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , CQ Almanac , and , for the earlier years , The New York Times , constituted the basis for these descriptions . Internet - based sources were also utilized . 76th Congress , 3rd session ( 1940 - 1941 ) ( edit ) After the first session of the 76th Congress adjourned in August 1939 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt called Congress into extraordinary session in September to deal with the threat of war in Europe , and this session lasted into November . Thus , the annual session that began on January 3 , 1940 , was the third session of the 76th Congress . It , too , was dominated by the international situation . The President requested the largest peacetime defense program to that point in American history , and , by the end of the summer , Congress had enacted $13 billion in defense authorizations and appropriations , a military draft , income tax revisions , an excess profits tax , and related measures . In June , July , and again in September 1940 , the President offered the view that Congress need not remain in session any longer . Some congressional leaders , however , held that Congress should `` stand by '' in session , in case of emergency . Congress met regularly through mid-October , then limited itself to two or three meetings per week until January 3 , 1941 ; there was no extended recess for the November 1940 elections . The session thus became the longest in history to that point . During the lame duck period following the election , little was undertaken ; the Congressional Record from November 4 , 1940 , through January 3 , 1941 , covers fewer than 500 pages , and quorums were often hard to raise . The administration declined to send major new proposals ( such as a defense production board , aid to Britain , new taxes , and an increase in the debt limit ) to Capitol Hill until the 77th Congress would convene in January . Work also was impeded because both the House and Senate had to meet in substitute quarters while their chambers in the Capitol underwent repairs . Among the more notable actions of this lame duck period were the decision to sustain the veto of a measure to limit regulatory agency powers , and the publication of a committee report on sabotage of the defense effort . 77th Congress , 2nd session ( 1942 ) ( edit ) In the wartime year of 1942 , Congress again remained in session continuously through the election , adjourning sine die on December 16 . Congress generally followed a regular schedule of daily meetings throughout the period , except near the election , when it met every third day . Activities in the lame duck portion of the 77th Congress were affected by the knowledge that the 78th Congress , to begin in January , would contain a much narrowed Democratic majority . Congress declined to take final action to approve the Third War Powers Bill or a bill to expand the Reconstruction Finance Corporation , including an agricultural parity rider attached to the latter . Other questions left to the next Congress included comprehensive national service legislation , placing a ceiling on net personal income through the tax code , curbing the powers of regulatory agencies , and planning for censorship of communications with U.S. territories . A bill to abolish poll taxes passed the House , but fell to a filibuster in the Senate . Congress did pass legislation to adjust overtime pay for government workers , and to provide for the military draft of 18 - and 19 - year - old men ( although Congress deferred deciding whether to require a full year 's training before sending them into combat ) . By mid-December , quorums became difficult to obtain and leaders of both parties agreed that nothing further could be brought up before the start of the 78th Congress in January 1943 . 78th Congress , 2nd session ( 1944 ) ( edit ) Two years later , with World War II still in progress , Congress recessed for the national party conventions and recessed again for the elections . The latter recess began on September 21 , 1944 . Congress returned on November 14 and remained in session until December 19 . Accordingly , 1944 marks the first instance after ratification of the 20th Amendment of a separate and distinct meeting of Congress during its lame duck period . Among the issues facing the post-election session were questions of peacetime universal military training ; extension of the War Powers Act and the reciprocal trade system ; a scheduled increase in Social Security taxes ; and a rivers and harbors appropriations bill . Congress also debated congressional reform issues , including restructuring the committee system and increasing congressional pay . Postwar reconstruction and a renewal of domestic programs were also mentioned as possible subjects for action . Ultimately , Congress deferred several issues until the start of the 79th Congress , including universal military training , the Bretton Woods monetary agreements , the Reciprocal Trade Act , and changes to the Social Security system . Several other measures could not be completed , including a rivers and harbors bill , a Senate - passed bill making major changes in congressional procedures ; and a pay increase for postal workers . A bill delaying the Social Security tax increase was enacted , however , as were a renewal of the War Powers Act and a bill increasing the congressional clerk - hire allowance . In addition , the Senate confirmed the nomination of Edward R. Stettinius as Secretary of State . 80th Congress , 2nd session ( 1948 ) ( edit ) Congress recessed in August 1948 , before the national party conventions , with the intention of returning only on December 31 to bring the 80th Congress to a formal conclusion , unless earlier called back by congressional leaders . During the convention recess , however , President Harry S Truman called Congress back in extraordinary session to deal with a series of legislative priorities he considered urgent . This occurrence represents the only time since the adoption of the 20th Amendment that the President has convened Congress in an extraordinary session . Congress met pursuant to this call from July 27 to August 7 , but then recessed again under the same terms as before . The leadership did not exercise its option to reconvene Congress during this new recess , and Congress met again only on December 31 . This session , the shortest lame duck session under the 20th Amendment , met for just under an hour and a half , then adjourned sine die . During the brief session , both chambers approved a measure extending for 60 days the life of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government ( Hoover Commission ) . The Senate also extended for 30 days the life of the Special Small Business Committee , and both houses swore in new Members elected or appointed to full unexpired terms . 81st Congress , 2nd session ( 1950 - 1951 ) ( edit ) With the Korean War at a critical juncture in the fall of 1950 , congressional leaders announced in late September that after the election Congress would reconvene in late November . Until November , Congress would be available to meet should the President call an emergency session . Congress recessed on September 23 and convened for the lame duck session on November 27 . As the lame duck session met , Chinese troops crossed into Korea , and General Douglas A. MacArthur warned Congress that the United Nations faced `` an entirely new '' war in the region . The Korean War and the possible use of atomic weapons dominated congressional attention through the session . Nevertheless , President Truman presented congressional leaders with a list of 13 proposals , including five he described as of `` greatest urgency . '' The five included several measures favored by congressional leaders : aid to Yugoslavia and supplemental appropriations for defense and atomic energy . The President also asked Congress to act on an excess profits tax , an extension of federal rent controls , and statehood for Hawaii and Alaska . Congress stayed in session through the New Year . It approved the rent control extension and a $38 million famine relief bill for Yugoslavia . In the week before the Christmas holidays , it completed work on an $18 billion defense supplemental appropriations bill , the excess profits tax , and a civil defense program . Efforts to obtain a vote on statehood for Alaska were abandoned after a week of intermittent Senate debate on a motion to take up the measure . The 81st Congress adjourned sine die on January 2 , 1951 , and the 82nd Congress convened the next day . 83rd Congress , 2nd session ( 1954 ) ( edit ) Prior to the 1954 congressional election , the House adjourned sine die on August 20 , but the Senate recessed on that date and then reconvened on November 8 . The Senate met for the sole purpose of considering the recommendation of a select committee to censure Senator Joseph R. McCarthy for improprieties committed in the course of his investigations into allegations of communist influence in the federal government . Made over a period of more than five years , Senator McCarthy 's allegations had eventually led to investigations of McCarthy himself , and the Senate had assigned the issue to a select committee chaired by Senator Arthur V. Watkins ( R - UT ) . This lame duck session was the first time since passage of the 20th Amendment that only one chamber returned to session after an election . The Senate select committee submitted its censure resolution on November 9 , 1954 . The first count of the two - count resolution was approved on December 1 , and final action was completed the following day . Press reports speculated that the Senate might consider matters other than the McCarthy censure resolution , including a number of pending treaties and nominations , but the Senate took action only on the McCarthy censure resolution and adjourned finally on December 2 . 91st Congress , 2nd session ( 1970 - 1971 ) ( edit ) Congressional leaders called a post-election session in 1970 for the first time in almost 20 years to complete action on a list of pending legislation , including electoral reform , the Family Assistance Plan ( the Nixon Administration 's principal welfare reform proposal ) , occupational safety and health , equal rights for women , manpower training , and funds for the supersonic transport plane ( SST ) . Seven regular appropriations bills also remained to be enacted . Congress convened the lame duck session on November 16 , 1970 . Congress stayed in session until January 2 , 1971 , less than 24 hours before the constitutional deadline of noon on January 3 , when the 92nd Congress convened . It kept largely to the agenda the congressional leadership had set before the recess in October , but failed to approve many administration proposals , including the Family Assistance Plan . That bill , with other controversial measures , had been attached to a Social Security bill in the Senate . The SST received only interim funding . President Richard M. Nixon strongly criticized what he termed `` major failures '' of the lame duck session . Congress did complete work on two of the seven regular appropriations bills and a measure dealing with foreign aid and foreign military sales . It also passed the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 , which established deadlines for the reduction of certain pollutants from new automobiles , and a major housing bill , which included a new program of federal crime insurance and created the Community Development Corporation . President Nixon vetoed four measures during the lame duck session , including a $9.5 billion federal manpower training and public service employment bill . Congress did not override any of these vetoes . 93rd Congress , 2nd session ( 1974 ) ( edit ) Delayed in the consideration of major legislation by the extraordinary events of 1973 and 1974 -- the Watergate investigations , the resignation of Vice President Spiro T. Agnew , the nomination and confirmation of Gerald R. Ford to be Vice President , and the resignation of President Nixon and succession of President Ford -- Congress reconvened on November 18 , 1974 , in an effort to clear a long list of important items . Although congressional leaders had indicated that only the most critical bills would be considered , including approval of the nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President , President Ford greeted the returning Congress with a 10 - page list of legislation he wanted passed before the session expired . In the end , Congress did consider a wide range of issues before it adjourned on December 20 , 1974 , but its actions were not always to President Ford 's liking . The Rockefeller nomination was approved by mid-December , but Congress overrode presidential vetoes of both a vocational rehabilitation bill and a measure amending the Freedom of Information Act . Congress also approved , and the President signed , a bill that nullified a prior agreement giving former President Nixon control over the tapes and papers of his administration . In other actions , Congress approved a long - delayed trade reform bill giving the President broad authority to negotiate trade agreements , act on trade barriers , and provide import relief to workers , industries , and communities ; established a federal policy for research on development of non-nuclear sources of energy ; and cleared legislation making continuing appropriations for federal agencies whose regular appropriations had not been enacted . 96th Congress , 2nd session ( 1980 ) ( edit ) In 1980 , some observers contended that postponing final congressional action on a lengthy agenda of major issues until a post-election session would accomplish two goals : first , it would delay potentially difficult pre-election votes on budget matters , and second , it would allow incumbents extra time to campaign . The large Republican gains on election day were thought to complicate the prospects for a productive lame duck program , however , especially with such important issues as budget reconciliation , several major appropriations bills , and landmark environmental legislation still left for consideration . In fact , during the lame duck session , from November 12 to December 16 , 1980 , Congress completed action on many of the issues that had been left unfinished in the regular session , including the following : a budget resolution and a budget reconciliation measure ; five regular appropriations bills , although one was subsequently vetoed ; a second continuing resolution was approved to continue funding for other parts of the government ; an Alaska lands bill and a `` superfund '' bill to help clean up chemical contamination ; a measure extending general revenue sharing for three years ; a measure that made disposal of low - level nuclear waste a state responsibility ; and changes to military pay and benefits , and authority for the President to call 100,000 military reservists to active duty without declaring a national emergency . 97th Congress , 2nd session ( 1982 ) ( edit ) In 1982 , with urging from President Ronald W. Reagan , congressional leaders called for the second session of the 97th Congress to reconvene after the congressional election . The Senate met from November 30 to December 23 , 1982 , and the House from November 30 to December 21 . Congress recessed for the election on October 1 . In calling for Congress to return , President Reagan expressed concern that only three of 13 appropriations bills had been cleared for his signature at the time Congress recessed . Dominated by economic concerns -- particularly those related to budget and deficit issues -- the second session of the 97th Congress was notable for the political tension between the Republican President and Senate , on the one hand , and the Democratic House , on the other . Congressional leaders indicated they would finish nine of 10 outstanding money bills . But by the end of December , Congress had completed only four , and needed to enact a large continuing resolution to fund remaining government operations for FY1983 . Concerned about recession and rising unemployment , House Democrats added a $5.4 billion jobs program to the continuing resolution , but agreed to remove it when the President threatened a veto . The lame duck session was acrimonious in both chambers , but especially in the Senate , where frequent filibusters caused some all night sessions . The Senate voted on eight cloture motions in December . The most contentious filibuster came late in the month over a measure to increase the gasoline tax . The measure was approved just two days before Christmas . In addition to completing work on some appropriations bills and the continuing resolution , the House approved a controversial 15 % pay raise for itself . An immigration reform bill , favored by the White House and the congressional leadership , stalled when opponents filed hundreds of amendments designed to slow chamber action . The leadership was eventually forced to pull the bill from the floor . In other decisions , Congress refused to fund production and procurement of the first five MX intercontinental missiles , the first time in recent history that either house of Congress had denied a President 's request to fund production of a strategic weapon . Congress also passed a long - sought nuclear waste disposal bill . 103rd Congress , 2nd session ( 1994 ) ( edit ) In 1994 , Congress recessed on October 8 and then reconvened on November 28 for the sole purpose of passing a bill implementing a new General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . Although the bill received strong support in both chambers during the regular session , opponents in the Senate had kept the measure from reaching a vote on the floor . In the short lame duck session , the House passed the bill on November 29 and the Senate on December 1 . Both chambers then adjourned sine die . 105th Congress , 2nd session ( 1998 ) ( edit ) In 1998 , both the House and Senate adjourned sine die on October 21 , 1998 . The adjournment resolution gave contingent authority not only to the bicameral leadership to reconvene Congress , but also to the Speaker to reconvene the House . This last authority was granted in anticipation of action to impeach President William J. Clinton . The House convened on December 17 , 1998 , to consider a resolution of impeachment ( H. Res. 611 ) . On December 19 , the House adopted Articles I and III of the resolution by votes of 228 - 206 and 221 - 212 . It then , by a vote of 228 - 190 , adopted a resolution appointing and authorizing House managers for the Senate impeachment trial . The House then adjourned sine die . On December 17 , 1998 , the House agreed , as well , to a resolution expressing support for the men and women engaged in a military action in the Persian Gulf . 106th Congress , 2nd session ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Because final action on several appropriations bills had not been completed , Congress remained in session into the first days of November , the closest to an election that it had worked since 1942 . On November 3 , Congress adopted S. Con. Res. 160 , authorizing recesses of the House until November 13 and the Senate until November 14 . When the two houses returned , with the presidential election undecided , they approved a short - term continuing resolution and the District of Columbia Appropriations Act , and then agreed to a further recess until December 5 . After reconvening on December 5 , Congress agreed to a series of five short - term continuing resolutions while final decisions on the remaining appropriations were being negotiated . During this sequence of events , the Senate recessed on December 11 after providing , by unanimous consent , that when the fourth in this series of continuing resolutions was received from the House , it would automatically be deemed passed in the Senate . Finally , on December 15 , both chambers completed action on FY2001 appropriations measures by agreeing to the conference report on the omnibus appropriations bill . Congress then adjourned sine die pursuant to H. Con. Res. 446 . During the lame duck session , Congress also cleared the Presidential Threat Protection Act , the Striped Bass Conservation Act , and the Intelligence Authorization Act . It also sent President Clinton a bankruptcy reform measure , which the President subsequently pocket vetoed . 107th Congress , 2nd session ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Congress met in intermittent or pro forma sessions during the pre-election period in 2002 , but returned to a full schedule of business on November 12 with two priorities : finish work on 11 appropriations bills and consider creation of a Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) , a measure at the top of President George W. Bush 's legislative agenda . A bill to create the DHS had passed the House in late July , 2002 , but the Senate did not act until after the election . The Senate passed a similar version of the measure on November 19 , and the House agreed to the Senate amendment on November 22 . President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25 . Congress , however , was unable to resolve its appropriations differences . The House passed the fifth in a series of continuing resolutions on November 13 , and the Senate agreed to the measure on November 19 . This measure funded the government at FY2002 levels through January 11 , 2003 . The Defense Appropriations bill and Military Construction Appropriations bill were the only appropriations measures completed by Congress in 2002 . In addition to the DHS , Congress completed action on , and the President signed into law , several other significant measures , including the Defense Authorization Act , the Intelligence Authorization Act , and measures regulating terrorism insurance and seaport security . The Senate adjourned sine die on November 20 and the House on November 22 , 2002 . 108th Congress , 2nd session ( 2004 ) ( edit ) A lame duck session was considered necessary in 2004 because many appropriation bills had not yet even received Senate action and Congress had not cleared an increase in the debt limit . Conferees also had reached no agreement over legislation to consolidate intelligence activities under a new national director , as recommended by the September 11 commission . The post-election environment was viewed as favorable to action on an omnibus appropriations measure , by facilitating adherence to caps on domestic discretionary spending , on which the administration insisted , as well as the elimination of many authorizing provisions . Congress initially cleared the measure on November 20 , but , because it subsequently had to direct corrections in the enrollment of the bill , President Bush was able to sign it only on December 8 , the day of the sine die adjournment . Similarly , although Congress could reach no final agreement on a congressional budget resolution , which would have advanced action to increase the debt limit , post-election conditions enabled the increase to be enacted as a freestanding measure . During the lame duck period , the administration intensified efforts to persuade House conferees on the intelligence bill to accept modifications in provisions to maintain military control over its own intelligence , keep intelligence funding confidential , and control immigration . The conference report cleared Congress on December 8 and was signed into law on December 17 . Post-election conditions also permitted the resolution of conference deadlocks over several other reauthorizations , including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act , a moratorium on internet taxation , and authority for satellite television systems to carry network programming . The last of these was enacted as one of the few legislative riders to be included in the omnibus appropriation bill . Failure to resolve policy disagreements , however , doomed several other reauthorizations , including the 1996 welfare reform and a highway bill , although the latter had also been delayed by demands in the Senate for assurances about the role to be played by minority conferees . Finally , a ban on assault weapons expired when the House declined to act on a measure renewing it . 109th Congress , 2nd session ( 2006 ) ( edit ) The 109th Congress reconvened on November 13 , 2006 , largely because it had only cleared two FY2007 appropriations bills prior to the election , funding the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security . A continuing resolution funding the rest of the government was set to expire on November 17 . Another top priority for the session was addressing a number of expiring tax benefits . Democrats had gained control of both houses in the November election , and the President and Democratic party leaders expressed hopes of cooperation and bipartisanship leading into the lame duck session . Despite this optimism and several instances of cooperation , the Congress ultimately did not achieve its primary goal of passing further appropriations measures . Congress opted to fund the government through two successive extensions of the continuing resolution , with H.J. Res. 100 continuing funding through December 8 and H.J. Res. 102 continuing funding through February 15 , 2007 . Congress also cleared a package of tax benefit extensions , including those for research and development and for education , which was paired with a trade package that included benefits for undeveloped countries and agreements with Vietnam . Other notable legislation included a bill that allowed President George W. Bush to negotiate an agreement with India permitting cooperation on its development of nuclear power for the first time in thirty years . In addition , Congress passed a bill to overhaul the United States Postal Service and a Veterans ' Affairs package authorizing funds for major medical projects and information technology upgrades . Finally , the Senate confirmed Robert M. Gates as Secretary of Defense to replace Donald Rumsfeld , who stepped down the day following the elections . 110th Congress , 2nd session ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) The 110th Congress reconvened on November 6 , 2008 , just two days after the election that gave Democrats wider majorities in both the House and Senate , and ushered in a new Democratic President . The November 6 session , however , along with 14 other sessions from then through January 2 , 2009 , continued a series of pro forma sessions of the Senate that began in October and were intended to foreclose opportunities for outgoing President George W. Bush to make recess appointments to Federal offices . The Senate met for substantive business on only seven days during the post-election period . The House , which had adjourned sine die , reconvened on November 19 , pursuant to authority granted to its leadership in the adjournment resolution , but met on only five days during the post-election period . The main legislative business of the lame duck session involved further responses to spreading disruptions of the financial system that had become evident during the campaign period . Before the election , Congress had enacted P.L. 110 - 343 , establishing a $700 billion package of aid to the financial services industry . In the lame duck session , Congress considered legislation to assist America 's three largest auto - making companies which were in danger of bankruptcy . On December 10 , the House passed H.R. 7321 , which provided $14 billion in loans to automakers by using funds from an existing program . However , opposition in the Senate effectively prevented a vote on the measure . The President subsequently provided $13.4 billion in loans to the automakers out of funds from the financial industry aid package . Among the few other major measures that came up for a vote was a pension bill that postponed employee pension funding rules for companies and granted a moratorium on the annual distributions for retirement accounts as part of an effort to stave off lay - offs and assist retirees . 111th - 112th lame duck sessions ( edit ) During lame duck session of the 111th Congress , the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 were both signed into law . The former ended the military 's do n't ask , do n't tell policy , while the latter bill extended the Bush tax cuts for two years and extended unemployment benefits and a FICA payroll tax cut for one year . Democrats also tried to pass the DREAM Act , but the bill failed to pass the 60 - vote hurdle needed to invoke cloture . During the lame duck session of the 112th Congress , the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law . The act made permanent the majority of the Bush tax cuts . 2014 ( edit ) On the plate : the length of a government funding bill , extension of expiring corporate and individual tax breaks and reauthorization of a Terrorism Insurance Program . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' lame duck '' session `` . U.S. Senate Glossary . United States Senate . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . ' Lame duck ' session - When Congress ( or either chamber ) reconvenes in an even - numbered year following the November general elections to consider various items of business . Some lawmakers who return for this session will not be in the next Congress . Hence , they are informally called ' lame duck ' Members participating in a ' lame duck ' session . Jump up ^ See Raymond W. Smock , `` Lame Duck Session , '' in Donald C. Bacon , Roger H. Davidson , and Morton Keller , eds. , The Encyclopedia of the United States Congress ( New York : Simon & Schuster , ( c ) 1995 ) , vol. 3 , pp. 1244 - 1245 . Jump up ^ See Johnny H. Killian , George A. Costello , and Kenneth R. Thomas , eds. , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , prepared by the Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress ( Washington : GPO , 2004 ) , p. 2089 ( commentary on the 20th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ In practice , a new Congress was sometimes first convened in an extra session that began closer to the start of its constitutional term . As described in following sections , this extra session could occur pursuant to either a presidential call or a law passed by the previous Congress . Jump up ^ This session , beginning in the even - numbered December , could last only last until the term of the sitting Congress expired early in the following March , when the new Congress came into office . For this reason , it was colloquially known as the `` short session . '' Jump up ^ See P. Orman Ray , `` Lame - Duck Amendment , '' in Stanley I. Kutler , ed. , Dictionary of American History , 3d ed . ( New York : Scribner , 2003 ) , vol. 5 , p. 24 . For more information on the adoption of the 20th Amendment , see Alan P. Grimes , Democracy and the Amendments to the Constitution ( Lexington , Mass. : Lexington Books , D.C. Heath , ( c ) 1978 ) , pp. 104 - 108 . Jump up ^ `` Notification of Reassembling of Congress , '' proceedings in the House , Congressional Record , vol. 144 , Dec. 17 , 1998 , p. 27770 . See H. Con. Res. 353 , 105th Cong. , 112 Stat. 3699 at 3700 . Jump up ^ This legislation related to the conduct of World War II , and has no connection with the War Powers Resolution ( P.L. 93 - 148 , 87 Stat. 555 , 50 U.S.C. 1541 - 1548 ) enacted in 1973 to regulate commitments of U.S. armed forces abroad . Jump up ^ Like the measure referred to in the previous note , this legislation related to the conduct of World War II , and has no connection with the contemporary War Powers Resolution . Jump up ^ `` Senate halts ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . CNN . September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/lame-duck-session-congress-113125.html This text was adapted from Lame Duck Sessions of Congress , 1935 - 2012 ( 74th - 112th Congresses ) , published by Congressional Research Service . <Th_colspan="2"> United States Congress <Td_colspan="2"> House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Members and leaders <Td_colspan="2"> Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Longest - serving members ever Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former senators Living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former representatives Living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media <Td_colspan="2"> Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Lame-duck session of Congress
2. Post-election meeting of Congress
3. 20th Amendment to the Constitution
4. Recess and adjournment of Congress
5. Contingent authority to reconvene
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1,802,632,158,636,911,400 |
in a landmark vote in 1962 the u.s. supreme court made the redistricting of state legislative seats
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Baker v. Carr - wikipedia Baker v. Carr United States Supreme Court case <Th_colspan="2"> Baker v. Carr <Td_colspan="2"> Supreme Court of the United States <Th_colspan="2"> Argued April 19 -- 20 , 1961 Reargued October 9 , 1961 Decided March 26 , 1962 Full case name Charles W. Baker et al. v. Joe . C. Carr et al . Citations 369 U.S. 186 ( more ) 82 S. Ct. 691 ; 7 L. Ed . 2d 663 ; 1962 U.S. LEXIS 1567 Prior history 179 F. Supp. 824 ( M.D. Tenn. 1959 ) , probable jurisdiction noted , 364 U.S. 898 ( 1960 ) . Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee Subsequent history 206 F. Supp. 341 ( M.D. Tenn. 1962 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Holding <Td_colspan="2"> The redistricting of state legislative districts is not a political question , and thus is justiciable by the federal courts . <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership <Td_colspan="2"> Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan Jr . Charles E. Whittaker Potter Stewart <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions Majority Brennan , joined by Warren , Black , Douglas , Clark , Stewart Concurrence Douglas Concurrence Clark Concurrence Stewart Dissent Frankfurter , joined by Harlan Dissent Harlan , joined by Frankfurter <Td_colspan="2"> Whittaker took no part in the consideration or decision of the case . <Th_colspan="2"> Laws applied <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Const . amend . XIV ; U.S. Const . art . III ; 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ; Tenn . Const . art . II <Td_colspan="2"> This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings <Td_colspan="2"> Colegrove v. Green , 328 U.S. 549 ( 1946 ) Baker v. Carr , 369 U.S. 186 ( 1962 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that decided that redistricting ( attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated ) issues present justiciable questions , thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide redistricting cases . The defendants unsuccessfully argued that redistricting of legislative districts is a `` political question '' , and hence not a question that may be resolved by federal courts . Contents 1 Background 2 Decision 3 Dissent by Justices Frankfurter and Harlan 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Plaintiff Charles Baker was a Republican who lived in Shelby County , Tennessee , and had served as the mayor of Millington , Tennessee , near Memphis . The Tennessee State Constitution required that legislative districts for the Tennessee General Assembly be redrawn every ten years according to the federal census to provide for districts of substantially equal population ( as was to be done for congressional districts ) . Baker 's complaint was that Tennessee had not redistricted since 1901 , in response to the 1900 census . By the time of Baker 's lawsuit , the population had shifted such that his district in Shelby County had about ten times as many residents as some of the rural districts . The votes of rural citizens were overrepresented compared to those of urban citizens . Baker 's argument was that this discrepancy was causing him to fail to receive the `` equal protection of the laws '' required by the Fourteenth Amendment . Defendant Joe Carr was sued in his position as Secretary of State for Tennessee . Carr was not the person who set the district lines -- the state legislature had done that -- but was sued ex officio as the person who was ultimately responsible for the conduct of elections in the state and for the publication of district maps . The state of Tennessee argued that the composition of legislative districts was essentially a political question , not a judicial one , as had been held by Colegrove v. Green , a plurality opinion of the Court in which Justice Felix Frankfurter declared that `` Courts ought not to enter this political thicket . '' Frankfurter believed that relief for legislative malapportionment had to be won through the political process . Decision ( edit ) The decision of Baker v. Carr was one of the most wrenching in the Court 's history . The case had to be put over for reargument because in conference no clear majority emerged for either side of the case . Associate Justice Charles Evans Whittaker was so torn over the case that he eventually had to recuse himself for health reasons . The arduous decisional process in Baker is often blamed for Whittaker 's subsequent health problems , which forced him to retire from the Court in 1962 . The opinion was finally handed down in March 1962 , nearly a year after it was initially argued . The Court split 6 to 2 in ruling that Baker 's case was justiciable , producing , in addition to the opinion of the Court by Justice William J. Brennan , three concurring opinions and two dissenting opinions . Brennan reformulated the political question doctrine , identifying six factors to help in determining which questions were `` political '' in nature . Cases that are political in nature are marked by : `` Textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department ; '' as an example of this , Brennan cited issues of foreign affairs and executive war powers , arguing that cases involving such matters would be `` political questions '' `` A lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it ; '' `` The impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly for nonjudicial discretion ; '' `` The impossibility of a court 's undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches of government ; '' `` An unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made ; '' `` The potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one question . '' Justice Tom C. Clark switched his vote at the last minute to a concurrence on the substance of Baker 's claims , which would have enabled a majority which could have granted relief for Baker . Instead the Supreme Court remanded the case to the District Court . The large majority in this case can in many ways be attributed to Justice Brennan , who convinced Potter Stewart that the case was a narrow ruling dealing only with the right to challenge the statute . Brennan also talked down Justices Black and Douglas from their usual absolutist positions to achieve a compromise . Dissent by Justices Frankfurter and Harlan ( edit ) Frankfurter , joined by Justice John Marshall Harlan II , dissented vigorously and at length , arguing that the Court had cast aside history and judicial restraint , and violated the separation of powers between legislatures and Courts . He wrote : Appellants invoke the right to vote and to have their votes counted . But they are permitted to vote and their votes are counted . They go to the polls , they cast their ballots , they send their representatives to the state councils . Their complaint is simply that the representatives are not sufficiently numerous or powerful . Aftermath ( edit ) United States Federal Civil Procedure doctrines Justiciability Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Jurisdiction Subject - matter Federal - question Diversity Amount in controversy Supplemental Removal Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 Personal In personam In rem Quasi in rem Federalism Erie doctrine Abstention Sovereign immunity Abrogation Rooker -- Feldman doctrine Adequate and independent state ground Having declared redistricting issues justiciable in Baker , the court laid out a new test for evaluating such claims . The Court formulated the famous `` one person , one vote '' standard under American jurisprudence for legislative redistricting , holding that each individual had to be weighted equally in legislative apportionment . This affected numerous state legislatures that had not redistricted congressional districts for decades , despite major population shifts . It also ultimately affected the composition of state legislative districts as well , which in Alabama and numerous other states had overrepresented rural districts and underrepresented urban districts with much greater populations . This principle was formally enunciated in Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) . The Court decided that in states with bicameral legislatures , as had Alabama , the state in this suit , both houses had to be apportioned on this standard . This voided the provision of the Alabama Constitution which had provided for two state senators from each county and similar provisions elsewhere . ( Similarly , the Tennessee Constitution had a provision that prevented counties from being split and portions of a county being attached to other counties or parts of counties in the creation of a legislative district . This was overridden under the principle of basing districts on population . Today counties are frequently split among districts in forming Tennessee State Senate districts . ) `` One person , one vote '' was first applied as a standard for Congressional districts . State legislatures were supposed to redistrict according to changes in population but many had not for decades . Baker v. Carr and subsequent cases fundamentally changed the nature of political representation in the United States , requiring not just Tennessee but nearly every state to redistrict during the 1960s , often several times . This re-apportionment increased the political power of urban areas with greater population and reduced the influence of more rural areas . After he left the Court , Chief Justice Earl Warren called the Baker v. Carr line of cases the most important in his tenure as Chief Justice . See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 369 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , John W. ( ed . ) . Historic U.S. Court Cases : An Encyclopedia , Vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , London : Routledge . p. 293 . ISBN 0415930197 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Colegrove v. Green , 328 U.S. 556 Jump up ^ Whittaker is leaving U.S. Supreme Court Jump up ^ Eisler ( 1993 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Eisler ( 1993 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Bernard . How Justice Brennan Changed America , in Reason and Passio 33 ( E. Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz eds. , 1997 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Eisler , Kim Isaac ( 1993 ) . A Justice for All : William J. Brennan , Jr. , and the decisions that transformed America . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 . Gifford , Donald G. ( 2010 ) . Suing the Tobacco and Lead Pigment Industries : Government Litigation as Public Health Prescription . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11714 - 7 . Peltason , Jack W. ( 1992 ) . `` Baker v. Carr '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ( ed . ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 67 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Tushnet , Mark ( 2008 ) . I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 151 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Works related to Baker v. Carr at Wikisource Full text of the decision , Findlaw.com Listen to oral arguments in this case or download as MP3 Baker v. Carr Case Brief , Lawnix.com `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Baker v. Carr '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions The Political Thicket a podcast episode on the case from Radiolab More Perfect , WNYC Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker_v._Carr&oldid=846445452 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States electoral redistricting case law United States One Person , One Vote Legal Doctrine United States political question doctrine case law Civil rights movement African - American history of Tennessee Legal history of Tennessee Tennessee General Assembly 1962 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court Hidden categories : Articles with short description CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 20 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Baker v. Carr - United States Supreme Court case
2. Redistricting of state legislative districts
3. Justiciability of redistricting issues
4. "One person, one vote" standard
5. Impact on political representation in the United States
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1,622,269,033,243,818,800 |
where was the man in the moon filmed at
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The Man in the Moon - wikipedia The Man in the Moon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Man in the Moon ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Man in the Moon <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Mulligan Produced by Mark Rydell Written by Jenny Wingfield Starring Sam Waterston Tess Harper Jason London Emily Warfield Reese Witherspoon Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Freddie Francis Edited by Trudy Ship Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date October 4 , 1991 Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $2 , 8 million The Man in the Moon is a 1991 American coming of age drama film directed by Robert Mulligan ( in his final film ) and is also Reese Witherspoon 's film debut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1957 , Dani Trant ( Reese Witherspoon ) is a 14 - year - old girl in Louisiana who , according to her father , is `` too big to be running off by herself . '' Dani and her older sister Maureen ( Emily Warfield ) , who is going off to college in the fall , are very close . Maureen helps take care of their younger sister , Missy , while their mother Abigail ( Tess Harper ) is pregnant . Dani however prefers to run off to the neighbor 's creek to go swimming in the nude . It is here that she meets her new neighbor , 17 - year - old Court Foster ( Jason London ) . Court kicks Dani out of his creek . When Dani goes home , her mother tells her to wash up because an old friend is coming for dinner with her children . The Trants ' old friend turns out to be a widow , Mrs. Foster ( Gail Strickland ) with her three sons Court , Dennis , and Rob . When Dani realizes who Court is , the two dislike each other . Court calls Dani `` a little girl '' . When Dani 's father Matthew ( Sam Waterston ) tells Dani to accompany Court into town for groceries , Dani and Court drive into town and start to get along . Dani finally realizes that she is in love with Court . Maureen goes on a date to a dance with her boyfriend Billy Sanders ( Bentley Mitchum ) . When they leave the dance , Billy wants to park his car and have sex . Maureen gets angry and breaks up with Billy because she believes `` love should be beautiful '' . The next day , Dani asks Maureen for advice on how to kiss a boy . Maureen demonstrates by practicing on her hand . Dani and Court continue to go swimming during the hot sunny days and become very close friends . The two agree to meet to go swimming at night , since Court has too much work to do during the day . Dani sneaks off and swims with Court until they reach the point where they are about to kiss . Court pushes Dani away and says she is a little girl that does n't know what she 's doing , and runs off home . Dani leaves too just as a thunderstorm is breaking out . Abigail wakes up , knowing Dani is n't home , and runs outside looking for her . Just as Dani gets home , and runs to her mother , her mother also runs and trips on a root , landing on her stomach . Dani 's father races her to the hospital , where she is kept for treatment . When her father returns home from the hospital , he spanks Dani with his belt . The next day , Court brings food to the Trant house and apologizes to Dani for the other night . Dani , still hurt , just ignores him at first , until Court says he would still like to be friends . The next time they go swimming the two share Dani 's first kiss . Dani is still hurt and angry at her father for hitting her . When he tries to talk to her the next day feeling remorseful for using his belt on her , she only replies with `` Yes Sir '' or `` No Sir '' to his questions . Once Dani has made up with her father , he tells Dani to invite Court over once in a while so he can get to know him better . When Court comes over for dinner , he finally meets Maureen . Dani can tell it is love at first sight for the two of them . While Dani visits her mother in the hospital , Court comes over to the Trant house and kisses Maureen . Over the next few days , Dani is getting pushed away by Court . While the rest of the family goes to pick up Abigail and the new baby from the hospital , Court and Maureen claim their love for each other , consummating their love in a field . When Maureen leaves for home , Court goes back to plowing the fields and falls off the tractor , and is badly injured . Dani sees this , and races home to tell her father . When Matthew returns home , he has some of Court 's blood on his clothes and the family realizes that Court has died . Maureen hides her pain at first , while Dani bursts into tears . After Court 's funeral , Dani continues to be angry at Maureen for stealing Court away from her . Matthew tells Dani that although she has a right to be hurt , being mad wo n't bring Court back , and Maureen will be her sister for life . Dani comforts Maureen as she weeps on Court 's fresh grave , and the film ends with Maureen and Dani talking outside on the porch at night as the summer draws to a close , looking up at the moon becoming close again . Cast ( edit ) Sam Waterston as Matthew Trant Tess Harper as Abigail Trant Gail Strickland as Marie Foster Reese Witherspoon as Dani Trant Jason London as Court Foster Emily Warfield as Maureen Trant Bentley Mitchum as Billy Sanders Ernie Lively as Will Sanders Dennis Letts as Doc White Earleen Bergeron as Eileen Sanders Anna Chappell as Mrs. Taylor Brandi and Sandi Smith as Missy Trant Derek and Spencer Ball as Foster Twins Production ( edit ) The Man in the Moon marked the film debut of Reese Witherspoon at the age of 14 years . Director Mulligan commented that casting her in the role of Dani was `` risky business , to say the least . We had a casting team that went out and saw several thousand kids and tested them on video . When I saw Reese 's test , she just jumped off the screen , simply as a personality . I could n't tell whether she could act or not , but she 's got a wonderful face and there 's a brightness and intelligence there . Then , when I tested her in Santa Monica , a strange breakthrough took place . Early in the movie , Dani is a bit of a tomboy . Reese was trying to project this in a scene where she had to get angry with the boy , but it had a false ring to it . Because in real life she is n't a tomboy . She 's a real ' girl ' girl . Just before we did another rehearsal , I told her I wanted her to chew gum . Well , she started chewing gum and all of a sudden the performance happened . She was tough . Strong . Direct . And the scene worked . Like that . In an instant , it was there . What was marvelous was , at the end of the scene , Reese knew that something happened . Her compass , her sense of what 's real , kicked in . The motor was running and she knew it . It was funny because she said : ' Can I always chew gum ? ' And I said : ' Yeah . ' '' The photography was by Academy Award - winning cinematographer Freddie Francis . Reception ( edit ) The film was highly praised by Roger Ebert , who included it at No. 8 in his Top 10 list of the best films of 1991 , declaring , `` Nothing else ( Mulligan ) has done ... approaches the purity and perfection of The Man in the Moon . As the film approached its conclusion without having stepped wrong once , I wondered whether he could do it - whether he could maintain the poetic , bittersweet tone , and avoid the sentimentalism and cheap emotion that could have destroyed this story . Would he maintain the integrity of this material ? He would , and he does . '' Versions ( edit ) Later , Mulligan became disenchanted with how the film was edited and cut by airlines , particularly American and Delta Air Lines , for in - flight showings . He became so disturbed by these airline edits to the picture that he insisted that his name be removed from the credits of the film . See also ( edit ) Man in the Moon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Mojo . `` Man in the Moon '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From the archives : Robert Mulligan discovers Reese Witherspoon - Film Journal International '' . www.filmjournal.com . Jump up ^ `` Siskel and Ebert Top Ten Lists ( 1969 - 1998 ) '' . Innermind.com. 2012 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) . `` The Man in the Moon Movie Review ( 1991 ) Roger Ebert '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Director pulls credit after airlines cut film Roger Ebert 's Journal Roger Ebert '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the Moon External links ( edit ) The Man in the Moon at the Internet Movie Database The Man in the Moon at AllMovie The Man in the Moon at Rotten Tomatoes The Man in the Moon at Box Office Mojo Roger Ebert 's four - star review of the film <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Mulligan <Td_colspan="2"> Fear Strikes Out ( 1957 ) The Rat Race ( 1960 ) The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) Come September ( 1961 ) The Spiral Road ( 1962 ) To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) Baby the Rain Must Fall ( 1965 ) Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) Up the Down Staircase ( 1967 ) The Stalking Moon ( 1968 ) The Pursuit of Happiness ( 1971 ) Summer of ' 42 ( 1971 ) The Other ( 1972 ) The Nickel Ride ( 1974 ) Bloodbrothers ( 1978 ) Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) Kiss Me Goodbye ( 1982 ) Clara 's Heart ( 1988 ) The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_Moon&oldid=806001787 '' Categories : English - language films 1991 films 1990s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American romantic drama films American films Film scores by James Newton Howard Films directed by Robert Mulligan Films set in 1957 Films set in Louisiana Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Teen romance films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 01 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Man in the Moon - film plot
2. Coming of age drama
3. Reese Witherspoon's film debut
4. 1957 Louisiana setting
5. Roger Ebert's praise for the film
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788,934,699,932,943,400 |
in the song let it be mother mary refers to
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Let It Be ( song ) - wikipedia Let It Be ( song ) For other songs , see Let It Be ( disambiguation ) § Songs . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Let It Be '' <Td_colspan="2"> US picture sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> Single by the Beatles <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Let It Be B - side `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' Released 6 March 1970 Format Vinyl record 7 '' Recorded Apple Studio 31 January 1969 EMI Studios 30 April 1969 4 January 1970 Genre Rock pop gospel Length 3 : 50 ( single version ) 4 : 03 ( album version ) Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin ( single version ) Phil Spector ( album version ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Beatles UK singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' ( 1969 ) `` Let It Be '' ( 1970 ) `` Yesterday '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Beatles US singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' ( 1969 ) Something Come Together 1969 `` Let It Be '' ( 1970 ) Let It Be1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( 1970 ) The Long and Winding Road 1970 <Td_colspan="2"> `` Let It Be '' The Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' from Let It Be <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Let It Be '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , released in March 1970 as a single , and ( in an alternate mix ) as the title track of their album Let It Be . At the time , it had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 , beginning its chart run at number 6 . It was written and sung by Paul McCartney . It was their final single before McCartney announced his departure from the band . Both the Let It Be album and the US single `` The Long and Winding Road '' were released after McCartney 's announced departure from and the subsequent break - up of the group . The alternate mix on their album Let It Be features an additional guitar solo and some minor differences in the orchestral sections . In 1987 , the song was recorded by charity supergroup Ferry Aid ( which included McCartney ) . It reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks and reached the top ten in many other European countries . Paul McCartney 's verse used the original take from The Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' sessions . Contents 1 Composition and recording 1.1 Origins 1.2 Recordings 1.3 Single version 1.4 Album version 1.5 Anthology version 1.6 Let It Be ... Naked version 1.7 Unused mixes 2 Piano theme 3 Critical reception 4 Live performances 5 Personnel 6 Singles charts 7 Cover versions 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Composition and recording ( edit ) See also : Jim and Mary McCartney Origins ( edit ) McCartney said he had the idea of `` Let It Be '' after he had a dream about his mother during the tense period surrounding the sessions for The Beatles ( `` the White Album '' ) in 1968 . According to McCartney , the song 's reference to `` Mother Mary '' was not biblical . The phrase has at times been used as a reference to the Virgin Mary . Nevertheless , McCartney explained that his mother -- who died of cancer when he was fourteen -- was the inspiration for the `` Mother Mary '' lyric . He later said : `` It was great to visit with her again . I felt very blessed to have that dream . So that got me writing ' Let It Be ' . '' He also said in a later interview about the dream that his mother had told him , `` It will be all right , just let it be . '' When asked if the song referred to the Virgin Mary , McCartney has typically answered the question by assuring his fans that they can interpret the song however they like . Recordings ( edit ) McCartney first began to play around with `` Let It Be '' in the recording studio in between takes of `` Piggies '' on 19 September 1968 . Some months later , the song would be rehearsed at Twickenham Film Studios on 3 January 1969 , where the group had , the previous day , begun what would become the Let It Be film . During this stage of the film they were only recording on the mono decks used for syncing to the film cameras , and were not making multi-track recordings for release . A single take was recorded , with just McCartney on piano and vocals . The first attempt with the other Beatles was made on 8 January . Work continued on the song throughout the month . Multi-track recordings commenced on 23 January at Apple Studios . The master take was recorded on 31 January 1969 , as part of the `` Apple studio performance '' for the project . McCartney played Blüthner piano , Lennon played six - string electric bass ( replaced by McCartney 's own bass part on the final version at the behest of George Martin ) , George Harrison and Ringo Starr assumed their conventional roles , on guitar and drums respectively , and Billy Preston contributed on organ . This was one of two performances of `` Let It Be '' that day . The first version , designated take 27 - A , would serve as the basis for all officially released versions of the song . The other version , take 27 - B , was performed as part of the `` live studio performance '' , along with `` Two of Us '' and `` The Long and Winding Road '' . This performance , in which Lennon and Harrison harmonised with McCartney 's lead vocal and Harrison contributed a subdued guitar solo , can be seen in the film Let It Be . The film performance of `` Let It Be '' has never been officially released as an audio recording . The lyrics in the two versions differ a little in the last verse . The studio version has mother Mary comes to me ... there will be an answer , whereas the film version has mother Mary comes to me ... there will be no sorrow . In addition , McCartney 's vocal performance is noticeably different in both versions : in the film version , it sounds rough in certain moments since he is not using anti-pop on his mic ; there are also a couple of falsetto vocals performed by him ( extending the vocal ' e ' on the word ' be ' ) , for instance in the ' let it be ' line that precedes the second chorus . Finally , the instrumental progression featured on the middle of the song after the second chorus ( that descends from F to C ) , which is played twice on all released studio versions , is played ( or at least is shown being played ) only once in the film . On 30 April 1969 , Harrison overdubbed a new guitar solo on the best take from 31 January . He overdubbed another solo on 4 January 1970 . The first overdub solo was used for the original single release , and the second overdub solo was used for the original album release . Some fans mistakenly believe that there were two versions of the basic track -- based mostly on the different guitar solos , but also on other differences in overdubs and mixes . Single version ( edit ) The single used the same cover photographs as the Let It Be album , and was originally released on 6 March 1970 , backed by `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' , with a production credit for George Martin . This version includes orchestration and backing vocals overdubbed on 4 January 1970 , under the supervision of Martin and McCartney , with backing vocals that included the only known contribution by Linda McCartney to a Beatles song . It was during this same session that Harrison recorded the second overdubbed guitar solo . The intention at one point was to have the two overdub solos playing together . This idea was dropped for the final mix of the single , and only the 30 April solo was used , although the 4 January overdub can be heard faintly during the final verse . Martin mixed the orchestration very low in this version . The single mix made its album debut on the Beatles ' 1967 -- 1970 compilation album . Original pressings erroneously show the running time of 4 : 01 ( from the Let It Be album ) , and not the single version 's running time of 3 : 52 . This version was also included on 20 Greatest Hits , Past Masters Volume 2 and 1 . Album version ( edit ) On 26 March 1970 , Phil Spector remixed the song for the Let It Be album . This version features the `` more stinging '' 4 January 1970 guitar solo , no backing vocals ( except during the first chorus ) , a delay effect on Starr 's hi - hat , and more prominent orchestration . The final chorus has three `` let it be ... '' lines , as the `` there will be an answer '' line is repeated twice ( instead of once as on the single ) before the `` whisper words of wisdom '' line to close the song . On the album , as the preceding track `` Dig It '' ends , Lennon is heard saying in a falsetto voice , mimicking Gracie Fields : `` That was ' Can You Dig It ' by Georgie Wood , and now we 'd like to do ' Hark , the Angels Come ' . '' Allen Klein brought in Spector to mix the album without telling McCartney or asking for his agreement , because McCartney had not signed Klein 's management contract . Anthology version ( edit ) An early recording of the song appears on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 . This version , take 1 , was recorded on 25 January 1969 . It is a much simpler version , as McCartney had not written the final verse yet ( `` And when the night is cloudy ... I wake up to the sound of music ... '' ) . Instead , the first verse is repeated . The track , as released on Anthology 3 also features studio talk between Lennon and McCartney prior to a 31 January 1969 take : John : Are we supposed to giggle ( or perhaps ' get ( a ) little ' ) in the solo ? Paul : Yeah . John : OK . Paul : This 'll -- this is gon na knock you out , boy . Also , at the end of the song on the Anthology 3 version , Lennon can be heard saying , following another 31 January take , `` I think that was rather grand . I 'd take one home with me . OK let 's track it . ( Gasps ) You bounder , you cheat ! '' ( This is a reference to the no - overdub policy that the Beatles had adopted for the Get Back project -- `` tracking '' refers to double tracking the vocals on a recording . ) The running time of the Anthology version is 4 : 05 . Let It Be ... Naked version ( edit ) Still another version of the song appeared on the Let It Be ... Naked album in 2003 . The majority of this remix is take 27 - A from 31 January 1969 , with parts of take 27 - B ( as used in the film `` Let It Be '' ) , including the subdued guitar solo , spliced in . This version contains a different piano track than the one on the studio and single version ; it can be noted that in the intro , McCartney plays an extra A bass note during the A minor chord ( very similar to the way he plays the intro in the film version ) and also plays a standard A minor chord in the piano at the first beat of measure two in the last verse ( on the lyric `` mother '' , also like in the film version ) , while the other versions have a different piano harmonisation which can be easily interpreted as an unfixed mistake . The backing vocals in the chorus of this version are similar to those in the single version , but are significantly reduced in volume while still retaining a reverb - heavy , choral effect . Starr disliked Spector 's version where his drumming was augmented by Spector 's `` tape - delay - effect '' to his hi - hats during the song 's second verse and added shakers , so Let It Be ... Naked features his original `` stripped - down - approach '' drumming . Also departed were the tom - tom overdub rolls , heard after the guitar solo during the third verse . Starr also commented that after the release of Naked , he would now have to listen to McCartney saying , `` I told you so '' , when talking about Spector 's production . The song 's running time on Let It Be ... Naked is 3 : 52 . Unused mixes ( edit ) Glyn Johns mixed the song on 28 May 1969 as he finished the mixing for the Get Back album . This version was never released . He used the same mix on 5 January 1970 , which was an attempt to compile an acceptable version of the LP . Again , this version of the LP was never officially released . Piano theme ( edit ) Main piano theme The piano introduces the song , through a series of chords in the right hand over single notes in the left hand . Critical reception ( edit ) In his review of the single , for the NME , Derek Johnson admired McCartney 's performance and the lyrics ' `` pseudo-religious '' qualities . Although he considered that the melody paled beside some of the band 's previous singles , Johnson added : `` As ever with The Beatles , this is a record to stop you dead in your tracks and compel you to listen attentively . '' John Gabree of High Fidelity magazine found the lyrics `` dangerous politically '' , but viewed the song as possibly `` the best thing musically that McCartney has done '' . In 2010 , Rolling Stone magazine placed `` Let It Be '' at number 8 on the Beatles ' 100 Greatest Songs . The magazine also ranked at number 20 on their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list . Mojo magazine ranked it at number 50 in a similar list , compiled in 2006 . AllMusic said it was one of `` the Beatles ' most popular and finest ballads '' . Ian MacDonald disagreed , writing that the song `` achieved a popularity well out of proportion to its artistic weight '' and that it was `` ' Hey Jude ' , without the musical and emotional release '' . Former Creem critic Richard Riegel included it on his 1996 list of the ten most overrated Beatles tracks , saying that , like Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' , the song `` cater ( ed ) to the lowest - common - denominator emotional stasis of its listeners . ' Let It Be ' left the Beatles no artistic choice but dissolution . '' Lennon also commented disparagingly on `` Let It Be '' . In his Playboy interview in 1980 , he disavowed any involvement with composing the song , saying : `` That 's Paul . What can you say ? Nothing to do with the Beatles . It could 've been Wings . I do n't know what he 's thinking when he writes `` Let It Be '' . '' `` Let It Be '' holds the top spot on `` The Fans ' Top 10 '' poll included in The 100 Best Beatles Songs : An Informed Fan 's Guide by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis . The song is ranked third on the 100 Best Beatles Songs list , behind `` A Day in the Life '' and `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' . Live performances ( edit ) Film of the Beatles performance was shown on The Ed Sullivan Show on 15 February 1970 . Although the song is performed regularly during McCartney 's performances , there are a few notable performances . On 13 July 1985 , McCartney performed `` Let It Be '' as one of the closing acts of the Live Aid charity concert in front of an estimated global television audience exceeding one billion people . It was beset by technical difficulties when his microphone failed for the first two minutes of his piano performance , making it difficult for television viewers and impossible for those in the stadium to hear him . As a result , previous performers David Bowie , Bob Geldof , Alison Moyet and Pete Townshend returned to the stage to back him up . He later joked about changing the lyrics to `` There will be some feedback , let it be '' . He re-recorded his vocals afterwards for future home video releases . 1987 : Ferry Aid covered `` Let It Be '' as a charity single to raise money for victims of the Zeebrugge Disaster . The featured artists included McCartney , Boy George , Mark Knopfler and Kate Bush , as well as an ensemble chorus made up of media personalities and other musicians . Although McCartney 's contribution was taken from the Beatles ' recording , he filmed a segment of himself miming to the track for inclusion in the music video . The single topped the UK Singles Chart for three weeks and was certified gold for shipping over 500,000 copies . It was also a number 1 hit in Norway and Switzerland . Along with a 700 - strong congregation , McCartney , Harrison and Starr sang `` Let It Be '' during a memorial service for Linda McCartney at St Martin - in - the - Fields church in Trafalgar Square , in 1998 . McCartney also led a crowd rousing rendition as part of the finale of the Concert for New York City , a benefit concert he organised , featuring many famous musicians , that took place on 20 October 2001 at Madison Square Garden in New York City in response to the 11 September attacks . In 2003 , before playing his concert in Moscow 's Red Square , McCartney performed a private rendition for Russian president Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin . On 18 July 2008 , McCartney performed `` Let It Be '' with Billy Joel and his band to close the final concert at Shea Stadium in Queens , New York before its demolition . On 4 June 2012 , McCartney performed the song as part of his set during the Concert for the Queen , celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Personnel ( edit ) The Beatles Paul McCartney -- lead and backing vocals , piano , maracas , electric piano , bass guitar John Lennon -- backing vocals George Harrison -- lead guitar , backing vocals Ringo Starr -- drums Additional musicians Linda McCartney -- backing vocals Billy Preston -- Hammond organ Various session musicians -- orchestration Per John Winn 's That Magic Feeling , Mark Lewisohn 's The Complete Beatles Chronicle , and Steve Sullivan 's Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 . Singles Charts ( edit ) The Beatles : Release : 6 March 1970 Tracks : 7 '' single ( Apple ) `` Let It Be '' b / w `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' Producer : George Martin and Chris Thomas UK chart position : number 2 US Hot 100 chart position : number 1 ( 2 weeks ) US easy listening chart position : number 1 ( 4 weeks ) On the US charts , the song set a number of milestones . The song gave the Beatles their seventh consecutive year charting a number 1 hit , sharing the all - time record , at the time , with Elvis Presley . The song gave George Martin his seventh consecutive year producing a number 1 hit , sharing the all - time record , at the time , with Steve Sholes ( who produced Presley ) . The song gave Lennon and McCartney their seventh consecutive year writing a number 1 hit , an all - time record at the time . See List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones . Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Let It Be '' has been covered numerous times by various artists : 1970 : Aretha Franklin released her version in January 1970 ( before the Beatles ' ) , on the album This Girl 's in Love with You , along with her cover of `` Eleanor Rigby '' . 1971 : Joan Baez included `` Let It Be '' on her album Blessed Are ... , and released the song as a single . Baez ' version includes the lyric `` there will be no sorrow '' , as the Beatles performed in the film version of the song . The song also appears on her live album Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring , and she performed it at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 , as captured in the film Message to Love . 2001 : Nick Cave 's version was on the soundtrack of Jessie Nelson 's 2001 film I Am Sam and the soundtrack album released the following year . 2007 : Dyme Def used a sample of the original `` Let It Be '' in a significantly different hip hop version , also called `` Let It Be '' , on their album Space Music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 39 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 96 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unterberger 2009 . ^ Jump up to : A Lesson on Text Criticism and the Beatles ' Let it Be Jeff McLeod , Catholic Stand , 30 July 2013 , Accessed 9 February 2014 Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sold on Song 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ The Beatles Bible 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Song Facts : The Beatles -- `` Let It Be '' ( Both Versions ) `` . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , pp. 195 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 - 1970 . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 - 1970 . New York : Three Rivers Press . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 - 1970 . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Observer Music Monthly 2003 . Jump up ^ Apple Records 2003 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Steve ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . NME Originals : Lennon . London : IPC Ignite ! . p. 74 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gabree , John ( August 1970 ) . `` Review : The Beatles Let It Be ; Paul McCartney McCartney ; Ringo Starr Sentimental Journey '' . High Fidelity . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` 8 . Let It Be '' . 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 80 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1994 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Riegel , Richard ( December 1996 ) . `` We Can Work It Out : The Ten Most Over - & Underrated Beatles Songs '' . Real Groove . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Liddle , Steven . `` Lyn Paul website : New Seekers - Collectors ' Items ( flexi discs , vinyl and cassettes ) '' . www.lynpaulwebsite.org . London , UK : The Lyn Paul Website . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . p. 292 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Ferry Aid - Let It Be '' . Retrieved 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Search '' . BPI . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Search by Title , click on more info > > Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards -- A Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Certified Awards Timeline. pdf . London , UK : BPI ( British Recorded Music Industry ) Limited . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com - Ferry Aid - Let It Be '' . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferry Aid - Let It Be - hitparade.ch '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ CNN 1998 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2003 . Jump up ^ Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 361 . ISBN 0307452395 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 4 October 2013 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings '' . Scarecrow Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle . Chancellor Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0327 - 2 . Jump up ^ Calkin 2000 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 1996 . Jump up ^ Second Hand Songs 2007 . Jump up ^ Wexler 2007 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Australia No. 1 hits -- 1970 's '' . World Charts . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3797 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Let It Be '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 4 May 1970 Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles : Let It Be '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3740 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1970 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1970 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . References ( edit ) The Beatles Anthology , Episode 8 ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . EMI. 2003 . Event occurs at 0 : 53 : 40 . `` The Beatles , Let it Be ... Naked '' . The Observer Music Monthly . London . 19 October 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . Anthology . Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Calkin , Graham ( 2000 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . `` Let It Be '' . The Beatles Bible . 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . `` Let It Be '' . Second Hand Songs . 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . `` Let It Be '' . Sold on Song . 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Let It Be ... Naked ( Media notes ) . The Beatles . Apple Records . 2003 . Levine , Robert ( 14 December 2003 ) . `` Letting ' Let It Be ' Be : McCartney Wins '' . New York Times . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle . Chancellor Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0327 - 2 . `` Linda McCartney farewell celebrates her passions '' . CNN . 8 June 1998 . MacDonald , Ian ( 1994 ) . Revolution in the Head : the Beatles ' Records and the Sixties . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2780 - 7 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . `` McCartney plays Red Square '' . BBC News . 24 May 2003 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Many Years From Now . Vintage - Random House . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 8658 - 4 . `` Overview of The Singer '' . Allmusic. 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Pollack , Alan W. ( 1995 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Notes on Series . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2008 . `` The RS 100 Greatest Beatles Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 30 August 2010 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( Paperback ) . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles . Little Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009 ) . `` Review of `` Let It Be '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Wexler , Jerry ( 2007 ) . Rare and Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul ( booklet ) . Aretha Franklin . Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 6th ed . ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Let It Be Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Let It Be '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Let It Be <Td_colspan="2"> Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be ... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album B - side `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Break - up of the Beatles Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) Let It Be ... Naked The Beatles discography <Td_colspan="2"> Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters <Th_colspan="2"> The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1965 `` Rock and Roll Music '' / `` I 'm a Loser '' ( Europe , Australia ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) `` Michelle '' / `` Girl '' ( Europe ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bill Withers Studio albums Just as I Am Still Bill +'Justments Making Music Naked & Warm Menagerie ' Bout Love Live Albums Live at Carnegie Hall Songs `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` Grandma 's Hands '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Let It Be '' `` Use Me '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Lovely Day '' `` Just the Two of Us '' `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Related Still Bill ( film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_It_Be_(song)&oldid=866087815 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1970 singles 1987 singles 2010 singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Apple Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Rock ballads Pop ballads Joan Baez songs Aretha Franklin songs Bill Withers songs John Denver songs Meat Loaf songs Nick Cave songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Songs published by Northern Songs 1969 songs 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) EngvarB from September 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using citations with format and no URL Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 04 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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1. Let It Be - The Beatles
2. Paul McCartney
3. Recording of Let It Be
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when were warning labels first put on cigarettes
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Tobacco packaging warning messages - wikipedia Tobacco packaging warning messages Jump to : navigation , search `` Smoking Kills '' redirects here . For album of The Disciplines , see Smoking Kills ( album ) . Tobacco package warning messages are warning messages that appear on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products concerning their health effects . They have been implemented in an effort to enhance the public 's awareness of the harmful effects of smoking . In general , warnings used in different countries try to emphasize the same messages . Warnings for some countries are listed below . Such warnings have been required in tobacco advertising for many years . The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , adopted in 2003 , requires such package warning messages to promote awareness against smoking . A 2009 review summarises that `` There is clear evidence that tobacco package health warnings increase consumers ' knowledge about the health consequences of tobacco use . '' The warning messages `` contribute to changing consumers ' attitudes towards tobacco use as well as changing consumers ' behaviour . '' At the same time , such warning labels have been subject to criticism . 2007 meta - analyses indicated that communications emphasizing the severity of a threat are less effective than communications focusing on susceptibility , and that warning labels may have no effect among smokers who are not confident that they can quit , which lead the authors to recommend exploring different , potentially more effective methods of behavior change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Albania 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Azerbaijan 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 Brazil 7 Canada 8 Chile 9 China 10 European Union 10.1 Austria and Germany 10.2 Croatia 10.3 Cyprus 10.4 Czech Republic 10.5 Denmark 10.6 Finland 10.7 France 10.8 Greece 10.9 Hungary 10.10 Ireland 10.11 Italy 10.12 Latvia 10.13 Malta 10.14 The Netherlands 10.15 Poland 10.16 Portugal 10.17 Romania 10.18 Slovenia 10.19 Spain 10.20 Sweden 10.21 United Kingdom 11 Hong Kong 12 Iceland 13 India 14 Indonesia 15 Japan 16 Malaysia 17 Mexico 18 Moldova 19 New Zealand 20 Norway 21 Pakistan 22 Philippines 23 Russian Federation 24 Serbia 25 Singapore 26 Switzerland 27 Somalia 28 South Korea 29 Taiwan 30 Thailand 31 Turkey 32 Ukraine 33 United States of America 33.1 Cigars 33.2 Smokeless tobacco 34 Venezuela 35 Vietnam 36 References 37 External links Albania ( edit ) Text - based warnings on cigarette packets are used in Albania . Pirja e duhanit vret ( Smoking kills ) Pirja e duhanit mund të vrasë Smoking can kill Pirja e duhanit ju dëmton ju dhe të tjerët rreth jush Smoking seriously harms you and others around you Duhanpirësit vdesin më të rinj Smokers die younger Duhanpirja bllokon arteriet dhe shkakton infarkt të zemrës ose hemorragji cerebrale Smoking blocks the arteries and causes heart attack or cerebral hemorrhage Duhanpirja shkakton kancer në mushkëri Smoking causes lung cancer Duhanpirja gjatë shtatëzanisë dëmton fëmijën tuaj Smoking during pregnancy harms your baby Ruani fëmijët : mos i lini ata të thithin tymin tuaj Protect children : do not let them breathe your smoke Mjeku ose farmacisti juaj mund t'ju ndihmojë të lini duhanin Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking Duhanpirja shkakton varësi të fortë , mos e filloni atë Smoking causes a strong addiction , do not start it Lënia e duhanit pakëson rrezikun e sëmundjeve vdekjeprurëse të zemrës dhe mushkërive Leaving smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart disease and lung Duhanpirja mund të shkaktojë një vdekje të ngadaltë dhe të dhimbshme Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Kërkoni ndihmë për të lënë duhanin : telefon 0 800 47 47 ; Sektori i abuzimit me substancat , Instituti i Shëndetit Publik : www.ishp.gov.al ; konsultonhuni me mjekun / farmacistin tuaj Ask for help to quit smoking : telephone 0800 47 47 ; Substance Abuse sector , the Institute of Public Health : www.ishp.gov.al ; consult your doctor / pharmacist Duhanpirja mund të ngadalësojë rrjedhjen e gjakut dhe shkakton impotencë Smoking can slow blood flow and causes impotence Duhanpirja shkakton plakjen e fytyrës Smoking causes facial aging Duhani përmban benzen , nitrosaminë , formalinë dhe cianid hidrogjeni Smoking contains benzene , nitrosamines , formalin and hydrogen cyanide Pirja e duhanit shkakton sëmundje të zemrës Smoking causes heart disease Duhanpirja mund të dëmtojë spermën dhe ul pjellorinë Smoking can damage sperm and decrease fertility Duhani dëmton rëndë shëndetin Smoking seriously harms health Argentina ( edit ) General warning : Fumar es muy malo para la salud . Puede causar enfermedades del corazon , gangrena , cancer de pulmon , funcion pulmonar reducida , bronquitis cronica , accidente cerebrovascular , cancer de garganta , cancer de boca y enfisema . Si todavia usted fuma , no diga que no le advertimos . As of January 30 , 2013 , all cigarette packages must include graphical warning labels that show the detrimental effects on the health of long - term smokers . Translation of words in box : `` Smoking is very bad for health . It can cause heart disease , gangrene , lung cancer , reduced lung function , chronic bronchitis , stroke , throat and mouth cancer , and emphysema . If you smoke despite all this , do n't say that we did not warn you . '' Australia ( edit ) On 1 December 2012 , Australia introduced groundbreaking legislation and the world 's toughest tobacco packaging warning messages to date . All marketing and brand devices were removed from the package and replaced with warnings , only the name of the product remain in generic standard sized text . All tobacco products sold , offered for sale or otherwise supplied in Australia were plain packaged and labelled with new and expanded health warnings . Main article : Cigarette packets in Australia Azerbaijan ( edit ) In Azerbaijan , cigarette packages carry a small notice : `` Ministry of Health warns : Smoking is dangerous for your health '' , but this is usually printed in light and small fonts , and the first part of the message is not always visible . Bosnia and herzegovina ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) Pušenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) Pušenje ozbiljno šteti vama i drugima oko vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 50 % of surface ) : Pušenje uzrokuje rak pluća ( Smoking causes lung cancer ) Pušenje uzrokuje srčani udar ( Smoking causes heart attack ) Pušenje uzrokuje moždani udar ( Smoking causes stroke ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti zdravlju Vašeg djeteta ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Before 2011 , a small warning with the text Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) was printed on the back of cigarette packets . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil 's third and current batch of graphic images , mandatory on all cigarette packs . Brazil was the second country in the world and the first country in Latin America to adopt mandatory warning images in cigarette packages . Warnings and graphic images illustrating the risks of smoking occupy 100 % of the back of cigarettes boxes since 2001 . In 2008 , the government elected a third batch of images , aimed at younger smokers . Since 2003 , the sentence Este produto contém mais de 4 , 7 mil substâncias tóxicas , e nicotina que causa dependência física ou psíquica . Não existem níveis seguros para consumo dessas substâncias . ( This product contains over 4700 toxic substances and nicotine , which causes physical or psychological addiction . There are no safe levels for the intake of these substances . ) is displayed in all packs . Canada ( edit ) A Canadian Number 7 cigarette package , with 1 of the 16 warnings found on packages between 2000 and 2011 Canada has had 3 phases of tobacco warning labels . The first set of warnings was introduced in 1989 under the Tobacco Products Control Act , and required warnings to be printed on all tobacco products sold legally in Canada . The set consisted of 4 messages printed in black - and - white on the front and back of the package , and was expanded in 1994 to include 8 messages covering 25 % of the front top of the package . In 2000 , the Tobacco Products Information Regulations ( TPIR ) were passed under the Tobacco Act . The regulations introduced a new set of 16 warnings . Each warning was printed on the front and back of the package , covering 50 % of the surface , with a short explanation and a picture illustrating that particular warning , for example : WARNING CIGARETTES CAUSE LUNG CANCER 85 % of lung cancers are caused by smoking . 80 % of lung cancer victims die within three years . accompanied by a picture of a human lung detailing cancerous growths . Additionally , on the inside of the packaging or , for some packets , on a pull - out card , `` health information messages '' provide answers and explanations regarding common questions and concerns about quitting smoking and smoking - related illnesses . The side of the package also featured information on toxic emissions and constituent levels . In 2011 , the TPIR were replaced for cigarettes and little cigars with the Tobacco Products Labelling Regulations ( Cigarettes and Little Cigars ) . These regulations introduced the third and current set of 16 warnings in Canada . Currently , cigarette and little cigar packages in Canada must bear new graphic warning messages that cover 75 % of the front and back of the package . The interior of each package contains 1 of 8 updated health warning messages , all including the number for a national quitline . The side of the package now bears 1 of 4 simplified toxic emission statements . These labels were fully implemented on cigarette and little cigar packages by June 2012 ( though the 2000 labels still appear on other tobacco products ) . Canada also prohibits terms such as `` light '' and `` mild '' from appearing on tobacco packaging . The current labels were based on extensive research and a long consultation process that sought to evaluate and improve upon the warnings introduced in 2000 . In accordance with Canadian law regarding products sold legally in Canada , the warnings are provided in both English and French . Imported cigarettes to be sold in Canada which do not have the warnings are affixed with sticker versions when they are sold legally in Canada . Health Canada is also considering laws mandating plain packaging , in which legal tobacco product packaging would still include warning labels , but brand names , fonts , and colours would be replaced with simple unadorned text , thereby reducing the impact of tobacco industry marketing techniques . There have been complaints from some Canadians due to the graphic nature of the labels , but they generally enjoy wide public support . Chile ( edit ) Starting in November 2006 , all cigarette packages sold in Chile are required to have one of two health warnings , a graphic pictorial warning or a text - only warning . These warnings are replaced with a new set of two warnings each year . China ( edit ) Under laws of the People 's Republic of China , `` Law on Tobacco Monopoly '' ( 中华 人民 共和国 烟草 专卖 法 ) Chapter 4 Article 18 and `` Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on Tobacco Monopoly '' ( 中华 人民 共和国 烟草 专卖 法 实施 条例 ) Chapter 5 Article 29 , cigarettes and cigars sold within the territory of China should indicate the grade of tar content and `` Smoking is hazardous to your health '' ( 吸烟 有害 健康 ) in the Chinese language on the packs and cartons . The warnings were revised in 2009 . The following warnings shows what is printed at the current time . 吸烟 有害 健康 尽早 戒烟 有益 健康 Smoking is harmful to your health Quitting smoking early is good for your health 吸烟 有害 健康 戒烟 可 减少 对 健康 的 危害 Smoking is harmful to your health Quitting smoking can reduce health risks European Union ( edit ) Cigarette packets and other tobacco packaging must include warnings in the same size and format and using the same approved texts ( in the appropriate local languages ) in all member states of the European Union . These warnings are displayed in black Helvetica bold on a white background with a thick black border . Ireland once prefaced its warnings with `` Irish Government Warning '' , Latvia with `` Veselības ministrija brīdina '' ( Health Ministry Warning ) and Spain with `` Las Autoridades Sanitarias Advierten ( The Health Board Warns ) . In member states with more than one official language , the warnings are displayed in all official languages , with the sizes adjusted accordingly ( for example in Belgium the messages are written in Dutch , French and German , in Luxembourg in French and German and in Ireland , in Irish and English ) . All cigarette packets sold in the European Union must display the content of nicotine , tar , and carbon monoxide in the same manner on the side of the packet . In 2003 , it was reported that sales of cigarette cases had surged , attributable to the introduction of more prominent warning labels on cigarette packs by an EU directive in January 2003 . Alternatively , people choose to hide the warnings using various arguably `` funny '' stickers , such as `` You could be hit by a bus tomorrow . '' Austria and germany ( edit ) Carton of German cigarettes , complete with warning General warnings : Rauchen ist tödlich . ( Smoking is lethal ) Rauchen kann tödlich sein ( Smoking can be lethal ) Rauchen fügt Ihnen und den Menschen in Ihrer Umgebung erheblichen Schaden zu . -- Smoking severely harms you and the people around you . Additional warnings : Raucher sterben früher -- Smokers die sooner . Rauchen führt zur Verstopfung der Arterien und verursacht Herzinfarkte und Schlaganfälle . -- Smoking leads to clogging of arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . Rauchen verursacht tödlichen Lungenkrebs . -- Smoking causes lethal lung cancer . Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft schadet Ihrem Kind -- Smoking while pregnant harms your child . Schützen Sie Kinder -- lassen Sie sie nicht Ihren Tabakrauch einatmen ! -- Protect children -- do n't let them inhale your tobacco smoke ! Ihr Arzt oder Apotheker kann Ihnen dabei helfen , das Rauchen aufzugeben . -- Your doctor or pharmacist can help you to give up smoking . Rauchen macht sehr schnell abhängig : Fangen Sie gar nicht erst an ! -- Smoking makes you addicted very fast : Do n't start in the first place ! Wer das Rauchen aufgibt , verringert das Risiko tödlicher Herz - und Lungenerkrankungen -- Giving up smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . Rauchen kann zu einem langsamen und schmerzhaften Tod führen -- Smoking can lead to a slow and painful death . Rauchen kann zu Durchblutungsstörungen führen und verursacht Impotenz -- Smoking can lead to blood circulation disorders and causes impotence . Rauchen lässt Ihre Haut altern -- Smoking ages your skin . Rauchen kann die Spermatozoen schädigen und schränkt die Fruchtbarkeit ein -- Smoking can damage the spermatozoa and decreases your fertility . Rauch enthält Benzol , Nitrosamine , Formaldehyd und Blausäure -- Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . Croatia ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Pušenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) or Pušenje ozbiljno šteti vama i drugima oko vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) : Pušači umiru mlađi ( Smokers die younger ) Pušenje uzrokuje začepljenje arterija i uzrokuje srčani i moždani udar ( Smoking clogs your arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Pušenje uzrokuje smrtonosan rak pluća ( Smoking causes lethal lung cancer ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti vašem djetetu ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Zaštitite djecu od udisanja vašeg cigaretnog dima ( Protect children from inhaling your cigarette smoke ) Vaš liječnik ili ljekarnik može vam pomoći prestati pušiti ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Pušenje stvara izrazitu ovisnost , nemojte ni počinjati ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't even start ) Prestanak pušenja umanjuje rizik smrtnih srčanih ili plućnih bolesti ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart and lung diseases ) Pušenje može izazvati polaganu i bolnu smrt ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Potražite pomoć za prestanak pušenja / savjetujte se sa svojim liječnikom / ljekarnikom ) ( Get help to stop smoking / consult with your doctor / pharmacist ) Pušenje može usporiti krvotok i prouzročiti impotenciju ( Smoking can slow down blood circulation and cause impotence ) Pušenje uzrokuje starenje kože ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) Pušenje može oštetiti spermu i smanjiti plodnost ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Dim sadrži benzene , nitrozamine , formaldehide i ugljikove cijanide ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanides * ) The last warning contains a mistranslation from Directive 2001 / 37 / EC -- `` hydrogen '' was translated as ugljik ( carbon ) instead of vodik . It was nevertheless signed into law and started appearing on cigarette packages in March 2009 . Front of packaging 2004 -- 2009 Back of packaging 2004 -- 2009 Side of packaging 2004 -- 2009 2004 -- 2009 These warnings are also simple text warnings . Front of packaging : Pušenje šteti Vašem zdravlju ( Smoking harms your health ) Back of packaging : Pušenje uzrokuje rak ( Smoking causes cancer ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti i razvoju djeteta ( Smoking while pregnant harms the child 's development ) Pušenje uzrokuje srčani i moždani udar ( Smoking causes heart attacks and strokes ) Pušenje skraćuje život ( Smoking shortens your life ) Side of packaging : Zabranjuje se prodaja osobama mlađim od 18 godina ( Not for sale to persons under the age of 18 ) 1997 -- 2004 Between 1997 and 2004 , a simple text label warning Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) was used . Cyprus ( edit ) Front side Το κάπνισμα σκοτώνει . Τütün içmek öldürür . ( Smoking kills . ) or Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά εσάς και τους γύρω σας . Τütün içmek size çevrenizdekilere ciddi zararlar verir . ( Smoking seriously harms you and those around you . ) Rear Οι καπνιστές πεθαίνουν γρήγορα . Τütün içenler genç yaşta ölür . ( Smokers die younger . ) Το κάπνισμα αποφράσσει τις αρτηρίες και προκαλεί εμφράγμα και εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια . Τütün damarları tıkar , kalp krizine ve felçlere neden olur . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί θανατηφόρο καρκίνο των πνευμόνων . Τütün ölümcül akciğer kanserine neden olur . ( Smoking causes terminal lung cancer . ) Το κάπνισμα κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης μπορεί να βλάψει την υγεία του παιδιού σας . Hamile iken tütün içmek bebeğe zarar verir . ( Smoking during pregnancy may harm your baby . ) Προστατέψτε τα παιδιά : μην τα αναγκάζετε να αναπνέουν τον καπνό σας . Çocukları koruyun : Dumanınızı onlara solutmayın . ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke . ) Ο γιατρός σας ή ο φαρμακοποιός σας μπορούν να σας βοηθήσουν να κόψετε το κάπνισμα . Sağlık kuruluşları tütünü bırakmada size yardımcı olabilir . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking . ) Το κάπνισμα είναι εξαιρετικά εθιστικό , μην το αρχίσετε . Τütün yüksek derecede bağımlılık yapar , başlamayın . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Το σταμάτημα του καπνίσματος μειώνει τον κίνδυνο θανατηφόρων καρδιαγγειακών και πνευμονικών παθήσεων . Τütünü bırakmak ölümcül kalp ve akciğer hastalıkları riskini azaltır . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να προκαλέσει αργό και επώδυνο θάνατο . Τütün ağrılı ve yavaş bir ölüme neden olabilir . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να μειώσει τη ροή του αίματος και να προκαλέσει ανικανότητα . Τütün kan akışını yavaşlatır ve cinsel iktidarsızlığa neden olur . ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί γήρανση του δέρματος . Τütün cildin erken yaşlanmasına neden olur . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να βλάψει το σπέρμα και μειώνει τη γονιμότητα . Τütün spermlere zarar vererek doğurganlığı azaltır . ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility . ) Ο καπνός περιέχει βενζόλιο , νιτροζαμίνες , φορμαλδεΰδη και υδροκυάνιο . Τütün dumanında benzen , nitrosamine , formaldehit ve hidrojensiyanit gibi kanser yapıcı maddeler bulunur . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Czech Republic ( edit ) Kouření může zabíjet ( Smoking can kill ) Kouření vážně škodí Vám i lidem ve Vašem okolí . ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Kuřáci umírají předčasně . ( Smokers die younger ) Kouření ucpává tepny a způsobuje infarkt a mrtvici . ( Smoking clogs the blood vessels and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Kouření způsobuje smrtelnou rakovinu plic . ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Kouření je vysoce návykové , nezačínejte s ním . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Přestat kouřit , znamená snížit riziko vzniku smrtelných onemocnění srdce a plic . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart and lung diseases ) Kouření může způsobit pomalou a bolestivou smrt . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Kouření způsobuje stárnutí kůže . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin ) Kouření může poškodit sperma a snižuje plodnost . ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Kouření může snižovat krevní oběh a způsobuje neplodnost . ( Smoking can reduce blood flow and cause impotence ) Kouř obsahuje benzen , nitrosaminy , formaldehyd a kyanovodík . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanides ) Kouření v těhotenství škodí zdraví Vašeho dítěte . ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Chraňte děti : nenuťte je vdechovat Váš kouř . ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke ) Váš lékař nebo lékárník Vám může pomoci přestat s kouřením . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Získejte pomoc při odvykání kouření . ( Seek help to stop smoking ) Denmark ( edit ) Warning texts in tobacco products , health warnings , which are reproduced on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products . It is implemented in an effort to strengthen public knowledge about the dangers of smoking . The order was introduced in Denmark on 31 December 1991 . The Order was last revised on 2 October 2003 , which also imposed ban on the words `` light '' and `` mild '' on Danish cigarette packages , as did European Union countries . The marking shall appear on one third of the most visible part of the package . Rygning kan dræbe ( Smoking can kill ) Rygning er yderst skadelig for dig og dine omgivelser ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Rygning nedsætter levealderen ( Smokers die younger ) Rygning medfører åreforkalkning og forårsager hjerteanfald og slagtilfælde ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Rygning forårsager dødelig lungekræft ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Hvis du er gravid , skader rygning dit barns sundhed ( If you are pregnant , smoking damages your child 's health ) Beskyt børn mod tobaksrøg − de har ret til selv at vælge ( Protect children from tobacco smoke -- they have the right to choose ) Din læge eller din apoteker kan hjælpe dig med at holde op med at ryge ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Rygning er stærkt vanedannende : lad være med at begynde ( Smoking is highly addictive , do not start ) Hold op med at ryge , hvis du vil nedsætte risikoen for dødelige hjerte - og lungesygdomme ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Rygning kan medføre en langsom og smertefuld død ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Få hjælp til at holde op med at ryge : Tlf.nr. 80313131 ( Get help to quit smoking : Telephone number 80313131 ) Rygning kan nedsætte blodgennemstrømningen og medfører impotens ( Smoking may reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Rygning ælder huden ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) Rygning kan beskadige sæden og nedsætter frugtbarheden ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Røg indeholder benzen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd og cyanbrinte ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) For smokeless tobacco use above markings does not , whereas the label `` Denne tobaksvare kan være sundhedsskadelig og er afhængighedsskabende '' ( This tobacco product can damage your health and is addictive ) is always used for such products . Finland ( edit ) On the left there is a new Lucky Strike cigarette pack by a new EU directive meanwhile on the right there 's an obsolete pack as red . The warning texts are both in Finnish and Swedish as they both are official languages in Finland . In Finland , warning signs are written in both Finnish and Swedish languages . Tupakointi on hengenvaarallista . Rökning kan döda . ( Smoking is perilous / Smoking can kill ) Tupakointi vahingoittaa vakavasti sinua ja ympärilläsi olevia / Rökning skadar allvarligt dig själv och personer i din omgivning ( Smoking severely harms you and those around you ) Tupakoivat kuolevat nuorempina / Rökare dör i förtid ( Smokers die younger ) Tupakointi tukkii verisuonet sekä aiheuttaa sydänkohtauksia ja aivoveritulppia / Rökning ger förträngningar i blodkärlen och orsakar hjärtinfarkt och stroke ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa keuhkosyöpää , joka johtaa kuolemaan / Rökning orsakar dödlig lungcancer ( Smoking causes lung cancer , which leads to death / Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Tupakointi raskauden aikana vahingoittaa lastasi / Rökning under graviditeten skadar ditt barn ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child ) Suojele lapsia ― älä pakota heitä hengittämään tupakansavua / Skydda barnen ― låt dem inte andas in din tobaksrök ( Protect children ― do n't force them to breathe tobacco smoke / Protect children ― do n't make them breathe your smoke ) Lääkäriltä tai apteekista saat apua tupakoinnin lopettamiseen / Din läkare eller ditt apotek kan hjälpa dig att sluta röka ( You receive help to stop smoking from a doctor or a pharmacy / Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa voimakasta riippuvuutta . Älä aloita / Rökning är mycket beroendeframkallande . Börja inte rök ( Smoking causes powerful addiction . Do n't start / Smoking is highly addictive . Do n't start ) Lopettamalla tupakoinnin vähennät vaaraa sairastua kuolemaan johtaviin sydän - ja keuhkosairauksiin / Om du slutar röka löper du mindre risk att få dödliga hjärt - och lungsjukdomar ( By stopping smoking you reduce the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases / Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Tupakointi voi aiheuttaa hitaan ja tuskallisen kuoleman / Rökning kan leda till en långsam och smärtsam död ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Pyydä apua tupakoinnin lopettamiseen : puh. 0800 148 484 / Sök hjälp för att sluta röka : tfn 0800 148 484 ( Request help to stop smoking : phone 0800 148 484 / Get help to stop smoking : phone 0800 148 484 ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa impotenssia ja voi heikentää verenkiertoa / Rökning kan försämra blodflödet och orsakar impotens ( Smoking causes impotence and may reduce the blood flow / Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Tupakointi vanhentaa ihoa / Rökning får din hy att åldras ( Smoking ages the skin / Smoking causes ageing of the skin ) Tupakointi voi vahingoittaa siittiöitä ja vähentää hedelmällisyyttä / Rökning kan skada sperman och minskar fruktsamheten ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decrease fertility / Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility ) Savu sisältää bentseeniä , nitrosamiineja , formaldehydiä ja vetysyanidia / Rök innehåller bensen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd och cyanväte ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) France ( edit ) Warning on the French cigarette packaging Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) Fumer tue ( Smoking kills ) or Fumer nuit gravement à votre santé et à celle de votre entourage ( Smoking seriously harms your health and that of others around you ) Rear ( covers 40 % of surface , similar design ) Les fumeurs meurent prématurément . ( Smokers die prematurely . ) Fumer bouche les artères et provoque des crises cardiaques et des attaques cérébrales . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Fumer provoque le cancer mortel du poumon . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Fumer pendant la grossesse nuit à la santé de votre enfant . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child 's health . ) Protégez les enfants : ne leur faites pas respirer votre fumée . ( Protect your children : do n't make them breathe your smoke . ) Votre médecin ou votre pharmacien peuvent vous aider à arrêter de fumer . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking . ) Fumer crée une forte dépendance , ne commencez pas . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Arrêter de fumer réduit les risques de maladies cardiaques et pulmonaires mortelles . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Fumer peut entraîner une mort lente et douloureuse . ( Smoking can result in a slow and painful death . ) Faites - vous aider pour arrêter de fumer : téléphonez au 0 825 309 310 ( 0 , 15 euro / min ) ( Help yourself quit smoking : call 0 825 309 310 ) Fumer peut diminuer l'afflux sanguin et provoque l'impuissance . ( Smoking can cause low blood pressure and impotence . ) Fumer peut nuire aux spermatozoïdes et réduit la fertilité . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) La fumée contient du benzène , des nitrosamines , du formaldéhyde et du cyanure d'hydrogène . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Left or right side of packaging Components percentages ( 15 % of surface , small prints ) : Tobacco -- Cigarette paper -- Flavor and texture agents ISO yields of toxics in mg / cigarette ( in prominent black on white square and bold letters ) : Tar -- Nicotin -- Carbon monoxide Other side of packaging Country of manufacturing , name of manufacturer , quantity Product identifier ( EAN - 7 bar code ) Other characteristics Small print : `` Vente en France 01 '' ( sales in France ) Recyclable logo ( for the packaging ) Words forbidden in the displayed product name : light , ultra-light , légere , or any indication that may indicate that this is a minor drug with low impact ... ( These branding words have been replaced by various colour names ) Greece ( edit ) ΤΟ ΚΑΠΝΙΣΜΑ ΣΚΟΤΩΝΕΙ . ( Smoking kills ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να σκοτώσει . ( Smoking can kill ) Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά τον καπνιστή και τους γύρω του . ( Smoking seriously harms the smoker and the ones around him . ) Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά εσάς και τους γύρω σας . ( Smoking seriously harms you and the ones around you . ) Οι καπνιστές πεθαίνουν πρόωρα . ( Smokers die prematurely . ) Το κάπνισμα αποφράσσει τις αρτηρίες και προκαλεί εμφράγματα και εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί θανατηφόρο καρκίνο των πνευμόνων . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancers . ) Το κάπνισμα κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης μπορεί να βλάπτει την υγεία του παιδιού σας . ( Smoking during pregnancy can harm the health of your baby . ) Προστατέψτε τα παιδιά : μην τα αναγκάζετε να αναπνέουν τον καπνό σας . ( Protect children : do not force them to breathe in your smoke . ) Ο γιατρός σας ή ο φαρμακοποιός σας μπορεί να σας βοηθήσει να κόψετε το κάπνισμα . ( Your physician or pharmacist can assist you in quitting smoking . ) Το κάπνισμα είναι εξαιρετικά εθιστικό , μην το αρχίσετε . ( Smoking is very addictive ; do n't start with it ) Το σταμάτημα του καπνίσματος μειώνει τον κίνδυνο θανατηφόρων καρδιαγγειακών και πνευμονικών παθήσεων . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να προκαλέσει αργό και επώδυνο θάνατο . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Ζητήστε βοήθεια για να σταματήσετε το κάπνισμα : συμβουλευτείτε το γιατρό σας . ( Seek help to quit smoking : consult your doctor . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να μειώσει τη ροή του αίματος και να προκαλέσει ανικανότητα . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotence ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί γήρανση του δέρματος . ( Smoking causes premature skin aging . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να βλάψει το σπέρμα και μειώνει τη γονιμότητα . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) Ο καπνός περιέχει βενζόλιο , νιτροζαμίνες , φορμαλδεΰδη και υδροκυάνιο . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Hungary ( edit ) A dohányzás halált okozhat . ( Smoking can kill . ) A dohányosok korábban halnak . ( Smokers die earlier . ) A dohányzás elzárja az artériákat , szívrohamot és agyvérzést okoz . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart diseases and strokes . ) A dohányzás halálos tüdőrákot okoz . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) A terhes nők dohányzása károsítja a magzat egészségét . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the baby . ) Védje a gyermekeket : ne tegye ki őket a dohányfüst belélegzése veszélyének . ( Protect the kids , do n't smoke in their presence . ) Az orvosok és a gyógyszerészek segíthetnek a leszokásban . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist may help you quit smoking . ) A dohányzásról nagyon nehéz leszokni , ezért ne szokjon rá . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) A dohányzás abbahagyása csökkenti a halálos szív - és tüdőbetegségek kockázatát . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly cardiovascular and lung diseases . ) A dohányzás lassú és fájdalmas halálhoz vezet . ( Smoking can cause a long and painful death . ) Kérjen segítséget a leszokáshoz ( telefon / levélcím / Internet - cím ) kérdezze meg háziorvosát / gyógyszerészét . ( Specialists in the medical profession may help you quit smoking . ) A dohányzás lassíthatja a vér áramlását , és impotenciát okozhat . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotency . ) A dohányzás öregíti a bőrt . ( Smoking ages the skin . ) A dohányzás károsítja a spermákat és gyengíti a megtermékenyítő képességet . ( Smoking may damage sperm and diminish fertility . ) A füst benzolt , nitrozamint , formaldehidet és hidrogén - cianidot tartalmaz . ( Cigarettes contain benzene , nistrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid . ) Ireland ( edit ) Packet of Irish cigarettes , complete with warning Toradh caithimh tobac -- bás Smoking kills Ireland currently follows EU standards ( see above ) , but previously ran its own scheme , where one of 8 messages was placed on the pack , as defined in SI 326 / 1991 . After a High Court settlement in January 2008 , it was accepted that the warnings on tobacco products must appear in all official languages of the state . As a result , the European Communities ( Manufacture , Presentation and Sale of Tobacco Products ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2008 were enacted . This states that tobacco products going to market after 30 September 2008 must carry warnings in Irish and English . A year - long transition period applied to products which were on the market prior to 1 October 2008 , which may have been sold until 1 October 2009 . Each packet of tobacco products must carry : One of the following general warnings ( in both the Irish and English languages ) which must cover at least 32 % of the external side . Toradh caithimh tobac -- bás -- Smoking kills Déanann caitheamh tobac díobháil thromchúiseach duit agus do na daoine mórthimpeall ort -- Smoking seriously harms you and others around you AND One of the following additional warnings ( in both the Irish and English languages ) which must cover at least 45 % of the external side . Giorrú saoil tobac a chaitheamh -- Smokers die younger Nuair a chaitear tobac , tachtar na hartairí agus is é cúis le taomanna croí agus strócanna -- Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes Caitheamh tobac is cúis le hailse scamhóg mharfach -- Smoking causes fatal lung cancer Má chaitheann tú tobac le linn toirchis , déantar díobháil don leanbán -- Smoking when pregnant harms your baby Cosain leanaí : ná cuir iallach orthu do chuid deataigh an análú -- Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke Féadann do dhochtúir nó do chógaiseoir cabhrú leat éirí as caitheamh tobac Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking Is éasca a bheith tugtha do chaitheamh tobac , ná tosaigh leis -- Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start Má éiríonn tú as tobac a chaitheamh laghdaítear an riosca de ghalair mharfacha chroí agus scamhóg -- Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases Féadann caitheamh tobac bheith ina chúis le bás mall pianmhar -- Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Faigh cúnamh chun éirí as caitheamh tobac : Íosghlao Stoplíne 1850 201 203 -- Get help to stop smoking : Callsave Quitline 1850 201 203 Féadfaidh caitheamh tobac imshruthúfola a laghdú agus bheith ina chúis le héagumas -- Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence Caitheamh tobac is cúis le críonadh craicinn -- Smoking causes ageing of the skin Féadann caitheamh tobac dochar a dhéanamh don speirm agus laghdaíonn sé torthúlacht -- Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility Cuimsíonn deatach beinséin , nítreasaimíní , formaildéad agus ciainíd hidrigine -- Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide In the case of Smokeless Tobacco Products , only the following warning must be displayed : Féadann an táirge tobac seo dochar a dhéanamh do shláinte agus is táirge andúile é -- This tobacco product can damage your health and is addictive Italy ( edit ) Il fumo uccide ( Smoking kills ) Il fumo uccide / Il fumo può uccidere . ( Smoking kills / Smoking may kill ) Il fumo danneggia gravemente te e chi ti sta intorno . ( Smoking heavily damages you and whoever is near you ) I fumatori muoiono prima . ( Smokers die early . ) Il fumo ostruisce le arterie e provoca infarti e ictus . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart diseases and strokes ) Il fumo provoca cancro mortale ai polmoni . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Fumare in gravidanza fa male al bambino . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the baby . ) Proteggi i bambini , non fumare in loro presenza . ( Protect the kids , do n't smoke in their presence . ) Il medico o il tuo farmacista possono aiutarti a smettere di fumare . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist may help you quit smoking . ) Specialisti del settore medico possono aiutarti a smettere di fumare . ( Specialists in the medical profession may help you quit smoking . ) Il fumo crea un'elevata dipendenza , non iniziare . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Smettere di fumare riduce il rischio di malattie cardiovascolari e polmonari mortali . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly cardiovascular and lung diseases . ) Il fumo può provocare una morte lenta e dolorosa . ( Smoking can cause a long and painful death . ) Il fumo provoca il cancro della cavità orale . ( Smoking causes oral cancer . ) Fatti aiutare a smettere di fumare . ( Let ( someone ) help you to quit smoking . ) Il fumo può ridurre la circolazione sanguigna e causa impotenza . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotency . ) Il fumo invecchia la pelle . ( Smoking ages the skin . ) Il fumo può danneggiare lo sperma e diminuisce la fertilità . ( Smoking may damage sperm and diminish fertility . ) Il fumo contiene benzene , nitrosammine , formaldeide e acido cianidrico . ( Cigarettes contain benzene , nistrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid ) Other text is sometimes placed in the packets , for example some packets contain leaflets which have all the above warnings written on them , with more detailed explanations and reasons to give up , and advice from Philip Morris . Latvia ( edit ) Smēķēšana nogalina - atmetiet tagad ! ( Smoking kills - quit now ! ) Deviņi no desmit plaušu vēža slimniekiem ir smēķētāji . ( Smoking causes 9 out of 10 lung cancers ) Smēķēšana izraisa mutes un rīkles vēzi . ( Smoking causes mouth and throat cancer ) Smēķēšana nopietni kaitē plaušām . ( Smoking damages your lungs ) Smēķēšana izraisa sirdslēkmes . ( Smoking causes heart attacks ) Smēķēšana izraisa insultu un invaliditāti . ( Smoking causes strokes and disability ) Smēķēšana izraisa artēriju nosprostošanos . ( Smoking clogs your arteries ) Smēķēšana palielina risku kļūt aklam . ( Smoking increases the risk of blindness ) Smēķēšana izraisa zobu bojājumus un smaganu saslimšanas . ( Smoking can cause teeth damages and illnesses of something ) Smēķēšana var nogalināt jūsu vēl nedzimušo bērnu . ( Smoking can kill your unborn child ) Cigarešu dūmi kaitē jūsu bērniem , ģimenei un draugiem . ( Your smoke harms your children , family and friends ) Ja smēķējat jūs , paaugstinās risks , ka smēķēs arī jūsu bērni . ( Smokers ' children are more likely to start smoking ) Atmetiet tagad -- tuviniekiem jūs esat vajadzīgs dzīvs . ( Quit smoking now -- stay alive for those close to you ) Smēķēšana samazina auglību . ( Smoking reduces fertility ) Smēķēšana palielina impotences risku . ( Smoking increases the risk of impotence ) Malta ( edit ) Twissija mid-Dipartiment tas - Saħħa : PERIKLU -- ( DANGER -- Health Department -- Warning ) It - tipjip joqtol -- ( Smoking kills ) Min ipejjep imut żgħir -- ( Smokers die younger ) It - tipjip isodd l - arterji u jġib l - attakki tal - qalb u l - puplesiji -- ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) It - tipjip jagħmel kanċer fil - pulmun -- ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancers ) Jekk tpejjep waqt it - tqala tagħmel ħsara lit - tarbija tiegħek -- ( Smoking when pregnant harms your baby ) Ipproteġi lit - tfal : iġġelhomx jibilgħu d - duħħan tas - sigaretti tiegħek -- ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke ) It - tabib Jew l - ispiżjar jgħinuk biex tieqaf tpejjep -- ( Your doctor and your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) It - tipjip huwa vizzju , tibdiex tpejjep -- ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Jekk tieqaf tpejjep tnaqas ir - riskju ta ' attakki tal - qalb u mard tal - pulmun -- ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) It - tipjip jista ' jwassal għal agunija fit - tul u ħafna uġiegħ -- ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Itlob l - għajnuna biex tieqaf tpejjep -- 21231247 -- ( Get help to stop smoking -- 21231247 ) It - tipjip inaqqas iċ - ċirkulazzjoni tad - demm u jista ' jwassal għall - impotenza -- ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and causes impotence ) It - tipjip ixejjħek -- ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) It - tipjip jista ' jagħmel ħsara lill - isperma u jnaqqas il - fertilità -- ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decrease fertility ) Id - duħħan fih il - benżene , in - nitrosamini , il - formaldehyde , u l - idroġen cyanide -- ( Smokes contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) The netherlands ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Roken is dodelijk ( Smoking is lethal ) Roken veroorzaakt impotentie ( Smoking causes impotence ) Roken veroorzaakt dodelijke longkanker ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Tabaksrook bevat benzeen , nitrosaminen , formaldehyde en waterstofcyanide ( Tobacco smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogencyanide ) Uw arts of apotheker kan u helpen te stoppen met roken ( Your physician or pharmacist can help you to quit smoking ) Rokers sterven jonger ( Smokers die younger ) Roken veroorzaakt verstopping van de bloedvaten , hartaanvallen en beroertes ( Smoking causes clogging of the blood vessels , heart attacks and strokes ) Roken tijdens de zwangerschap is slecht voor uw baby ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your baby ) Bescherm kinderen : laat hen niet uw rook inademen ( Protect children : do n't let them inhale your smoke ) Roken werkt zeer verslavend ; begin er niet mee ( Smoking is very addictive ; prevent yourself from starting ) Stoppen met roken vermindert het risico op dodelijke hart - en longziekten ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Roken kan leiden tot een langzame , pijnlijke dood ( Smoking may result in a slow , painful death ) Roken kan de bloedsomloop verminderen en veroorzaakt impotentie ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and causes impotence ) Roken veroudert uw huid ( Smoking ages your skin ) Roken kan het sperma beschadigen en vermindert de vruchtbaarheid ( Smoking can damage the sperm and reduces fertility ) Roken brengt u en anderen rondom u ernstige schade toe ( Smoking causes serious damage to you and those around you ) Uw arts of apotheker kan u helpen te stoppen met roken , bel nu 0800 - 55532340 ( Your physician or pharmacist can help you to quit smoking , call 0800 - 555532340 now . ) Poland ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Palenie zabija ( Smoking kills ) or Palenie poważnie szkodzi Tobie i osobom w Twoim otoczeniu ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) There are also warnings on the back of every packet : Palacze tytoniu umierają młodziej ( Smokers die younger ) Palenie tytoniu zamyka naczynia krwionośne i jest przyczyną zawałów serca i udarów mózgu ( Smoking causes clogging of the blood vessels , heart attacks and strokes ) Palenie tytoniu powoduje śmiertelnego raka płuc ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Palenie tytoniu w czasie ciąży szkodzi Twojemu dziecku ( Smoking while pregnant harms your baby ) Chrońcie dzieci -- nie zmuszajcie ich do wdychania dymu tytoniowego ( Protect children : do n't let them breath your smoke ) Twój lekarz lub farmaceuta pomoże Ci rzucić palenie ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Palenie tytoniu silnie uzależnia -- nie zaczynaj palić ( Smoking is highly addictive ; do not start smoking ) Zaprzestanie palenia zmniejsza ryzyko groźnych chorób serca i płuc ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of serious heart and lung diseases ) Palenie tytoniu może spowodować powolną i bolesną śmierć ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Dzwoniąc pod nr telefonu 0801108108 , uzyskasz pomoc w rzuceniu palenia ( Get help to quit smoking by calling 0801108108 ) Palenie tytoniu może zmniejszyć przepływ krwi i powodować impotencję ( Smoking can reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Palenie tytoniu przyśpiesza starzenie się skóry ( Smoking accelerates skin aging ) Palenie tytoniu może uszkodzić nasienie i zmniejszać płodność ( Smoking can damage the sperm and reduce fertility ) Dym tytoniowy zawiera benzen , nitrozoaminy , formaldehyd i cyjanowodór ( Tobacco smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) Portugal ( edit ) A warning message on a Portuguese pack of Lucky Strike Fumar mata ( Smoking kills ) Fumar mata . ( Smoking kills ) Fumar provoca o cancro pulmonar mortal . ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Fumar causa elevada dependência . Não comece a fumar . ( Smoking causes high dependency . Do n't start smoking . ) Fumar provoca o envelhecimento da pele . ( Smoking promotes early skin aging ) Fumar prejudica gravemente a sua saúde ea dos que o rodeiam . ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Se está grávida : fumar prejudica a saúde do seu filho . ( If you 're pregnant : Smoking harms your child 's health ) Os fumadores morrem prematuramente . ( Smokers die prematurely ) Fumar bloqueia as artérias e provoca ataques cardíacos e AVC . ( Smoking clogs your arteries and promotes heart attacks and strokes ) Fumar pode reduzir o fluxo de sangue e provoca impotência . ( Smoking might reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Deixar de fumar reduz os riscos de doenças cardiovasculares e pulmonares mortais . ( Quitting reduces the risks of deadly cardiovascular and pulmonar diseases ) Romania ( edit ) Fumatul ucide ( Smoking kills ) General warning ( on the front of cigarette packages , covering at least 40 % of the area ) : Fumatul ucide ( Smoking kills ) Fumatul poate să ucidă ( Smoking can kill ) Fumatul dăunează grav sănătăţii dumneavoastră şi a celor din jur ( Smoking seriously harms you and those around ) ; Additional warnings ( on the back of cigarette packages , covering at least 50 % of the area ) : Fumătorii mor mai tineri . ( Smokers die younger . ) Fumatul blochează circulaţia sângelui în artere , provoacă infarct miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Fumatul provoacă cancer pulmonar , care este letal . ( Smoking causes lung cancer , which is lethal . ) Fumatul în timpul sarcinii daunează copilului dumneavoastră . ( Smoking when pregnant harms your baby . ) Protejaţi copiii : nu - i lăsaţi să respire fumul dumneavoastră ! ( Protect children : do n't let them breathe your smoke ! ) Doctorul sau farmacistul dumneavoastră vă poate ajuta să vă lăsaţi de fumat . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Fumatul dă dependenţă , nu începeţi să fumaţi ! ( Smoking is addictive , do n't start smoking ! ) Oprirea fumatului scade riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare fatale . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Primiţi ajutorul pentru renunţare la fumat : ( ... telefon / adresă postală / adresă de Internet / consultaţi doctorul dumneavoastră / farmacistul ... ) . ( Get help to stop smoking : telephone / postal address / Internet address / consult your doctor / pharmacist ... ) Fumatul încetineşte circulaţia sângelui şi provoacă impotenţă . ( Smoking reduces blood circulation and causes impotence ) Fumatul provoacă îmbătrânirea tenului ( pielii ) . ( Smoking causes skin aging . ) Fumatul poate dăuna calităţii spermei şi scade fertilitatea . ( Smoking can affect sperm quality and decreases fertility . ) Fumul de ţigară conţine benzeni , nitrozamine , formaldehide şi cianuri . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Slovenia ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) Kajenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) or Kajenje resno škoduje vam in ljudem okoli vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Rear of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) Kadilci umirajo mlajši . ( Smokers die younger . ) Kajenje maši žile in povzroča srčni infarkt in možgansko kap . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Kajenje povzroča smrt zaradi pljučnega raka . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Kajenje med nosečnostjo škoduje vašemu otroku . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child . ) Varujte otroke pred vdihavanjem vašega cigaretnega dima . ( Protect your children from breathing your cigarette smoke . ) Vaš zdravnik ali farmacevt vam lahko pomaga opustiti kajenje . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking . ) Kajenje povzroča hudo zasvojenost , zato ne začnite kaditi . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Opustitev kajenja zmanjša tveganje za smrt zaradi bolezni srca in pljuč . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Kajenje lahko povzroči počasno in boleče umiranje . ( Smoking can result in a slow and painful death . ) Poiščite pomoč pri opuščanju kajenja : posvetujte se z zdravnikom . ( Seek help to quit smoking : consult your doctor . ) Kajenje lahko zmanjša pretok krvi in povzroči impotenco . ( Smoking can reduce blood circulation and cause impotence . ) Kajenje povzroča staranje kože . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin . ) Kajenje lahko škoduje spermi in zmanjša plodnost . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) Cigaretni dim vsebuje benzen , nitrosamine , formaldehid in vodikov cianid . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Spain ( edit ) In Spain , cigarette packages are preceded by warnings on both sides of the package marked `` Las Autoridades Sanitarias advierten '' ( Health authorities warn ) , written in black and white above the black part of the standard warning . Fumar mata ( Smoking kills ) or Fumar perjudica gravemente su salud y la de los que están a su alrededor ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Front of cigarette packages Fumar puede matar ( Smoking can kill ) ( changed in 2010 to `` Fumar mata '' < Smoking kills > ) Fumar perjudica gravemente su salud y la de los que están a su alrededor ( Smoking seriously harms to your health and that of others ) Back of cigarette packages Fumar acorta la vida ( Smoking shortens life ) Fumar provoca cáncer mortal de pulmón ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) El tabaco es muy adictivo : no empiece a fumar ( The Tobacco is very addictive , do not start ) Fumar obstruye las arterias y provoca cardiopatías y accidentes cerebrovasculares ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart disease and stroke ) Fumar provoca el envejecimiento de la piel ( Smoking causes skin aging ) Ayuda para dejar de fumar : consulte a su médico o farmacéutico ( Help to stop smoking : consult your doctor or pharmacist ) Fumar puede reducir el flujo sanguíneo y provoca impotencia ( Smoking may reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Sweden ( edit ) General warnings on all Swedish cigarette packagings have been in force since 1977 . Front of cigarette packages Rökning dödar . ( Smoking kills . ) Tobak skadar din hälsa allvarligt . ( Tobacco causes serious harm to your health . ) Rökning under graviditet kan skada ditt foster . ( Smoking while pregnant may harm your fetus . ) Rökning kan leda till en långsam och smärtsam död . ( Smoking can lead to a slow and painful death . ) Rökning kan försämra blodflödet och orsakar impotens . ( Smoking can impair the blood flow and causes impotence . ) Rökning skadar allvarligt dig själv och personer i din omgivning . ( Smoking seriously hurts you and people around you . ) Rök innehåller bensen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd och cyanväte . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Skydda barnen . Låt dem inte andas in din tobaksrök . ( Protect the children . Do n't let them inhale your tobacco smoke . ) Back of cigarette packages Rökning kan skada sperman och minskar fruktsamheten . ( Smoking may damage the sperm and reduce fertility . ) Rökning är mycket beroendeframkallande . Börja inte röka ( Smoking is very addictive . Do not start smoking . ) Rear side of snus packaging Denna tobaksvara kan skada din hälsa och är beroendeframkallande . ( This tobacco product might cause harm to your health and is addictive . ) United kingdom ( edit ) Cigarette pack in the United Kingdom . In 1971 , tobacco companies printed on the left side of cigarette packets `` WARNING by H.M. Government , SMOKING CAN DAMAGE YOUR HEALTH '' . In 1991 , the E.U. tightened laws on tobacco warnings . `` TOBACCO SERIOUSLY DAMAGES HEALTH '' was printed on the front of all tobacco packs . An additional warning was also printed on the reverse of cigarette packs . In 2003 , new E.U. regulations required one of the following general warnings must be displayed , covering at least 30 % of the surface of the pack : Smoking kills Smoking seriously harms you and others around you Additionally , one of the following additional warnings must be displayed , covering at least 40 % of the surface of the pack : Smokers die younger Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes Smoking causes fatal lung cancer Smoking when pregnant harms your baby Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Get help to stop smoking : ( telephone ) / ( postal address ) / ( internet address ) / consult your doctor / pharmacist Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence Smoking causes ageing of the skin Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide From October 2008 , all cigarette products manufactured must carry picture warnings to the reverse . Every pack must have one of these warnings by October 2009 . Plain packaging is compulsory for all cigarettes manufactured after May 2016 and sold after May 2017 . Hong Kong ( edit ) Warning on HKSAR cigarette packages Under Hong Kong Law , Chap 371B Smoking ( Public Health ) ( Notices ) Order , packaging must indicate the amount of nicotine and tar that is present in cigarette boxes in addition to graphics depicting different health problems caused by smoking in the size and ratio as prescribed by law . The warnings are to be published in both official languages , Traditional Chinese and English . Warning begins with the phrase ' 香港 特區 政府 忠告 市民 HONG KONG SAR GOVERNMENT WARNING ' and then one of the following in all caps . 吸煙 引致 肺癌 Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 吸煙 足以 致命 Smoking Kills 吸煙 禍 及 家人 Smoking Harms Your Family 吸煙 引致 末梢 血管 疾病 Smoking Causes Peripheral Vascular Diseases 吸煙 可 引致 陽 萎 Smoking May Cause Impotence 吸煙 可 加速 皮膚 老化 Smoking Can Accelerate Aging of Skin In addition , any print advertisement must give minimum 20 % coverage of the following warnings : HKSAR GOVERNMENT HEALTH WARNING January - February SMOKING KILLS March - April SMOKING CAUSES CANCER May - June SMOKING CAUSES HEART DISEASE July - August SMOKING CAUSES LUNG CANCER September - October SMOKING CAUSES RESPIRATORY DISEASES November -- December SMOKING HARMS YOUR CHILDREN Iceland ( edit ) All cigarette packets and other tobacco packaging in Iceland must include warnings in the same size and format as in the European Union and using the same approved texts in Icelandic . Reikningar drepa ( Smoking kills ) Læknirinn þinn eða lyfjafræðingur geta hjálpað þér að hætta að reykja . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Reykingar valda krabbameini . ( Smoking causes cancer ) Reykingar eru mjög skaðlegar fyrir þig og þá sem eru nálægt þér . ( Smoking is very harmful to you and those close to you ) Reykingar stífla slagæðar og valda kransæðastíflu og heilablóðfalli . ( Smoking blocks your arteries and causes coronary artery disease and stroke . ) Reykingar valda banvænu krabbameini í lungum . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Reykingar á meðgöngu skaða barnið þitt . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child . ) Verndaðu börnin -- Láttu þau ekki anda að sér tókbaksreyk . ( Protect the children -- Do n't let them inhale tobacco smoke . ) India ( edit ) File : Classic Mild pack of 20 front. JPG Front of a Classic Mild pack , sold in India , displaying the new pictorial warning Cigarette packets sold in India are required to carry graphical and textual health warnings . The warning must cover at least 85 % of the surface of the pack , of which 60 % must be pictorial and the remaining 25 % contains textual warnings in English , Hindi or any other Indian language . Until 2008 , cigarette packets sold in India were required to carry a written warning on the front of the packet with the text CIGARETTE SMOKING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH in English . Paan , gutkha and tobacco packets carried the warning TOBACCO IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH in Hindi and English . The law later changed . According to the new law , cigarette packets were required to carry pictorial warnings of a skull or scorpion along with the text SMOKING KILLS and TOBACCO CAUSES MOUTH CANCER in both Hindi and English . The Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products ( Packaging and Labelling ) Rules 2008 requiring graphic health warnings came into force on 31 May 2008 . Under the law , all tobacco products were required to display graphic pictures , such as pictures of diseased lungs , and the text SMOKING KILLS or TOBACCO KILLS in English , covering at least 40 % of the front of the pack , and retailers must display the cigarette packs in such a way that the pictures on pack are clearly visible . In January 2012 controversy arose when it was discovered an image of English footballer John Terry was used on a warning label . On 15 October 2014 , Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan announced that only 15 % of the surface of a pack of cigarettes could contain branding , and that the rest must be used for graphic and text health warnings . The Union Ministry of Health amended the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products ( Packaging and Labelling ) Rules , 2008 to enforce the changes effective from 1 April 2015 . However , the government decision to increase pictorial warnings on tobacco packets from April 1 , was put on hold indefinitely , following the recommendations of a Parliamentary committee , which reportedly did not speak to health experts , but only spoke to tobacco lobby representatives . On April 5 , 2016 , the health ministry ordered government agencies to enforce this new rule . Following the intervention by the Parliamentary committee , NGO Health of Millions represented by Prashant Bhushan filed a petition in Supreme Court of India , which asks the government to stop selling of loose cigarettes and publish bigger health warnings on tobacco packs . Indonesia ( edit ) General warning : Current warning message in Indonesia ( only for advertisement ) , where uses `` 18 + '' sign . This picture is adapted from Thailand origin and used in many countries such as Indonesia . Before 1999 PERINGATAN PEMERINTAH : MEROKOK DAPAT MERUGIKAN KESEHATAN ( Government warning : smoking can harm your health ) 1999 -- 2001 PERINGATAN PEMERINTAH : MEROKOK DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KANKER , SERANGAN JANTUNG , IMPOTENSI DAN GANGGUAN KEHAMILAN DAN JANIN ( Government warning : smoking can cause cancer , heart attacks , impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus ) 2002 -- end of 2013 MEROKOK DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KANKER , SERANGAN JANTUNG , IMPOTENSI DAN GANGGUAN KEHAMILAN DAN JANIN ( Smoking can cause cancer , heart attacks , impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus ) Since 2014 With the enforcement of 2012 Indonesian Government Regulation ( Peraturan Pemerintah ) No. 109 , all of tobacco products / cigarette packaging and advertisement should include warning images and age restriction ( 18 + ) . Graphic warning messages must consist 40 % of cigarette packages . After the introduction of graphic images in Indonesian cigarette packaging , the branding of cigarettes as `` light '' , `` mild '' , `` filter '' , etc. is forbidden . PERINGATAN : MEROKOK MEMBUNUHMU ( Warning : smoking kills you ) Other alternatives : PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER MULUT . ( Warning : smoking can cause oral cancer ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER TENGGOROKAN . ( Warning : smoking can cause laryngeal cancer ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK DEKAT ANAK BERBAHAYA BAGI MEREKA . ( Warning : smoking can endanger kids near you ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER PARU - PARU DAN BRONKITIS KRONIS . ( Warning : smoking can cause pulmonary cancer and chronic bronchitis ) This warning below is appear on the side of the cigarette packaging : DILARANG MENJUAL / MEMBERI PADA ANAK USIA DI BAWAH 18 TAHUN DAN PEREMPUAN HAMIL . ( Do not sell or give ( this product ) to the children under 18 years old and expectant mothers ) Japan ( edit ) Cigarette in Japan with warning message Japan is the first country in Asia to enforce general warning on cigarette packaging , in force since 1972 . Prior to 2005 , there was only one warning on all Japanese cigarette packages . 健康 の ため 吸い すぎ に 注意 しま しょう ( For the good of your health , be careful not to smoke too much ) ( 1972 -- 1989 ) あなた の 健康 を 損なう おそれ が あります ので 吸い すぎ に 注意 しま しょう ( Be careful not to smoke too much , as there is a risk of damaging your health ) ( 1990 -- 2005 ) Since 2005 , more than one general warning is printed on cigarette packaging . On the front of cigarette packages : 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 肺がん の 原因 の 一 つ となり ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 喫煙 者 は 肺がん により 死亡 する 危険 性 が 非 喫煙 者 に 比べ て 約 2 倍 から 4 倍 高く なり ます . ( Smoking is a cause of lung cancer . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about two to four times more likely than non-smokers to die of lung cancer . ) 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 心筋 梗塞 の 危険 性 を 高め ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 喫煙 者 は 心筋 梗塞 により 死亡 する 危険 性 が 非 喫煙 者 に 比べ て 約 1.7 倍 高く なり ます . ( Smoking increases risk of myocardial infarction . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about 1.7 times more likely than non-smokers to die of a heart attack . ) 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 脳卒中 の 危険 性 を 高め ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 喫煙 者 は 脳卒中 により 死亡 する 危険 性 が 非 喫煙 者 に 比べ て 約 1.7 倍 高く なり ます . ( Smoking increases risk of stroke . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about 1.7 times more likely than non-smokers to die of a stroke . ) 喫煙 は 、 あなた にとって 肺気腫 を 悪化 させる 危険 性 を 高め ます . ( Smoking can aggravate the symptoms of emphysema . ) On the back of cigarette packages : 妊娠 中 の 喫煙 は 、 胎児 の 発育 障害 や 早産 の 原因 の 一 つ となり ます. 疫学 的 な 推計 による と 、 たばこ を 吸う 妊婦 は 、 吸わ ない 妊婦 に 比べ 、 低 出生 体重 の 危険 性 が 約 2 倍 、 早産 の 危険 性 が 約 3 倍 高く なり ます. ( 詳細 について は 、 厚生 労働省 の ホーム ・ ページ www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/tobacco/main.html を ご 参照 ください . ) ( Smoking during pregnancy is a cause of preterm delivery and impaired fetal growth . According to epidemiological estimates , pregnant women who smoke have almost double the risk of low birth weight and three times the risk of premature birth than pregnant women who do not smoke . ( For more information , please visit the Ministry of Health home page at www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/tobacco/main.html . ) ) たばこ の 煙 は 、 あなた の 周り の 人 、 特に 乳幼児 、 子供 、 お 年寄り など の 健康 に 悪影響 を 及ぼし ます. 喫煙 の 際 に は 、 周り の 人 の 迷惑 に ならない よう に 注意 しま しょう . ( Tobacco smoke adversely affects the health of people around you , especially infants , children and the elderly . When smoking , be careful not to inconvenience others . ) 人 により 程度 は 異なり ます が 、 ニコチン により 喫煙 へ の 依存 が 生じ ます . ( The degree may differ from person to person , but nicotine ( in cigarettes ) causes addiction to smoking . ) 未 成年 者 の 喫煙 は 、 健康 に対する 悪影響 や たばこ へ の 依存 を より 強め ます. 周り の 人 から 勧め られ て も 決して 吸っ て は いけ ませ ん . ( Smoking while underage heightens the addiction and damage to health caused by cigarettes . Never smoke , even if encouraged to by those around you . ) Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , general warning as a mandatory on all Malaysian cigarette packaging are in force since June 1976 . AMARAN OLEH KERAJAAN MALAYSIA , MEROKOK MEMBAHAYAKAN KESIHATAN ( Warning by the government of Malaysia , Smoking endangers health ) Starting 1 June 2009 , The Malaysian government has decided to place graphic images on the cigarette packs to show the adverse long - term effects of excessive smoking replacing the general warning with text describing the graphic images printed in Malay ( front ) and English ( back ) explaining : ( in Malay ) `` Rokok penyebab ... '' ( in English ) `` Cigarette causes ... '' Graphic warning messages must consist 40 % of the front of cigarette packages and 60 % in the back . After the introduction of graphic images in Malaysian cigarette packaging , the branding of cigarettes as `` light '' , `` mild '' , etc. is forbidden . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico cigarette packs contain health warnings and graphic images since 2010 . By law , 30 % of the pack 's front , 100 % of the pack 's rear , and 100 % of one lateral must consist on images and warnings . The Secretariat of Health issues new warnings and images every six months . Images have included a dead rat , a partial mastectomy , a laryngectomy , a dead human fetus surrounded by cigarette butts , a woman being fed after suffering a stroke , and damaged lungs amongst others . Warnings include smoking - related diseases and statistics , toxins found in cigarettes and others such as : Smoking kills Your baby can die ( appealing to pregnant women ) You will have a slow and painful death By smoking you are hurting your family Go ahead , shorten your life Smoking damages your arteries Moldova ( edit ) General warning ( on the front of cigarette packages , covering at least 30 % of the area , Helvetica font ) : `` Fumatul ucide '' ( smoking kills ) or `` Fumatul dăunează grav sănătăţii dumneavoastră şi a celor din jur '' ( smoking seriously harms you and those around ) ; Additional warnings ( on the back of cigarette packages , covering at least 40 % of the area , Helvetica font ) : `` Fumătorii mor mai tineri '' ( smokers die younger ) ; `` Fumatul blochează arterele şi provoacă infarct miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral '' ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) ; `` Fumatul conduce la moarte de cancer pulmonar '' ( smoking causes death from lung cancer ) ; `` Fumatul în timpul sarcinii dăunează copilului dumneavoastră '' ( Smoking while pregnant harm your baby ) ; `` Protejaţi copiii dumneavoastră de inspirarea fumului de ţigaretă '' ( Protect your children from breathing in the cigarette smoke ) ; `` Psihologul , profesorul sau medicul vă poate ajuta să renunţaţi la fumat '' ( Psychologists , Teachers , and Doctors can help you quit smoking ) ; `` Fumatul creează dependenţă rapidă , nu încercaţi să fumaţi '' ( Smoking becomes addictive fast , try not to smoke ) ; `` Abandonarea fumatului reduce riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare fatale '' ; `` Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă '' ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) ; `` Fumatul reduce circulaţia sîngelui şi provoacă impotenţă '' ( Smoking reduces blood circulation and increases impotency ) ; `` Fumatul provoacă îmbolnăvirea tenului ( pielei ) '' ( Smoking causes skin diseases ) ; `` Fumatul creează grave disfuncţii sexuale '' ( Smoking causes serious sexual dysfunction ) ; Regulated by `` LEGE cu privire la tutun şi la articolele din tutun `` ( Law on tobacco and tobacco articles ) nr. 278 - XVI from 14.12. 2007 enabled at 07.03. 2008 Cigarette packets in Transnistria have variable warning labels , depending from where they come from ( English , Russian , etc . ) New Zealand ( edit ) The front of a 20 pack of Marlboro red cigarettes sold in New Zealand . The first health warnings appeared on cigarette packets in New Zealand in 1974 . Warning images accompanying text have been required to appear on each packet since 28 February 2008 . By law , 30 % of the pack 's front and 90 % of the pack 's rear must consist of graphic warning messages . Images include gangrenous toes ( pictured ) , rotting teeth and gums , diseased lungs and smoking - damaged hearts . Cigarette packets also carry the Quitline logo and phone number and other information about quitting smoking . In total , there are 14 different warnings . A full list with pictures is available at the New Zealand Ministry of Health 's website . Warning messages are rotated annually with 7 being printed in equal quantities one year , and the other 7 messages the next . Following is a list of the warnings in English , however each message also shows a small Māori language translation . Smoking causes gangrene Smoking causes blindness Smoking causes mouth cancer You are not the only one smoking this cigarette Over 80 % of lung cancers are caused by smoking Tobacco smoke is poisonous Smoking causes heart attacks Smoking can make you impotent Smoking is highly addictive Smoking causes foul and offensive breath Your smoking can harm your kids Smoking causes serious lung diseases Smoking more than doubles your risk of stroke Smoking blocks your arteries Norway ( edit ) A warning in Norwegian ( bokmål ) Norway have had general warnings on cigarette packets since 1975 . Norway 's warnings of today were introduced in 2003 and are in line with EU 's legislation , as Norway is an EEA member : On the front of cigarette and cigar packages , covering about 30 % of the area : Røyking dreper ( Smoking kills ) Røyking er svært skadelig for deg og dine omgivelser ( Smoking is very harmful to you and your surroundings ) On the back of cigarette and cigar packages , covering about 45 % of the area : Røyking fører til dødeleg lungekreft ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Hvis du slutter å røyke vil du minske risikoen for dødelige hjerte - og lungesykdommer ( If you stop smoking , you will reduce the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Røyking fører til tidleg aldring av huda ( Smoking causes early ageing of the skin ) Røyking kan redusere blodgjennomstrømminga og føre til impotens ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Røyking kan føre til ein langsam og smertefull død ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Røyking kan redusere sædkvaliteten og minske fruktbarheten ( Smoking can reduce the sperm quality and decrease fertility ) Vern barn mot tobakksrøyk , ikke la dem puste inn din røyk ( Protect children against tobacco smoke , do n't let them inhale your smoke ) Røyking er sterkt avhengighetsskapende : Ikke begynn å røyke ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start smoking ) Røyking fører til forkalking av årene og forårsakar hjarteinfarkt og slag ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Din lege eller ditt apotek kan hjelpe deg med røykeslutt ( Your doctor or your pharmacy can help you stop smoking ) Få hjelp til røykeslutt -- ring Røyketelefonen 800 400 85 ( Get help to stop smoking -- call the Quitline : 800 400 85 ) Røyking nedsetter levealderen ( Smoking lowers life expectancy ) Røyking under graviditeten skader barnet ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the child ) Røyk inneholder benzen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd og blåsyre ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) Tobacco products like snus and chewing tobacco have the following warning printed on them : Denne tobakksvaren kan være helseskadelig og er avhengighetsskapende ( This tobacco product may be a health hazard , and is addictive ) Pakistan ( edit ) All cigarettes are required by a Statutory Order 1219 ( I ) / 2008 dated 25 September 2008 , published in the Gazette of Pakistan dated 24 November 2008 , to carry rotational health warnings from 1 July 2009 . Under the previous law , health warnings were not required to be rotated . Each health warning will be printed for a period of 6 months . The health warnings are to be in Urdu and in English . Here are the English versions : 1 . WARNING : Protect children . Do not let them breathe your smoke . Ministry of Health . 2 . WARNING : Smoking causes mouth and throat cancer . Ministry of Health . 3 . WARNING : Quit smoking ; live longer life . Ministry of Health . 4 . WARNING : Smoking severely harms you and the people around you . Ministry of Health . The warnings shall cover at least 30 % on both sides of the packet , and located at the top portions of the face ( in Urdu ) and back ( in English ) of the packet . Philippines ( edit ) Tobacco packaging warning messages on cigarette packs sold in the Philippines prior to March 2016 Graphic tobacco packaging warning messages at present See also : Smoking in the Philippines § Legislation All cigarette packaging sold in Philippines are required to display a government warning label . The warnings include : Government Warning : Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health . Government Warning : Cigarettes are addictive . Government Warning : Tobacco smoke can harm your children . Government Warning : Smoking kills . In July 2014 , Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed the Republic Act 10643 , or `` An Act to Effectively Instill Health Consciousness through Graphic Health Warnings on Tobacco Products '' , more known as the `` Graphic Health Warning Act . '' This law requires tobacco product packaging to display pictures of the ill effects of smoking , occupying the bottom half of the display area in both front and the back side of the packaging . On March 3 , 2016 , Department of Health ( DOH ) secretary Janette Garin started the implementation of Republic Act 10643 , requiring tobacco manufacturers to include graphic health warnings on newer cigarette packaging . With the Graphic Health Warning Act implemented , graphic health warnings are used on all newer cigarette packaging , and older packages using text - only warnings are required to be replaced by newer packaging incorporating graphic warnings . The 12 new warnings , showing photos of negative effects of smoking , like mouth cancer , impotence , and gangrene , are rotated every month , and on November 3 , 2016 , all cigarette packaging without graphic health warning messages are banned from sale . Labeling of cigarettes with `` light '' or `` mild '' is also forbidden by the Graphic Health Warning Act . Russian Federation ( edit ) Warning messages on Russian cigarette packets Type of warning Message English translation Main Минздравсоцразвития России предупреждает : курение вредит Вашему здоровью The Russian Ministry of Public Health and Social Development warns : smoking is harmful to your health . Additional Курение -- причина раковых заболеваний Smoking causes cancer Курение -- причина смертельных заболеваний Smoking causes fatal diseases Оградите детей от табачного дыма Keep children away from tobacco smoke Курение табака вызывает никотиновую зависимость Smoking tobacco causes nicotine addiction Курение -- причина заболеваний сердца Smoking causes heart diseases Warning messages on Russian cigarette packets revised in 2013 , falling in line with European Union standards . Changes to Tobacco packaging warning messages in Russia Obverse Reverse Example design Text warnings will cover 30 % of surface Pictorial warnings will cover 50 % of surface Курение убивает ( Smoking kills ) Note : 12 different variants . Serbia ( edit ) Pack with Serbian warning The warning messages on Serbian cigarette packets are visually similar to those in European Union countries , but the texts used in Serbia are not translated directly from EU - approved texts . Warning messages on Serbian cigarette packets Message English translation Example design Пушење убија . Дувански дим штети људима у Вашој околини . Smoking kills . Tobacco smoke harms people around you . Пушење убија . Дувански дим штети људима у Вашој околини . Желите бебу ? Пушење неповољно утиче на плодност код мушкараца и жена . Want a baby ? Smoking reduces fertility in men and women . Пушење изазива зависност ! Потражите стручну помоћ за одвикавање . Smoking causes addiction ! Seek professional help to quit the habit . Singapore ( edit ) File : Cigarette pack of L&M Blue in Singapore. jpg Cigarette pack of L&M Blue in Singapore , a photo of heart surgery and a warning message were printed . Text warnings were first added on cigarette packets . They used blunt , straight - to - the - point messages such as ' Smoking causes lung cancer ' . They were later replaced by graphic warnings in August 2004 . They featured gory pictures and were printed with the messages : Smoking causes a slow painful death Smoking harms your family Tobacco smoke can kill babies Smoking causes stroke Smoking causes lung cancer Smoking causes mouth diseases In 2006 , the images and warnings were revised , with images focusing on damaged organs . The following warnings shows what is printed nowadays . Smoking causes mouth diseases Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Smoking causes lung cancer Smoking causes gangrene Smoking causes neck cancer Smoking harms your family Smoking causes 92 % of oral cancer From 1 January 2009 , people possessing cigarettes without the SDPC ( Singapore Duty Paid Cigarettes ) label will be committing an offence under the Customs and GST Acts . The law was passed to distinguish non-duty paid , contraband cigarettes from duty - paid ones . Switzerland ( edit ) Switzerland has four official languages , but only has warning messages in three languages . The fourth language , Romansh , is only spoken by 0.5 % of the population , and those persons typically also speak either German or Italian . The three warning messages below are posted on cigarette packets , cartons and advertisements such as outdoor billboard posters : ( in French ) Fumer tue . ( Smoking kills . ) ( in German ) Rauchen tötet . ( Smoking kills . ) ( in Italian ) Il Fumo uccide . ( Smoking kills . ) Somalia ( edit ) A small warning , in Somali and English , appears on British American Tobacco brands , Royals and Pall Mall . South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , general warning on cigarette packaging are in force since 1976 . The warning messages are : From 1976 to 1989 건강 을 위하여 지나친 흡연 을 삼 갑시다 ( For your health , please refrain from smoking too much ) From December 1989 to 1996 흡연 은 폐암 등 을 일으킬 수 있으며 , 특히 임산부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking may cause lung cancer and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) From 1996 to March 2005 Front 흡연 은 폐암 등 각종 질병 의 원인 이 되며 , 특히 임신부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 할 수 없습니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ) and additionally , 금연 하면 건강 해지고 장수 할 수 있습니다 ( You can be healthy and live longer if you quit ) , 흡연 은 중풍 과 심장병 도 일으 킵니다 ( Smoking also causes paralysis and heart diseases ) , 흡연 은 사랑하는 자녀 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking also damages your beloved children ) , 당신 이 흡연 하면 다른 사람 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking damages others ) From April 2005 to April 2007 Front 건강 을 해치는 담배 그래도 피우 시겠습니까 ? ( Smoking damages your health . Do you still want to smoke ? ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 할 수 없습니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ) and additionally , 금연 하면 건강 해지고 장수 할 수 있습니다 ( You can be healthy and live longer if you quit ) , 흡연 은 중풍 과 심장병 도 일으 킵니다 ( Smoking also causes paralysis and heart diseases ) , 흡연 은 사랑하는 자녀 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking also damages your beloved children ) , 당신 이 흡연 하면 다른 사람 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking damages others ) From April 2007 to April 2009 Front 흡연 은 폐암 등 각종 질병 의 원인 이 되며 , 특히 임신부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 금지 ! 당신 자녀 의 건강 을 해 칩니다 '' ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ! It hurts your children 's health ) From April 2009 to April 2011 ( a prospectus ) Front 건강 에 해로운 담배 , 일단 흡연 하게 되면 끊기 가 매우 어렵 습니다 ( Smoking damages your health . Once you start smoking , it is very difficult to quit ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 금지 ! 당신 자녀 의 건강 을 해 칩니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ! It hurts your children 's health ) From December 2016 , 50 % of cigarette packages must contain warning elements , of which 30 % must be graphic or photographic warnings . In addition to the existing warning 흡연 이 질병 의 원인 이 될 수 있다 ( Smoking can be a cause of disease ) , the following warning will be mandatory : 흡연 은 다른 사람 의 건강 을 위협 할 수 있다 ( Smoking can harm another person 's health ) Taiwan ( edit ) The warnings in Taiwan are led by the phrase `` 行政 院 衛生 署 警告 '' ( Warning from the Department of Health , Executive Yuan : ) , and followed by one of the following warnings : 吸 菸 有害 健康 Smoking is hazardous to your health 孕婦 吸 菸 易 導致 胎兒 早產 及 體重 不足 Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature death and underweight birth 抽 菸 會 導致 肺癌 、 心臟 病 、 氣 腫 及 與 懷孕 有關 的 問題 Smoking can cause lung cancer , heart diseases , emphysema and pregnancy - related problems 吸 菸 害 人 害 己 Smoking hurts yourself , and hurts others 懷孕 婦女 吸 菸 可能 傷害 胎兒 , 導致 早產 及 體重 不足 Smoking during pregnancy might damage the fetus , and can cause premature death and underweight birth 戒菸 可 減少 健康 的 危害 Quitting smoking can reduce health risk -- no longer us Due to the Department of Health was reorganized into Ministry of Health and Welfare , the images and warnings were revised in 2014 . The following warnings shows what is printed ( the new warnings will use on June 1 , 2014 ) . 吸 菸 導致 皮膚 老化 Smoking causes ageing of skin 菸癮 困 你 一生 Tobacco addiction traps your life 吸 菸 會 導致 性 功能 障礙 Smoking causes sexual dysfunction 菸 害 導致 胎兒 異常 及 早產 Smoking and second hand smoking causes abnormality of baby or premature birth 不 吸 菸 , 你 可以 擁有 更 多 You can have more if you quit smoking 二手 菸 引發 兒童 肺炎 、 中耳炎 、 癌症 Second hand smoking causes children pneumonia , otitis media , or cancer 吸 菸 影響 口腔 衛生 Smoking affects oral hygiene 吸 菸 引發 自己 與 家人 中風 與 心臟 病 Smoking causes you and your family paralyzing stroke and heart disease Whether the warning is the old version or the new version , it will be marked with `` 戒煙 專線 0800 - 636363 '' ( Smoking Quitting Hotline : 0800 - 636363 ) . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tracheotomy and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . A recent study showed that the warnings made Thai smokers think more often about the health risks of smoking and about quitting smoking . Turkey ( edit ) Old Turkish cigarette packaging with a general warning Front of packaging ( covers 65 % of surface ) Sigara içmek öldürür ( Smoking kills ) or Sigara içmek size ve çevrenizdekilere ciddi zararlar verir ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) Sigara içenler genç yaşta ölür . ( Smokers die younger ) Sigara içmek damarları tıkar , kalp krizine ve felçlere neden olur . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and paralysis . ) Sigara içmek ölümcül akciğer kanserine neden olur . ( Smoking causes lethal lung cancer ) Hamile iken sigara içmek bebeğe zarar verir . ( Smoking while pregnant will harm the baby ) Çocukları koruyun : Dumanınızı onlara solutmayın . ( Protect your children , do n't let them breathe your smoke . ) Sağlık kuruluşları sigarayı bırakmada size yardımcı olabilir . ( Health agencies can help you quit smoking ) Sigara içmek yüksek derecede bağımlılık yapar , başlamayın . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Sigarayı bırakmak ölümcül kalp ve akciğer hastalıkları riskini azaltır . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Sigara içmek ağrılı ve yavaş bir ölüme neden olabilir . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Sigarayı bırakmak için doktorunuzdan ve ... ' den yardım isteyin . ( To quit smoking ask for help from your doctor and ... ) Sigara içmek kan akışını yavaşlatır ve cinsel iktidarsızlığa neden olur . ( Smoking will slow the blood flow and cause impotence ) Sigara içmek cildin erken yaşlanmasına neden olur . ( Smoking causes early ageing of the skin ) Sigara içmek spermlere zarar vererek doğurganlığı azaltır . ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility ) Sigara dumanında benzen , nitrozamin , formaldehit ve hidrojensiyanit gibi kanser yapıcı maddeler bulunur . ( Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens such as benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Ukraine ( edit ) The warning messages on Ukrainian cigarette packets are also visually similar to those in European Union countries : Warning messages on Ukrainian cigarette packets Message English translation Example design Курiння призводить до серцево - судинних захворювань та раку легенiв . Smoking causes heart diseases and lung cancer . Warning on Lucky Strike pack from Ukraine Курiння викликає залежнiсть , не починайте курити . Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . Курiння викликає iмпотенцiю . Smoking causes impotence . Захистiть дiтей : не дозволяйте їм дихати вашим димом . Protect your children , do n't let them inhale your smoke . Курiння пiд час вагiтностi шкодить вашiй дитинi . Smoking while pregnant harms your child . Тютюновий дим шкодить здоров'ю тих , хто вас оточує . Cigarette smoke harms those around you . Курцi помирають рано . Smokers die younger . United states of America ( edit ) Surgeon General 's warning on a cigarette pack , 2012 . In 1966 , the United States became the first nation in the world to require a health warning on cigarette packages . In 1973 , the Assistant Director of Research at R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company wrote an internal memorandum regarding new brands of cigarettes for the youth market . He observed that , `` psychologically , at eighteen , one is immortal '' and theorized that `` the desire to be daring is part of the motivation to start smoking . '' He stated , `` in this sense the label on the package is a plus . '' In 1999 , Philip Morris U.S.A. purchased three brands of cigarettes from Liggett Group Inc . The brands were : Chesterfield , L&M , and Lark . At the time Philip Morris purchased the brands from Liggett , the packaging for those cigarettes included the statement `` Smoking is Addictive '' . After Philip Morris acquired the three Liggett brands , it removed the statement from the packages . Though the United States started the trend of labeling cigarette packages with warnings , today the country has one of the least restrictive labelling requirements on their packages . Warnings are usually in small typeface placed along one of the sides of the cigarette packs with colors and fonts that closely resemble the rest of the package , so the warnings essentially are integrated and do not stand out with the rest of the cigarette package . However , this is subject to change as the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 requires color graphics with supplemental text that depicts the negative consequences of smoking to cover 50 percent of the front and rear of each pack . The nine new graphic warning labels were announced by the FDA in June 2011 and were required to appear on packaging by September 2012 , though this was delayed by legal challenges . In August 2011 , five tobacco companies filed a lawsuit against the FDA in an effort to reverse the new warning mandate . Tobacco companies claimed that being required to promote government anti-smoking campaigns by placing the new warnings on packaging violates the companies ' free speech rights . Additionally , R.J. Reynolds , Lorillard , Commonwealth Brands Inc. , Liggett Group LLC and Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company Inc. claimed that the graphic labels are an unconstitutional way of forcing tobacco companies to engage in anti-smoking advocacy on the government 's behalf . A First Amendment lawyer , Floyd Abrams , represented the tobacco companies in the case , contending that requiring graphic warning labels on a lawful product can not withstand constitutional scrutiny . The Association of National Advertisers and the American Advertising Federation also filed a brief in the suit , arguing that the labels infringe on commercial free speech and could lead to further government intrusion if left unchallenged . On 29 February 2012 , U.S. District Judge Richard Leon ruled that the labels violate the right to free speech in the First Amendment . However , the following month the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit upheld the majority of the Tobacco Control Act of 2009 , including the part requiring graphic warning labels . In April 2013 the Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal to this ruling , allowing the new labels to stand . As the original ruling against the FDA images was not actually reversed , the FDA will again need to go through the process of developing the new warning labels , and the timetable and final product remain unknown . Cigars ( edit ) SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigar Smoking Can Cause Cancers Of The Mouth And Throat , Even If You Do Not Inhale . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigars Are Not A Safe Alternative To Cigarettes . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Tobacco Smoke Increases The Risk Of Lung Cancer And Heart Disease , Even In Nonsmokers . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigar Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer And Heart Disease . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Tobacco Use Increases The Risk Of Infertility , Stillbirth , And Low Birth Weight . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : This Product Contains / Produces Chemicals Known To The State Of California To Cause Cancer , And Birth Defects Or Other Reproductive Harm . Stronger warning labels started to appear in May 2010 . Smokeless tobacco ( edit ) A can of Copenhagen with the warning label . The four warning label variants seen on various chewing tobacco products sold in the United States . Effective June 2010 , the following labels began to appear on smokeless tobacco products ( also known as chewing tobacco ) and their advertisements . WARNING : This product can cause mouth cancer . WARNING : This product can cause gum disease and tooth loss . WARNING : This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes . WARNING : Smokeless tobacco is addictive . The new warnings are required to comprise 30 percent of two principal display panels on the packaging ; on advertisements , the health warnings must constitute 20 percent of the total area . Venezuela ( edit ) For many years in Venezuela , the only warning in cigarette packs was printed in a very small typeface along one of the sides : `` Se ha determinado que el fumar cigarrillos es nocivo para la salud , Ley de impuesto sobre cigarrillos '' ( It has been determined that cigarette smoking is harmful to your health , Cigarette Tax Law ) Since 14 September 1978 On 24 March 2005 , another warning was introduced in every cigarette pack : `` Este producto contiene alquitrán , nicotina y monóxido de carbono , los cuales son cancerígenos y tóxicos . No existen niveles seguros para el consumo de estas sustancias '' ( This product contains tar , nicotine and carbon monoxide , which are carcinogenic and toxic . There are no safe levels for consumption of these substances `` . 1978 's warning , was not removed , now every cigarette pack contains both warnings ( one on each lateral ) . In addition , since 24 March 2005 , one of the following warnings is randomly printed very prominently , along with a graphical image , occupying the 100 % of the back of the pack ( 40 % for the text warning and 60 % for the image ) : Este producto es dañino para la salud y produce adicción ( This product is hazardous to your health and is addictive ) Fumar causa mal aliento , pérdida de muelas y cáncer de boca ( Smoking causes bad breath , tooth decay and mouth cancer ) Fumar causa cáncer de pulmón , tos , enfisema pulmonar y bronquitis crónica ( Smoking causes lung cancer , coughing , pulmonar emphysema and chronic bronchitis ) , the picture is a comparison between a smoker _́ s lung ( left ) and a healthy lung ( right ) Fumar causa infarto al corazón , Q.E.P.D. al portador , muerto por fumador ( Smoking causes cardiac infarction , R.I.P. bearer , Killed by smoking ) Fumar durante el embarazo daña la salud de tu bebé ( Smoking while pregnant harms your baby ) Los niños y niñas comienzan a fumar al ver adultos fumando ( Children start smoking when they see adults smoke ) Fumar cigarrillos causa cáncer de laringe ( Smoking cigarettes causes larynx cancer ) Fumar causa impotencia en los hombres ( Smoking causes impotence in men ) El humo del cigarrillo afecta también a quien no fuma ( Cigarette smoke also harms those who do n't smoke ) Da hoy el primer paso , dejar de fumar es posible ( take today your first step , quitting is possible ) Also , in Venezuela , tobacco advertising is strictly forbidden , so much so that the words tobacco , cigarette , cigar , etc. are not permitted in media such as radio and television and no one can smoke on television . In the campaign called : `` Venezuela 100 % libre de humo '' ( Venezuela , 100 % smoke - free ) , curiously , these warnings only appear on cigarette packs and not on other tobacco products ( which only conserve the 1978 warning ) . Vietnam ( edit ) In Vietnam , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tracheotomy and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , Article 9 and 11 Jump up ^ A review of the science base to support the development of health warnings for tobacco packages ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Sambrook Research International . 2009 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ruiter R , Kok , G ( 2005 ) . `` Saying is not ( always ) doing : Cigarette warning labels are useless '' . European Journal of Public Health . 15 ( 3 ) : 329 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / cki095 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ruiter R , Kok , G ( 2006 ) . `` Response to Hammond et al. Showing leads to doing , but doing what ? The need for experimental pilot - testing '' . European Journal of Public Health . 16 ( 2 ) : 225 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckl014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ de Hoog N , Stroebe W , de Wit J ( 2007 ) . `` The impact of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on processing and acceptance of fear - arousing communications : A meta - analysis . '' . Review of General Psychology . 11 ( 3 ) : 258 -- 285 . doi : 10.1037 / 1089 - 2680.11. 3.258 . Jump up ^ Peters GJ , Ruiter R , Kok G ( 2012 ) . `` Threatening communication : a critical re-analysis and a revised meta - analytic test of fear appeal theory '' . Health Psychology Review . doi : 10.1080 / 17437199.2012. 703527 . Jump up ^ `` Los paquetes de cigarrillos deberán incluir advertencias sanitarias con imágenes sobre el daño que provoca en la salud '' . Programa Nacional de Control de Tabaco . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Important changes to the sale of tobacco products in Australia '' . Department of Health and Ageing , Australian Government . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco plain packaging '' . Department of Health and Ageing , Australian Government . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco plain packaging design released '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governo lança novas imagens para embalagens de cigarro '' . globo.com. 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Health Warnings on Tobacco Products in Canada - Warnings from 2000 '' . Non-Smokers ' Rights Association . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , JL ; Hammond , D ( 2013 ) , Tobacco Use in Canada : Patterns and Trends ( Supplement : Tobacco Control Policies in Canada ) ( PDF ) , Waterloo : Propel Centre for Population Health Impact , pp. 4 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` No Retreat on Tobacco Warnings : Aglukkaq '' . CBC News . Toronto . December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chai , Carmen ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Could Plain Packaging for Cigarettes Help Canadians Quit Smoking ? '' . Global News . Toronto . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kline , Jesse ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Anti-Smoking Crusaders ? You Can Stop Now . You Won . '' . The National Post . Toronto . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chile '' . tobaccolabels.ca . ^ Jump up to : Day , Elizabeth ( 15 October 2003 ) . `` Film star glamour of cigarette cases hides truth for smokers '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` S.I. No. 326 / 1991 -- Tobacco Products ( Control of Advertising , Sponsorship and Sales Promotion ) Regulations , 1991 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco warnings to be made bilingual '' . RTÉ. 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Instruments '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tumours , ulcers to occupy most space on cigarette packs soon '' . dna . Jump up ^ `` ' John Terry ' image appears in India anti-smoking drive '' . news.bbc.co.uk. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt mandates health warning to cover 85 % display on cigarettes packaging '' . livemint.com/ . Jump up ^ `` Indian government tightens rules , health warning to cover 85 per cent space on tobacco pack '' . The Indian Express . 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cigarette packets to now carry health warnings covering 85 % of space '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Abantika ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Panel defers to lobbies over science , tobacco warnings put on hold '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` India steps up fight against cigarette firms over health warnings '' . Reuters. 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC hearing on tobacco warning today '' . Deccan Herald . 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Master Blaster ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Thailand not Playing Around When It Comes to Cigarette Warning Labels - RocketNews24 '' . RocketNews24 . Jump up ^ `` Cigarette packets to carry health warnings '' . New Straits Times . 14 February 1976 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LEGE cu privire la tutun şi la articolele din tutun ( Law on tobacco and tobacco articles ) nr. 278 - XVI '' . 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Tobacco Packages -- Graphic Warnings '' . New Zealand Ministry of Health . 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Patricia Denise ( 20 July 2014 ) . `` Aquino signs law on graphic warnings on tobacco products '' . GMA News . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Crisostomo , Sheila ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Graphic health warning law takes effect today '' . Philstar Global . Philstar . The Philippine Star . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Villa , Jet ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Starting today , cigarette packs must have graphic health warnings '' . InterAksyon . News5 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Section 8 , Graphic Health Warning Act , Republic Act No. 10643 of July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved on March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ State Duma ( in Russian ) ( Translation ) Jump up ^ http://www.moneyweek.co.kr/news/mwView.php?type=1&no=2015070908488059013&outlink=1 Jump up ^ Regulations for the Testing of Yields of Nicotine and Tar Contained in Tobacco Products and the Labeling of Cigarette Containers ( 菸 品 尼古丁 焦油 含量 檢測 及 容器 標示 辦法 ) Jump up ^ `` Evaluating the Effects of Warning Labels on Adult Smokers in Thailand : Findings from the ITC Thailand Survey '' . 2006.confex.com . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Duff Wilson ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` U.S. Releases Graphic Images to Deter Smokers '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Satcher , David ( 1998 - 04 - 01 ) . Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial Ethnic Minority Groups : African Americans , American Indians & Alaska Natives , Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders , Hispanics . DIANE Publishing . pp. 299 -- . ISBN 9780788177958 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Teague , Claude E. `` Research Planning Memorandum on Some Thoughts About New Brands of Cigarettes for the Youth Market '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Philip Morris U.S.A. `` Circular No. 719 '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Keane , Denise . `` Written Direct Testimony of Denise F. Keane '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dumas , Bethany K. `` An Analysis of the Adequacy of Federally Mandated Cigarette Package Warnings . '' Ch. 11 of Language in the Judicial Process , ed . J.N. Levi and A.G. Walker . NY : Plenum Press Corp. , 1990 , 309 -- 352 . Reprinted Tennessee Law Review 59.2 ( 1992 ) , 261 -- 304 . Jump up ^ `` Health Groups Weigh In On Lawsuit Over Graphic Cigarette Labels '' . Huffington Post . 20 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US cigarette makers sue over graphic warning labels '' . BBC.co.uk . BBC . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Nathan ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` FDA Defends New Graphic Cigarette Labels '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Big Tobacco Gets Top First Amendment Lawyer for New Suit '' . AdWeek . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Cos . Get Allies in Warning Label Fight '' . Convenience Store News . Jump up ^ Craver , Richard ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Judge blocks graphic images on cigarette packages '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Jump up ^ `` Graphic tobacco warning labels to remain , but look , timetable unknown '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Court : Tobacco health labels constitutional '' . Reuters. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rejects challenge to tobacco warnings '' . The Hill . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Agrees : Cigarette Warning Labels Do n't Violate Big Tobacco 's Free Speech '' . Consumerist . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smokeless Tobacco Product Warning Labels '' . Fda.gov . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen1.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen2.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen9.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen6.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen4.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen7.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen3.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen5.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen10.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen8.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cigarette packet warning signs . 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what is the origin of ring a ring a roses
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Ring a ring o ' roses - wikipedia Ring a ring o ' roses Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' <Td_colspan="2"> Musical variations of ' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' , Alice Gomme , 1898 . <Th_colspan="2"> Nursery rhyme Published 1881 <Td_colspan="2"> Audio samples Play Marlborough ( help info ) Yorkshire ( help info ) Sporle A ( help info ) Sporle B ( help info ) `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' or `` Ring Around the Rosie '' or `` Ring a Ring o ' Rosie '' is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game . It first appeared in print in 1881 , but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925 . Urban legend says the song originally described the plague , specifically the Great Plague of London , or the Black Death , but folklorists reject this idea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 1.1 Early attestation 1.2 Other languages 2 Meaning 3 References 3.1 Sources Lyrics ( edit ) The cover of L. Leslie Brooke 's Ring O ' Roses ( 1922 ) shows nursery rhyme characters performing the game It is unknown what the earliest version of the rhyme was or when it began . Many incarnations of the game have a group of children form a ring , dance in a circle around a person , and stoop or curtsy with the final line . The slowest child to do so is faced with a penalty or becomes the `` rosie '' ( literally : rose tree , from the French rosier ) and takes their place in the center of the ring . Variations , corruptions , and vulgarized versions were noted to be in use long before the earliest printed publications . One such variation was dated to be in use in Connecticut in the 1840s . Common British versions include : Ring - a-ring o ' roses , A pocket full of posies , A-tishoo ! A-tishoo ! We all fall down . Cows in the meadows Eating buttercups A-tishoo ! A-tishoo ! We all jump up . Common American versions include : Ring - a-round the rosie , A pocket full of posies , Ashes ! Ashes ! We all fall down . Children 's Dances by Hans Thoma . The last two lines are sometimes varied to : Hush ! Hush ! Hush ! Hush ! We 've all tumbled down . The Indian version of the poem is : Ringa ringa roses , Pocket full of poses , Hush - sha bush - sha , All fall down . Early attestation ( edit ) Kate Greenaway 's illustration from Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes ( 1881 ) , showing children playing the game A reference to a young children 's game named Ring o ' Roses occurs in an 1846 article from the Brooklyn Eagle . A group of young children ( the eldest being about seven ) form a ring , from which a boy takes out a girl and kisses her . An early version of the rhyme occurs in a novel of 1855 , The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens : A ring -- a ring of roses , Laps full of posies ; Awake -- awake ! Now come and make A ring -- a ring of roses . The novel goes on to describe a nineteenth - century Fourth of July celebration by children housed in a hospital in Roosevelt Island , New York ( then known as `` Blackwell 's Island '' ) : ' Then the little girls began to seek their own amusements . They played `` hide and seek , '' `` ring , ring a rosy , '' and a thousand wild and pretty games ' . Another early printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway 's 1881 edition of Mother Goose ; or , the Old Nursery Rhymes : Ring - a-ring - a-roses , A pocket full of posies ; Hush ! hush ! hush ! hush ! We 're all tumbled down . In 1882 , Godey 's Lady 's Book has the following version : Ring around a rosy Pocket full of posies . One , two , three -- squat ! Before the last line , the children stop suddenly , then exclaim it together , `` suiting the action to the word with unfailing hilarity and complete satisfaction '' . In his Games and Songs of American Children ( 1883 ) , William Wells Newell reports several variants , one of which he provides with a melody and dates to New Bedford , Massachusetts around 1790 : Ring a ring a Rosie , A bottle full of posie , All the girls in our town Ring for little Josie . Newell writes that ' ( a ) t the end of the words the children suddenly stoop , and the last to get down undergoes some penalty , or has to take the place of the child in the centre , who represents the `` rosie '' ( rose - tree ; French , rosier ) . ' An 1883 collection of Shropshire folk - lore includes the following version : A ring , a ring o ' roses , A pocket - full o ' posies ; One for Jack and one for Jim and one for little Moses ! A-tisha ! a-tisha ! a-tisha ! On the last line `` they stand and imitate sneezing '' . A manuscript of rhymes collected in Lancashire at the same period gives three closely related versions , with the now familiar sneezing , for instance : A ring , a ring o ' roses , A pocket full o ' posies - Atishoo atishoo we all fall down . In 1892 , folklorist Alice Gomme could give twelve versions . Other languages ( edit ) Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith , from The Little Mother Goose ( 1912 ) A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles `` Ring a ring o'roses '' in its first stanza and accompanies the same actions ( with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action ) : Ringel ringel reihen , Wir sind der Kinder dreien , sitzen unter 'm Hollerbusch Und machen alle Husch husch husch ! Loosely translated this says `` Ringed , ringed row . We are three children , sitting under an elder bush . All of us going hush , hush , hush ! '' The rhyme is well known in Germany with the first line `` Ringel , Ringel , Reihe '' ( as the popular collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn gave it ) ; it has many local variants , often with `` Husch , husch , husch '' ( which in German could mean `` quick , quick '' ) in the fourth line , comparable to the `` Hush ! hush ! hush ! hush ! '' of the first printed English version . This popular variant is notable : Ringel , Ringel , Rosen , Schöne Aprikosen , Veilchen blau , Vergissmeinnicht , Alle Kinder setzen sich ! The translation is `` A ring , a ring of roses . Beautiful apricots . Blue violets , forget - me - nots . All children sit down . '' Swiss versions have the children dancing round a rosebush . Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include `` Roze , roze , meie '' ( `` Rose , rose , May '' ) from The Netherlands with a similar tune to `` Ring a ring o ' roses '' and `` Gira , gira rosa '' ( `` Circle , circle , rose '' ) , recorded in Venice in 1874 , in which girls danced around the girl in the middle who skipped and curtsied as demanded by the verses and at the end kissed the one she liked best , so choosing her for the middle . In Croatian / Serbian / Bosnian language , there is a similar rhyme called `` Ringe Ringe Raja '' : Ringe - ringe - raja , Doš'o čika Paja , Pa pojeo jaja . Jedno jaje muć , A mi , djeco , čuč ! A rough translation is `` Ringe Ringe Raya ( does n't mean anything , this is common in Croato - Serbian rhymes ) , uncle Ducky has came , and he ate all the eggs , one egg crashed , and we children squat ! '' On the last word , the children singing the rhyme jump or squat . Meaning ( edit ) Illustration by L. Leslie Brooke ( 1862 -- 1940 ) for `` All Tumble Down '' from Anon , Ring O ' Roses ( 1922 ) The origins and meanings of the game have long been unknown and subject to speculation . In 1898 , A Dictionary of British Folklore contained the belief that an explanation of the game was of pagan origin , based on the Sheffield Glossary comparison of Jacob Grimm 's Deutsche Mythologie . The theory states that it is in reference to Pagan myths and cited a passage which states , `` Gifted children of fortune have the power to laugh roses , as Freyja wept gold . '' Believing the first instance to be indicative of Pagan beings of light . Another suggestion is more literal , that it was making a `` ring '' around the roses and bowing with the all `` fall down '' as a curtsy . In 1892 , the American writer , Eugene Field wrote a poem titled Teeny - Weeny that specifically referred to fey folk playing ring - a-rosie . According to Games and Songs of American Children , published in 1883 , the `` rosie '' was a reference to the French word for rose tree and the children would dance and stoop to the person in the center . Variations , especially more literal ones , were identified and noted with the literal falling down that would sever the connections to the game - rhyme . Addy 's interpretation failed to account for the sneezing , which had not carried over to the United States and was losing ground in Britain , as another instance of the Pagan influence . Again in 1898 , sneezing was then noted to be indicative of many superstitious and supernatural beliefs across differing cultures . Since the 20th century , the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665 , or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England . Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this ; by 1951 , however , it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom . Peter and Iona Opie , the leading authorities on nursery rhymes , remarked : The invariable sneezing and falling down in modern English versions have given would - be origin finders the opportunity to say that the rhyme dates back to the Great Plague . A rosy rash , they allege , was a symptom of the plague , and posies of herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease . Sneezing or coughing was a final fatal symptom , and `` all fall down '' was exactly what happened . The line Ashes , Ashes in colonial versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies , the burning of victims ' houses , or blackening of their skin , and the theory has been adapted to be applied to other versions of the rhyme . In its various forms , the interpretation has entered into popular culture and has been used elsewhere to make oblique reference to the plague . Folklore scholars regard the theory as baseless for several reasons : The plague explanation did not appear until the mid-twentieth century . The symptoms described do not fit especially well with the Great Plague . The great variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern form is the most ancient one , and the words on which the interpretation are based are not found in many of the earliest records of the rhyme ( see above ) . European and 19th - century versions of the rhyme suggest that this `` fall '' was not a literal falling down , but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gomme , The Traditional Games of England , Scotland , and Ireland , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara ; Mikkelson , David P. ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Ring Around the Rosie '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Newell , William ( 1883 ) . `` Games and Songs of American Children '' . Harper and Brothers . pp. 127 -- 128 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Delamar ( 2001 ) , pp. 38 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ringa Ringa Roses '' . Jump up ^ `` Gleanings from the Writings of the late Wm . B. Marsh IV : Twilight Musings '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 1846 - 03 - 17 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Ann S. ( 1855 ) . The Old Homestead . London : Sampson , Low , Son & Co. p. 213 . Jump up ^ Stephens , op . cit , pp. 215 - 216 Jump up ^ Greenaway , Kate ( illustr . ) ( n.d. ) ( 1881 ) . Mother Goose , or the Old Nursery Rhymes . London : Frederick Warne and Co. p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games '' . Godey 's Lady 's Book and Magazine . Philadelphia . cv ( 628 ) : 379 . October 1882 . ^ Jump up to : Newell , William Wells ( 1884 ) ( 1883 ) . Games and Songs of American Children . New York : Harper & Brothers . pp. 127 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Burne , Charlotte Sophia ( ed . ) ( 1883 ) . Shropshire Folk - Lore . London : Trübner & Co. pp. 511 -- 512 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1951 ) , p. 364 . Jump up ^ The one commonly sung according to Böhme ( 1897 ) , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Böhme ( 1897 ) , p. 438 , Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Böhme ( 1897 ) , pp. 438 -- 41 , Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 227 . Other rhymes for the same game have some similarity in the first line , e.g. `` Ringel , ringel , Rosenkranz '' , less in other lines -- see Böhme ( 1897 ) , 442 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel . In Kassel aus Kindermund in Wort und Weise gesammelt von Johann Lewalter '' ( Kassel 1911 ) , I Nr. 12 . Hermann Dunger , `` Kinderlieder und Kinderspiele aus dem Vogtlande '' ( Plauen 1874 ) , p. 320 . Böhme ( 1897 ) Jump up ^ Böhme ( 1897 ) , p. 439 , Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Gomme , George Laurence ( 1898 ) . A Dictionary of British Folklore . D. Nutt . pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Column '' . The Osage City Free Press ( Osage City , Kansas ) . 25 August 1892 . p. 6 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , pp. 221 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1951 ) , p. 365 . ^ Jump up to : Compare Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 221 , where they note that neither cure nor symptoms ( except for death ) feature prominently in contemporary or near contemporary accounts of the plague . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 221 , citing the use of the rhyme to headline an article on the plague village of Eyam in the Radio Times , 7 June 1973 ; title of `` Ashes '' in the New Scientist review . Jump up ^ J. Simpson and S. Roud , A Dictionary of English Folklore ( Oxford : OUP , 2000 ) , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , pp. 222 -- 3 : `` The following are the seven earliest reports known from in Britain ... In only four of these recordings is sneezing a feature '' . The point becomes stronger when American versions are also taken into account . Jump up ^ See above , and Opie and Opie ( 1951 ) , p. 365 , citing Chants Populaire du Languedoc : `` Branle , calandre , La Fille d'Alexandre , La pêche bien mûre , Le rosier tout fleuri , Coucou toupi -- En disant ' coucou toupi ' , tous les enfants quie forment la ronde , s'accroupissent '' , roughly translated : `` The peach well ripe , the rose all blooming , cuckoo humming - When ' cuckoo humming ' is said , all the children forming the circle crouch down '' . Sources ( edit ) Böhme , F.M. ( 1897 ) . Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel , Paperback ( 2011 ) . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel ( Nabu Press ) . pp. 438 -- 445 . ISBN 978 - 1248081532 . Delamar , Gloria T. ( 1987 ) . Mother Goose , From Nursery to Literature , Paperback , ( 2001 ) . Lincoln , Nebraska . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0595185771 . Gomme , Alice Bertha ( 1898 ) . The Traditional Games of England , Scotland , and Ireland : With Tunes , Singing - Rhymes , and Methods of Playing According to the Variants Extant and Recorded in Different Parts of the Kingdom , Volume 1 , Paperback ( 210 ) . London ( Charleston , South Carolina ) . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 1142538484 . Opie , Iona ; Opie , Peter ( 1951 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes , 2nd edition ( 1997 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( Nabu Press ) . pp. 364 -- 365 . ISBN 978 - 0198600886 . Opie , Iona ; Opie , Peter ( 1985 ) . The Singing Game , Paperback edition ( 1888 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 221 -- 225 , 227 . ISBN 978 - 0198600886 . Simpson , Jacqueline ; Roud , Steve ( 2000 ) . A Dictionary of English Folklore . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 296 . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_a_Ring_o%27_Roses&oldid=837213143 '' Categories : 1790s in England 1881 songs 1881 in England English folk songs Singing games Urban legends Roud Folk Song Index songs Children 's songs English nursery rhymes Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 12 : 29 . 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1. Ring a Ring o' Roses
2. Nursery rhyme
3. Playground singing game
4. Great Plague of London
5. Black Death
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where is the first ever mcdonald's located
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Oldest McDonald 's restaurant - wikipedia Oldest McDonald 's restaurant <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> McDonald 's Restaurant # 3 <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The McDonald 's in Downey , California is almost unchanged in appearance since it opened in 1953 . <Td_colspan="2"> Location 10207 Lakewood Blvd. , Downey , California Built 1953 Architectural style Modern architecture NRHP reference # 84003893 The oldest operating McDonald 's restaurant is a drive - up hamburger stand at 10207 Lakewood Boulevard at Florence Avenue in Downey , California . It was the third McDonald 's restaurant and opened on August 18 , 1953 . It was also the second restaurant franchised by Richard and Maurice McDonald , prior to the involvement of Ray Kroc in the company . The restaurant is now the oldest in the chain still in existence and is one of Downey 's main tourist attractions . Along with its sign , it was deemed eligible for addition to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 , although it was not added because the owner objected . Contents 1 History 2 Other early McDonald 's restaurants 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of McDonald 's The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937 . It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome . That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino , California , in 1940 . It was originally a barbecue drive - in , but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers . In 1948 , they closed their restaurant for three months , reopening it in December as a walk - up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers , potato chips , and orange juice ; the following year , french fries and Coca - Cola were added to the menu . This simplified menu , and food preparation using assembly line principles , allowed them to sell hamburgers for 15 cents , or about half as much as at a sit - down restaurant . The restaurant was very successful , and the brothers started to franchise the concept in 1953 . The first franchisee was Occidental Petroleum executive Neil Fox , who opened a restaurant at 4050 North Central Avenue in Phoenix , Arizona , in May , for a flat fee of $1,000 . His restaurant was the first to employ the McDonald brothers ' Golden Arches standardized design , created by Southern California architect Stanley Clark Meston and his assistant Charles Fish . Fox 's use of the `` McDonald 's '' name evidently came as a surprise to the brothers , but all subsequent franchises ( except for the third location in North Hollywood , CA , which operated as Peak 's , ) used the `` McDonald 's '' brand . ( Although there was also a `` Peak 's '' that had been franchised by McDonald Brothers on Foothill Blvd. in Pasadena , Golden Arches and all , at the foot of Hastings Ranch ) . Fox 's brothers - in - law and business partners , Roger Williams and Bud Landon , were the franchisees for the fourth McDonald 's , and used their expertise in siting gasoline stations in choosing the Downey location . Like the McDonald brothers ' other franchisees , they were required to use Meston 's design . The purchase of the chain from the McDonald brothers by Ray Kroc did not affect the Downey restaurant , as it was franchised under an agreement with the McDonald brothers , not with Kroc 's company McDonald 's Systems , Inc. , which later became McDonald 's Corporation . As a result , the restaurant was not subject to the modernization requirements that McDonald 's Corporation placed on its franchisees . Its menu came to differ from that of other McDonald 's restaurants , and lacked items such as the Big Mac that were developed in the corporation . In part due to these differences , as well as a corporate McDonald 's opening in the mid 1970s less than a half mile away , the restaurant came to suffer poor sales , and was finally acquired by McDonald 's Corporation in 1990 , when it was the only remaining McDonald 's that was independent of the chain . With low sales , damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake , and the lack of a drive - up window and indoor seating , the restaurant was closed , and McDonald 's planned to demolish it and incorporate some of its features in a modern `` retro '' restaurant nearby . However , it was listed on the National Trust for Historic Preservation 's 1994 list of the 11 Most Endangered Historic Places . With both the public and preservationists demanding the restaurant be saved , McDonald 's spent two years restoring the restaurant and reopened it . Customers today can visit the restored restaurant and an adjoining gift shop and museum . Other early McDonald 's restaurants ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The site of the first McDonald 's restaurant , San Bernardino , California . Only part of the sign remains from the original structure . Very few early McDonald 's restaurants remain , largely because McDonald 's Corporation required its franchisees to update their buildings . The original hexagonal McDonald 's hamburger stand in San Bernardino was demolished in 1953 to be replaced by a building in the now familiar Golden Arches style ; in an oversight , the McDonald brothers failed to retain rights to the McDonald 's name when they sold the chain to Kroc , and were forced to rename it `` The Big M '' . It went out of business and was demolished in 1972 , although part of the sign remains ; an independent McDonald 's museum was opened on the site in 1998 . Other early buildings still standing include the seventh McDonald 's , at 1057 East Mission Boulevard in Pomona , California , which is now a doughnut shop ( currently the second - oldest existing McDonald 's building ) . The 11th McDonald 's at 1900 South Central Avenue in Los Angeles , ( later a taco restaurant ) , was demolished in 2016 . Kroc 's 1955 McDonald 's franchise in Des Plaines , Illinois , the ninth in the chain , was demolished in 1984 , but a replica was built on the original foundation and is now described as the McDonald 's No. 1 Store Museum . It is scheduled to be torn down , with the sign removed in January 2018 . A single - arch McDonald 's sign at 2801 S. Olive Street , Pine Bluff , Arkansas , dating from 1962 , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 . A restaurant built in 1962 at 2434 Almaden Road in San Jose , California , is the only other remaining early McDonald 's still in operation in the state , although a modern restaurant is now attached to it . This location is listed as one of the city 's historic resources . An early McDonald 's stands at 9100 SE Powell Boulevard in Portland , Oregon , on Southeast 91st Avenue and Powell Boulevard . It is not attached to the adjacent McDonald 's but is available for party rentals . It is scheduled for demolition February 22 , 2018 , to be replaced by a new McDonald 's with self - service kiosks . The site of the original McDonald 's on 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino was purchased in 1998 by Albert Okura , owner of the Juan Pollo chicken restaurant chain , for $135,000 in a foreclosure sale . Okura turned the property into the headquarters for his chain of restaurants and opened an unofficial McDonald 's museum on the site , which , due to communications with McDonald 's , Okura refers to as the `` historic site of the original McDonald 's '' . Okura said though he did not intend to open the museum , an erroneous news story that mentioned he was planning on opening a museum gave him the idea ; former employees and customers sent the museum many of the items on display . Gallery ( edit ) The sign outside the Downey McDonald 's in 2014 A view of the inside of the Downey McDonald 's Another view from the outside of the Downey McDonald 's in 2014 , with the museum to the right The Downey McDonald 's in 2017 See also ( edit ) List of hamburger restaurants Companies portal Food portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Hess , Alan . `` The Oldest McDonald 's as Architecture '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's begins tearing down museum that replicated chain founder 's first store '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Resources Inventory '' . City of San Jose , California . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Korfhage , `` The Third Oldest McDonald 's in America Will Be Demolished In Portland Next Month '' , Willamette Week , January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Entrepreneur channels San Bernardino 's history '' . Marketplace.org . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Bernardino : McDonald 's museum pays homage to the hamburger '' . The Press - Enterprise . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Loving Shrine to McDonald 's That McDonald 's Shuns '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official Restaurant Website Coordinates : 33 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 06 '' W / 33.9471 ° N 118.1182 ° W / 33.9471 ; - 118.1182 <Th_colspan="2"> McDonald 's <Td_colspan="2"> History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets Buttermilk Crispy Tenders McChicken Snack Wrap Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McFlurry McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe Fruit and Walnut Salad McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Video Game McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Downey , California Schools Downey Unified School District Downey High School Warren High School St. Pius X / St. Matthias Academy Libraries County of Los Angeles Public Library Landmarks Downey Studios Johnie 's Broiler Oldest McDonald 's restaurant PIH Health Hospital - Downey Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center Stonewood Center <Td_colspan="2"> This list is incomplete . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldest_McDonald%27s_restaurant&oldid=848412268 '' Categories : McDonald 's buildings and structures Googie architecture in California Museums in Los Angeles County , California Food museums in the United States Superlatives Restaurants established in 1953 1953 establishments in California Downey , California Commercial buildings completed in 1953 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 19 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Oldest McDonald's restaurant in Downey, California
2. McDonald's Restaurant #3
3. Historic McDonald's location in Downey
4. McDonald's franchise history
5. Preservation of early McDonald's buildings
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6,167,168,504,019,832,000 |
what number is fox sports on direct tv
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DirecTV - Wikipedia DirecTV Jump to : navigation , search DirecTV <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Type Subsidiary Industry Satellite television Founded December 20 , 1985 ; 31 years ago ( 1985 - 12 - 20 ) ( as Hughes Electronics Corporation ) June 17 , 1994 ; 23 years ago ( 1994 - 06 - 17 ) ( as DirecTV ) Headquarters El Segundo , California , US Area served United States , Latin America , the Caribbean Key people John Stankey ( CEO ) Products Direct broadcast satellite , pay television , pay - per - view , Internet Television Owner AT&T Parent AT&T Communications Subsidiaries DirecTV U.S. DirecTV Now AT&T SportsNet GSN ( 42 % ) Audience Website www.directv.com A standard DirecTV satellite dish with Dual LNB on a roof DirecTV ( stylized as DIRECTV or simply DTV ) is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo , California and is a subsidiary of AT&T . Its satellite service , launched on June 17 , 1994 , transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in the United States , Latin America and the Caribbean . Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers . On July 24 , 2015 , after receiving approval from the United States Federal Communications Commission and United States Department of Justice , AT&T acquired DirecTV in a transaction valued at $48.5 billion . DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions . Services include the equivalent of many local television stations , broadcast television networks , subscription television services , satellite radio services , and private video services . Subscribers have access to hundreds of channels , so its competitors are cable television service and other satellite - based services . Most subscribers use reception antennas which are much smaller than the first generation antennas , which were typically a few yards ( meters ) across . Advances in antenna technology , including fractal antennas , have allowed a general reduction in antenna size across all industries and applications . Receiving equipment includes a satellite dish , an integrated receiver / decoder and a DirecTV access card , which is necessary to operate the receiver / decoder . Consumers who purchase DirecTV subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee . Additional monthly fees may include a protection plan ( which provides for repair or replacement of consumer - leased equipment from damages caused by lightning , power surges , floods , etc . ) , DVR , additional receivers , HD channels , and other premium channel packages . A subscriber also can order pay - per - view and video on demand events and movies . DirecTV contracts with and pays program providers such as cable networks , motion picture distributors , sports leagues , event promoters , and other programming rights holders , for the right to distribute their programming to its subscribers . All programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock , Colorado , and Los Angeles , where it is then digitized and compressed . The resulting signal is encrypted by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception . DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in geostationary orbit . As of Q1 2017 , DirecTV U.S. had 21 million subscribers ( 26 million if combined with U-verse ) and revenues of $12 billion . In addition to serving residences , DirecTV offers service to bars , restaurants , hotels , dorms , and hospitals through their DirecTV for business service . The company also offered mobile service for cars , boats , and RVs ( DirecTV Mobile ) as well as aircraft ( DirecTV Airborne ) in cooperation with Connexion by Boeing . On November 30 , 2016 , DirecTV Now , an internet streaming TV service was launched . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Hughes Electronics 1.2 Becoming a standalone entity 1.3 Expansion 1.3. 1 Acquisitions 1.4 Subsidiary of AT&T ( 2015 -- present ) 1.5 DirecTV Now 2 Satellites 3 Receivers 4 Access card history 5 High - definition television ( HDTV ) 6 4K television 7 Local channels 8 Programming 9 Marketing 9.1 DirecTV blimp 10 Customer service 10.1 Better Business Bureau review 11 Consumer protection lawsuits and violations 11.1 Washington State 's Attorney General civil complaint 11.2 California class action lawsuit 11.3 Telemarketing violations 11.4 Deceptive advertising 12 Exclusive channels 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Hughes Electronics ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hughes Electronics logo ( 1985 - 1990 ) In 1953 , Howard Hughes created the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ( HHMI ) , to which he transferred full ownership of Hughes Aircraft . Ostensibly created as a non-profit medical research foundation , HHMI was accused of being used by Hughes as a tax shelter . Following Hughes ' death in 1976 , HHMI was incorporated in 1977 , and litigation ensued to determine whether it would be allowed to maintain its interest in Hughes Aircraft . In 1984 , the court appointed a new board for HHMI , which proceeded to sell off Hughes Aircraft to General Motors on December 20 , 1985 , for an estimated $5.1 billion . General Motors then merged Hughes Aircraft with its subsidiary Delco Electronics to create Hughes Electronics Corporation . The new subsidiary was initially composed of four units : Delco Electronics Company , Hughes Aircraft Company , Hughes Space and Communications Company , and Hughes Network Systems . Stanley E. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting ( USSB ) in 1981 and was a leading proponent for the development of direct - broadcast satellite service in the United States . USSB was awarded five frequencies by the FCC , at the coveted 101 degree west satellite location . Hughes Communications , Inc. was also awarded 27 frequencies at the same 101 - degree location . After many years , the technology was developed to enable the building of very high - power satellites , and digital compression ( MPEG - 2 ) standards were developed that allowed multiple digital television channels to be sent through each satellite frequency . Hughes attempted to create a joint venture with NBC , News Corp. , and Cablevision in 1990 , to launch the first high - power digital television service called Sky Cable . Failing to do so , the company instead created DirecTV as a separate division , and secured an agreement with USSB to build and launch the first high - power direct - broadcast satellite system . DirecTV 's name is a portmanteau of `` direct '' and `` TV '' ( as in direct broadcast satellite television ) . Hughes / DirecTV then turned to Thomson Consumer Electronics ( under the RCA , GE , and ProScan brands ) to develop the digital satellite system for the service that would be capable of receiving 175 channels on a small 18 - inch dish . These dishes utilized a new generation of smaller , lighter receiver dishes based on military technology introduced by the Global Broadcast System , which predated DirecTV 's viability by almost ten years . Hughes was awarded the contract to build and launch the new high - powered satellites , and USSB and DirecTV agreed that the new satellites would carry the two separate programming services : USSB and DirecTV . The USSB and DirecTV programming services were launched on June 17 , 1994 . Digital Equipment Corporation provided the hardware for DirecTV , Matrixx Marketing ( part of Cincinnati Bell ) provided customer care via the Matrixx Plus department , and DBS Systems created the billing software . In December 1998 , DirecTV acquired USSB for $1.3 billion , and combined the two satellite services . In 1999 , DirecTV acquired PrimeStar , a competitor in the satellite television industry , for $1.83 billion , dramatically increasing its share of the satellite television market in the US . In September 1996 , Hughes purchased 70 % of PanAmSat for $3 billion . In 1997 , GM spun off Delco Electronics from Hughes and transferred it to Delphi Automotive Systems . That same year , Hughes Aircraft was sold to Raytheon for $9.5 billion . Raytheon filed a lawsuit in 1999 accusing Hughes of overstating the value of Hughes Aircraft by $1 billion . A $635.5 - million settlement was reached in 2001 . In 2000 , Hughes Space and Communications was sold to Boeing for $3.75 billion , which it later claimed had also been overvalued by Hughes . Hughes later settled with Boeing for $360 million . These sales left DirecTV , PanAmSat and Hughes Network Systems as the remaining components of Hughes Electronics . Direct satellite broadcaster were mandated in 1992 to set aside 4 % of its channel space for noncommercial educational and informational programming . DirecTV selected C - SPAN , Eternal World Television Network and Trinity Broadcasting Network from its current channel lineup plus request additional proposals from other programmers . DirecTV had given PBS Kids , PBS 's original application , carriage that did not count against the set aside six weeks before the deadline . DirecTV selected an additional six channel , Clara + Vision , Inspirational Life , NASA TV , PBS YOU , StarNet and WorldLink TV , for the mandate . In September 2000 , GM executives , under pressure from GM 's shareholders as a result of its poor performance and the substantially greater market worth of Hughes , authorized Hughes executives to begin seeking buyers . In 2001 , News Corporation began negotiations to acquire Hughes Electronics in a deal worth $8 billion , which would allow News Corp. to expand its Sky Global Networks satellite television operations into the United States . Negotiations with News Corp. ultimately failed , and Hughes entered into an agreement on October 28 , 2001 to be purchased for $26 billion by EchoStar , owner of Dish Network . However , the deal attracted significant opposition from the Department of Justice and the Federal Communications Commission for antitrust concerns , leading the two companies to withdraw the agreement in December 2002 . As part of the merger agreement , EchoStar was required to pay Hughes $600 million for the failure of the merger . On April 9 , 2003 , News Corporation agreed to purchase a 34 % controlling interest in Hughes , including GM 's entire share of the company , for $6.6 billion , subject to SEC approval . As part of the financing for the deal , Liberty Media agreed to take a $500 - million option of stock in News Corporation that would be exercised upon the closing of the deal . Liberty , the second - largest shareholder in News Corp. after the Murdoch family with 18 % , had originally planned to bid for DirecTV , but opted not to upon the agreement . The FCC voted 3 - 2 along party lines on December 19 , 2003 to approve the deal subject to conditions , forcing News Corp. to agree to arbitration for all disputes with carriers of its media broadcasters , and to provide content through DirecTV neutrally rather than favoring its own networks . Year Subscribers 320,000 1995 1,200,000 2,300,000 3,301,000 1998 4,458,000 1999 6,679,000 2000 9,554,000 10,218,000 2002 11,181,000 2003 12,290,000 13,000,000 2005 15,000,000 2006 15,950,000 2007 16,830,000 2008 17,620,000 2009 18,081,000 19,200,000 2012 19,900,000 2014 20,265,000 Becoming a standalone entity ( edit ) In February 2004 , Hughes announced its intent to focus solely on its satellite television operations and divest its other interests , renaming itself The DirecTV Group , Inc. on March 16 , 2004 and changing its ticker symbol from `` HS '' to `` DTV '' . In April of that year , it sold its controlling interest in PanAmSat to a private consortium led by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts for $3.53 billion . On April 22 , 2005 , DirecTV spun off Hughes Network Systems into a separate entity and sold 50 % of the new entity to SkyTerra , acquiring $157.4 million in the transaction . In January 2006 , DirecTV sold its remaining 50 % share in Hughes Network Systems to SkyTerra for $100 million . The sale effectively ended DirecTV 's 20 - year existence through Hughes Electronics as a technology conglomerate , leaving it solely with its satellite television services . In 2004 , DirecTV abandoned the Mexican market , though it maintained 41 % ownership of SKY México . On November 15 , 2005 , DirecTV stopped carrying Music Choice audio - only channels , replacing it with 73 channels of XM Satellite Radio . In 2007 , DirecTV abandoned the Brazilian market , with the customers being migrated to the 74 % DirecTV - owned Brazilian affiliate of SKY Brasil . In 2010 , DirecTV increased its stake in Sky Brasil to 93 % . Expansion ( edit ) DirecTV logo 2004 - 2011 . The `` D '' symbol was used in some capacity from 1990 - 2015 . Still used as a secondary logo and also still used in Latin America . On January 9 , 2007 , DirecTV announced they would introduce up to 100 national HD channels during 2007 , all of which would be MPEG - 4 encoded . On October 3 , 2008 , DirecTV announced that it would offer HD local channels in 121 markets by year end . In December 2006 , News Corporation announced its intention to transfer its 38.5 % controlling interest in The DirecTV Group , four regional Fox Sports Net stations and $550 million cash to Liberty Media in exchange for Liberty 's 19 % interest in News Corp. , giving the Murdoch family tighter control of the latter firm . The deal , valued at $11 billion , was approved by News Corp. shareholders in April 2007 . Following revisions that increased the cash offer to $625 million in exchange for a reduction of Liberty 's divested interest in News Corp. to 16 % , the swap was completed on February 27 , 2008 following Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) approval . One condition placed by the FCC on the deal was that Liberty divest either its DirecTV operations or Liberty Global 's cable operations in Puerto Rico , which Liberty fulfilled by placing DirecTV 's Puerto Rican operations in a trust . On May 4 , 2009 , Liberty announced that it would split off Liberty Entertainment , Inc. , a subsidiary of Liberty owning the four FSN channels acquired under the swap with News Corp. and Liberty 's 65 % interest in Game Show Network , into a separate company to be merged with The DirecTV Group , reducing Liberty owner John Malone 's stake in DirecTV to 24 % . The merger was completed on November 19 , 2009 , with The DirecTV Group and Liberty Entertainment becoming subsidiaries of a new company named DirecTV . On June 16 , 2010 , Malone exchanged his preferred stock in DirecTV with equivalent amounts of common stock , reducing his voting interest in the company from 24 % to 3 % , with Malone resigning as Chairman and ending his managerial role at DirecTV . On February 9 , 2010 , DirecTV dropped Sirius XM Radio and replaced the channel lineup with Sonic Tap audio stations . On April 1 , 2011 , DirecTV announced it would be renaming its three FSN channels as Root Sports , though the channels are still affiliated with FSN . Acquisitions ( edit ) On December 13 , 2007 , DirecTV purchased most of the assets of ReplayTV from D&M Holdings . In June 2013 , DirecTV purchased Pennsylvania - based LifeShield , a maker of wireless home security systems , with plans to market the systems to its customers . Subsidiary of AT&T ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) DirecTV transitional logo following purchase by AT&T . On May 18 , 2014 , AT&T announced that it would purchase DirecTV . In the deal , which had been approved by boards of both companies , DirecTV stockholders received $95 a share in cash and stock , valuing the deal at $48.5 billion . Including assumed debt , the total purchase price was about $67.1 billion . The deal was aimed at increasing AT&T 's market share in the pay - TV sector ; its existing U-verse brand had modest market share ( 5.7 million users compared to DirecTV 's 20 million US customers as of 2014 ) and operates in only 22 states . It also gave AT&T access to fast - growing Latin American markets , where DirecTV has 18 million subscribers . The deal faced regulatory approval by the FCC , the U.S. Department of Justice , and some Latin American governments . It was expected to take about 12 months to complete . The deal was also contingent on the combined company 's ability to renew its exclusive rights to carry the NFL Sunday Ticket service beyond the 2015 NFL season on `` substantially the terms discussed between the parties . '' The acquisition was officially approved by the FCC on July 24 , 2015 ; it is subject to conditions for four years , requiring AT&T to expand its fiberoptic broadband service to additional customers , public libraries , and schools , and to `` refrain from imposing discriminatory usage - based allowances or other discriminatory retail terms and conditions on its broadband internet service '' . At an analyst meeting in August 2015 , AT&T announced plans to converge DirecTV and its IPTV - based U-verse service around a common `` home entertainment gateway '' platform based upon DirecTV hardware , with `` very thin hardware profiles '' . AT&T Entertainment and Internet Services CEO John Stankey explained that the new platform would offer `` single truck roll installation for multiple products , live local streaming , improved content portability , over-the - top integration for mobile broadband , and user interface re-engineering . All of these are steps that are planned to deliver that premium effortless entertainment experience anywhere . '' In September 2015 , AT&T selected Ericsson to be hardware provider for the new platform , and hired former Sirius XM , Cisco Systems and Microsoft executive VP Enrique Rodriguez to be vice president and CTO of the AT&T Entertainment and Internet Services division . On December 2 , 2015 , AT&T announced plans to phase out the DirecTV brand as part of the introduction of the new platform , which will be marketed as AT&T Entertainment . The company also adopted a new logo , replacing its previous emblem with that of AT&T . In February 2016 , Bloomberg reported that AT&T was in the process of phasing out the U-verse IPTV service by encouraging new customers to purchase DirecTV satellite service instead , and by ending the production of new set - top boxes for the service . An AT&T spokesperson denied that U-verse was being shut down , and explained that the company was `` leading its video marketing approach with DirecTV '' to `` realize the many benefits '' of the purchase , but would still recommend U-verse TV if it better - suited a customer 's needs . AT&T CFO John Stephens had also previously stated that DirecTV 's larger subscriber base as a national service gave the service a higher degree of leverage in negotiating carriage deals , thus resulting in lower content costs . On October 20 , 2016 , it was reported that AT&T was in talks to acquire Time Warner , in an effort to increase its media holdings . On October 22 , 2016 , AT&T reached a deal to buy Time Warner for over $80 billion . If approved by federal regulators , the merger would bring DirecTV under the same umbrella as HBO , Turner Broadcasting System and the Warner Bros. studio . On April 25 , 2017 , it was reported that AT&T dropped over 230,000 U-verse subscribers . On July 13 , 2017 , it was reported that AT&T is going to introduce a cloud - based DVR streaming service as part of its effort to create a unified platform across DirecTV and its DirecTV Now streaming service , with U-verse to be added soon . On September 12 , 2017 , it was reported that AT&T is planning to launch a brand new cable TV - like service for delivery over-the - top over its own or a competitor 's broadband network sometime next year . Because of the merger with Time Warner , AT&T pretends to sell DirecTV Pan-American and Sky Brasil for about US $ 8.0 billion , while keeping their share in Sky Mexico . DirecTV now ( edit ) Main article : DirecTV Now On March 1 , 2016 , AT&T announced plans for several DirecTV - branded over-the - top services , including DirecTV Now -- a contract - free over-the - top internet television service , DirecTV Mobile -- a service which will offer `` premium video and made for digital content '' for phones , and DirecTV Preview , an ad - supported service featuring content from Audience Network , Otter Media , and other partners . DirecTV Now launched on November 30 , 2016 , and is directly competing against Sling TV and PlayStation Vue . AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson stated of the service that `` there is a huge customer base out there that we are convinced , while they do n't subscribe to a bundle of premium content today , at the right price point ( delivered ) over-the - top , they will . '' Satellites ( edit ) Main article : DirecTV satellite fleet As of June 2016 , DirecTV manages a fleet of 13 satellites in geostationary orbit at positions ranging from 95 ° W to 119 ° W , ensuring strong coverage of the North American continent . Receivers ( edit ) In the past , receivers were manufactured by DirecTV and other companies , including Samsung Electronics , Philips , Sony Electronics , Panasonic , Mitsubishi Electronics , and Toshiba . Other companies ' DirecTV receivers have been phased out and DirecTV now designs their own models with companies such as Pace Micro Technology of Britain , LG of South Korea ( which had manufactured boxes under the LG and Zenith Electronics names ) , and Thomson of France ( which had previously manufactured boxes under the RCA name , GE ( under license ) , and the ProScan brand ) . DirecTV and TiVo announced on September 3 , 2008 , that they will work together to develop a version of the TiVo service for DirecTV 's broadband - enabled HD DVR platform . Originally scheduled to launch in the second half of 2009 , it was expected to be available in spring 2010 but delayed again . It was finally released on December 6 , 2011 . The new unit , model THR22 , is now available in select markets . The THR22 DVR does not have all the features of the HR24 DVRs . DirecTV typically uses a fixed 18 - inch - diameter ( 460 mm ) dish antenna to receive its signals . Traditionally an 18 × 24 - inch elliptical was used ; however , most new installations use an 18 × 20 - inch antenna to receive signals from three geostationary satellite positions simultaneously . These systems are becoming more common as DirecTV attempts to squeeze more programming onto its growing systems . DTV is now installing a dish that has five LNBs for HDTV programming and local channels in selected markets . These systems receive signals from up to five separate satellites in both the K band and K band . After the new satellite , DirecTV 11 , is fully operational , DirecTV will stop supplying dual , triple , and five - LNB dishes to all customers and move to supplying a three - LNB Ka / Ku dish known as the Slimline3 . This dish will see orbital locations 99 , 101 , and 103 degrees West . The Slimline3 will be the new standard install dish ( for HD and SD programming ) , while the five - LNB Slimline will be used for installs in areas that receive local or international programming from orbital locations 110 or 119 . The Slimline3 looks nearly identical to its predecessor , aside from a smaller LNB . The new DirecTV HD channels require an H20 / HR20 or H21 / HR21 / HR22 / HR23 / H24 / HR24 set top box ( STB ) . In order to receive the new HD channels ( channels added after September 2007 ) , all HD receivers except the HR23 must have a B - Band converter installed . If the converter is not installed , viewers can only receive older HD channels ( channels 70 -- 99 ) . The B - Band Converter ( BBC ) is also not required with the new Single Wire Multiswitch ( SWM or SWiM ) system , which preselects the satellite and transponder tuning and can feed up to 8 tuners via a single coaxial cable . The `` HR '' moniker designates the receiver as a HD digital video recorder ( DVR ) model . Only the H20 / HR20 support direct reception of over-the - air ATSC broadcasts . The H21 / HR21 / HR22 / HR23 / H24 / HR24 receivers do not have a built in ATSC tuner , but the AM21 external tuner is available . In addition , there is HDMI support for HDTVs with an HDMI port . New STBs also support MPEG - 4 standard for HD * Programming . DirecTV also offers the AM21 ( an ATSC add - on for the HR21 ) , the HR21 - Pro ( an HD - DVR with 100 hours HD or 400 hours SD recording capacity ) , and an online DVR scheduler . DirecTV Receiver is a common standard - definition model . D12 was the last one produced , as this type of receiver is being slowly phased out , according to DirecTV 's February 28 , 2008 Investors Info . DirecTV HD Receiver ( H10 / H20 / H21 / H23 / H24 / H25 ) is a receiver which can receive an HD signal and broadcast in 1080i resolution . H25 is the latest version . After a 2009 software upgrade , the H2n series is capable of receiving 1080p resolution . The H2n series is also the only series capable of operating with the Whole - Home DVR . DirecTV Plus DVR ( R15 / R16 / R22 ) is a standard receiver with a built - in digital video recorder . It contains a 160 GB ( new models as of 2010 have a 360 GB ) hard disk using the IDE 40 - pin connection and can store up to 100 hours of programming . R16 - 300 is the last of these line of receivers ; they are being slowly phased out , according to DirecTV 's February 28 , 2008 Investors Info . The R22 is a `` watered down '' HR21 as it can receive MPEG4 and has all the features of the HD DVR , including HD output . However the unit is locked to output standard definition only . In 2010 the R22 is unlocked to output HD output . DirecTV Plus HD - DVR ( HR20 / HR21 / HR22 / HR23 / HR24 ) , the most advanced everyday - consumer receiver in the lineup , is capable of full 1080p high definition and combines both high - definition and DVR capabilities in one unit . It contains a 320 GB hard drive ( 500 GB on the HR22 , HR23 , and HR24 ) using the SATA interface connection . The DirecTV Plus HD DVR also features Media Share , allowing users to view photos and listen to music stored on their computer ( with compatible DLNA server software ) on their TV , and Whole - Home DVR Service which allows them to watch any recorded program on any HD or HD - DVR receiver in the house . The HR24 is the latest , with the HR23 being its predecessor . The HR24 like the HR21 , HR22 , and HR23 , lacks an ATSC tuner as the HR20s had , but does support the AM21 external tuner for over-the - air channels . The HR24 can be expanded to 2TB drive on the eSATA port for up to 480 hours of HD and 1,750 hours of SD recording . DirecTV Pro HD - DVR ( HR21 - Pro ) , the most advanced home theater receiver with HD and DVR in one unit , has a larger capacity hard drive , better cooling and is rack mountable . The DirecTV Pro HD DVR also features Media Share , allowing users to enjoy photos and music stored on their Intel Viiv processor technology - based PC on their TVs . HR24 is the latest ( May 2010 ) . Guide scrolling and channel surfing is much faster than previous models . The DirecTV `` Genie '' Home Media Center HD DVR ( HR - 34 ) the successor to the HR - 24 features the ability to record 5 shows at once , allows for Picture in Picture , and has 1 TB of hard drive space allowing for 200 hours of high - definition recording or 800 hours of standard - definition recording . A second - generation Genie , the HR44 , is now available and the HR34 has been discontinued . A new generation Genie , the HR54 , has been released . The DirecTV H44 `` Genie Lite '' was released to the public in July 2015 . As delivered , it provides the Genie experience including controlling client boxes and standalone television . With the addition of a specific , DIRECTV - branded hard drive it converts into a five - tuner DVR . DirecTV Sat - Go ( `` Satellite - To - Go '' ) is the world 's first portable satellite TV system , conceived by producer Rick Rosner . It combines a receiver , antenna and TV all in one easy - to - carry unit . It was discontinued in 2010 . DirecTV DVR with TiVo Service ( THR22 ) uses the same technology as the HR22 but has a TiVo user interface . The interface is currently the older SD one . This DVR does connect to the Internet , but only for TiVo program guide information . Currently the THR22 can not download program content via broadband . AT&T 's planned over-the - top service for DirecTV wo n't require a satellite dish or a receiver to receive DirecTV programming , but simply a high - speed internet connection . DirecTV Now will be available through digital media player devices such as Roku , Amazon Fire TV , Chromecast , and Apple TV . Access card history ( edit ) DirecTV transmits programming with encryption to mitigate signal piracy . The receiver ( also known as an IRD , or `` integrated receiver - decoder '' ) utilizes ISO / IEC 7816 smart cards which tell the receiver how to decrypt the programming for viewing . In a continuing effort to combat piracy , an access card generation is created approximately every two years , superseding the old set . DirecTV is now utilizing a fifth generation of access cards . P1 , also known as F cards , were used until 1997 . F cards have a picture of a satellite and the DSS logo on the front . P2 , also known as H cards , were introduced in 1996 and eventually replaced F cards . H cards look the same as F cards . H cards were in use until 2002 . P3 , also known as HU cards , were introduced in 1999 and were used until April 2004 . HU cards have a picture of a football player , a basketball , a clapperboard , and a film canister on the front . HU cards originally shipped with receivers with serial numbers above 0001 700 000 . These were removed from circulation because piracy plagued the system . P4 cards were introduced in 2002 and are currently still in use . P4 cards are labeled `` Access Card : 4 . '' D1 cards were introduced in 2004 following compatibility problems with the P4 cards in some receivers . These cards can be identified by the silver edges , and simply bear the word `` DirecTV '' on the front ( no number ) . D2 / P12 cards were introduced in 2005 . This is the current `` standard issue '' card . These cards can be identified by a two - toned blue dot pattern resembling the DirecTV logo in addition to the DirecTV logo and the words `` DirecTV Access Card '' . This card has a picture of a satellite on the front . The period 12 card is the only card that will work with R15 , H20 , and HR20 series receivers . DirecTV has battled with an active signal piracy underground for many years . One infamous event that temporarily hampered pirates was known as ' Black Sunday ' , which took place one week before Super Bowl Sunday in 2001 . Hackers saw a string of software updates starting in late 2000 that seemed harmless , but included code that once complete searched for and destroyed 98 % of hacked smart cards . Hacks continued after that event . High - definition television ( HDTV ) ( edit ) DirecTV AU9 - S 3 - LNB `` Slimline '' satellite dish DirecTV AT - 9 5 - LNB `` Sidecar '' satellite dish Like its competitors , DirecTV offers high - definition television ( HDTV ) and interactive services . To handle the proliferation of bandwidth - intensive HDTV broadcasting , DirecTV rebroadcasts local HDTV stations using the H. 264 / MPEG - 4 AVC codec while employing a newer transmission protocol ( DVB - S2 ) over the newer satellites . This allows DirecTV to squeeze much more HD programming over its satellite signal than was previously feasible using the older MPEG - 2 compression and DSS protocol it has been using . This technology will be gradually expanded to the existing satellites as customer equipment is replaced with new MPEG - 4 - capable receivers . Receiving the channels encoded in MPEG - 4 requires newer receivers , such as the H20 as well as the 5 - LNB K / K dish . DirecTV has contracted with Britain 's Pace Micro Technology , Korea 's LG Electronics and France 's Thomson to manufacture these new receivers . Pace manufactures the DirecTV Plus HD DVR ( Model HR20 - 700 , and HR21 - 700 ) and LG Electronics offers the Model H20 - 600 receiver , while Thomson provides the Model H20 - 100 and HR20 - 100 DVR receivers . DirecTV has admitted to software issues with some of the H20 receivers and HR20 DVRs , which have been plagued with random problems since they were released in mid-2006 . DirecTV regularly released software updates for the HR20 receivers , in an effort to reduce issues to an acceptable level . DirecTV has phased out its original TiVo - branded HD DVR , the HR10 - 250 , which can only decode the older MPEG - 2 signals . All DirecTV - delivered local HDTV stations ( outside of the NYC and LA network stations ) are encoded in MPEG - 4 . The HR10 - 250 can not receive the MPEG - 4 local HDTV stations in these markets but can still receive over-the - air ATSC broadcasts in these markets . After a multi-year hiatus , TiVo and DirecTV are developing a new TiVo enabled HD DVR that will be able to receive / decode DirecTV 's current MPEG - 4 satellite signals . Originally slated for release in the second half of 2009 , it is now available in select markets . 4K television ( edit ) In November 2014 , DirecTV became the first television provider to begin offering 4K ultra-high definition content . On launch , 4K content was limited to renting a small library of on - demand films , downloaded to the subscriber 's Genie DVR ( some 4K content can also be pre-loaded automatically to the set - top box via the Genie Recommends feature ) . The 4K service could also only be used on `` DirecTV 4K Ready '' televisions , which support RVU protocol ; this was limited to selected Samsung 4K televisions released in 2014 . In 2015 , DirecTV introduced 4K Genie Mini set - top boxes , which can be connected to any HDMI 2.0 / HDCP 2.2 - compliant devices to provide 4K video . In April 2016 , DirecTV began live sports broadcasts in 4K to eligible subscribers , including coverage from the 2016 Masters Tournament , 25 MLB Network Showcase baseball games in the 2016 season ( subject to local blackout restrictions ) beginning April 15 , 2016 , and all Notre Dame college football home games during the 2016 season . Local channels ( edit ) DirecTV also offers local channels like CBS , ABC , NBC , Fox , PBS , The CW , Telemundo , Azteca , Univision , ION Television ( in markets that carry that network ) , and some independent stations in markets covering over 99.2 % of U.S. TV households . In markets that lack an OTA CW affiliate , DirecTV offers WKBD - TV from Detroit or KTLA from Los Angeles . Because DirecTV does not carry local digital subchannels , however , broadcast networks such as MeTV and Antenna TV are not available on DirecTV in most markets . Subscribers located where they can not receive an adequate terrestrial television signal and / or live in a tiny market that only has a couple of stations can receive feeds from New York and Los Angeles for CBS , ABC , NBC , and Fox , as well as a feed from the Washington , D.C. CW affiliate , though a waiver from the local affiliate stations may be required to allow this , approved at their discretion . National PBS and ION channels are also available . In the largest markets , local channels are carried on the satellite at 101 ° W. In some smaller markets , the local channels are carried on a second satellite located at 119 ° W which requires a slightly larger dish with two or three LNBs or the newer K / K 5 - LNB dish . In a few smaller markets , local stations are located on a satellite at 72.5 ° W that requires a second dish to be installed . In late 2005 , DirecTV began providing local HDTV channels to the largest markets , requiring newer receivers with a larger dish capable of receiving signals from up to five satellites at once . The K - band signals on the newer K / K dish are received from 101 ° W , 110 ° W , and 119 ° W , while K - band signals are from 99 ° W and 103 ° W . Local television channels are transmitted over optical fiber links , K - band satellite uplink , microwave , and conventional terrestrial transmission to uplink centers located throughout the United States . DirecTV can provide true HD into hotels ( Pro : Idiom ) . Cable companies have been able to provide true HD to hotels for over 2 years now with the installation of private video networks ( FTTP to Coax conversion & Pro : Idiom ) or with HFC HD video distribution systems ( Pro : Idiom ) . JetBlue promotes DirecTV on board Airbus A320 N510JB `` Out of the Blue '' DirecTV on board a jetBlue plane . Programming ( edit ) See also : Audience Network DirecTV 's exclusive general entertainment channel Audience Network has dozens of original and acquired programs , most of them unedited and commercial - free . It had its own exclusive 3DTV channel called n3D that launched in 2010 and shut down in 2012 . DirecTV serves American Airlines , Delta Air Lines , JetBlue , and United Airlines . DirecTV owns regional sports networks Root Sports Pittsburgh , Root Sports Northwest , Root Sports Southwest , Root Sports Rocky Mountain , and Root Sports Utah ( all under the umbrella of AT&T Sports Networks ) . It also owns minority shares of Game Show Network and MLB Network . DirecTV is also the exclusive U.S. rights holder to the NFL Sunday Ticket sports package . It also exclusively carries the `` DirecTV Experience '' , which includes bonus coverage of men 's major golf tournaments and Grand Slam tennis tournaments , including live feeds not available on other networks such as CBS , NBC , ESPN , Golf Channel and Tennis Channel that cover the events . DirecTV was also the exclusive provider of defunct sports packages NASCAR Hot Pass and Mega March Madness . Marketing ( edit ) Beginning in 2006 , DirecTV began a series of commercials in which characters from popular movies and television shows break the fourth wall to tout the service 's picture quality and the number of channels available in high definition . Instead of using CGI the original actors normally reprise their roles on recreated sets , and resulting footage is mixed with the original scenes . The productions are recent and appeal to DirecTV 's `` male - oriented marketing message . '' These characters include Captain Kirk ( William Shatner , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ) , Bill Harding ( Bill Paxton , Twister ) , The Economics Teacher ( Ben Stein , Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ) , Dr. Emmett Brown ( Christopher Lloyd , Back to the Future ) , Burton Guster ( Dulé Hill , Psych ) , C.J. Parker ( Pamela Anderson , Baywatch ) , Rick `` Wild Thing '' Vaughn ( Charlie Sheen , Major League ) , Beyoncé ( Upgrade U music video ) , Nadia ( Shannon Elizabeth , American Pie ) , Turtle ( Jerry Ferrara , Entourage ) , Ellen Ripley ( Sigourney Weaver , Aliens ) , Steve Freeling ( Craig T. Nelson , Poltergeist ) , Annie Wilkes ( Kathy Bates , Misery ) , Mini-Me ( Verne Troyer , Austin Powers In Goldmember ) , The Girl in the Ferrari ( Christie Brinkley , National Lampoon 's Vacation ) , Daisy Duke ( Jessica Simpson , The Dukes of Hazzard ) , T - 1000 ( Robert Patrick , Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ) , Ann Darrow ( Naomi Watts , King Kong ) , Hellboy ( Ron Perlman , Hellboy ) , Richard Hayden ( David Spade , Tommy Boy ) , The Black Eyed Peas ( Meet Me Halfway music video ) , Christina Aguilera ( Keeps Gettin ' Better music video ) and Honey Hornee ( Kim Basinger , Wayne 's World 2 ) . Also in this series of commercials were Peyton Manning , Eli Manning , and Archie Manning promoting NFL Sunday Ticket , and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. promoting NASCAR Hot Pass . Cartoon characters have also been used in the ads , beginning with Scooby - Doo and the Mystery , Inc. gang . Recent commercials have also featured model Hannah Davis and a `` talking '' horse . DirecTV during that time also ran series of ads that takes shots at cable television 's service ( or lack of service ) . Beginning in March 2010 , they did a spoof of the classic game show To Tell The Truth with Alex Trebek hosting the show . The series of commercials both pays homage to the Goodson - Todman game show , and take shots at both cable and DirecTV 's archrival Dish Network , who later sued for false advertising . Another series of commercials , promoting the 2010 NFL Sunday Ticket package of all - football programming , featured neighbors committing uncivil acts to neighbors who watched the `` wrong '' football team . One spot had a woman leaving a snack platter for a neighbor on which the food spelled out `` DIRT BAG '' ; another showed a dog trashing a neighbor 's property ; yet another showed an on - duty policeman knocking on a DirecTV customer 's door , stunning him with a taser and leaving him passed out in his open doorway . In August 2011 , Deion Sanders began appearing in DirecTV 's ads for NFL Sunday Ticket , urging people to switch from cable . These ads originally claimed NFL Sunday Ticket is now `` free '' for new customers for one year with a subscription to their Premiere package and a two - year contract . In response , on August 4 , 2011 , Comcast sued DirecTV for false advertising . Comcast dropped the case on August 19 , 2011 after DirecTV altered the ads to remove the word `` free '' , changing it to `` at no extra charge '' . DirecTV blimp ( edit ) DirecTV Blimp flying over West Las Vegas during the Consumer Electronics Show 2015 . The DirecTV blimp named `` lefty '' was launched in October 2007 at the MLB World Series in Boston and has been seen all over the United States since its inception . The blimp flies mainly over live sporting events but has also been seen at other entertainment and charitable venues . This second generation A-170LS Video Lightsign Lightship features the state of the art video screen that displays full color video images day or night . This lightsign , the only one of its kind in the world , is used to display messaging and advertising for DirecTV . The blimp has been recently spotted on Twitter as followers track the journeys of the blimp from one event to another . The airship is owned and operated by The Lightship Group , an advertising company based in Orlando , FL . Customer service ( edit ) DirecTV service van , Ypsilanti Township , Michigan . DirecTV equipment is installed and maintained by private contractors such as Multiband as shown here . In most areas throughout the United States installation , upgrades , and service are performed by DirecTV home services , a division of DirecTV corporate . DirecTV was awarded a J.D. Power award for residential cable and satellite TV customer satisfaction in 2007 . DirecTV 's customer service is provided by many third - party owned call centers both inside and outside the United States . Most of the call centers are contracted to provide agents to answer customer phone calls regarding programming , billing , or technical questions . As of November 2012 , DirecTV does not offer a 30 - day grace period for those who wish to try the service . `` If you do not fulfill your Programming Agreements , DirecTV may charge a pro-rated fee of up to $480 . '' Better Business Bureau Review ( edit ) In August 2008 , The Boston Globe reported that DirecTV received 20,000 complaints in less than three years to the Better Business Bureau on DirecTV slipping in cancellation fees . In August 2010 , the BBB reported that it had received 39,000 complaints against DirecTV in the previous 3 years , and the BBB gave it an F ( failing ) grade . Many of the complaints concerned DirecTV 's early termination fees , billing and service issues . As of June 2013 , the Better Business Bureau has no rating for DirecTV , though this may be related to problems internal to the BBB . Consumer protection lawsuits and violations ( edit ) Washington state 's Attorney General civil complaint ( edit ) On December 14 , 2009 the Washington Attorney General 's office filed a civil complaint against DirecTV seeking injunctive and other relief . The complaint was filed in the public interest when the Attorney General 's office determined after a one - year investigation by its Consumer Protection Division , that the company allegedly engaged in numerous repeated violations of the state 's Consumer Protection Act . The complaint alleged unfair or deceptive practices which include , but are not limited to Unclear disclosures concerning rebate terms and conditions Unclear and / or unfair advertising for use of the term `` free '' ; Automatically extending contracts when customers require equipment repairs , upgrade equipment or move ; Failing to disclose finance terms and conditions that the company 's least expensive package of $29.99 per month is only available to customers who meet certain financing conditions and agree to have the costs automatically charged or debited . The suit also alleged that some cancellation fees assessed by the company were considered to be unfair , and That the company unfairly retained consumer deposits made to obtain services . Those who cancel service prior to the end of their contract lose part of the deposit and may also be charged cancellation fees . The Attorney General 's Office asked the court to compel DirecTV to change its business practices , impose civil penalties and provide restitution for consumers . The case was settled in December 2010 , with DirecTV agreeing to pay over $1 million , and to correct many of its business practices . 47 other states joined in a similar suit , the settlement of which required the company to pay over $13 million . California class action lawsuit ( edit ) In September 2008 , consumers filed a class action lawsuit with the Los Angeles Superior Court to stop DirecTV 's practice of charging early cancellation penalties to subscribers . The lawsuit claims that DirecTV fails to disclose the penalty to new customers or to existing customers who replace their equipment or add a new receiver , and that these practices are unlawful . In September 2009 , a motion for a preliminary injunction was filed to block the company from automatically removing the fees from customers ' bank accounts or charging their credit card accounts without their prior knowledge and written consent until the lawsuit is resolved . Telemarketing violations ( edit ) In December 2005 the U.S. Federal Trade Commission imposed a $5.3 million penalty on DirecTV for its violations of federal telemarketing regulations . It was the largest civil penalty the FTC had ever announced in a case enforcing any consumer protection law . Deceptive advertising ( edit ) On March 11 , 2015 , the U.S. Federal Trade Commission filed a lawsuit against DirecTV for deceptive advertising . The FTC claims the following : DirecTV failed to properly disclose important terms of its TV packages . DirecTV typically advertised 12 - month deals without noting that A two - year contract is required , Package prices rise substantially during the second year , and Early cancellation fees may be imposed . DirecTV failed to mention that offers of free premium channels , such as HBO , would result in charges if the channels were not canceled before the free period ended . Exclusive channels ( edit ) OnDirecTV DirecTV Series DirecTV Kids DirecTV Premiere DirecTV Action DirecTV Family DirecTV Classics DirecTV Sports Channels DirecTV Sports DirecTV Sports 2 DirecTV Sports 3 DirecTV Sports + See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal Companies portal Television portal United States portal DirecTV satellite fleet High - definition television in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Us : Company Profile '' . DirecTV . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Investor Relations , DirecTV '' . AT&T . Jump up ^ DTV Group ( June 26 , 2010 ) . `` DirecTV Caribbean '' . DirecTV . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( January 17 , 1997 ) . `` DirecTV launches first satellite service to Caribbean '' . South Florida Business Journal . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Completes Acquisition of DirecTV '' . AT&T , Inc . July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` AT&T and DirecTV strike $49 billion deal '' . CNN . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Completes Acquisition of DirecTV '' . AT&T , Inc . July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vines , James ( February 20 , 2003 ) . `` Smyrna Businessman Pleads Guilty in Satellite Piracy Case '' . U.S. Department of Justice . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T says new streaming service will cost $35 a month '' . The Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Associated Press . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brinkly , Joel ( 1986 - 03 - 30 ) . `` The Richest Foundation '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` G.M. Purchase Of Hughes '' . New York Times . 23 December 1985 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Richter , Paul ( February 22 , 1990 ) . `` New Satellite - to - Home TV Service Due in 1993 : Broadcasting : Four firms back - billion Sky Cable venture . The system could carry up to 108 channels '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Cory Grice ( December 14 , 1998 ) . `` Hughes buys satellite firm for $1.3 billion '' . CNET news . Jump up ^ Joanna Glasner ( January 22 , 1999 ) . `` DirecTV Buys PrimeStar '' . Wired . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lander , Mark ( September 20 , 1996 ) . `` Hughes Deal For Panamsat Is Reported To Be Complete '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Bowman , Bill . `` Delco Electronics Corporation '' . GM Heritage Center . Jump up ^ Peltz , JamesPeltz ( January 17 , 1997 ) . `` Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5 - Billion Deal '' . L.A. Times . Jump up ^ `` Raytheon , GM in Dispute Over Hughes Sale '' . L.A. Times . Bloomberg . January 28 , 1999 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Form 10 - K , Hughes Electronics Corporation '' . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . March 11 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Boeing Acquisition of Hughes Space and Communications Business '' . Boeing Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Hughes , Boeing reach settlement on satellite sale dispute '' . SpaceToday.net . July 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Behrens , Steve ; Bedford , Karen Everhart ( December 13 , 1999 ) . `` DirecTV okays channels from PBS and ITVS '' . Current . American University School of Communication . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hofmeister , Sallie ( September 7 , 2000 ) . `` GM Revving Up the Bidding War for Hughes Sale '' . L.A. Times . Jump up ^ `` Murdoch 's DirecTV purchase ' approved ' '' . BBC News . February 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` EchoStar wins DirecTV '' . CNNMoney . October 29 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Mannes , George ( December 10 , 2002 ) . `` Hughes - EchoStar Split Leaves PanAmSat Hanging '' . The Street . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nic Hopkins ( April 10 , 2003 ) . `` News Corp buys control of DirecTV '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` FCC OKs News Corp. purchase of DirecTV '' . MSNBC . December 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Form 10 - K , The DirecTV Group '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . March 17 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV Agrees to Sale of PanAmSat Unit '' . L.A. Times . April 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Form 10 - K , The DirecTV Group , Inc '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SkyTerra Communications Acquires Remaining Interest in Hughes Network Systems LLC from The DirecTV Group '' . SkyTerra Communications , Inc . January 3 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The DIRECTV Group Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2006 Results '' . DirecTV . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV to carry 100 National HD Channels in 2007 '' . Engadgethd.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV Locals '' . Directv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ David Lieberman ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Deal would give Liberty reins of DirecTV '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` News Corp . Shareholders Accept Liberty Deal '' . NY Times . April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Mullaney ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Liberty Completes Swap of News Corp. , DirecTV Stakes '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ John Eggerton ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` FCC Approves Transfer of DirecTV 's Station Licenses to Liberty Entertainment '' . Benton Foundation . Jump up ^ Tim Mullaney and Kelly Riddell ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` DirecTV Group to Combine With Liberty Entertainment '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV Completes Merger Transaction with Liberty Media '' . DirecTV . November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Satellite Services '' . DirecTV . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why have the Music Channels changed ? '' . DirecTV.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Moore ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` Get ready for Root Sports , the next homer TV network '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` D&M Holdings Divests ReplayTV '' . Dm-holdings.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Key , Peter ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` DirecTV buys firm backed by Michael Hagan '' . bizjournals.com . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` AT&T interested in acquiring satellite broadcaster DirecTV '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de la Merced , Michael ; Gelles , David ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` AT&T to Buy DirecTV for $48.5 Billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marek , Sue ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` AT&T to purchase DirecTV in $49 B Deal '' . Fierce Cable . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` DirecTV deal with AT&T includes NFL Sunday Ticket exit clause '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T & DirecTV Merger Gets FCC Approval -- With Conditions '' . Deadline.com . July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FCC approves AT&T -- DirecTV merger '' . The Verge . Vox Media . July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bode , Karl ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` AT&T Outlines the Changes DirecTV ( and U-Verse ) Users Will See '' . DSL Reports . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dano , Mike ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` AT&T to stop investing in U-verse CPE , will move to new in - home architecture using DirecTV system '' . FierceCable . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` AT&T to Put ' Genie ' Into U-Verse's Bottle '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Roettgers , Kano ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` AT&T Taps Former Sirius XM , Cisco Exec as Video and Internet CTO '' . Variety . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Enrique Rodriguez to Lead AT&T - DirecTV Integration '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Mike ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` AT&T Enters Next Phase in DirecTV Branding '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` AT&T to begin transitioning away from DirecTV brand starting in January , report says '' . FierceCable . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bode , Karl ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` AT&T Plans on Killing the DirecTV Name Starting in January '' . DSL Reports . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Scott ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T Takes U-Turn on U-Verse as It Pushes Users Toward DirecTV '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baumgarnter , Jeff ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T Stops Making U-verse TV Boxes : Report '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T reportedly halts U-verse set - top production in latest DirecTV push '' . Fierce Cable . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Ed ; Sherman , Alex ; Moritz , Scott ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T Discussed Idea of Takeover in Time Warner Meetings '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Report : AT&T considering buying Time Warner '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hagey , Keach ; Sharma , Amol ; Cimilluca , Dana ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T Is in Advanced Talks to Acquire Time Warner '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T agrees to buy Time Warner for more than $80 B '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gryta , Thomas ; Hagey , Keach ; Cimmiluca , Dana ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T Reaches Deal to Buy Time Warner for $86 Billion '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` AT&T loses 233K video subs in Q1 as U-verse continues cratering and DirecTV flatlines '' . Fierce Cable . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` AT&T Drops 230,000 TV Subscribers as DirecTV Satellite Customers Remain Flat in Q1 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` AT&T 's ' next - gen ' TV platform rollout will start on DirecTV Now '' . Engadget . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` AT&T To Offer Cloud - Based DVR To Streaming Services '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` DirecTV Now to finally get cloud DVR as part of AT&T video platform rollout '' . Fierce Cable . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Engebretson , Joan ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` AT&T CEO : Bye - Bye DirecTV , Hello AT&T OTT Video '' . Telecompetitor . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AT&T se enfrenta al desafío de encontrar un comprador para DirecTV Latinoamérica - Leticia Pautasio , Telesemana , 18 September 2017 ^ Jump up to : Baumgartner , Jeff ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T to Take DirecTV Over-The - Top '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirsch , Nathan ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T Allows DIRECTV Video Services Over a Your Internet Connection '' . Legit Reviews . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T Unveils DirecTV Streaming Video Plans With TV And Short - Form Content '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` DirecTV Now Coming in November '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AT&T will reveal everything about DirecTV Now on November 28th The Verge , November 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` DirecTV and TiVo to Launch New HD DirecTV DVR with TiVo Service '' . DIRECTV . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Can TiVo Reinvent Itself ? '' . Multichannel News . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Don Reisinger ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` DirecTV TiVo DVRs coming to select markets this week ? '' . CNET . ^ Jump up to : `` DIRECTV TiVo -- DIRECTV DVR with TiVo service -- TiVo '' . TiVo . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` HD DVR -- Tivo ® for DIRECTV '' . DirecTV . December 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` THR22 DIRECTV HD TiVo DVR FAQ '' . weaKnees . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Solid Signal goes `` Hands On '' with the new HR44 Genie DVR - The Solid Signal Blog `` . Forums.solidsignal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Solid Signal 's HANDS ON REVIEW : DIRECTV H44 Genie Lite and external hard drive - The Solid Signal Blog '' . Forums.solidsignal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Manly , Lorne ( January 8 , 2007 ) . From the Mind of a TV Producer , Satellite Television in a Portable Box . New York Times Jump up ^ Poulsen , Kevin ( 2001 - 01 - 25 ) . `` DirecTV attacks hacked smart cards '' . Theregister.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` From the Eye of a Legal Storm , Murdoch 's Satellite - TV Hacker Tells All '' . Wired . May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Jeff ( 2008 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Revisiting the Black Sunday Hack '' . Coding Horror . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV launches 4K exclusive to Samsung TVs '' . CNET . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV solves its 4K TV compatibility problem with new Genie Mini set - top boxes '' . TechHive . IDG . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV 's first live 4K show is the Masters golf tournament '' . Engadget . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters in 4K : DirecTV , CBS Sports Tee Up First Live 4K UHD Broadcast in U.S '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV to Carry MLB Network Games in 4K Ultra HD '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV To Offer Notre Dame Football Telecasts In 4K '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HD Locals '' . DirecTV . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul . `` Scene 1 , Double Take 2 '' Washington Post , August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Comcast Looks To Sack DirecTV 's Sunday Ticket Campaign Multichannel News August 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Comcast Drops Suit Against DirecTV Over NFL Sunday Ticket Ads Multichannel News August 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Client Highlights > > DirecTV '' . Lightships . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ DirecTV Sweeps J.D. Power Survey Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Cable360.net August 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ Agreements DirecTV official site accessed November 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ DirecTV says its cancellation fee is fair since installation is free The Boston Globe August 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` DirecTV Customer Service : Fail '' . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` BBB Business Review of DirecTV , Inc '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Better Business Bureau Expels Los Angeles Organization for Failure to Meet Standards '' . Arlington , VA : Better Business Bureau . March 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Attorney Generals 1 million DIRECTV settlement sends clear signal '' . Atg.wa.gov . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ State Attorneys General Accept $13 Million DIRECTV Settlement Heartlander Magazine . News.heartland.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV Takes Disputed Fees Out of Customer Accounts , Suit Charges '' . Consumer Affairs . September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV to Pay $5.3 Million Penalty for Do Not Call Violations '' . Ftc.gov . June 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` FTC alleges DirecTV deceptively advertised TV packages '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website AT&T 's DIRECTV website <Th_colspan="2"> AT&T <Td_colspan="2"> History Corporate directors Chairman , CEO and president Randall L. Stephenson Randall L. Stephenson -- Chairman and CEO Joyce M. Roché Samuel A. DiPiazza , Jr . Richard W. Fisher Scott T. Ford Glenn H. Hutchins William E. 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Yang Acquired companies AT&T Corporation Ameritech BellSouth DirecTV Leap Wireless Pacific Telesis Southern New England Telecommunications AT&T Mexico Unefón Bell Operating Companies BellSouth Telecommunications Illinois Bell Indiana Bell Michigan Bell Nevada Bell Ohio Bell Pacific Bell Southwestern Bell Wisconsin Bell Competitive local exchange carrier SBC Telecom Long distance services Alascom AT&T Corporation BellSouth Long Distance SBC Long Distance AT&T Mobility Cricket Wireless Alltel Ameritech Cellular AT&T Wireless Services BellSouth Mobility BellSouth Mobility DCS Centennial Wireless Dobson Communications Houston Cellular Pacific Bell Wireless Pacific Bell Wireless Northwest SBC Wireless SNET Mobility Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems Southwestern Bell Wireless Internet services IP services ( VoIP , IPTV ) U-verse Subscription Services DirecTV Now AT&T Internet Services Ameritech Interactive Media Services Pacific Bell Internet Services Prodigy Southwestern Bell Internet Services Other ISPs AT&T Business Internet BellSouth FastAccess DSL Directories Anywho.com Yellowpages.com Television channels AT&T Sports Networks AT&T SportsNet Northwest ( 40 % ) Pittsburgh Rocky Mountain Southwest Utah Other Game Show Network ( 42 % ) MLB Network ( 16.67 % ) Audience AT&T Intellectual Property AT&T Intellectual Property I AT&T Intellectual Property II AT&T Intellectual Property Marketing AT&T Properties Ameritech Properties Research and development AT&T Labs Otter Media ( 50 % ) Fullscreen Rooster Teeth McBeard Ellation VRV Crunchyroll ( Crunchyroll Manga ) Hello Sunshine Gunpowder & Sky Maritime Communication Services Wireless Maritime Services <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cable , satellite , and other speciality television providers in the Americas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cable , satellite , and other specialty television providers in Canada <Td_colspan="2"> Terrestrial and satellite Satellite Bell TV Shaw Direct Telus Satellite TV Cable Major Bell ( Cablevision for Val - 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1. DirecTV - American direct broadcast satellite service provider
2. Satellite television - Transmits digital satellite television and audio to households
3. AT&T - Parent company of DirecTV
4. Pay television - Subscription-based television services
5. Competition - Dish Network and cable television providers
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when was the second round table conference held
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Round Table conferences ( India ) - wikipedia Round Table conferences ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Anglo - Indian round table conferences . For Dutch - Indonesian round table conference , see Dutch - Indonesian Round Table Conference . For other uses , see Round Table ( disambiguation ) . The three Round Table Conferences of 1930 -- 32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India . These started in November 1930 and ended in 1932 ( month is unknown ) . They were conducted as per the recommendation of Jinnah to Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald , and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930 . Demands for swaraj , or self - rule , in India had been growing increasingly strong . By the 1930s , many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status . However , there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Round Table Conference ( November 1930 -- January 1931 ) 1.1 Participants 1.2 Proceedings 2 Second Round Table Conference ( September -- December 1931 ) 2.1 Participants 2.2 Proceedings 3 Third Round Table Conference ( November -- December 1932 ) 3.1 Participants 4 References 5 Further reading First Round Table conference ( November 1930 -- January 1931 ) ( edit ) The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12 , 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London and chaired by the British Prime Minister , Ramsay MacDonald . The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates . There were fifty - eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states . In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference . However , the Indian National Congress , along with Indian business leaders , kept away from the conference . Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement . Participants ( edit ) British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay MacDonald , Lord Sankey , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , J.H. Thomas , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , Earl Russell Conservative : Earl Peel , Marquess of Zetland , Samuel Hoare , Oliver Stanley Liberal : Marquess of Reading , Marquess of Lothian , Sir Robert Hamilton , Isaac Foot Muslim League : Aga Khan III ( leader of British - Indian delegation ) , Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Hafiz Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , A.H. Ghuznavi Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala ( Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes ) , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. Kailas Narain Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) British - Indian Representatives : Hindus : B.S. Moonje , M.R. Jayakar , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , Tej Bahadur Sapru , C.Y. Chintamani , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav , Sir A.P. Patro Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Phiroze Sethna , Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody Indian Christians : K.T. Paul Europeans : Sir Hubert Carr , Sir Oscar de Glanville ( Burma ) , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Raja of Parlekhmundi ( Orissa ) , Provash Chandra Mitter Labour : N.M. Joshi , B. Shiva Rao Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth , Burma : U Aung Thin , Ba U , M.M. Ohn Ghine Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Government of India : Narendra Nath Law , Bhupendra Nath Mitra , C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , M. Ramachandra Rao Officials attending in consultative capacity : W.M. Hailey , C.A. Innes , A.C. MacWatters , H.G. Haig , L.W. Reynolds Indian States Delegation Staff : Hyderabad : Sir Richard Chenevix - Trench , Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung , Ahmed Hussain , Nawab Sir Amin Jung Bahadur , Sir Reginald Glancy South Indian States : T. Raghavaiah Baroda : V.T. Krishnamachari Alwar : Fateh Naseeb Khan Orissa States : K.C. Neogy Nominated by the Chamber of Princes Special Organisation : L.F. Rushbrook Williams , Qazi Ali Haidar Abbasi , Jarmani Dass , A.B. Latthe , D.A. Surve Secretariats : S.K. Brown , V. Dawson , K.S. Fitze , W.H. Lewis , R.J. Stopford , J. Coatman , Marmaduke Pickthall , K.M. Panikkar , N.S. Subba Rao , Geoffrey Corbett , A. Latifi , Girija Shankar Bajpai Secretariat - General : R.H.A. Carter , Mian Abdul Aziz , W.D. Croft , G.E.J. Gent , B.G. Holdsworth , R.F. Mudie , G.S. Rajadhya Proceedings ( edit ) The conference started with 6 plenary meetings where delegates put forward their issues 9 sub committees were formed to deal with several different matters including federal structure , provincial constitution , province of Sindh and NWFP , defense services and minorities e.t.c. These were followed by discussions on the reports of the sub-committees on Federal Structure , Provincial Constitution , Minorities , Burma , North West Frontier Province , Franchise , Defense services and Sindh . These were followed by 2 more plenary meetings and a final concluding session . It was difficult for progress to be made in the absence of the Indian National Congress but some advances were made . The idea of an All - India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion by Tej Bahadur Sapru . All the groups attending the conference supported this concept . The princely states agreed to the proposed federation provided that their internal sovereignty was guaranteed . The Muslim League also supported the federation as it had always been opposed to a strong Centre . The British agreed that representative government should be introduced on provincial level . Other important discussions were the responsibility of the executive to the legislature and a separate electorate for the Untouchables as demanded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar . Second Round Table conference ( September -- december 1931 ) ( edit ) The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru , M.R. Jayakar and V.S. Srinivasa Sastri . A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi -- Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference . By this time , there was a coalition Government in Britain with a Conservative majority . It was held in London in September 1931 . The discussion led to the passing of the Government Of India act of 1935 . Participants ( edit ) British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay MacDonald , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , F.W. hick - Lawrence , Lord Sankey , Lord Snell , J.H. Thomas Conservative : Viscount Hailsham , Samuel Hoare , Earl Peel , Oliver Stanley , Marquess of Zetland Scottish Unionist : Walter Elliot Liberal : Isaac Foot , Henry Graham White , Robert Hamilton , Marquess of Lothian , Marquess of Reading , Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Maharao of Kutch , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Indore , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Kapurthala , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Raja of Korea , Raja of Sarila , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Sir Muhammad Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. K.N. Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , T. Raghavaiah ( Travancore ) , Liaqat Hayat Khan ( Patiala ) British - Indian Representatives : Government of India : C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , Narendra Nath Law , M. Ramachandra Rao Indian National Congress : Mahatma Gandhi ( He was the sole representative of the Congress ) . Muslims : Aga Khan III , Maulana Shaukat Ali , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Muhammad Iqbal , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , Syed Ali Imam , Maulvi Muhammad Shafi Daudi , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , A.H. Ghuznavi , Hafiz Hidayat Hussain , Sayed Muhammad Padshah Saheb Bahadur , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Jamal Muhammad , khaja Mian Rowther , Nawab Sahibzada Sayed Muhammad Mehr Shah Hindus : M.R. Jayakar , B.S. Moonje , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , C.Y. Chintamani , Tej Bahadur Sapru , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Raja of Bobbili , Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Sir A.P. Patro , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan , Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody , Phiroze Sethna Indian Christians : Surendra Kumar Datta , A.T. Pannirselvam Europeans : E.C. Benthall , Sir Hubert Carr , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Sarojini Naidu , Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Raja of Parlakimedi ( Orissa ) , Sir Provash Chandra Mitter Industry : Ghanshyam Das Birla , Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas , Maneckji Dadabhoy Labour : N.M. Joshi , B. Shiva Rao , V.V. Giri Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth Burma : Sir Padamji Ginwala Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Indian States Delegation Staff : V.T. Krishnamachari ( Baroda ) , Richard Chenevix - Trench ( Hyderabad ) , Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung ( Hyderabad ) , S.M. Bapna ( Indore ) , Amar Nath Atal ( Jaipur ) , J.W. Young ( Jodhpur ) , Ram Chandra Kak ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , Sahibzada Abdus Samad Khan ( Rampur ) , K.C. Neogy ( Orissa states ) , L.F. Rushbrook Williams , Jarmani Dass , Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari , K.M. Panikkar , N. Madhava Rao British Delegation Staff : H.G. Haig , V. Dawson , K.S. Fitze , J.G. Laithwaite , W.H. Lewis , P.J. Patrick , J. Coatman , G.T. Garratt , R.J. Stopford British Indian Delegation Staff : Geoffrey Corbett , A. Latifi , Girija Shankar Bajpai , Benegal Rama Rau , Syed Amjad Ali , Prince Aly Khan , A.M. Chaudhury , Mahadev Desai , Govind Malaviya , K.T. Shah , P. Sinha Secretariat - General : R.H.A. Carter , K. Anderson , C.D. Deshmukh , J.M. Sladen , Hugh MacGregor , G.F. Steward , A.H. Joyce , Syed Amjad Ali , Ram Babu Saksena Proceedings ( edit ) The second session opened on September 7 , 1931 . There were three major differences between the first and second Round Table Conferences . By the second : The Second Round Table Conference ( September 7 , 1931 ) Congress Representation -- The Gandhi - Irwin Pact opened the way for Congress participation in this conference . Mahatma Gandhi was invited from India and attended as the sole official Congress representative accompanied by Sarojini Naidu and also Madan Mohan Malaviya , Ghanshyam Das Birla , Muhammad Iqbal , Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore ) , S.K. Dutta and Sir Syed Ali Imam . Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India ; that the Untouchables were Hindus and should not be treated as a `` minority '' ; and that there should be no separate electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities . These claims were rejected by the other Indian participants . According to this pact , Gandhi was asked to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement ( CDM ) and if he did so the prisoners of the British government would be freed except the criminal prisoners , i.e. those who had killed British officials . He returned to India , disappointed with the results and empty - handed . National Government -- two weeks earlier the Labour government in London had fallen . Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party . Financial Crisis -- During the conference , Britain went off the Gold Standard further distracting the National Government . During the Conference , Gandhi could not reach agreement with the Muslims on Muslim representation and safeguards . At the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to produce a Communal Award for minority representation , with the provision that any free agreement between the parties could be substituted for his award . Gandhi took particular exception to the treatment of untouchables as a minority separate from the rest of the Hindu community . He clashed with the leader of depressed classes , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , over this issue : the two eventually resolved the situation with the Poona Pact of 1932 . Third Round Table conference ( November -- december 1932 ) ( edit ) The third and last session assembled on November 17 , 1932 . Only forty - six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present . The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress refused to attend . From September 1931 until March 1933 , under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India , Sir Samuel Hoare , the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935 . Participants ( edit ) Indian States ' Representatives : Akbar Hydari ( Dewan of Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Dewan of Mysore ) , V.T. Krishnamachari ( Dewan of Baroda ) , Wajahat Hussain ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , Sir Sukhdeo Prasad ( Udaipur , Jaipur , Jodhpur ) , J.A. Surve ( Kolhapur ) , Raja Oudh Narain Bisarya ( Bhopal ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Bikaner ) , Nawab Liaqat Hayat Khan ( Patiala ) , Fateh Naseeb Khan ( Alwar State ) , L.F. Rushbrook Williams ( Nawanagar ) , Raja of Sarila ( small states ) British - Indian Representatives : Aga Khan III , B.R. Ambedkar ( Depressed Classes ) , Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili , Sir Hubert Carr ( Europeans ) , Nanak Chand Pandit , A.H. Ghuznavi , Henry Gidney ( Anglo - Indians ) , Hafiz Hidayat Hussain , Muhammad Iqbal , M.R. Jayakar , Cowasji Jehangir , N.M. Joshi ( Labour ) , Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar , Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz ( Women ) , A.P. Patro , Tej Bahadur Sapru , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Sir Shadi Lal , Tara Singh Malhotra , Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar , Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan ( 15 ed . ) . Karachi , Pakistan : University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2012 ) . Shameful Flight ( 1st ed . ) . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 906606 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Indian Round Table Conference Proceedings . Government of India . 1931 . ^ Jump up to : Prof M. Ikram , Rabbani . Pakistan studies ( 2nd ed . ) . Lahore , Pakistan : Caravan book house . pp. 100 -- 101 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. ( 1957 ) . Transfer of Power in India . Orient Longman Limited . p. 44 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Round Table Conference ( Second Session ) Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions ( PDF ) . 1932 . Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1932/oct/31/round-table-conference-delegates Further Reading ( edit ) Beatty , Michael J. , Ralph R. Behnke , and Barbara Jane Banks . Elements of dialogic communication in Gandhi 's second round table conference address ( 1979 ) : 386 - 398 . Menon , V.P. ( 1995 ) . `` Integration of the Indian States '' , ' Orient Longman Ltd ' Essay on Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences , London 1931 -- 1933 <Th_colspan="2"> Mahatma Gandhi Life events and movements Indian Ambulance Corps Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh Ashrams ( Kochrab Tolstoy Farm Sabarmati Sevagram ) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Gandhi cap Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj ( Indian Home Rule ) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Young India Seven Social Sins ( Gandhi Heritage Portal ) Influences A Letter to a Hindu Ahimsa nonviolence Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience ( essay ) Civil disobedience Fasting Harishchandra Hinduism Khadi John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Muhammad Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkuṛaḷ Unto This Last Gandhi 's translation `` Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram '' `` Ekla Chalo Re '' `` Hari Tuma Haro '' `` Vaishnava Jana To '' Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C.F. 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Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. 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Fazlul Huq G.M. Syed Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Hasrat Mohani Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Jogendra Nath Mandal K.H. Khurshid Khawaja Nazimuddin Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Qazi Muhammad Essa Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Sikandar Hayat Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? 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1. Round Table conferences in India
2. Constitutional reforms in India
3. British Government and Indian political parties
4. Participants in the Round Table conferences
5. Gandhi's role in the conferences
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where does the definition of insanity come from
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Insanity - wikipedia Insanity `` Crazy '' , `` Insane '' , `` Madman '' , `` Barking mad '' , and `` Madwoman '' redirect here . For other uses , see Crazy ( disambiguation ) , Insane ( disambiguation ) , and Madman ( disambiguation ) . For the British TV program , see Barking Mad . For the opera , see Madwoman : A Contemporary Opera . For other uses of `` Insanity '' , see Insanity ( disambiguation ) . Engraving of the eighth print of William Hogarth 's A Rake 's Progress depicting inmates at Bedlam Asylum Insanity , craziness , or madness is a spectrum of both group and individual behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns . Insanity may manifest as violations of societal norms , including a person or persons becoming a danger to themselves or others , though not all such acts are considered insanity ; it has been associated with the idea of contagion , as in the case of copycat suicides , likewise , not all acts showing indifference toward societal norms are acts of insanity . In modern usage , insanity is most commonly encountered as an informal unscientific term denoting mental instability , or in the narrow legal context of the insanity defense . In the medical profession the term is now avoided in favor of diagnoses of specific psychiatric diseases ; the presence of delusions or hallucinations is broadly referred to as psychosis . When discussing psychiatric illness in general terms , `` psychopathology '' is considered a preferred descriptor . In English , the word `` sane '' derives from the Latin adjective sanus meaning `` healthy '' . Juvenal 's phrase mens sana in corpore sano is often translated to mean a `` healthy mind in a healthy body '' . From this perspective , insanity can be considered as poor health of the mind , not necessarily of the brain as an organ ( although that can affect mental health ) , but rather refers to defective function of mental processes such as reasoning . Another Latin phrase related to our current concept of sanity is `` compos mentis '' ( lit . `` sound of mind '' ) , and a euphemistic term for insanity is `` non compos mentis '' . In law , mens rea means having had criminal intent , or a guilty mind , when the act ( actus reus ) was committed . A more informal use of the term insanity is to denote something or someone considered highly unique , passionate or extreme , including in a positive sense . The term may also be used as an attempt to discredit or criticise particular ideas , beliefs , principles , desires , personal feelings , attitudes , or their proponents , such as in politics and religion . Contents 1 Historical views and treatment 1.1 Ancient Greece 1.2 Ancient Rome 1.3 From the Middle Ages onwards 2 In medicine 3 Legal use of the term 4 Feigned insanity 5 References 6 External links Historical views and treatment Madness , the non-legal word for insanity , has been recognized throughout history in every known society . Some traditional cultures have turned to witch doctors or shamans to apply magic , herbal mixtures , or folk medicine to rid deranged persons of evil spirits or bizarre behavior , for example . Archaeologists have unearthed skulls ( at least 7000 years old ) that have small , round holes bored in them using flint tools . It has been conjectured that the subjects may have been thought to have been possessed by spirits which the holes would allow to escape . However , more recent research on the historical practice of trepanning supports the hypothesis that this procedure was medical in nature and intended as means of treating cranial trauma . Ancient greece The Greeks appeared to share something of today 's secular and holistic view , believing that afflictions of the mind did not differ from diseases of the body . Moreover , they saw mental and physical illness as a result of natural causes and an imbalance in bodily humors . Hippocrates frequently wrote that an excess of black bile resulted in irrational thinking and behavior . Goya 's Madhouse , 1812 - 1819 Ancient rome Romans made other contributions to psychiatry , in particular a precursor of some contemporary practice . They put forward the idea that strong emotions could lead to bodily ailments , the basis of today 's theory of psychosomatic illness . The Romans also supported humane treatment of the mentally ill , and in so doing codified into law the principle of insanity as a mitigation of responsibility for criminal acts , although the criterion for insanity was sharply set as the defendant had to be found `` non compos mentis '' , a term meaning `` not sound of mind '' . From the Middle Ages onwards The Middle Ages , however , witnessed the end of the progressive ideas of the Greeks and Romans . During the 18th century , the French and the British introduced humane treatment of the clinically insane , though the criteria for diagnosis and placement in an asylum were considerably looser than today , often including such conditions as speech disorder , speech impediments , epilepsy , and depression or being pregnant out of wedlock . Europe 's oldest asylum was the precursor of today 's Bethlem Royal Hospital in London , known then as Bedlam , which began admitting the mentally ill in 1403 and is mentioned in Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales . The first American asylum was built in Williamsburg , Virginia , circa 1773 . Before the 19th century these hospitals were used to isolate the mentally ill or the socially ostracized from society rather than cure them or maintain their health . Pictures from this era portrayed patients bound with rope or chains , often to beds or walls , or restrained in straitjackets . In medicine Wikinews has related news : Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality , insanity , Freud , fetishes and apathy Insanity is no longer considered a medical diagnosis but is a legal term in the United States , stemming from its original use in common law . The disorders formerly encompassed by the term covered a wide range of mental disorders now diagnosed as bipolar disorder , organic brain syndromes , schizophrenia , and other psychotic disorders . Legal use of the term Main article : Insanity defense In United States criminal law , insanity may serve as an affirmative defense to criminal acts and thus does not need to negate an element of the prosecution 's case such as general or specific intent . Each U.S. state differs somewhat in its definition of insanity but most follow the guidelines of the Model Penal Code . All jurisdictions require a sanity evaluation to address the question first of whether or not the defendant has a mental illness . Most courts accept a major mental illness such as psychosis but will not accept the diagnosis of a personality disorder for the purposes of an insanity defense . The second question is whether the mental illness interfered with the defendant 's ability to distinguish right from wrong . That is , did the defendant know that the alleged behavior was against the law at the time the offense was committed . Additionally , some jurisdictions add the question of whether or not the defendant was in control of their behavior at the time of the offense . For example , if the defendant was compelled by some aspect of their mental illness to commit the illegal act , the defendant could be evaluated as not in control of their behavior at the time of the offense . The forensic mental health specialists submit their evaluations to the court . Since the question of sanity or insanity is a legal question and not a medical one , the judge and or jury will make the final decision regarding the defendant 's status regarding an insanity defense . In most jurisdictions within the United States , if the insanity plea is accepted , the defendant is committed to a psychiatric institution for at least 60 days for further evaluation , and then reevaluated at least yearly after that . Insanity is generally no defense in a civil lawsuit . However , in civil cases , the insanity of the plaintiff can toll the statute of limitations for filing a suit until the plaintiff has recovered from this condition , or until a statute of repose has run . Feigned insanity Feigned insanity is the simulation of mental illness in order to deceive . Amongst other purposes , insanity is feigned in order to avoid or lessen the consequences of a confrontation or conviction for an alleged crime . A number of treatises on medical jurisprudence were written during the nineteenth century , the most famous of which was Isaac Ray in 1838 ( fifth edition 1871 ) ; others include Ryan ( 1832 ) , Taylor ( 1845 ) , Wharton and Stille ( 1855 ) , Ordronaux ( 1869 ) , Meymott ( 1882 ) . The typical techniques as outlined in these works are the background for Dr. Neil S. Kaye 's widely recognized guidelines that indicate an attempt to feign insanity . One particularly famous example of someone feigning insanity was the case of Mafia boss Vincent Gigante , who pretended for years to be suffering from dementia , and was often seen wandering aimlessly around his neighborhood in his pajamas muttering to himself . However , testimony from informants and surveillance showed that Gigante was in full control of his faculties the whole time , and ruled over his Mafia family with an iron fist . Today feigned insanity is considered malingering . In a 2005 court case , United States v. Binion , the defendant was prosecuted and convicted for obstruction of justice ( adding to his original sentence ) because he feigned insanity in a Competency to Stand Trial evaluation . References ^ Jump up to : LM Tierney , SJ McPhee , MA Papadakis ( 2002 ) . Current medical Diagnosis & Treatment . International edition . New York : Lange Medical Books / McGraw - Hill . pp. 1078 -- 1086 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 137688 - 7 . Jump up ^ An interview with Dr. Joseph Merlino , David Shankbone , Wikinews , October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Raymond M. ( 2007 ) `` madness '' in George Ritzer ( ed . ) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology , Blackwell Publishing , 2007 , pp. 2693 - 2695 Jump up ^ Porter , Roy ( 2002 ) Madness - A Brief History , Oxford University Press , 2002 , p. 10 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280266 - 6 Jump up ^ Andrushko , Valerie A. ; Verano , John W. ( 1 September 2008 ) . `` Prehistoric trepanation in the Cuzco region of Peru : A view into an ancient Andean practice '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 12 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20836 . PMID 18386793 . Jump up ^ Weinstein 2007 , p. 2693 Jump up ^ Craighead , W. Edward ( 2002 ) . The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science . John Wiley and Sons . p. 941 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 27082 - 2 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Daniel N. ( 1995 ) . An intellectual history of psychology . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 305 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 14844 - 0 . Jump up ^ Scull , Andrew ( 1981 ) . Madhouses , Mad - doctors , and Madmen : The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 105 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 7801 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tighe , Janet A. ( 2005 ) . `` '' What 's in a Name ? `` : A Brief Foray into the History of Insanity in England and the United States '' . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law . 33 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 8 . PMID 15985670 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Poortinga , Ernest ; G ( 2007 ) . `` Criminal Responsibility and Intent -- Poortinga and Guyer 35 ( 1 ) : 124 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online '' . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online . www.jaapl.org. 35 ( 1 ) : 124 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , David L. ( 1991 ) . Forensic Psychological Assessment : An Integrative Approach . Needham Heights , MA : Simon & Schuster . pp. 70&ndash , 72 . ISBN 0 - 205 - 12521 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gary , Melton ( 1997 ) . Psychological Evaluations for the Courts : A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : The Guilford Press . pp. 186&ndash , 248 . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 236 - 4 . Jump up ^ Neil S. Kaye M.D. `` Feigned Insanity in Nineteenth Century America Legal Cases '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Selwyn , Rabb ( 19 December 2005 ) . `` Vincent Gigante , Mafia Leader Who Feigned Insanity , Dies at 77 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . External links Media related to Insanity at Wikimedia Commons Look up insanity in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Insanity Rosenhan , David L. `` On Being Sane in Insane Places . '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insanity&oldid=859745747 '' Categories : Insanity Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Basa Sunda Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو Walon 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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1. Abnormal mental or behavioral patterns
2. Violations of societal norms
3. Contagion and copycat suicides
4. Psychiatric diseases and psychosis
5. Insanity defense in legal context
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when was phantom of the opera musical written
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The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Phantom of the Opera ( musical ) '' redirects here . For other musicals based on the Gaston Leroux novel , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Phantom of the Opera <Td_colspan="2"> Poster Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe ( additional ) Book Andrew Lloyd Webber Richard Stilgoe Basis Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Premiere 9 October 1986 : Her Majesty 's Theatre , London Productions See list 1986 West End 1988 Broadway 1988 Vienna 1988 Tokyo 1989 Toronto 1989 Stockholm 1989 Los Angeles 1990 Hamburg 1990 Melbourne 1991 First US Tour 1992 Second US Tour 1993 San Francisco 1993 Scheveningen 1996 Basel 1997 Auckland 1999 Mexico City 2000 Copenhagen 2001 South Korea 2002 Madrid 2003 Budapest 2004 Film 2005 São Paulo 2006 Las Vegas Spectacular 2007 Melbourne 2008 Third US Tour 2008 Warsaw 2009 Buenos Aires 2009 South Korea 2011 25th Anniversary 2012 UK Tour 2013 North American Tour 2013 Hamburg 2014 Moscow 2014 Tartu 2014 Prague 2015 Helsinki 2015 New Zealand Tour 2015 Puerto Rico 2016 Stockholm 2017 Belgrade Various international and amateur productions Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Tony Award for Best Musical The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe . Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical 's book together . Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux , its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano , Christine Daaé , who becomes the obsession of a mysterious , disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire . The musical opened in London 's West End in 1986 , and on Broadway in 1988 . It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical , and Michael Crawford ( in the title role ) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical . It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin , and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012 , the first production ever to do so . It is the second longest - running West End musical , after Les Misérables , and the third longest - running West End show overall , after The Mousetrap . With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $ 5.6 billion and total Broadway gross of $845 million , Phantom was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014 . By 2011 , it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries , and continues to play in London and New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Idea 1.2 Lyricists 1.3 Score 1.4 Design , direction , and choreography 1.5 First preview at Sydmonton 1.6 West End 1.7 Broadway 1.8 Amateur productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Act I 2.3 Act II 3 Casting 3.1 Original casts 3.2 West End replacements 3.3 Broadway replacements 4 Musical numbers 5 Orchestra 6 Recordings 6.1 Sales and certifications 6.1. 1 Original 1986 London production 6.1. 2 Local productions 6.1. 3 Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera 7 Allegations of plagiarism 8 Other productions 8.1 Film version 8.2 Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular 9 Copyright release 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original London production 10.2 Original Broadway production 11 Sequel 12 See also 13 Notes 14 External links Development ( edit ) Idea ( edit ) In 1984 , Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh , the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance , to propose a new musical . He was aiming for a romantic piece , and suggested Gaston Leroux 's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis . They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions , but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage . Later , in New York , Lloyd Webber found a second - hand copy of the original , long - out - of - print Leroux novel , which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical : `` I was actually writing something else at the time , and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story , and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career . Then with the Phantom , it was there ! '' Lyricists ( edit ) Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his `` dark obsessive side '' , but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album . Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited , but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw ; none of his contributions ( mostly involving the song `` Masquerade '' ) are credited in the show . Richard Stilgoe , the lyricist for Starlight Express , wrote most of the original lyrics for the production . Charles Hart , a young and then - relatively unknown lyricist , later rewrote many of the lyrics , along with original lyrics for `` Think of Me '' . Some of Stilgoe 's original contributions are still present in the final version , however . Score ( edit ) Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill , Lloyd Webber 's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout . The full - fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin , Carlotta , and Piangi . They are also used to provide the content of the fictional `` operas '' that are taking place within the show itself , viz. , Hannibal , Il Muto , and the Phantom 's masterwork , Don Juan Triumphant . `` Here , Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan . '' These pieces are often presented as musical fragments , interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical 's `` show within a show '' format . The musical extracts from the Phantom 's opera , `` Don Juan Triumphant '' , during the latter stages of the show , are dissonant and modern -- `` suggesting , perhaps , that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically '' . Design , direction , and choreography ( edit ) Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes , including the elaborate gowns in the `` Masquerade '' sequence . Her set designs , including the chandelier , subterranean gondola , and sweeping staircase , earned her multiple awards . Hal Prince , director of Cabaret , Candide , Follies , and Lloyd Webber 's Evita , directed the production , while Gillian Lynne , associate director and choreographer of Cats , provided the integral musical staging and choreography . First preview at Sydmonton ( edit ) A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton ( Lloyd Webber 's home ) in 1985 , starring Colm Wilkinson ( later the star of the Toronto production ) as the Phantom , Sarah Brightman as Kristin ( later Christine ) , and Clive Carter ( later a member of the London cast ) as Raoul . This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe 's original unaltered lyrics , and many songs sported names that were later changed , such as `` What Has Time Done to Me '' ( `` Think of Me '' ) , and `` Papers '' ( `` Notes '' ) . The Phantom 's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance , obscuring the actor 's vision and muffling his voice . Björnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it , and the unmasking sequence was added . Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production . West End ( edit ) Phantom began previews at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London 's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince , then opened on 9 October . It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson , with lighting by Andrew Bridge . Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul . The production , still playing at Her Majesty 's , celebrated its 10,000 th performance on 23 October 2010 , with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom , Michael Crawford , in attendance . It is the second longest - running musical in West End ( and world ) history behind Les Misérables , and third overall behind The Mousetrap . A 25th - anniversary stage performance was held in London on 1 and 2 October 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall and was screened live in cinemas worldwide . The production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh , directed by Laurence Connor , musical staging & choreography by Gillian Lynne , set design by Matt Kinley , costume design by Maria Björnson , lighting design by Patrick Woodroffe , and sound design by Mick Potter . The cast included Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom , Sierra Boggess as Christine , Hadley Fraser as Raoul , Wynne Evans as Piangi , Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta , Barry James as Monsieur Firmin , Gareth Snook as Monsieur Andre , Liz Robertson as Madame Giry , and Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry . Lloyd Webber and several original cast members , including Crawford and Brightman , were in attendance . A DVD and Blu - ray of the performance was released in February 2012 , and it began airing in March 2012 on PBS 's `` Great Performances '' television series . In March 2012 , a new production directed by Laurence Connor began a UK and Ireland tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show , beginning at the Theatre Royal Plymouth and travelled to Manchester , Bristol , Dublin , Leeds , Edinburgh , Milton Keynes , Cardiff , and Southampton . John Owen - Jones and Earl Carpenter alternated as the Phantom with Katie Hall and Olivia Brereton as Christine and Simon Bailey as Raoul . Broadway ( edit ) Phantom began Broadway previews at the Majestic Theatre on 9 January 1988 and opened on 26 January . Crawford , Brightman , and Barton reprised their respective roles from the West End . The production continues to play at the Majestic , where it became the first Broadway musical in history to surpass 10,000 performances on 11 February 2012 . On 26 January 2013 , the production celebrated its 25th anniversary with its 10,400 th performance . It is , by over 3,500 performances , the longest - running show in Broadway history . By November 2016 , Phantom had been staged over 12,000 times over 28 years . The 30th anniversary was on January 26 , 2018 with an extra matinee and the regularly scheduled Friday evening performance . The celebration performance was performed on the 24th , with members of the original cast and alumni in attendance along with an invite - only audience . Amateur productions ( edit ) In 2013 , the rights to perform `` Phantom '' were released to non-professional groups . CLOC musical theatre staged the world amateur premiere in May 2013 at the National Theatre in Melbourne , Australia . In June 2013 , Windmill Theatre Company staged the production at the Drum Theatre in Dandenong . Also in June 2013 , Wellington Musical Theatre debuted the New Zealand premiere starring Chris Crowe and Barbara Graham . Synopsis ( edit ) Prologue ( edit ) In 1905 Paris , the Opéra Populaire hosts an auction of old theatrical props . Among the attendees is the Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who purchases a papier - mâché music box and eyes it sadly , remarking how the details are `` exactly as she said . '' The auctioneer presents `` a chandelier in pieces '' as the next item up for bid , alluding to a connection with `` the Phantom of the Opera '' . As the porters remove the drop cloth covering the fixture , it flickers to life and ascends to the ceiling as the auditorium 's former grandeur is restored ( `` Overture '' ) . Act I ( edit ) It is now 1881 and the cast of a new production , Hannibal , are rehearsing onstage when they learn that new owners , Firmin and André , are taking over the Opéra Populaire . Carlotta , the Opéra 's resident soprano prima donna , begins to perform an aria for the new managers when a backdrop inexplicably falls from the flies , barely missing her and prompting anxious chorus girls to whisper , `` He 's here ! The Phantom of the Opera ! '' . The managers try to downplay the incident , but Carlotta angrily insists that such things happen all the time and she storms out . Madame Giry , the Opéra 's ballet mistress , informs Firmin and André that Christine Daaé , a chorus girl and orphaned daughter of a prominent violinist , has been `` well taught '' and can sing Carlotta 's role . With cancellation of the sold out show being their only other alternative , the managers reluctantly audition Christine and are surprised to discover that she is indeed up to the challenge . As Christine sings the aria during the evening performance , the Opéra 's new patron , Raoul , the Vicomte de Chagny , recognizes her as his childhood friend and playmate ( `` Think of Me '' ) . Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman performing the title song Backstage after her triumphant début , Christine confesses to her best friend Meg ( Madame Giry 's daughter ) that she knows her mysterious teacher only as an invisible `` Angel of Music '' ( `` Angel of Music '' ) . Raoul pays a visit to Christine 's dressing room . The two reminisce about the `` Angel of Music '' stories that her late father used to tell them and Christine confides that the Angel has visited her and taught her to sing ( `` Little Lotte '' ) . Raoul indulges what he assumes are fantasies and insists on taking Christine to dinner . When Raoul leaves to fetch his hat , Christine hears the jealous Phantom 's voice and she entreats him to reveal himself . The Phantom obliges by appearing as a ghostly , partially masked face in her mirror ( `` The Mirror / Angel of Music ( Reprise ) '' ) . Believing him to be the Angel of Music sent by her deceased father , Christine is irresistibly drawn through the mirror to the Phantom , who leads her down into the cellars of the Opéra house . The two then board a small boat and cross a subterranean lake to his secret lair ( `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ) . The Phantom explains that he has chosen Christine to sing his music and serenades her . When he reveals a mirror that reflects an image of her in a wedding dress , the figure in the mirror gestures to Christine and she faints . The Phantom then covers her tenderly with his cloak ( `` The Music of the Night '' ) . As the Phantom is composing music at his organ , Christine awakens to the sound of the monkey music box ( `` I Remember '' ) . Overcome with curiosity , she slips behind the Phantom , lifts his mask , and beholds his grotesquely disfigured face . The Phantom rails at her prying gesture , as Christine hides in fear . He then ruefully expresses his longing to look normal , and to be loved by her ( `` Stranger Than You Dreamt It '' ) . Moved by pity , Christine returns the Phantom 's mask to him and the Phantom shepherds her back above ground . Meanwhile , Joseph Buquet , the Opéra 's chief stagehand , regales the chorus girls with tales of the `` Opéra Ghost '' and his terrible Punjab lasso ( `` Magical Lasso '' ) . Madame Giry arrives and warns Buquet to exercise restraint or face the Phantom 's wrath . In the managers ' office , André and Firman read notes from the Phantom aloud and are interrupted by Raoul , who accuses them of sending him a note saying that he should make no attempt to see Christine again . Carlotta and Piangi then burst into the office , demanding to know who sent Carlotta a note saying that her days at the Opera Populaire are numbered . As André and Firmin try to calm the distressed Carlotta , Madame Giry delivers another note from the Phantom : he demands that Christine replace Carlotta in the new opera , Il Muto , lest they face a `` disaster beyond imagination '' ( `` Notes ... '' ) . Firmin and André dismiss the threat and assure an enraged Carlotta that she will remain their star ( `` Prima Donna '' ) . The première of Il Muto initially goes well , until the voice of the Phantom suddenly cuts through the performance , enraged that Box 5 was not kept empty for him . As Christine whispers that she knows the Phantom is near , Carlotta reminds her that her role is silent , calling her a `` little toad '' . The Phantom states that it is Carlotta who is the toad and reduces Carlotta 's voice to a frog - like croak . Firmin quickly tries to calm the situation by telling the audience that Christine will take over the starring role , moving forward the ballet to keep the audience entertained . Suddenly , the corpse of Joseph Buquet drops from the rafters , hanging from the Punjab lasso . Firmin and André plead for calm as mayhem erupts and the Phantom 's diabolical laughter is heard throughout the auditorium ( `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' ) . In the ensuing chaos , Christine escapes with Raoul to the roof and tells him about her subterranean encounter with the Phantom ( `` Why Have You Brought Me Here ? / Raoul , I 've Been There '' ) . Raoul is skeptical but promises to love and protect her , and Christine reciprocates his vow ( `` All I Ask of You '' ) . The heartbroken Phantom , having overheard their entire conversation , angrily vows revenge before returning to the auditorium and bringing down the chandelier . ( `` All I Ask of You ( Reprise ) '' ) . Act II ( edit ) Steve Barton and Sarah Brightman in the final scene Six months later , in the midst of a masquerade ball , the Phantom makes his first appearance since the chandelier disaster , in costume as the Red Death . He announces that he has written an opera entitled Don Juan Triumphant and demands that it be produced immediately , with Christine ( who is now secretly engaged to Raoul ) in the lead role , and he warns of dire consequences if his demands are not met ( `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' ) . Noticing an engagement ring on a chain around Christine 's neck , the Phantom angrily pulls it from her and vanishes in a blinding flash of light . As the masquerade attendees scatter in fear , Raoul accosts Madame Giry and demands that she reveal what she knows about the Phantom . Giry reluctantly explains that the Phantom is actually a brilliant scholar , magician , architect , inventor , and composer who was born with a terrifyingly deformed face . Feared and reviled by society , he was cruelly exhibited in a cage as part of a travelling fair until he eventually escaped and disappeared . He has since taken refuge beneath the opera house , which has now become his home . During rehearsals , Raoul -- tired of the tyranny with which the Phantom rules the Opera -- thinks to use the première of Don Juan Triumphant as a trap to capture the Phantom and put an end to his reign of terror once and for all . Carlotta falsely accuses Christine of being the mastermind and that it is her plan so she can be the star . Christine angrily defends herself , saying she is not the Phantom 's accomplice , but his victim . Raoul , knowing of the Phantom 's obsession with his fiancée , asserts that the Phantom will be sure to attend the opera 's première , and begs Christine to help him lure the Phantom into the trap ( `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' ) . Torn between her love for Raoul and her fear of the Phantom , Christine visits her father 's grave , longing for his guidance but understanding that she must move on ( `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' ) . The Phantom appears atop the mausoleum , again under the guise of the Angel of Music ( `` Wandering Child '' ) , and sings to Christine . Christine , tired and heartbroken , once again accepts her `` Angel '' as a friend , nearly succumbing to the Phantom 's influence , but Raoul arrives to both rescue her and confront The Phantom . The Phantom taunts Raoul , hurling fire balls at him until Christine begs Raoul to leave with her ( `` Bravo Monsieur '' ) . Furious , the Phantom declares war upon them both and causes flames to spring up around the mausoleum . With armed policemen having secured the auditorium and watching for the Phantom , Don Juan Triumphant premieres with Christine and Piangi singing the lead roles . During Don Juan 's and Aminta 's duet , Christine comes to the sudden realization that she is singing not with Piangi , but with the Phantom himself ( `` The Point of No Return '' ) . Mimicking Raoul 's vow of devotion on the rooftop , the Phantom once again expresses love for Christine and forces his ring onto her finger ; Christine rips off his mask , exposing his horrifically deformed face to the shocked audience . The opera house is plunged into chaos . Piangi 's garroted body is revealed backstage , the cast and audience fly into a state of panic , and the Phantom seizes Christine and flees the theatre . An angry mob , vowing vengeance for the murders of Buquet and Piangi , searches the theatre for the Phantom , while Madame Giry tells Raoul how to find the Phantom 's subterranean lair , and warns him to beware his magical lasso . ( `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' ) . In the lair , Christine is forced to don a wedding dress . Raoul finds the lair and attempts to persuade the Phantom to spare Christine , begging him to show compassion . The Phantom refuses , and captures Raoul with the Punjab lasso . The Phantom tells Christine that he will free Raoul if she agrees to stay with him forever , but if she refuses , Raoul will die . Christine , heartbroken , tells the Phantom that it is his soul that is deformed , not his face . As the Phantom and Raoul both plead to her , Christine mournfully wonders what kind of life the Phantom has known . She tells the Phantom that he is not alone and kisses him , showing him compassion for the first time in his life . The Phantom , having experienced kindness at last , understands that he can not compel Christine to love him , and sets them both free . Raoul hurries Christine out of the lair , but she returns alone to give the Phantom back his ring . The Phantom tells Christine he loves her , before she tearfully exits with Raoul . The weeping Phantom huddles on his throne and covers himself with his cloak . The mob , led by Meg , enters the lair . Meg pulls the Phantom 's cloak from the throne , finding only his mask on the seat . She lifts the mask up into the light and gazes at it in wonder as the curtain falls . Casting ( edit ) Original casts ( edit ) The original casts of the major productions of The Phantom of the Opera : Character Original West End Cast Original Broadway Cast Original Las Vegas Cast Royal Albert Hall 25th Anniversary Cast The Phantom of the Opera <Td_colspan="2"> Michael Crawford Brent Barrett Anthony Crivello ‡ Ramin Karimloo Christine Daaé Sarah Brightman Claire Moore † Sarah Brightman Patti Cohenour † Sierra Boggess Elizabeth Loyacano ‡ Sierra Boggess Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny <Td_colspan="2"> Steve Barton Tim Martin Gleason Hadley Fraser Carlotta Giudicelli Rosemary Ashe Judy Kaye Elena Jeanne Batman Geena Jeffries Mattox ‡ Wendy Ferguson Madame Giry Mary Millar Leila Martin Rebecca Spencer Liz Robertson Meg Giry Janet Devenish Elisa Heinsohn Brianne Kelly Morgan Daisy Maywood Monsieur Richard Firmin John Savident Nick Wyman Lawson Skala Barry James Monsieur Gilles André David Firth Cris Groenendaal John Leslie Wolfe Gareth Snook Ubaldo Piangi John Aron David Romano Larry Wayne Morbitt Wynne Evans † The role of Christine Daaé is double - cast in most professional productions . The secondary actress performs the role twice a week ( on Broadway , Thursday evening and Saturday matinée ) . ‡ Three roles ( The Phantom , Christine , and Carlotta ) were double - cast in the original Las Vegas production , with the two actors in each pair singing alternate performances . Later , Las Vegas casting became identical to that in the Broadway production , with single casting for all characters except Christine . West End replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Martin Smith , Peter Karrie , Dave Willetts , John Owen - Jones , Ramin Karimloo , Peter Jöback , Simon Bowman , Earl Carpenter , Marcus Lovett , Peter Cousens , Peter Polycarpou , Ben Forster , Ben Lewis Christine Daaé : Claire Moore , Rebecca Caine , Celia Graham , Myrra Malmberg , Gina Beck , Rachel Barrell , Sofia Escobar , Leila Benn Harris , Robyn North , Katie Hall , Anna O'Byrne , Meredith Braun , Celinde Schoenmaker , Kelly Mathieson , Amy Manford Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Michael Ball , John Barrowman , Simon Bowman , Simon Burke , Clive Carter , Killian Donnelly , Ramin Karimloo , Robert Meadmore , Oliver Thornton , Sean Palmer , Gardar Thor Cortes , Carlotta Giuducelli : Morag McLaren , Julia Goss , Margaret Preece , Shan Cothi Monsieur Richard Firmin : Andy Hockley Monsieur Gilles Andre : Martin Ball Broadway replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Timothy Nolen , Steve Barton , Mark Jacoby , Kevin Grey , Marcus Lovett , Davis Gaines , Thomas James O'Leary , Marcus Lovett , Hugh Panaro , Howard McGillin , Gary Mauer , Brad Little , John Cudia , Peter Jöback , Norm Lewis , James Barbour , Amick Byram , Laird Mackintosh Christine Daaé : Lisa Vroman , Patti Cohenour , Rebecca Luker , Rebecca Pitcher , Jennifer Hope Wills , Kimilee Bryant , Sierra Boggess , Samantha Hill , Mary Michael Patterson , Julia Udine , Ali Ewoldt Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Davis Gaines , Kevin Grey Gary Mauer , Hugh Panaro , Brad Little , John Cudia , Tim Martin Gleason , Rodney Ingram Monsieur Gilles Andre : George Lee Andrews , Laird Mackintosh Musical numbers ( edit ) Prologue Prologue : The stage of the Paris Opéra House , 1911 -- Old Raoul Overture -- Orchestra Act I `` Think of Me '' -- Carlotta , Christine , Raoul `` Angel of Music '' -- Christine and Meg `` Little Lotte - Raoul , Christine The Mirror ( Angel of Music ) '' -- Christine , Phantom `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- Phantom and Christine `` The Music of the Night '' -- Phantom `` I Remember / Stranger Than You Dreamt It -- Christine and Phantom `` Magical Lasso '' -- Buquet , Meg , Madame Giry and Ballet Girls `` Notes / Prima Donna '' -- Firmin , André , Raoul , Carlotta , Giry , Meg , Piangi and Phantom `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' -- Carlotta and Company `` Why Have You Brought Me Here / Raoul , I 've Been There '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' ( Reprise ) -- Phantom Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' -- Full Company `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' -- André , Firmin , Carlotta , Piangi , Raoul , Christine , Giry , and Phantom `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' -- Christine `` Wandering Child / Bravo , Bravo '' -- Phantom , Christine and Raoul `` The Point of No Return '' -- Phantom and Christine `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' -- Full Company `` Finale '' - Phantom , Mob , Christine , Raoul Orchestra ( edit ) There are several orchestrations : 29 piece orchestra ( original score , used in London ) , 27 piece orchestra ( current Broadway score ) 13 piece orchestra ( Reduced score for tour ) , 45 piece orchestra ( 25th Anniversary score ) . The current Broadway orchestration is what is licensed by R&H Theatricals for amateur and professional productions . The only difference between the 29 - and 27 - piece orchestras is the lack of Violins VII & VIII in the 27 - piece orchestra . The Broadway production originally used a 29 - piece pit orchestra : Reed I : Flute / Piccolo Reed II : Flute / Clarinet Reed III : Oboe / English Horn Reed IV : B - flat Clarinet / Bass Clarinet / E-flat Clarinet Reed V : Bassoon French Horns I -- III Trumpets I -- II Trombone Percussion I - II ( see below ) Keyboards I -- II : Piano , Synthesizer Violins I - VIII ( currently only six violins ) Violas I -- II Cellos I -- II String Bass Harp Percussion is split between two books -- regular percussion and mallets 2 Timpani , Suspended cymbals , Crash Cymbals , Snare drum , Triangle , Tambourine , Bass Drum Glockenspiel , Xylophone , Vibes , Marimba , Tubular Bells , Bell Tree , Woodblock , Gong , Guiro , Finger Cymbals Recordings ( edit ) Cast recordings have been made of the London , Austrian , Dutch , German , Japanese , Swedish , Korean , Hungarian , Mexican , Polish , Russian and Canadian productions . The recording of the 1986 original London cast , released by Polydor Records in 1987 , was released in both a single CD Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera and a two CD Phantom of the Opera , both of which have been certified 4 × Platinum in the US and sold 4.97 million copies as of January 2017 . `` The Complete Recordings '' edition has sold 507,000 copies since 1991 . Phantom was also certified 3 × Platinum in the UK . The Canadian cast recording went 2 × Platinum in Canada . In Switzerland , Phantom was certified 3 × Platinum and Highlights was certified 2 × Platinum . Recordings of the Vienna cast and the Hamburg cast produced by Jimmy Bowien were certified Gold and triple Platinum , respectively , in Germany . The original album recording has sold an alleged 24 million copies worldwide . A live recording of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall was released in the UK on 15 November 2011 and subsequently in the US and Canada on 7 February 2012 , along with Blu - ray and DVD videos , and a collectors ' box set of the Royal Albert concert , the original cast recording , and the sequel , Love Never Dies . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Original 1986 London production ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 12 × Platinum 180,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Local productions ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Allegations of plagiarism ( edit ) In 1987 the heirs of Giacomo Puccini charged in a lawsuit that the climactic phrase in `` Music of the Night '' closely resembled a similar phrase in the sequence `` Quello che tacete '' from Puccini 's opera Girl of the Golden West . The litigation was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount . In 1990 a Baltimore songwriter named Ray Repp filed a lawsuit alleging that the title song from Phantom was based on a song that he wrote in 1978 called `` Till You '' . After eight years of litigation -- including an unsuccessful countersuit by Lloyd Webber claiming that `` Till You '' was itself a plagiarism of `` Close Every Door '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- the jury found in Lloyd Webber 's favour . Former Pink Floyd vocalist Roger Waters has repeatedly claimed in interviews that the signature descending / ascending half - tone chord progression from Phantom 's title song was plagiarised from the bass line of a track on the 1971 Pink Floyd album Meddle called `` Echoes '' . He has never taken any legal action . `` Life 's too long to bother with suing Andrew fucking Lloyd Webber , '' he said . `` I think that might make me really gloomy . '' Other productions ( edit ) Phantom has been translated into several languages and produced in over 28 countries on 6 continents . With only the exception of Czech Republic , Estonia , Finland , Hungary , New Zealand , Panama , Poland , Romania , and the 25th Anniversary UK and US Tours , these productions have all been `` clones '' , using the original staging , direction , sets , and costume concepts . Notable international productions include the following : Australia : 1990 -- 1998 : Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane , Adelaide , and Perth ; 2007 -- 2009 : Melbourne , Brisbane , Sydney , Auckland , Perth and Adelaide , both starring Anthony Warlow . Marina Prior starred as Christine in the original production . In the original Australian production , Rob Guest later took over the title role . The final leg of the recent tour was staged in Adelaide in an arena format featuring giant screens on either side of the stage that presented footage shot simultaneously with the performance . 2013 : Canberra starring Michael Cormick as The Phantom and with Julie Lea Goodwin starring as Christine from 9 to 23 August 2013 . Goodwin had previously played the role , as the `` Alternate Christine '' , in the 2007 to 2009 national tour . Austria : The German language production premiered at the Theater an der Wien in December 1988 . Canada : The Canadian production of Phantom ran from 20 September 1989 to 31 October 1999 in Toronto at the Pantages Theatre , with Colm Wilkinson originating the role of Phantom . The Canadian International Touring Company toured the musical in Canada , Hawaii , Alaska , Hong Kong , and Singapore from 11 March 1991 to October 1995 . The Music Box Tour ( Third US National Tour ) played dates across Canada in 2006 -- 2007 including Calgary , Vancouver , Edmonton , Winnipeg , Toronto , Saskatoon and Ottawa . China : The Shanghai production played 97 performances at the Shanghai Grand Theatre . The World Tour had their sixth season at the Culture Plaza Theatre at Shanghai Culture Square from 3 December 2013 to 26 January 2014 . The World Tour returned to China at the Guangzhou Opera House in Guangzhou from 26 September to 10 October 2015 and performed its final season at the Tianqiao Performing Arts Center in Beijing from 17 November 2015 to 10 January 2016 . Estonia : Production in Estonian language ( but with English and Finnish subtitles ) featuring original sets , costumes , and direction premiered on 4 October 2014 at Theatre Vanemuine in Tartu . In first season 2014 / 2015 there were 24 performances in total , eight of which took place in capital Tallinn at Nordea Concert Hall ( premiered there on 30 October 2014 ) . In spring 2017 there will be further 12 performances ( two of which in Tallinn ) . Finland : A Finnish production premiered in Helsinki in 2015 at the Finnish National Opera in English . Germany : `` Das Phantom der Oper '' opened at the Stage Neue Flora Theatre , Hamburg from 1990 to 2001 , the Palladium Theatre in Stuttgart from 2002 to 2004 , and at the Colosseum Theatre in Essen from 2005 to 2007 . A second Hamburg production ran from December 2013 until September 2015 at the Stage Theatre Neue Flora . A production in Oberhausen is currently running at the Metronom Theater from 17 November 2015 . Hungary : Madách Theatre , Budapest . This production , which began in 2003 , was the first to modify the original staging with new sets , costumes and direction . The five hundredth performance on 20 September 2007 featured four successive sets of casts . New Zealand : Opened at the Aotea Centre in Auckland in 1997 and at The Civic , The Edge - Auckland in 2008 . A local production ( with new designs ) opened on 13 June at the St. James Theatre in Wellington and closed on 16 July 2013 . Panama : For the first time in Central America , `` El Fantasma de la Opera '' played in Spanish at the Teatro Anayansi of the Atlapa Convention Center from 23 to 25 September 2016 , directed by Aaron Zebede . Randy Dominguez starred in the role of The Phantom , with Maria Fernanda Achurra as Christine and Leo Almengor as Raoul . Romania : The Romanian premiere was in January 2015 produced by the Romanian National Opereta . This new non-replica production was performed in Romanian with a local cast led by a British creative team . Russia : Moscow production cooproduced by Stage Entertainment and Really Useful Group premiered on 4 October 2014 in the MDM theatre starring Ivan Ozhogin and Dmitry Yermak as The Phantom . The stalls and the stage were modernised specially for the production . The premiere was attended by Richard Stilgoe and Charles Hart . Serbia : The Serbian premiere was in October 2017 produced by Belgrade - based Terazije Theatre. Production is performed in Serbian with a local cast . Singapore : First tour at the Kallang Theatre from 26 February 1995 to 20 May 1995 , second tour at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay from 23 March 2007 to 20 May 2007 . Turkey : The World Tour played in Istanbul at the Zorlu Center PSM from 7 April to 17 May 2015 . United States : Los Angeles ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , San Francisco ( 1993 -- 1999 ) . A US National tour commenced in 1991 in Los Angeles , and closed on 31 October 2010 at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , after nearly two decades . The closing night performance was attended by many former cast and crew members , including Andrew Lloyd Webber and Sarah Brightman . Film version ( edit ) A film version , directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Gerard Butler as the Phantom , Emmy Rossum as Christine , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Minnie Driver as Carlotta , and Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , opened on 22 December 2004 in the US . Phantom : the Las Vegas Spectacular ( edit ) An edited production renamed Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular opened 24 June 2006 at The Venetian in Las Vegas , Nevada , in a theatre built specifically for the show to resemble the Opéra Garnier in Paris . The production ran 95 minutes with no intermission , and was directed and choreographed by Harold Prince and Gillian Lynne , with scenic designs by David Rockwell . The show featured updated technology and effects , including a re-engineered chandelier capable of reassembling in midair during the overture while the entire interior of the venue ( not merely the stage ) returned to its 1880s halcyon days . Almost 45 minutes ' worth of material was eliminated , such as the Don Juan Triumphant rehearsal . `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' and `` The Point of No Return '' were significantly shortened . Other changes resembled those in the 2004 film , such as staging the chandelier crash at the plot 's climax ( during performance of `` The Point of No Return '' ) rather than mid-story . The Las Vegas production closed on 2 September 2012 . Copyright release ( edit ) In 2011 The Really Useful Group ( copyright owners of Phantom ) released certain rights to the play in celebration of its 25th anniversary . In March 2011 Reed - Custer High School in Braidwood , Illinois , became the first school to perform Phantom under the new rights . Later in 2011 , Stanwell School in Penarth became the first school in the UK to perform the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1986 Laurence Olivier Award <Td_colspan="2"> Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Designer of the Year Maria Björnson Nominated 2002 <Td_colspan="2"> Most Popular Show Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1988 Drama Desk Award <Td_colspan="2"> Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Sarah Brightman Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Harold Prince Won Outstanding Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Orchestrations David Cullen and Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Set Design Maria Björnson Won Outstanding Costume Design Won Outstanding Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Tony Award <Td_colspan="2"> Best Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Won Best Direction of a Musical Harold Prince Won Best Book of a Musical Richard Stilgoe and Andrew Lloyd Webber Nominated Best Original Score Andrew Lloyd Webber , Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe Nominated Best Scenic Design Maria Björnson Won Best Costume Design Won Best Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Best Choreography Gillian Lynne Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Love Never Dies ( musical ) The sequel to Phantom , written by Lloyd Webber , Ben Elton , Frederick Forsyth and Glenn Slater , is called Love Never Dies . It was loosely adapted from the 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan , by Forsyth . Set in 1907 ( a decade after the conclusion of Phantom according to the production 's announcement , but actually 26 years later , as the original show was set in 1881 ) , Christine is invited to perform at Phantasma , a new attraction at Coney Island , by an anonymous impresario . With her husband , Raoul , and son , Gustave , in tow she journeys to Brooklyn , unaware that it is the Phantom who has arranged her appearance at the popular beach resort . The original production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell with set and costume designs by Bob Crowley , and opened at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End on 9 March 2010 . Though it ran for over 17 months and closed on 27 August 2011 , the production received mixed reviews . A scheduled Broadway opening in November 2010 was postponed until Spring 2011 and later cancelled . A revamped Australian production , starring Ben Lewis and Anna O'Byrne , opened 21 May 2011 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne to more favourable notices . After the Melbourne run ended on 12 December 2011 the production moved to the Capitol Theatre in Sydney where it played from January to April 2012 . See also ( edit ) Phantom List of best - selling albums in New Zealand List of best - selling albums Love Never Dies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : The most commercially successful stage musical ever '' . Really Useful Licensing . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( 27 January 1988 ) . `` Stage : ' Phantom of the Opera ' '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- The Show -- Awards '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Martin Bordman ( 2004 ) . The Oxford companion to American theatre p. 496 . Oxford University Press . `` A British musical based on Leroux 's famous novel '' . Jump up ^ Top 10 Longest - Running London Theatre Shows Londonist.com . Retrieved 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ The A to Z of the Broadway Musical p. 266 . Scarecrow Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( 11 April 2010 ) ' Phantom of the Opera ' at the Hippodrome The Baltimore Sun Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` Lion King rules Broadway as highest grossing show of all time '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom of the Opera Screening Earns Over £ 500,000 in the UK '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 5 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` Phantom turns 18 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` The Lion King Is Now Top - Earner in Box - Office History '' , Playbill , 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber , Martin Knowlden The Phantom of the Opera Companion Pavilion , 2007 Jump up ^ Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Citron , Stephen . Sondheim and Lloyd - Webber ( 2001 ) , Oxford University Press US , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509601 - 0 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Behr , Edward . The Complete Book of Les Misérables ( 1993 ) , Arcade Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55970 - 156 - 0 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Behind the Mask documentary , on the 2004 film DVD Jump up ^ Evans , Everett ( 2 December 1990 ) . `` You need program to keep ' Phantom ' productions straight '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Coveney , M. Cats on a Chandelier : The Andrew Lloyd Webber Story . New York , Hutchinson ( 1999 ) . pp. 200 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 0091801700 Jump up ^ Snelson , J. Andrew Lloyd Webber ( Yale Broadway Masters Series ) . New Haven , Yale University Press ( 2009 ) , p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0300151138 Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson Dies ; Theatre Production Designer was 53 ( 16 December 2002 ) . LiveDesign archive Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson obituary . London times archive Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera DVD ( 2004 film ) . Amazon.com Retrieved 3 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Propst , Andy . Broadway 's Phantom of the Opera to Reach Historic 9,000 th Performance on 17 September TheaterMania.com. 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : Show awards '' . Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , Lee ( 3 May 2008 ) . `` Musical to return louder than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall : Ramin Karimloo , Sierra Boggess , Hadley Fraser , Wendy Ferguson , Barry James , Gareth Snook , Liz Robertson , Wynne Evans , Sergei Polunin , Andrew Lloyd Webber : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thephantomoftheoperatour.com Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber had hoped to open in Toronto prior to Broadway but political pressure forced the change. Phantom of the Opera , at the Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth `` Broadway 's Phantom Hits 10,000 th Performance on Feb. 11 ; Milestone Benefits The Actors Fund '' Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Phantom '' Celebrates Its Silver Anniversary on Broadway `` . NY1 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera hits a majestic new milestone '' playbill.com , 28 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA CELEBRATES ITS 30TH YEAR ON BROADWAY - The Phantom of the Opera - Broadway '' . The Phantom of the Opera - Broadway . 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Newcastle Herald . Retrieved 20 February 2014 Jump up ^ BWW New Desk ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Track Listing , Disc 1 ... Original London Cast -- Prologue ( The Stage of Paris Opera House , 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . DiscOgs. 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Tracklist ... Prologue : The Stage of the Paris Opéra , 1905 ^ Jump up to : Phantom Las Vegas : Musical Numbers Jump up ^ Perry , George . `` The Complete Phantom of the Opera '' . Owl Books , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1722 - 4 . Jump up ^ POTO Onstage Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , phantom-media.info -- accessed 10 May 2009 Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera Toronto Cast Jump up ^ Royal Albert Hall performance IMDb page Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera : opening night production credits . IBDB.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Westley , Christine : `` Phantom -- The Las Vegas Spectacular . TheatreMania.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Casting : PhantomLasVegas.com Retrieved 8 September 2011 Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original London Cast Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` Das Phantom Der Oper '' Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original Canadian Cast Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield. `` Hamilton passes 1 million sales plus chart highlights from James Arthur , Maren Morris and Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' Phantom of the Opera ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Phantom of the Opera Soundtrack List '' . Sony Classical Records . About.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Stage Cast Recordings -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Diverse -- Phantom der Oper '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Diverse in the field Interpret . Enter Phantom der Oper in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical Hamburg ; ' Musical Hamburg -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical ; ' Musical Wien -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Highlights from Phantom of the Opera _Loncon Cast_ '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Hear the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webber Allegedly Plagiarized . SFist . Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Who 's Listening to Lloyd Webber ? Theatre Communications Group archive Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 7 November 2011 Jump up ^ HOW THE WEST WON THE MET ( 13 June 2010 ) . San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408078 Jump up ^ LET 'S HEAR ' GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST ' SING ( 12 June 2010 ) San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408152 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber Loses Round in Battle Over Allegedly Stolen Song ( 5 December 1996 ) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber Wins Phantom Battle . BBC News Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who the hell does Roger Waters think he is ? '' . Q magazine . November 1992 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website of the Hungarian production '' . Theater Madách . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official homepage of the Theatre Vanemuine '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Broadcasting Corporation The world Today '' . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Canberra Theatre Centre '' . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the German production '' . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Toronto Phantom Disappears Oct. 31 After 10 Years & 4,226 Perfs ; Auction Follows . Playbill ( 29 October 1999 ) , retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 上海 文化 广场 演出 信息 演出 详细 '' . Shculturesquare.com. 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guangzhou Premiere of The Phantom of the Opera Electrifies Opera House Stage_Life of Guangzhou '' . www.lifeofguangzhou.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Phantom of the Opera ' to Hold 64 Shows in Beijing '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release for production in Finland '' . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DAS PHANTOM DER OPER Musical in Oberhausen Metronom Theater Tickets , Karten und Gutscheine '' . www.stage-entertainment.de . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Positively Wellington Venues : Single show '' . Pwv.co.nz . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera live in Wellington Scoop News '' . Scoop.co.nz. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El sombrío ángel de la música '' . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantoma de la Operă -- Opereta '' . www.opereta.ro . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera premieres in Moscow '' . Stage-entertainment.com. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` п ° я ▌ п ╥ п ╦ п ╨ п ╩ б ╚ п ÷ я ─ п ╦ п ╥ я ─ п ╟ п ╨ п пп ╣ я ─ я ▀ б ╩ . п я └ п ╦ я ├ п ╦ п ╟ п ╩ я ▄ п ╫ я ▀ п ╧ я │ п ╟ п ╧ я ┌ п2п ╬ п ╡ п ╬ я │ я ┌ п ╦ '' . Phantom-musical.ru . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Terazije Theatre '' . www.pozoristeterazije.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Yong , Yvonne ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera set to return to Singapore '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- ZORLU CENTER PSM '' . www.zorlucenterpsm.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom '' To Close at Pantages . neontommy.com Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) on IMDb . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular official site '' . Really Useful Group / Mackintosh Ltd . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Kristine ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular show review -- Beloved show lives up to new name '' . LasVegas.com . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jessica Boyd ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` RCHS Spring Musical '' . braidwoodparkdistrict.com . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Penarth school first to stage Lloyd Webber smash hit '' . Penarth Times . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` OLIVIER AWARDS 1986 '' . westendtheatre.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Laurence Olivier Awards : full list of winners 1976 -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera Tony Award Info '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- The Creative Team '' . LoveNeverDies.com Official Site . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom Sequel , Love Never Dies , Now Due in London and on Broadway in March 2010 '' . Playbill. 18 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- Background '' . Love Never Dies ( official site ) . Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz . Ramin Karimloo originated the Phantom , and Sierra Boggess played Christine . Joseph Millson , Summer Strallen , and Charlie Manton were all in the original cast of Love Never Dies as well. Watch out for ... Daily Mail . 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies sees mixed reviews '' . CBC News . 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway debut of Love Never Dies is postponed '' . BBC News . 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Broadway Opening for ' Love Never Dies ' Is Delayed Until 2011 '' . NY Times . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Love Never Dies Postpones Broadway Opening to Spring 2011 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies Scraps Plans for Spring Broadway Run '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedford , Angie . `` Love Never Dies Review '' . The Theatre Channel at Webwombat . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Les ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia 's Creative Pride . '' AussieTheatre.com Retrieved 22 August 2001 Jump up ^ Herbert , Kate ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia Never Dies '' review . Melbourne Herald Sun archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ Boyd , Chris ( 30 May 2011 ) : Phantom sequel spectacularly unmasked . The Australian archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` LOVE NEVER DIES Arrives at Sydney 's Capitol Theatre '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Love Never Dies Ends Australian Run April 1 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera ( Webber musical ) . Official website The Phantom of the Opera at Playbill Vault The Phantom of the Opera at the Internet Broadway Database The Phantom of the Opera ( The Guide to Musical Theatre ) An interview with the makeup designer on the American Theatre Wing 's `` Working in the Theatre '' series . Preceded by Cats Longest - running Broadway show 2006 -- present Succeeded by -- <Th_colspan="2"> The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier <Th_colspan="2"> Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group <Th_colspan="2"> Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show <Td_colspan="2"> The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) VIAF : 177290176 LCCN : no2008177093 GND : 300095643 BNF : cb13939772q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)&oldid=832805957 '' Categories : 1986 musicals 1986 operas The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Broadway musicals Compositions by Andrew Lloyd Webber Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals based on novels Plays set in the 19th century West End musicals Tony Award for Best Musical British musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Pages with timeline metadata Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)
2. Andrew Lloyd Webber
3. Gaston Leroux
4. Broadway and West End productions
5. Longest running show in Broadway history
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-2,938,799,327,309,905,400 |
who played uncle woody on sanford and son
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Raymond Allen ( television actor ) - Wikipedia Raymond Allen ( television actor ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Raymond Allen Raymond Gilmore Allen ( 1929 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1929 ( age 89 ) Kansas City , Missouri , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor Years active 1946 -- 1985 Known for Woodrow `` Woody '' Anderson -- Sanford and Son Ned `` The Wino '' -- Good Times Spouse ( s ) Barbara Williams ( m . 1963 -- 1977 ) Children 3 ; including Ta - Ronce Allen Raymond Gilmore Allen ( born March 5 , 1929 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his appearances on television during the 1970s . He had recurring roles as Ned the Wino on Good Times , as Aunt Esther 's husband , Woodrow `` Woody '' Anderson on the NBC sitcom series Sanford and Son , and as mechanic Merle the Earl on Starsky and Hutch . He reprised his role as Uncle Woody Anderson in the Sanford and Son spin - off , The Sanford Arms . Allen also made guest appearances on The Jeffersons , What 's Happening ! ! , The Love Boat and the film Wattstax . Personal life ( edit ) Allen has not appeared in any acting roles since 1985 , but still makes public appearances , where he speaks to people and signs autographs . According to his MySpace page , Allen was forced to retire from acting due to illness . Allen was married to Barbara Williams from 1963 to 1977 ; they have three children . Currently , Allen lives with his daughter , former child actress Ta - Ronce Allen in Lancaster , California . He visits the Los Angeles area to visit his daughter Brenda Allen . Also , had a son , Raymond Gilmore Allen Jr. ( deceased ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Raymond Allen '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond Allen ( raymondgallen ) on Myspace '' . Myspace . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Raymond Allen on IMDb Official MySpace page African American portal This article about an American television actor born in the 1920s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Allen_(television_actor)&oldid=854671235 '' Categories : 1929 births Living people Male actors from Kansas City , Missouri African - American male actors American male television actors American television actor , 1920s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Raymond Allen - American television actor
2. Sanford and Son - NBC sitcom series
3. Good Times - television show
4. Woodrow "Woody" Anderson - character on Sanford and Son
5. Ned "The Wino" - character on Good Times
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1,245,634,186,473,502,500 |
who is on the fbi top ten most wanted list
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FBI Ten Most Wanted fugitives - wikipedia FBI Ten Most Wanted fugitives This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search On May 19 , 1996 , Leslie Isben Rogge became the first person on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list to be apprehended due to the Internet . The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives is a most wanted list maintained by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . The list arose from a conversation held in late 1949 between J. Edgar Hoover , Director of the FBI , and William Kinsey Hutchinson , International News Service ( the predecessor of the United Press International ) editor - in - chief , who were discussing ways to promote capture of the FBI 's `` toughest guys '' . This discussion turned into a published article , which received so much positive publicity that on March 14 , 1950 , the FBI officially announced the list to increase law enforcement 's ability to capture dangerous fugitives . Individuals are generally only removed from the list if the fugitive is captured , dies , or if the charges against them are dropped ; they are then replaced by a new entry selected by the FBI . In nine cases , the FBI removed individuals from the list after deciding that they were no longer a `` particularly dangerous menace to society '' . Machetero member Víctor Manuel Gerena , added to the list in 1984 , was on the list for 32 years , which was longer than anyone else . Billie Austin Bryant spent the shortest amount of time on the list , being listed for two hours in 1969 . The oldest person to be added to the list was William Bradford Bishop on April 10 , 2014 at 77 years old . On rare occasions , the FBI will add a `` Number Eleven '' if that individual is extremely dangerous but the Bureau does not feel any of the current ten should be removed . Despite occasional references in the media , the FBI does not rank their list ; no suspect is considered `` # 1 on the FBI 's Most Wanted List '' or `` The Most Wanted . '' The list is commonly posted in public places such as post offices . In many cases , fugitives on the list have turned themselves in on becoming aware of their listing . As of December 4 , 2014 , 504 fugitives had been listed , eight of them women , and 473 ( 94 % ) captured or located , 155 ( 31 % ) of them due to public assistance . On May 19 , 1996 , Leslie Isben Rogge became the first person on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list to be apprehended due to the Internet . The FBI maintains other lists of individuals , including the Most Wanted Terrorists , along with crime alerts , missing persons , and other fugitive lists . On June 17 , 2013 , the list reached a cumulative total of 500 fugitives having been listed . Contents ( hide ) 1 New additions 2 List as of August 11 , 2017 3 See also 4 References 5 External links New additions ( edit ) The Criminal Investigative Division ( CID ) at FBI Headquarters calls upon all 56 Field Offices to submit candidates for the FBI 's `` Ten Most Wanted Fugitives '' list . The nominees received are reviewed by Special Agents in the CID and the Office of Public Affairs . The selection of the `` proposed '' candidate ( s ) is forwarded to the Assistant Director of the CID for his / her approval and then to the FBI 's Director for final approval . This process takes some time which is why James Joseph `` Whitey '' Bulger , Jr. , who was arrested in Santa Monica , California on June 22 , 2011 , remained on the list until May 9 , 2012 despite no longer being at large . Osama bin Laden similarly remained on the list for almost a year after his death at the hands of U.S. forces on May 2 , 2011 . List as of August 11 , 2017 ( edit ) Rewards are offered for information leading to capture of fugitives on the list ; the reward is $100,000 for all fugitives , with the exception of Jason Derek Brown , which is $200,000 . Seven of the ten still at large are believed -- or known -- to be living outside the United States . Photo Name Date added Sequence number Comments Robert William Fisher June 29 , 2002 475 Fisher is wanted for the 2001 murder of his wife Mary and their two children , Robert , Jr. and Brittney , and then blowing up the Scottsdale , Arizona house in which they lived . Investigators believe he murdered his family because he felt threatened by his wife 's intent to divorce . Alexis Flores June 2 , 2007 487 Flores is wanted for the kidnapping , rape and murder of five - year - old Iriana DeJesus in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in July 2000 . He was deported to his native Honduras in 2005 after serving a prison term for forgery in Arizona . He was added to the list after deportation when his DNA was matched to the DeJesus crime . Jason Derek Brown December 8 , 2007 489 Brown is wanted for murder and armed robbery in Phoenix , Arizona . Authorities allege that in November 2004 , he shot and killed an armored car guard outside a movie theater and fled on a bicycle with $56,000 in a duffel bag . The FBI is offering a reward of up to $200,000 for information leading to his capture . Authorities believe he may have fled the country and could be living in France or Thailand . Eduardo Ravelo October 21 , 2009 493 Ravelo is wanted for his alleged involvement in racketeering activities , conspiracy to launder monetary instruments , and conspiracy to possess heroin , cocaine and marijuana with the intent to distribute . His alleged criminal activities began in 2003 . He is believed to be hiding with his wife and children in Ciudad Juárez , Mexico . William Bradford Bishop , Jr . April 10 , 2014 502 Bishop is wanted for killing his mother , wife and three children in 1976 at his home in Bethesda , Maryland . It is believed that following the murders , he drove to Columbia , North Carolina to dispose of the bodies and ditched his car at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennessee and disappeared . He is believed to be hiding in plain sight in Europe or the United States . Yaser Abdel Said December 4 , 2014 504 Said is wanted for the double murder of his daughters in Irving , Texas , on January 1 , 2008 . Luis Macedo ( captured ) May 19 , 2016 507 Macedo , a member of the Latin Kings gang in Chicago is wanted in the murder of a 15 - year - old boy in Chicago on May 1 , 2009 . The boy was supposedly murdered because he did not give a gang sign . His body was set on fire , allegedly by his fellow Latin Kings members . Macedo supposedly ordered the attack . He was captured on August 27 , 2017 in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico without incident . Walter Yovany Gomez ( captured ) April 12 , 2017 513 Gomez was wanted for his alleged involvement in a gang killing in Plainfield , New Jersey on May 8 , 2011 . According to the FBI , he is a member of the MS - 13 gang and he , along with another gang member , attacked and killed a man who was `` suspected of socializing with a rival gang and had been ordered to be killed by MS - 13 leaders '' . He is a Honduran citizen who was in the U.S. illegally , and the FBI believed he was still there . He was captured on August 11 , 2017 in Woodbridge , Virginia without incident . Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel April 18 , 2017 514 Patel allegedly stabbed and killed his wife in a doughnut shop in Hanover , Maryland on April 12 , 2015 . He was last seen taking a shuttle to Penn Station in Newark . According to authorities , he has connections to Canada , India , New Jersey , Kentucky , Georgia and Illinois . Santiago Villalba Mederos September 25 , 2017 515 Villalba Mederos , a member of the violent Eastside Lokotes Sureno gang , is wanted in connection with two separate shootings in Tacoma , Washington , that resulted in the death of a young woman and the serious wounding of her brother , and a month later , the murder of a young man . Mederos was a teenager at the time of the killings . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law enforcement portal Former FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives FBI Most Wanted Terrorists List of Mexico 's 37 most - wanted drug lords Specially Designated Global Terrorist The World 's 10 Most Wanted Fugitives , a list published by Forbes U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Facts on the Program '' . FBI . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History 1950 : The FBI debuts 10 Most Wanted '' . History.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Paul ( 2001 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Ask the FBI. : The Ten Most Wanted list '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Douglas , John ; Mark Olshaker ( July 1999 ) . The Anatomy of Motive : The FBI 's Legendary Mindhunter Explores the Key to Understanding and Catching Violent Criminals . Mindhunters , Inc . ISBN 0 - 671 - 02393 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Fugitive Surrenders In Guatemala After Photo Is Seen On Internet '' . Associated Press . 1996 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Biography -- Wanted : Gentleman Bank Robber : The True Story of Leslie Isben Rogge , One of the FBI 's Most Elusive Criminals from Nish Publishing Company '' . Jump up ^ `` FBI Most Wanted Terrorists '' . FBI.gov . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alleged rapist , killer added to FBI 's ' Most Wanted ' list '' . NBC News . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Program '' . FBI . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Melley , Brian and Greg Risling ( 2011 - 06 - 23 ) . FBI arrests mob boss Whitey Bulger in Calif . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` FBI Ten Most Wanted '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pelofsky , Jeremy ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` FBI replaces bin Laden on Ten Most Wanted list '' . Yahoo ! News . Reuters . Jump up ^ Zoellner , Tom ( August 7 , 2002 ) . `` Report portrays suspect in family killing as cruel , controlling '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher 's FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert '' . FBI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flores ' FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert '' . FBI . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AMW Fugitive Data File for Alexis Flores '' . AMW.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brown 's FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert '' . FBI . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` AMW Fugitive Data File for Jason Derek Brown '' . AMW.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Nation April 4 , 2013 1 : 00 am ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Tarit : Thailand is region 's No 1 terror target -- The Nation '' . Nationmultimedia.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ravelo ' FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert '' . FBI . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alleged Hit man Changes Appearance , FBI Says '' . WIBW - TV . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ staff , Chicago Tribune . `` 10 Most Wanted suspect in teen 's killing , burning is caught in Mexico : FBI '' . Jump up ^ `` Gomez 's FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert '' . FBI . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crimesider Staff ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fugitive suspect in MS - 13 slaying added to FBI 's `` Ten Most Wanted '' list `` . CBS News . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Yovany Gomez - Captured '' . www.fbi.gov . Jump up ^ `` Tips from Public Lead to Arrest of FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive Walter Yovany Gomez '' . www.fbi.gov . August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patel 's FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert '' . FBI . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Lynh ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Latest on FBI 's most wanted list : Man accused of killing wife in Md. doughnut shop '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Top Ten Fugitive '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . External links ( edit ) Media related to FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives at Wikimedia Commons Official website Ten most wanted fugitives list is turning 65 years old Additional information from America 's Most Wanted <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> As of September 25 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Robert William Fisher Alexis Flores Jason Derek Brown Eduardo Ravelo Bradford Bishop Yaser Abdel Said Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel Salvador Villalba Mederos TBA TBA <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Former <Td_colspan="2"> 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970s 1980s 1980s 1990s 1990s 2000s 2000s 2010s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives&oldid=804623055 '' Categories : FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives 1950 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 05 : 09 . About Wikipedia
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1. FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
2. United States Federal Bureau of Investigation
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how many seasons are there of ray donovan
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Ray Donovan - wikipedia Ray Donovan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV series . For the former United States Secretary of Labor , see Raymond J. Donovan . For the fictional character , see A Guy Thing . <Th_colspan="2"> Ray Donovan <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Crime drama Family drama Created by Ann Biderman Starring Liev Schreiber Paula Malcomson Eddie Marsan Dash Mihok Steven Bauer Katherine Moennig Pooch Hall Kerris Dorsey Devon Bagby Jon Voight Composer ( s ) Marcelo Zarvos Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 60 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Zuriff Mark Gordon Ann Biderman Producer ( s ) Allen Coulter Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California / New York City , New York Running time 45 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) The Mark Gordon Company Ann Biderman Co . Bider Sweet Productions David Hollander Productions Showtime Networks Distributor CBS Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Showtime Original release June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Official website www.sho.com/sho/ray-donovan/home Ray Donovan is an American television crime drama series created by Ann Biderman for Showtime . The twelve - episode first season premiered on June 30 , 2013 . The pilot episode broke viewership records , becoming the biggest premiere of all time on Showtime . Showtime renewed the show for a fourth season , which premiered on June 26 , 2016 . On August 11 , 2016 , Showtime renewed the show for a fifth season , which premiered on August 6 , 2017 . On October 23 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a 12 - episode sixth season , to be filmed in New York City and debut in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The drama is set in Los Angeles , California , where Irish - American Ray Donovan ( Liev Schreiber ) , originally from South Boston , works for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler , representing the rich and famous . Donovan is a `` fixer '' : a person who arranges bribes , payoffs , threats , and other shady activities , to ensure the outcome desired by the client . Good at his job , and no common hood , Ray is normally a devoted family man as well . He experiences his own problems when his menacing father , Mickey Donovan ( Jon Voight ) , is unexpectedly released from prison , and the FBI attempts to bring down Ray and his associates . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ray Donovan episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Liev Schreiber as Raymond `` Ray '' Donovan . Paula Malcomson as Abby Donovan , Ray 's wife . Eddie Marsan as Terrence `` Terry '' Donovan , Ray 's older brother . A former boxer , suffers from Parkinson 's disease . Dash Mihok as Brendan `` Bunchy '' Donovan , Ray 's younger brother . Identifies himself as an alcoholic and a sexual anorexic . Pooch Hall as Daryll Donovan , Ray 's younger half - brother ( via Mickey and Claudette ) . A professional boxer , trained by Terry , he also drives limos . Steven Bauer as Avi Rudin , Ray 's right - hand man . Former IDF soldier and ex-Mossad agent . Katherine Moennig as Lena Barnum , Ray 's investigative assistant . Kerris Dorsey as Bridget Donovan , Ray 's daughter . Devon Bagby as Conor Donovan , Ray 's son . Jon Voight as Mickey Donovan , Ray 's father . Recurring cast ( edit ) Elliott Gould as Ezra Goldman , Ray 's mentor and boss ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Peter Jacobson as Lee Drexler , Ezra 's business partner Denise Crosby as Deb Goldman William Stanford Davis as Potato Pie Ambyr Childers as Ashley Rucker Josh Pais as Stu Feldman Sheryl Lee Ralph as Claudette Austin Nichols as Tommy Wheeler Brooke Smith as Frances Simpson Michael McGrady as Frank Barnes Craig Ricci Shaynak as Kenneth `` Tiny '' Benson , Sully 's nephew ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Octavius J. Johnson as Marvin Gaye Washington ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Frank Whaley as FBI Agent Van Miller ( season 1 ) Johnathon Schaech as Sean Walker ( season 1 ) James Woods as Patrick `` Sully '' Sullivan ( season 1 ) Rosanna Arquette as Linda ( season 1 ) Hank Azaria as Ed Cochran ( season 2 - 4 ) Sherilyn Fenn as Donna Cochran ( season 2 ) Ann - Margret as June Wilson ( season 2 ) Kip Pardue as FBI Agent Thomas Volcheck ( season 2 ) Wendell Pierce as Ronald Keith ( seasons 2 - 3 ) Crispin Alapag as Pablo Ramirez ( season 2 ) Vinessa Shaw as Kate McPherson ( season 2 ) Jeryl Prescott as Cherry ( season 2 ) Omar Dorsey as Cookie Brown ( season 2 ) Jamie Donnelly as Peggy Shaugnessy ( season 2 ) Eion Bailey as Steve Knight ( season 2 ) Brian Geraghty as Detective Jim Halloran ( season 2 ) Steph DuVall as Shorty ( season 2 ) Ian McShane as Andrew Finney ( season 3 ) Katie Holmes as Paige Finney ( season 3 ) Guy Burnet as Casey Finney ( season 3 ) Jason Butler Harner as Varick Strauss ( season 3 ) Leland Orser as Father Romero ( season 3 -- 4 ) Michael Hyatt as Detective Sheila Muncie ( season 3 -- 4 ) Christy Williams as Michelle ( season 3 ) Aaron Staton as Greg Donellen ( season 3 - 4 ) Alyssa Diaz as Teresa ( season 3 -- 5 ) Fairuza Balk as Ginger ( season 3 ) Bronson Pinchot as Flip Brightman ( season 3 ) Embeth Davidtz as Sonia Kovitzky ( season 4 ) Richard Brake as Vlad ( season 4 ) Lisa Bonet as Marisol ( season 4 ) Ted Levine as Little Bill Primm ( season 4 ) Gabriel Mann as Jacob Waller ( Season 4 ) Paula Jai Parker as Sylvie Starr ( season 4 ) Susan Sarandon as Samantha Winslow ( season 5 ) C. Thomas Howell as Dr. Brogan ( season 5 ) Graham Rogers as Smitty ( season 5 ) Rhys Coiro as Rob Heard ( season 5 ) Lili Simmons as Natalie James ( season 5 ) Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes ratings per season Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Rating 76 80 77 Ray Donovan has received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season a rating of 76 % based on reviews from 38 critics , with the sites consensus stating : `` Ray Donovan moves quickly between genres and tones , with Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight 's performances making the whiplash worth it '' . Metacritic gives the first season a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 , based on reviews from 36 critics , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . Tim Goodman , writing for The Hollywood Reporter , said that `` Showtime has another gem on their hands '' and the casting of Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight was `` gold '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipients Result Ref . 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Most Exciting New Series Ray Donovan Won 2014 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Jon Voight Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Liev Schreiber Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Jon Voight Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series Ray Donovan Nominated 2015 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Liev Schreiber Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Jon Voight Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Liev Schreiber Nominated 2016 Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama Ray Donovan Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Liev Schreiber Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jon Voight Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series David Hollander Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Harrison Marsh , Robert Edmondson , R. Russell Smith Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Hank Azaria Won 2017 Canadian Society of Cinematographers Awards TV Series Cinematography Robert McLachlan Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Liev Schreiber Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Hank Azaria Nominated Home media release ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on June 10 , 2014 . The second season was released on both media on May 26 , 2015 . The third season was released on DVD on December 29 , 2015 . The fourth season was released on DVD on December 27 , 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) 2013 Original Series Premiere Slate '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Showtime Orders Twelve Episodes of Two New Dramas , ' Ray Donovan ' and ' Masters of Sex ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Showtime gives series orders to ' Donovan , ' ' Sex ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael . `` TV Ratings : ' Ray Donovan ' Premiere Tops ' Homeland ' With Showtime Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Showtime renews Masters of Sex , Ray Donovan ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Renewed For Season 5 On Showtime '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Episodes ' Final Season , Ray Donovan Get August Premiere Dates '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ray Donovan Renewed for Season 6 -- But a ' Big ' Change Is In Store '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McShane Joins Showtime 's ' Ray Donovan ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Katie Holmes Joins ' Ray Donovan ' Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Levine & Ismael Cruz Cordova Join ' Ray Donovan ' In Recurring Roles '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenge ' Alum Gabriel Mann Joins Showtime 's ' Ray Donovan ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 1 '' . rottentomatoes.com . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman . `` Ray Donovan : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ The BTJA Announces Icon Award Recipient and Most Exciting New Series Honorees ( June 10 , 2013 ) . criticschoice.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Satellite Awards Winners '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 : And the nominees are ... '' Retrieved 2 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Donovan Golden Globes Wins '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Donovan Emmy Awards '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Writers Guild Awards Winners '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Unveiled '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Ray Donovan - ' The 1st Season ' of the Showtime Series on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ray Donovan on IMDb Ray Donovan at TV.com Ray Donovan at Metacritic Ray Donovan at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Showtime original programming Former 1980s debuts 33 Brompton Place Bizarre Brothers Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre It 's Garry Shandling 's Show OWL / TV The Paper Chase Super Dave Tall Tales & Legends Nightmare Classics Thunderbirds 2086 1990s debuts Beggars and Choosers Beverly Hills Bordello The Busy World of Richard Scarry Chris Cross Dead Man 's Gun The Hoop Life Linc 's The Outer Limits OWL / TV Poltergeist : The Legacy Ready or Not Red Shoe Diaries Rude Awakening Stargate SG - 1 Total Recall 2070 Women : Stories of Passion 2000s debuts American Candidate Barbershop : The Series Big Brother : After Dark Body Language Brotherhood Californication The Chris Isaak Show Dead Like Me Deeper Throat Dexter Elite Xtreme Combat Family Business Fat Actress Free for All Going to California Full Color Football : The History of the American Football League Huff Jeremiah Kama Sutra The L Word Lady Chatterley 's Stories Leap Years Lock ' N Load Masters of Horror Meadowlands Nurse Jackie Odyssey 5 Out of Order Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! 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Street Time Secret Diary of a Call Girl ShoMMA ShoXC Sleeper Cell Soul Food Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union The Tudors The Underground This American Life United States of Tara Weeds 2010s debuts 60 Minutes Sports Beach Heat : Miami The Big C The Borgias Dave 's Old Porn Episodes The Green Room with Paul Provenza Happyish House of Lies Inside Comedy Inside NASCAR La La Land Look : The Series Masters of Sex Penny Dreadful The Real L Word Roadies Time of Death Web Therapy Current The Affair ( since 2014 ) Billions ( since 2016 ) Dark Net ( since 2016 ) Dice ( since 2016 ) Gigolos ( since 2011 ) Guerrilla ( since 2017 ) The Franchise ( since 2011 ) Homeland ( since 2011 ) I 'm Dying Up Here ( since 2017 ) Inside the NFL ( since 2008 ) Polyamory : Married & Dating ( since 2012 ) Ray Donovan ( since 2013 ) Shameless ( since 2011 ) ShoBox : The New Generation ( since 2001 ) Showtime Championship Boxing ( since 1986 ) SMILF ( since 2017 ) Submission ( since 2016 ) Twin Peaks ( since 2017 ) White Famous ( since 2017 ) Upcoming The Chi ( 2018 ) Escape at Dannemora ( TBA ) Kidding ( TBA ) Guantanamo ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Donovan&oldid=811180261 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts American crime drama television series American legal television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Lesbian - related television programmes Serial drama television series Showtime ( TV network ) original programs Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series created by Ann Biderman Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 00 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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1. Ray Donovan TV series
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3. Family drama
4. Showtime original programming
5. Liev Schreiber
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which of the following were first domesticated in the fertile crescent
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Fertile Crescent - wikipedia Fertile Crescent Jump to : navigation , search Picture showing the generally defined area of the Fertile Crescent in red The Fertile Crescent ( also known as the cradle of civilization ) is a crescent - shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia , the Nile Valley and Nile Delta . It was created by the inundations of the surrounding Nile , Euphrates , and Tigris rivers . Having originated in the study of ancient history , the concept soon developed and today retains meanings in international geopolitics and diplomatic relations . The Fertile Crescent includes Mesopotamia , the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers ; and the Levant , the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea . The modern - day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Cyprus , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran . The region saw the development of some of the earliest human civilizations , which flourished thanks to the water supplies and agricultural resources available in the Fertile Crescent . Technological advances made in the region include the development of writing , glass , the wheel , agriculture , and the use of irrigation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Geography 3 Climate and bio-diversity 4 History 4.1 Early domestications 5 Languages 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Bibliography 9 External links Terminology ( edit ) The term `` Fertile Crescent '' was popularized by University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted , beginning with his high school textbooks Outlines of European History in 1914 and Ancient Times , A History of the Early World in 1916 . Breasted 's 1916 textbook description of the Fertile Crescent : The westernmost extension of Asia is an irregular region roughly included within the circuit of waters marked out by the Caspian and Black seas on the north , by the Mediterranean and Red seas on the west , and by the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf on the south and east . It is a region consisting chiefly of mountains in the north and desert in the south . The earliest home of men in this great arena of Western Asia is a borderland between the desert and the mountains , a kind of cultivable fringe of the desert , a fertile crescent having the mountains on one side and the desert on the other . This fertile crescent is approximately a semicircle , with the open side toward the south , having the west end at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean , the center directly north of Arabia , and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf ( see map , p. 100 ) . It lies like an army facing south , with one wing stretching along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the other reaching out to the Persian Gulf , while the center has its back against the northern mountains . The end of the western wing is Palestine ; Assyria makes up a large part of the center ; while the end of the eastern wing is Babylonia . This great semicircle , for lack of a name , may be called the Fertile Crescent . It may also be likened to the shores of a desert - bay , upon which the mountains behind look down -- a bay not of water but of sandy waste , some eight hundred kilometres across , forming a northern extension of the Arabian desert and sweeping as far north as the latitude of the northeast corner of the Mediterranean . This desert - bay is a limestone plateau of some height -- too high indeed to be watered by the Tigris and Euphrates , which have cut cañons obliquely across it . Nevertheless , after the meager winter rains , wide tracts of the northern desert - bay are clothed with scanty grass , and spring thus turns the region for a short time into grasslands . The history of Western Asia may be described as an age - long struggle between the mountain peoples of the north and the desert wanderers of these grasslands -- a struggle which is still going on -- for the possession of the Fertile Crescent , the shores of the desert - bay . There is no name , either geographical or political , which includes all of this great semicircle ( see map , p. 100 ) . Hence we are obliged to coin a term and call it the Fertile Crescent . In current usage , the Fertile Crescent includes Iraq , Kuwait , and surrounding portions of Iran and Turkey , as well as the rest of the Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea , Syria , Jordan , Israel , and Lebanon . Water sources include the Jordan River . The inner boundary is delimited by the dry climate of the Syrian Desert to the south . Around the outer boundary are the Anatolian highlands to the north and the Sahara Desert to the west . Geography ( edit ) As crucial as rivers and marshlands were to the rise of civilization in the Fertile Crescent , they were not the only factor in the area 's precocity . The area is important as the `` bridge '' between Africa and Eurasia . This `` bridging role '' has allowed the Fertile Crescent to retain a greater amount of biodiversity than either Europe or North Africa , where climate changes during the Ice Age led to repeated extinction events when ecosystems became squeezed against the waters of the Mediterranean Sea . Coupled with the Saharan pump theory , this Middle Eastern land - bridge is of extreme importance to the modern distribution of Old World flora and fauna , including the spread of humanity . The area has borne the brunt of the tectonic divergence between the African and Arabian plates and the converging Arabian and Eurasian plates , which has made the region a very diverse zone of high snow - covered mountains . Climate and biodiversity ( edit ) The Fertile Crescent had many diverse climates , and major climatic changes encouraged the evolution of many `` r '' type annual plants , which produce more edible seeds than `` K '' type perennial plants . The region 's dramatic variety of elevation gave rise to many species of edible plants for early experiments in cultivation . Most importantly , the Fertile Crescent was home to the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture ( i.e. wild progenitors to emmer wheat , einkorn , barley , flax , chick pea , pea , lentil , bitter vetch ) , and four of the five most important species of domesticated animals -- cows , goats , sheep , and pigs -- and the fifth species , the horse , lived nearby . History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Middle East The ancient Near East Regions and states Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Akkadian Empire Assyria Babylonia Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Sumer Egypt Ancient Egypt Persia Achaemenid Empire Elam Medes Anatolia Hittites Hurrians Neo-Hittite states Urartu The Levant Ancient Israel Phoenicia Archaeological periods Chronology Bronze Age Bronze Age collapse Iron Age Languages Akkadian Aramaic Assyriology Cuneiform script Elamite Hebrew Hittite Hurrian Phoenician Sumerian Urartian Literature Babylonian Hittite texts Sumerian Mythology Babylonian Hittite Mesopotamian Egyptian Other topics Cradle of civilization Assyrian law Babylonian astronomy Babylonian law Babylonian mathematics Cuneiform law History of the Middle East The Fertile Crescent has an impressive record of past human activity . As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early modern humans ( e.g. at Tabun and Es Skhul caves in Israel ) , later Pleistocene hunter - gatherers and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter - gatherers ( the Natufians ) , this area is most famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture . The western zone around the Jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known Neolithic farming settlements ( referred to as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) ) , which date to around 9,000 BCE ( and includes sites such as Jericho ) . This region , alongside Mesopotamia ( which lies to the east of the Fertile Crescent , between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates ) , also saw the emergence of early complex societies during the succeeding Bronze Age . There is also early evidence from the region for writing and the formation of hierarchical statelevel societies . This has earned the region the nickname `` The cradle of civilization . '' It is in this region where the first libraries appeared , some 5,000 years ago . The oldest known library was found in northern Syria , in the ruins of Ebla -- a major commercial center that was destroyed around 1650 BCE . Both the Tigris and Euphrates start in the Taurus Mountains of what is today Turkey . Farmers in southern Mesopotamia had to protect their fields from flooding each year , except northern Mesopotamia which had just enough rain to make some farming possible . To protect against flooding , they made levees . Since the Bronze Age , the region 's natural fertility has been greatly extended by irrigation works , upon which much of its agricultural production continues to depend . The last two millennia have seen repeated cycles of decline and recovery as past works have fallen into disrepair through the replacement of states , to be replaced under their successors . Another ongoing problem has been salination -- gradual concentration of salt and other minerals in soils with a long history of irrigation . Early domestications ( edit ) Prehistoric seedless figs were discovered at Gilgal I in the Jordan Valley , suggesting that fig trees were being planted some 11,400 years ago . Cereals were already grown in Syria as long as 9,000 years ago . Small cats ( Felis silvestris ) also were domesticated in this region . Languages ( edit ) Linguistically , the Fertile Crescent was a region of great diversity . Historically , Semitic languages generally prevailed in the lowlands , whilst in the mountainous areas to the east and north a number of generally unrelated languages were found including Elamite , Kassite , and Hurro - Urartian . The precise affiliation of these , and their date of arrival , remain topics of scholarly discussion . However , given lack of textual evidence for the earliest era of prehistory , this debate is unlikely to be resolved in the near future . The evidence which does exist suggests that by the third millennium BCE and into the second , several language groups already existed in the region . These included : Sumerian -- a non-Semitic language which displays a Sprachbund - type relationship with neighbouring Akkadian Semitic languages -- Akkadian , Amorite , Aramaic , Ugaritic , Canaanite . Hurro - Urartian languages -- a small family . ( The otherwise isolated Kassite language may be related . ) Hattic -- a language isolate , spoken originally in central Anatolia . Indo - European languages -- generally believed to be later intrusive languages , such as Hittite and the Indo - Aryan material attested in the Mittani civilization . Links between Hurro - Urartian and Hattic and the indigenous languages of the Caucasus have frequently been suggested , but are not generally accepted . See also ( edit ) Hilly Flanks History of Mesopotamia History of agriculture Near East Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haviland , William A. , et . al ( 2013 ) . The Essence of Anthropology ( 3rd ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth . p. 104 . ISBN 1111833443 . Jump up ^ Ancient Mesopotamia / India . Culver City , California : Social Studies School Service . 2004 . p. 4 . ISBN 1560041668 . ^ Jump up to : Abt , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . American Egyptologist : the life of James Henry Breasted and the creation of his Oriental Institute . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 193 -- 194 , 436 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 0011 - 04 . Goodspeed , George Stephen ( 1904 ) . A History of the ancient world : for high schools and academies . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 5 -- 6 . Breasted , James Henry ( 1914 ) . `` Earliest man , the Orient , Greece , and Rome '' . In Robinson , James Harvey ; Breasted , James Henry ; Beard , Charles A. Outlines of European history , Vol. 1 ( PDF ) . Boston : Ginn . pp. 56 -- 57 . `` The Ancient Orient '' map is inserted between pages 56 and 57 . Breasted , James Henry ( 1916 ) . Ancient times , a history of the early world : an introduction to the study of ancient history and the career of early man ( PDF ) . Boston : Ginn . pp. 100 -- 101 . `` The Ancient Oriental World '' map is inserted between pages 100 and 101 . Clay , Albert T. ( 1924 ) . `` The so - called Fertile Crescent and desert bay '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 44 : 186 -- 201 . JSTOR 593554 . doi : 10.2307 / 593554 . Kuklick , Bruce ( 1996 ) . `` Essay on methods and sources '' . Puritans in Babylon : the ancient Near East and American intellectual life , 1880 -- 1930 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02582 - 7 . Textbooks ... The true texts brought all of these strands together , the most important being James Henry Breasted , Ancient Times : A History of the Early World ( Boston , 1916 ) , but a predecessor , George Stephen Goodspeed , A History of the Ancient World ( New York , 1904 ) , is outstanding . Goodspeed , who taught at Chicago with Breasted , antedated him in the conception of a ' crescent ' of civilization . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared . ( March 1997 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 . Jump up ^ Murray , S. ( 2009 ) . The library : an illustrated history . New York , NY : Skyhorse Pub . ; Chicago : ALA Editions , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Black , Linda ; Krieger , Larry S. ; Naylor , Phillip C. ; Shabaka , Dahia Ibo ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Norris , Scott ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` Ancient Fig Find May Push Back Birth of Agriculture '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Genographic Project / The Development of Agriculture nationalgeographic.com Jump up ^ Driscoll , et al. , The near eastern origin of cat domestication . Science 2007 ; 317 : 519 - 23 Jump up ^ Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia . Ed . Steadman & McMahon. 2011 . Pg 233 , 522 , 556 . Jump up ^ A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East . Ed : T Potts , 2012 . Pg 28 , 570 , 584 . Bibliography ( edit ) Jared Diamond , Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years , 1997 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fertile Crescent . 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who did not vote for the declaration of independence
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United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> United States Declaration of Independence <Td_colspan="2"> 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost , and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , and Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress , are preserved at the Library of Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many other similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence across Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . This idealized depiction was widely reprinted , of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration ( Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson , Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward , Jr. , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost , and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . A key step marking the evolution of the Declaration in the nation 's consciousness is the now well - known painting Declaration of Independence by Connecticut political painter John Trumbull . It was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 . 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size , it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It has been often reproduced , and is the visual image most associated by Americans with the Declaration . The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House . Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later Presentation of the Declaration depicted on a United States postal issue of 1869 <Th_colspan="2"> Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar ( 1976 ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Obverse : Eisenhower portrait , US national motto , `` Liberty '' on top , US Independence year ( 1776 ) and year of minting ( 1976 ) . Reverse : Liberty Bell in front of the moon , country name , face value , two stars , and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Dollar coin made of silver . Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence . The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 , and the 1972 movie of the same name , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . The Declaration was chosen to become the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . Since 1976 ( the United States Bicentennial ) , Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence has been used on the back of the United States two - dollar bill . In 1984 , the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high , to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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where is the night of the museum filmed
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Night at the Museum - wikipedia Night at the Museum Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Night at the Museum <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Screenplay by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Based on The Night at the Museum by Milan Trenc Starring Ben Stiller Carla Gugino Dick Van Dyke Robin Williams Steve Coogan Crystal the Monkey Jake Cherry Ricky Gervais Mickey Rooney Bill Cobbs Rami Malek Pierfrancesco Favino Brad Garrett Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company 1492 Pictures 21 Laps Entertainment Ingenious Film Partners Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) ( New York City ) December 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $574.5 million Night at the Museum is a 2006 American fantasy - comedy film directed by Shawn Levy and written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon , based on the 1993 children 's book of the same name by Croatian illustrator Milan Trenc . The film stars Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a divorced father who applies for a job as a night watchman at New York City 's American Museum of Natural History and subsequently discovers that the exhibits , animated by a magical Egyptian artifact , come to life at night . It was released on December 22 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . The first installment in the Night at the Museum trilogy , the film was a box office success despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , grossing over $574 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Exhibits 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Songs 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track list 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Home media 6 Awards 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Daley is a divorced man from Brooklyn , hoping to find a good job to impress his ten - year - old son Nick , but his ex-wife Erica believing he is a bad example for their son . Larry is hired at the American Museum of Natural History to replace the retiring security guards Cecil Fredericks , Gus , and Reginald . Larry meets the museum 's neurotic curator Dr. McPhee , and very attractive museum docent Rebecca Hutman , who plans to write a dissertation on Sacagawea . On his first night , Cecil hands Larry an instruction manual on what to do in the museum , warning him not to let anything `` in or out . '' Larry soon discovers that at night , the museum 's exhibits come to life and cause havoc for him . Amongst the lively exhibits are a playful Tyrannosaurus skeleton named Rexy ; a mischievous capuchin monkey named Dexter who destroys the instructions ; the warring miniature factions of cowboys and legionnaires led by Jedediah and General Octavius ; violent Attila the Hun and his army ; a talking Easter Island Head that desires gum who calls Larry `` dum dum '' ; the fire - seeking neanderthals ; and a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt , who is in love with Sacagawea . Roosevelt explains to Larry that the exhibits have come to life every night since the arrival of an Egyptian artifact , the Tablet of Akhmenrah , the mummified pharaoh trapped in his sarcophagus . He also explains to Larry that as night guard , it is his job to make sure that no exhibit sets foot out of the museum , otherwise they will disintegrate into dust if the sun rises while they are outside . The next day , Cecil advises Larry to research history to make up for the instructions ' destruction . He studies in libraries and from Rebecca . Larry puts his new knowledge to good use on his second night , but some of his plans backfire and the neanderthals set their exhibit on fire , leading to one becoming dust after venturing outside . After having doubts and almost getting fired the next day , Larry offers to introduce Sacagawea to Rebecca , but she thinks he is mocking her . On his third night , Larry brings Nick to the museum to watch the exhibits come to life , but they strangely do not . They catch Cecil , Gus , and Reginald stealing artifacts , who explain the tablet 's magic has allowed them to feel physically young in their old age , and plot to frame Larry for the theft while they enjoy a happy retirement . Nick activates the tablet , but Cecil steals it , locking Larry and Nick in the Egyptian exhibit . They free Akhmenrah , and rally the exhibits to stop the thieves and retrieve their colleagues who fled out into Central Park . Gus and Reginald are captured , but Cecil escapes by stagecoach . Larry and several exhibits give chase , where they stop Cecil and recover the tablet , using its magic to escort all of the exhibits back into the museum before sunrise . Rebecca witnesses this and makes amends with Larry and is subsequently introduced to Sacagawea . The next day , McPhee fires Larry after watching news reports of sightings of the exhibits last night , but once they start to leave the museum , they find out that the reports have caused an increased number of visitors , and Larry is immediately rehired . Near the end of the end of the film , Larry , Nick , and the exhibits throw a party in the museum . During the credits , it is shown that Cecil , Gus , and Reginald have been forced to serve as museum janitors for their crimes . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a night - shift security guard at the American Museum of Natural History in New York . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks , a veteran security guard Carla Gugino as Rebecca Hutman , a museum docent Mickey Rooney as Gus , a veteran security guard Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a veteran security guard Jake Cherry as Nick Daley , Larry 's son Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the curator of the Museum of Natural History and Larry 's boss Kim Raver as Erica Daley , Larry 's former wife Charlie Murphy as the taxi - driver Paul Rudd as Don , Erica 's fiancé Anne Meara as Debbie Exhibits ( edit ) Robin Williams as a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt Patrick Gallagher as a wax model of Attila the Hun Rami Malek as the mummy of Pharaoh Ahkmenrah Pierfrancesco Favino as a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus Owen Wilson ( uncredited ) as Jedediah , a miniature cowboy figure Steve Coogan as Octavius , a miniature Roman general figure Mizuo Peck as a polyurethane model of Sacagawea Kerry van der Griend , Dan Rizzuto , Matthew Harrison , and Jody Racicot as wax models of neanderthals Martin Christopher as a wax model of Meriwether Lewis Martin Sims as a wax model of William Clark Randy Lee , Darryl Quon , Gerald Wong , and Paul Chih - Ping Cheng as wax models of the Huns Brad Garrett as the voice of the Easter Island Head Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a stuffed capuchin monkey Production ( edit ) The building featured in the film , which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby , British Columbia , is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , external shots of which were used in the movie . Trainers spent several weeks training Crystal , who plays the troublemaking monkey Dexter , to slap and bite Stiller in the film . Robin Williams ' Theodore Roosevelt costume closely resembles that of John Wayne 's character in The Shootist . Director Shawn Levy credited Ben Stiller for the ensemble cast : `` When actors hear that Ben Stiller is in a movie they want to work with him . It ( 's ) a high - water mark and it absolutely draws actors in and I 'm convinced that 's a big part of why we got this cast . '' Music ( edit ) Songs ( edit ) Ben Stiller claimed that he watched Tom Cruise in the Mission : Impossible films to learn how to imitate his running technique , shown here as Stiller portraying his film character running for dear life from the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton ( Rexy ) . `` Friday Night '' - performed by McFly ; not featured in American version of the film , but heard in some international cuts , used during the end credits . It can be heard on the American DVD on the Spanish dub . `` September '' - performed by Earth , Wind and Fire ; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying . `` Weapon of Choice '' - performed by Fatboy Slim ; used in the scene where Larry returns to the museum for his second night and is preparing for the chaos . `` Tonight '' - performed by Keke Palmer and Cham ; used for the end credits . `` Eye of the Tiger '' - performed by Ben Stiller ; used in the scene where Larry is bored and messes around with the telephone at the front desk beatboxing the music . An instrumental version of `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow is used when Larry is standing in the elevator , while escaping from Attila the Hun . `` Ezekiel Saw Them Dry Bones '' is the tune Larry whistles as he passes the empty T. rex exhibit on his first night . `` Camptown Races '' by Stephen Foster is sung by the townspeople of the American West miniature diorama . This is a period - correct song . Score ( edit ) Alan Silvestri replaced John Ottman as score composer . Silvestri 's score was used for the teaser trailer of Horton Hears a Who ! <Th_colspan="2"> Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Alan Silvestri Released December 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) Recorded 2006 Genre Film score Length 53 : 19 Label Varese Sarabande Track list ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on December 19 , 2006 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . <Th_colspan="3"> Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Night at the Museum '' 02 : 35 2 . `` One of Those Days '' 00 : 49 3 . `` An Ordinary Guy ? '' 01 : 27 4 . `` Tour of the Museum '' 02 : 35 5 . `` Civil War Soldiers '' 04 : 08 6 . `` Out of Africa '' 01 : 07 7 . `` Meet Dexter '' 01 : 27 8 . `` Mayan Warriors '' 00 : 57 9 . `` Where 's Rexy ? '' 00 : 48 10 . `` West from Africa '' 01 : 49 11 . `` The Iron Horse '' 01 : 06 12 . `` Saved by Teddy '' 01 : 57 13 . `` Tablet of Akmenrah '' 00 : 37 14 . `` Tracking , Dear Boy '' 01 : 08 15 . `` Some Men Are Born Great '' 00 : 50 16 . `` Sunrise '' 00 : 42 17 . `` Study Up on History '' 02 : 15 18 . `` Teddy Likes Sacagawea '' 01 : 53 19 . `` Tearing Limbs '' 01 : 45 20 . `` Caveman on Fire '' 00 : 43 21 . `` Outrun the Sun '' 00 : 58 22 . `` Show You What I Do '' 02 : 55 23 . `` Tablet 's Gone '' 02 : 45 24 . `` Theodore Roosevelt at Your Service '' 01 : 11 25 . `` This Is Your Moment '' 02 : 10 26 . `` Rally the Troops '' 01 : 07 27 . `` Tree Take Down '' 01 : 21 28 . `` Cecil 's Escape '' 01 : 26 29 . `` Stage Coach '' 02 : 28 30 . `` Teddy in Two '' 01 : 18 31 . `` Cab Ride '' 00 : 50 32 . `` Big Fan '' 01 : 03 33 . `` Heroes Return '' 00 : 54 34 . `` A Great Man '' 00 : 57 35 . `` Full House '' 01 : 21 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 53 : 19 Release ( edit ) Night at the Museum had its premiere in New York City on December 17 , 2006 , in South Korea on December 21 , 2006 , on December 22 , 2006 in United States , December 26 , 2006 in UK , January 12 , 2007 in Brazil , on February 14 , 2007 in China and on March 17 , 2007 in Japan . The film was released under the title of `` Noche en el museo '' in Spain , `` Una notte al museo '' in Italy , `` La nuit au musée '' in France , `` Ночь в музее '' in Russia and `` Uma Noite no Museu '' in Brazil . Box office ( edit ) At the end of its box office run , Night at the Museum earned a gross of $250.9 million in the US and Canada and $323.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $574.5 million against a budget of $110 million . It is also the highest - grossing film worldwide of the trilogy . It was the highest - grossing film in its opening weekend , grossing $30.8 million plating in 3,685 theaters , with a $8,258 per - theater average . For the four - day Christmas holiday weekend , it took in $42.2 million . The movie was also released in IMAX large screen format , often on site at museums of science or natural history such as the Pacific Science Center in Seattle . In its second weekend , Night at the Museum expanded into 83 more theaters and took in approximately $36.7 million , out - grossing its opening weekend . It maintained the top position in its third week , with an additional $23.7 million . During its opening weekend of December 15 , 2006 , the film grossed a figure of estimated $5 million , with the highest debut coming from South Korea ( $5.04 million ) . The biggest market in the other territories were the UK , Japan , South Korea , and Germany , where it grossed $40.8 million , $30 million , $25.7 million , $22.9 million . Critical reaction ( edit ) Night at the Museum received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43 % , based on 132 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Parents might call this either a spectacle - filled adventure or a shallow and vapid CG-fest , depending on whether they choose to embrace this on the same level as their kids '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave it 2 stars out of 4 , and commented on Stiller 's performance by stating `` It might be fair to give Ben Stiller an ' A ' for effort , but to call what he does in this movie `` acting '' is a misnomer . He does a lot of running around , occasionally falling down or bumping into things . '' One positive review by William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , gave it a B - , and stated that the film was `` Out to impress and delight a family audience with the pageantry of human and natural history , and that 's a surprisingly worthy ambition for a Hollywood comedy . '' In a case of life imitating art , museum officials at the American Museum of Natural History have credited the film for increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season by almost 20 % . According to a museum official , between December 22 , 2006 , and January 2 , 2007 , there were 50,000 more visitors than during the same period the prior year . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on a 2 - Disc DVD edition in the United Kingdom on April 2 , 2007 . It was released on 1 - Disc and 2 - Disc DVD editions and Blu - ray Disc format on April 24 , 2007 elsewhere . The film became the first non-Disney film to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney ( now known as DVDizzy.com ) , due to the website dealing with other studios besides Disney . As of 6 December 2009 , the film has sold 9,191,694 DVDs and grossed $153,566,058 in DVD sales . Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Ref . Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film N / A Nominated ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Alan Silvestri Won Artios Best Feature Film Casting - Comedy Ilene Starger Coreen Mayrs ( Vancouver casting ) Heike Brandstatter ( Vancouver casting ) Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie N / A Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Comedic Performance Ben Stiller Nominated National Movie Award Best Comedy N / A Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Comedy and Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Taurus Award Hardest Hit Greg Fitzpatrick Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger Jake Cherry Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb The first installment in the trilogy , Night at the Museum was followed by a sequel titled Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , which was released on May 22 , 2009 in North America . The third and final installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , was released on December 19 , 2014 in North America . In 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that the Alibaba Pictures Group intended to remake the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MovieLocationsGuide.com '' . Night at the Museum Filming Locations . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Classic Movies . `` John Wayne : one last shot before the final farewell '' . Telegraph . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sun2Surf.com '' . Stiller shifts to the Museum . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum Release '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Showdown '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum domestic weekend '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Foreign Weekly '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM foreign market '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews.com '' . Night at the Museum . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` SeattlePI.com '' . Shallow ' Museum ' exhibits some appealing qualities . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` msnbc.com '' . Movie boosts Natural History Museum visits . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . cinemascore.com/ . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . Non-Disney films to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . `` Night at the Museum '' at UltimateDisney.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Night ath the Museum '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host Nominee Release '' . Nickelodeon . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taurus World Stunt Awards - Hardest Hit '' . World Stunt Awards . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Sun and Patrick Brzeski ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` China 's Alibaba Pictures to Remake ' Night at the Museum ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum Night at the Museum on IMDb Night at the Museum at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum at AllMovie Night at the Museum at Box Office Mojo Night at the Museum at Metacritic Night at the Museum at Rotten Tomatoes Night At The Museum Review on Variety.com Independentfilm.com video interview with Mizuo Peck who played Sacagawea <Th_colspan="2"> Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Shawn Levy <Td_colspan="2"> Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ricky Gervais Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Derek Other television work `` Golden Years '' The Office ( US ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' Film ( writer / director ) The Invention of Lying Cemetery Junction Special Correspondents David Brent : Life on the Road Stand - up ( writer / performer ) Animals Politics Fame Science Humanity Other works The Ricky Gervais Show ( audio ) Flanimals More Flanimals Flanimals of the Deep Flanimals : The Day of the Bletchling Music Seona Dancing `` More to Lose '' `` Bitter Heart '' VIAF : 221440968 LCCN : n2006058506 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum&oldid=837290460 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 1492 Pictures films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films 21 Laps Entertainment films American adventure comedy films American fantasy adventure films American films American Museum of Natural History Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Christopher Columbus Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Cultural depictions of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Dune Entertainment films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films based on children 's books Films directed by Chris Columbus Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 22 : 20 . 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1. Night at the Museum - film synopsis
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when will the bullet train be finished in india
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Mumbai -- Ahmedabad high - speed rail corridor - Wikipedia Mumbai -- Ahmedabad high - speed rail corridor Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Mumbai -- Ahmedabad high - speed rail corridor <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Type High - speed rail Status Under Construction Locale India Termini Ahmedabad Mumbai Stations 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Operation Planned opening 2022 ( 2022 ) Owner Indian Railways Character Elevated , underground , undersea and Grade - separated <Th_colspan="2"> Technical Line length 508 km ( 316 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Electrification 25 kV AC , 50 Hz , overhead catenary Operating speed 320 km / h ( 200 mph ) The Mumbai -- Ahmedabad high - speed rail corridor is an under - construction high - speed rail line connecting the cities of Ahmedabad , Gujarat , and India 's economic hub Mumbai , Maharashtra . It will be India 's first high - speed rail line . The construction of the corridor began on 14 September 2017 as per schedule and the first bullet train is scheduled to leave for its first run on 15 August 2022 . The corridor will use E5 Series Shinkansen , and will be operated by JR East . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Planning 2 Construction 3 Cost 4 Infrastructure and operations 4.1 Signaling and power 4.2 Operator 4.3 Fares 5 Stations 5.1 Mumbai terminal 5.2 Ahmedabad Terminal 6 Future developments 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Mumbai -- Ahmedabad corridor , along with 5 other high - speed rail corridors , was introduced for a feasibility study in the 2009 -- 2010 Rail Budget . A 650 km long high - speed rail corridor was proposed to run from Pune railway station to Ahmedabad railway station via Mumbai . The point at which this route would touch Mumbai was to be decided when the feasibility report was prepared . The pre-feasibility study for the Ahmedabad -- Mumbai -- Pune corridor was completed by a consortium of RITES , Italferr and Systra . The top speed expected for the corridor was up to 350 km / h . The proposed stations included Lonavala on Mumbai -- Pune section and Surat , Bharuch and Vadodara on Mumbai -- Ahmedabad section . It was proposed to have 32 services between Mumbai and Ahmedabad . Railway officials also proposed extending the corridor up to Bangalore . A Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) was signed in New Delhi on 14 February 2013 between the Ministry of Railways and the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français ( SNCF ) , the French national railways , for technical cooperation in the field of railways . The parties agreed to carry out jointly an `` operations and development '' feasibility project on the Mumbai -- Ahmedabad high - speed rail corridor . The project was funded by the SNCF with support from the French Ministry of Finance . In March 2013 , the Railway Board decided to drop the Mumbai - Pune section and operate the high - speed rail service only between Mumbai and Ahmedabad . The Board took the decision due to financial constraints , as the ghat section between Pune and Mumbai would escalate the budget for the project . According to V.A. Malegaonkar , Chief Public Relations Officer ( PRO ) , Western Railway , `` It 's basically a Western Railway project and very little portion of Maharashtra was being covered under it . Hence , the Maharashtra government was showing little interest in the project and was also reluctant to bear a financial burden . That is the reason why the Railway Board has decided against including the Pune - Mumbai portion in the high - speed corridor '' . India and Japan signed a MoU to undertake a joint feasibility study of the Mumbai - Ahmedabad route in New Delhi in September 2013 . This was in pursuance of the Joint Statement between then Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh and the Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe on 29 May 2013 , which provided that the two sides would co-finance a joint feasibility study of the route . The objective of the joint study was to prepare a feasibility report of the system with a speed of 300 -- 350 km / h . The cost of the study ( ¥ 500 million ) was borne equally by India and Japan . The study was scheduled to be completed within 18 months from its commencement , i.e. it would complete by July 2015 . The study carried out traffic forecasting , alignment surveys and undertook a comparative Study of high - speed railway technology and systems . Japanese International Cooperation Agency ( JICA ) and the SNCF carried out studies on the project . JICA researched the technology , alignment and traffic - related aspects , while SNCF worked on business projections . The feasibility study included an alignment survey concerning aspects such as land acquisition , environmental challenges and building of tunnels and bridges . It also suggested a financial model based on fare and non-fare box revenue . Planning ( edit ) JICA officials visited Mumbai in January 2014 to discuss the details of the project , and made selective site visits to the proposed route . On 21 January , following several meetings between JICA and Indian Railways officials , it was proposed to originate the corridor at the Bandra Kurla Complex ( BKC ) in Mumbai . The proposed route would begin from BKC , go right up to Thane on the Central Line , and then take a diversion on the Trans - Harbour route which is on the Thane - Diva - Vasai - Virar stretch . The corridor would then switch over to the Western Line , before entering Gujarat and terminating at Ahmedabad. 12 stations were proposed on the route , of which 8 would have been in Gujarat . The intention behind taking the route via Thane is to keep the option open to link the corridor to Pune . The team also proposed other options for originating the line at either Bandra Terminus or Lokmanya Tilak Terminus , if the BKC option was unfeasible . Air - conditioned bullet trains are expected to operate in the corridor at speeds of 320 km / h , enabling commuters to traverse the 534 km distance in 2 hours . Currently , the fastest train operating on this sector is the Ahmedabad Duronto Express , which takes Six and Quarter hours to reach Mumbai Central from Ahmedabad running non-stop between these two cities at a maximum speed of 130 km / h . The project held its first full - fledged meeting at the Railway Ministry in the first week of April 2014 , to bring about a broad consensus on the project , especially between the governments of Maharashtra and Gujarat . The meeting was attended by representatives from the Maharashtra and Gujarat governments , and the JICA , and Railway Board officials . At the meeting , officials agreed to begin the line from BKC , and then take it to Thane and onward to Virar . The Maharashtra government was in favour of connecting the line with Belapur as well , in order to bring high - speed rail to Navi Mumbai . However , railway officials were opposed to the Belapur detour . Officials also discussed the need to ensure that the terminal at BKC would be connected to Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro , enabling commuters from South Mumbai to reach BKC . In May 2014 , the project was approved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a meeting with the chairman of the High Speed Rail Corporation of India . The feasibility study on the project was carried out by RITES , Italferr and Systra in July 2015 . On 20 July 2015 , a joint Japanese - Indian survey team recommended a Shinkansen - style system for the Mumbai - Ahmedabad line , including the adoption of Automatic train control and dedicated tracks . JICA 's report recommended constructing 63.3 % of the route an embankment slightly above the ground , 28.3 % on stilts , 5.8 % underground and 2.2 % on bridges . Minister of State for Railways Rajen Gohain informed Parliament on 15 March 2017 that under a new plan the entire corridor would be elevated except for the tracks that were proposed to be built underground . An MoU was signed by the governments of India and Japan on 12 December 2015 . The Ministry of Railways , based on the recommendtion of the NITI Aayog , announced that Shinkansen technology would be adopted for the line , with technology transfer to support the Make in India programme . Japan would also provide staff training . In January 2016 , the Ministry of Railways fast tracked the project and set up a Special Purpose Vehicle ( SPV ) named the National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited to build and operate the corridor . The company was registered in January 2016 in the name of Indian Railways . It was planned for the company to eventually be made into a joint venture with equity participation of the Maharashtra and Gujarat governments . The Public sector company is expected to build and also carry out train operations . The Ministry of Railways , the National High - Speed Rail Corporation ( NHSRC ) and JICA signed an tripartite consultancy agreement in December 2016 to implement the project . The NHSRC is a new agency floated to implement the project . A joint venture between Japan International Consultants for Transportation Co ( JIC ) , Nippon Koei Co , and Oriental Consultants Global Co. Ltd. was appointed as the general consultants for the project , and prepared design documents , bidding documents and technical standards and specifications for the project . In late 2016 , JICA awarded the detailed design study for the project to a consortium led by Japan International Consultants for Transportation ( JIC ) , a subsidiary of East Japan Railway , West Japan Railway and the Tokyo Metro . The study formally began in March 2017 . JIC will forecast demand , set fares and devise a train operation plan , handle preliminary design work for structures such as tunnels and bridges , and draw up an overall construction schedule . Japan International Consultants for Transportation ( JIC ) Project Manager stated that `` conditions surrounding the construction of a high - speed railway in India - such as weather , which is harsh there , and the quality and standards of materials - are considerably different from those in Japan . So we are now comparing and adjusting to these technical matters . '' Japanese public and private sector companies conducted training programs for railway staff in India . JIC stated that the local expertise in India gained from constructing and operating various rapid transit systems could be utilized for the high speed rail project . Japan also provided training to Indian Railway Ministry officials , some of whom studied in government - sponsored programs at graduate schools in Japan . India and Japan signed an agreement to establish an HSR Training Institute in India by 2020 to train railway staff in high speed rail operations . Construction ( edit ) Most of the corridor will be elevated , except for a 21 km underground tunnel between Thane and Virar , of which 7 km will be undersea . The undersea tunnel was chosen to avoid damaging the thick vegetation present in the area . The corridor will begin at the underground station in the Bandra - Kurla Complex in Mumbai , and then traverse 21 km underground before emerging above ground at Thane . Survey work on the route began in January 2017 . According to NHSRC director Mukul Saran Mathur , `` The geo - technical surveys have started along the entire route between Mumbai and Ahmedabad and is expected to take two to three months . The activities that have begun include geo - technical and geo - physical investigations into the 21 - kilometre , under - water tunnel of the project as well as the Final Location Survey to mark the alignment , right down to the pillars on which the high speed trains will run . '' RITES identified 750 locations along the entire route to carry out soil testing , including 62 locations for the underground section . The agency completed soil testing at a total of 250 locations by 24 February . Officials carried out testing of soil and rocks at a depth of 70 metres underwater for the undersea tunnel stretch . Railway officials utilized a helicopter mounted with a 100 megapixel high - resolution digital camera , a Light Detection and Ranging ( LiDAR ) scanner , a data recorder and other equipment to carry out the survey . This aerial - survey method provides accurate data about land contours , buildings and vegetation , and will permit the survey work to be completed within 9 -- 10 weeks as opposed to the 6 -- 8 months required for a regular survey . The helicopter completed its survey of the entire route within a flying time of 30 hours , and the rest of the time is required for data processing . The aerial survey was completed by JICA and the Indian Railways by the end of February 2017 . Railway Ministry officials stated in April 2017 that final location surveys had been completed , and that consultants to carry out environmental and social impact studies would be appointed within a few months . As of 14.09. 2017 Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe laid down the foundation stone along with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and marked the beginning of the long - awaited project . The construction of the corridor is expected to be completed by August 2022 and the bullet train is expected to go on its first run on 15 August 2022 on the occasion of India 's 75th Independence day . Cost ( edit ) The project is estimated to cost ₹ 1.1 lakh crore ( US $17 billion ) . The cost includes interest during construction and import duties . JICA agreed to fund 81 % of the total project cost ₹ 88,087 crore ( US $14 billion ) , through a 50 - year loan at an interest rate of 0.1 % with a moratorium on repayments up to 15 years and the remaining cost will be borne by the state governments of Maharashtra and Gujarat . 20 % of the components used on the corridor will be supplied by Japan , and manufactured in India . Most of the line will be constructed on an elevated corridor to avoid land acquisitions and the need to build underpasses . It will also enhance safety by eliminating the need for level crossings . The decision to construct an elevated line raised the cost for the project by an additional ₹ 10,000 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) . Infrastructure and operations ( edit ) Trains are proposed to have length of between 10 and 16 coaches . Each train will have a passenger capacity between 1,300 and 1,600 passengers . The system will be designed to operate trains at a maximum speed of 350 kilometres per hour ( 220 mph ) , while operational speed would be 320 kilometres per hour ( 200 mph ) . When traveling at 350 kilometres per hour ( 220 mph ) a train will be able to travel end - to - end on the 508 kilometres ( 316 mi ) line in 2 hours and 8 minutes . Currently , a train journey from Mumbai to Ahmedabad takes 7 hours . Indian Railways proposes to operate two types of services on the corridor . A `` Rapid Train '' service with only two stops at Surat and Vadodara , and a slower service that halts at all stations . The `` Rapid Train '' would complete the journey in 2 hours and 7 minutes , while the slower service would take 2 hours and 58 minutes . In total , 35 daily services will be operated on the line , with 3 services per hour during peak hours and 2 services per hour during off - peak hours . The Railways estimates that the high speed rail corridor will have a daily ridership of around 36,000 in 2023 . On 9 January 2017 at Vibrant Gujarat Summit , the Gujarat Government and the National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited ( NHSRC ) signed an MoU worth ₹ 67,000 crore ( US $10 billion ) for component manufacturing for the high speed rail corridor . The Gujarat Government will bear 25 % of the total project cost and provide land for the project . Signaling and power ( edit ) Signaling equipment and power systems for the corridor will be imported from Japan , per the terms of the loan agreement with JICA . Operator ( edit ) In February 2016 , the National High Speed Rail Corporation ( NHSRC ) was registered under the Companies Act , 2013 . The NHSRC is a special purpose vehicle responsible for the implementation of the Mumbai -- Ahmedabad high - speed rail project . In October 2016 , the Indian Railways invited applications to fill key positions in the NHSRC . These positions include managing director , director ( project ) , director ( electrical and systems ) and director ( finance ) . The managing director is required to sign a bond guaranteeing to serve in the position for a minimum of 5 years . Fares ( edit ) Fares are proposed to be 1.5 times that of a First - Class AC ticket on the Mumbai - Ahmedabad Duronto Express . As of January 2017 , a First - Class AC ticket from Mumbai to Ahmedabad costs ₹ 2,000 , which would make the cost of a high - speed rail ticket ₹ 3,000 . Trains will have business and standard sections with 2x2 and 2x3 seating configuration respectively . Stations ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Mumbai -- Ahmedabad high - speed rail corridor <Td_colspan="2"> Legend <Td_colspan="2"> Mumbai BKC Station <Td_colspan="2"> Thane <Td_colspan="2"> Thane Depot and Workshop <Td_colspan="2"> Towards Pune <Td_colspan="2"> 21 Km undersea tunnel <Td_colspan="2"> Virar <Td_colspan="2"> Maintenance Depot <Td_colspan="2"> Boisar <Td_colspan="2"> Maharashtra - Gujarat border ' <Td_colspan="2"> Vapi <Td_colspan="2"> Maintenance Depot <Td_colspan="2"> Valsad <Td_colspan="2"> Surat <Td_colspan="2"> Surat Depot <Td_colspan="2"> Bharuch <Td_colspan="2"> Maintenance Depot <Td_colspan="2"> Vadodara <Td_colspan="2"> Anand / Nadiad <Td_colspan="2"> Ahmedabad Depot <Td_colspan="2"> Ahmedabad <Td_colspan="2"> Sabarmati Junction railway station The line will have 12 stations . Proposed stations are Mumbai , Thane , Virar , Boisar , Vapi , Bilimora , Surat , Bharuch , Vadodara , Anand and Ahmedabad , Sabarmati . High speed rail stations will be constructed either above or next to existing railway stations to provide transfer with the Indian Railways network . The Director of the Railway Bureau of Japan 's Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transportation and Tourism stated that `` this makes construction extremely difficult '' . Mumbai terminal ( edit ) The Indian Railways proposed constructing the proposed terminus at BKC as a three - storey underground station . However , the Maharashtra state government planned to construct the International Financial Services Centre ( IFSC ) at BKC on the same plot . JICA 's report had cited the BKC plot as the most suitable location to build the Mumbai terminus . In February 2016 , the Railways and the state government came to an agreement to construct both projects at the BKC . However , in April 2016 , the state government refused to permit construction of the underground station at BKC , citing the lack of availability of land in the area for an underground station after the completion of the proposed IFSC and its multi-level underground car park . The state government also stated that IFSC would begin generating revenue for the government shortly , while the rail corridor was only expected to be completed by 2023 . It instead suggested relocating the proposed BKC terminus to either Matunga or Kanjurmarg . The issue was resolved in January 2017 , when the Maharashtra Government and the MMRDA agreed to provide 5.4 hectares of land in BKC to construct a terminus . Ahmedabad terminal ( edit ) The Sabarmati station will serve as the high - speed rail terminal in Ahmedabad . Future developments ( edit ) In September 2015 , Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis requested railway authorities to incorporate Nashik into the corridor 's alignment . Railway officials stated that the proposal was not feasible as it would require the entire project to be re-planned , and would greatly escalate costs due to the ghat section between Mumbai and Nashik . In January 2017 , Mumbai Mirror reported that the high - speed rail corridor would be extended to Pune and Nashik . On 14 September 2017 , Indian PM Narendra Modi and his Japanese counterpart Shinzo Abe laid the foundation stone of the project in Ahmedabad , Gujarat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JICA presents draft report on bullet train project to joint committee '' . timesofindia - economictimes . Jump up ^ `` Government Aims To Start Bullet Train On 15 August 2022 To Commemorate The 75th Year Of Independence '' , Swarajya ( magazine ) Jump up ^ Sood , Jyotika ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Bullet train deadline advanced to 2022 : Piyush Goyal '' . http://www.livemint.com/ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Thakur , Raghav . `` Indian high - speed project moves forward '' . www.railjournal.com . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.jterc.or.jp/koku/koku_semina/pdf/130211-jic-presentation.pdf Jump up ^ `` ' Extend high - speed corridor up to Bangalore ' '' . The Times of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Information Bureau '' . Jump up ^ `` Pune - Mumbai section dropped from high speed rail corridor plan '' . Jump up ^ `` India , Japan sign MoU for feasibility study of high speed railway system in India '' . Jump up ^ DVV Media UK . `` Feasibility study for Mumbai - Ahmedabad high speed line agreed '' . Railway Gazette . Jump up ^ ANI ( 25 January 2014 ) . `` India , Japan discuss possiblity to implement High Speed Railways system in India '' . Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-government-readying-to-open-up-some-railway-segments-to-fdi-1948452 ^ Jump up to : `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad high speed corridor proposed via Thane '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Railways planning 320 kmph BKC - Ahmedabad corridor '' . mid-day. 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ New Indian government to push ahead with high - speed projects , Raghav Thakur , IRJ Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train May Run On Elevated Corridor '' . NDTV.com . Jump up ^ `` India : Japan system best for its high - speed train '' . NHK WORLD News . 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mum - Ahmedabad rail corridor to be fully elevated , says Rajen Gohain '' . dna. 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ DVV Media UK . `` India and Japan sign high speed rail memorandum '' . Railway Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Railways fast - tracks Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train project , sets up separate company '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Railways forms Special Purpose Vehicle to execute Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train project '' . dna. 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JICA inks pact for Mumbai - Ahmedabad high speed rail project '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yamada , Gp ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` India 's first bullet train project gets going '' . Nikkei Asian Review . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Railways to use hi - tech survey for high - speed train corridor '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ride under the sea ! Drilling the 7 - km route of undersea bullet train project at full swing '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Sagar ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train to get its first underground station at Bandra Kurla Complex '' . India.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet train surveys to begin with BKC plot '' . dna. 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet train 's first hurdle : BMC demands Rs 2 lakh for each borehole dug for project '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad high - speed link : Railways plan aerial survey '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soil test for bullet train begins near Thane - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train plans accelerated , impact surveys to be conducted soon '' . Hindustan Times . 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , The Hindu Net ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Japan is committed to ' Make in India , ' says Abe '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/sanjeev-sinha-named-adviser-for-rs-1-1-lakh-crore-bullet-train-project/articleshow/60454397.cms Jump up ^ Mitter , Sohini . `` India is getting an undersea bullet train '' . Mashable . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Railways To Invest Rs 9,800 Crore In Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project '' . indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train loan : State not keen to be guarantor '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's $12 billion ' Make in India ' fund to push investments '' . timesofindia - economictimes . Jump up ^ `` Railways to invest Rs 9,800 crore on Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train '' . News18 . Jump up ^ Ashish Chauhan ( 11 April 2016 ) . `` ' Elevated tracks can cut land need for high speed rail ' '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train May Run On Elevated Corridor '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` dna special : Bullet train could bring in as much as windfall as city 's suburban network - Officials '' . dna. 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train work to start in 2017 '' . Hindustan Times . 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BKC to Thane in 10 minutes ! '' . Mumbai Mirror . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit : Rs 67,000 crore MoU on anvil for Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , B.S. ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Gujarat govt signs Rs 67k cr MoU for Ahmedabad - Mumbai bullet train project '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat signs MoU for Mumbai -- Ahmedabad Bullet train project '' . India Live Today . 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , ministry to fill bullet train nodal firm 's top posts '' . dna. 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sood , Jyotika ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Bullet train : Indian Railways begins hunt for top management '' . Livemint . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What The Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train Means For the Region '' . Swarajya . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit : Rs 67,000 crore MoU on anvil for Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Latest On Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train : 70 Daily Rides , 7 Kms Under Sea '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra : State , Railways on collision course over bullet train '' . dna. 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet tradsadin picks up speed '' . mid-day. 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` dna exclusive : Fadnavis wants proposed bullet train terminal shifted from BKC '' . dna. 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jog , Sanjay ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train finds a home at BKC '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai to finally get first bullet train in the city '' . mid-day . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai - Ahmedabad bullet train to run via Nashik - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra CM Fadnavis pitches for Ahmedabad - Mumbai bullet train to halt at Nashik Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet train to race to Pune and Nashik - Mumbai Mirror - '' . Mumbai Mirror . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet train project : ' This shows the aspirations of new India , one that is flying high ' , says PM Modi - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Preliminary Study India 's first bullet train project launched , PM Narendra Modi calls it New India 's big dream <Th_colspan="2"> High - speed rail in India Corporations National High - Speed Rail Authority High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited Proposed corridors Diamond Quadrilateral Ahmedabad -- Dwarka Bengaluru -- Mysuru Chennai -- Bengaluru Chennai -- Thiruvananthapuram Delhi -- Amritsar Delhi -- Jodhpur Delhi -- Kolkata Howrah -- Haldia Hyderabad -- Chennai Mumbai -- Ahmedabad Mumbai -- Nagpur Rajkot -- Veraval Thiruvananthapuram -- Kannur <Td_colspan="2"> Rail Transport in India <Th_colspan="2"> Railways in Western India National network / trunk lines New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Konkan Railway Howrah -- Allahabad -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Mumbai -- Chennai line Jaipur -- Ahmedabad line Ahmedabad -- Mumbai main line Branch lines / sections Mathura -- Vadodara Section Akola -- Ratlam line Ahmedabad -- Viramgam section Bhusawal -- Kalyan section Gandhidham -- Ahmedabad main line Gandhidham -- Bhuj section Gandhidham -- Kandla Port section Gandhidham -- Palanpur section Gandhidham -- Samakhiali section Jodhpur -- Bathinda line Maliya Miyana -- Wankaner section Marwar Junction -- Munabao line Mumbai Dadar -- Solapur section Nagpur -- Bhusawal section Samakhiali -- Maliya Miyana section Solapur -- Guntakal section Surendranagar -- Bhavnagar line Viramgam -- Mahesana section Viramgam -- Maliya Miyana section Viramgam -- Okha line Viramgam -- Surendra Nagar section Wankaner -- Surendra Nagar section Suburban lines Ahmedabad ( Planned ) Mumbai ( Western line Central line Harbour line Trans - 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i dont come out the house for free
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A Grand Do n't Come for Free - wikipedia A Grand Do n't Come for Free Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> A Grand Do n't Come for Free <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by The Streets Released 17 May 2004 Recorded 2003 -- 04 in Stockwell , London Genre Alternative hip hop , electronica Length 50 : 42 Label Locked On , 679 Producer Mike Skinner <Th_colspan="2"> The Streets chronology <Td_colspan="2"> All Got Our Runnins ( 2003 ) All Got Our Runnins 2003 A Grand Do n't Come for Free ( 2004 ) The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living ( 2006 ) The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living 2006 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from A Grand Do n't Come for Free <Td_colspan="2"> `` Fit But You Know It '' Released : 26 April 2004 `` Dry Your Eyes '' Released : 19 July 2004 `` Blinded by the Lights '' Released : 27 September 2004 `` Could Well Be In '' Released : 29 November 2004 <Td_colspan="2"> A Grand Do n't Come for Free is the second studio album from British garage and hip hop act The Streets . It was released on 17 May 2004 and is listed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . It is a rap opera which follows the story of its protagonist 's relationship with a girl named Simone , alongside the mysterious loss of £ 1,000 from his home ( the eponymous `` grand '' ) . The album can be considered a concept album , since the tracks on the album together in the exact order form a larger scenario overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Artwork 3 Singles 4 Critical reception 5 Track listing 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the story , the protagonist loses £ 1,000 , or a `` grand '' in slang terms , and strives to recoup the money . In his book The Story of the Streets Skinner explained his decision to create a story that ran through the album : `` The reason I decided to write A Grand Do n't Come for Free as episodes from a single unfolding narrative was because I 'd got so into my songwriting manuals and books by Hollywood screen - writing gurus -- not just Robert McKee but Syd Field and John Truby as well -- and I wanted to try and put what I 'd learnt from them into practice . Every song needs a drama at the centre of it , and once you have the drama , the song writes itself -- that 's what I firmly believed , and still do believe . I 'm not alone in this convicition , either . It 's something pretty much all rappers seem to be sure about . '' In the first track on the album , `` It Was Supposed to Be So Easy '' , Skinner attempts several tasks during a day but they do not go according to plan . When he comes home he can not find the thousand pounds he has saved and his television is broken . In the process of trying to recover the money he : Starts seeing a girl called Simone who works in JD Sports with his friend Dan . ( `` Could Well Be In '' ) Tries to recover the thousand pounds by gambling on football . After a series of wins he frustratingly can not get to the bookmaker 's in time to make a big gamble . Fortuitously , the prediction is wrong -- it is his lucky day . ( `` Not Addicted '' ) Is stood up at a nightclub by Simone , but passes the time drinking alcohol and taking ecstasy . He thinks he sees Simone kissing Dan but the drug induced high distracts him before he can think about it properly . ( `` Blinded By the Lights '' ) Moves into Simone 's house and finds himself comfortable smoking marijuana there , rather than drinking with his friends at the pub . ( `` Would n't Have It Any Other Way '' ) Argues with Simone and she kicks him out of her house . ( `` Get Out of My House '' ) Poses to impress a girl ( `` Fit But You Know It '' ) in a take away restaurant during a heavy night drinking on holiday . Flies back from the holiday and remorsefully reviews the events of the previous night during a phone call to a friend , realising he still wants to be with Simone . ( `` Such a Twat '' ) Suspects his mate Scott of stealing his coat , money , and girlfriend but discovers that Simone is actually having an affair with Dan . ( `` What is He Thinking ? '' ) Tries to cope with his girlfriend breaking up with him . ( `` Dry Your Eyes '' ) Deals with the events of his life in one of two ways ; the final track , `` Empty Cans '' , features two endings to the plot , a bitter ending and a happy ending ( the former where he and a TV repairman get into a fight over the repairman 's fee , and the latter in which he reconciles with his mates and finds the thousand pounds had fallen down the back of the TV , making it malfunction ) . The B - side of the UK single release of `` Fit But You Know It '' is the song `` Soaked by the Ale '' . The story of this song takes place between the events of `` Fit But You Know It '' and `` Such a Twat '' . It documents one of Skinner 's mates being annoyed at Mike for stealing a tub of ice cream whilst on holiday in Spain as a result of his excessive drinking . The chronological order is identified in `` Such a Twat '' where Skinner raps `` And that incident with the ice cream I forgot , it all ended in our vodka '' . Like the Streets ' debut album Original Pirate Material the album was recorded in a flat in south London , but this time in Skinner 's own flat in Stockwell which he had bought using the money he had received upon signing his publishing deal . Artwork ( edit ) The front cover of the album features Skinner posing in a bus shelter at night . The bus shelter was located in Birmingham , where Skinner had grown up , but when Skinner revisited the site in 2012 he found that the shelter had been replaced with a more modern one . Singles ( edit ) The first single from the album , `` Fit But You Know It '' reached number four on the UK Singles Charts with the second single , `` Dry Your Eyes '' entering the UK Charts at number one . The album itself reached number one in the UK Album Charts , number eleven in Australia and number eighty - two in the United States . `` Fit But You Know It '' Released : 3 May 2004 No. 4 UK `` Dry Your Eyes '' Released : 26 July 2004 No. 1 UK `` Blinded by the Lights '' Released : 4 October 2004 No. 10 UK `` Could Well Be In '' Released : 6 December 2004 No. 30 UK Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 91 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blender Entertainment Weekly The Guardian Los Angeles Times NME 9 / 10 Pitchfork 9.1 / 10 Q Rolling Stone The Village Voice B+ Critical response for the album , like for his previous album , was near universally positive . It currently scores 91 / 100 on Metacritic , slightly higher than his previous album , which scored 90 / 100 . Many critics have noted Skinner 's difference in style compared to other artists . Trouser Press said that `` Skinner seems both edgier and more contemplative . '' The Guardian described that the album `` raises the stakes to such an extent that it sounds literally unprecedented : there is n't really any other album like this . '' , and PopMatters described that Skinner `` is now in a class all his own ; nobody else is making music like this . '' Austin Chronicle named the album `` The first hip - hop classic of the new millennium . '' `` In a previous decade , A Grand Do n't Come for Free would have been a rock opera , and it would have taken itself very seriously , '' observed Blender . `` But Skinner is n't interested in pinball wizards or ancient alien races ... ( It ) demands the same attention as a movie , and that 's why some people will hate it while others will find it uniquely riveting . '' Online music magazine Pitchfork placed A Grand Do n't Come for Free at number 129 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s . Music magazine NME placed the album at number 16 on their list of `` top 50 albums of the noughties '' . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Mike Skinner . No . Title Length 1 . `` It Was Supposed to Be So Easy '' 3 : 56 2 . `` Could Well Be In '' 4 : 24 3 . `` Not Addicted '' 3 : 40 4 . `` Blinded by the Lights '' 4 : 45 5 . `` Would n't Have It Any Other Way '' 4 : 36 6 . `` Get Out of My House '' ( featuring MC C - Mone ) 3 : 52 7 . `` Fit but You Know It '' 4 : 14 8 . `` Such a Twat '' 3 : 48 9 . `` What Is He Thinking ? '' ( featuring Wayney G ) 4 : 41 10 . `` Dry Your Eyes '' 4 : 31 11 . `` Empty Cans '' 8 : 15 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dimery , Robert ( 2009 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Octopus Publishing Group , London . p. 920 . ISBN 9781844036240 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Skinner 2012 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Skinner 2012 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Dry Your Eyes , Mike '' . The Sun . London , England : News International . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for A Grand Do n't Come For Free by The Streets '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` A Grand Do n't Come for Free -- The Streets '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( May 2004 ) . `` The Streets : A Grand Do n't Come for Free '' . Blender ( 26 ) : 130 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( 21 May 2004 ) . `` A Grand Do n't Come for Free '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 7 May 2004 ) . `` A Grand Do n't Come for Free , The Streets '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuipers , Dean ( 23 May 2004 ) . `` A striking kind of storytelling '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , James . `` The Streets : A Grand Do n't Come For Free '' . NME . Archived from the original on 4 June 2004 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Plagenhoef , Scott ( 17 May 2004 ) . `` The Streets : A Grand Do n't Come for Free '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Streets : A Grand Do n't Come for Free '' . Q ( 213 ) : 92 . April 2004 . Jump up ^ Blashill , Pat ( 17 May 2004 ) . `` The Streets : A Grand Do n't Come For Free '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 6 July 2004 ) . `` Consumer Guide : Squirt You '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Pirate Material reviews Metacritic '' . Metacritic CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Adrien Begrand ( 14 May 2004 ) . `` The Streets : A Grand Do n't come For Free Popmatters Music Review '' . Popmatters . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian : `` Game Boy '' , Blender , May 2004 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Pitchfork staff ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s : 200 - 151 '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Simon Rogers ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` NME 's top 50 albums of the noughties revealed '' . London : The Guardian . Bibliography ( edit ) Skinner , Mike ( 2012 ) . The Story of The Streets . London , England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 5930 - 6807 - 6 . External links ( edit ) A Grand Do n't Come for Free at Metacritic Preceded by Hopes and Fears by Keane Scissor Sisters by Scissor Sisters UK number one album 3 -- 9 July 2004 31 July -- 6 August 2004 Succeeded by Scissor Sisters by Scissor Sisters Live in Hyde Park by Red Hot Chili Peppers <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Streets <Td_colspan="2"> Mike Skinner Johny Drum Machine Kevin Mark Trail Leo the Lion Morgan Nicholls Wayne Vibes Chris Brown Magic Mike Studio albums Original Pirate Material ( 2002 ) A Grand Do n't Come for Free ( 2004 ) The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living ( 2006 ) Everything Is Borrowed ( 2008 ) Cyberspace and Reds ( 2011 ) Computers and Blues ( 2011 ) Extended plays All Got Our Runnins ( 2003 ) Singles `` Has It Come to This ? '' `` Let 's Push Things Forward '' `` Weak Become Heroes '' `` The Irony of It All '' `` Do n't Mug Yourself '' `` Fit But You Know It '' `` Dry Your Eyes '' `` When You Was n't Famous '' `` Never Went to Church '' `` Prangin ' Out '' Other songs `` Who Knows Who '' Related articles Discography The Mitchell Brothers Ted Mayhem Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Grand_Don%27t_Come_for_Free&oldid=821904544 '' Categories : 2004 albums 679 Artists albums Albums produced by Mike Skinner ( musician ) Concept albums The Streets albums Rap operas Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English from June 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 08 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. A Grand Don't Come for Free - second studio album by The Streets
2. Rap opera concept album
3. Storyline follows protagonist's relationship with a girl named Simone and the loss of £1,000
4. Singles: "Fit But You Know It," "Dry Your Eyes," "Blinded by the Lights," "Could Well Be In"
5. Positive critical reception, listed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die
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-7,978,878,284,842,147,000 |
what does lcd in lcd soundsystem stand for
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LCD Soundsystem - wikipedia LCD Soundsystem Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For their self - titled album , see LCD Soundsystem ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> LCD Soundsystem <Td_colspan="2"> LCD Soundsystem performing at Lollapalooza 2016 in Chicago <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Origin Brooklyn , New York , United States Genres Dance - punk dance - rock electronica electronic rock alternative dance art rock post-punk revival Years active 2002 -- 2011 2015 -- present Labels DFA Columbia EMI Capitol Virgin Parlophone Warner Bros . Domino Nike Associated acts Arcade Fire Franz Ferdinand Website lcdsoundsystem.com <Th_colspan="2"> Members James Murphy Pat Mahoney Nancy Whang Tyler Pope Al Doyle Gavin Rayna Russom Matt Thornley Korey Richey <Th_colspan="2"> Past members David Scott Stone Phil Skarich Phil Mossman Jerry Fuchs J.D. Mark LCD Soundsystem is an American rock band from Brooklyn , New York , formed in 2002 . The band is fronted by musician James Murphy , co-founder of DFA Records . They are currently signed to both DFA and Columbia Records . The band began by recording and releasing multiple singles from 2002 to 2004 leading up to their eponymous debut studio album , which was released in 2005 . It garnered critical acclaim as well as a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic / Dance Album . Their single `` Daft Punk Is Playing at My House '' , which has become the band 's most successful single , also received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording . In the following year , LCD Soundsystem recorded and released `` 45 : 33 '' , a forty - six minute - long composition that was made as a `` workout track '' especially for Nike as part of their Nike+ Original Run series . In 2007 , the band released their second studio album , Sound of Silver , to critical acclaim and another Grammy nomination for Best Electronic / Dance Album . Three years later , LCD Soundsystem released their third studio album , This Is Happening , which became their first top - ten album in their home country of the United States . In February 2011 , a statement was posted on the band 's website that announced its disbandment . It was to be made official following a large farewell concert at Madison Square Garden on April 2 , 2011 . The farewell concert is chronicled in the documentary film Shut Up and Play the Hits and was also made available as a live album , titled The Long Goodbye , in April 2014 . After a series of rumors hinting at a possible band reunion , LCD Soundsystem released the single `` Christmas Will Break Your Heart '' in December 2015 , making it their first single in five years . LCD Soundsystem later confirmed their reunion and announced an expanded tour , including appearances at several high - profile music festivals , as well as a new studio album . American Dream , their fourth album , was released in September 2017 . It went on to become their first number - one album in the United States . The album was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards and the single `` Tonite '' was nominated for Best Dance Recording . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early singles and self - titled album ( 2002 -- 05 ) 1.2 `` 45 : 33 '' and Sound of Silver ( 2006 -- 08 ) 1.3 This Is Happening , farewell concert , and split ( 2009 -- 11 ) 1.4 Post-disbandment ( 2011 -- 14 ) 1.5 Reunion and American Dream ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Band members 3 Discography 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Early singles and self - titled album ( 2002 -- 05 ) ( edit ) Main article : LCD Soundsystem ( album ) LCD Soundsystem began by releasing a string of singles under DFA Records , which was co-founded by band frontman James Murphy . They gained attention with their first single , `` Losing My Edge '' , which peaked at number 115 in the UK . Described as `` an eight - minute , laugh - out - loud funny dissection of cool over a dirty electronic beat '' ; the single became an underground dance favorite . This was followed by the single `` Give It Up '' , and in the following year , `` Yeah '' and `` Movement '' . The latter two peaked at number 77 and number 52 in the UK , respectively . LCD Soundsystem released their eponymous debut studio album in January 2005 to critical acclaim . For the CD version , the first disc contains the album and the second contains a compilation of previous singles . They later released the single `` Daft Punk Is Playing at My House '' the following month , which became their first UK top 40 hit , peaking at number 29 , as well as their most commercially successful single , charting in Australia , Belgium , and the Netherlands . The band toured with M.I.A. following the release of the album . In June 2005 , the band covered a Siouxsie and the Banshees song , `` Slowdive '' for the B - side of their single `` Disco Infiltrator '' . In December 2005 , the group received nominations for two Grammy awards , one for Best Electronic / Dance Album with their self - titled album and one for Best Dance Recording with `` Daft Punk Is Playing at My House . '' Their self - titled debut was also placed at number 94 of Amazon.com 's `` Top 100 Editor 's Picks '' of 2005 . `` 45 : 33 '' and Sound of Silver ( 2006 -- 08 ) ( edit ) Main articles : 45 : 33 and Sound of Silver In October 2006 , LCD Soundsystem released a composition entitled `` 45 : 33 '' , as part of Nike 's Original Run series . It was made available for download from iTunes . Despite its name , the track is actually 45 minutes and 58 seconds long -- the title is a reference to vinyl speeds ( 33 and 45 RPM ) -- and was claimed to `` reward and push at good intervals of a run '' . However , it was later revealed that this was not the case , but that Murphy merely wanted the opportunity to create a long piece of music , akin to E2 - E4 by Manuel Göttsching . LCD Soundsystem 's second studio album , Sound of Silver , was released on March 20 , 2007 , to universal critical acclaim . Praise included Mixmag awarding it the title Album of the Month , a 9.2 score from Pitchfork and a 5 - star review from The Guardian . The album release was preceded by the single `` North American Scum '' , which was released in February 2007 . LCD Soundsystem 's subsequent single `` All My Friends '' included covers of the song by both Franz Ferdinand and former Velvet Underground member John Cale . The digital download `` All My Friends '' EP also includes a cover of the early Joy Division song `` No Love Lost '' . In September 2007 , the A Bunch of Stuff EP was released and the band went on tour with Arcade Fire . Late in 2007 , the band released `` Someone Great '' as the third single from Sound of Silver and re-released `` 45 : 33 '' on CD and vinyl through DFA Records . In December 2007 , there was a release of a 12 - inch record containing b - sides from European singles for the North American market entitled Confuse the Marketplace . Also in December 2007 , the band received a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic / Dance Album with Sound of Silver . The album was also named the best album of 2007 by publications such as The Guardian , Uncut and Drowned in Sound . The album was also nominated for the 2007 Shortlist Prize , where it lost out to The Reminder by Feist . Time magazine named `` All My Friends '' one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007 , ranking it at number 4 . Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised the `` magic '' in the song , saying that the song 's `` straightforward repetition of the same guitar , keyboard and bass lines , combined with lyrics about life without regret , and life with all kinds of regrets pays off with a punch about what we lose as we get older . '' The track was later named the second best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork . After finishing touring for Sound of Silver the band recorded and released a song entitled `` Big Ideas '' on the soundtrack of the film 21 . This song was ranked number 63 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008 . This is Happening , farewell concert , and split ( 2009 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Happening LCD Soundsystem 's concert at Zénith de Paris On November 18 , 2008 , Al Doyle seemed to suggest in an interview with 6 Music that the band would soon be discontinued . However the following day both Doyle and James Murphy quashed this rumor , with Murphy indicating a new LCD Soundsystem album was on the way . Murphy began recording in the summer of 2009 in Los Angeles . Possible song titles mentioned at that time included `` Why Do You Hate Music ? '' and `` Love in LA . '' For the 2009 Record Store Day the band released a cover of Suicide member Alan Vega 's song `` Bye Bye Bayou '' . On February 23 , 2010 , the official LCD Soundsystem website announced that the album had been completed . The first single was set to be `` Drunk Girls '' and on March 25 , a stream of the song was put on music site One Thirty BPM . The title of the album and the cover were revealed on the DFA site on March 30 . The album , titled This Is Happening , was released in the UK on May 17 , 2010 and in the US on May 18 , 2010 . Prior to the release Murphy promised that it will be `` definitely better than the other two . '' Murphy also stated that it was likely to be the last LCD Soundsystem album . The band performed two secret gigs in New York on April 9 and April 12 , 2010 , at the Music Hall of Williamsburg ( Brooklyn ) and Webster Hall in New York respectively . James Murphy made an impassioned plea with fans and industry attendees at the New York gig not to leak the album to the internet in advance of the May 17 release date . It was reported in the NME that Murphy went down on his knees onstage and stated : `` If you got a copy of the record early and you feel like sharing it with the rest of the world , then please do n't ... We spent two years making this record and we want to put it out when we want to put it out . I do n't care about money -- after it comes out , give it to whoever you want for free but until then , keep it to yourself . '' For the 2010 edition of Record Store Day , the band released 1000 copies of a single - sided 12 '' single of This Is Happening track `` Pow Pow . '' When speaking to The Quietus in August , Murphy insisted that LCD Soundsystem would continue to record music , stating : `` We 'll do some 12 '' s and things like that . I just need to get away from it being a big thing . '' On February 8 , 2011 , LCD Soundsystem announced on its website that it would be playing its last show ever on April 2 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . When tickets went on pre-sale and official sale , there were widespread problems with availability and online ordering . Following the immediate sale of all available tickets , LCD Soundsystem announced that they would be playing four warm - up shows at New York 's Terminal 5 . The setlists at those shows were nearly identical to the setlist of the final show at Madison Square Garden . The final song performed by LCD Soundsystem at the farewell show was `` New York , I Love You but You 're Bringing Me Down '' . The show lasted almost four hours with appearances by Arcade Fire , Reggie Watts and others . Post-disbandment ( 2011 -- 14 ) ( edit ) LCD Soundsystem covered the Franz Ferdinand song `` Live Alone '' for the Franz Ferdinand Covers EP . The cover was released as a single through the Domino Recording Company on April 11 , 2011 . On April 12 , 2011 , Murphy confirmed , via LCD Soundsystem 's Facebook page , the release of the final show on DVD , with a better quality than the stream offered by Pitchfork . In addition , a documentary called Shut Up and Play the Hits , chronicling James Murphy during the 48 hours before , during , and after the final show , screened at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and later given limited release in select theaters . On March 5 , 2013 , LCD Soundsystem was named one of Rolling Stone 's New Immortals -- `` currently active ( or relatively recently defunct ) artists who ( they ) think will stand the test of time . '' On April 19 , 2014 , the definitive live recording of the farewell show , The Long Goodbye : LCD Soundsystem Live at Madison Square Garden , was released in a 5 - box vinyl edition . Reunion and American Dream ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : American Dream ( LCD Soundsystem album ) In October 2015 , a Consequence of Sound article reported that `` multiple sources '' confirmed that LCD Soundsystem would be reuniting in 2016 and headlining `` high - profile music festivals in the US and UK '' . This report was eventually confirmed by Billboard , but later that day , DFA Records label manager Kris Petersen confirmed that LCD Soundsystem would not be reuniting . DFA co-founder Jonathan Galkin also confirmed in a Pitchfork article that the band would not be reuniting . On December 24 , 2015 , LCD Soundsystem released the Christmas - themed track `` Christmas Will Break Your Heart '' , acting as the band 's first single in five years . Regarded as a `` depressing Christmas song '' that James Murphy had been singing to himself for years , the song was recorded during 2015 after Murphy had gotten past band members Al Doyle , Pat Mahoney , Nancy Whang , and Tyler Pope to come to DFA Studios in New York City to record the track . It was released as both a digital download and 7 - inch vinyl . Both Consequence of Sound and Billboard again stated , after the release of the song , that `` multiple sources '' can confirm that LCD Soundsystem would reunite in 2016 . On January 4 , 2016 , the band 's reunion was confirmed when it was announced that LCD Soundsystem would be headlining the 2016 Coachella Festival . The following day , the band announced that they would be releasing a new studio album some time in 2016 . On February 13 , it was reported that LCD Soundsystem had signed with Columbia Records . On March 23 , it was announced that the band would also be headlining the 2016 Lollapalooza Festival . The band performed two shows at Webster Hall in East Village , Manhattan on March 27 and 28 , officially marking their first shows in almost five years . The event had a ticket distribution system in the form of a lottery . During the rest of 2016 , the band headlined the Outside Lands , Austin City Limits , Bonnaroo , LouFest , and Wayhome festivals . In August 2016 , the band canceled tour dates for shows in Asia and Australia in order to complete work on the album . Although plans were made to release the record in 2016 , it was suggested that the release date would be moved into the following year , as the recording was predicted to take another few months . LCD Soundsystem performed their first show of 2017 at the then - recently opened venue Brooklyn Steel on April 6 . During their performance , they premiered three new songs titled `` tonite '' , `` call the police '' , and `` american dream '' during the first encore of their set . A fourth new song , `` emotional haircut '' , was performed during a later show at Brooklyn Steel . On May 5 , the band released `` Call the Police '' and `` American Dream '' together as a digital double A-side single . Accompanying the single was a lengthy post on their official Facebook page , which also included an update regarding the progress of their upcoming studio album . The band performed the two songs during the May 6 episode of Saturday Night Live 's 42nd season . On June 19 , the band revealed that the title of their fourth studio album would be American Dream and that it would be released on September 1 through Columbia Records and DFA Records . The tracklist for the album was also revealed as well as dates for a world tour . American Dream subsequently released to critical acclaim following the release of several singles . Band members ( edit ) Principal member James Murphy at La Route Du Rock in August 2007 Al Doyle ( left ) and Nancy Whang performing as part of the band in 2016 The current LCD Soundsystem lineup : James Murphy -- vocals , synths , guitar , bass , drums , percussion , drum machine , production Pat Mahoney -- drums , percussion , drum machine , claps , synths , vocals Nancy Whang -- vocals , keyboards , synths Tyler Pope -- bass , guitar , synths , claps , drum machine Al Doyle -- guitar , percussion , synths , bass Gavin Rayna Russom -- synths , vocals Matt Thornley -- guitar , percussion , piano , synth , drum machine Korey Richey - percussion , synths , piano , vocals Others who have performed with the band either in - studio or live : David Scott Stone -- guitar , percussion , synths , vocals Phil Skarich -- bass Phil Mossman -- guitar , percussion Jerry Fuchs -- drums , percussion ( deceased ) J.D. Mark -- guitar ( deceased ) Discography ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see LCD Soundsystem discography . LCD Soundsystem ( 2005 ) Sound of Silver ( 2007 ) This Is Happening ( 2010 ) American Dream ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Jeff ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Coachella 2016 Friday Weekend 2 Recap : Prince Tributes by LCD Soundsystem , Jack U , Ellie Goulding & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The following cite the band as `` dance - punk '' : Wright , Lisa ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` Best LCD Soundsystem Songs '' . NME . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Moore , Bo ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` The 10 Best LCD Soundsystem Songs '' . Paste . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Pittman , Sarah Marie ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Talks Reunion Plans '' . Pollstar . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Leung , Andrew ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Is LCD Soundsystem Back Together ? Here 's The Scoop on the Coachella Headliner '' . Mic . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The following cite the band as `` dance - rock '' : `` LCD Soundsystem 's comeback album refines the dance - rock eyebrow - archers ' template '' . Thenational.ae . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Sisario , Ben ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem , Leaning on Traditional Sales , Has a No. 1 Album '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The following cite the band as `` electronica '' : Pittman , Sarah Marie ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Talks Reunion Plans '' . Pollstar . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Leung , Andrew ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Is LCD Soundsystem Back Together ? Here 's The Scoop on the Coachella Headliner '' . Mic . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The following cite the band as `` electronic rock '' : Miller , Jeff ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Coachella 2016 Friday Weekend 2 Recap : Prince Tributes by LCD Soundsystem , Jack U , Ellie Goulding & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Haskoor , Michael ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` The ABC 's of ... Electronic Rock in the Studio : The Doors to Depeche Mode & LCD Soundsystem '' . SonicScoop . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Qadir , Fal . `` LCD Soundsystem : Top 10 Songs '' . Project Revolver . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem : A Beginner 's Guide '' . Read.tidal.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The following cite the band as `` post-punk revival '' https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/ac4094fc-25a5-451e-aef0-6e21de986ddd . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ( ( cite web url = http://commmedia.psu.edu/commradio/story/lcd-soundsystem-american-dream-review ^ Jump up to : Young , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem announce new album American Dream , plus lengthy tour '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zywietz , Tobias . `` Chart Log UK -- L '' . zobbel.de . Tobias Zywietz . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I speak as a lifetime failure ' '' . arts.guardian.co.uk . Guardian . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for LCD Soundsystem by LCD Soundsystem '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LCD Soundsystem ( album liner notes ) . LCD Soundsystem . DFA Records . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing 14 March 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Pandora Archive . March 20 , 2005 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem -- Daft Punk Is Playing At My House '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem -- Daft Punk Is Playing At My House '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ M.I.A. announces Headlining Tour Archived December 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Snell , Herman ( February 27 , 2006 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem covered a Siouxsie and the Banshees song on this CD '' . JacksonFreePress.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` EMI Music earns 54 Grammy nominations including honors in key categories `` Album of the Year '' , `` Record of the Year '' , `` Song of the Year '' and `` Producer of the Year '' `` . EMI Group . December 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Message : Top 100 Editors ' Picks '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` LCD Soundsystem records track for Nike '' . Side-line.com . September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Murphy , James ( February 10 , 2007 ) . `` Is this it ? '' . The Guide . Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic -- Sound of Silver '' . Metacritic.com . March 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pytlik , Mark ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Pitchfork Media Review '' . Pitchforkmedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( March 9 , 2007 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem : Sound of Silver '' . Arts.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem -- North American Scum ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem covered by Franz Ferdinand and John Cale for new single '' . Side-line.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Arcade Fire , LCD Team for Seven - Inch ; Vedder , Malkmus , Tweedy Cover Dylan '' . SPIN.com . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived January 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived August 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 50th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominations List '' Archived December 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . for Sound of Silver Jump up ^ `` 2007 's Best Albums '' The Guardian , December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived December 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( December 23 , 2007 ) . `` DiS 's albums of 2007 '' . Drownedinsound.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kharas , Kev ( February 5 , 2008 ) . `` Feist wins Shortlist Prize 2008 '' . Drownedinsound.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ; `` The Best Top 10 Lists of the Year '' ; `` The 10 Best Songs '' ; Time magazine ; December 24 , 2007 ; Page 39 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` ' ' Time ' ' magazine 's Top 10 Songs of 2007 '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Lists : The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s : 20 - 1 '' . Pitchfork . August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` New LCD Soundsystem -- `` Big Ideas '' ( Stereogum Premiere ) -- Stereogum `` . Stereogum.com . February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Songs of 2008 '' . Rolling Stone ( December 25 , 2008 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 12 Jump up ^ Rogers , Georgie ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem reach end of road '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem not splitting -- new album on the way '' . NME.com . November 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Chip 's Al Doyle : ' LCD Soundsystem have n't disbanded ' '' . NME.com . November 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Murphy reveals details of new LCD Soundsystem album '' . Factmagazine.co.uk . September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem Cover Suicide 's Alan Vega on New Single '' . Pitchfork . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to the new LCD Soundsystem single `` Drunk Girls '' `` . One Thirty BPM . March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled no longer `` dfa records '' . DfaRecords.com . March 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem -- New Album in April '' . AltRockNow.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` James Murphy Opens Up About `` Crazy '' May LCD Soundsystem LP `` . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem beg crowd not to leak album at New York show '' . Nme.com. April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` FACT MAgazine : The A-Z of Record Store Day '' . Factmag.com. April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Ben ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` News LCD To Record Again '' . The Quietus . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem -- Live Alone ( File , MP3 ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Photos by Max Blau ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem to Release DVD of Final Madison Square Garden Show : : News : : Paste '' . Pastemagazine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` oh - and quick thing ... '' Facebook . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Menconi , David . `` Phish - The New Immortals '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem will reunite in 2016 '' . Consequence of Sound . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Label Rep Shoots Down Reunion Rumors '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Share New Song `` Christmas Will Break Your Heart '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Kreps . `` LCD Soundsystem Release First New Song in Five Years '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Will Break Your Heart - Single by LCD Soundsystem '' . iTunes United States . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem - Christmas Will Break Your Heart ( 7 '' Single ) `` . DFA Records . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem share Christmas song ahead of 2016 reunion tour '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medved , Matt ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Release First New Song in Five Years ; Band is ' Getting Back Together , ' Say Sources '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Coachella 2016 Lineup Announced '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coachella lineup announced : LCD Soundsystem , Guns N'Roses , Calvin Harris headline '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hendicott , James ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem release comeback statement : ' We 're not just touring . We 're releasing a record ' '' . NME . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Sign to Columbia '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Andy ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Signs With Columbia Records : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Lollapalooza 2016 lineup announced '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Harley ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Announce Reunion Shows This Weekend In New York City '' . Spin . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Radiohead , LCD Soundsystem , Lionel Richie Top Outside Lands Lineup '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead , LCD Soundsystem , Kendrick Lamar Top ACL Fest Lineup '' . Rolling Stone . 2016 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem sends LouFest crowd home on an ecstatic high '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LCD Soundsystem WayHome Stage , Oro - Medonte ON , July 22 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Report : LCD Soundsystem cancel Asian tour to work on new album '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem debut new songs at first gig of 2017 '' . NME . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem debut a fourth new song , ' Haircut ' '' . NME . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` call the police / american dream - Single by LCD Soundsystem '' . Apple Music U.S. May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerardi , Matt ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem to release 2 new songs tonight at midnight '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tarnoff , Brooke ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Watch LCD Soundsystem Perform ' American Dream ' and ' Call the Police ' on ' SNL ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ American Dream ( album liner notes ) . LCD Soundsystem . DFA Records ; Columbia Records . 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Fuchs , drummer with LCD Soundsystem , ! ! ! , Juan McLean , dies after elevator shaft fall '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rayburn , Newt ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Local Musician J.D. Mark Passes Away '' . The Local Voice . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website LCD Soundsystem discography at Discogs LCD Soundsystem discography at MusicBrainz Interview with Fresh Air , NPR , 2010 Interview with musicOMH.com , 2007 Interview with DJ Times , 2005 Videos of James Murphy Press Conference ( April 6 , 2007 ) James Murphy podcast on Times Online <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) LCD Soundsystem <Td_colspan="2"> James Murphy Additional members : Nancy Whang Pat Mahoney Al Doyle Tyler Pope Gavin Russom David Scott Stone Matt Thornley Phil Skarich Phil Mossman Studio albums LCD Soundsystem Sound of Silver This Is Happening American Dream Live albums London Sessions The Long Goodbye : LCD Soundsystem Live at Madison Square Garden Other albums 45 : 33 A Bunch of Stuff Confuse the Marketplace Remix albums Introns 45 : 33 Remixes Singles `` Losing My Edge '' `` Give It Up '' `` Yeah '' `` Movement '' `` Daft Punk Is Playing at My House '' `` Disco Infiltrator '' `` Tribulations '' `` North American Scum '' `` All My Friends '' `` Someone Great '' `` Time to Get Away '' `` Big Ideas '' `` Bye Bye Bayou '' `` Pow Pow '' `` Drunk Girls '' `` I Can Change '' `` Throw '' `` Christmas Will Break Your Heart '' `` Call the Police '' / `` American Dream '' `` Tonite '' Related articles Discography DFA Records Shut Up and Play the Hits Greenberg Hot Chip ! ! ! Out Hud VIAF : 139181146 ISNI : 0000 0001 0724 5674 GND : 10337227 - 1 SUDOC : 16307352X BNF : cb139353808 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 2aaf7396 - 6ab8 - 40f3 - 9776 - a41c42c8e26b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LCD_Soundsystem&oldid=815348504 '' Categories : 2001 establishments in New York ( state ) 2011 disestablishments in New York ( state ) Alternative dance musical groups Capitol Records artists Columbia Records artists Dance - punk musical groups DFA Records artists Electronic music groups from New York ( state ) Indie rock musical groups from New York ( state ) Musical groups disestablished in 2011 Musical groups established in 2001 Musical groups reestablished in 2015 Musical groups from Brooklyn Virgin Records artists Warner Bros. Records artists Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 08 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. LCD Soundsystem - American rock band
2. Dance-punk dance-rock electronica electronic rock alternative dance art rock post-punk revival
3. Albums: LCD Soundsystem, Sound of Silver, This Is Happening, American Dream
4. Band members: James Murphy, Pat Mahoney, Nancy Whang, Tyler Pope, Al Doyle, Gavin Rayna Russom, Matt Thornley, Korey Richey
5. Reunion
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how do they kill jaws in jaws 3
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Jaws 3 - D - wikipedia Jaws 3 - D Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jaws 3 <Td_colspan="2"> Film Poster by Gary Meyer Directed by Joe Alves Produced by Rupert Hitzig Screenplay by Carl Gottlieb Richard Matheson Story by Guerdon Trueblood Based on Characters : Peter Benchley Starring Dennis Quaid Bess Armstrong Simon MacCorkindale Louis Gossett , Jr . Music by Alan Parker Cinematography James A. Contner Chris Condon Austin McKinney Edited by Corky Ehlers Randy Roberts Production company Alan Landsburg Productions MCA Theatricals Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 07 - 22 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $88 million Jaws 3 - D ( also known as Jaws 3 or Jaws III ) is a 1983 American thriller film directed by Joe Alves and starring Dennis Quaid , Bess Armstrong , Lea Thompson , and Louis Gossett , Jr . It is the second sequel to Steven Spielberg 's Jaws and the third installment in the Jaws franchise . The film follows the Brody children from the previous films at SeaWorld , a Florida marine park with underwater tunnels and lagoons . As the park prepares for opening , a young great white shark infiltrates the park from the sea , seemingly attacking and killing the park 's employees . Once the shark is captured , it becomes apparent that it was a second , much larger shark who also entered the park , that was the real culprit . The film is notable for making use of 3D film during the revived interest in the technology in the 1980s , amongst other horror films such as Friday the 13th Part III and Amityville 3D . Cinema audiences could wear disposable cardboard polarized 3D glasses to create the illusion that elements penetrate the screen . Several shots and sequences were designed to utilise the effect , such as the shark 's destruction . Since 3D was ineffective in home viewing until the advent of 3D televisions in the late 2000s , the alternative title Jaws III is used for television broadcasts , VHS and DVD . Jaws 3 - D received negative reviews and was followed by Jaws : The Revenge in 1987 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 3D 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 DVD release 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) While following an unsuspecting team of water skiers , a great white shark enters SeaWorld Orlando through its closing gates . Meanwhile , Florida announces the opening of the park 's new underwater tunnels . Kathryn `` Kay '' Morgan , the park 's senior marine biologist , and her assistants , notice the resident dolphins are afraid of leaving their pen . Shelby Overman , a mechanic , dives into the water to repair and secure the gates . He is attacked by the shark and killed , leaving only his severed right arm . Later that night , two men sneak into the park and go underwater to steal coral they intend to sell , but both are killed by the shark in the process . The next day , Kay and Michael Brody are informed of Overman 's disappearance . They go down in a submarine to look for his body , and during the search , they encounter a smaller shark . The dolphins rescue Kay and Mike , but the shark escapes back into the park . The news of the shark is disbelieved by Calvin Bouchard , the park manager , though it excites his hunter friend , Phillip FitzRoyce , who states his intention to kill the shark on network television . Kay protests and suggests capturing and keeping the shark alive in captivity , to guarantee more publicity for the park . The shark is successfully captured and Kay and her staff nurse it to health . Calvin , desperate to start the money rolling in immediately , orders it moved to an exhibit , but the shark dies . Later , Overman 's corpse is discovered . Reviewing the body , Kay realizes that the shark that killed him is the first shark 's mother , and that it must also be inside the park . She is able to convince Calvin about this newest development when the shark herself shows up at the window of the underwater cafe . Flushed out from her refuge inside a filtration pipe , the shark begins to wreak havoc on the park , injures a water skier , and causes a leak that nearly drowns everyone in the underwater tunnel . FitzRoyce and his assistant , Jack , go down to the filtration pipe in an attempt to lure the shark back in as a trap . FitzRoyce leads the shark into the pipe , but is then attacked and killed . Hearing the shark has been lured into the pipe , Michael and Kay go down to repair the underwater tunnel , so the technicians can restore air pressure and drain the water . Calvin orders the pump to be shut down to suffocate the shark , but this act instead allows her to break free from the pipe and attack Michael and Kay , but they are saved by the dolphins . They make their way back to the control room , but the shark appears in front of the window and smashes through the glass , flooding the room and killing a technician . Michael notices FitzRoyce 's corpse still in the shark 's throat with a grenade , and uses a bent pole to pull its pin , triggering the grenade 's explosion and killing the shark . In the aftermath , Mike and Kay celebrate with the dolphins , who survived their brush with the shark . Cast ( edit ) Dennis Quaid as Michael `` Mike '' Brody Bess Armstrong as Kathryn `` Kay '' Morgan Simon MacCorkindale as Philip FitzRoyce Louis Gossett , Jr. as Calvin Bouchard John Putch as Sean Brody Lea Thompson as Kelly Ann Bukowski Harry Grant as Shelby Overman P.H. Moriarty as Jack Tate Dan Blasko as Danny Liz Morris as Liz Lisa Maurer as Ethal Kaye Stevens as Mrs. Kellender Production ( edit ) David Brown and Richard Zanuck , the producers for the first two films , originally pitched the second Jaws sequel as a spoof named Jaws 3 , People 0 . Matty Simmons , fresh off the success of National Lampoon 's Animal House , was brought in as producer , with Brown and Zanuck taking on executive producer roles . Simmons outlined a story and commissioned National Lampoon writers John Hughes and Todd Carroll for a script . Joe Dante was briefly pursued as a director . The project was shut down due to conflicts with Universal Studios . David Brown later said that the studio attitude was that a spoof would have been a mistake and that it would be like `` fouling in your own nest . We should have fouled the nest . It would have been golden , maybe even platinum . '' Alan Landsburg bought the rights to produce the film . He attempted to involve experimental filmmaker Murray Lerner in Jaws 3 , telling him that people at the Marineland theme park in Florida had seen his 1978 3D film Sea Dream . Lerner said that his `` heart sank '' when he was sent the first script of Jaws 3 - D , saying `` I ca n't really get involved in this '' . As the production already had an art director , Lerner , who did n't like the script , declined to be involved in the film . The film was directed by Joe Alves , who was the production designer for the first two films and was the second unit director for Jaws 2 . It had been suggested that Alves co-direct the first sequel with Verna Fields when first director John D. Hancock left the project . It was filmed at SeaWorld Orlando , a landlocked water park ; and Navarre , Florida , a community in the Florida Panhandle near Pensacola . As with the first two films in the series , many people were involved in writing the film . Richard Matheson , who had written the script for Steven Spielberg 's celebrated 1971 television film Duel , says that he wrote a `` very interesting '' outline , although the story is credited to `` some other writer '' . Universal forced Matheson to include Brody 's two sons , which the writer `` thought was dumb '' . They also wanted it to be the same shark that was electrocuted in Jaws 2 . Matheson was also requested to write a custom - role for Mickey Rooney , `` which I did so successfully that when Mickey Rooney turned out not to be available , the whole part was pointless '' . The writer was unhappy with the finished film . I 'm a good storyteller and I wrote a good outline and a good script . And if they had done it right and if it had been directed by somebody who knew how to direct , I think it would have been an excellent movie . Jaws 3 - D was the only thing Joe Alves ever directed ; the man is a very skilled production designer , but as a director , no . And the so - called 3D just made the film look murky -- it had no effect whatsoever . It was a waste of time . Guerdon Trueblood is credited for the story ; a reviewer for the website SciFilm says that the screenplay was based upon Trueblood 's story about a white shark swimming upstream and becoming trapped in a lake . Carl Gottlieb , who had also revised the screenplays for the first two Jaws films , was credited for the script alongside Richard Matheson . Matheson has reported in interviews that the screenplay was revised by script doctors . The film did not use any actors from the first two Jaws films . Roy Scheider , who played Police Chief Martin Brody in the first two films , laughed at the thought of Jaws 3 , saying that `` Mephistopheles ... could n't talk me into doing ( it ) ... They knew better than to even ask '' . He agreed to do Blue Thunder to ensure his unavailability for Jaws 3 - D . 3D ( edit ) There was a revival in popularity of 3D at this time , with many films using the technique . Jaws 's second sequel integrated the technology into its title , as did Amityville 3D . Friday the 13th Part III could also make dual use of the number three . The gimmick was also advertised in the tagline `` the third dimension is terror . '' As it was Joe Alves ' first film as director , he thought that 3D would `` give him an edge '' . The shark 's jaws coming toward the viewer after its destruction . Cinema audiences could wear disposable polarized glasses to view the film , creating the illusion that elements from the film were penetrating the screen to come towards the viewers . The opening sequence makes obvious use of the technique , with the titles flying to the forefront of the screen , leaving a trail . There are more subtle instances in the film where props are meant to leave the screen . The more obvious examples are in the climactic sequence of the shark attacking the control room and its subsequent destruction . The glass as the shark smashes into the room uses 3D , as does the shot where the shark explodes , with fragmented parts of it apparently bursting through the screen , ending with its jaws . There were many difficulties in making the green screen compositing work in 3D , and a lot of material had to be reshot . Jaws 3 - D had two 3D consultants : the production started with Chris Condon , president of StereoVision , and Stan Loth was later added to the team for the Arrivision 3D . Production began using the StereoVision , but this was dropped after a week for the Arrivision system , `` which Alves believed was a superior system because it has a wider variety of lenses '' . According to Alves , inferior systems lead to ghosting and blurring , leaving audiences with headaches . He says that `` the left and right images ( in Jaws 3 - D ) are very well - matched , and the photography is very clean ; it 's restful to the eye , and though we do have the occasional effects where things do emerge toward the audience from the plane of projection , you come out of the film without a headache . '' Historian R.M. Hayes says that the film was shot using both the Arrivision and StereoVision single strip - over-and - under units . Both cameras were used in conjunction with each other . This is a means of shooting 3D movies in normal color with a single camera and single strip of film : the Arrivision 3D technique uses a special twin - lens adapter fitted to the film camera , and divides the 35 mm film frame in half along the middle , capturing the left - eye image in the upper half of the frame and the right - eye image in the lower half -- this is known as `` over / under '' . This allows filming to proceed as for any standard 2D film , without the considerable additional expense of having to double up on cameras and film stock for every shot . When the resultant film is projected through a normal projector ( albeit one requiring a special lens that combines the upper and lower images ) , a true polarised 3D image is produced . This system allows 3D films to be shown in almost any cinema since it does not require two projectors running simultaneously through the presentation -- something most cinemas are not equipped to handle . What is required of the theatre is both the special projection lens and a reflective `` silver '' screen to enable the polarized images to reflect back to the viewer with the appropriate filter on each eye blocking out the wrong image , thus leaving the viewer to see the film from two angles as the eyes naturally see the world . According to the company that built the underwater camera housings for Jaws 3 - D , the underwater sequences were shot using an Arriflex 35 -- 3 camera with Arrivision 18 mm over / under 3D lens . This kind of 3D effect does not work on television without special electronic hardware at the viewer 's end , and so with two exceptions , the home video and broadcast TV versions of Jaws 3 - D were created using just the left - eye image , and with the title changed to `` Jaws 3 '' or `` Jaws III '' . Because the left - eye image only takes up half the 35 mm film frame , the picture resolution is noticeably poorer than would normally be expected of a film shot on 35 mm . One of the above - mentioned exceptions was a 1986 release of the film for the now - obsolete VHD video disc system ( not to be confused with LaserDisc ) . This required a special 3D VHD player , or a standard VHD player with a hardware 3D adapter , and a set of LCD glasses that shuttered the viewer 's eyes according to control signals sent by the player , allowing the polarised 3D effect to work . The other exception was the Sensio 3D DVD of Jaws 3 - D released in February 2008 . The Sensio 3D Processor is needed for 3D home viewing . SCTV in Indonesian television broadcast the 3D version of the film on HD by 30 September 1994 at 19 : 30 to 22 : 30 WIB , STAR TV Xing Kong in Chinese satellite television broadcast on Chinese New Year 's Eve Rabbit 2011 ( 22 January 2012 ) at 22 : 00 to 00 : 00 CST and TVB Pearl in Hong Kong English television broadcast on 3 July 2016 at 21 : 30 to 23 : 40 Hong Kong Time before News Roundup programme . The event was advertised heavily and required viewers to buy or obtain a pair of anaglyph glasses to fully enjoy the movie ; this was an anaglyph 3D version of the film created from the Arrivision original . On June 14 , 2016 Universal released a Blu Ray transfer of the film . Though advertised as a 2 - D release a complete Blu - Ray 3D version is included as a special feature . Music ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jaws 3 - D <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Alan Parker Released Recorded Angel Studios , London Genre Orchestral Length 35 : 43 Label MCA Records Producer Graham Walker <Th_colspan="2"> Jaws chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Jaws 2String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Jaws 3 - D Jaws : The Revenge String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found The score was composed and conducted by Alan Parker , who had previously provided music for British television shows including Van der Valk and Minder . It was Parker 's first feature score , but he would later work on What 's Eating Gilbert Grape and American Gothic . John Williams ' original shark motif is , however , integrated into the score . The soundtrack album was released by MCA Records which was absorbed by Geffen Records . The soundtrack was later released on CD by Intrada and was limited to only 3000 copies . Track listing ( edit ) `` Jaws 3 - D Main Title '' ( 2 : 59 ) `` Kay and Mike 's Love Theme '' ( 2 : 18 ) `` Panic at Seaworld '' ( 2 : 07 ) `` Underwater Kingdom and Shark Chase '' ( 4 : 20 ) `` Shark Chase and Dolphin Rescue '' ( 1 : 22 ) `` Saved by the Dolphins '' ( 2 : 05 ) `` The Shark 's Gonna Hit Us ! '' ( 2 : 42 ) `` It 's Alive / Seaworld Opening Day / Silver Bullet '' ( 2 : 34 ) `` Overman 's Last Dive '' ( 1 : 18 ) `` Philip 's Demise '' ( 4 : 59 ) `` Night Capture '' ( 4 : 53 ) `` Jaws 3 - D End Titles '' ( 4 : 06 ) Reception ( edit ) The film opened in more than a thousand screens across the U.S. There were many promotions to accompany the release of the film . As with Jaws 2 , Topps produced a series of trading cards . Television stations were encouraged to broadcast the featurette , Making of Jaws 3 - D : Sharks Do n't Die , in a prime - time slot between July 16 and 22 , 1983 to take advantage of an advertisement in that week 's issue of TV Guide . Alan Landsburg Productions found itself in trouble for using 90 seconds of footage from the National Geographic 's 1983 documentary film The Sharks in the featurette without authorization . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $13,422,500 on its opening weekend , playing to 1,311 theaters at its widest release . This was 29.5 % of its total gross . It has achieved total lifetime worldwide gross of $87,987,055 . Despite being No. 1 at the box office , this illustrates the series ' diminishing returns , since Jaws 3 - D has earned nearly $100 million less than the total lifetime gross of its predecessor and $300 million less than the original film . The final sequel would attract an even lower income , with around two thirds of Jaws 3 - D 's total lifetime gross . However , the film was still drawing huge audiences when it was pulled from theaters ; film historian R.M. Hayes says this action `` was pure nonsense considering some cinemas were actually turning over more money per screen than the latest Star Wars film '' . Critical response ( edit ) Reception for the movie was generally poor . Variety calls it `` tepid '' and suggests that Alves `` fails to linger long enough on the Great White . '' It has a 12 % ' rotten ' rating at Rotten Tomatoes . The 3D was criticized as being a gimmick to attract audiences to the aging series and for being ineffective . Allrovi , however , says that `` the suspense sequences were made somewhat more memorable during the film 's original release with 3D photography , an attribute lost on video , thereby removing the most distinctive element of an otherwise run - of - the - mill sequel . '' Derek Winnert says that `` with Richard Matheson 's name on the script you 'd expect a better yarn '' although he continues to say that the film `` is entirely watchable with a big pack of popcorn . '' Others are disappointed that Matheson and Gottlieb produced this script given their previous success . Although most critics are in agreement that Jaws 2 is the best of the Jaws sequels , some are unsure if Jaws - 3D is better than Jaws : The Revenge . One reviewer says of Jaws 3 - D : Campy performances , cheesy special effects , and downright awful dialogue all contribute to making Jaws 3 a truly dismal experience for just about everyone . It 's not only hard to believe that a sequel this downright abominable did n't kill the franchise , but that it actually would be followed by a movie that was arguably worse -- Jaws : the Revenge . Amongst some flaws , some critics describe the film as `` marginally entertaining . '' The sound design has been commended , however . The moment when an infant 's cry is heard when the baby shark dies in the pool is particularly praised by one reviewer . Gossett , Jet magazine says , was the `` only cast member to survive the generally negative reviews '' . In her screenwriting textbook , Linda Aronson suggests that its protagonist , played by Quaid , is a major problem with the film . She says that after taking too long for him to be introduced , the character is `` essentially a passive onlooker . '' There is no hunt until the climax when the shark is terrorizing the people in the aquarium ; only then does Mike Brody become centre of the action . She also highlights inaccuracies in the plot . For instance , she refutes the idea of a `` mother shark protecting her offspring ( as ) sharks do not mother their young , '' and points out that dolphins can attack sharks . Leonard Maltin calls the film a `` road - company Irwin Allen type - disaster film '' and notes that its premise is similar to the 1955 sequel to Creature from the Black Lagoon . Jaws 3 - D was nominated for five 1983 Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture , Director , Supporting Actor ( Lou Gossett , Jr . ) , Screenplay , and Newcomer ( Cindy and Sandy , `` The Shrieking Dolphins '' ) , but received none . DVD release ( edit ) The film was released in a standard 2 - D format on DVD by Universal on June 3 , 2003 under the title Jaws 3 . With the exception of one theatrical trailer , no bonus features were included . Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the Jaws series of films in HD on Blu - ray in 2016 . See also ( edit ) Revenge of the Creature , a 1955 3D sequel film , featuring an attack on a Floridian marine mammal park by a piscine antagonist . List of killer shark films References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ken Begg . `` Jaws 3D -- Jabootu 's Bad Movie Dimension '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws 3 - D ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeney , Jay ( March 13 , 2000 ) . `` Underwater with Hydroflex 's Pete Romano '' . HydroFlex Inc . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of Jaws 2 , Jaws 2 DVD documentary , ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : Patrizio , Andy ( October 31 , 2003 ) . `` An Interview with Matty Simmons '' . IGN.com . Jump up ^ Dursin , Andy ( 2003 ) . `` Aisle Seat -- Fourth of July Edition '' . Film Score Monthly . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Zone 2005 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Pohlen 2003 , p. 135 ^ Jump up to : Weaver 2006 , p. 318 Jump up ^ Lofficier 2003 , p. 221 ^ Jump up to : Saxelid , Chadwick H. `` JAWS 3 ( a.k.a. JAWS 3D ) '' . Sci - fi Film . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Scheib , Richard ( 1990 ) . `` JAWS 3D aka JAWS III Rating : 1⁄2 '' . The SF , Horror and Fantasy Film Review . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kachmar 2002 , p. 101 ^ Jump up to : McGee 2001 , pp. 97 -- 8 Jump up ^ American Society of Cinematographers ( 1985 ) . `` American cinematographer , Volume 66 '' . ASC Holding Corp. : 85 . Jump up ^ The Alves quote in McGee 2001 originally appeared in Thornshaw , Brian `` Joe Alves and Jaws 3D '' , Fangoria , 1 , 29 ^ Jump up to : Hayes 1998 , pp. 101 -- 3 Jump up ^ `` VHD DiscWorld 3D Compatible Video '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sensio and Universal to release classic 3D titles on DVD '' . rollanet.org . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=18806 Jump up ^ Alan Parker ( 1983 ) . Jaws 3 - D ( Cover ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Media notes ) . MCA Records . Jump up ^ `` Alan Parker ( II ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Leo , Vince . `` Jaws 3 ( 1983 ) / Horror - Adventure '' . Quipster 's Movie Reviews . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` JAWS 3D '' . Intrada . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Newgarden , Mark ( 2005 ) . Dan Nadel , ed . We all die alone : a collection of cartoons . Fantagraphics . Jump up ^ `` Television / radio age , Volume 30 '' . Television Editorial Corp. 1983 : 21 . Jump up ^ Bensman 1990 , p. 60 ^ Jump up to : `` Gossett Rises Above Bad Reviews of ' Jaws 3D ' '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 64 ( 25 ) : 37 . August 1983 . Jump up ^ `` JAWS 3D '' . BoxOffice Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` JAWS IV : THE REVENGE '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws 3D '' . Variety . January 1 , 1983 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws 3D '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : Jaws 3 '' . DVDown Under . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 22 , 1996 ) . `` Wings of Courage '' . Roger Ebert Movie Reviews . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Blaise , Judd . `` Jaws 3 '' . Allmovie . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Winnert 1993 , p. 546 Jump up ^ Haflidason , Almar ( March 9 , 2001 ) . `` Jaws 3 ( aka Jaws 3D ) ( 1983 ) '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Aronson 2000 Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . New York : Penguin . pp. 707 -- 708 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28978 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Archive '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aronson , Linda ( 2000 ) . Scriptwriting updated : new and conventional ways of writing for the screen . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876351 - 03 - 8 . Bensman , Marvin R. ( 1990 ) . Broadcast / cable regulation ( 3 ed . ) . University Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 7661 - 5 . Hayes , R.M. ( 1998 ) . 3D movies : a history and filmography of stereoscopic cinema . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0578 - 7 . Kachmar , Diane C. ( 2002 ) . Roy Scheider : a film biography . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1201 - 3 . Lofficier , Randy ( 2003 ) . Into the Twilight Zone : The Rod Serling Programme Guide . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 27612 - 7 . McGee , Mark Thomas ( 2001 ) . Beyond Ballyhoo : Motion Picture Promotion and Gimmicks . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1114 - 6 . Pohlen , Jerome ( 2003 ) . Oddball Florida : A Guide to Some Really Strange Places . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 503 - 2 . Weaver , Tom ( 2006 ) . Science Fiction Stars and Horror Heroes : Interviews with Actors , Directors , Producers and Writers of the 1940s Through 1960s . McFarland . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2857 - 1 . Winnert , Derek ( 1993 ) . Radio Times Film & Video Guide 1994 . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 57477 - 5 . Zone , Ray ( 2005 ) . 3D filmmakers : Conversations with creators of stereoscopic motion pictures . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5437 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jaws 3 - D Jaws 3 - D on IMDb Jaws 3 - D at the TCM Movie Database Jaws 3 - D at AllMovie Jaws 3 - D at Rotten Tomatoes Jaws 3 - D at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Jaws <Td_colspan="2"> Peter Benchley Books Jaws ( 1974 ) Films Jaws ( 1975 ) Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) Jaws 3 - D ( 1983 ) Jaws : The Revenge ( 1987 ) Video games Shark Jaws Jaws Jaws Unleashed Miscellaneous Soundtrack The Shark Is Still Working White Shark Creature Ride The Game of Jaws Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Frank Mundus Back to the Future Part II <Th_colspan="2"> Richard Matheson Novels I Am Legend ( 1954 ) The Shrinking Man ( 1956 ) A Stir of Echoes ( 1958 ) The Beardless Warriors ( 1960 ) Hell House ( 1971 ) Bid Time Return ( 1975 ) What Dreams May Come ( 1978 ) Earthbound ( 1982 ) Short stories `` Born of Man and Woman '' ( 1950 ) `` Blood Son '' ( 1951 ) `` Button , Button '' ( 1970 ) Screenplays The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1957 ) House of Usher ( 1960 ) `` The Last Flight '' ( 1960 ) `` Nick of Time '' ( 1960 ) `` A World of Difference '' ( 1960 ) `` A World of His Own '' ( 1960 ) Master of the World ( 1961 ) The Pit and the Pendulum ( 1961 ) `` The Invaders '' ( 1961 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1961 ) Night of the Eagle ( 1962 ) Tales of Terror ( 1962 ) `` Little Girl Lost '' ( 1962 ) `` Young Man 's Fancy '' ( 1962 ) The Raven ( 1963 ) `` Death Ship '' ( 1963 ) `` Mute '' ( 1963 ) `` Nightmare at 20,000 Feet '' ( 1963 ) `` Steel '' ( 1963 ) The Comedy of Terrors ( 1964 ) The Last Man on Earth ( 1964 ) `` Night Call '' ( 1964 ) `` Spur of the Moment '' ( 1964 ) Fanatic ( 1965 ) The Young Warriors ( 1966 ) `` The Enemy Within '' ( 1966 ) The Devil Rides Out ( 1968 ) De Sade ( 1969 ) Duel ( 1971 ) The Night Stalker ( 1972 ) The Night Strangler ( 1973 ) The Legend of Hell House ( 1973 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) The Morning After ( 1974 ) Scream of the Wolf ( 1974 ) Trilogy of Terror ( 1975 ) Dead of Night ( 1977 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1980 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Jaws 3 - D ( 1983 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) `` Button , Button '' ( 1986 ) Loose Cannons ( 1990 ) The Dreamer of Oz ( 1990 ) Rod Serling 's Lost Classics ( 1994 ) Trilogy of Terror II ( 1996 ) Adaptations by others `` And When the Sky Was Opened '' ( 1959 ) `` Third from the Sun '' ( 1960 ) Cold Sweat ( 1970 ) The Omega Man ( 1971 ) The Incredible Shrinking Woman ( 1981 ) What Dreams May Come ( 1998 ) Stir of Echoes ( 1999 ) `` Dance of the Dead '' ( 2005 ) `` My Ambition '' ( 2006 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) I Am Omega ( 2007 ) The Box ( 2009 ) `` The Splendid Source '' ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaws_3-D&oldid=809192208 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1983 horror films 1980s 3D films 1980s adventure films 1980s horror thriller films 1980s sequel films American films American 3D films American adventure films American horror thriller films American natural horror films American sequel films Films about sharks Films set in Orlando , Florida Jaws ( franchise ) Universal Pictures films Screenplays by Carl Gottlieb Screenplays by Richard Matheson SeaWorld Orlando Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2013 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 17 : 47 . 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1. Jaws 3-D plot summary
2. Use of 3D technology in Jaws 3-D
3. Negative reviews of Jaws 3-D
4. Box office success of Jaws 3-D
5. Cast and production details of Jaws 3-D
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who sang more than a woman to me
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More Than a Woman ( Bee Gees song ) - wikipedia More Than a Woman ( Bee Gees song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` More Than a Woman '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Italian single release of the song , backed with `` Children of the World '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by the Bee Gees <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track Released 1977 Format 7 '' Recorded 1977 Genre Disco Length 3 : 15 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Producer ( s ) Bee Gees Albhy Galuten Karl Richardson <Th_colspan="2"> Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track track listing <Td_colspan="2"> 17 tracks Side one `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Night Fever '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Side two `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` Manhattan Skyline '' `` Calypso Breakdown '' Side three `` Night on Disco Mountain '' `` Open Sesame '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' `` Boogie Shoes '' Side four `` Salsation '' `` K - Jee '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` More Than a Woman '' is a song by the Bee Gees , written by Barry , Robin , and Maurice Gibb for the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever . It became a regular feature of the group 's live sets from 1997 until Maurice Gibb 's death in 2003 and was often coupled with `` Night Fever '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and release 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 4 Tavares version 4.1 Personnel 4.2 Weekly charts 4.3 Year - end charts 5 Other cover versions 6 References 7 External links Recording and release ( edit ) The Bee Gees started to record it from February to March 1977 in Le Château , Hérouville in France , continued it in Criteria Studios in Miami in April , and later in September , the song was finished in Cherokee Studios , Los Angeles . The soundtrack includes two versions -- one by the Bee Gees and the other by Tavares . Both versions are featured in the film as well . The song has been recorded and performed by various artists but in different forms . The Bee Gees did not release the song as a single ( though in Italy it peaked at No. 4 in September 1978 ) , yet it has remained a staple on radio and is one of their best known songs . An abridged live version of the song performed by the Bee Gees in 1997 is available on both the DVD and CD versions of One Night Only . The song has also been included on Bee Gees compilations such as Tales from the Brothers Gibb and Their Greatest Hits : The Record . The very first British pressings of Their Greatest Hits : The Record featured the song with a mastering fault , with the audio noticeably dipping to the right briefly during the first verse . This was corrected after several thousand copies had been distributed . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track . Barry Gibb -- vocals , guitar Robin Gibb -- vocals Maurice Gibb -- vocals , bass guitar Dennis Bryon -- drums Blue Weaver -- keyboards Alan Kendall -- guitar Joe Lala -- percussion Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 31 Italy ( FIMI ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary 39 Tavares version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` More Than a Woman '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Tavares <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track B - side `` Keep in Touch '' ( US ) `` We 're Both Ready for Love '' ( UK ) Released November 1977 Format 7 '' Genre Disco funk soul Length 3 : 25 Label Polydor RSO Capitol EMI Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Producer ( s ) Freddie Perren <Th_colspan="2"> Tavares singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Whodunit '' ( 1977 ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( 1977 ) `` One Step Away '' ( 1977 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Whodunit '' ( 1977 ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( 1977 ) `` One Step Away '' ( 1977 ) `` More Than a Woman '' was also recorded by Tavares in 1977 , and also appeared in Saturday Night Fever and on the soundtrack album . Their version charted at number 32 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number seven on the UK Singles Chart . Personnel ( edit ) Tavares -- vocals Bob Bowles -- guitar Sonny Burke -- piano Paulinho da Costa -- percussion James Gadson -- drums Bob Zimmitti -- percussion Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 29 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 32 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Canada ( RPM Top Singles ) 199 Other cover versions ( edit ) The Norwegian band Flava to da Bone released a version in 1994 . British boy band 911 covered the song in 1998 , their version reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart . An a cappella style version of song is sung by the Jonas Brothers in the film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , where they portray cherubs . Hong Kong band RubberBand covered the song in their 2011 album Dedicated to ... This was the first time RubberBand released an English track . In 2012 , Chris Colfer , Naya Rivera and Cory Monteith ( respectively as their characters Kurt Hummel , Santana Lopez and Finn Hudson ) sang this song in episode 16 , `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' , on TV series Glee 's third season . The episode pays tribute to the 1977 movie Saturday Night Fever . In the DVD B.O.B 's Big Break , it has a music video with the song being played . The song is sung by Robot Number 5 in the movie Short Circuit . The song is covered by Dread Zeppelin on the album It 's Not Unusual . The song is featured in other films including Sunday Lovers , True Lies , The Hot Chick , Potiche , and Cake . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` More Than a Woman -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1977 '' . Columbia University . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` HitParadeItalia -- Top10 del 30 Settembre 1978 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track ( liner notes ) . RSO. 1977 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tavares -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5486a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tavares -- More Than A Woman '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 30 , No. 14 , December 30 1978 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flava To Da Bone -- More Than A Woman '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` When ' Glee ' went disco : The ' Saturday Night Fever ' episode '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Glee Songs Report Card -- Season 3 , Episode 16 '' . About.com . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Tavares <Td_colspan="2"> Arthur Paul Tavares Antone Lee Tavares Feliciano Vierra Tavares , Jr . Perry Lee Tavares Studio albums Check It Out Hard Core Poetry In the City Sky High ! Love Storm Future Bound Madam Butterfly Supercharged Love Uprising Loveline New Directions Words and Music Songs `` She 's Gone '' `` It Only Takes a Minute '' `` Free Ride '' `` Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel '' `` Do n't Take Away the Music '' `` Whodunit '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` A Penny for Your Thoughts '' Related articles Feliciano Vierra Tavares <Th_colspan="2"> Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Side one `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Night Fever '' `` More Than a Woman '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( Yvonne Elliman ) Side two `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' ( Walter Murphy ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( Tavares ) `` Manhattan Skyline '' ( David Shire ) `` Calypso Breakdown '' ( Ralph MacDonald ) Side three `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( David Shire ) `` Open Sesame '' ( Kool & the Gang ) `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` Boogie Shoes '' ( KC and the Sunshine Band ) Side four `` Salsation '' ( David Shire ) `` K - Jee '' ( MFSB ) `` Disco Inferno '' ( The Trammps ) <Th_colspan="2"> 911 <Td_colspan="2"> Lee Brennan Jimmy Constable Simon `` Spike '' Dawbarn Studio albums The Journey ( 1997 ) Moving On ( 1998 ) There It Is ( 1999 ) Compilation albums The Greatest Hits and a Little Bit More ( 1999 ) Illuminate ... ( The Hits and More ) ( 2013 ) Singles `` Night to Remember '' `` Love Sensation '' `` Do n't Make Me Wait '' `` The Day We Find Love '' `` Bodyshakin ' '' `` The Journey '' `` Party People ... Friday Night '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` How Do You Want Me to Love You ? '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` A Little Bit More '' `` Private Number '' `` Wonderland '' `` 2 Hearts 1 Love '' Related articles Discography Songlist Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More_Than_a_Woman_(Bee_Gees_song)&oldid=818449940 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1977 singles 1998 singles Bee Gees songs Tavares ( group ) songs 911 ( English band ) songs Disco songs Capitol Records singles EMI Records singles Polydor Records singles RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Songs from Saturday Night Fever Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Nederlands Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 16 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "More Than a Woman" - Bee Gees song
2. Saturday Night Fever soundtrack
3. Tavares version of "More Than a Woman"
4. Chart performance of the song
5. Other cover versions of "More Than a Woman"
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2,607,583,034,319,565,300 |
other names for article 1 section 8 clause 18
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Necessary and Proper Clause - wikipedia Necessary and Proper Clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , the Basket Clause , the Coefficient Clause , and the Sweeping Clause , is a provision in Article One of the United States Constitution , located at section 8 , clause 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History leading up to ratification 3 National bank 4 Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall 5 Later applications 6 Name of the clause 7 See also 8 References Text ( edit ) The Necessary and Proper Clause is as follows : The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . History leading up to ratification ( edit ) According to the Articles of Confederation , `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated '' ( emphasis added ) . Thus , the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those which were `` expressly delegated '' by the Articles of Confederation . By contrast , the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress , while no other clauses in the Constitution do so by themselves . The draft Necessary and Proper Clause provoked controversy during discussions of the proposed constitution , and its inclusion became a focal point of criticism for those opposed to the Constitution 's ratification . While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power , Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution . Alexander Hamilton spoke vigorously for this second interpretation in The Federalist Papers . At this time James Madison concurred with Hamilton , arguing in Federalist No. 44 that without this clause , the constitution would be a `` dead letter '' . At the Virginia Ratifying Convention , Patrick Henry took the opposing view , saying that the clause would lead to limitless federal power that would inevitably menace individual liberty . National bank ( edit ) For several decades after the Constitution was ratified , the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause continued to be a powerful bone of contention between the Democratic - Republican Party and the Federalist Party , and several other political parties in the United States . The first practical example of this contention came in 1791 , when Hamilton used the clause to defend the constitutionality of the creation of the First Bank of the United States , the first federal bank in the new nation 's history . Concerned that monied Northern aristocrats would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South , Madison argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank . Hamilton countered that the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds , claiming the clause applied to activities reasonably related to constitutional powers , not just those that were absolutely necessary to carry out said powers . To embarrass Madison , his contrary claims from The Federalist Papers were read aloud in Congress : `` No axiom is more clearly established in law or in reason than wherever the end is required , the means are authorized ; wherever a general power to do a thing is given , every particular power for doing it is included . '' Eventually , Southern opposition to the bank and to Hamilton 's plan to have the federal government assume the war debts of the states was mollified by the transfer of the nation 's capital from its temporary seat in Philadelphia to a more southerly permanent seat on the Potomac , and the bill , along with the establishment of a national mint , was passed by Congress and signed by President Washington . Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall ( edit ) This clause , as justification for the creation of a national bank , was put to the test in 1819 in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland , wherein the state of Maryland had attempted to impede the operations of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on out - of - state banks , of which the Second Bank of the United States was the only one . The court ruled against Maryland , and Chief Justice John Marshall , Hamilton 's longtime Federalist ally , wrote the opinion , which stated that while the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank , it conferred upon Congress an implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause so that Congress could realize or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers . The case reaffirmed Hamilton 's view that legislation reasonably related to express powers was constitutional . Marshall wrote : We admit , as all must admit , that the powers of the Government are limited , and that its limits are not to be transcended . But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people . Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are constitutional . The court in McCulloch v. Maryland held that federal laws could be necessary without being `` absolutely necessary '' , and noted that `` The clause is placed among the powers of Congress , not among the limitations on those powers . '' At the same time , the court retained the power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison , declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers : `` Should Congress , in the execution of its powers , adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution , or should Congress , under the pretext of executing its powers , pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted to the Government , it would become the painful duty of this tribunal , should a case requiring such a decision come before it , to say that such an act was not the law of the land . '' As Chief Justice Marshall put it , the Necessary and Proper Clause `` purport ( s ) to enlarge , not to diminish the powers vested in the government . It purports to be an additional power , not a restriction on those already granted . '' Without this clause in the Constitution , there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply incidental powers , whereas this clause resolved that dispute by making the incidental powers express instead of implied . In a related case following the Civil War , the clause was employed ( in combination with other enumerated powers ) to give the federal government virtually complete control over currency . Later applications ( edit ) The clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws . For instance , various reforms involved in the New Deal were found to be necessary and proper enactments of the objective of regulating interstate commerce . Indeed , the influence of the Necessary and Proper Clause and its broader interpretation under McCulloch v. Maryland in American jurisprudence can be seen in cases generally thought to simply involve the Commerce Clause . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Supreme Court upheld a federal statute making it a crime for a farmer to produce more wheat than was allowed under price controls and production controls , even if the excess production was for the farmer 's own personal consumption . The Necessary and Proper Clause was used to justify the regulation of production and consumption . Also , in addition to this combination of clauses being used to uphold federal laws affecting economic activity , they also were used to justify federal criminal laws . For example , Congress in the Federal Kidnapping Act made it a federal crime to transport a kidnapped person across state lines , because the transportation would be an act of interstate activity over which the Congress has power . It has also provided justification for a wide range of criminal laws relating to interference with the federal government 's rightful operation , including federal laws against assaulting or murdering federal employees . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act can not be upheld under the Necessary and Proper Clause . Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in his ruling that the mandate can not `` be sustained under the Necessary and Proper Clause as an integral part of the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms . Each of this Court 's prior cases upholding laws under that Clause involved exercises of authority derivative of , and in service to , a granted power . ( ... ) The individual mandate , by contrast , vests Congress with the extraordinary ability to create the necessary predicate to the exercise of an enumerated power and draw within its regulatory scope those who would otherwise be outside of it . Even if the individual mandate is `` necessary '' to the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms , such an expansion of federal power is not a `` proper '' means for making those reforms effective . '' According to its proponents , this ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius returns the Necessary and Proper clause to its original interpretation outlined by John Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland . According to David Kopel , the clause `` simply restates the background principle that Congress can exercise powers which are merely ' incidental ' to Congress 's enumerated powers . '' Name of the Clause ( edit ) The specific term `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' was coined in 1926 by Associate Justice Louis Brandeis , writing for the majority in the Supreme Court decision in Lambert v. Yellowley , 272 U.S. 581 ( 1926 ) , wherein the court upheld a law restricting medicinal use of alcohol as a necessary and proper exercise of power under the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition in the United States . This phrase has become the label of choice for this constitutional clause , and it was universally adopted by the courts , and it received Congress 's imprimatur in Title 50 of the United States Code , section 1541 ( b ) ( 1994 ) , in the purpose and policy of the War Powers Resolution . See also ( edit ) McCulloch v. Maryland United States v. Comstock Wickard v. Filburn Federalist No. 33 Federalist No. 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions ( 29 December 2008 ) . `` Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions '' . Gallager Law Library of the University of Washington School of Law . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vile , John . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 , p. 591 ( ABC - CLIO 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins Jr. , William J. ( 2004 ) . Reclaiming the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Jump up ^ Allgor , Catherine ( 2006 ) . A Perfect Union . McMillan . ^ Jump up to : `` McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 ( 1819 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. 316 , 420 ( 1819 ) quoted in Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) ( Stevens , J. , dissenting , joined by Souter , Ginsburg & Breyer , JJ . ) . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Richard . The Power to Legislate , p. 104 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases ( Juilliard v. Greenman ) , 110 U.S. 421 , 449 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Gardbaum , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Rethinking Constitutional Federalism '' . Jump up ^ Wickard v. Filburn , 317 U.S. 111 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Comstock 560 U.S. 126 ( 2010 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ Roberts Jr. , John G. ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court Decision on Obama 's Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Major limits on the Congress 's powers , in an opinion worthy of John Marshall '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US CODE : Title 50 , 1541 . Purpose and policy '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necessary_and_Proper_Clause&oldid=803942189 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 17 : 23 . 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1. Necessary and Proper Clause
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British Empire - wikipedia British Empire Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> British Empire <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> All areas of the world that were ever part of the British Empire . Current British Overseas Territories have their names underlined in red . The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states . It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries . At its height , it was the largest empire in history and , for over a century , was the foremost global power . By 1913 , the British Empire held sway over 412 million people , 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 % of the world population at the time , and by 1920 , it covered 35,500,000 km ( 13,700,000 sq mi ) , 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 % of the Earth 's total land area . As a result , its political , legal , linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread . At the peak of its power , the phrase `` the empire on which the sun never sets '' was often used to describe the British Empire , because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories . During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe , and in the process established large overseas empires . Envious of the great wealth these empires generated , England , France , and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia . A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England and then , following union between England and Scotland in 1707 , Great Britain , the dominant colonial power in North America . It then became the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company 's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 . The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies . British attention soon turned towards Asia , Africa , and the Pacific . After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) , Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century . Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ( `` British Peace '' ) , a period of relative peace in Europe and the world ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman . In the early 19th century , the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain ; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the `` workshop of the world '' . The British Empire expanded to include most of India , large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world . Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its own colonies , its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . In Britain , political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez - faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise . During the 19th Century , Britain 's population increased at a dramatic rate , accompanied by rapid urbanisation , which caused significant social and economic stresses . To seek new markets and sources of raw materials , the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt , South Africa , and elsewhere . Canada , Australia , and New Zealand became self - governing dominions . By the start of the 20th century , Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain 's economic lead . Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War , during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire . The conflict placed enormous strain on the military , financial and manpower resources of Britain . Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I , Britain was no longer the world 's pre-eminent industrial or military power . In the Second World War , Britain 's colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Japan . Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies , the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire . India , Britain 's most valuable and populous possession , achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire . The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire . Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty . After independence , many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations , a free association of independent states . The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations , a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms , that share a monarch , Queen Elizabeth II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins ( 1497 -- 1583 ) 1.1 Plantations of Ireland 2 `` First '' British Empire ( 1583 -- 1783 ) 2.1 Americas , Africa and the slave trade 2.2 Rivalry with the Netherlands in Asia 2.3 Global conflicts with France 2.4 Loss of the Thirteen American Colonies 3 Rise of the `` Second '' British Empire ( 1783 -- 1815 ) 3.1 Exploration of the Pacific 3.2 War with Napoleonic France 3.3 Abolition of slavery 4 Britain 's imperial century ( 1815 -- 1914 ) 4.1 East India Company in Asia 4.2 Rivalry with Russia 4.3 Cape to Cairo 4.4 Changing status of the white colonies 5 World wars ( 1914 -- 1945 ) 5.1 First World War 5.2 Inter-war period 5.3 Second World War 6 Decolonisation and decline ( 1945 -- 1997 ) 6.1 Initial disengagement 6.2 Suez and its aftermath 6.3 Wind of change 6.4 End of empire 7 Economy 8 Demographics 8.1 Population 8.2 Ethnicity 8.3 Religion 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Origins ( 1497 -- 1583 ) A replica of The Matthew , John Cabot 's ship used for his second voyage to the New World The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms . In 1496 , King Henry VII of England , following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration , commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic . Cabot sailed in 1497 , five years after the European discovery of America , but he made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland , and , mistakenly believing ( like Christopher Columbus ) that he had reached Asia , there was no attempt to found a colony . Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again . No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , during the last decades of the 16th century . In the meantime the 1533 Statute in Restraint of Appeals had declared `` that this realm of England is an Empire '' . The subsequent Protestant Reformation turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies . In 1562 , the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave - raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic slave trade . This effort was rebuffed and later , as the Anglo - Spanish Wars intensified , Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic , laden with treasure from the New World . At the same time , influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee ( who was the first to use the term `` British Empire '' ) were beginning to press for the establishment of England 's own empire . By this time , Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific Ocean , Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of Africa and Brazil to China , and France had begun to settle the Saint Lawrence River area , later to become New France . Plantations of Ireland Although England trailed behind other European powers in establishing overseas colonies , it had been engaged during the 16th century in the settlement of Ireland with Protestants from England and Scotland , drawing on precedents dating back to the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 . Several people who helped establish the Plantations of Ireland also played a part in the early colonisation of North America , particularly a group known as the West Country men . `` First '' British Empire ( 1583 -- 1783 ) Main article : English overseas possessions In 1578 , Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration . That year , Gilbert sailed for the Caribbean with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America , but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic . In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt , on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England , although no settlers were left behind . Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England , and was succeeded by his half - brother , Walter Raleigh , who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584 . Later that year , Raleigh founded the Roanoke Colony on the coast of present - day North Carolina , but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail . In 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , ascended ( as James I ) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London , ending hostilities with Spain . Now at peace with its main rival , English attention shifted from preying on other nations ' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies . The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century , with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean , and the establishment of joint - stock companies , most notably the East India Company , to administer colonies and overseas trade . This period , until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century , has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the `` First British Empire '' . Americas , Africa and the slave trade Main articles : British colonisation of the Americas , British America , Thirteen Colonies , and Atlantic slave trade The Caribbean initially provided England 's most important and lucrative colonies , but not before several attempts at colonisation failed . An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years , and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits . Colonies in St Lucia ( 1605 ) and Grenada ( 1609 ) also rapidly folded , but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts ( 1624 ) , Barbados ( 1627 ) and Nevis ( 1628 ) . The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil , which depended on slave labour , and -- at first -- Dutch ships , to sell the slaves and buy the sugar . To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands , Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies . This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces -- a series of Anglo - Dutch Wars -- which would eventually strengthen England 's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch . In 1655 , England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish , and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas . Map of British colonies in continental North America , 1763 -- 1776 England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown , led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company . Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company 's flagship , and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company . The Virginia Company 's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown , thereby founding the Colony of Virginia . The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland , but was largely unsuccessful . In 1620 , Plymouth was founded as a haven for Puritan religious separatists , later known as the Pilgrims . Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would - be colonists to risk the arduous trans - Atlantic voyage : Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics ( 1634 ) , Rhode Island ( 1636 ) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut ( 1639 ) for Congregationalists . The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663 . With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664 , England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland , renaming it New York . This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo - Dutch War , in exchange for Suriname . In 1681 , the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn . The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean , but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates . African slaves working in 17th - century Virginia , by an unknown artist , 1670 In 1670 , Charles II incorporated by royal charter the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) , granting it a monopoly on the fur trade in the area known as Rupert 's Land , which would later form a large proportion of the Dominion of Canada . Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French , who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent New France . Two years later , the Royal African Company was inaugurated , receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean . From the outset , slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies . Until the abolition of its slave trade in 1807 , Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas , a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic . To facilitate this trade , forts were established on the coast of West Africa , such as James Island , Accra and Bunce Island . In the British Caribbean , the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 % in 1650 to around 80 % in 1780 , and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 % to 40 % over the same period ( the majority in the southern colonies ) . For the slave traders , the trade was extremely profitable , and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool , which formed the third corner of the triangular trade with Africa and the Americas . For the transported , harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven . In 1695 , the Parliament of Scotland granted a charter to the Company of Scotland , which established a settlement in 1698 on the Isthmus of Panama . Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada , and afflicted by malaria , the colony was abandoned two years later . The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland -- a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise -- and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire . The episode also had major political consequences , persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries , rather than just crowns . This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union , establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain . Rivalry with the Netherlands in Asia Fort St. George was founded at Madras in 1639 . At the end of the 16th century , England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal 's monopoly of trade with Asia , forming private joint - stock companies to finance the voyages -- the English , later British , East India Company and the Dutch East India Company , chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively . The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade , an effort focused mainly on two regions ; the East Indies archipelago , and an important hub in the trade network , India . There , they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other . Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power , in the short term the Netherlands ' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia . Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the Dutch William of Orange ascended the English throne , bringing peace between the Netherlands and England . A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England , but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability , and by 1720 , in terms of sales , the British company had overtaken the Dutch . Global conflicts with France Defeat of French fireships at Quebec in 1759 Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years ' War as allies , but the conflict -- waged in Europe and overseas between France , Spain and the Anglo - Dutch alliance -- left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch , who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe . The 18th century saw England ( after 1707 , Britain ) rise to be the world 's dominant colonial power , and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage . The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to Philippe of Anjou , a grandson of the King of France , raised the prospect of the unification of France , Spain and their respective colonies , an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe . In 1701 , England , Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and France in the War of the Spanish Succession , which lasted until 1714 . At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht , Philip renounced his and his descendants ' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe . The British Empire was territorially enlarged : from France , Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia , and from Spain , Gibraltar and Menorca . Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean . Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento ( permission to sell slaves in Spanish America ) to Britain . Robert Clive 's victory at the Battle of Plassey established the East India Company as a military as well as a commercial power . During the middle decades of the 18th century , there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent , the Carnatic Wars , as the English East India Company ( often known simply as `` the Company '' ) and its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) , struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire . The Battle of Plassey in 1757 , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies , left the British East India Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India . France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states , ending French hopes of controlling India . In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control , either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army , the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys . The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) involving France , Britain and the other major European powers . The signing of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire . In North America , France 's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert 's Land , and the ceding of New France to Britain ( leaving a sizeable French - speaking population under British control ) and Louisiana to Spain . Spain ceded Florida to Britain . Along with its victory over France in India , the Seven Years ' War therefore left Britain as the world 's most powerful maritime power . Loss of the Thirteen American colonies Main article : American Revolution During the 1760s and early 1770s , relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained , primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament 's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent . This was summarised at the time by the slogan `` No taxation without representation '' , a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen . The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self - government . In response Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule , leading to the outbreak of war in 1775 . The following year , in 1776 , the United States declared independence . The entry of France into the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans ' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781 , Britain began negotiating peace terms . American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783 . Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown . The loss of the American colonies marked the end of the `` first British Empire '' . The loss of such a large portion of British America , at the time Britain 's most populous overseas possession , is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the `` first '' and `` second '' empires , in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia , the Pacific and later Africa . Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 , had argued that colonies were redundant , and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion , dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal . The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith 's view that political control was not necessary for economic success . The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada , where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from the new United States following independence . The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys , then part of Nova Scotia , felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax , so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784 . The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada ( mainly English - speaking ) and Lower Canada ( mainly French - speaking ) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities , and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain , with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution . Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the Napoleonic Wars , as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to impress men into the Royal Navy . The US declared war , the War of 1812 , and invaded Canadian territory . In response Britain invaded the US , but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent , ensuring Canada 's future would be separate from that of the United States . Rise of the `` Second '' British Empire ( 1783 -- 1815 ) Exploration of the Pacific James Cook 's mission was to find the alleged southern continent Terra Australis . Since 1718 , transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain , with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic . Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783 , the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia . The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company , but there was no attempt to colonise it . In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean , claimed the continent for Britain , and named it New South Wales . In 1778 , Joseph Banks , Cook 's botanist on the voyage , presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement , and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail , arriving in 1788 . Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840 . The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold , mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria , making its capital Melbourne for a time the richest city in the world and the second largest city ( after London ) in the British Empire . During his voyage , Cook also visited New Zealand , first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 , and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively . Initially , interaction between the indigenous Māori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods . European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century , with numerous trading stations established , especially in the North . In 1839 , the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand . On 6 February 1840 , Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi . This treaty is considered by many to be New Zealand 's founding document , but differing interpretations of the Maori and English versions of the text have meant that it continues to be a source of dispute . War with Napoleonic France Main article : Napoleonic Wars Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon , in a struggle that , unlike previous wars , represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations . It was not only Britain 's position on the world stage that was at risk : Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself , just as his armies had overrun many countries of continental Europe . The Battle of Waterloo ended in the defeat of Napoleon . The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win . French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy , which won a decisive victory over a Franco - Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805 . Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied , including those of the Netherlands , which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810 . France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815 . Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties : France ceded the Ionian Islands , Malta ( which it had occupied in 1797 and 1798 respectively ) , Mauritius , Saint Lucia , and Tobago ; Spain ceded Trinidad ; the Netherlands Guyana , and the Cape Colony . Britain returned Guadeloupe , Martinique , French Guiana , and Réunion to France , and Java and Suriname to the Netherlands , while gaining control of Ceylon ( 1795 -- 1815 ) . Abolition of slavery With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , goods produced by slavery became less important to the British economy . Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular slave rebellions . With support from the British abolitionist movement , Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 , which abolished the slave trade in the empire . In 1808 , Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate was designated an official British colony for freed slaves . Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the West India Committee decline . The Slavery Abolition Act , passed the following year , abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 , finally bringing the Empire into line with the law in the UK ( with the exception of St. Helena , Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company , though these exclusions were later repealed ) . Under the Act , slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of `` apprenticeship '' . The British government compensated slave - owners . Britain 's imperial century ( 1815 -- 1914 ) See also : Timeline of British diplomatic history § 1815 -- 96 , Industrial Revolution , and Victorian era An elaborate map of the British Empire in 1886 , marked in the traditional colour for imperial British dominions on maps Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century '' by some historians , around 10,000,000 square miles ( 26,000,000 km ) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in Central Asia . Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been described by some historians as an `` Informal Empire '' . British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the empire . By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , called the All Red Line . East India Company in Asia See also : British Raj An 1876 political cartoon of Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) making Queen Victoria Empress of India . The caption reads `` New crowns for old ones ! '' The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia . The Company 's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy during the Seven Years ' War , and the two continued to co-operate in arenas outside India : the eviction of the French from Egypt ( 1799 ) , the capture of Java from the Netherlands ( 1811 ) , the acquisition of Penang Island ( 1786 ) , Singapore ( 1819 ) and Malacca ( 1824 ) , and the defeat of Burma ( 1826 ) . From its base in India , the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s . This trade , illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729 , helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea , which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China . In 1839 , the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War , and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island , at that time a minor settlement . During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company . A series of Acts of Parliament were passed , including the Regulating Act of 1773 , Pitt 's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company 's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired . The Company 's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion , a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys , Indian troops under British officers and discipline . The rebellion took six months to suppress , with heavy loss of life on both sides . The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858 , establishing the British Raj , where an appointed governor - general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India . India became the empire 's most valuable possession , `` the Jewel in the Crown '' , and was the most important source of Britain 's strength . A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to widespread famines on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died . The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule . Later , under direct British rule , commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the causes and implement new policies , which took until the early 1900s to have an effect . Rivalry with Russia Main article : The Great Game British cavalry charging against Russian forces at Balaclava in 1854 During the 19th century , Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire , Qajar dynasty and Qing Dynasty . This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the `` Great Game '' . As far as Britain was concerned , defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India . In 1839 , Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading Afghanistan , but the First Anglo - Afghan War was a disaster for Britain . When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853 , fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities . The ensuing Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , which involved new techniques of modern warfare , was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica and was a resounding defeat for Russia . The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades , with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan . For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable , but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente . The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 05 also limited its threat to the British . Cape to Cairo The Rhodes Colossus -- Cecil Rhodes spanning `` Cape to Cairo '' The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies . Britain formally acquired the colony , and its large Afrikaner ( or Boer ) population in 1806 , having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the Flanders Campaign . British immigration began to rise after 1820 , and pushed thousands of Boers , resentful of British rule , northwards to found their own -- mostly short - lived -- independent republics , during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s . In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British , who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities , including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations . Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan : the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic ( 1852 -- 77 ; 1881 -- 1902 ) and the Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) . In 1902 Britain occupied both republics , concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) . In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III , linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean . Initially the Canal was opposed by the British ; but once opened , its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the `` jugular vein of the Empire '' . In 1875 , the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha 's 44 % shareholding in the Suez Canal for £ 4 million ( equivalent to £ 340 million in 2015 ) . Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway , it did give Britain leverage . Joint Anglo - French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882 . The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position , but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople , which made the Canal officially neutral territory . With competitive French , Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa , the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the `` Scramble for Africa '' by defining `` effective occupation '' as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims . The scramble continued into the 1890s , and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan . A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896 , and rebuffed an attempted French invasion at Fashoda in 1898 . Sudan was nominally made an Anglo - Egyptian condominium , but a British colony in reality . British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted Cecil Rhodes , pioneer of British expansion in Southern Africa , to urge a `` Cape to Cairo '' railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral - rich south of the continent . During the 1880s and 1890s , Rhodes , with his privately owned British South Africa Company , occupied and annexed territories subsequently named after him , Rhodesia . Changing status of the white colonies Canada 's major industry in terms of employment and value of the product was the timber trade ( Ontario , 1900 circa ) . The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report , which proposed unification and self - government for Upper and Lower Canada , as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in armed rebellions in 1837 . This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840 , which created the Province of Canada . Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848 , and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies . With the passage of the British North America Act , 1867 by the British Parliament , Upper and Lower Canada , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada , a confederation enjoying full self - government with the exception of international relations . Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self - government after 1900 , with the Australian colonies federating in 1901 . The term `` dominion status '' was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907 . The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule . Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852 . Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister , William Gladstone , who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada 's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire , but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament . Although the bill , if passed , would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation , many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break - up of the empire . A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons . A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914 , but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising . World Wars ( 1914 -- 1945 ) By the turn of the 20th century , fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war . Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy , Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 , respectively . First World War Main article : History of the United Kingdom during the First World War Soldiers of the Australian 5th Division , waiting to attack during the Battle of Fromelles , 19 July 1916 Britain 's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War . Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany 's overseas colonies in Africa . In the Pacific , Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively . Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire , which had joined the war on Germany 's side , were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement . This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca , who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers , giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state . A poster urging men from countries of the British Empire to enlist in the British army The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies also committed the colonies and Dominions , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions , as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home , and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right . The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day . Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light . The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy . Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 , the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles ( 4,700,000 km ) and 13 million new subjects . The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates . Britain gained control of Palestine , Transjordan , Iraq , parts of Cameroon and Togoland , and Tanganyika . The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own : the Union of South Africa gained South West Africa ( modern - day Namibia ) , Australia gained New Guinea , and New Zealand Western Samoa . Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions . Inter-war period British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 The changing world order that the war had brought about , in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers , and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland , caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy . Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan , Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States . This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Japan and Germany helped in part by the Great Depression , for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations . The issue of the empire 's security was a serious concern in Britain , as it was vital to the British economy . In 1919 , the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led the MPs of Sinn Féin , a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the 1918 British general election , to establish an independent parliament in Dublin , at which Irish independence was declared . The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration . The Anglo - Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo - Irish Treaty , creating the Irish Free State , a Dominion within the British Empire , with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown . Northern Ireland , consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act , immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom . George V with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence . Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war - time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts . This led to tension , particularly in the Punjab region , where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre . In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre , between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy , and those who viewed it with revulsion . The subsequent Non-Co - Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident , and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years . In 1922 , Egypt , which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War , was granted formal independence , though it continued to be a British client state until 1954 . British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty in 1936 , under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone . In return , Egypt was assisted in joining the League of Nations . Iraq , a British mandate since 1920 , also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932 . In Palestine , Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews . The 1917 Balfour Declaration , which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate , stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine , and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power . This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population , who openly revolted in 1936 . As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s , Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland , and shifted to a pro-Arab stance , limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency . The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy , independent of Britain , was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference . Britain 's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa , and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa , the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926 , declaring the Dominions to be `` autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another '' within a `` British Commonwealth of Nations '' . This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster . The parliaments of Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control , they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent . Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933 , suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression . The Irish Free State distanced itself further from the British state with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937 , making it a republic in all but name . Second World War Main article : British Empire in World War II During the Second World War , the Eighth Army was made up of units from many different countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth ; it fought in North African and Italian campaigns . Britain 's declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Newfoundland and South Africa . All soon declared war on Germany , but Ireland chose to remain legally neutral throughout the war . After the Fall of France in June 1940 , Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany , until the German invasion of Greece on 7 April 1941 . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States , but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask Congress to commit the country to war . In August 1941 , Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter , which included the statement that `` the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live '' should be respected . This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy , or the peoples colonised by European nations , and would later be interpreted differently by the British , Americans , and nationalist movements . In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong . Churchill 's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe , but the manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain 's standing and prestige as an imperial power . Most damaging of all was the Fall of Singapore , which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar . The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand , which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces , into closer ties with the United States . This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia , New Zealand and the United States of America . Decolonisation and decline ( 1945 -- 1997 ) Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War , the effects of the conflict were profound , both at home and abroad . Much of Europe , a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries , was in ruins , and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union , who now held the balance of global power . Britain was left essentially bankrupt , with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $ US 4.33 billion loan from the United States , the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006 . At the same time , anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations . The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union . In principle , both nations were opposed to European colonialism . In practice , however , American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism , and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check . The `` wind of change '' ultimately meant that the British Empire 's days were numbered , and on the whole , Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable , non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to . This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal , which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact . Between 1945 and 1965 , the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million , three million of whom were in Hong Kong . Initial disengagement About 14.5 million people lost their homes as a result of the partition of India in 1947 . The pro-decolonisation Labour government , elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee , moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire : Indian independence . India 's two major political parties -- the Indian National Congress ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) and the Muslim League ( led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah ) -- had been campaigning for independence for decades , but disagreed as to how it should be implemented . Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state , whereas the League , fearing domination by the Hindu majority , desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim - majority regions . Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than June 30 , 1948 . When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent , the newly appointed ( and last ) Viceroy , Lord Mountbatten , hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947 . The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan . Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa , and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives . Burma , which had been administered as part of the British Raj , and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948 . India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth , while Burma chose not to join . The British mandate in Palestine , where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority , presented the British with a similar problem to that of India . The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust , while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state . Frustrated by the intractability of the problem , attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence , Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve . The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state . Following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War , anti-Japanese resistance movements in Malaya turned their attention towards the British , who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony , valuing it as a source of rubber and tin . The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan - Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority , on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled , independence would be granted . The Malayan Emergency , as it was called , began in 1948 and lasted until 1960 , but by 1957 , Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth . In 1963 , the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore , Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia , but in 1965 Chinese - majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations . Brunei , which had been a British protectorate since 1888 , declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984 . Suez and its aftermath Main article : Suez Crisis British Prime Minister Anthony Eden 's decision to invade Egypt during the Suez Crisis ended his political career and revealed Britain 's weakness as an imperial power . In 1951 , the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain , under the leadership of Winston Churchill . Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain 's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire , with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India . However , Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser 's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952 , and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self - determination by 1955 , with independence to follow . Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956 . In July 1956 , Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal . The response of Anthony Eden , who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister , was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal . Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower , by his lack of consultation , and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion . Another of Eisenhower 's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the Soviet Union after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side . Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency . Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives , UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces , and Eden resigned . The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain 's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain 's decline on the world stage , demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence , if not the full support , of the United States . The events at Suez wounded British national pride , leading one MP to describe it as `` Britain 's Waterloo '' and another to suggest that the country had become an `` American satellite '' . Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain 's political leaders as `` Suez syndrome '' where they `` went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing '' , from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982 . While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken , it did not collapse . Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region , intervening in Oman ( 1957 ) , Jordan ( 1958 ) and Kuwait ( 1961 ) , though on these occasions with American approval , as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan 's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States . Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade . On 16 January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez , which included the ones in the Middle East , and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971 , instead of 1975 as earlier planned . By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East , including 30,000 in Singapore . The British withdrew from Aden in 1967 , Bahrain in 1971 , and the Maldives in 1976 . Wind of change Main article : Decolonisation of Africa British Empire by 1959 Macmillan gave a speech in Cape Town , South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of `` the wind of change blowing through this continent '' . Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of colonial war that France was fighting in Algeria , and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly . To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950s -- Sudan , the Gold Coast and Malaya -- were added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s . Britain 's remaining colonies in Africa , except for self - governing Southern Rhodesia , were all granted independence by 1968 . British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process . Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight - year Mau Mau Uprising . In Rhodesia , the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 , which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980 , as the new nation of Zimbabwe . British decolonisation in Africa . By the end of the 1960s , all but Rhodesia ( the future Zimbabwe ) and the South African mandate of South West Africa ( Namibia ) had achieved recognised independence . In the Mediterranean , a guerrilla war waged by Greek Cypriots ended in 1960 leading to an independent Cyprus , with the UK retaining the military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia . The Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo were amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of Malta , though the idea had been raised in 1955 of integration with Britain . Most of the UK 's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation , established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government , but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members . Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s , but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence . The British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain , while Guyana achieved independence in 1966 . Britain 's last colony on the American mainland , British Honduras , became a self - governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973 , achieving full independence in 1981 . A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved . British territories in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with Fiji in 1970 and ending with Vanuatu in 1980 . Vanuatu 's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French - speaking communities , as the islands had been jointly administered as a condominium with France . Fiji , Tuvalu , the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea chose to become Commonwealth realms . End of Empire See also : Falklands War and Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong In 1980 , Southern Rhodesia , Britain 's last African colony , became the independent nation of Zimbabwe . The New Hebrides achieved independence ( as Vanuatu ) in 1980 , with Belize following suit in 1981 . The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981 , which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as `` British Dependent Territories '' ( renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002 ) meant that , aside from a scattering of islands and outposts , the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete . In 1982 , Britain 's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands , acting on a long - standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire . Britain 's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain 's status as a world power . The same year , the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain . The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution . Similarly , the Constitution Act 1986 reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain , and the Australia Act 1986 severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states . In 1984 , Brunei , Britain 's last remaining Asian protectorate , gained its independence . In September 1982 the Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher , travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government , on the future of Britain 's last major and most populous overseas territory , Hong Kong . Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking , Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity , but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories , which had been acquired under a 99 - year lease in 1898 , due to expire in 1997 . Thatcher , seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands , initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty , though this was rejected by China . A deal was reached in 1984 -- under the terms of the Sino - British Joint Declaration , Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China , maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years . The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many , including Charles , Prince of Wales , who was in attendance , `` the end of Empire '' . Economy Territorial GDP distribution of the British Empire ( 1870 ) British India ( 50.04 % ) United Kingdom ( 37.19 % ) British Ireland ( 3.58 % ) British Canada ( 2.39 % ) British Australia ( 2.14 % ) British Egypt ( 1.69 % ) Other territories ( 2.97 % ) The following table gives gross domestic product ( GDP ) estimates of the British Empire and its territories in 1870 and 1913 , as a percentage of the world economy and the empire 's economy , along with comparisons to the United States and Russian Empire . The British imperial territory with the largest economy in 1870 was British India ( including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh ) , followed by the United Kingdom . The territory with the largest economy in 1913 was the United Kingdom , followed by British India . The table does not include GDP estimates for British African territories other than British Egypt . British Empire territory % of world GDP ( 1870 ) % of empire GDP ( 1870 ) % of world GDP ( 1913 ) % of empire GDP ( 1913 ) United Kingdom 9.03 37.19 8.22 41.73 British India 12.15 50.04 7.47 37.92 British Ireland 0.87 3.58 0.44 2.23 British Canada 0.58 2.39 1.28 6.5 British Australia 0.52 2.14 0.91 4.62 British Egypt 0.41 1.69 0.4 2.03 British Ceylon 0.21 0.87 0.22 1.12 British Burma 0.19 0.78 0.31 1.57 British New Zealand 0.08 0.33 0.21 1.07 British Malaya 0.05 0.21 0.1 0.51 British Hong Kong 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.1 British Singapore 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.1 Total British Empire 24.28 100 19.7 100 United States 8.87 36.53 18.93 96.09 Russian Empire 7.54 31.05 8.5 43.14 Demographics See also : Territorial evolution of the British Empire This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( September 2017 ) Population Territorial population distribution of the British Empire ( 1925 ) British India ( 70.9986 % ) British Africa ( 10.6836 % ) United Kingdom ( 10.5308 % ) Other Asian colonies ( 2.9769 % ) British North America ( 2.0139 % ) Australasia and Pacific ( 1.6925 % ) Other colonies ( 1.1037 % ) The following table gives the population of the British Empire and its territories , in several different time periods . The most populous territory in the empire was British India , which included what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh . Territories 1814 1881 1901 1913 1925 United Kingdom 16,456,303 34,884,848 41,458,721 45,649,000 47,307,000 British India 40,058,408 253,896,330 294,361,056 303,700,000 318,942,000 British Africa 128,977 1,526,110 43,000,000 52,000,000 47,993,000 Other Asian colonies 2,009,005 3,347,770 5,638,944 26,300,000 13,373,000 British North America 486,146 4,522,145 5,600,000 18,000,000 9,047,000 Australasia and Pacific 434,882 2,837,081 5,486,000 7,603,000 European dependencies 180,300 359,403 650,000 656,000 British West Indies 732,171 1,216,409 2,012,655 1,600,000 2,012,000 Total British Empire 61,157,433 305,512,568 400,000,000 447,249,000 449,223,000 Ethnicity The empire 's population was classified into white people , also referred to as Europeans , and non-white people , variously referred to as persons of colour , negros and natives . The largest ethnic grouping in the empire was Indians ( including what are now Pakistanis and Bangladeshis ) , who were classified into a number of individual South Asian ethnic groups . The following table gives the population figures for white people and non-white , in the empire and its territories , in 1814 and 1901 . Territories <Th_colspan="2"> 1814 <Th_colspan="2"> 1901 White people Non-white White people Non-white United Kingdom and home dependencies <Td_colspan="2"> 16,636,606 <Td_colspan="2"> 41,608,791 British India 25,246 40,033,162 169,677 294,191,379 British Africa 20,678 108,299 1,000,000 33,499,329 Other Asian colonies 61,059 1,947,946 <Td_colspan="2"> 5,144,954 British North America <Td_colspan="2"> 486,146 5,500,000 100,000 Australasia and Pacific 35,829 399,053 4,662,000 824,000 British West Indies 64,994 667,177 100,000 1,912,655 Total British Empire 18,001,796 43,155,637 53,040,468 335,672,317 Religion <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in the British Empire ( 1901 ) Territory Percent <Td_colspan="2"> Hinduism <Td_colspan="2"> 52 % <Td_colspan="2"> Islam <Td_colspan="2"> 23.5 % <Td_colspan="2"> Christianity <Td_colspan="2"> 14.5 % <Td_colspan="2"> Buddhism <Td_colspan="2"> 3 % <Td_colspan="2"> Paganism and others <Td_colspan="2"> 6.25 % <Td_colspan="5"> Population distribution of religions in the British Empire ( 1901 ) The following table gives the population figures for the religions in the British Empire in 1901 . The most populous religion in the empire was Hinduism , followed by Islam . Religion Population % of total population Hinduism 208,000,000 52 Islam 94,000,000 23.5 Christianity 58,000,000 14.5 Buddhism 12,000,000 Paganism and others 25,000,000 6.25 Total British Empire 400,000,000 100 Legacy The fourteen British Overseas Territories Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles , which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002 . Four are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel ; the remaining ten are self - governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence . The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence , where that is an option , and three territories have specifically voted to remain under British sovereignty ( Bermuda in 1995 , Gibraltar in 2002 and the Falkland Islands in 2013 ) . British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours : Gibraltar is claimed by Spain , the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina , and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles . The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile , while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica . Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 52 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations , a non-political , voluntary association of equal members , comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people . Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , as their head of state . These sixteen nations are distinct and equal legal entities -- the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Antigua and Barbuda , The Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Grenada , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Solomon Islands and Tuvalu . Parliament House in Canberra , Australia . Britain 's Westminster System of governance has left a legacy of parliamentary democracies in many former colonies . Decades , and in some cases centuries , of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that arose from the British Empire . The empire established the use of English in regions around the world . Today it is the primary language of up to 400 million people and is spoken by about one and a half billion as a first , second or foreign language . The spread of English from the latter half of the 20th century has been helped in part by the cultural and economic influence of the United States , itself originally formed from British colonies . Except in Africa where nearly all the former colonies have adopted the presidential system , the English parliamentary system has served as the template for the governments for many former colonies , and English common law for legal systems . Cricket being played in India . British sports continue to be supported in various parts of the former empire . The British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council still serves as the highest court of appeal for several former colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific . British Protestant missionaries who travelled around the globe often in advance of soldiers and civil servants spread the Anglican Communion to all continents . British colonial architecture , such as in churches , railway stations and government buildings , can be seen in many cities that were once part of the British Empire . Individual and team sports developed in Britain -- particularly golf , football , cricket , rugby , netball , lawn bowls , hockey and lawn tennis -- were also exported . The British choice of system of measurement , the imperial system , continues to be used in some countries in various ways . The convention of driving on the left hand side of the road has been retained in much of the former empire . Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions , contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas . The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples . Millions left the British Isles , with the founding settler populations of the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland . Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities , and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe . Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland . Millions of people moved to and from British colonies , with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire , such as Malaysia and Fiji , and Chinese people to Malaysia , Singapore and the Caribbean . The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies . See also History portal Colonialism portal British Empire portal All - Red Route British Empire Exhibition British Empire in fiction Colonial Office Crown Colonies Historical flags of the British Empire Foreign relations of the United Kingdom History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth Historiography of the British Empire History of capitalism Indirect rule List of British Empire - related topics Order of the British Empire References Jump up ^ Ferguson 2004b . Jump up ^ Maddison 2001 , pp. 97 `` The total population of the Empire was 412 million ( in 1913 ) '' , 241 `` ( World population in 1913 ( in thousands ) : ) 1 791 020 '' . Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 502 . JSTOR 2600793 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . 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Jump up ^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , p. 136 Jump up ^ The Commonwealth -- About Us ; Online September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Head of the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Hogg , p. 424 chapter 9 English Worldwide by David Crystal : `` approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English '' . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2004b , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 238 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Torkildsen , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Parsons , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , p. 135 . Further reading Abernethy , David ( 2000 ) . The Dynamics of Global Dominance , European Overseas Empires 1415 -- 1980 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09314 - 4 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Andrews , Kenneth ( 1984 ) . Trade , Plunder and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27698 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Bandyopādhyāẏa , Śekhara ( 2004 ) . From Plassey to partition : a history of modern India . Orient Longman . ISBN 81 - 250 - 2596 - 0 . Brendon , Piers ( 2007 ) . The Decline and Fall of the British Empire , 1781 -- 1997 . Random House . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06222 - 0 . Brock , W.R. ( n.d. ) . Britain and the Dominions . Cambridge University Press . Brown , Judith ( 1998 ) . The Twentieth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924679 - 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Louis , Roger ( 1986 ) . The British Empire in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1951 : Arab Nationalism , the United States , and Postwar Imperialism . Oxford University Press . p. 820 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822960 - 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Buckner , Phillip ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927164 - 1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Burk , Kathleen ( 2008 ) . Old World , New World : Great Britain and America from the Beginning . Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 971 - 5 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Clegg , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories '' . In de Jong , Lammert ; Kruijt , Dirk . Extended Statehood in the Caribbean . Rozenberg Publishers . ISBN 90 - 5170 - 686 - 3 . Combs , Jerald A. ( 2008 ) . The History of American Foreign Policy : From 1895 . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2056 - 9 . Dalziel , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101844 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . David , Saul ( 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91137 - 2 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Elkins , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Imperial Reckoning : The Untold Story of Britain 's Gulag in Kenya . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8001 - 8 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2004a ) . Colossus : The Price of America 's Empire . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 013 - 7 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2004b ) . Empire : The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02329 - 5 . Fieldhouse , David Kenneth ( 1999 ) . The West and the Third World : trade , colonialism , dependence , and development . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19439 - 8 . Fox , Gregory H. ( 2008 ) . Humanitarian Occupation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85600 - 3 . Games , Alison ( 2002 ) . Armitage , David ; Braddick , Michael J , eds . The British Atlantic world , 1500 -- 1800 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 96341 - 5 . Gapes , Mike ( 2008 ) . HC Paper 147 - II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee : Overseas Territories , Volume II . The Stationery Office . ISBN 0 - 215 - 52150 - 1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Gilbert , Sir Martin ( 2005 ) . Churchill and America . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9122 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Goldstein , Erik ( 1994 ) . The Washington Conference , 1921 -- 22 : Naval Rivalry , East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4559 - 1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Goodlad , Graham David ( 2000 ) . British foreign and imperial policy , 1865 -- 1919 . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20338 - 4 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Herbst , Jeffrey Ira ( 2000 ) . States and power in Africa : comparative lessons in authority and control . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01028 - 5 . Hinks , Peter ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33143 - 5 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Hodge , Carl Cavanagh ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism , 1800 -- 1914 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33404 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Hogg , Richard ( 2008 ) . A History of the English Language . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66227 - 7 . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Hopkirk , Peter ( 2002 ) . The Great Game : The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia . Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 1703 - 0 . Hollowell , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . Britain Since 1945 . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20968 - 9 . Hyam , Ronald ( 2002 ) . Britain 's Imperial Century , 1815 -- 1914 : A Study of Empire and Expansion . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 3089 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . James , Lawrence ( 2001 ) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire . Abacus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16985 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Janin , Hunt ( 1999 ) . The India -- China opium trade in the nineteenth century . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0715 - 8 . Joseph , William A. ( 2010 ) . Politics in China . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533530 - 9 . Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company . Macmillan Publishing Company . Kelley , Ninette ; Trebilcock , Michael ( 2010 ) . The Making of the Mosaic ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9536 - 7 . Kenny , Kevin ( 2006 ) . Ireland and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925184 - 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Knight , Franklin W. ; Palmer , Colin A. ( 1989 ) . The Modern Caribbean . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1825 - 9 . Latimer , Jon ( 2007 ) . War with America . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02584 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Lee , Stephen J. ( 1994 ) . Aspects of British political history , 1815 -- 1914 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09006 - 7 . Lee , Stephen J. ( 1996 ) . Aspects of British political history , 1914 -- 1995 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13102 - 2 . Levine , Philippa ( 2007 ) . The British Empire : Sunrise to Sunset . Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 47281 - 5 . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Lloyd , Trevor Owen ( 1996 ) . The British Empire 1558 -- 1995 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 873134 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Louis , Wm . Roger ( 2006 ) . Ends of British Imperialism : The Scramble for Empire , Suez and Decolonization . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 347 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Macaulay , Thomas ( 1848 ) . The History of England from the Accession of James the Second . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 043133 - 0 . Macdonald , Barrie ( 1994 ) . `` Britain '' . In Howe , K.R. ; Kiste , Robert C. ; Lal , Brij V. Tides of history : the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1597 - 1 . McIntyre , W. Donald ( 1977 ) . The Commonwealth of Nations . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0792 - 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . McLean , Iain ( 2001 ) . Rational Choice and British Politics : An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829529 - 4 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Maddison , Angus ( 2001 ) . The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective ( PDF ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . ISBN 92 - 64 - 18608 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Magee , John ( 1974 ) . Northern Ireland : Crisis and Conflict . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7947 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Magnusson , Magnus ( 2003 ) . Scotland : The Story of a Nation . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3932 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Marshall , PJ ( 1998 ) . The Eighteenth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924677 - 7 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Marshall , PJ ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00254 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Martin , Laura C ( 2007 ) . Tea : the drink that changed the world . Tuttle Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3724 - 4 . Mein Smith , Philippa ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of New Zealand . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54228 - 6 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Mulligan , Martin ; Hill , Stuart ( 2001 ) . Ecological pioneers . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81103 - 1 . Mori , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Britain in the Age of the French Revolution : 1785 - 1820 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 89189 - 5 . O'Brien , Phillips Payson ( 2004 ) . The Anglo -- Japanese Alliance , 1902 -- 1922 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32611 - 7 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Pagden , Anthony ( 2003 ) . Peoples and Empires : A Short History of European Migration , Exploration , and Conquest , from Greece to the Present . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6761 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Parsons , Timothy H ( 1999 ) . The British Imperial Century , 1815 -- 1914 : A World History Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8825 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Peters , Nonja ( 2006 ) . The Dutch down under , 1606 -- 2006 . University of Western Australia Press . ISBN 1 - 920694 - 75 - 7 . Pham , P.L. ( 2010 ) . Ending ' East of Suez ' : The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore , 1964 -- 1968 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958036 - 1 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Porter , Andrew ( 1998 ) . The Nineteenth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Rhodes , R.A.W. ; Wanna , John ; Weller , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Comparing Westminster . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956349 - 4 . Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2006 ) . The Routledge companion to decolonization . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35632 - 6 . Russo , Jean ( 2012 ) . Planting an Empire : The Early Chesapeake in British North America . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 140694 - 7 . Royle , Trevor ( 2000 ) . Crimea : The Great Crimean War , 1854 -- 1856 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6416 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Shennan , J.H ( 1995 ) . International relations in Europe , 1689 -- 1789 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07780 - X . Smith , Simon ( 1998 ) . British Imperialism 1750 -- 1970 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 3 - 12 - 580640 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Springhall , John ( 2001 ) . Decolonization since 1945 : the collapse of European overseas empires . Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 333 - 74600 - 7 . Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies , The Settling of North America . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200210 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Thatcher , Margaret ( 1993 ) . The Downing Street Years . Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 017056 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Thomas , Hugh ( 1997 ) . 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who played in the movie eve's bayou
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Eve 's Bayou - wikipedia Eve 's Bayou Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Eve 's Bayou <Td_colspan="2"> VHS cover Directed by Kasi Lemmons Produced by Caldecot Chubb Samuel L. Jackson Mark Amin Nick Wechsler Written by Kasi Lemmons Starring Samuel L. Jackson Lynn Whitfield Debbi Morgan Vondie Curtis - Hall Branford Marsalis Lisa Nicole Carson Jurnee Smollett Diahann Carroll Megan Good Music by Terence Blanchard Cinematography Amy Vincent Edited by Terilyn A. Shropshire Production company ChubbCo Film Addis - Wechsler Distributed by Trimark Pictures Release date November 7 , 1997 Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $14,842,388 Eve 's Bayou is a 1997 American drama film written and directed by Kasi Lemmons , who made her directorial debut with this film . Samuel L. Jackson served as a producer and starred in the film with Lisa Nicole Carson , Jurnee Smollett , Lynn Whitfield and Meagan Good . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception and impact 4 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Eve Batiste ( Jurnee Smollett ) , a 10 - year - old girl , lives in a prosperous Creole - American community in Louisiana with her younger brother Poe ( Jake Smollett ) and her older sister Cisely ( Meagan Good ) , a pretty girl who is just entering puberty . Their parents are Roz ( Lynn Whitfield ) and Louis ( Samuel L. Jackson ) , a well - respected doctor in Louisiana 's `` colored '' community who claims descent from the French aristocrat who founded the town of Eve 's Bayou . One night after a raucous party , Eve accidentally witnesses her father having sex with Matty Mereaux ( Lisa Nicole Carson ) , a family friend . However , Cisely , who has a very affectionate relationship with her father , convinces Eve that she misinterpreted an innocent moment . The unreliability of memory and observation remain important themes throughout the film . The summer quickly becomes a chaotic and stressful one for the Batiste family . Eve 's relationship with her parents becomes more strained as she discovers more evidence of her father 's serial infidelity . Cisely comes into conflict with both her sister and mother as she enters puberty and tries to navigate the difficult transition to adulthood , particularly with regard to her appearance and sexuality . Roz eventually begins to suspect her husband 's infidelity , prompting conflict between the two as well . During the chaotic summer , Eve often seeks refuge with her Aunt Mozelle ( Debbi Morgan ) who works as a fortune teller and who has had a string of lovers who all died violently . After Eve has a confusing vision of something terrible happening , Mozelle informs her that the gift of second sight runs in their family . Meanwhile , Eve , angered by her father 's infidelity , begins to tease Matty Mereaux 's husband Lenny ( Roger Guenveur Smith ) with her knowledge about it . One day Cisely confides in Eve the secret of why she 's been so moody . She tells the story that one night , after their parents had a vicious argument , Cisely went to comfort her father and he , when drunk , attempted to molest her . Enraged , Eve seeks a local witch , Elzora ( Diahann Carroll ) , to commission a voodoo spell to put a fatal curse on her father . While on her way to visit the witch , Eve runs into Lenny Mereaux and questions him about his teaching job that keeps him away from home . In the conversation , she alludes to a possible tryst between his wife Matty and her father . Eve is under the impression that she is going to receive a voodoo doll of her father . When returning to the witch to get her doll , she is informed that there is no doll and that a curse has been placed on her father . In an attempt to save him , Eve rushes to bring her father home , finding him in a bar chatting with Matty Mereaux . At the same time , a drunken Lenny arrives to take Matty home . After a confrontation , Lenny and Matty leave the bar , and Lenny tells Louis that he will kill him if he talks to Matty again . After Louis says goodbye to Matty , Lenny shoots and kills Louis . After her father 's funeral , Eve soon finds a letter which her father wrote to Mozelle , disputing the accusations . In it , he claims that Cisely had come to him that night and kissed him , first as a daughter and then as a lover . In his drunken state , he reacted violently , slapping her and pushing her to the ground , which made her angry with him . Eve confronts Cisely and uses her second sight to discover what really happened . It ends with the sisters holding hands , gazing at the sunset . Cast ( edit ) Jurnee Smollett as Eve Batiste Debbi Morgan as Mozelle Batiste Delacroix Samuel L. Jackson as Louis Batiste Lynn Whitfield as Roz Batiste Diahann Carroll as Elzora Lisa Nicole Carson as Matty Mereaux Meagan Good as Cisely Batiste Roger Guenveur Smith as Lenny Mereaux Vondie Curtis - Hall as Julian Grayraven Branford Marsalis as Harry Carol Sutton as Madame Renard Ethel Ayler as Gran Mere Jake Smollett as Poe Batiste Leonard L. Thomas as Maynard Victoria Rowell as Stevie Hobbs Reception and impact ( edit ) The film received positive reviews , with Chicago Sun - Times ' Roger Ebert naming it the best film of 1997 . CNN 's Paul Tatara , Empire , Entertainment Weekly , The Hollywood Reporter , The Los Angeles Times , The New York Observer , The New York Times , TIME , Variety , and The Washington Post also loudly praised the film and its performances . Eve 's Bayou received a `` fresh '' rating from Rotten Tomatoes , reporting that 80 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 50 reviews . The film did receive many accolades . Debbi Morgan 's performance would be her most honored film role , with four nominations and two wins . The film is also noted for Jurnee Smollett 's performance ; up to this point , she had worked primarily as a TV actress , with Jack as her only previous film . In February 2008 , Eve 's Bayou made TIME 's list of The 25 Most Important Films on Race . On February 16 , 2009 , Debbi Morgan 's portrayal of Mozelle Batiste Delacroix was included in Pop Matters ' 100 Essential Female Film Performances list . In 2012 Jurnee Smollett 's role as Eve Batiste was included in Essence Magazine 's 25 Best Roles for Black Actresses list . Accolades ( edit ) 1997 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Child Performance -- Jurnee Smollett ( winner ) 1997 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Debbi Morgan ( winner ) 1997 National Board of Review Awards Outstanding Directorial Debut -- Kasi Lemmons ( winner ) 1997 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Jurnee Smollett ( winner ) 1998 Acapulco Black Film Festival Best Actor -- Samuel L. Jackson ( winner ) Best Director -- Kasi Lemmons ( winner ) Best Film ( winner ) Best Soundtrack ( nominated ) 1998 Independent Spirit Awards Best First Feature -- Caldecot Chubb , Kasi Lemmons , Samuel L. Jackson ( winner ) Best Supporting Female -- Debbi Morgan ( winner ) 1998 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Motion Picture -- Samuel L. Jackson ( nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture -- Lynn Whitfield ( nominated ) Outstanding Motion Picture ( nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture -- Vondie Curtis - Hall ( nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture -- Debbi Morgan ( nominated ) Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress -- Jurnee Smollett ( nominated ) Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress -- Meagan Good ( nominated ) 1998 Satellite Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture ( Drama ) -- Samuel L. Jackson ( nominated ) Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture ( Drama ) -- Debbi Morgan ( nominated ) Outstanding Cinematography -- Amy Vincent ( nominated ) 1998 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actress ) -- Jurnee Smollett ( nominated ) 1998 YoungStar Awards Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Drama Film -- Jurnee Smollett ( nominated ) Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Drama Film -- Meagan Good ( nominated ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo. 1997 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Siskel and Ebert At The Movies : Best Movies of 1997 on YouTube Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eve 's Bayou , rogerebert.com '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . November 7 , 1997 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Paul Tatara 's review ' ' '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Empire review ' ' '' . Empire . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( November 7 , 1997 ) . `` ' ' Entertainment Weekly review ' ' '' . Ew.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lim , Dennis . `` ' ' Los Angeles Times review ' ' '' . Calendarlive.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew . `` ' ' New York Observer review ' ' '' . Observer.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 7 , 1997 ) . `` ' ' New York Times review ' ' '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RICHARD CORLISS Monday , Oct. 13 , 1997 ( October 13 , 1997 ) . `` ' ' TIME review ' ' '' . Time . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( September 13 , 1997 ) . `` ' ' Variety review ' ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eve 's Bayou Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Debbi Morgan -- Awards Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( February 4 , 2008 ) . `` Eve 's Bayou ( 1997 ) -- The 25 Most Important Films on Race '' . TIME . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' 100 Essential Female Film Performances ' ' '' . Popmatters.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Roles for Black Actresses '' . Essence . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Eve 's Bayou on IMDb Eve 's Bayou at AllMovie Eve 's Bayou at Box Office Mojo Eve 's Bayou at Rotten Tomatoes Bayou Eve 's Bayou at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Kasi Lemmons <Td_colspan="2"> Eve 's Bayou ( 1997 ) The Caveman 's Valentine ( 2001 ) Talk to Me ( 2007 ) Black Nativity ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eve%27s_Bayou&oldid=787656596 '' Categories : English - language films 1997 films 1990s drama films African - American films American films American drama films Directorial debut films Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Kasi Lemmons Films set in 1962 Films set in Louisiana Films set in the 1960s Films shot in New Orleans American independent films Southern Gothic films Film scores by Terence Blanchard Trimark Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 18 : 33 . 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1. Eve's Bayou - American drama film
2. Kasi Lemmons - director and writer
3. Samuel L. Jackson - producer and actor
4. Family dynamics and infidelity
5. Critical acclaim and accolades
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3,010,964,622,752,182,000 |
the neurodegeneration of alzheimer’s disease starts in which of the following brain regions
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Alzheimer 's disease - Wikipedia Alzheimer 's disease `` Alzheimer '' redirects here . For other uses , see Alzheimer ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Alzheimer 's disease Synonyms Alzheimer disease , Alzheimer 's <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Comparison of a normal aged brain ( left ) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer 's ( right ) . Characteristics that separate the two are pointed out . Specialty Neurology Symptoms Difficulty in remembering recent events , problems with language , disorientation , mood swings Usual onset Over 65 years old Duration Long term Causes Poorly understood Risk factors Genetics , head injuries , depression , hypertension Diagnostic method Based on symptoms and cognitive testing after ruling out other possible causes Differential diagnosis Normal aging Medication Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors , NMDA receptor antagonists ( small benefit ) Prognosis Life expectancy 3 -- 9 years Frequency 29.8 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 1.9 million ( 2015 ) Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) , also referred to simply as Alzheimer 's , is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time . It is the cause of 60 -- 70 % of cases of dementia . The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events ( short - term memory loss ) . As the disease advances , symptoms can include problems with language , disorientation ( including easily getting lost ) , mood swings , loss of motivation , not managing self care , and behavioural issues . As a person 's condition declines , they often withdraw from family and society . Gradually , bodily functions are lost , ultimately leading to death . Although the speed of progression can vary , the typical life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years . The cause of Alzheimer 's disease is poorly understood . About 70 % of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved . Other risk factors include a history of head injuries , depression , or hypertension . The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain . A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes . Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal ageing . Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis . Mental and physical exercise , and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD ; however , evidence to support these recommendations is not strong . There are no medications or supplements that have been shown to decrease risk . No treatments stop or reverse its progression , though some may temporarily improve symptoms . Affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance , often placing a burden on the caregiver ; the pressures can include social , psychological , physical , and economic elements . Exercise programmes may be beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and can potentially improve outcomes . Behavioural problems or psychosis due to dementia are often treated with antipsychotics , but this is not usually recommended , as there is little benefit with an increased risk of early death . In 2015 , there were approximately 29.8 million people worldwide with AD . It most often begins in people over 65 years of age , although 4 % to 5 % of cases are early - onset Alzheimer 's which begin before this . It affects about 6 % of people 65 years and older . In 2015 , dementia resulted in about 1.9 million deaths . It was first described by , and later named after , German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 . In developed countries , AD is one of the most financially costly diseases . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Pre-dementia 1.2 Early 1.3 Moderate 1.4 Advanced 2 Cause 2.1 Genetic 2.2 Cholinergic hypothesis 2.3 Amyloid hypothesis 2.4 Tau hypothesis 2.5 Other hypotheses 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Neuropathology 3.2 Biochemistry 3.3 Disease mechanism 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Criteria 4.2 Techniques 5 Prevention 5.1 Medication 5.2 Lifestyle 5.3 Diet 6 Management 6.1 Medications 6.2 Psychosocial intervention 6.3 Caregiving 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Society and culture 10.1 Social costs 10.2 Caregiving burden 10.3 Media 11 Research directions 11.1 Drugs 11.2 Behavioral prevention 11.3 Possible transmission 11.4 Infections 11.5 Imaging 11.6 Early diagnosis 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Signs and symptoms Stages of Alzheimer 's disease Effects of ageing on memory but not AD Forgetting things occasionally Misplacing items sometimes Minor short - term memory loss Not remembering exact details Early stage Alzheimer 's Not remembering episodes of forgetfulness Forgets names of family or friends Changes may only be noticed by close friends or relatives Some confusion in situations outside the familiar Middle stage Alzheimer 's Greater difficulty remembering recently learned information Deepening confusion in many circumstances Problems with sleep Trouble knowing where they are Late stage Alzheimer 's Poor ability to think Problems speaking Repeats same conversations More abusive , anxious , or paranoid The disease course is divided into four stages , with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment . Predementia The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress . Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD . These early symptoms can affect the most complex activities of daily living . The most noticeable deficit is short term memory loss , which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information . Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness , planning , flexibility , and abstract thinking , or impairments in semantic memory ( memory of meanings , and concept relationships ) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD . Apathy can be observed at this stage , and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease . Depressive symptoms , irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties are also common . The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . This is often found to be a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia . MCI can present with a variety of symptoms , and when memory loss is the predominant symptom , it is termed `` amnestic MCI '' and is frequently seen as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer 's disease . Early In people with AD , the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis . In a small percentage , difficulties with language , executive functions , perception ( agnosia ) , or execution of movements ( apraxia ) are more prominent than memory problems . AD does not affect all memory capacities equally . Older memories of the person 's life ( episodic memory ) , facts learned ( semantic memory ) , and implicit memory ( the memory of the body on how to do things , such as using a fork to eat or how to drink from a glass ) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories . Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency , leading to a general impoverishment of oral and written language . In this stage , the person with Alzheimer 's is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately . While performing fine motor tasks such as writing , drawing or dressing , certain movement coordination and planning difficulties ( apraxia ) may be present , but they are commonly unnoticed . As the disease progresses , people with AD can often continue to perform many tasks independently , but may need assistance or supervision with the most cognitively demanding activities . Moderate Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence , with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living . Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary , which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions ( paraphasias ) . Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost . Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes and AD progresses , so the risk of falling increases . During this phase , memory problems worsen , and the person may fail to recognise close relatives . Long - term memory , which was previously intact , becomes impaired . Behavioural and neuropsychiatric changes become more prevalent . Common manifestations are wandering , irritability and labile affect , leading to crying , outbursts of unpremeditated aggression , or resistance to caregiving . Sundowning can also appear . Approximately 30 % of people with AD develop illusionary misidentifications and other delusional symptoms . Subjects also lose insight of their disease process and limitations ( anosognosia ) . Urinary incontinence can develop . These symptoms create stress for relatives and carers , which can be reduced by moving the person from home care to other long - term care facilities . Advanced During the final stages , the patient is completely dependent upon caregivers . Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words , eventually leading to complete loss of speech . Despite the loss of verbal language abilities , people can often understand and return emotional signals . Although aggressiveness can still be present , extreme apathy and exhaustion are much more common symptoms . People with Alzheimer 's disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks independently ; muscle mass and mobility deteriorates to the point where they are bedridden and unable to feed themselves . The cause of death is usually an external factor , such as infection of pressure ulcers or pneumonia , not the disease itself . Cause The cause for most Alzheimer 's cases is still mostly unknown except for 1 % to 5 % of cases where genetic differences have been identified . Several competing hypotheses exist trying to explain the cause of the disease . Genetic The genetic heritability of Alzheimer 's disease ( and memory components thereof ) , based on reviews of twin and family studies , ranges from 49 % to 79 % . Around 0.1 % of the cases are familial forms of autosomal ( not sex - linked ) dominant inheritance , which have an onset before age 65 . This form of the disease is known as early onset familial Alzheimer 's disease . Most of autosomal dominant familial AD can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes : those encoding amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) and presenilins 1 and 2 . Most mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein called Aβ 42 , which is the main component of senile plaques . Some of the mutations merely alter the ratio between Aβ42 and the other major forms -- particularly Aβ40 -- without increasing Aβ42 levels . Most cases of Alzheimer 's disease do not exhibit autosomal - dominant inheritance and are termed sporadic AD , in which environmental and genetic differences may act as risk factors . The best known genetic risk factor is the inheritance of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) . Between 40 and 80 % of people with AD possess at least one APOEε4 allele . The APOEε4 allele increases the risk of the disease by three times in heterozygotes and by 15 times in homozygotes . Like many human diseases , environmental effects and genetic modifiers result in incomplete penetrance . For example , certain Nigerian populations do not show the relationship between dose of APOEε4 and incidence or age - of - onset for Alzheimer 's disease seen in other human populations . Early attempts to screen up to 400 candidate genes for association with late - onset sporadic AD ( LOAD ) resulted in a low yield . More recent genome - wide association studies ( GWAS ) have found 19 areas in genes that appear to affect the risk . These genes include : CASS4 , CELF1 , FERMT2 , HLA - DRB5 , INPP5D , MEF2C , NME8 , PTK2B , SORL1 , ZCWPW1 , SlC24A4 , CLU , PICALM , CR1 , BIN1 , MS4A , ABCA7 , EPHA1 , and CD2AP . Mutations in the TREM2 gene have been associated with a 3 to 5 times higher risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease . A suggested mechanism of action is that when TREM2 is mutated , white blood cells in the brain are no longer able to control the amount of beta amyloid present . Cholinergic hypothesis The oldest , on which most currently available drug therapies are based , is the cholinergic hypothesis , which proposes that AD is caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . The cholinergic hypothesis has not maintained widespread support , largely because medications intended to treat acetylcholine deficiency have not been very effective . Amyloid hypothesis In 1991 , the amyloid hypothesis postulated that extracellular amyloid beta ( A ) deposits are the fundamental cause of the disease . Support for this postulate comes from the location of the gene for the amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) on chromosome 21 , together with the fact that people with trisomy 21 ( Down Syndrome ) who have an extra gene copy almost universally exhibit at least the earliest symptoms of AD by 40 years of age . Also , a specific isoform of apolipoprotein , APOE4 , is a major genetic risk factor for AD . While apolipoproteins enhance the breakdown of beta amyloid , some isoforms are not very effective at this task ( such as APOE4 ) , leading to excess amyloid buildup in the brain . Further evidence comes from the finding that transgenic mice that express a mutant form of the human APP gene develop fibrillar amyloid plaques and Alzheimer 's - like brain pathology with spatial learning deficits . An experimental vaccine was found to clear the amyloid plaques in early human trials , but it did not have any significant effect on dementia . Researchers have been led to suspect non-plaque A oligomers ( aggregates of many monomers ) as the primary pathogenic form of A. These toxic oligomers , also referred to as amyloid - derived diffusible ligands ( ADDLs ) , bind to a surface receptor on neurons and change the structure of the synapse , thereby disrupting neuronal communication . One receptor for A oligomers may be the prion protein , the same protein that has been linked to mad cow disease and the related human condition , Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease , thus potentially linking the underlying mechanism of these neurodegenerative disorders with that of Alzheimer 's disease . In 2009 , this theory was updated , suggesting that a close relative of the beta - amyloid protein , and not necessarily the beta - amyloid itself , may be a major culprit in the disease . The theory holds that an amyloid - related mechanism that prunes neuronal connections in the brain in the fast - growth phase of early life may be triggered by ageing - related processes in later life to cause the neuronal withering of Alzheimer 's disease . N - APP , a fragment of APP from the peptide 's N - terminus , is adjacent to beta - amyloid and is cleaved from APP by one of the same enzymes . N - APP triggers the self - destruct pathway by binding to a neuronal receptor called death receptor 6 ( DR6 , also known as TNFRSF21 ) . DR6 is highly expressed in the human brain regions most affected by Alzheimer 's , so it is possible that the N - APP / DR6 pathway might be hijacked in the ageing brain to cause damage . In this model , beta - amyloid plays a complementary role , by depressing synaptic function . In early 2017 , a trial of verubecestat , which inhibits the beta - secretase protein responsible for creating beta - amyloid protein was discontinued as an independent panel found `` virtually no chance of finding a positive clinical effect '' . Tau hypothesis In Alzheimer 's disease , changes in tau protein lead to the disintegration of microtubules in brain cells . The tau hypothesis proposes that tau protein abnormalities initiate the disease cascade . In this model , hyperphosphorylated tau begins to pair with other threads of tau . Eventually , they form neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cell bodies . When this occurs , the microtubules disintegrate , destroying the structure of the cell 's cytoskeleton which collapses the neuron 's transport system . This may result first in malfunctions in biochemical communication between neurons and later in the death of the cells . Other hypotheses A neurovascular hypothesis has been proposed which states that poor functioning of the blood -- brain barrier may be involved . The cellular homeostasis of biometals such as ionic copper , iron , and zinc is disrupted in AD , though it remains unclear whether this is produced by or causes the changes in proteins . These ions affect and are affected by tau , APP , and APOE , and their dysregulation may cause oxidative stress that may contribute to the pathology . The quality of some of these studies has been criticised , and the link remains controversial . The majority of researchers do not support a causal connection with aluminium . Smoking is a significant AD risk factor . Systemic markers of the innate immune system are risk factors for late - onset AD . There is tentative evidence that exposure to air pollution may be a contributing factor to the development of Alzheimer 's disease . Gum disease : An infection with Spirochetes ( a bacterium ) in gum disease may cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer 's disease . A fungal infection may also be a factor . One hypothesis posits that dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and their associated myelin during aging contributes to axon damage , which then causes amyloid production and tau hyper - phosphorylation as a side effect . Retrogenesis is a medical hypothesis about the development and progress of Alzheimer 's disease proposed by Barry Reisberg in the 1980s . The hypothesis is that just as the fetus goes through a process of neurodevelopment beginning with neurulation and ending with myelination , the brains of people with AD go through a reverse neurodegeneration process starting with demyelination and death of axons ( white matter ) and ending with the death of grey matter . Likewise the hypothesis is , that as infants go through states of cognitive development , people with AD go through the reverse process of progressive cognitive impairment . Reisberg developed the caregiving assessment tool known as `` FAST '' ( Functional Assessment Staging Tool ) which he says allows those caring for AD patients to identify the stages of disease progression and that provides advice about the kind of care needed at each stage . Pathophysiology Main article : Biochemistry of Alzheimer 's disease Histopathologic image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex of a person with Alzheimer 's disease of presenile onset . Silver impregnation . There is cortical atrophy in Alzheimer 's disease , associated with loss of gyri and sulci in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe , and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus . Neuropathology Alzheimer 's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions . This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions , including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe , and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus . Degeneration is also present in brainstem nuclei like the locus coeruleus . Studies using MRI and PET have documented reductions in the size of specific brain regions in people with AD as they progressed from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer 's disease , and in comparison with similar images from healthy older adults . Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible by microscopy in brains of those afflicted by AD . Plaques are dense , mostly insoluble deposits of beta - amyloid peptide and cellular material outside and around neurons . Tangles ( neurofibrillary tangles ) are aggregates of the microtubule - associated protein tau which has become hyperphosphorylated and accumulate inside the cells themselves . Although many older individuals develop some plaques and tangles as a consequence of ageing , the brains of people with AD have a greater number of them in specific brain regions such as the temporal lobe . Lewy bodies are not rare in the brains of people with AD . Biochemistry Enzymes act on the APP ( amyloid precursor protein ) and cut it into fragments . The beta - amyloid fragment is crucial in the formation of senile plaques in AD . Alzheimer 's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease ( proteopathy ) , caused by plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein , and tau protein in the brain . Plaques are made up of small peptides , 39 -- 43 amino acids in length , called amyloid beta ( A ) . A is a fragment from the larger amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) . APP is a transmembrane protein that penetrates through the neuron 's membrane . APP is critical to neuron growth , survival , and post-injury repair . In Alzheimer 's disease , gamma secretase and beta secretase act together in a proteolytic process which causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments . One of these fragments gives rise to fibrils of amyloid beta , which then form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques . AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein . Every neuron has a cytoskeleton , an internal support structure partly made up of structures called microtubules . These microtubules act like tracks , guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of the axon and back . A protein called tau stabilises the microtubules when phosphorylated , and is therefore called a microtubule - associated protein . In AD , tau undergoes chemical changes , becoming hyperphosphorylated ; it then begins to pair with other threads , creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating the neuron 's transport system . Pathogenic tau can also cause neuronal death through transposable element dysregulation . Disease mechanism Exactly how disturbances of production and aggregation of the beta - amyloid peptide give rise to the pathology of AD is not known . The amyloid hypothesis traditionally points to the accumulation of beta - amyloid peptides as the central event triggering neuron degeneration . Accumulation of aggregated amyloid fibrils , which are believed to be the toxic form of the protein responsible for disrupting the cell 's calcium ion homeostasis , induces programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) . It is also known that A selectively builds up in the mitochondria in the cells of Alzheimer 's - affected brains , and it also inhibits certain enzyme functions and the utilisation of glucose by neurons . Various inflammatory processes and cytokines may also have a role in the pathology of Alzheimer 's disease . Inflammation is a general marker of tissue damage in any disease , and may be either secondary to tissue damage in AD or a marker of an immunological response . There is increasing evidence of a strong interaction between the neurons and the immunological mechanisms in the brain . Obesity and systemic inflammation may interfere with immunological processes which promote disease progression . Alterations in the distribution of different neurotrophic factors and in the expression of their receptors such as the brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) have been described in AD . Diagnosis PET scan of the brain of a person with AD showing a loss of function in the temporal lobe Alzheimer 's disease is usually diagnosed based on the person 's medical history , history from relatives , and behavioural observations . The presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions is supportive . Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography ( CT ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and with single - photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) or positron emission tomography ( PET ) can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia . Moreover , it may predict conversion from prodromal stages ( mild cognitive impairment ) to Alzheimer 's disease . Assessment of intellectual functioning including memory testing can further characterise the state of the disease . Medical organisations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians . The diagnosis can be confirmed with very high accuracy post-mortem when brain material is available and can be examined histologically . Criteria The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke ( NINCDS ) and the Alzheimer 's Disease and Related Disorders Association ( ADRDA , now known as the Alzheimer 's Association ) established the most commonly used NINCDS - ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria for diagnosis in 1984 , extensively updated in 2007 . These criteria require that the presence of cognitive impairment , and a suspected dementia syndrome , be confirmed by neuropsychological testing for a clinical diagnosis of possible or probable AD . A histopathologic confirmation including a microscopic examination of brain tissue is required for a definitive diagnosis . Good statistical reliability and validity have been shown between the diagnostic criteria and definitive histopathological confirmation . Eight cognitive domains are most commonly impaired in AD -- memory , language , perceptual skills , attention , constructive abilities , orientation , problem solving and functional abilities . These domains are equivalent to the NINCDS - ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria as listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM - IV - TR ) published by the American Psychiatric Association . Techniques Neuropsychological screening tests can help in the diagnosis of AD . In the tests , people are instructed to copy drawings similar to the one shown in the picture , remember words , read , and subtract serial numbers . Neuropsychological tests such as the mini -- mental state examination ( MMSE ) are widely used to evaluate the cognitive impairments needed for diagnosis . More comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high reliability of results , particularly in the earliest stages of the disease . Neurological examination in early AD will usually provide normal results , except for obvious cognitive impairment , which may not differ from that resulting from other diseases processes , including other causes of dementia . Further neurological examinations are crucial in the differential diagnosis of AD and other diseases . Interviews with family members are also utilised in the assessment of the disease . Caregivers can supply important information on the daily living abilities , as well as on the decrease , over time , of the person 's mental function . A caregiver 's viewpoint is particularly important , since a person with AD is commonly unaware of his own deficits . Many times , families also have difficulties in the detection of initial dementia symptoms and may not communicate accurate information to a physician . Supplemental testing provides extra information on some features of the disease or is used to rule out other diagnoses . Blood tests can identify other causes for dementia than AD -- causes which may , in rare cases , be reversible . It is common to perform thyroid function tests , assess B12 , rule out syphilis , rule out metabolic problems ( including tests for kidney function , electrolyte levels and for diabetes ) , assess levels of heavy metals ( e.g. lead , mercury ) and anaemia . ( It is also necessary to rule out delirium ) . Psychological tests for depression are employed , since depression can either be concurrent with AD ( see Depression of Alzheimer disease ) , an early sign of cognitive impairment , or even the cause . Due to low accuracy , the C - PIB - PET scan is not recommended to be used as an early diagnostic tool or for predicting the development of Alzheimer 's disease when people show signs of mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . The use of 18F - FDG PET scans , as a single test , to identify people who may develop Alzheimer 's disease is also not supported by evidence . Prevention Intellectual activities such as playing chess or regular social interaction have been linked to a reduced risk of AD in epidemiological studies , although no causal relationship has been found . There is no definitive evidence to support that any particular measure is effective in preventing AD . Global studies of measures to prevent or delay the onset of AD have often produced inconsistent results . Epidemiological studies have proposed relationships between certain modifiable factors , such as diet , cardiovascular risk , pharmaceutical products , or intellectual activities among others , and a population 's likelihood of developing AD . Only further research , including clinical trials , will reveal whether these factors can help to prevent AD . Medication Although cardiovascular risk factors , such as hypercholesterolaemia , hypertension , diabetes , and smoking , are associated with a higher risk of onset and course of AD , statins , which are cholesterol lowering drugs , have not been effective in preventing or improving the course of the disease . Long - term usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) were thought in 2007 to be associated with a reduced likelihood of developing AD . Evidence also suggested the notion that NSAIDs could reduce inflammation related to amyloid plaques , but trials were suspended due to high adverse events . No prevention trial has been completed . They do not appear to be useful as a treatment , but as of 2011 were thought to be candidates as presymptomatic preventatives . Hormone replacement therapy in menopause , although previously used , may increase the risk of dementia . Lifestyle People who engage in intellectual activities such as reading , playing board games , completing crossword puzzles , playing musical instruments , or regular social interaction show a reduced risk for Alzheimer 's disease . This is compatible with the cognitive reserve theory , which states that some life experiences result in more efficient neural functioning providing the individual a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of dementia manifestations . Education delays the onset of AD syndrome without changing the duration of the disease . Learning a second language even later in life seems to delay getting Alzheimer disease . Physical activity is also associated with a reduced risk of AD . Physical exercise is associated with decreased rate of dementia . Physical exercise is also effective in reducing symptom severity in those with Alzheimers . Diet People who maintain a healthy , Japanese , or Mediterranean diet have a reduced risk of AD . A Mediterranean diet may improve outcomes in those with the disease . Those who eat a diet high in saturated fats and simple carbohydrates ( mono - and disaccharide ) have a higher risk . The Mediterranean diet 's beneficial cardiovascular effect has been proposed as the mechanism of action . Conclusions on dietary components have at times been difficult to ascertain as results have differed between population - based studies and randomised controlled trials . There is limited evidence that light to moderate use of alcohol , particularly red wine , is associated with lower risk of AD . There is tentative evidence that caffeine may be protective . A number of foods high in flavonoids such as cocoa , red wine , and tea may decrease the risk of AD . Reviews on the use of vitamins and minerals have not found enough consistent evidence to recommend them . This includes vitamin A , C , the alpha - tocopherol form of vitamin E , selenium , zinc , and folic acid with or without vitamin B. Evidence from one randomized controlled trial indicated that the alpha - tocopherol form of vitamin E may slow cognitive decline , this evidence was judged to be `` moderate '' in quality . Trials examining folic acid ( B9 ) and other B vitamins failed to show any significant association with cognitive decline . Omega - 3 fatty acid supplements from plants and fish , and dietary docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , do not appear to benefit people with mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease . Curcumin as of 2010 had not shown benefit in people even though there is tentative evidence in animals . There was inconsistent and unconvincing evidence that ginkgo has any positive effect on cognitive impairment and dementia . As of 2008 there was no concrete evidence that cannabinoids are effective in improving the symptoms of AD or dementia ; however , some research into endocannabinoids looked promising . Management There is no cure for Alzheimer 's disease ; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefit but remain palliative in nature . Current treatments can be divided into pharmaceutical , psychosocial and caregiving . Medications Three - dimensional molecular model of donepezil , an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of AD symptoms Molecular structure of memantine , a medication approved for advanced AD symptoms Five medications are currently used to treat the cognitive problems of AD : four are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( tacrine , rivastigmine , galantamine and donepezil ) and the other ( memantine ) is an NMDA receptor antagonist . The benefit from their use is small . No medication has been clearly shown to delay or halt the progression of the disease . Reduction in the activity of the cholinergic neurons is a well - known feature of Alzheimer 's disease . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are employed to reduce the rate at which acetylcholine ( ACh ) is broken down , thereby increasing the concentration of ACh in the brain and combating the loss of ACh caused by the death of cholinergic neurons . There is evidence for the efficacy of these medications in mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease , and some evidence for their use in the advanced stage . The use of these drugs in mild cognitive impairment has not shown any effect in a delay of the onset of AD . The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting , both of which are linked to cholinergic excess . These side effects arise in approximately 10 -- 20 % of users , are mild to moderate in severity , and can be managed by slowly adjusting medication doses . Less common secondary effects include muscle cramps , decreased heart rate ( bradycardia ) , decreased appetite and weight , and increased gastric acid production . Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system , although excessive amounts in the brain can lead to cell death through a process called excitotoxicity which consists of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors . Excitotoxicity occurs not only in Alzheimer 's disease , but also in other neurological diseases such as Parkinson 's disease and multiple sclerosis . Memantine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist first used as an anti-influenza agent . It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors and inhibiting their overstimulation by glutamate . Memantine has been shown to have a small benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease . Reported adverse events with memantine are infrequent and mild , including hallucinations , confusion , dizziness , headache and fatigue . The combination of memantine and donepezil has been shown to be `` of statistically significant but clinically marginal effectiveness '' . Atypical antipsychotics are modestly useful in reducing aggression and psychosis in people with Alzheimer 's disease , but their advantages are offset by serious adverse effects , such as stroke , movement difficulties or cognitive decline . When used in the long - term , they have been shown to associate with increased mortality . Stopping antipsychotic use in this group of people appears to be safe . Huperzine A while promising , requires further evidence before its use can be recommended . Psychosocial intervention Psychosocial interventions are used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behaviour - , emotion - , cognition - or stimulation - oriented approaches . Research on efficacy is unavailable and rarely specific to AD , focusing instead on dementia in general . Behavioural interventions attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviours . This approach has not shown success in improving overall functioning , but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviours , such as incontinence . There is a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behaviour problems such as wandering . Music therapy is effective in reducing behavioural and psychological symptoms . Emotion - oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy , validation therapy , supportive psychotherapy , sensory integration , also called snoezelen , and simulated presence therapy . A Cochrane review has found no evidence that this is effective . Supportive psychotherapy has received little or no formal scientific study , but some clinicians find it useful in helping mildly impaired people adjust to their illness . Reminiscence therapy ( RT ) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group , many times with the aid of photographs , household items , music and sound recordings , or other familiar items from the past . A 2018 review of the effectiveness of RT found that effects were inconsistent , small in size and of doubtful clinical significance , and varied by setting . Simulated presence therapy ( SPT ) is based on attachment theories and involves playing a recording with voices of the closest relatives of the person with Alzheimer 's disease . There is partial evidence indicating that SPT may reduce challenging behaviours . Finally , validation therapy is based on acceptance of the reality and personal truth of another 's experience , while sensory integration is based on exercises aimed to stimulate senses . There is no evidence to support the usefulness of these therapies . The aim of cognition - oriented treatments , which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining , is the reduction of cognitive deficits . Reality orientation consists in the presentation of information about time , place or person to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his or her place in them . On the other hand , cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercitation of mental abilities . Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities , although in some studies these effects were transient and negative effects , such as frustration , have also been reported . Stimulation - oriented treatments include art , music and pet therapies , exercise , and any other kind of recreational activities . Stimulation has modest support for improving behaviour , mood , and , to a lesser extent , function . Nevertheless , as important as these effects are , the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the change in the person 's routine . The efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation and invasive brain stimulation in AD remains uncertain . Caregiving Further information : Caregiving and dementia Since Alzheimer 's has no cure and it gradually renders people incapable of tending for their own needs , caregiving is essentially the treatment and must be carefully managed over the course of the disease . During the early and moderate stages , modifications to the living environment and lifestyle can increase patient safety and reduce caretaker burden . Examples of such modifications are the adherence to simplified routines , the placing of safety locks , the labelling of household items to cue the person with the disease or the use of modified daily life objects . If eating becomes problematic , food will need to be prepared in smaller pieces or even pureed . When swallowing difficulties arise , the use of feeding tubes may be required . In such cases , the medical efficacy and ethics of continuing feeding is an important consideration of the caregivers and family members . The use of physical restraints is rarely indicated in any stage of the disease , although there are situations when they are necessary to prevent harm to the person with AD or their caregivers . As the disease progresses , different medical issues can appear , such as oral and dental disease , pressure ulcers , malnutrition , hygiene problems , or respiratory , skin , or eye infections . Careful management can prevent them , while professional treatment is needed when they do arise . During the final stages of the disease , treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death , often with the help of hospice . Prognosis Disability - adjusted life year for Alzheimer and other dementias per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . No data ≤ 50 50 -- 70 70 -- 90 90 -- 110 110 -- 130 130 -- 150 150 -- 170 170 -- 190 190 -- 210 210 -- 230 230 -- 250 ≥ 250 The early stages of Alzheimer 's disease are difficult to diagnose . A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities , although the person may still be living independently . The symptoms will progress from mild cognitive problems , such as memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and non-cognitive disturbances , eliminating any possibility of independent living , especially in the late stages of the disease . Life expectancy of people with AD is reduced . Following diagnosis it typically ranges from three to ten years . Fewer than 3 % of people live more than fourteen years . Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment , decreased functional level , history of falls , and disturbances in the neurological examination . Other coincident diseases such as heart problems , diabetes or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened survival . While the earlier the age at onset the higher the total survival years , life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger . Men have a less favourable survival prognosis than women . Pneumonia and dehydration are the most frequent immediate causes of death brought by AD , while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population . Epidemiology Rates after age 65 Age New affected per thousand person -- years 65 -- 69 3 70 -- 74 6 75 -- 79 9 80 -- 84 23 85 -- 89 40 90 -- 69 Two main measures are used in epidemiological studies : incidence and prevalence . Incidence is the number of new cases per unit of person -- time at risk ( usually number of new cases per thousand person -- years ) ; while prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease in the population at any given time . Regarding incidence , cohort longitudinal studies ( studies where a disease - free population is followed over the years ) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person -- years for all dementias and 5 -- 8 for AD , which means that half of new dementia cases each year are AD . Advancing age is a primary risk factor for the disease and incidence rates are not equal for all ages : every five years after the age of 65 , the risk of acquiring the disease approximately doubles , increasing from 3 to as much as 69 per thousand person years . There are also sex differences in the incidence rates , women having a higher risk of developing AD particularly in the population older than 85 . In the United States , the risk of dying from Alzheimer 's disease is 26 % higher among the non-Hispanic white population than among the non-Hispanic black population , whereas the Hispanic population has a 30 % lower risk than the non-Hispanic white population . Deaths per million persons in 2012 due to dementias including Alzheimer 's disease 0 -- 4 5 -- 8 9 -- 10 11 -- 13 14 -- 17 18 -- 24 25 -- 45 46 -- 114 115 -- 375 376 -- 1266 Prevalence of AD in populations is dependent upon different factors including incidence and survival . Since the incidence of AD increases with age , it is particularly important to include the mean age of the population of interest . In the United States , Alzheimer prevalence was estimated to be 1.6 % in 2000 both overall and in the 65 -- 74 age group , with the rate increasing to 19 % in the 75 -- 84 group and to 42 % in the greater than 84 group . Prevalence rates in less developed regions are lower . The World Health Organization estimated that in 2005 , 0.379 % of people worldwide had dementia , and that the prevalence would increase to 0.441 % in 2015 and to 0.556 % in 2030 . Other studies have reached similar conclusions . Another study estimated that in 2006 , 0.40 % of the world population ( range 0.17 -- 0.89 % ; absolute number 26.6 million , range 11.4 -- 59.4 million ) were afflicted by AD , and that the prevalence rate would triple and the absolute number would quadruple by 2050 . History See also : Timeline of Alzheimer 's disease Alois Alzheimer 's patient Auguste Deter in 1902 . Hers was the first described case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease . The ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and physicians associated old age with increasing dementia . It was not until 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease , named after him , in a fifty - year - old woman he called Auguste D. He followed her case until she died in 1906 , when he first reported publicly on it . During the next five years , eleven similar cases were reported in the medical literature , some of them already using the term Alzheimer 's disease . The disease was first described as a distinctive disease by Emil Kraepelin after suppressing some of the clinical ( delusions and hallucinations ) and pathological features ( arteriosclerotic changes ) contained in the original report of Auguste D. He included Alzheimer 's disease , also named presenile dementia by Kraepelin , as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his Textbook of Psychiatry , published on 15 July , 1910 . For most of the 20th century , the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of dementia . The terminology changed after 1977 when a conference on AD concluded that the clinical and pathological manifestations of presenile and senile dementia were almost identical , although the authors also added that this did not rule out the possibility that they had different causes . This eventually led to the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease independent of age . The term senile dementia of the Alzheimer type ( SDAT ) was used for a time to describe the condition in those over 65 , with classical Alzheimer 's disease being used to describe those who were younger . Eventually , the term Alzheimer 's disease was formally adopted in medical nomenclature to describe individuals of all ages with a characteristic common symptom pattern , disease course , and neuropathology . Society and culture See also : Alzheimer 's disease organisations Social costs Dementia , and specifically Alzheimer 's disease , may be among the most costly diseases for society in Europe and the United States , while their costs in other countries such as Argentina , and South Korea , are also high and rising . These costs will probably increase with the ageing of society , becoming an important social problem . AD - associated costs include direct medical costs such as nursing home care , direct nonmedical costs such as in - home day care , and indirect costs such as lost productivity of both patient and caregiver . Numbers vary between studies but dementia costs worldwide have been calculated around $160 billion , while costs of Alzheimer 's disease in the United States may be $100 billion each year . The greatest origin of costs for society is the long - term care by health care professionals and particularly institutionalisation , which corresponds to 2 / 3 of the total costs for society . The cost of living at home is also very high , especially when informal costs for the family , such as caregiving time and caregiver 's lost earnings , are taken into account . Costs increase with dementia severity and the presence of behavioural disturbances , and are related to the increased caregiving time required for the provision of physical care . Therefore , any treatment that slows cognitive decline , delays institutionalisation or reduces caregivers ' hours will have economic benefits . Economic evaluations of current treatments have shown positive results . Caregiving burden Further information : Caregiving and dementia The role of the main caregiver is often taken by the spouse or a close relative . Alzheimer 's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers which includes social , psychological , physical or economic aspects . Home care is usually preferred by people with AD and their families . This option also delays or eliminates the need for more professional and costly levels of care . Nevertheless , two - thirds of nursing home residents have dementias . Dementia caregivers are subject to high rates of physical and mental disorders . Factors associated with greater psychosocial problems of the primary caregivers include having an affected person at home , the carer being a spouse , demanding behaviours of the cared person such as depression , behavioural disturbances , hallucinations , sleep problems or walking disruptions and social isolation . Regarding economic problems , family caregivers often give up time from work to spend 47 hours per week on average with the person with AD , while the costs of caring for them are high . Direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer 's patient average between $18,000 and $77,500 per year in the United States , depending on the study . Cognitive behavioural therapy and the teaching of coping strategies either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers ' psychological health . Media Main article : Alzheimer 's disease in the media AD has been portrayed in films such as : Iris ( 2001 ) , based on John Bayley 's memoir of his wife Iris Murdoch ; The Notebook ( 2004 ) , based on Nicholas Sparks ' 1996 novel of the same name ; A Moment to Remember ( 2004 ) ; Thanmathra ( 2005 ) ; Memories of Tomorrow ( Ashita no Kioku ) ( 2006 ) , based on Hiroshi Ogiwara 's novel of the same name ; Away from Her ( 2006 ) , based on Alice Munro 's short story `` The Bear Came over the Mountain '' ; Still Alice ( 2014 ) , about a Columbia University professor who has early onset Alzheimer 's disease , based on Lisa Genova 's 2007 novel of the same name and featuring Julianne Moore in the title role . Documentaries on Alzheimer 's disease include Malcolm and Barbara : A Love Story ( 1999 ) and Malcolm and Barbara : Love 's Farewell ( 2007 ) , both featuring Malcolm Pointon . Research directions Main article : Alzheimer 's disease research Drugs In the decade 2002 -- 2012 , 244 compounds were assessed in Phase I , Phase II , or Phase III trials , and only one of these ( memantine ) received FDA approval ( though others were still in the pipeline ) . Solanezumab failed to show effectiveness in patients who already had Alzheimer 's symptoms . One area of clinical research is focused on treating the underlying disease pathology . Reduction of beta - amyloid levels is a common target of compounds ( such as apomorphine ) under investigation . Immunotherapy or vaccination for the amyloid protein is one treatment modality under study . Unlike preventative vaccination , the putative therapy would be used to treat people already diagnosed . It is based upon the concept of training the immune system to recognise , attack , and reverse deposition of amyloid , thereby altering the course of the disease . An example of such a vaccine under investigation was ACC - 001 , although the trials were suspended in 2008 . Another similar agent is bapineuzumab , an antibody designed as identical to the naturally induced anti-amyloid antibody . However , immunotherapeutic agents have been found to cause some concerning adverse drug reactions , such as amyloid - related imaging abnormalities . Other approaches are neuroprotective agents , such as AL - 108 , and metal - protein interaction attenuation agents , such as PBT2 . A TNFα receptor - blocking fusion protein , etanercept has showed encouraging results . In 2008 , two separate clinical trials showed positive results in modifying the course of disease in mild to moderate AD with methylthioninium chloride , a drug that inhibits tau aggregation , and dimebon , an antihistamine . The consecutive phase - III trial of dimebon failed to show positive effects in the primary and secondary endpoints . Work with methylthioninium chloride showed that bioavailability of methylthioninium from the gut was affected by feeding and by stomach acidity , leading to unexpectedly variable dosing . A new stabilised formulation , as the prodrug LMTX , is in phase - III trials ( in 2014 ) . Behavioral prevention Preliminary research on the effects of meditation on retrieving memory and cognitive functions have been encouraging . A 2015 review suggests that mindfulness - based interventions may prevent or delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease . Possible transmission Rare cases of possible transmission between people are being studied , e.g. to growth hormone patients . Infections The herpes simplex virus HSV - 1 has been found in the same areas as amyloid plaques . This suggested the possibility that AD could be treated or prevented with antiviral medication . Studies of antivirals in cell cultures have shown promising results . Fungal infection of AD brain has also been described . This hypothesis was proposed by the microbiologist L. Carrasco when his group found statistical correlation between disseminated mycoses and AD . Further work revealed that fungal infection is present in different brain regions of AD patients , but not in the control individuals . A fungal infection explains the symptoms observed in AD patients . The slow progression of AD fits with the chronic nature of some systemic fungal infections , which can be asymptomatic and thus , unnoticed and untreated . The fungal hypotheses are also compatible with some other established AD hypotheses , like the amyloid hypothesis , that can be explained as an immune system response to an infection in the CNS , as found by R. Moir and R. Tanzi in mouse and worm models of AD . Imaging This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : from PMID 28072381 and PMID 28259856 ( April 2018 ) Of the many medical imaging techniques available , single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) appears to be superior in differentiating Alzheimer 's disease from other types of dementia , and this has been shown to give a greater level of accuracy compared with mental testing and medical history analysis . Advances have led to the proposal of new diagnostic criteria . PiB PET remains investigational , but a similar PET scanning radiopharmaceutical called florbetapir , containing the longer - lasting radionuclide fluorine - 18 , is a diagnostic tool in Alzheimer 's disease . Amyloid imaging is likely to be used in conjunction with other markers rather than as an alternative . Volumetric MRI can detect changes in the size of brain regions . Measuring those regions that atrophy during the progress of Alzheimer 's disease is showing promise as a diagnostic indicator . It may prove less expensive than other imaging methods currently under study . In 2011 An FDA panel voted unanimously to recommend approval of florbetapir . The imaging agent can help to detect Alzheimer 's brain plaques . A negative scan indicates sparse or no plaques , which is not consistent with a diagnosis of AD . Early diagnosis Emphasis in Alzheimer 's research has been placed on diagnosing the condition before symptoms begin . A number of biochemical tests have been developed to enable earlier detection . Some such tests involve the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for beta - amyloid , total tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein concentrations . Because drawing CSF can be painful , repeated draws are avoided . A blood test for circulatory miRNA and inflammatory biomarkers is a potential alternative indicator . References ^ Jump up to : Burns A , Iliffe S ( February 2009 ) . `` Alzheimer 's disease '' . BMJ. 338 : b158 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. b158 . 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Archived from the original on 31 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Etanercept research : Tobinick E. Tumour necrosis factor modulation for treatment of Alzheimer 's disease : rationale and current evidence . CNS Drugs . September 2009 ; 23 ( 9 ) : 713 -- 25 . doi : 10.2165 / 11310810 - 000000000 - 00000 . PMID 19689163 . TNF - alpha Modulation for Treatment of Alzheimer 's Disease : A 6 - Month Pilot Study . Medscape General Medicine . 2006 ; 8 ( 2 ) : 25 . PMID 16926764 . Perispinal etanercept : Potential as an Alzheimer Therapeutic . Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2008 ; 5 : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 2094 - 5 - 3 . PMID 18186919 . Perispinal Etanercept for Treatment of Alzheimer 's Disease . Current Alzheimer Research . 2007 ; 4 ( 5 ) : 550 -- 52 . doi : 10.2174 / 156720507783018217 . PMID 18220520 . Targeting TNF : a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer 's disease . Drug Discovery Today . 4 July 2014 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drudis. 2014.06. 029 . PMID 24998784 . Jump up ^ Tau aggregation inhibitor ( TAI ) therapy with remberTM arrests disease progression in mild and moderate Alzheimer 's disease over 50 weeks . Alzheimer 's & Dementia. 2008 ; 4 ( 4 ) : T167 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jalz. 2008.05. 438 . Jump up ^ Methylthioninium chloride ( MTC ) acts as a tau aggregation inhibitor ( TAI ) in a cellular model and reverses tau pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer 's disease . Alzheimer 's & Dementia. 2008 ; 4 ( 4 ) : T120 -- T121 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jalz. 2008.05. 259 . Jump up ^ Effect of dimebon on cognition , activities of daily living , behaviour , and global function in patients with mild - to - moderate Alzheimer 's disease : a randomised , double - blind , placebo - controlled study . Lancet . 2008 ; 372 ( 9634 ) : 207 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 61074 - 0 . PMID 18640457 . Jump up ^ The rise and fall of Dimebon . Drug News & Perspectives . October 2010 ; 23 ( 8 ) : 518 -- 23 . doi : 10.1358 / dnp. 2010.23. 8.1500435 . PMID 21031168 . Jump up ^ `` Pfizer And Medivation announce results from two phase 3 studies in Dimebon ( latrepirdine * ) Alzheimer 's disease clinical development program ( NASDAQ : MDVN ) '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Translatability scoring in drug development : eight case studies . Journal of Translational Medicine . 2012 ; 10 ( 10 ) : 39 . doi : 10.1186 / 1479 - 5876 - 10 - 39 . PMID 22397594 . Jump up ^ Baddeley TC , McCaffrey J , Storey JM , Cheung JK , Melis V , Horsley D , Harrington CR , Wischik CM ( January 2015 ) . `` Complex disposition of methylthioninium redox forms determines efficacy in tau aggregation inhibitor therapy for Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 352 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 18 . doi : 10.1124 / jpet. 114.219352 . PMID 25320049 . Jump up ^ Tau - aggregation inhibitor therapy for Alzheimer 's disease . Biochem Pharmacol. 15 April 2014 ; 88 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcp. 2013.12. 008 . PMID 24361915 . Jump up ^ Effect of Meditation on Cognitive Functions in Context of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases . Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2014 ; 8 : 17 . doi : 10.3389 / fnbeh. 2014.00017 . PMID 24478663 . Jump up ^ Larouche E , Hudon C , Goulet S ( January 2015 ) . `` Potential benefits of mindfulness - based interventions in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease : an interdisciplinary perspective '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 276 ( 276 ) : 199 -- 212 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbr. 2014.05. 058 . PMID 24893317 . Jump up ^ Jaunmuktane Z , Mead S , Ellis M , Wadsworth JD , Nicoll AJ , Kenny J , Launchbury F , Linehan J , Richard - Loendt A , Walker AS , Rudge P , Collinge J , Brandner S ( September 2015 ) . `` Evidence for human transmission of amyloid - β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy '' . Nature . 525 ( 7568 ) : 247 -- 50 . doi : 10.1038 / nature15369 . PMID 26354483 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Alison ( 2015 ) . `` Autopsies reveal signs of Alzheimer 's in growth - hormone patients '' . Nature . 525 ( 7568 ) : 165 -- 66 . doi : 10.1038 / 525165a . PMID 26354460 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Herpes simplex virus tipo 1 como factor de riesgo asociado con la enfermedad de Alzheimer ( Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 as Risk Factor Associated to Alzheimer Disease ) . Revista Médica De Chile . June 2011 ; 139 ( 6 ) : 779 -- 86 . Spanish . doi : 10.4067 / S0034 - 98872011000600013 . PMID 22051760 . Jump up ^ Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 DNA Is Located within Alzheimer 's Disease Amyloid Plaques . The Journal of Pathology. 2008 ; 217 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 38 . doi : 10.1002 / path. 2449 . PMID 18973185 . Jump up ^ Itzhaki RF ( 2014 ) . `` Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer 's disease : increasing evidence for a major role of the virus '' . Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 6 : 202 . doi : 10.3389 / fnagi. 2014.00202 . PMC 4128394 . PMID 25157230 . Jump up ^ Itzhaki RF , Lathe R , Balin BJ , Ball MJ , Bearer EL , Braak H , Bullido MJ , Carter C , Clerici M , Cosby SL , Del Tredici K , Field H , Fulop T , Grassi C , Griffin WS , Haas J , Hudson AP , Kamer AR , Kell DB , Licastro F , Letenneur L , Lövheim H , Mancuso R , Miklossy J , Otth C , Palamara AT , Perry G , Preston C , Pretorius E , Strandberg T , Tabet N , Taylor - Robinson SD , Whittum - Hudson JA ( 2016 ) . `` Microbes and Alzheimer 's Disease '' . Journal of Alzheimer 's Disease . 51 ( 4 ) : 979 -- 84 . doi : 10.3233 / JAD - 160152 . PMC 5457904 . PMID 26967229 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Alonso R , Pisa D , Rábano A , Carrasco L ( July 2014 ) . `` Alzheimer 's disease and disseminated mycoses '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 33 ( 7 ) : 1125 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 013 - 2045 - z . PMID 24452965 . ^ Jump up to : Pisa D , Alonso R , Rábano A , Rodal I , Carrasco L ( October 2015 ) . `` Different Brain Regions are Infected with Fungi in Alzheimer 's Disease '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 15015 . doi : 10.1038 / srep15015 . PMC 4606562 . PMID 26468932 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fungus , the bogeyman '' . The Economist. 22 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar DK , Choi SH , Washicosky KJ , Eimer WA , Tucker S , Ghofrani J , Lefkowitz A , McColl G , Goldstein LE , Tanzi RE , Moir RD ( May 2016 ) . `` Amyloid - β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer 's disease '' . Science Translational Medicine . 8 ( 340 ) : 340ra72 . doi : 10.1126 / scitranslmed. aaf1059 . PMC 5505565 . PMID 27225182 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Could Alzheimer 's Stem From Infections ? It Makes Sense , Experts Say '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alzheimer 's culprit may fight other diseases '' . Science News . 16 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Systematic Review of the Diagnostic Accuracy of 99mTc - HMPAO - SPECT in Dementia . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry . 2004 ; 12 ( 6 ) : 554 -- 70 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ajgp. 12.6. 554 . PMID 15545324 . Jump up ^ The use of the exploratory IND in the evaluation and development of F - PET radiopharmaceuticals for amyloid imaging in the brain : a review of one company 's experience . The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging . August 2009 ; 53 ( 4 ) : 387 -- 93 . PMID 19834448 . Jump up ^ Leung K ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` ( E ) - 4 - ( 2 - ( 6 - ( 2 - ( 2 - ( 2 - ( F - fluoroethoxy ) ethoxy ) ethoxy ) pyridin - 3 - yl ) vinyl ) - N - methyl benzenamine ( ( F ) AV - 45 ) '' . Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database . Archived from the original on 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Amyloid Imaging in Aging and Dementia : Testing the Amyloid Hypotheses in Vivo . Behavioural Neurology . 2009 ; 21 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 28 . doi : 10.3233 / BEN - 2009 - 0232 . PMID 19847050 . PMC 2804478 . Jump up ^ Role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of dementia . The British Journal of Radiology . December 2007 ; 80 ( Spec No 2 ) : S71 -- 77 . doi : 10.1259 / bjr / 33117326 . PMID 18445747 . Jump up ^ FDA recommends approval of new compound in Alzheimer 's detection . JAMA. 19 January 2011 ; 305 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 83 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2010.2008 . PMID 21245183 . Jump up ^ `` Amyvid '' . Community register of medicinal products for human use . European Community . 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Preclinical Alzheimer 's disease : diagnosis and prediction of progression . Lancet Neurology . 1 September 2005 ; 4 ( 9 ) : 576 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / s1474 - 4422 ( 05 ) 70168 - x . PMID 16109364 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma N , Singh AN ( July 2016 ) . `` Exploring biomarkers for Alzheimer 's disease '' . J Clin Diagn Res ( Review ) . 10 ( 7 ) : KE01 -- 6 . doi : 10.7860 / JCDR / 2016 / 18828.8166 . PMC 5020308 . PMID 27630867 . Further reading Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Alzheimer 's disease '' dated 2008 - 09 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Library resources about Alzheimer 's Disease Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Alzheimer 's Disease : Unraveling the Mystery . US Department of Health and Human Services , National Institute on Aging , NIH . 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Can Alzheimer 's Disease Be Prevented ? ( PDF ) . US Department of Health and Human Services , National Institute on Aging , NIH . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2013 . Caring for a Person with Alzheimer 's Disease : Your Easy - to - Use Guide from the National Institute on Aging . US Department of Health and Human Services , National Institute on Aging , NIH . 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Russell D , Barston S , White M ( 19 December 2007 ) . `` Alzheimer 's Behavior Management : Learn to Manage Common Behavior Problems '' . helpguide.org . Archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . Greater cognitive deterioration in women than men with Alzheimer 's disease : a meta analysis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2012 ; 34 ( 9 ) : 989 -- 98 . doi : 10.1080 / 13803395.2012. 712676 . PMID 22913619 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alzheimer 's disease . Classification ICD - 10 : G30 , F00 ICD - 9 - CM : 331.0 , 290.1 OMIM : 104300 MeSH : D000544 DiseasesDB : 490 External resources MedlinePlus : 000760 eMedicine : neuro / 13 Patient UK : Alzheimer 's disease GeneReviews : NBK1161 Scholia : Q11081 Alzheimer 's disease at Curlie <Th_colspan="2"> Mental and behavioral disorders ( F00 -- F99 & 290 -- 319 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Neurological / symptomatic <Td_colspan="2"> Dementia Mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer 's disease Vascular dementia Pick 's disease Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease Huntington 's disease Parkinson 's disease AIDS dementia complex Frontotemporal dementia Sundowning Wandering Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome Savant syndrome PDD - NOS High - functioning autism Other Delirium Post-concussion syndrome Organic brain syndrome <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Psychoactive substances , substance abuse and substance - related disorders <Td_colspan="2"> Intoxication / Drug overdose Physical dependence Substance dependence Rebound effect Double rebound Withdrawal Stimulant psychosis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional <Td_colspan="2"> Psychosis and schizophrenia - like disorders Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Brief reactive psychosis Schizophrenia Disorganized ( hebephrenic ) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Simple - type schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Delusional disorders Delusional disorder Folie à deux <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Mood ( affective ) <Td_colspan="2"> Mania Bipolar disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia Bipolar NOS Depression Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Neurotic , stress - related and somatoform <Td_colspan="2"> Anxiety disorder Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Panic disorder Panic attack Generalized anxiety disorder OCD stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Adjustment disorder Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Somatic symptom disorder Somatization disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Hypochondriasis Nosophobia Da Costa 's syndrome Psychalgia Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Neurasthenia Mass psychogenic illness Dissociative disorder Dissociative identity disorder Psychogenic amnesia Fugue state Depersonalization disorder <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Physiological / physical behavioral <Td_colspan="2"> Eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome NOS Nonorganic sleep disorders Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia REM sleep behavior disorder Night terror Nightmare Sexual dysfunction sexual desire Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Hypersexuality sexual arousal Female sexual arousal disorder Erectile dysfunction orgasm Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia pain Vaginismus Dyspareunia Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Adult personality and behavior <Td_colspan="2"> Gender dysphoria Sexual maturation disorder Ego - dystonic sexual orientation Sexual relationship disorder Paraphilia Voyeurism Fetishism Other Personality disorder Impulse control disorder Kleptomania Trichotillomania Pyromania Dermatillomania Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Disorders typically diagnosed in childhood <Td_colspan="2"> Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan -- Fryns syndrome Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Specific Pervasive Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional / behavioral disorder Separation anxiety disorder social functioning Selective mutism RAD DAD Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Speech Stuttering Cluttering Movement disorders Stereotypic <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Symptoms and uncategorized <Td_colspan="2"> Catatonia False pregnancy Intermittent explosive disorder Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures Klüver -- Bucy syndrome <Th_colspan="2"> Diseases of the nervous system , primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff - person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis <Th_colspan="2"> Amyloidosis ( E85 , 277.3 ) Common amyloid forming proteins AA ATTR Aβ2M AL Aβ / APP AIAPP ACal APro AANF ACys ABri Systemic amyloidosis AL amyloidosis AA amyloidosis Aβ2M / Haemodialysis - associated AGel / Finnish type AA / Familial Mediterranean fever ATTR / Transthyretin - related hereditary Organ - limited amyloidosis Heart AANF / Isolated atrial Brain Familial amyloid neuropathy ACys + ABri / Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Aβ / Alzheimer 's disease Kidney AApoA1 + AFib + ALys / Familial renal Skin Primary cutaneous amyloidosis Amyloid purpura Endocrine Thyroid ACal / Medullary thyroid cancer Pituitary APro / Prolactinoma Pancreas AIAPP / Insulinoma AIAPP / Diabetes mellitus type 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alzheimer%27s_disease&oldid=865550111 '' Categories : Articles with evidence out of context Alzheimer 's disease Ailments of unknown cause Unsolved problems in neuroscience Learning disabilities Psychiatric diagnosis Dementia Abnormal psychology Cognitive disorders Aphasias Herpes simplex virus - associated diseases Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with imported freely licensed text Articles with German - language external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from May 2014 Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2018 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Featured articles RTT RTTNEURO Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Alzheimer's disease symptoms and progression
2. Genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer's disease
3. The role of amyloid plaques and tau protein in Alzheimer's disease
4. Diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease
5. Current research and hypotheses on the cause of Alzheimer's disease
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who wrote the theme song to sanford and son
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Sanford and Son Theme ( the Streetbeater ) - wikipedia Sanford and Son Theme ( the Streetbeater ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Sanford and Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1973 7 '' vinyl single ( US ) <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Quincy Jones <Th_colspan="2"> from the album ' You 've Got It Bad , Girl ' Released 1973 Recorded 1972 Genre Electric blues , funk Length 3 : 06 0 : 51 ( Theme version ) Label A&M Composer ( s ) Quincy Jones Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones `` Sanford and Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) '' is the theme to the 1970s situation comedy Sanford and Son . It was composed by Quincy Jones . Overview ( edit ) `` The Streetbeater '' was first released by A&M Records on Jones ' 1973 album You 've Got It Bad Girl and as a single from that album . It is also featured on his Greatest Hits album . Although the piece itself only reached # 294 and did not reach Billboard status for that year , it has maintained mainstream popularity , ranking 9th in a Rolling Stone Reader Poll of Television Themes Songs Other recordings ( edit ) Harry James recorded a version in 1979 on his album Still Harry After All These Years ( Sheffield Lab LAB 11 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sanford & Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) by Quincy Jones : Reviews and Ratings '' . Rate Your Music . 2010 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan by Quincy Jones @ ARTISTdirect '' . Artistdirect.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Readers Poll : The Best Television Theme Songs Pictures - 9 . Sanford and Son - ' The Streetbeater ' '' . Rolling Stone . 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . <Th_colspan="2"> Sanford and Son Characters Fred G. Sanford Esther Anderson Grady Wilson Episodes Episodes Spin - offs Grady Sanford Arms Sanford Episodes Related Steptoe and Son `` Sanford and Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanford_and_Son_Theme_(The_Streetbeater)&oldid=802949685 '' Categories : Television theme songs Quincy Jones songs 1973 songs Funk songs Songs written by Quincy Jones A&M Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Sanford and Son Theme (The Streetbeater)
2. Quincy Jones
3. 1970s situation comedy
4. Electric blues and funk
5. Rolling Stone Reader Poll
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-8,308,496,090,884,517,000 |
what album is like a stone on for audioslave
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Audioslave ( album ) - wikipedia Audioslave ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Audioslave <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Audioslave Released November 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 19 ) Recorded May 2001 ( 2001 - 05 ) -- June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 ) Studio Cello Studios , Hollywood , California Royaltone Studios , Burbank , California Studio Litho , Seattle , Washington Studio K , Seattle , Washington Akadamie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research , Los Angeles , California Genre Hard rock alternative rock Length 65 : 26 Label Epic Interscope Producer Audioslave Rick Rubin <Th_colspan="2"> Audioslave chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Audioslave ( 2002 ) Out of Exile ( 2005 ) Out of Exile 2005 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Audioslave <Td_colspan="2"> `` Cochise '' Released : October 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 14 ) `` Like a Stone '' Released : January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 ) `` Show Me How to Live '' Released : June 2003 ( 2003 - 06 ) `` I Am the Highway '' Released : October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 ) `` What You Are '' Released : March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 ) `` Gasoline '' Released : 2004 ( 2004 ) ( Promo & Radio ) <Td_colspan="2"> Audioslave is the eponymous debut studio album by American rock supergroup Audioslave . It was released on November 19 , 2002 , by Epic Records and Interscope Records . The album features the hit singles `` Cochise '' , `` Show Me How to Live '' , `` What You Are '' , `` Like a Stone '' , and `` I Am the Highway '' . The album was later certified 3x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in the United States . `` Like a Stone '' was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Artwork 3 Reception 4 Track listing 4.1 DualDisc version 4.2 Connected bonus track 5 Personnel 6 Chart positions 6.1 Album 6.2 Weekly 6.3 Year - end 6.4 Singles 7 Certifications 8 References Background ( edit ) Audioslave was formed after Zack de la Rocha left Rage Against the Machine and the remaining members were searching for another vocalist . Producer and friend Rick Rubin suggested that they contact Chris Cornell . Rubin played the remaining Rage Against the Machine band members the Soundgarden song `` Slaves & Bulldozers '' to showcase his ability . Cornell was in the writing process of a second solo album , but decided to shelve that and pursue the opportunity to work with Tom Morello , Tim Commerford and Brad Wilk when they approached him . Morello described Cornell : `` He stepped to the microphone and sang the song and I could n't believe it . It did n't just sound good . It sounded transcendent . And ... when there is an irreplaceable chemistry from the first moment , you ca n't deny it . '' The quartet wrote 21 songs during 19 days of rehearsal and began working in the studio in late May 2001 . Songs from the album were first heard when thirteen rough rehearsal demo tracks were leaked onto various peer - to - peer filesharing networks on May 16 , 2002 , six months before the official release of the album , under the name `` Civilian '' ( or `` The Civilian Project '' ) . According to guitarist Tom Morello `` it was very frustrating , especially with a band like this , there is a certain amount of expectation . '' He also said that the songs were not in their finished form and that in some cases `` they were n't even the same lyrics , guitar solos , performances of any kind . '' In an earlier , July 2002 interview with Metal Sludge he spoke more explicitly about the incident , blaming `` some jackass intern at Bad Animal Studios in Seattle '' for stealing the demos and putting them on the Internet without the band 's permission . The band was nearly derailed before the album 's release . Cornell was going through alcohol problems and a slot on the Ozzfest tour was canceled . During this time , there was a rumor that Cornell had checked himself into drug rehabilitation . He later confirmed it in an interview with Metal Hammer that was conducted from a clinic payphone . In a San Diego CityBeat article , Cornell explained that he went through `` a horrible personal crisis '' during the making of the first record , staying in rehab for two months and separating from his wife . The problems were ironed out and he remained sober till his passing in 2017 . The band toured through 2003 , before resting in 2004 to record their second album . This album was released ten years after Rage Against the Machine 's ( Morello , Commerford , and Wilk 's former band ) debut album was released on November 3 , 1992 . Artwork ( edit ) The album cover was designed by Storm Thorgerson ( with Peter Curzon and Rupert Truman ) -- who , as leader of the group of artists known as Hipgnosis , was best known for his cover work for Pink Floyd . `` We knew we were going to set this idea of the eternal flame , the graphic flame , in Lanzarote , a volcanic island , since volcanoes suited the brooding menace of Audioslave , '' Thorgerson recalled . An unreleased version of the cover , shot elsewhere at the same location , features a naked man looking at the flame . `` We so nearly used it , '' said Thorgerson , `` but we were not entirely sure of the nude figure . '' Reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 62 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club favorable Entertainment Weekly A − NME 4 / 10 Pitchfork Media 1.7 / 10 PopMatters favorable Robert Christgau Rolling Stone Stylus The Village Voice unfavorable `` Cochise '' ( 2002 ) `` Cochise '' , typical of Tom Morello , was compared to the sound of a helicopter . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The album was released on November 19 , 2002 and entered the Billboard 200 chart at position number seven after selling 162,000 copies in its first week . It was certified gold by the RIAA less than a month after its release , and by 2006 it had achieved triple platinum selling status . It is the most successful Audioslave album to date , having sold more than three million copies in the United States alone . The album spawned hits such as `` Cochise '' , `` Like a Stone '' and `` Show Me How to Live '' . Despite its commercial success , Audioslave received mixed reviews . Some critics lambasted the group 's effort as uninspired , and predictable . Pitchfork Media 's reviewers Chris Dahlen and Ryan Schreiber praised Cornell 's voice , but criticized virtually every other part of the album , calling it `` the worst kind of studio rock album , rigorously controlled -- even undercut -- by studio gimmickry . '' They described Cornell 's lyrics as `` complete gibberish '' and called producer Rick Rubin 's work `` a synthesized rock - like product that emits no heat . '' Jon Monks from Stylus Magazine had the same opinion . He considered Rubin 's production over-polished and wrote that `` lacking individuality , distinction and imagination this album is over-produced , overlong and over-indulgent . '' On the other hand , other critics praised the supergroup 's style reminiscent of 1970s heavy metal and compared it to Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath , saying they add much - needed sound and style to contemporary mainstream rock music , and have the potential to become one of the best rock bands of the 21st century . In 2005 , Audioslave was ranked number 281 in Rock Hard magazine 's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time . The track `` Shadow on the Sun '' was also featured in Michael Mann 's 2004 film Collateral . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Chris Cornell ; all music composed by Audioslave . No . Title Length 1 . `` Cochise '' 3 : 42 2 . `` Show Me How to Live '' 4 : 38 3 . `` Gasoline '' 4 : 39 4 . `` What You Are '' 4 : 09 5 . `` Like a Stone '' 4 : 54 6 . `` Set It Off '' 4 : 23 7 . `` Shadow on the Sun '' 5 : 43 8 . `` I Am the Highway '' 5 : 35 9 . `` Exploder '' 3 : 26 10 . `` Hypnotize '' 3 : 27 11 . `` Bring Em Back Alive '' 5 : 29 12 . `` Light My Way '' 5 : 03 13 . `` Getaway Car '' 4 : 59 14 . `` The Last Remaining Light '' 5 : 17 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 65 : 26 DualDisc version ( edit ) The album was included among a group of 15 DualDisc releases that were test marketed in two cities : Boston and Seattle . The DualDisc has the standard album on one side , and bonus material on the second side . The DVD side of the Audioslave DualDisc featured the entire album in higher resolution 20bit 48 kHz sound , as well as some videos . The higher resolution DVD side of this disc has been termed a demonstration quality audiophile release . ConnecteD bonus track ( edit ) For a limited time the CD could be inserted into a CD - ROM and be used to access the ConnecteD website . Here , the user would be able to download bonus videos , interviews , photos , and a bonus track `` Give '' . Personnel ( edit ) Audioslave Chris Cornell -- vocals Tim Commerford -- bass Brad Wilk -- drums Tom Morello -- guitars Production Produced by Rick Rubin , co-produced by Audioslave Mixed by Rich Costey Recorded by David Schiffman and Andrew Scheps Additional engineering by John Burton , Floyd Reitsma , Thom Russo , and Andrew Scheps , assisted by Chris Holmes and Darron Mora Digital editing by Greg Fidelman , Thom Russo , and Andrew Scheps Album production coordinator / wrangler -- Lindsay Chase Mastered by Vlado Meller , assisted by Steve Kadison Album cover by Storm Thorgerson and Peter Curzon Art direction by Storm Thorgerson , assisted by Dan Abbott and Finlay Cowan `` Flame '' logo by Peter Curzon Photography by Rupert Truman Band photos by Danny Clinch Sculpture made by Hothouse Chart positions ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Weekly ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 8 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 53 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 6 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 37 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 30 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 French Albums ( SNEP ) 51 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 39 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 5 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 30 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Albums ( OCC ) 19 UK Rock & Metal Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 7 Year - end ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 100 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) 9 US Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) 17 US Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) 21 US Vinyl Albums ( Billboard ) 23 Singles ( edit ) Year Song <Th_colspan="9"> Chart positions US Hot 100 US Modern Rock US Mainstream Rock US Adult Top 40 US Top 40 Mainstream US Hot Rock Songs US Rock Digital Song Sales US Rock Streaming Songs 2002 `` Cochise '' 69 9 - - - - - 2003 `` Like a Stone '' 31 23 27 - - - `` Show Me How to Live '' 67 - - - - - `` I Am the Highway '' 66 - - - - - `` What You Are '' - 17 8 - - - - - 2017 `` Like a Stone '' - - - - - 7 5 14 `` Show Me How to Live '' - - - - - 20 22 - `` I Am the Highway '' - - - - - 19 15 - Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 50,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( June 10 , 2005 ) . `` Audioslave - Out of Exile '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' . Pitchfork Media . 2002 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Monks , Jon ( 2003 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . Stylus . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( January 31 , 2003 ) . `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ; Parry , Heather . `` Audioslave : Unshackled , Ready To Rage '' . MTV . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Clare . `` Pushing Forward Back . '' Zero Magazine . September 7 , 2005 , Iss. 1 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Neal ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Rage And Cornell To Enter Studio Next Week '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( 2002 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Rage / Cornell - Credited Tracks Get Leaked Online '' . MTV . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Cashmere , Tim . `` Audioslave to the Rhythm '' . Undercover . Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Donna ( 2002 - 07 - 16 ) . `` 20 Questions with ... Rage Against The Machine Guitarist Tom Morello '' . Metal Sludge . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gene Stout ( 2006 - 04 - 20 ) . `` As a Paris restaurateur and family man , life is now good for Audioslave rocker '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Jerry ( December 2002 ) . `` Straight Outta Rehab '' . Metal Hammer ( 108 ) . Jump up ^ Sculley , Alan . `` A Career in Slavery '' . San Diego CityBeat . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Classic Rock 2010 calendar Jump up ^ `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen . `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Stephen ( 2002 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Audioslave Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' . NME. 2002 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Levenfeld , Ari ( 2003 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Audioslave : self - titled '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CG : audioslave '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Blashill , Pat ( 2002 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Audioslave : Review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Greg ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Village Voice Review '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee , Matt ( December 2002 ) . `` Stoke & Staffordshire Music -- Singles review '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave , Mudvayne Debut In Billboard 's Top 20 '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2002 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Land Gold Album '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2002 - 12 - 17 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - Search Results - Audioslave '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ McAuliffe , Amy ( 2007 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Rock / Indie Review -- Audioslave , Audioslave '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jeres ( 2002 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Audioslave : Audioslave ( 2002 ) review '' . PlayLouder . Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Music : Review - Audioslave Audioslave '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Heath , Chris ( 2003 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Album Reviews : Audioslave - Audioslave '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( ... ) , Rock Hard ( Hrsg . ) . ( Red. : Michael Rensen . Mitarb. : Götz Kühnemund ) ( 2005 ) . Best of Rock & Metal die 500 stärksten Scheiben aller Zeiten . Königswinter : Heel . p. 102 . ISBN 3 - 89880 - 517 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jerry Del Colliano ( 1 ) , Audio Video Revolution , June 07 , 2004 Jump up ^ Jerry Del Colliano ( 2 ) , Home Theater Review , March 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard 200 Albums ( 2004 Year - end ) . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Top Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Hard Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Digital Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Tastemaker Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Vinyl Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Audioslave <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Cornell Tom Morello Tim Commerford Brad Wilk Studio albums Audioslave Out of Exile Revelations DVDs Audioslave Live in Cuba Singles `` Cochise '' `` Like a Stone '' `` Show Me How to Live '' `` I Am the Highway '' `` What You Are '' `` Be Yourself '' `` Your Time Has Come '' `` Does n't Remind Me '' `` Original Fire '' `` Revelations '' Related articles Discography Songs Rage Against the Machine Soundgarden Axis of Justice Temple of the Dog WAKRAT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audioslave_(album)&oldid=825015872 '' Categories : 2002 debut albums Albums produced by Rick Rubin Albums with cover art by Storm Thorgerson Audioslave albums Epic Records albums Interscope Records albums Albums produced by Chris Cornell Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 00 : 05 . 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what is currently happening in the rio grande rift zone
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Rio Grande rift - wikipedia Rio Grande rift Locality map showing the Rio Grande Rift extending from southern Colorado to Chihuahua , Mexico . The Rio Grande follows this rift for much of its course . The Rio Grande Rift is a north - trending continental rift zone . It separates the Colorado Plateau in the west from the interior of the North American craton on the east . The rift extends from central Colorado in the north to the state of Chihuahua , Mexico in the south . The rift zone consists of four basins that have an average width of 50 kilometers . The rift can be observed on location at Rio Grande National Forest , White Sands National Monument , Santa Fe National Forest , and Cibola National Forest , among other locations . The Rio Grande Rift has been an important site for humans for a long time , because it provides a north - south route that follows a major river . The Rio Grande follows the course of the rift from southern Colorado to El Paso , where it turns southeast and flows toward the Gulf of Mexico . Important cities , including Albuquerque , Santa Fe , Taos , Española , Las Cruces , El Paso , and Ciudad Juárez lie within the rift . Contents 1 Geology 2 Geologic history 3 See also 4 References Geology. ( edit ) The Rio Grande Rift represents the easternmost manifestation of widespread extension in the western U.S. during the past 35 million years . The rift consists of three major basins and many smaller basins , less than 100 km . The three major basins ( from northernmost to southernmost ) are the San Luis , Española , and Albuquerque basins . Further south , the rift is defined by a network of smaller , less topographically distinct alternating basins and ranges . The distinction between these smaller basins and those of the Basin and Range Province becomes blurred in northern Mexico . Basin size generally decreases to the north in the rift , though the Española covers approximately 120 km north - south and 40 km east - west , and the San Luis is roughly 120 km by 80 km . These basins may contain smaller units within them , such as the Alamosa basin within the San Luis , which is bounded by the San Juan and Tusas mountains on the west and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in the east . The Albuquerque basin is the largest of the three basins , spanning 160 km north - south and 86 km east - west at its widest points . It is the oldest of the three major basins , and contains 7,350 m of Paleogene clastic sediments deposited on Precambrian basement . The southernmost Albuquerque basin contains pre-rift volcanic deposits , while the central and northern portions contain volcanics erupted during rifting . A generalized cross section of the Albuquerque basin from east to west . Note the half - graben geometry , paleozoic and mesozoic sediments that existed pre-rift , and the large ( up to 28 % ) amount of extension . A generalized cross section of the San Luis basin from east to west . Being further north , this basin has experienced less extension ( up to 12 % ) . Also note the lack of pre-rift sediments and thinner profile . The southernmost Rio Grande Rift broadens , becoming more complex in structure and physiographically indistinguishable from the adjoining Basin and Range province . In cross-section , the geometry of the basins within the rift are asymmetrical half - grabens , with major fault boundaries on one side and a downward hinge on the other . Which side of the basin has the major fault or the hinge alternates along the rift . The alternation between these half - grabens occurs along transfer faults , which trend across the rift to connect the major basin - bounding faults and occur between basins or , in places , within basins . The Precambrian basement changes relief sharply in this area , from 8,700 m below sea level at the bottom of the Albuquerque basin to 3,300 m above sea level in the nearby Sandia Mountains , which flanks the Albuquerque basin to the east . Flanking mountains are generally taller along the east side of the rift ( although some of this relief may be Laramide in origin ) . The thickness of the crust increases to the north beneath the rift , where it may be as much as 5 km thicker than it is in the south . The crustal thickness underneath the rift is on average 30 -- 35 km , thinner by 10 -- 15 km than the Colorado Plateau on the west and the Great Plains to the east . The rift is presently nearly tectonically quiescent , but significant deformation and faulting with offsets of many kilometers were responsible for its formation starting about 35 Ma . The largest - scale manifestation of rifting involves a pure - shear rifting mechanism , in which both sides of the rift pull apart evenly and slowly , with the lower crust and upper mantle ( the lithosphere ) stretching like taffy . This extension is associated with very low seismic velocities in the upper mantle above approximately 400 km depth associated with relatively hot mantle and low degrees of partial melting . This intrusion of the asthenosphere into the lithosphere and continental crust is thought to be responsible for nearly all of the volcanism associated with the Rio Grande rift . The sedimentary fill of the basins consists largely of alluvial fan and mafic volcanic flows . The most alkalic lavas erupted outside the rift . The sediments that were deposited during rifting are commonly known as the Santa Fe Group . This group contains sandstones , conglomerates , and volcanics . Aeolian deposits are also present in some basins . The Rio Grande Rift is intersected in northern New Mexico by the NE - SW trending Jemez Lineament which extends well into Arizona , defined by aligned volcanic fields and several calderas in the area , including the Valles Caldera National Preserve in the Jemez Mountains . The significance of the Jemez Lineament is unclear ; it is not obviously related to the formation of the Rio Grande rift , but may be a hotspot trail . Also on the Colorado Plateau but further north lies the San Juan volcanic field in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado . The youngest eruptions in the rift region are in the Valley of Fires , New Mexico and are approximately 5,400 years old . The Socorro , New Mexico region of the central rift hosts an inflating mid-crustal sill - like magma body at a depth of 19 km that is responsible for anomalously high earthquake activity in the vicinity , including the largest rift - associated earthquakes in historic times ( two events of approximately magnitude 5.8 ) in July and November 1906 . Earth and space - based geodetic measurements indicate ongoing surface uplift above the `` Socorro Magma Body '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 15 . at approximately 2 mm / year . A generalized cross section of the Rio Grande Rift , showing lithospheric and asthenospheric structure . Note the magma lenses and volcanics caused by the welling up of the asthenosphere into the crust , and the thinning of the lithosphere Deep seismic image of the Rio Grande rift compiled from the seismic transect shown in the previous figure , showing inferred mantle flow and imaged crust - mantle ( Moho ) topography ( after Wilson et al . ) ( 2005 ) . A brief timeline showing extension and volcanism in the Rio Grande rift area . The end of the Laramide orogeny was followed by volcanism and then extension . Changes in lava chemistry are also found , resulting from changes in magmatic sources . . Geologic history ( edit ) The Rio Grande rift 's tectonic evolution is fairly complex . The fundamental change in the western margin of the North American plate from one of subduction to a transform boundary occurred during Cenozoic time . The Farallon plate continued to be subducted beneath western North America for at least 100 million years during Late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time . Compressional and transpressional deformation incurred by the Laramide Orogeny lasted until about 40 Ma in New Mexico . This deformation may have been a result of the coupling between the subducting Farallon plate and the overlying North American plate . Crustal thickening occurred due to Laramide compression . After the Laramide Orogeny and until 20 Ma , a major period of volcanic activity occurred throughout the southwestern United States . Injection of hot magmas weakened the lithosphere and allowed for later extension of the region . Seismic profile from the Rio Grande Rift Seismic Transect ( RISTRA ) experiment crossing the rift system , with Cenozoic extended terrain of the rift and southern Great Basin tectonic provinces indicated . Cenozoic extension started about 30 million years ago ( Ma ) . There are two phases of extension observed : late Oligocene and middle Miocene . The first period of extension produced broad , shallow basins bounded by low - angle faults . The crust may have been extended as much as 50 % during this episode . Widespread magmatism in mid-Cenozoic time suggests that the lithosphere was hot , the brittle - ductile transition was relatively shallow . There is evidence that the second period of extension began earlier in the central and northern Rio Grande Rift than in the south . It has been suggested that the Colorado Plateau acts as a semi-independent microplate and one way of explaining the creation of the Rio Grande Rift is by the simple rotation of the Colorado Plateau 1 - 1.5 degrees in a clockwise direction relative to the North American craton . See also ( edit ) Caja del Rio Geologic timeline of Western North America Pajarito Plateau Potrillo volcanic field Rio Grande Trail References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chapin , C. ; Cather , S. ( 1994 ) . `` Tectonic setting of the axial basins of the northern and central Rio Grande rift . '' . Geological Society of America Special Paper 291 . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2291 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kluth , C. ; Schaftenaar , C. ( 1994 ) . `` Depth and geometry of the northern Rio Grande rift in the San Luis basin , south - central Colorado . '' . Geological Society of America Special Paper 291 . pp. 27 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2291 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , L. ; Snelson , S. ( 1994 ) . `` Structure and tectonics of the Albuquerque basin segment of the Rio Grande Rift : Insights from reflection seismic data . '' . Geological Society of America Special Paper 291 . pp. 83 -- 112 . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2291 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Brister , B. ; Gries , R. ( 1994 ) . `` Tertiary stratigraphy and development of the Alamosa basin ( northern San Luis basin ) , Rio Grande Rift , south - central Colorado '' . Geological Society of America Special Paper 291 . pp. 39 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2291 - 8 . Jump up ^ Keller , G. Randy ; Baldridge , W. Scot ( 1999 ) . `` The Rio Grande Rift : a geological and geophysical overview '' . Rocky Mountain Geology. 34 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 130 . doi : 10.2113 / 34.1. 121 . Jump up ^ Perry , Frank ; Baldridge , W. ; DePaolo , D. ( August 10 , 1987 ) . `` Role of Asthenosphere and Lithosphere in the Genesis of Late Cenozoic Basaltic rocks from the Rio Grande rift and adjacent regions of the Southwestern United States '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 92 # b9 : 9193 -- 9213 . Bibcode : 1987JGR ... 92.9193 P . doi : 10.1029 / JB092iB09p09193 . Jump up ^ `` December Geosphere media highlights '' . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , David ; Aster , Richard ; West , Michael ; Ni , James ; Grand , Steve ; Gao , Wei ; Baldridge , W. Scott ; Semken , Steve ; Pate , Paresh ( 24 February 2005 ) . `` Lithospheric structure of the Rio Grande rift '' . Nature . 433 ( 7028 ) : 851 -- 855 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 851W . doi : 10.1038 / nature03297 . PMID 15729338 . Jump up ^ Fleck , John ( 24 February 2005 ) . `` Study Sheds Light on 30 Million Years of Rio Grande Valley Stretching '' . Albuquerque Journal , Electronic Ed . Jump up ^ Hill , Karl ( 25 February 2005 ) . `` The Rio Grande Rift : a continent `` stretched like taffy '' `` . NMSU News Release . Jump up ^ Gao , W. ; Grand , S. ; Baldridge , S. ; Wilson , D. ; West , M. ; Ni , J. ; Aster , R. ( 2004 ) . `` Upper mantle convection beneath the central Rio Grande rift imaged by P and S wave tomography '' . J. Geophys . Res. 109 ( B3 ) : B03305 . Bibcode : 2004JGRB ... 10903305G . doi : 10.1029 / 2003JB002743 . ^ Jump up to : Baldridge , W. ; Olsen , K. ; Callender , J. ( 1984 ) . `` Rio Grande Rift : Problems and Perspectives '' . New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook , 35th field conference . pp. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Aber , James S. `` Rio Grande Rift '' . Archived from the original on 29 January 2006 . Retrieved 8 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Veatch , Steven Wade ( 20 March 1998 ) . `` The Rio Grande Rift '' . Archived from the original on 20 December 2005 . Retrieved 8 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Reid , H.G. ( 1911 ) . `` Remarkable earthquakes in central New Mexico in 1906 and 1907 '' . Bull . Seismol . Soc . Am. 1 : 10 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Sanford , A.R. ; Balch , R.S. ; Lin , K.W. ( 1995 ) . `` A seismic anomaly in the Rio Grande Rift near Socorro , New Mexico '' . 78 . Socorro , NM : New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Geophysics Open - File Report : 17 . Jump up ^ Schlue , J. ; Aster , R. ; Meyer , R. ( 1996 ) . `` A lower - crustal extension to a mid-crustal magma body in the Rio Grande Rift , New Mexico '' . J. Geophys . Res. 101 ( B11 ) : 25,283 -- 25,291 . Bibcode : 1996JGR ... 10125283S . doi : 10.1029 / 96JB02464 . Jump up ^ Fialko , Y. ; Simons , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Evidence for on - going inflation of the Socorro magma body , New Mexico , from interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging '' ( PDF ) . Geophys . Res . Lett. 28 ( 18 ) : 3549 -- 3552 . Bibcode : 2001GeoRL ... 28.3549 F . doi : 10.1029 / 2001GL013318 . Jump up ^ Morgan , P. ; Golombek , M. ( 1984 ) . `` Factors controlling the phases and styles of extension in the northern Rio Grande rift '' . New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook , 35th field conference . pp. 13 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Seager , W.R. ; Mack , G.H. ( 1986 ) . `` Memoir 41 : Laramide Paleotectonics in southern New Mexico '' . Paleotectonics and Sedimentation in the Rocky Mountain Region : Tulsa , Oklahoma . American Association of Petroleum Geologists : 669 -- 685 . Jump up ^ Chapin , C.E. ; Cather , S.M. `` Eocene tectonics and sedimentation in the Colorado Plateau - Rocky Mountain area '' . Arizone Geological Digest . 4 : 173 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Karlstrom , K.E. ; Daniel , C.G. ; Taira , Asahiko ( 1993 ) . `` Restoration of Laramide right - lateral strike - slip in northern New Mexico by using Proterozoic piercing points '' . Geology. 21 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 211 . Bibcode : 1993Geo ... 21 ... 188C . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1993 ) 021 < 0188 : TPUOHH > 2.3.CO ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , P. ; Sedger , W.R. ; Golombek , M.P. ( 1986 ) . `` Cenozoic thermal , mechanical , and tectonic evolution of the Rio Grande rift '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 91 : 6263 -- 6276 . Bibcode : 1986JGR ... 91.6263 M . doi : 10.1029 / JB091iB06p06263 . Jump up ^ Seager , W.R. ; Shafiqullah , M. ; Hawley , J.W. ; Marvin , R.F. ( 1984 ) . `` New K - Ar dates from basalts and the evolution of the southern Rio Grande Rift '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 95 : 87 -- 99 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1984 ) 95 < 87 : nkdfba > 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ Steiner , M.B. ( 1988 ) . `` Paleomagnetism of the late Pennsylvanian and Permian : A test of the rotation of the Colorado Plateau '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 93 : 2201 -- 2215 . Bibcode : 1988JGR ... 93.2201 S . doi : 10.1029 / JB093iB03p02201 . <Th_colspan="2"> Major seismically active faults of North America North America ( crosses national borders ) Alaska - Aleutian megathrust ( US - RU ) Basin and Range Province ( US - MX ) Cascadia subduction zone ( US - CA ) Clarendon - Linden fault system ( US - CA ) Denali Fault ( US - CA ) Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( CA - US ) Puget Sound faults ( US - CA ) Rio Grande rift ( US - MX ) San Andreas Fault ( US - MX ) Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone ( US - CA ) Tintina Fault ( US - CA ) Canada Charlevoix Seismic Zone Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone Leech River Fault Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben Queen Charlotte Fault Saguenay Graben Saint Lawrence rift system Western Quebec Seismic Zone United States Washington and Oregon Brothers Fault Zone Olympic - Wallowa Lineament Puget Sound ( Seattle Fault , Tacoma Fault ) Walker Lane California Calaveras Fault Garlock Fault Hayward Fault Zone Mendocino Fracture Zone Newport -- Inglewood Fault Puente Hills Fault Rose Canyon Fault San Jacinto Fault Zone ( Elsinore Fault Zone ) Great Basin Independence Valley fault system Moab Fault Teton Fault Wasatch Fault Great Plains Central Oklahoma Fault Zone Humboldt Fault Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system Nemaha Fault Zone Wilzetta Fault Midwest Marianna Fault New Madrid Seismic Zone Sandwich Fault Zone Wabash Valley Seismic Zone Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic Coast Aiken - Augusta Fault Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone Middleton Place - Summerville Seismic Zone ( Woodstock Fault ) Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone Ramapo Fault Virginia Seismic Zone Caribbean & Mexico Cayman Trough Chixoy - Polochic Fault Enriquillo -- Plantain Garden fault zone ( Cuba ) Gulf of California Rift Zone Lesser Antilles subduction zone Middle America Trench ( Central America ) Motagua Fault ( Central America ) Pedro Miguel Fault Puerto Rico Trench Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Grande_rift&oldid=852706043 '' Categories : Cenozoic rifts and grabens Rio Grande Basin and Range Province Geologic provinces of Colorado Geology of New Mexico Geology of Texas Geology of Mexico Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Colorado articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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1. Rio Grande Rift
2. Continental rift zone
3. Colorado Plateau
4. North American craton
5. Volcanism and extension
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how are members of the house of representatives and senate elected
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United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . <Th_colspan="2"> United States House of Representatives <Td_colspan="2"> 115th United States Congress <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the House <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives <Th_colspan="2"> Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None <Th_colspan="2"> History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control <Td_colspan="2"> Political groups Majority ( 235 ) Republican ( 235 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Length of term Two years <Th_colspan="2"> Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in most states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they compose the legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 References 11.1 Surveys 11.2 Notes 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics . The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s . Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however , small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories . The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state he or she represents . Members are not required to live in the districts they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Current U.S. congressional districts Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts , Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and New Mexico ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and New Mexico were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice and can introduce bills on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,000 in 2017 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Then House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Then Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Then Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 112th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the discontinuation of the House pages in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party . In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) . From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chairman 's powers are extensive ; he controls the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . ( If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . ) Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 235 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 7 0 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 435 6 U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 . On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ https://pressgallery.house.gov/member-data/party-breakdown Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 : A Review of Government and Politics : 107th and 108th Congresses ( 2005 ) Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . 2000 . , Cooper , Joseph ( 1970 ) . The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House . Rice Univ . Press . Cox , Gary W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1993 ) . Legislative Leviathan : Party Government in the House . Univ. of California Press . DeGregorio , Christine A. ( 1997 ) . Networks of Champions : Leadership , Access , and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Michigan Press . Dierenfield , Bruce J. ( 1987 ) . Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia . Univ . Press of Virginia . , leader of Conservative coalition 1940 -- 66 Farrell , John A. ( 2001 ) . Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century . Little , Brown . , Democratic Speaker in the 1980s Gertzog , Irwin J. ( 1984 ) . Congressional Women : Their Recruitment , Treatment , and Behavior . Praeger . Hardeman , D.B. ; Bacon , Donald C. ( 1987 ) . Rayburn : A Biography . Texas Monthly Press . Hatzenbuehler , Ronald L. ( 1972 ) . `` Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 29 : 367 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923870 . Hechler , Ken ( 1980 ) . Toward the Endless Frontier : History of the Committee on Science and Technology , 1959 -- 79 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Henig , Gerald S. ( 1973 ) . Henry Winter Davis : Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland . , Radical leader in Civil War era Hibbing , John R. ( 1991 ) . Congressional Careers : Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Jacobs , John ( 1995 ) . A Rage for Justice : The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton . Univ. of California Press . , leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s Jacobson , Gary C. ( 1990 ) . The Electoral Origins of Divided Government : Competition in U.S. House Elections , 1946 -- 1988 . Westview . Kiewiet , D. Roderick ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1991 ) . The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal : The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress , 1933 -- 39 . Price , David E. ( 1992 ) . The Congressional Experience : A View from the Hill . Westview . , Political scientist who served in House . Remini , Robert V. ( 1992 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ... Speaker for most of 1811 -- 1825 Rohde , David W. ( 1991 ) . Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House . Univ. of Chicago Press . Rohde , David W. ; Shepsle , Kenneth A. ( 1987 ) . `` Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives : Reflections on Woodrow Wilson 's Congressional Government '' . Congress & the Presidency. 14 . Schickler , Eric ( 2001 ) . Disjointed Pluralism : Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress . Schooley , C. Herschel ( 1977 ) . Missouri 's Cannon in the House . Marceline , Missouri : Walsworth . , Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s Shelley II , Mack C. ( 1983 ) . The Permanent Majority : The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1982 ) . Congressional Realignment , 1925 -- 1978 . Univ. of Texas Press . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1995 ) . Legislators , Leaders , and Lawmaking : The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era . Johns Hopkins Univ . Press . Steinberg , Alfred ( 1975 ) . Sam Rayburn : A Biography . Hawthorn . , popular biography Stewart , Charles H. , III ( 1989 ) . Budget Reform Politics : The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives , 1865 -- 1921 . Cambridge Univ . Press . Story , Joseph ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States ( 2 vol . ) . Boston : Brown & Little . Strahan , Randall ; Moscardelli , Vincent G. ( 2000 ) . `` The Clay Speakership Revisited '' . Polity. 32 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 593 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235293 . , uses roll call analysis Strahan , Randall ( 1990 ) . New Ways and Means : Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1997 ) . Thaddeus Stevens : Nineteenth - Century Egalitarian . , majority leader in the 1860s VanBeek , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . Univ. of Pittsburgh Press . Waller , Robert A. ( 1977 ) . Rainey of Illinois : A Political Biography , 1903 -- 34 . Univ. of Illinois Press . , Democratic Speaker 1932 -- 1934 Wilson , Woodrow ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . , Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2006 ) . On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States House of Representatives '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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2 LCCN : n79107874 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 32 '' W / 38.88889 ° N 77.00889 ° W / 38.88889 ; - 77.00889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=843389496 '' Categories : United States House of Representatives National lower houses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2017 Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 51 . 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1. United States House of Representatives
2. Lower house of the United States Congress
3. Speaker of the House
4. Apportionment and redistricting
5. Elections and qualifications for representatives
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what role do citizens play in north korea
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Citizenship in North Korea - wikipedia Citizenship in North Korea Jump to : navigation , search Citizenship in North Korea is a status given to individuals recognised as North Korean by the government of the country . It is a source of shared national identity , but can also be one of contention or conflict . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nationality law of the DPRK 1.1 Types of citizenship 1.1. 1 By descent 1.1. 2 Birthright 1.1. 3 Naturalization 1.1. 4 Dual citizenship 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Nationality law of the DPRK ( edit ) Main article : Nationality law of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea North Korea adopted a nationality law in 1963 : 15 years after being founded on September 9 , 1948 . It has since been revised in 1995 and 1999 . The nationality law of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea governs who is a citizen of the DPRK , and how one may gain or lose such citizenship . It prescribes citizenship qualifications , citizen rights , and citizen protections . While containing just 16 articles , it covers most of the basic features which can be found across modern citizenship legislation in other nations . Furthermore , North Korean nationality law incorporates anyone who resided in the country since the foundation of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) . This includes varied groups due to the DPRK 's annexation by Japan and the United States , occupation by the Soviet Union and final surrender to the Allies in 1945 . The law assumes that people registered in North Korea became nationals of North Korea . Types of citizenship ( edit ) By descent ( edit ) Jus sanguinis , or the `` right of blood , '' means determining citizenship through the status of a child 's parents . Any child born to two North Korean nationals becomes a North Korean citizen . However , if a child is born abroad to one North Korean national and one parent of a different nationality , the citizenship is to be determined by the parents . Birthright ( edit ) Jus soli , or the `` right of the soil , '' is better known as birthright citizenship . This type of citizenship or nationality is awarded to citizens who are born within the jurisdiction of a given state . In North Korea , birth within the country 's borders does not automatically grant a child citizenship , with the exception of a child born in North Korea with `` unknown or stateless parents . '' Naturalization ( edit ) The process of naturalization involves formal proceedings for acquiring citizenship of a country . It is not guaranteed and can involve a wide variety of stipulations . In North Korea , the status of naturalization is unclear . It can only be granted by the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly , and further specific requirements are unknown . Dual citizenship ( edit ) The government of North Korea does not recognize dual nationality . However , North Korean citizens who flee to South Korea automatically become South Korean citizens . Also , North Korean citizens who defect to South Korea and become South Korean citizens are not allowed to return to North Korea without special permission and approval from the South Korean government . See also ( edit ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea passport Korean reunification Nationality Law of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea North Korean defectors Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kim , Chin . Law of Marriage and Divorce in North Korea The International Lawyer ( 1973 ) : 906 -- 917 Jump up ^ Kim , Chin ( 1972 ) . `` North Korean Nationality Law '' . International Lawyer. 6 ( 2 ) : 324 . Jump up ^ US Department of State , Office of Citizen Consular Services . `` Multiple Citizenship : North Korea '' . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . References ( edit ) Ginsburgs , George ( 1983 ) , The citizenship law of the USSR , Law in Eastern Europe # 25 , Brill , ISBN 978 - 90 - 247 - 2863 - 3 Kim , Chin ( 1972 ) , `` North Korea Nationality Law '' , International Law , 6 ( 34 ) Sin , Steve ( 2009 ) , `` North Korean Constitution -- April 2009 '' , Blogspot External links ( edit ) Unofficial English and Japanese translations of the Nationality Law of 1963 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Citizenship in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_in_North_Korea&oldid=800799949 '' Categories : 1963 in law Nationality law North Korean law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Citizenship in North Korea
2. Nationality law of the DPRK
3. Types of citizenship in North Korea
4. Dual citizenship in North Korea
5. North Korean defectors
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-8,134,699,029,903,922,000 |
what is a hard cost vs soft cost
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Soft costs - wikipedia Soft costs Jump to : navigation , search Soft Cost is a construction industry term but more specifically a contractor accounting term for an expense item that is not considered direct construction cost . Soft costs include architectural , engineering , financing , and legal fees , and other pre - and post-construction expenses . The term has been replaced in most contractor accrual accounting with the term General & Administrative abbreviated G&A . For a contractor , soft costs are essentially construction costs incurred that are not labor and materials . Delay in Start Up insurance coverage and soft costs are not the same . Some soft costs may be incurred in the repair of a covered loss before the anticipated completion date is reached . These can be architect fees or engineering fees incurred to repair loss or damage to the insured property . Only those indirect costs that are above what would have been incurred up to the anticipated completion date but continue after such date due to the insured delay are soft costs that are covered by delay in completion or delay in start up coverage . Soft cost is a contractor accounting term for their expenses that are not associated with a particular construction task . Their construction trailer , water delivery , book keepers , etc. are all soft costs that continue on after the original anticipated completion date is reached , if the project is delayed . Only if the delay was caused by an insured loss would the insurance pick these expenses up , and only if the policy includes delay in start up coverage . Any repair costs which are not labor or materials and are indemnified to complete the repair of property loss should not be reported under delay in completion and there is no delay in completion until the anticipated date of completion is reached , and the project is not finished . Not all indirect costs are time related expenses that continue after the original date of completion . Those soft costs ( indirect costs ) which are continuing fixed expenses that continue because the project is delayed by an insured loss are soft costs that should be included with the delay in start up values . A soft cost to a contractor , such as his administration costs , can be a hard cost to the owner because what the contractor invoices the owner is the owner 's direct cost . If the owner employs engineers to overlook construction as the project is executed , this will be a continuing expense during repair if the repair is done after the original completion date and would be reported in the delay in completion values . If the engineer cost was a one time charge for a design , he may need to be consulted in order for the loss to be repaired . This expense does not occur because of a delay , but is incurred to repair property damage and hence should be included in the construction costs if the intention is for that expense to be covered in the indemnification depending on policy wording . If the project is insured to the extent of the reported values , and that value was left out to compute the premium , the company may decline that cost in the indemnification . Soft costs differ from hard costs in both labor and materials ; they are generally not considered to be exclusively related to physical construction . Rather , they are commonly perceived to entail non-construction costs such as taxes , marketing expenses , interest payments , and finance charges . The soft costs endorsement provided in the Builders ' Risk section of the AAIS Inland Marine Guide lists 10 types of soft costs : advertising , design fees , professional fees , financing , lease administration , realty taxes , general administration , lease expenses , permit fees , and insurance premiums . In recent years , a solution to the problem has emerged in the form of Delay in Opening coverage which can be provided in Builder 's Risk Insurance . This coverage can provide indemnification for these indirect costs that may continue after the original completion date . Other soft costs that can be repeated in the repair of the property should be reported with the property values . A Draw Back expense proforma shows which soft costs are one time charges and which are continuing expenses throughout the project term . Engineer design fee is a one time charge that can be incurred again in a repair whereas engineer oversight of quality persists through the term and after . Unfortunately , these contractor accounting terms are being used when the owner is insured and many have erroneously equated hard costs with property and soft costs with business interruption which is called Delay in Opening coverage being added to some builder 's risk policies . With its popularity increasing in recent years , some insurers automatically include soft costs coverage , which can be activated by designating the limit on policy declarations . However , these modifications to builder 's risk insurance will not cover the efficiency of business owners or managers . Soft costs can also refer to the failure of implementing a strategy in a timely manner , or the opportunity cost of delaying a solution to a problem for discussion or consideration . For this reason , it is important to understand that soft costs can refer to unforeseen construction costs ( lost screws , damaged equipment ) , physical labor ( task takes longer than expected , losing a key team member ) , or time wasted on strategy implementation ( taking too long to decide a course of action ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soft Cost '' . Business Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Soft Costs , Hard Concept '' . AAIS . Viewpoint Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Soft Cost or Delay in Opening : Insure for the Potential Exposure '' . Adjusting Today . Adjusters International . Jump up ^ Lowe , Jeremy . `` Uncover the Soft Costs of Doing Business '' . Contracting Business . Retrieved 2003 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soft_costs&oldid=807302129 '' Categories : Project management Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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1. Soft costs in construction industry
2. Contractor accounting term for expenses
3. Examples of soft costs
4. Soft costs vs. hard costs in construction
5. Delay in Start Up insurance coverage and soft costs
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-8,605,976,538,088,018,000 |
how many times have broncos been to super bowl
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History of the Denver Broncos - wikipedia History of the Denver Broncos The history of the Denver Broncos American football club began when the team was chartered a member of the American Football League in 1960 . The Broncos have played in the city of Denver , Colorado throughout their entire history . The Broncos did not win any titles as members of the AFL . Since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger , the Broncos have won 15 division titles , and played in eight Super Bowls , following the 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , and 2015 seasons . They won Super Bowl XXXII , Super Bowl XXXIII and Super Bowl 50 . Their most famous player is former quarterback John Elway , starting quarterback in five Super Bowls and holder of many NFL records . The Broncos currently play in the National Football League 's AFC West division . Their current leadership includes owner Pat Bowlen , CEO Joe Ellis , VP John Elway , and head coach Vance Joseph . For much of their first 3 decades , excluding teams in Texas , they were the only major pro football team between Kansas City and California ( and the only team in the Interior West ) . This distinction ended in 1988 , when the Cardinals moved from St. Louis to Phoenix . The Broncos remain the only current AFC West ( formerly AFL West ) team to never relocate or change its name . Contents 1 Origins 2 The AFL years 2.1 The Filchock era 2.2 The Faulkner era 2.3 The Speedie / Malavasi era 2.4 The Saban era begins 3 The 1970s 3.1 The Saban / Smith / Ralston era 3.2 Broncomania and the first Super Bowl appearance 4 The John Elway years 4.1 1983 -- 1999 4.2 1990s 5 The post-John Elway years 5.1 The Griese era 5.2 The Plummer era 5.3 The Cutler era 5.4 The Orton era 5.5 Tebow Time 6 Arrival of Peyton Manning 7 Team records 8 References 9 External links 10 Books Origins ( edit ) In the summer of 1959 , Bob Howsam , owner of minor league baseball 's Denver Bears , had a problem . He 'd expanded Bears Stadium to 34,000 after Denver was named a charter member of the Continental League , a proposed third major league . However , the league died when the established major leagues granted expansion franchises to two of its cities ( New York and Houston ) and moved an established team to a third ( the Twin Cities ) . Howsam was now saddled with a heavy debt load and a stadium far too big for a minor - league team . Howsam concluded the only way out of his financial bind was to extend Bears Stadium 's season by bringing football to Denver . He first tried to get an expansion NFL franchise to Denver , but he was denied a team by NFL owners under the leadership of Chicago Bears owner George Halas . The snub led Howsam and four others to start up a rival to the NFL . The new league , the American Football League , announced its formation on August 14 , 1959 , with Howsam 's Denver team as a charter member . A 1960 `` name - the - team '' contest yielded the nickname `` Broncos . '' The first general manager of the new team was Dean Griffing , and the first head coach was Frank Filchock . The AFL years ( edit ) Denver Mile High Stadium was the home of the Broncos from 1960 -- 2000 Denver had the worst record of any original AFL team , with a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . They were the only original AFL team never to have played in the title game during the upstart league 's 10 - year history . Despite their lack of early success , the Broncos produced some memorable games , such as the 38 -- 38 tie against the Buffalo Bills in 1960 . They were the first AFL team ever to defeat an NFL team , on August 5 , 1967 when they beat the Detroit Lions 13 -- 7 in a preseason game . The Broncos were also the first American professional football team to have an African - American placekicker , Gene Mingo , the first to have a receiver with 100 receptions in a season , Lionel Taylor , and the first starting African - American quarterback of the modern era , Marlin Briscoe . The Filchock era ( edit ) The Broncos began play in 1960 , the AFL 's inaugural season , at Bears Stadium . Their head coach was Frank Filchock , who choose Frank Tripucka as the Broncos ' first starting quarterback . The Broncos won their first game , also the first AFL game , 13 -- 10 over the Boston Patriots . However , the Broncos would end the season with a 4 -- 9 -- 1 record . After the season , Howsam , looking to sell his holdings in the Broncos , nearly made a deal with a San Antonio syndicate , but eventually a group led by Calvin Kunz purchased Howsam 's shares . At this point , Gerald Phipps became the Broncos largest stockholder . The Faulkner era ( edit ) Following a 3 -- 11 campaign in 1961 , the Broncos replaced Filchock with Jack Faulkner , who ritualistically burned the Broncos vertically - striped socks prior to the new season . Faulkner led them to a 7 -- 7 record in 1962 , their best record in the AFL . This . 500 season was not , however , a prelude to success , as the Broncos would lose at least 10 games each of the next five years , during which they were led by four different coaches and over half a dozen starting quarterbacks . The Speedie / Malavasi era ( edit ) Mac Speedie replaced Faulkner five games into the 1964 season , breaking an eleven - game losing streak by beating Kansas City 37 -- 33 . However , the Broncos would only win one more game in 1964 , ending the season with a 2 -- 11 -- 1 record . The team improved only marginally in 1965 , finishing with a 4 -- 10 record . In the first game of the 1966 season , a 45 -- 7 loss to Houston , the Broncos failed to record a first down and finished with only 26 yards of total offense , including − 7 yards passing . After the 2nd game , Speedie resigned and was replaced by interim head coach Ray Malavasi , under whom the Broncos finished the season 4 -- 10 . Denver came close to losing the Broncos in 1965 , when a group of minority partners joined together with the intent to sell the team to interests based in Atlanta . However , a different pair of owners , Alan and Gerald Phipps , bought the team ( along with Bears Stadium ) and kept them in Denver . In the aftermath of the near loss of what was Denver 's only professional sports team at the time , season ticket sales nearly tripled the following year . The Saban era begins ( edit ) In 1967 , the Broncos hired Lou Saban , coach of the two - time defending AFL champion Buffalo Bills , as head coach . Saban 's first order of business was to generate interest in the team to keep them in Denver . The NFL and AFL had agreed to merge a year earlier , and the Broncos needed to expand Bears Stadium to 50,000 in order to meet the NFL 's requirements for the merger . This required raising funds from businesses and the people of Denver . If unable to raise the necessary funds , the team was threatening to move to Chicago or Birmingham . Saban decided to use his # 1 pick for an impact player . With the 6th pick , he chose Syracuse All - America Floyd Little , the first 3 - time All - America since Doak Walker . With the Broncos ' past # 1 picks , such as Dick Butkus and Merlin Olsen , choosing the other side in the AFL - NFL bidding wars , Little became the first # 1 pick to sign with the team . His signing created a landslide of enthusiasm for the Broncos . Little and other Broncos went door - to - door to solicit funds for the stadium , and he even rode buses to Wyoming , Nebraska and other nearby states to bring in money . In doing so , Little became known as `` The Franchise '' for his tireless efforts to keep the team in Denver . Little proved to be every ounce as valuable on the field for the Broncos as well . Saban kept 26 rookies his first season including Little , along with numerous 2nd and 3rd year players . Little was the only bright spot in a dismal 3 -- 11 season . He led the AFL and NFL in punt returns with a blistering 17 - yard average . He also led the league in combined yards ( rushing , receiving and returns ) . In 1968 , he led the league again in combined yards and became the only player in either league to return a punt for a touchdown in both seasons . That same year , the city of Denver bought Bears Stadium from the Broncos , renamed it Mile High Stadium and leased it back to the Broncos . The purchase made it possible to finish the required expansion . In 1969 , Little was clearly the best back in the AFL or NFL . After just six games , he was more than 300 yards ahead of all running backs , piling up 700 yards when he tore up his knee and missed most of the season . He was named All - AFL for his efforts . In 1970 , despite playing with a broken bone in his back and having a record 5 different starting quarterbacks , Little led the AFC in rushing . In 1971 , Little did it again . He not only led the AFC in rushing , but also out - rushed any NFL player with 1,133 yards . However , even with Little 's superb prowess and the likes of defensive end Rich Jackson creating havoc on defense , Saban could not bring the Broncos success . He finished in fourth place in the division in all 5 years of his tenure . The 1970s ( edit ) The Saban / Smith / Ralston era ( edit ) The Broncos defeated the Raiders in the 1977 -- 78 AFC Championship Game to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl . In 1970 , the Broncos began a home sellout streak ( not including games using replacement players ) which has lasted to the present . During their first season as part of the NFL , the Broncos finished 5 -- 8 -- 1 and 4 -- 9 -- 1 in 1971 . The team then went 5 -- 9 in 1972 , but continued to sell games out . In 1973 , John Ralston coached the now - mature Broncos to a 7 -- 5 -- 2 record , the franchise 's first winning season , including a dramatic tie with Oakland in Denver 's first - ever Monday Night Football appearance that is still remembered as a pivotal game in Broncos history . During the game , announcer Don Meredith famously told the audience : `` Welcome to the Mile High City and I really am ! '' The second game of the 1974 season was a 35 -- 35 tie with the Steelers , the first to take place under the NFL 's new overtime rules . The year ended at 7 -- 6 -- 1 , for another winning record . In 1975 , the Broncos dropped to 6 -- 8 , the final season for running back Floyd Little . Otis Armstrong took his place , and despite finishing 9 -- 5 in 1976 , the playoffs still eluded them . Broncomania and the first Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) The Broncos could not overcome the Cowboys in their inaugural Super Bowl appearance . Rookie coach Red Miller , along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , led the Broncos to a miracle season in 1977 . The team won the division with a 12 -- 2 record , beating an injury - rattled Steelers team 34 -- 21 . In the conference championship , they faced their division rival and defending Super Bowl champion Raiders , winning a close game 20 -- 17 and sending them to Super Bowl XII . Facing the Cowboys in the New Orleans Superdome , the Broncos played sloppily the entire game , turning the ball over eight times . They were crushed 27 -- 10 by the Cowboys . Despite the disappointing loss to Dallas , their season catapulted the franchise out of the basement and they since have enjoyed four decades of consistency that few teams have matched . The successful season also brought the phenomena of `` Broncomania '' to a fever pitch , with the team the talk of the town , selling 65,000 Super Bowl T - shirts in 48 hours . Earlier that year , superfan Tim McKernan , better known as the Barrel Man , began wearing only an orange - colored aluminum barrel , boots and a cowboy hat to games , a ritual he repeated for 30 years . The 1978 season saw the Broncos finish 10 -- 6 ( the season having been extended to 16 games ) and win the division again , but they were routed out of the playoffs by the Steelers 33 -- 10 . Another 10 -- 6 season and a playoff appearance followed in 1979 , but three division losses reduced the Broncos to a wild card team . They lost to the Oilers 13 -- 7 in the Astrodome . The John Elway years ( edit ) 1983 -- 1999 ( edit ) Edgar Kaiser , Jr. purchased the Broncos from the Gerald Phipps family in 1981 . The Bowlen family , including Pat and his two brothers John Bowlen and Bill Bowlen , and sister Marybeth Bowlen , purchased the team from Kaiser in 1984 . Quarterback John Elway arrived in 1983 . Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field ) unless he was traded to one of a selected list of other teams , which included Denver . During the 23 seasons prior to Elway 's arrival , Denver used over 24 different starting quarterbacks . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . Under Elway and head coach Dan Reeves ( hired in 1981 ) , the Broncos became one of the most dominant AFC teams of the 1980s , winning 3 AFC championships ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 ) , with Elway winning the NFL MVP Award in 1987 . The first two Super Bowl appearances were preceded by storied victories over the Cleveland Browns in the AFC Championship game , each acquiring its own nickname : The Drive in 1987 , in which the Broncos drove 98 yards to score a late game - tying touchdown , and The Fumble in 1988 , in which Brown Earnest Byner lost the ball and a game - tying touchdown late in the game . However , the Broncos lost all three Super Bowls during this period by at least three touchdowns . In fact , Super Bowl XXIV against the San Francisco 49ers was the most lopsided Super Bowl in NFL history . During the 1980s , the Broncos played in at least two storied Monday Night Football games . On October 15 , 1984 , the Broncos played a famed game against the Packers during a major blizzard . The following season , on November 11 , 1985 , the Broncos won a Monday Night Football home game when a fan threw a snowball onto the field during 49ers kicker Ray Wersching 's field goal attempt . 49ers holder Matt Cavanaugh picked up the ball and threw it incomplete , losing 3 decisive points in a 17 -- 16 loss . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Elway 's strong receiving corps of Mark Jackson , Vance Johnson and Ricky Nattiel was nicknamed the `` Three Amigos '' after the popular movie . Early in the 1980s , the Broncos were the first NFL team to play the song `` Rock and Roll , Pt. 2 '' ( AKA `` the Hey Song '' ) , during games . 1990s ( edit ) Reeves was fired following an 8 -- 8 1992 campaign and replaced with Wade Phillips , a move often attributed to Reeves ' stormy relationship with Elway . Following campaigns of 9 -- 7 and 7 -- 9 in 1993 and 1994 respectively , Phillips was fired and the Broncos named former Broncos quarterbacks coach Mike Shanahan Head Coach . John Elway won two Super Bowls for Denver In 1995 , the Broncos debuted a new Zone blocking scheme under Mike Shanahan and rookie running back Terrell Davis , who would quickly emerge as an All - Pro running back . The Broncos established a tradition in 1996 where the offensive linemen do not talk with the media as a form of bonding . This was evident during the player introductions for the starting lineup on nationally televised prime time games as the linemen would not introduce themselves . How they were introduced has varied over the years as sometimes , another offensive player introduces them and during other times , the announcers introduce the offensive linemen . Due to a rule change within the NFL in 2007 , this tradition came to an end . For the 2007 season each player is required to make themselves available for media interviews . On a Sunday Night Football game against the Steelers , the linemen introduced themselves . In 1996 , Shanahan 's second season , the Broncos went 13 -- 3 and appeared on their way to another Super Bowl appearance . However , they were defeated by the Jacksonville Jaguars in a stunning 30 -- 27 divisional round loss . In 1997 , the Broncos went 12 -- 4 , securing a wild card spot in the playoffs . Following playoff wins over the Jaguars , Chiefs and Steelers , the Broncos faced the heavily favored Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Davis led the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , 31 -- 24 . Although Elway completed only 12 of his 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns , he executed what was perhaps the game 's best - known play , known as The Helicopter , when he boldly ran for a crucial first down while surviving strong hits from two safeties as he jumped through the air like a propeller . Terrell Davis was able to overcome a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision and rush for 157 yards and three touchdowns to earn Super Bowl MVP honors . The following season , the Broncos began the year by winning their first thirteen games . The first loss of the season came at the hands of the Giants , as Kent Graham hit Amani Toomer late in the fourth quarter to steal a 20 -- 16 victory . The loss took the wind from the sails of what would have been a highly anticipated Monday Night Football matchup on the road against the Miami Dolphins for two primary reasons . First , the Broncos would have had a chance at reaching perfection against the only franchise to achieve such a goal . Second , Elway would have gone head - to - head against Dan Marino for only the second time , an oddity of scheduling since both quarterbacks were drafted the same year and both played in the same conference . Elway would play his worst game of the season in a 31 -- 21 loss , and the Broncos would finish the season 14 -- 2 . Adding levity to an intense quest for a perfect season , one week normally gregarious tight end Shannon Sharpe refused to speak to the media , leading Shanahan to add to the injury report : `` TE Shannon Sharpe ( laryngitis ) probable . '' Terrell Davis became the fourth back to rush for 2,000 yards ( he would finish with 2,008 ) during the regular season and won the NFL MVP award . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Dolphins and Jets in the AFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl XXXIII . Following the win against the Jets , Elway took one final lap around the field in what would be his final game at Mile High Stadium . Two weeks later in the Super Bowl , Denver defeated the Falcons , led by former coach Dan Reeves , 34 -- 19 to win Super Bowl XXXIII and defend their title . Elway , playing in his final NFL game , won the Super Bowl MVP award . The post-john Elway years ( edit ) Since Elway 's retirement following the 1998 season , Denver has had only four losing seasons ( 1999 , 2007 , 2010 and 2017 ) and has made the playoffs as a wild card three times ( in 2000 , 2003 and 2004 ) , and as a division champion six times ( 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) . The Broncos only won 3 playoff games from 1999 to 2012 . Since 2012 and the signing of free agent Peyton Manning , they have won four playoff games , including the 2013 and 2015 AFC Championship Games . Edgar Kaiser , Jr. sued Pat Bowlen , claiming that the 1984 sale of his shares in the team included an agreement which he contended granted him right of first purchase of any sale of shares in the team . Kaiser claimed Bowlen violated this agreement by offering Elway a 10 % stake of the company that holds ownership of the team . In 2004 , a jury ruled in favor of Kaiser and a Federal judge decreed that Kaiser was entitled to purchase back 10 percent of the Broncos using the identical purchase terms offered to Elway . Bowlen appealed and won , as an appellate court ruled that the structure of the Bowlen - Elway deal did not violate the original agreement . Original owner Bob Howsam , who went on to more fame as the highly successful general manager and club president of the Cincinnati Reds and the `` Big Red Machine '' dynasty of the 1970s , died in 2008 , and his Broncos successor Gerald Phipps died in 1993 . Kaiser died in 2012 . The Griese era ( edit ) Brian Griese , son of former Miami Dolphins quarterback Bob Griese , took over as quarterback upon Elway 's retirement . Griese led the team from 1999 -- 2002 , compiling a record of 34 -- 30 . Though the team made the playoffs in the 2000 season under Griese , he never took a snap in the postseason for the Broncos . A shoulder injury he suffered during a gutty Monday Night performance against the arch - rival Raiders ( in what would be , ironically , the final Monday Night affair at Mile High Stadium ) , shelved him for most of the remainder of the season . Thus , Gus Frerotte started the playoff game against the Baltimore Ravens , a 21 -- 3 defeat . The Broncos would finish with winning records under Griese but miss the playoffs in 2001 and 2002 . The Plummer era ( edit ) INVESCO Field at Mile High set up for a Broncos game in 2008 Former Arizona Cardinals quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese as quarterback prior to the 2003 season . He would lead the team to a 49 -- 26 record and a 1 -- 3 playoff record from 2003 to 2006 . Prior to the 2005 season , the Broncos were plagued by early season success followed by late season flops . In both 2003 and 2004 they started the season 5 -- 1 and ended 10 -- 6 . After losing the 2005 season opener , the Broncos won five straight games , defeating the Chargers 20 -- 17 , Chiefs 30 -- 10 , Jaguars 20 -- 7 , Redskins 21 -- 19 , and the two - time defending champion Patriots 28 -- 20 , on October 16 . Denver lost the next game to the Giants on October 23 by a final score of 24 -- 23 , in the game 's final minute . The following week , the Broncos routed the defending NFC champion Eagles , 49 -- 21 , on October 30 . In that game , the Broncos became the first team in NFL history to have two players , Mike Anderson and Tatum Bell , rush for over 100 yards and another player , Jake Plummer , pass for over 300 yards in a single game . Denver then defeated the Raiders on November 13 , 31 -- 17 . The next game , the Broncos shut out the Jets 27 -- 0 in Denver on November 20 . It was the Broncos ' first shutout win since 1997 ( when the team blanked the Panthers that season ) . Denver then went on to defeat the Cowboys on Thanksgiving Day , November 24 , winning in overtime , 24 -- 21 , on a Jason Elam 24 - yard game - winning field goal . One of the key plays prior to the field goal was a 55 - yard run by Ron Dayne , who filled in for the injured Tatum Bell . Denver lost to the Chiefs in the next game , 31 -- 27 , on December 4 , but won against the Ravens the following week , 12 -- 10 . On December 17 , the Broncos defeated the Bills , 28 -- 17 . On Christmas Eve 2005 , the Broncos clinched the AFC West division title , as they finished with a record 8 -- 0 at INVESCO Field at Mile High by defeating the Raiders , 22 -- 3 . On December 31 , 2005 , the Broncos got season - win # 13 in a season - sweeping on the road against their division rivals , the Chargers , with a final score of 23 -- 7 . The Broncos entered the playoffs for the third consecutive year with the momentum of a four - game winning streak . Denver finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , tying them with the Seattle Seahawks for second best overall record in the league , behind the 14 -- 2 Indianapolis Colts . Denver was seeded number two in the AFC behind the Colts . On January 14 , 2006 , the Broncos defeated the two - time defending champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , in the divisional round -- denying the Patriots from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The last team with an opportunity of winning three consecutive Super Bowls before the Patriots were the Broncos themselves . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end after losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship , 34 -- 17 , on January 22 , 2006 . Denver turned the ball over four times and were outscored in the first half , 24 -- 3 . The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . The Cutler era ( edit ) Jay Cutler The Broncos surprisingly drafted a quarterback , Jay Cutler , following the season in which Plummer nearly led them to the Super Bowl . Plummer 's erratic 2006 performance led to his benching in favor of Cutler 12 games into the season . Cutler would go on to lead the Broncos to a 2 -- 3 record in the team 's last five games . The Broncos finished the 2006 season tied for the last Wild Card spot with the Chiefs , with a 9 -- 7 record , but lost the tiebreaker due to the Chiefs owning the better AFC West record ( 4 -- 2 to the Broncos 3 -- 3 ) . The 2006 season marked longtime wide receiver Rod Smith 's last season as a Bronco after 13 seasons . A hip injury that required two hip replacement surgeries effectively ended Smith 's career prior to the 2007 season , and Smith officially retired in July 2008 . 2007 marked Jay Cutler 's first full season as the Broncos ' starting quarterback . However , the team suffered through several injuries to key players , including Rod Smith , Tom Nalen , Ben Hamilton , Javon Walker , Jarvis Moss and Ebenezer Ekuban , and finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , the team 's first losing season since 1999 . Perhaps the most notable event was a Monday Night Football home loss to the Green Bay Packers , in which the team set a franchise record for tickets distributed for the game , with 77,160 tickets ( 76,645 fans attended the game ) . 2007 also marked longtime placekicker Jason Elam 's last season in a Broncos uniform after 15 seasons . Elam played with the Atlanta Falcons from 2008 -- 2009 , before retiring as a Bronco in March 2010 . 2008 Denver Broncos offense including Selvin Young , Jay Cutler and Brandon Marshall In 2008 , Cutler passed for 4,526 yards , breaking Plummer 's Broncos record for passing yardage in a single season . However , 2008 was the third consecutive year the Broncos failed to make the playoffs , this time in spite of holding a three - game lead over the Chargers with three games left to play . In 2008 , the Broncos got off to a 4 -- 1 start , which included a controversial home win against division rival San Diego Chargers , but struggled through a mediocre stretch in the middle of the season . After 13 games , the team was sitting in first place in the AFC West , with an 8 -- 5 record , three games ahead of the Chargers , who were 5 -- 8 . However , in the next two weeks , the Broncos suffered back - to - back losses to the Panthers and Bills , while the Chargers won two straight . This set the stage for the 2008 season finale , when the Broncos and Chargers met at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium to decide the AFC West division title . The Broncos were blown out 52 -- 21 by the Chargers , and would become the first team in NFL history to enter the final quarter of a regular season with a three - game lead and squander the division lead . The Broncos and Chargers finished the season tied at 8 -- 8 , but the Chargers won the AFC West based on a better division record ( 5 -- 1 to the Broncos 3 -- 3 ) . The Broncos missed the playoffs for a third consecutive season . On December 30 , 2008 , two days after the disastrous season - ending collapse in San Diego , Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and winningest head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . Two weeks later , on January 11 , 2009 , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach . Three months later , following a turbulent transition from the Mike Shanahan era to Josh McDaniels , the team traded Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears for quarterback Kyle Orton . The Orton era ( edit ) Denver Broncos entrance Broncos ' linebacker D.J. Williams , October 24 , 2010 With their new quarterback , Denver began 2009 well by winning the first six games . The first three wins included a rally at the Bengals , 12 -- 7 , as well as relatively easy wins vs. the Browns , 27 -- 6 , and Raiders , 23 -- 3 . The next three wins came against a tougher stretch of opponents , vs. the Cowboys , 17 -- 10 , vs. the Patriots , 20 -- 17 in overtime , and Chargers , 34 -- 23 . The Broncos ' revamped defense played a huge role in each of the six wins . But after the bye week , the team suddenly collapsed , losing four in a row . They managed to break their losing streak , with back - to - back routs of the Giants and Chiefs . Those would be the Broncos ' last wins , as they dropped their remaining four matches , including a one - point loss to the Raiders at home followed by a close 30 -- 27 defeat at the Eagles . Denver 's last hope of getting into the playoffs ended with a 44 -- 24 home loss to Kansas City . Ending the season with an 8 -- 8 team record , Kyle Orton had 21 touchdowns , 12 interceptions , 3,802 yards and a quarterback rating of 86.8 . While starting out with a 6 -- 0 record , an ankle injury against the Washington Redskins and injuries to the offensive line caused Orton to struggle late in the season . Despite putting up 431 yards in the regular season finale against the Kansas City Chiefs , it was two interceptions from Orton that brought the Broncos ' season to a close and ended Denver 's chance of a playoff appearance . With a potentially uncapped 2010 NFL season , Orton became a restricted free agent , but later signed a tender on April 16 , 2010 . Notable offseason roster moves included the trades of fullback Peyton Hillis ( to the Cleveland Browns for quarterback Brady Quinn ) , wide receiver Brandon Marshall ( to the Miami Dolphins for draft picks ) and tight end Tony Scheffler ( three - team trade with the Detroit Lions and Philadelphia Eagles ) , as well as the draft selections of Georgia Tech wide receiver Demaryius Thomas and All - American Florida quarterback Tim Tebow . Tebow was a heavily hyped draft pick , partly because Denver traded three draft picks to select him . On August 4 , shortly after the start of training camp , the Broncos suffered a devastating blow to their defense , when outside linebacker / defensive end Elvis Dumervil suffered a torn pectoral muscle in practice . Though there was speculation that Dumervil would be able to return as early as November , he was placed on Injured Reserve on September 3 , and missed the entire 2010 season . Also on August 4 , the Broncos added free - agent running back and Denver native LenDale White to their roster . However , on September 2 , during the team 's last preseason game ( at the Vikings ) , White suffered a torn Achilles tendon , and missed the entire 2010 season . On September 4 , wide receiver Brandon Stokley was placed on injured reserve , and later released . The Broncos opened the 2010 season with a 24 -- 17 loss to the Jaguars , in which the teams alternated scores , but the Broncos never led in the game . On September 14 , two days after the loss to the Jaguars , the Broncos acquired running back Laurence Maroney in a trade from the New England Patriots ( for a 2011 fourth - round selection ) . In Week 2 , the Broncos cruised to a relatively easy 31 -- 14 win against the Seattle Seahawks , in the team 's home opener . On September 20 , just a day after the win over the Seahawks , tragedy struck the Broncos organization , when wide receiver Kenny McKinley was found dead in his Centennial , Colorado home of an apparent suicide , at the age of 23 . In Week 3 , the Broncos lost 27 -- 13 at home to the Indianapolis Colts . Kyle Orton threw for a career - high 476 yards , but the Broncos were plagued by red - zone miscues . In Week 4 , the Broncos rallied for a 26 -- 20 win at the Tennessee Titans . In Week 5 , the Broncos lost 31 -- 17 to the Baltimore Ravens at M&T Bank Stadium , a venue that has been none too kind to the Broncos . In Week 6 , the Broncos suffered a heartbreaking 24 -- 20 loss at home to the Jets , aided by a costly pass interference penalty on safety Renaldo Hill that enabled the Jets to rally for the win in the game 's final two minutes . In Week 7 , the Broncos were annihilated 59 -- 14 at home by the Raiders for their worst loss since 1963 . In Week 8 , the Broncos lost 24 -- 16 to the 49ers . The game was played at Wembley Stadium in London , as part of the International Series . Following the team 's Week 9 bye , the Broncos cruised to a relatively easy 49 -- 29 home win over the Chiefs in Week 10 . Kyle Orton had a career - high four touchdown passes and threw for 296 yards . His passer rating was 131.5 earning him the title of AFC offensive player of the week . In Week 11 , the Broncos were no match for the Chargers on Monday Night Football , losing 35 -- 14 at Qualcomm Stadium . On November 27 , 2010 , just a day before the team 's 36 -- 33 home loss to the St. Louis Rams in Week 12 , the Broncos and head coach Josh McDaniels were fined $50,000 each as a result of a videotaping scandal , during the team 's aforementioned Week 8 game against the San Francisco 49ers in London . In Week 13 , the Broncos fell 10 -- 6 to the Chiefs , clinching the team 's third losing season since 1999 and removing them from playoff contention . Afterwards , Josh McDaniels was fired and running backs coach Eric Studesville took his place for the remainder of the season . McDaniels 's tenure as head coach , which had gotten off to a good beginning with the team 's 6 -- 0 start to the 2009 season , ultimately turned into a total fiasco with a win / loss record of 11 -- 17 before his firing , combined with the Raiders disaster , the expenditure of first - round draft picks on Tim Tebow ( who could have been taken in the second or third round ) , the videotaping episode , and the trading away of key players such as Brandon Marshall . In Week 14 , the Broncos were crushed 43 -- 13 at the Arizona Cardinals . In Week 15 , the Broncos lost 39 -- 23 to the Raiders , in Tim Tebow 's first career start . In Week 16 , the Broncos rallied for a 24 -- 23 win over the Texans , on the strength of Tim Tebow throwing for 308 yards and a touchdown , as well as rushing for another touchdown . In Week 17 , the Broncos fell 33 -- 28 at home to the Chargers to finish 4 -- 12 . Tebow time ( edit ) In 2011 , John Elway returned to his old team as general manager . McDaniels ' replacement as head coach was ( surprisingly enough ) , John Fox , who was n't re-signed from Carolina after that team finished 2 -- 14 . After taking LB Von Miller from Texas A&M with the 2nd pick in the 2011 draft , the Broncos ' offseason was marked by waffling over the fate of Kyle Orton . It was widely expected that he would be traded to Miami where he could be reunited with Brandon Marshall , but negotiations broke down and he remained a Bronco . Tim Tebow was the Broncos starting quarterback in 2011 . Tim Tebow was relegated to 3rd string QB behind Orton and Brady Quinn as the Broncos opened on Monday Night Football against their rival , the Oakland Raiders . There was no repeat of the 59 -- 14 blowout , but an extraordinarily sloppy game ensued as both teams racked up penalties . In the third quarter , Orton threw an interception that the Raiders used to set up a 63 - yard field goal by Sebastian Janikowski ( only the third of this length in league history ) and eventually win 23 -- 20 . Kyle Orton 's playing suffered under repeated fan calls to switch to Tim Tebow as their starter and the Broncos entered their bye week at 1 -- 4 . Tebow was then installed as starting QB and Orton cut loose as a free agent . At this point , the Broncos ' fortunes quickly turned around . They beat the struggling Dolphins in what was described as Tebow 's triumphant return to his home town of Miami . The Broncos won their next six games all in spite of numerous controversies over Tebow 's playing style ( an overwhelmingly run - based QB in a season where QBs like Drew Brees set record passing stats ) . In Week 15 , the Patriots arrived in Denver and rolled over the Broncos . They lost their two remaining games to Buffalo and Kansas City , but were still able to clinch the AFC West title and host a playoff game . For the second time in four seasons , the AFC Western Division was a tie among teams with an 8 -- 8 record , the title being decided by tie - breakers . Hosting their first playoff game since 2005 , the Broncos battled the Pittsburgh Steelers in the wild card round . The game went into overtime and on the opening drive , Tebow threw Demaryius Thomas a short pass and Thomas took it 80 yards to the house winning 29 -- 23 . Denver 's improbable season came to an end when they headed to New England and were again buried by the Patriots 45 -- 10 . Arrival of Peyton Manning ( edit ) Most football analysts dismissed the Broncos ' playoff run as a fluke resulting from bad luck and a weak AFC West division . Thus , on March 20 , the Broncos signed Peyton Manning , who had just been released by the Indianapolis Colts . The following day , Tebow , despite being extremely popular with most of the Bronco fanbase , was traded to the New York Jets in exchange for a fourth - round draft selection . Despite widespread skepticism about Manning 's age , injuries , and rustiness , he delivered an impressive performance in the season opener at home against the Pittsburgh Steelers ( a rematch of the previous season 's wild - card game ) , throwing for 253 yards and two touchdown passes in a 31 -- 19 Broncos ' victory . Manning also threw his 400th touchdown pass in that game , the third quarterback to do so after Dan Marino and Brett Favre ( Manning did it faster than either , however ) . Knowshon Moreno ran for another touchdown and cornerback Tracy Porter intercepted Ben Roethlisberger in a mirror image of his celebrated interception returns during the 2009 postseason . Following that , however , the Broncos lost two straight , to the Atlanta Falcons ( 27 -- 21 ) , and the Houston Texans ( 31 -- 25 ) . In Week 4 , the Denver Broncos faced their most hated rival , the Oakland Raiders ; the Broncos dominated the game from the start and won 37 -- 6 . In Week 5 , they traveled to New England , rekindling the Brady - Manning rivalry of seasons prior . Despite being blown out twice last year , Manning and the Broncos managed to keep it close , but ultimately lost 31 -- 21 . In Week 6 , the Broncos faced another division rival , the San Diego Chargers ; the Broncos were 2 -- 3 at the time while the Chargers were 3 -- 2 . At half - time , the Broncos were being blown out 24 -- 0 . However , in the second half , Manning threw for three touchdown passes , cornerbacks Tony Carter and Chris Harris intercepted Philip Rivers , and the Chargers were held scoreless . In a comeback victory , the Broncos topped the Chargers 35 -- 24 and tied for first in the AFC West . What the Broncos did not know at the time , however , was that their victory over the Chargers would be the start of a complete turnaround . Following a Week 7 bye , the Broncos won their final ten games to compile an 11 - game win streak . Throughout all of this , Manning silenced his critics by playing at an MVP - caliber level and the Broncos ' offensive and defensive numbers rose in the rankings along with him . The Broncos ended the season at 13 -- 3 , clinching both the AFC West ( their first consecutive division title since 1986 -- 1987 ) and the AFC 's # 1 seed . On January 12 , 2013 , the Broncos made their 2013 playoff debut against the Baltimore Ravens in Denver , only to lose 38 -- 35 in double overtime . Baltimore went on to win Super Bowl XLVII . In 2013 , the Broncos went 13 -- 3 , and scored a record 606 points in the season , including an NFL - record 55 touchdown passes from Manning , in completing the first division title three - peat in their history . This time , they lived up to preseason expectations , defeating San Diego 24 -- 17 ( after leading 17 -- 0 ) in the AFC Divisional , and New England 26 -- 16 ( after leading 20 -- 3 ) in the AFC Championship to advance to face the NFC champion Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII , at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . Coming into the game , the team was a 2.5 - point favorite , but on the opening play , Manning missed an errant snap , resulting in a Seahawks ' safety . This was the start of a miserable game for the Broncos , as they were drilled 43 -- 8 by the Seahawks , the third - largest blowout in Super Bowl history ( the largest , ironically , was the 1989 Broncos ' losing Super Bowl XXIV 55 -- 10 ) . The game was never in doubt , as the Seahawks led 36 - 0 at one point . The Broncos were one of the few teams ever to attempt ( and complete ) a 2 - point conversion in the Super Bowl . The 8 - point play was scored when the game was already out of reach . The Broncos ' team that scored an NFL - record 606 points in the regular season , along with another 50 in the playoffs , was held to just 8 points in the game by the No. 1 - ranked Seahawks ' defense . In 2014 , the Broncos attempted to return to the Super Bowl and win . They beat Manning 's previous team , the Indianapolis Colts , and then defeated the Kansas City Chiefs . Their week 3 game was billed as a Super Bowl rematch against the Seahawks . The Seahawks seemed to have the game won in the fourth quarter , however Manning led the Broncos on a late - game comeback to tie the game 20 - 20 . Ultimately , however , the Seahawks were the victors with a 26 - 20 win . Later on in the season , Manning threw for his 509th touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers , the most by any NFL quarterback in NFL history . In 2015 , the Broncos , sporting the NFL 's top - ranked defense , completed a 12 - 4 regular season en route to the franchise 's NFL - record - tying eighth Super Bowl at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . The season began with a seven - game winning streak interrupted by a road loss to Manning 's old team . Peyton Manning broke the all - time passing yardage record previously held by Brett Favre in a week nine home loss to the Kansas City Chiefs . However , the day 's celebration was hollow as Manning was intercepted four times and ultimately benched during the game in favor of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler . Osweiler helped the Broncos to five wins in seven starts in relief of the injured Manning , including overtime triumphs over eventual playoff teams Cincinnati and New England . Manning returned to the lineup during the final week of the regular season , helping the Broncos rally to a victory over the San Diego Chargers . A Patriots loss to Miami coupled with the Broncos ' win , allowed Denver to enjoy the AFC 's top seed and home - field advantage for the playoffs . Denver defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 - 16 in the divisional round and got a second victory over the Patriots in the AFC Championship game by the score of 20 - 18 . The Broncos ' victory was sealed when cornerback Bradley Roby intercepted a 2 - point conversion attempt with less than a minute to go in the game . Super Bowl 50 pitted the Broncos against the favored Carolina Panthers . The Broncos ' defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24 - 10 victory , the third NFL title for the franchise . Von Miller , who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles , was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two different teams . Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team . The Broncos ' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all - time , along with the Washington Redskins and Oakland Raiders . Team records ( edit ) The Broncos all - time regular season record ( as of the conclusion of the 2015 season ) including AFL games is 457 -- 345 -- 10 . Their record since joining the NFL in 1970 is 393 -- 281 -- 6 . Their all - time playoff record is 20 - 18 . John Elway is the Broncos all - time leading passer , with 300 touchdowns and 51,475 yards passing . Peyton Manning holds the Broncos records for single - season passing yards ( 5477 ) and passing touchdowns ( 55 ) . Both of these records were set in 2013 , and both are also NFL records . Terrell Davis is the Broncos all - time leading rusher , with 60 touchdowns and 7,607 yards rushing . Rod Smith is the Broncos all - time leading receiver , with 68 touchdowns , 11,389 yards receiving . Jason Elam is the Broncos all - time leading scorer , with 1,786 points . He also holds the record for games played as a Bronco , with 236 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toast of the Town '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs History '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denver Broncos '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denver Broncos '' . Remember the AFL . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/ Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/196011270den.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/196009090nwe.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/1960.htm Jump up ^ Barely Audible , 11 . Jump up ^ Barely Audible , 10 , 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/1964.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/1965.htm Jump up ^ Barely Audible , 20 Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/196609030oti.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/1966.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Barely Audible , 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Barely Audible , 102 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium Stories , 21 -- 27 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/SabaLo0.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/1973.htm Jump up ^ http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/denver/broncos.html Jump up ^ http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=FBN-MNF-TV-04-25-05&cat=FP Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/1977.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.9news.com/news/article.aspx?storyid=83627 Jump up ^ `` Broncos Verdict '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.jsp?player_id=64 Jump up ^ http://www.profootballhof.com/history/decades/1980s/the_drive.jsp ^ Jump up to : http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history ^ Jump up to : http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/9492980/ Jump up ^ `` Nyuk ! Nyuk ! Holmgren nicknames his talented receivers '' . Sports Illustrated . December 5 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Vibes Of Victory '' . Sports Illustrated . November 30 , 1992 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs98/news/1999/990120/01056576.html Jump up ^ http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/082497/x10falco.html Jump up ^ http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/01/19/spt_broncos_arent.html Jump up ^ http://www.denverbroncos.com/page.php?id=357&contentID=415 Jump up ^ http://www.madison.com/wsj/home/sports/packers/index.php?ntid=253732&ntpid=192 ^ Jump up to : http://www.nfl.com/players/terrelldavis/profile?id=DAV766905 Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DaviTe00.htm Jump up ^ World will hear from Denver line Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/jax/1996.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Super boo - boo '' . Sports Illustrated . August 23 , 1998 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Super Bowl XXXII Box Score Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/1998.htm Jump up ^ `` The End Zone : Those Hoarsey Broncos '' . Sports Illustrated . December 8 , 1998 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.profootballhof.com/history/decades/1990s/terrell_davis.jsp Jump up ^ James Paton ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Denver , Colorado . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kirk Mitchell ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Former Denver Broncos owner Edgar Kaiser dies '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/P/PlumJa00.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/2003.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/2004.htm Jump up ^ `` Broncos move up to get Cutler '' . Sports Illustrated . April 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2676372 Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Rod Smith Transcript ' '' . denverbroncos.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mason 's Morsels '' Blog Archive '' Broncos - Packers : Fourth - Quarter and Overtime Notes `` . Blog.denverbroncos.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Packers defeat Broncos in OT '' . Denver Post website . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` ' An Awesome , Awesome Journey ' '' . denverbroncos.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/players/profile?id=CUT288111 Jump up ^ http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Shanahan-Broncos-Part-Ways/d25552b8-7892-11df-ba56-acc8e62813e9 Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways Jump up ^ http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Broncos-Introduce-McDaniels/d228740c-7892-11df-ba56-acc8e62813e9 Broncos - Introduce - McDaniels Jump up ^ http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Cutler-Traded-to-Chicago-Bears/d10a27b8-7892-11df-ba56-acc8e62813e9 Cutler Traded to Chicago Bears Jump up ^ `` Kyle Orton '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay H. ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` Broncos ' Orton signs tender for 2010 '' . Denver Post . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Broncos Acquire Quinn '' . denverbroncos.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Traded to Dolphins '' . denverbroncos.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Scheffler Traded to Lions '' . denverbroncos.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.denverbroncos.com/page.php?id=334&storyID=10052 Broncos Pick Two in Primetime Jump up ^ Legwold , Jeff ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Broncos ' Dumervil could miss season with chest injury '' . denverpost.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.milehighreport.com/2010/9/3/1668832/broncos-to-place-elvis-dumervil-on Broncos To Place Elvis Dumervil On Injured Reserve Jump up ^ http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Roster-Trimmed-to-65/438ae867-28a8-4398-9f6e-2a25f1086951 Jump up ^ Hiatt , Gabe ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` Regular Season Roster Announced '' . denverbroncos.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Broncos trade for New England running back Laurence Maroney '' . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Joey ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Broncos WR Kenny McKinley found dead in apparent suicide '' . denverpost.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/career-passing.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/single-season-passing.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/career-rushing.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/career-receiving.htm Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/career-scoring.htm Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay H. ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Elam back as Bronco to kick off retirement '' . Denver Post . External links ( edit ) Broncos History on NFL Hall of Fame Site Broncos AFL History Sportsecyclopedia Broncos 1960 -- present All - time regular season record CBS Broncos history page Pro Football Reference page Books ( edit ) Larry Gordan , `` Barely Audible : A History of the Denver Broncos '' ( Graphic Impressions , 1975 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 914628 - 01 - 9 Woodrow `` Woody '' Paige , `` Orange Madness : The Incredible Odyssey of the Denver Broncos '' ( Crowell , 1978 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 690 - 01776 - 2 Terry Frei , `` ' 77 : Denver , The Broncos , and a Coming of Age '' ( Taylor Trade Publishing , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 213 - 5 Larry Zimmer , `` Stadium Stories : Colorful Tales of the Blue and Orange '' ( The Globe Pequot Press , 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 <Th_colspan="2"> Denver Broncos <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Dove Valley , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="4"> History of the National Football League <Th_colspan="4"> American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders <Th_colspan="4"> National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Th_colspan="4"> Defunct teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Denver_Broncos&oldid=851377358 '' Categories : Denver Broncos National Football League history by team Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 21 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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1. Denver Broncos history
2. Super Bowl appearances
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1,023,406,923,834,152,100 |
how many chilean miners were trapped in the mine
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Miners ' survival during 2010 Copiapó mining accident - wikipedia Miners ' survival during 2010 Copiapó mining accident Main article : 2010 Copiapó mining accident The 2010 Copiapó mining accident began as a cave - in on 5 August 2010 at the San José copper - gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiapó , Chile . The accident trapped 33 men 700 meters ( 2,300 ft ) underground who survived for a record 69 days . All were rescued and brought to the surface on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours . After the last trapped miner was winched to the surface , the rescue workers still underground held up a sign before the camera stating `` Misión cumplida Chile '' ( English : `` Mission accomplished Chile '' ) to the estimated more than 1 billion people watching the rescue on live television around the world . The San José Mine is about 45 kilometers ( 28 mi ) north of Copiapó , in northern Chile . The miners were trapped approximately 5 kilometers ( 3 mi ) from the mine entrance . The mine had a history of instability that had led to previous accidents , including one death . The retrieval of the first miner , Florencio Ávalos , began on Tuesday , 12 October at 23 : 55 CLDT , with the rescue capsule reaching the surface 16 minutes later . At 21 : 55 CLDT on 13 October , all 33 miners had been rescued , almost all in good medical condition , and expected to recover fully . Two miners had silicosis , one of whom also had pneumonia , and others had dental infections and corneal problems . Three of the rescued miners had immediate surgery under general anesthesia for dental problems . Contents 1 Survival 1.1 Videos sent to the surface 1.2 Leadership 1.3 Key members of the trapped group 2 See also 3 References Survival ( edit ) The miners had a 50 square meters ( 540 sq ft ) emergency shelter with two long benches , but ventilation problems had led them to move out to a tunnel . In addition to the shelter , they had some 2 kilometers ( 1.2 mi ) of galleries in which to move around . The miners used backhoes to dig for underground water sources . Some water was obtained from the radiators of vehicles inside the mineshaft . Food supplies were limited and the men had lost an average of 8 kilograms ( 18 lb ) each . Although the emergency supplies were intended for only two or three days , the miners rationed them and were able to make them last for two weeks , running out just before they were discovered . They consumed `` two little spoonfuls of tuna , a sip of milk and a biscuit every 48 hours '' and a morsel of peach . The men used truck batteries to power their hard hat lamps for illumination . After his release from the hospital , Mario Sepúlveda said `` All 33 trapped miners , practicing a one - man , one - vote democracy , worked together to maintain the mine , look for escape routes and keep up morale . '' He said , `` We knew that if society broke down we would all be doomed . Each day a different person took a bad turn . Every time that happened , we worked as a team to try to keep the morale up . '' He and some of the older miners helped to support the younger men , he said , but all have taken an oath of silence not to reveal certain details of what occurred down the mine , particularly during the early weeks of desperation . Ávalos said the men kept hope of a survival by pulling together to beat hunger , thirst and desperation underground . `` As a group we had to keep faith , we had to keep hope , we had to all believe that we would survive , '' he said . Franklin Lobos , a former professional footballer , said he and his fellow miners had acted like a great football team . `` We pulled together when things got rough , when there was nothing , when we needed to drink water and there was n't any to drink . We pulled together when there was no food , when you just had to eat a teaspoon of tuna because there was nothing else . That really bonded us , '' he said . Videos sent to the surface ( edit ) In late August the miners filmed a 40 - minute video , recorded by a mini-camera sent by the government through the palomas , in which 28 of the 33 miners appeared . The video demonstrated that most of them were in good spirits and reasonably good health , though they had all lost weight . `` It also demonstrated that they were organized -- they have established places to sleep , to play games and to put their waste '' said Dr. Jaime Mañalich , Chile 's health minister . Mario Sepúlveda serves as the ebullient host throughout the video and leads the viewer through a tour of sleeping quarters , the dining area and displayed where they kept their rations which now only held water bottles . Of the highlighted areas was their first aid box with items including rubbing alcohol . There were a few cooking utensils , a fire extinguisher and a pinup poster of a woman as well . The men were seen to be mainly bare chested , bearded , and all were covered with a sheen of sweat from the high heat and humidity of the mine at that depth . Several of the miners looked to be very thin and some were camera shy . The host , Sepúlveda , avoided specifics about the health of the men and used the vaguer term `` complicated '' to refer to their situation . He did however work to maintain an upbeat attitude and insisted that things were looking brighter for the trapped men . The video generally portrays a positive , light atmosphere . One of the miners joked , to the chuckles of his colleagues that `` The only good thing about getting out will be that out there you can take a bath '' . `` That 's true , '' the host concurs with a grin . Sepúlveda leads some of the group in the Chilean national anthem at the end of the video to show unity with the Chilean people driving their rescue . Sepúlveda also discussed the value of Luis Urzúa , the miner 's 54 - year - old shift leader to further inspire confidence in the group 's ability to survive . He goes on to say that Urzúa has brought `` calm '' to the men . Urzúa appears saying `` We are all anxious to get out of here and see our friends and families , those that are working day and night up there , the mining family and 17 million Chileans . '' Leadership ( edit ) `` It 's been a bit of a long shift , '' said the foreman whose level - headedness and gentle humor helped keep the miners under his charge focused on survival during their 70 - day underground ordeal . Luis Urzúa kept his cool . In his first audio contact with officials on the surface , he glossed over the hunger and despair he and his men had felt , saying instead : `` We 're fine , waiting for you to rescue us . '' `` The hierarchy and power of a supervisor in the world of the miner is extremely powerful ; it is a military discipline , '' Chilean Minister of Health Jaime Manalich explained as he discussed Urzúa 's role in organizing the men and their ability to adjust to their increasingly complicated situation . `` Natural selection is extremely strong in this world , '' and results in a shift foreman becoming the virtual `` owner of the mine '' during his normal 12 - hour shift . `` This is an extremely dangerous job , if you look at the statistics , this region of Chile has the highest worker mortality rate in the nation and that is led by mining . '' Commander Andreas Llarena , Chilean Navy , who has been assigned to the scene of the accident to assist in the coordination of the health aspects of the recovery operations also explains that `` ( Urzua ) is a leader in his field and has been for ages . He is recognized by his peers as a leader . For a miner , their shift leader is sacred and holy . They would never think about replacing him . That is carved in stone ; it is one of the commandments in the life of a miner '' . Urzua received three daily briefings : One from a doctor , another from a psychologist and the third from a miner updating him on the technical aspects of the rescue operation . The Chilean government counted on Urzua to organize a long list of tasks for his mining crew , during a daily medical conference call . An example of his self - confidence is when he told Dr. Manalich to `` keep it short , we have lots of work to do . '' Urzúa split his men into three groups , to build team spirit . He set up the rationing system that was crucial to the miners ' survival . Toward the end , as the wait for a rescue the men had at first hoped would be only days away wore on , the rations were stretched out to every 48 hours . He took charge underground , dividing their habitat into separate areas for sleeping , working and washing , and kept his men occupied with 12 - hour shifts to maintain the kind of discipline he learned while doing his military service . He instilled a sense of structure and order among his men , who even he admitted had been initially overcome by desperation after the cave - in revealed a wall of rock hemming them in . Urzúa also drew on his training as a topographer to map the tunnels that became their sticky , damp home . He used a white pickup truck as an underground office , and turned the lights of other trucks on and off to simulate daylight . `` He likes things to be clear , '' says his brother Juan Carlos . Urzúa credited majority decision - making for the trapped men 's good esprit de corps and dedication to their common goal . `` You just have to speak the truth and believe in democracy , '' said Urzúa . `` Everything was voted on ... We were 33 men , so 16 plus one was a majority . '' With the honor of beleaguered ships ' captains over the ages , 54 - year - old Urzúa was the last man out after 70 long days trapped below the Atacama desert . Following the collapse of the mine on 5 August , the leader dispatched men to find out what had happened and see if it was possible to escape but they could not find an exit route . `` We were trying to find out what we could do and what we could not , '' said Urzúa . `` Then we had to figure out the food . '' Urzúa tried to instill a philosophical acceptance of fate so they could accept their situation and move on to embrace the essential tasks of survival . Key members of the trapped group ( edit ) Luis Urzúa ( 54 ) , the shift foreman trapped with the men , recognizing the gravity of the situation and the difficulty of any rescue attempt , gathered the men in a secure room called a `` refuge '' , and organized the men and meager resources for a long - term survival situation . Just after the incident , he led three men to scout up the tunnel , confirming the situation , he then made detailed maps of the area to aid the rescue effort . He led the underground portion of the rescue operation coordinating closely with the surface engineers over the teleconference links Florencio Ávalos ( 31 ) , second in command of the group , assisted Urzúa organizing the men . Because of his experience , physical fitness and emotional stability , he was selected to be the first miner to ride the rescue capsule to the surface in case of complications during the 15 minute ascent in the claustrophobic shaft . Naturally shy , he served as the video communications camera operator for the videos sent up to their families . He was trapped along with his younger brother Renan . Yonni Barrios ( 50 ) , became the medic of the trapped miners , monitoring their health , giving vaccinations , and giving detailed medical reports to the team of doctors on the surface . His fellow miners jokingly referred to him as `` Dr. House '' from the popular American TV medical drama . Mario Gómez ( 63 ) , was the eldest miner and became the religious leader in the group , organizing a chapel with a shrine containing statues of saints , and aided the surface psychologists ' counseling efforts . José Henríquez ( 54 ) , a preacher who has also worked in mining for 33 years , he served as the miners ' pastor and organized daily prayers . Mario Sepúlveda ( 40 ) , served as the energetic host of the miners ' video journals that were sent to the surface to reassure the world that they were doing well . The local media dubbed him `` Super Mario '' after the Super Mario Bros. video game for his energy , wit and humor . Ariel Ticona ( 29 ) , served as the group 's communications specialist , maintaining the underground portion of the telephone and videoconferencing systems that were sent down by the surface team . See also ( edit ) Chile portal Mining portal Disasters portal Quecreek Mine Rescue involved a similar rescue capsule in Pennsylvania , July 2002 to rescue a trapped mining crew . Dahlbusch Bomb References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Onemi confirma a 33 mineros atrapados en yacimiento en Atacama '' ( in Spanish ) . La Tercera. 6 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Illiano , Cesar ( 9 October 2010 ) . `` Rescue near for Chile miners trapped for 2 months '' . Reuters AlertNet . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Chilean mine rescue watched by millions online , Canadian Broadcasting Corp. , 14 October 2010 Jump up ^ Haroon Siddique ( 23 August 2010 ) . `` Chilean miners found alive -- but rescue will take four months '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trapped Chile miner 's family sues owners and officials '' . BBC News . 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Govan , Fiona , Aislinn Laing and Nick Allen ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` Families of trapped Chilean miners to sue mining firm '' . London Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ 69 - day trapped Chilean miners being lifted one by one to safety Archived 2010 - 10 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Asian Tribune , Hallstavik , Sweden , By Gopal Ethiraj , 14 October 2004 Jump up ^ `` First of 33 trapped miners reaches surface '' . CNN . 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Hutchison , Peter ; Malkin , Bonnie ; Bloxham , Andy ( 12 October 2010 ) . `` Chile Miners Rescue : Live '' . London Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chile mine rescue '' . BBC News . 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ First Chile miners leave hospital - Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 15 October 2010 ) - Retrieved 18 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Trapped Chile miners receive food and water '' . BBC News . 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Soto , Alonso ( 24 August 2010 ) . `` Chile secures lifeline to trapped miners , sends aid '' . Reuters . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Jonathan ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Chilean miners ' families pitch up at Camp Hope '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Quilodran , Federico ( 24 August 2010 ) . `` 2nd bore hole reaches 33 trapped in Chile mine '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trapped Chile miners give video tour of confinement '' . BBC News . 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Freed Chile miner Mario Sepulveda reveals darkest days , London Daily Telegraph , 17 October 2010 Jump up ^ Chile miners came to blows , but swore to keep details secret , London Daily Telegraph , Fiona Govan and Aislinn Laing , 15 October 2010 ^ Jump up to : Video of the Trapped Chilean Miners Stirs a Country 's Emotions , The New York Times , Alexei Barrionnuevo , 27 August 2010 ^ Jump up to : Man in the News : Luis Urzúa , Financial Times , London , Jude Webber and John Paul Rathbone , 15 October 2010 ^ Jump up to : Chile miners : Rescued foreman Luis Urzúa 's first interview , The Guardian ( UK ) , Rory Carroll and Jonathan Franklin , 14 October 2010 ^ Jump up to : Chilean mine foreman works heroically to keep hope alive , Taipei Times , China , Jonathan Franklin , 7 September 2010 Jump up ^ Hutchison , Peter ; Malkin , Bonnie ; Bloxham , Andy ( 12 October 2010 ) . `` Chile Miners Rescue : Live '' . London Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Robert I. ( 6 September 2010 ) . `` Boss Luis Urzua and the Trapped Miners in Chile : A Classic Case of a Leadership , Performance , and Humanity '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Jonathan ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Luis Urzúa , the foreman keeping hope alive for Chile 's trapped miners '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Allen Chile miners rescue : profiles of the 33 men , London Daily Telegraph , 12 October 2010 Jump up ^ Prengaman , Peter ( 29 August 2010 ) . `` Chile miners must move tons of rocks in own rescue '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Súper Mario '' Sepúlveda se convierte en estrella del rescate de los mineros Archived 2012 - 07 - 29 at Archive.is El Nacional , 13 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` El hermano de Mario Sepúlveda destacó el buen humor del minero '' Cadena3 , 14 October 2010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miners % 27_survival_during_2010_Copiapó_mining_accident&oldid = 850021563 '' Categories : 2010 Copiapó mining accident Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 01 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. 2010 Copiapó mining accident
2. Survival of trapped miners
3. Rescue operation
4. Leadership and teamwork
5. Conditions underground
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differences between regular and irregular verbs in spanish
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Regular and irregular verbs - Wikipedia Regular and irregular verbs Jump to : navigation , search For imformation specific to the English language , see English verbs and English irregular verbs . A regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern , or one of the typical patterns , of the language to which it belongs . A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called an irregular verb . ( This is one instance of the distinction between regular and irregular inflection , which can also apply to other word classes , such as nouns and adjectives . ) In English , for example , verbs such as play , enter , and like are regular since they form their inflected parts by adding the typical endings - s , - ing and - ed to give forms such as plays , entering , and liked . On the other hand , verbs such as drink , hit and have are irregular since some of their parts are not made according to the typical pattern : drank and drunk ( not `` drinked '' ) ; hit ( as past tense and past participle , not `` hitted '' ) and has and had ( not `` haves '' and `` haved '' ) . The classification of verbs as regular or irregular is to some extent a subjective matter . If some conjugational paradigm in a language is followed by a limited number of verbs , or it requires the specification of more than one principal part ( as with the German strong verbs ) , views may differ as to whether the verbs in question should be considered irregular . Most inflectional irregularities arise as a result of series of fairly uniform historical changes so forms that appear to be irregular from a synchronic ( contemporary ) point of view may be seen as following more regular patterns when the verbs are analyzed from a diachronic ( historical linguistic ) viewpoint . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Types of pattern 2.1 Irregularity in spelling only 3 Linguistic study 4 By language 4.1 English 4.2 Other languages 4.3 Constructed languages 5 References 6 External links Development ( edit ) When a language develops some type of inflection , such as verb conjugation , it normally produces certain typical ( regular ) patterns by which words in the given class come to make their inflected forms . The language may develop a number of different regular patterns , either as a result of conditional sound changes which cause differentiation within a single pattern , or through patterns with different derivations coming to be used for the same purpose . An example of the latter is provided by the strong and weak verbs of the Germanic languages ; the strong verbs inherited their method of making past forms ( vowel ablaut ) from Proto - Indo - European , while for the weak verbs a different method ( addition of dental suffixes ) developed . Irregularities in verb conjugation ( and other inflectional irregularities ) may arise in various ways . Sometimes the result of multiple conditional and selective historical sound changes is to leave certain words following a practically unpredictable pattern . This has happened with the strong verbs ( and some groups of weak verbs ) in English ; patterns such as sing -- sang -- sung and stand -- stood -- stood , although they derive from what were more or less regular patterns in older languages , are now peculiar to a single verb or small group of verbs in each case , and are viewed as irregular . Irregularities may also arise from suppletion -- forms of one verb may be taken over and used as forms of another . This has happened in the case of the English word went , which was originally the past tense of wend , but has come to be used instead as the past tense of go . The verb be also has a number of suppletive forms ( be , is , was , etc. , with various different origins ) -- this is common for copular verbs in Indo - European languages . The regularity and irregularity of verbs is affected by changes taking place by way of analogy -- there is often a tendency for verbs to switch to a different , usually more regular , pattern under the influence of other verbs . This is less likely when the existing forms are very familiar through common use -- hence among the most common verbs in a language ( like be , have , go , etc . ) there is often a greater incidence of irregularity . ( Analogy can occasionally work the other way , too -- some irregular English verb forms such as shown , caught and spat have arisen through the influence of existing strong or irregular verbs . ) Types of pattern ( edit ) The most straightforward type of regular verb conjugation pattern involves a single class of verbs , a single principal part ( the root or one particular conjugated form ) , and a set of exact rules which produce , from that principal part , each of the remaining forms in the verb 's paradigm . This is generally considered to be the situation with English verbs -- from the one principal part , namely the plain form of a regular verb ( the bare infinitive , such as play , happen , skim , interchange , etc . ) , all the other inflected forms ( which in English are not numerous ; they consist of the third person singular present tense , the past tense and past participle , and the present participle / gerund form ) can be derived by way of consistent rules . These rules involve the addition of inflectional endings ( - s , - ( e ) d , - ing ) , together with certain morphophonological rules about how those endings are pronounced , and certain rules of spelling ( such as the doubling of certain consonants ) . Verbs which in any way deviate from these rules ( there are around 200 such verbs in the language ) are classed as irregular . A language may have more than one regular conjugation pattern . French verbs , for example , follow different patterns depending on whether their infinitive ends in - er , - ir or - re ( complicated slightly by certain rules of spelling ) . A verb which does not follow the expected pattern based on the form of its infinitive is considered irregular . In some languages , however , verbs may be considered regular even if the specification of one of their forms is not sufficient to predict all of the rest ; they have more than one principal part . In Latin , for example , verbs are considered to have four principal parts ( see Latin conjugation for details ) . Specification of all of these four forms for a given verb is sufficient to predict all of the other forms of that verb -- except in a few cases , when the verb is irregular . To some extent it may be a matter of convention or subjective preference to state whether a verb is regular or irregular . In English , for example , if a verb is allowed to have three principal parts specified ( the bare infinitive , past tense and past participle ) , then the number of irregular verbs will be drastically reduced ( this is not the conventional approach , however ) . The situation is similar with the strong verbs in German ( these may or may not be described as irregular ) . In French , what are traditionally called the `` regular - re verbs '' ( those that conjugate like vendre ) are not in fact particularly numerous , and may alternatively be considered to be just another group of similarly behaving irregular verbs . The most unambiguously irregular verbs are often very commonly used verbs such as the copular verb be in English and its equivalents in other languages , which frequently have a variety of suppletive forms and thus follow an exceptionally unpredictable pattern of conjugation . Irregularity in spelling only ( edit ) It is possible for a verb to be regular in pronunciation , but irregular in spelling . Examples of this are the English verbs lay and pay . In terms of pronunciation , these make their past forms in the regular way , by adding the / d / sound . However their spelling deviates from the regular pattern : they are spelt not `` layed '' and `` payed '' ( although the latter form is used in some e.g. nautical contexts as `` the sailor payed out the anchor chain '' ) , but laid and paid . This contrasts with fully regular verbs such as sway and stay , which have the regularly spelt past forms swayed and stayed . The English present participle is never irregular in pronunciation , but singeing irregularly retains the e to distinguish it from singing . While examples of verbs irregular in spelling only are rare in English , they may be very common in other languages . Linguistic study ( edit ) In linguistic analysis , the concept of regular and irregular verbs ( and other types of regular and irregular inflection ) commonly arises in psycholinguistics , and in particular in work related to language acquisition . In studies of first language acquisition ( where the aim is to establish how the human brain processes its native language ) , one debate among 20th - century linguists revolved around whether small children learn all verb forms as separate pieces of vocabulary or whether they deduce forms by the application of rules . Since a child can hear a regular verb for the first time and immediately reuse it correctly in a different conjugated form which he or she has never heard , it is clear that the brain does work with rules ; but irregular verbs must be processed differently . A common error for small children is to conjugate irregular verbs as though they were regular , which is taken as evidence that we learn and process our native language partly by the application of rules , rather than , as some earlier scholarship had postulated , solely by learning the forms . In fact , children often use the most common irregular verbs correctly in their earliest utterances but then switch to incorrect regular forms for a time when they begin to operate systematically . That allows a fairly precise analysis of the phases of this aspect of first language acquisition . Regular and irregular verbs are also of significance in second language acquisition , and in particular in language teaching and formal learning , where rules such as verb paradigms are defined , and exceptions ( such as irregular verbs ) need to be listed and learned explicitly . The importance of irregular verbs is enhanced by the fact that they often include the most commonly used verbs in the language ( including verbs such as be and have in English , their equivalents être and avoir in French , sein and haben in German , etc . ) . In historical linguistics the concept of irregular verbs is not so commonly referenced . Since most irregularities can be explained by processes of historical language development , these verbs are only irregular when viewed synchronically ; they often appear regular when seen in their historical context . In the study of Germanic verbs , for example , historical linguists generally distinguish between strong and weak verbs , rather than irregular and regular ( although occasional irregularities still arise even in this approach ) . When languages are being compared informally , one of the few quantitative statistics which are sometimes cited is the number of irregular verbs . These counts are not particularly accurate for a wide variety of reasons , and academic linguists are reluctant to cite them . But it does seem that some languages have a greater tolerance for paradigm irregularity than others . By language ( edit ) English ( edit ) With the exception of the highly irregular verb be , an English verb can have up to five forms : its plain form ( or bare infinitive ) , a third person singular present tense , a past tense ( or preterite ) , a past participle , and the - ing form that serves as both a present participle and gerund . The rules for the formation of the inflected parts of regular verbs are given in detail in the article on English verbs . In summary they are as follows : The third person singular present tense is formed by adding the ending - s ( or - es after certain letters ) to the plain form . When the plain form ends with the letter - y following a consonant , this becomes - ies . The ending is pronounced / s / after a voiceless consonant sound ( as in hops , halts , packs , bluffs , laughs ) , or / z / after a voiced consonant or vowel sound ( as in robs , lends , begs , sings , thaws , flies , sighs ) , but / ɪz / after a sibilant ( passes , pushes , marches ) . The past tense and past participle are identical ; they are formed with the ending - ed , which as in the previous case has three different pronunciations ( / t / , / d / , / ɪd / ) . Certain spelling rules apply , including the doubling of consonants before the ending in forms like conned and preferred . There is some variation in the application of these spelling rules with some rarer verbs , and particularly with verbs ending - c ( panic -- panicked , zinc -- zinc ( k ) ed , arc -- arced , etc . ) , meaning that these forms are not fully predictable , but such verbs are not normally listed among the irregular ones . ( The verbs lay and pay , however , are commonly listed as irregular , despite being regular in terms of pronunciation -- their past forms have the anomalous spellings laid and paid . ) The present participle / gerund is formed by adding - ing , again with the application of certain spelling rules similar to those that apply with - ed . The irregular verbs of English are described and listed in the article English irregular verbs ( for a more extensive list , see List of English irregular verbs ) . In the case of these : The third person singular present tense is formed regularly , except in the case of the modal verbs ( can , shall , etc . ) which do not add - s , the verb be ( which has three present indicative forms : am , is and are ) , and the three verbs have , do and say , which produce the forms has , does ( pronounced with a short vowel , / dʌz / ) , and says ( pronounced with a short vowel , / sɛz / ) . The past tense and past participle are the forms that are normally made in irregular fashion . About 200 verbs in normal use have irregularities in one or other ( or usually both ) of these forms . They may derive from Germanic strong verbs , as with sing -- sang -- sung or rise -- rose -- risen , or from weak verbs which have come to deviate from the standard pattern in some way ( teach -- taught -- taught , keep -- kept -- kept , build -- built -- built , etc . ) . ( Usually , past participle sometimes ends in `` n '' , `` d '' or `` ed '' . ) They change in spelling sometimes. ( Past and Past participle only . ) The present participle / gerund is formed regularly , in - ing ( except for those defective verbs , such as the modals , which lack such a form ) . Other languages ( edit ) For regular and irregular verbs in other languages , see the articles on the grammars of those languages . Particular articles include , for example : Dutch conjugation French verbs and French conjugation German verbs and German conjugation Ancient Greek verbs ( for verbs in Modern Greek , see Modern Greek grammar ) Italian conjugation Japanese verb conjugation and Japanese irregular verbs Latin conjugation Spanish verbs , Spanish conjugation and Spanish irregular verbs Some grammatical information relating to specific verbs in various languages can also be found in Wiktionary . Constructed languages ( edit ) Most natural languages , to different extents , have a number of irregular verbs . Artificial auxiliary languages usually have a single regular pattern for all verbs ( as well as other parts of speech ) as a matter of design , because inflectional irregularities are considered to increase the difficulty of learning and using a language . Other constructed languages , however , need not show such regularity , especially if they are designed to look similar to natural ones . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven . Words and Rules : The Ingredients of Language , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 095840 - 5 . Jump up ^ say - Definition and pronunciation Oxford Advanced American Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com External links ( edit ) Look up regular and irregular verbs in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Germanic languages English Irregular Verb Search English Irregular Verb Search Learn English verbs effectively List of irregular English verbs and exercises TheIrregularVerbs All the irregular verbs of the English language . Conjugation , pronunciation , translation and examples Irregular English Verbs online exercises Practice online exercises with the irregular verbs and examples Classification of English Irregular Verbs per groups Learn Irregular verbs in English in an entertaining way Romance languages ForumRomanum.org ( very partial ) list of Latin irregular verbs The Catalan - language Wikipedia article on irregular verbs includes a list of irregular Catalan verbs . Orbis Latinus notes on irregular Asturian verbs Orbis Latinus list of irregular French verbs Orbis Latinus list of irregular Italian verbs Orbis Latinus list of irregular Occitan / Provençal verbs Orbis Latinus list of irregular Portuguese verbs Orbis Latinus very partial list of irregular Spanish verbs Orbis Latinus list of irregular Venetan verbs Italian : list of principal irregular second and third conjugation verbs French : list of irregular verbs with their conjugation tables Other Indo - European languages PDF on irregular verbs in the Greek New Testament <Th_colspan="2"> Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animate / Inanimate Attributive Common / Proper Countable / Mass / Collective Initial - stress - derived Relational Strong / Weak Verbal / Deverbal Verb Forms Finite / Non-finite Attributive Converb Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle ( adjectival adverbial ) Supine Verbal noun Types Accusative Ambitransitive Andative / Venitive Anticausative Autocausative Auxiliary Captative Catenative Compound Copular Defective Denominal Deponent Ditransitive Dynamic ECM Ergative Frequentative Impersonal Inchoative Intransitive Irregular Lexical Light Modal Monotransitive Negative Performative Phrasal Predicative Preterite - present Reflexive Regular Separable Stative Stretched Strong Transitive Unaccusative Unergative Weak Adjective Collateral Demonstrative Nominalized Possessive Postpositive Adverb Genitive Conjunctive Flat Locative Interrogative Prepositional Pronominal Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Disjunctive Distributive Donkey Dummy Formal / Informal Gender - neutral Gender - specific Inclusive / Exclusive Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Objective Personal Possessive Prepositional Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Resumptive Subjective Weak Preposition / postposition Inflected Casally modulated Stranded Conjunction Determiner Article Demonstrative Interrogative Possessive Quantifier Classifier Measure word Particle Discourse Interrogative Modal Noun Possessive Complementizer Other Yes and no Copula Coverb Expletive Interjection ( verbal ) Preverb Pro-form Pro-sentence Pro-verb Procedure word Prop - word Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regular_and_irregular_verbs&oldid=813865832 '' Categories : Verb types Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Galego Íslenska 日本 語 Português Seeltersk Sicilianu Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 17 : 25 . 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1. Regular and irregular verbs
2. Conjugation patterns
3. Inflectional irregularities
4. Language acquisition
5. Verb paradigms
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the yale attitude change approach focused on a number of factors that influence
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Yale attitude change approach - wikipedia Yale attitude change approach Jump to : navigation , search In social psychology , the Yale attitude change approach ( also known as the Yale attitude change model ) is the study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages . This approach to persuasive communications was first studied by Carl Hovland and his colleagues at Yale University . The basic model of this approach can be described as `` who said what to whom '' : the source of the communication , the nature of the communication and the nature of the audience . According to this approach , many factors affect each component of a persuasive communication . The credibility and attractiveness of the communicator ( source ) , the quality and sincerity of the message ( nature of the communication ) , and the attention , intelligence and age of the audience ( nature of the audience ) can influence an audience 's attitude change with a persuasive communication . Independent variables include the source , message , medium and audience , with the dependent variable the effect ( or impact ) of the persuasion . The Yale attitude change approach has generated research and insight into the nature of persuasion . This approach has helped social psychologists understand the process of persuasion and companies make their marketing and advertising strategies more effective . Like most other theories about persuasion and attitude change , this approach is not perfect . Not a systematic theory about persuasive communications , this approach is a general framework within which research was conducted . The Yale researchers did not specify levels of importance among the factors of a persuasive message ; they emphasized analyzing the aspects of attitude change over comparing them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Persuasive Communication depends on who says what to whom 1.1 Defining the Who : The Source of Communication 1.2 Defining the What : The Nature of the Communication 1.3 Defining the To Whom : The Nature of the Audience 2 History 2.1 Initial / Notable Studies by the Yale Communication Research Program 2.1. 1 Characteristics of the Communicator 2.1. 2 The Content of the Communication 2.1. 3 The Audience 2.2 Remarks 3 Theoretical approaches 3.1 Legacy of Yale Research on Theories and Models Pertaining to Attitude Change 3.1. 1 Influences on McGuire 3.1. 2 Influences on Dolores Albarracín 's Cognition - in - Persuasion Model 3.1. 3 Influences on Elaboration Likelihood Model 3.1. 4 Influences on Other Theories 4 Empirical findings : Modern studies exploring factors contributing to persuasion and influence 4.1 Applications in Marketing 4.1. 1 Source credibility and experience claims in consumer advertisement 4.2 Persuasion 4.2. 1 Attractiveness as an influence on opinion change and persuasion 4.3 Acceptance of Message by Recipient 5 Controversy 6 Conclusions 7 References 8 External links Persuasive communication depends on who says what to whom ( edit ) Defining the who : the source of communication ( edit ) The effects of credibility rely on the aspects of the speaker to be of `` high trustworthiness '' or `` low trustworthiness '' . Prominent , credible speakers can drastically persuade more people than others who are not credible . Credible speakers also have a sense of reputation where what they say matters to whom they are speaking to . In addition , attractive speakers have a stronger influence than those who are unattractive , regardless if the material is factual or not . Defining the what : the nature of the communication ( edit ) The characteristics of the nature of the communication impacts the degree of attitude change . One such characteristic is the design of the message ; people tend be more persuaded by messages that do n't appear to be targeted for them . By nature , there is a primacy effect that occurs with speakers . People are more influenced by what they hear first . The first speaker is recorded stronger than the following speakers even if the arguments following the first speaker are stronger . If there is a delay after every speech , then it is better to go last because of the recency effect where people remember the most recent event the most . Defining the to whom : the nature of the audience ( edit ) Attitude may change depending on the characteristics of the audience . Audiences that are distracted during the persuasive communication will often be persuaded less than audiences that are not distracted . From the ages of 18 - 25 , people are very susceptible to attitude change . After those ages , people tend to be more stable and resistant to attitude change . Additionally , an audience member that is less intelligent tends to be more persuasable than those with higher intelligence . People who do not enjoy thinking can rely on experts and trustworthy sources to conserve their cognitive resources . If the expert source is untrustworthy , then the person might have to evaluate the material on their own . In most cases , people are not knowledgeable enough to interpret the information themselves or have very low confidence in the issue , thus they must rely on knowledgeable others ( expert and trustworthy sources ) . History ( edit ) The Yale Attitude Change Approach , also referred to as the Yale Model of Persuasion or Yale School Research is considered to be one of the first models of attitude change . It was a reflection of the Yale Communication Research Program 's findings , a program which was set up under a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation . During the early 1900s and World War II there was a heavy need for research on political persuasion as propaganda analysis and public opinion research , the Research Branch of the Army 's Information and Education Division was deemed with this responsibility . The importance of understanding methods behind changing public opinion was emphasized by the success of Nazi propaganda campaigns . Carl Hovland was appointed the Chief Psychologist and director of Experimental Studies for the U.S war Department . Along with others such as , Frances J. Anderson , Arthur A. Lumsdaine , John L. Finan , Nathan Maccoby , Fred D. Sheffield , Irving L. Janis , M. Brewster Smit undertook the responsibility of conducting , analyzing , and planning experiments that explored the effectiveness of war propaganda . After the war Hovland , Arthur A. Lumsdaine , and Fred D. Sheffield published a report of the major research findings of the Experimental section of the Research Branch under the publication Experiments on Mass Communication , 1949 . These experiments are considered an antecedent to the Yale groups research . Interest in persuasion remained strong after the war considering the increasing availability and advancements of telecommunications . With interests in persuasion persistent Carl Hovland , Irving Janis , Arthur A. Lumsdaine , Fred D. Sheffield and others within the `` Yale School '' returned to Yale with desires to continue researching the topic . They established the Yale Communication Research Program which aimed to understand and examine factors that influenced attitude change . It was considered the first modern attempt of such a task . The Yale Communication Program was a `` cooperative research and study group '' that encouraged members to pursue research in their line of interest regarding the subject of persuasive communication and their effects on behavior and opinion . The Yale group examined attitude change from a learning theory perspective and information processing approach . The Yale school 's approach is considered convergent . As in it started with identifying a phenomenon ( attitude change ) and then searched for an explanation by looking at variable factors and their effect on the phenomena , as opposed to a divergent approach which starts with a theory that is then applied to a phenomenon . The Yale school also suggested that the effects of the factors contributing to attitude change depended on a sequence of message processing stages summarized as ; attention , comprehension and acceptance . In essence a person must `` first notice the message , and pay attention to it , then comprehend its meaning , and finally accept it '' . They also introduced the concept of `` incentive '' as a crucial variable in influencing attitude change . It was not enough for a response to be learned but that motivation was provided in order to preference one opinion over another . Hovland , Janis , and Kelly published the group 's first empirical findings under the publication Communication and Persuasion ( 1953 ) . They paralleled their research to Laswell 's ( 1948 ) statement ; who says what to whom with what effect . In the publication they categorized their findings on the analysis of four factors : `` 1 ) the communicator who transmits the communication ; 2 ) the stimuli transmitted by the communicator ; 3 ) the audience responding to the communication ; 4 ) the responses made by the audience to the communication '' . The Yale School had a breakdown of sub-factors that they observed for each topic ( The Communicator , The Communication , The Audience ) . The fourth topic , which they deemed `` Responses '' was composed of two subtopics which explored the `` expression of the new opinion '' and `` retention of the opinion change '' . The Yale group had a total of five publications reporting the findings of their experiments ( including Communication and Persuasion ) under the same model , they were : The Order of Presentation in Persuasion , Personality and Persuasibility , Attitude Organization and Change , and Social Judgement that further explored each factor . Initial / notable Studies by the Yale communication research program ( edit ) Characteristics of the communicator ( edit ) The Yale group observed the effects of credibility on persuasion . Credibility was composed of ; 1 ) Expertness : the degree to which the communicator was knowledgeable in the field , and 2 ) Trustworthines : In reference to the intentions of the communicator . Hovland and Weiss in studies such as , The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness ( 1951 ) , exposed participants to identical newspaper and magazine articles yet attributed them to either high credibility sources ( like Robert Oppeinhemier ) or low credibility sources ( like the Soviet Newspaper Pravda ) . Their results indicated that participants regarded sources with higher credibility more favorably than those considered as low - credibility . They contributed this effect to the expertise of the source and the confidence in the sources sincerity in delivering the message . They also observed that effects from both positive and negative sources tended to dissipate after several weeks . An exception to the gradual dissociation of the effects of a persuasive message were reported in studies conducted by Hovland , Lumsdaine , and Shieffield . Results showed that while memory of factual information decreased or memory of the source dissipated opinion change increased gradually over time , they coined this phenomenon the Sleeper Effect . The content of the communication ( edit ) The Yale school focused on factors such as Motivating appeals and organization of arguments in regards to the content of the communication . In particular they focused on `` emotional '' appeals which were considered a class of stimuli whose contents could arouse emotion , in contrast to logical / rational appeals . In particular the group looked at fear - arousing appeals . Janis and Feshbach in their experiment Effects of Fear - arousing Communications ( 1953 ) , explored degrees of intensities of fear appeal and their effects on conformity in the context of the consequences of poor dental hygiene . The study showed that messages were more effective when contained low - leveled threat references such as `` cavities '' or `` tooth decay '' instead of `` strong appeal '' references , such as exclaiming serious infections that could cause paralysis and kidney damage . The results suggested that appeals of high intensity would be less effective than milder ones . In regards to structure of an argument Hovland , Lumsdaine , and Sheffield explored the effectiveness of one - sided and two - sided messages ( containing pros and cons ) . The study ( referenced in Experiments on Mass Communications , 1948 ) looked at whether a message given to American soldiers would be more effective if it only advocated one position or if it advocated both sides of the position . It was found that two - sided messages were more effective on budging educated men 's opinions . Additionally , two sided arguments were also better at generating change of opinion in those soldiers who opposed the argument initially . For less educated men who also supported the government 's position , the one - sided argument was more persuasive . Their findings not only suggested that the content of the communication has an impact on attitude change but so do the attributes of the receiver . A follow up study conducted by Lumsdaine and Janis , Resistance to counter propaganda produced by a one - sided versus two - side propaganda presentation ( 1953 ) , explored the resistance of opinion change motivated by argument structure . The findings summarized that two sided messages were more effective to resistance of counter propaganda regardless of initial position held ( even if the initial belief was counter to the new developed belief ) . Two sided messages were more effective in maintaining sustained opinion change . Another study spearheaded by Hovland and Mandel , An experimental comparison of conclusion - drawing by the communicator and by the audience ( 1952 ) , highlighted that messages are more persuasive when they are implicitly argued . The audience is then able to come to their own conclusion . Hovland and Mandel mentioned that this effect may only be evident with less complex issues that can easily be surmised by the audience . The audience ( edit ) In terms of the audience the Yale group concerned themselves with the audience predisposition , which they defined as the audience 's motives , abilities , personalities , and the context of the situation . In one study Kelly and Volkart , The resistance to change of group - anchored attitudes ( Kelly , Volkart , 1952 ) , confirmed the notion that individuals with greater interest in retaining group membership are less likely to adopt beliefs that contradict group standards . Their findings are consistent with the hypothesis that supports the relationship between internalization of norms and stronger group attachments . Holland et al. studied the resistance to attitude change when a person is a member of a group and discovered five factors that induce conformity of opinion within a group : 1 ) the individual 's knowledge of group norms 2 ) the extent to which the individual values group membership 3 ) the individuals social status or rank within the group 4 ) particular situation cues 5 ) salience of the group ( the extent to which a specific group is dominant in the individual 's awareness at the time the ' counter persuasion ' is delivered Because these five factors play an influential role in inducing conformity , members may resist attitude change when the group is exposed to a message that counters group norms / culture . The more the group membership is valued , the more resistance , to the extent that a boomerang effect may occur . Remarks ( edit ) The Yale group did ample and very meaningful research in the field of attitude change and persuasion . They brought forth emphasis on the importance of learning theories behind attitude change and laid a strong foundation of mass findings that stimulated further research related to persuasion . Examples of such work that stemmed from their findings was the inoculation theory and the social judgement theory . The research was considered a landmark in the development of attitude change and persuasion . Theoretical approaches ( edit ) The Yale attitude change approach is a method of making persuasive communications effective , a study begun by Carl Hovland based on his experiences during World War II attempting to boost morale in US soldiers with propaganda . This study focused on communication - bound predispositions to accept ( or reject ) appeals and unbound attributes , such as tendencies to particular responses to all communications . The Yale group 's research `` stemmed from a variety of theoretical approaches , including , among others , Hull 's learning theory , some motivational hypotheses of Freud and other psychoanalysts , and some of the formulations of Lewin , Sherif , Newcomb , and others '' . The Yale group developed a theoretical structure linking individual attributes and persuasion based on three major factors : the source of the communication , the nature of the communication and the nature of the audience . The approach has a similar structure to Aristotle 's concept of persuasion in his Rhetoric . According to Aristotle , there are three means of persuasion : the character of the speaker , the emotional state of the listener and logos ( the argument itself ) . Contemporary psychologists use the Yale model 's psychological approach and Aristotle 's philosophical approach to examine components of persuasion . Legacy of Yale research on theories and models pertaining to attitude change ( edit ) Influences on McGuire ( edit ) William McGuire ( 1968 ) further broke down Hovland et al. ( 1953 ) message processing stages ( attention , comprehension , acceptance ) into six stages : presentation , attention , comprehension , yielding , retention , and behavior . In summary , McGuire proposed that a message must first be presented , drawn attention to , and then understood and comprehended by the audience . This would cause an attitude change , that must be remembered at a later time to actually influence behavioral changes . McGuire emphasized the importance of reception ( the attention and comprehension stages of the Yale group ) and yielding ( anticipation and critical - evaluation steps ) in his study of individual differences in influencibility . According to McGuire reception was positively related to ability and motivational attributes . Individual attributes also contributed to the yielding stage ( acceptance of the opinion ) . One weakness of the approach is the nature of its steps -- specifically , the yielding step . The approach assumes that the audience 's attitude will change by learning a new message , yet learning does not always result in persuasion . This Information processing paradigm 's heritage lays in the message learning theme and theories that guided the work done on persuasion and attitude change by the Yale Communications program . McGuire is best known for his inoculation theory of exploring resistance to persuasion , which was influenced by the Yale School 's research on the resilience of two - sided messages on opinion acceptance . Influences on dolores Albarracín 's cognition - in - persuasion model ( edit ) The Albarracín model , which is a stage model developed in 2002 , builds off both McGuire 's work and the Yale attitude change approach in regards to the sequence of message processing stages . The study found that message processing may occasionally bypass early stages and takes a step towards addressing the role of processing stages on attitude change . The evidence that people can use processing stages in a different order or even skip a stage altogether was the important acknowledgment of this study . Influences on elaboration likelihood model ( edit ) Another model that stems from the Yale attitude change approach is the elaboration likelihood model which is a contemporary approach to persuasion . Developed by R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo during the late 1980s , the model describes two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change : centrally and peripherally . The central route to persuasion occurs when people have the ability and motivation to listen to a message , think about its arguments and internalize the information . The recipient relies on cognititive responses instead of heuristics when using the central route . The peripheral route to persuasion is used when the recipient has little to no motivation or effort and people are swayed not by the argument itself but by elements secondary to the message ( such as the length of the communication or the attractiveness of the communicator ) . Under the peripheral route , the recipient relies on the context of the situation rather than the information at hand ( i.e. they look at attractiveness in this case or if the person speaking is famous or not ) . Influences on other theories ( edit ) Martin Bauer views the Yale approach from a slightly - different angle . In 2008 , he argued that persuasion can not focus only on the social influence of intersubjectivity ( the sharing of subjective states by two or more individuals ) but must include inter-objectivity ( the understandings shared by individuals about social reality ) . Using the concept of the fait accompli ( a completed , irreversible `` done deal '' ) , Bauer described artifacts such as nuclear power , information technology and genetic engineering as types of social influence . Empirical findings : modern Studies exploring factors contributing to persuasion and influence ( edit ) Research on external factors which influence individual 's attitude has a strong focus on marketing strategy applications . Advances in technology have made mass media pervasive , communications is a $400 billion plus industry . The average American watches 38,000 commercials a year . There is vast financial gains in benefiting from studies examining the factors surrounding source credibility , communicator attractiveness , message context , and mood on persuasion and attitude change . Applications in marketing ( edit ) Source credibility and experience claims in Consumer advertisement ( edit ) `` Prepurchase Attribute Verifiability , Source Credibility , and Persuasion '' , a study by Shailendra Jain and Steven Posavac , examined the role message origin plays in the likelihood that a recipient will believe the message in an advertisement . Advertisements for mountain bikes and cameras were studied ; consumers were asked their overall reaction to search claims ( claims which can be statistically proven ) and experience claims ( testimonials ) . The credibility of the claims was also compared . Participants were shown advertisements for each of the products and asked questions about the advertisements , which contained search or experience claims . The search claim for the mountain bike was its weight , the experience claim was its ease of control . The search claim for the camera was its compactness and the experience claim was its photo quality . The results indicated that consumers were more likely to believe ( and be satisfied with ) claims if they thought the source was trustworthy or had experience with the product . They were more likely to believe advertisements with concrete evidence behind the claims , such as the weight of the bike or the compactness of the camera . The study demonstrates that the credibility of a source correlates with its ability to persuade . Persuasion ( edit ) Attractiveness as an influence on opinion change and persuasion ( edit ) `` An Attribution Analysis of Communicator Characteristics on Opinion Change : the Case of Communicator Attractiveness '' , a study by Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken , examined the effects of attractiveness and message content on persuasion . Eagly and Chaiken surveyed undergraduate students on communicators ' attractiveness and whether they were persuaded to adopt the speaker 's position ( desirable or undesirable ) on a topic . Students were asked to predict the speaker 's position before hearing the message . The study showed that participants were more likely to be persuaded by an attractive speaker to take an undesirable position on a topic than by an unattractive speaker . However , they were equally likely to be persuaded to take a desirable position on a topic by attractive and unattractive speakers . Participants were more likely to agree with attractive speakers in general and more likely to agree with any speaker discussing a desirable position on a topic . More attractive individuals are more persuasive than individuals perceived as less attractive . Message content affects believability ; desirable messages are more believable than undesirable ones . Acceptance of message by recipient ( edit ) Hovland states another set of factors that impact attitude change , specifically , in order for the communication to be accepted by the recipient . One such factor is the prestige of the medium on which the message is communicated with . One medium may be more prestigeful than others . Most importantly , `` prestige for whom ? '' is important to specify since certain mediums may be more prestigeful for certain segments of the population . Accordingly , how the medium differs in credibility affects the prestige of the medium ; a medium judged by an individual to be the most trustworthy may be the most effective . A second factor which may affect the comparison of media is the extent of social interaction . In a study by Knower ( 1935 ) , hearing a speech when a member of an audience is less effective than hearing it individually . Conversely , a study by Cantril and Allport ( 1935 ) suggest that radio may be more effective than print because the individual identifies as part of a larger group of people listening to the same program at the same time . A third factor that affects the likelihood of acceptance of the message by the recipient is the extent to which the medium provides flexibility . Flexibility in this case means the extent to which the medium can canter to special interests and differences in comprehension . Print , for example , is particularly effective by providing for specialized interests and tastes to a greater extent than other mediums . Additionally , a two - way communication network may also induce flexibility . For example , in a political campaign where a two - way communication between the studio and the listener was employed , flexibility was heightened . Accordingly , `` questions raised by the man - in - the - street could thus be answered immediately by the political candidate in the television studio '' Controversy ( edit ) A major issue with the Yale attitude change approach is the fact that it is strictly functional , focusing on a change in attitude and the information processing accompanying it . Other scholars see persuasion as a function of `` communication , social influence , and group processes '' , taking into account other factors such as social influence and the media . A theory proposed by Margarita Sanchez - Mazas focuses on people 's desire for social recognition and dignity . In this model , persuasion is seen as a way to overcome social injustice and achieve recognition and dignity . Sanchez - Mazas examines the roles of majorities and minorities in creating social change , and believes that `` persuasion is a simultaneous , reciprocal process between groups , and specifically between majorities and minorities '' . A persuasion developed by Clelia Nascimento - Schulze emphasizes communication in a complex society . According to Nascimento - Schulze , technology and the media are used to promote science in developing countries . It was determined that the Internet was most successful at transferring scientific knowledge to the public because it contains an optimal amount of visual information and combines art and science in a creative , informative way . Key to this theory is an `` interactive society '' with technology allowing communities to share common values and beliefs , such as the Internet . Another form of public persuasion , studied by Helene Joffe , explores how the media produces visual stimuli which elicit feelings of fear , empathy or disgust . This theory highlights the substantial role of technology in evoking emotion in individuals , focusing on advertising campaigns for health , safety and charities . According to Joffe , visual stimuli lure an audience into a `` state of emotion '' . The Elaboration Likelihood Model is based on the Yale Attitude Approach Model by processing the different outcomes of attitude change . However , there are also claims that they are independent entities that have no connection . Conclusions ( edit ) The model was a major contributor to the development and understanding of attitude change and persuasion , however it is now only one part of many perspectives on persuasion . Research in persuasion is considering the effects of the unconscious , with scholars beginning to explore the possibility of `` priming in inducing non-conscious effects '' . This idea , new to social psychology , is beginning to shed light on the relationship between the individual unconscious and the social environment . The study of persuasion has always been an integral part of social psychology with the focus slowly moving from attitude change and behavior modification to communications , literature , art and the other humanities . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aronson , Elliot , Timothy D. Wilson , and Robin M. Akert . Social Psychology . Upper Saddle River , N.J : Pearson Education , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The Yale Approach '' . cios.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Carl I. Hovland , Irving L. Janis , and Harold H. Kelley `` Communication and Persuasion : Psychological Studies of Opinion Change '' New Haven : Yale UP , 1953 Print . Jump up ^ CARL I. HOVLAND , WALTER WEISS ; The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness , Public Opinion Quarterly , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , 1 January 1951 , Pages 635 -- 650 , Jump up ^ Haugtvedt , Curtis P. ; Wegener , Duane T. ( 1994 ) . `` Message Order Effects in Persuasion : An Attitude Strength Perspective '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 21 : 205 . doi : 10.1086 / 209393 . ^ Jump up to : Petty , R.E. , & Wegener , D.T. ( 1999 ) . The elaboration likelihood model : Current status and controversies . In S. Chaiken & Y . Trope ( Eds . ) , Dual - process theories in social psychology ( pp. 37 - 72 ) . New York : Guilford Press . ^ Jump up to : DEMİRDÖĞEN , Ülkü D. ( 2010 ) . `` The Roots of Research in ( political ) Persuasion : Ethos , Pathos , Logos and the Yale Studies of Persuasive Communications '' . International Journal of Social Inquiry. 3 . ^ Jump up to : R. , , Maio , Gregory . The Psychology of Attitudes & Attitude Change . Haddock , Geoffrey , ( Second ed . ) . Los Angeles . ISBN 9781446272268 . OCLC 897446271 . ^ Jump up to : Hovland , Carl Iver ; Lumsdaine , Arthur A. ; Sheffield , Fred D. ( 1949 ) . Experiments on Mass Communication . Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Marková , Ivana ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Persuasion and Social Psychology '' . Diogenes. 55 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 8 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192107087912 . ^ Jump up to : 1934 - 2002. , Kiesler , Charles A. , ( 1969 ) . Attitude change ; a critical analysis of theoretical approaches . Collins , Barry E. , , Miller , Norman , 1933 - . New York , : Wiley . ISBN 0471474657 . OCLC 2593 . Jump up ^ Hovland , Carl I. ; Weiss , Walter ( 1951 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness '' . Public Opinion Quarterly . 15 ( 4 ) : 635 . doi : 10.1086 / 266350 . ISSN 0033 - 362X . Jump up ^ Janis , Irving L. ; Feshbach , Seymour ( 1953 ) . `` Effects of fear - arousing communications '' . The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 48 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 92 . doi : 10.1037 / h0060732 . ^ Jump up to : Lumsdaine , Arthur A. ; Janis , Irving L. ( 1953 ) . `` Resistance to `` Counterpropaganda '' Produced by One - Sided and Two - Sided `` Propaganda '' Presentations `` . The Public Opinion Quarterly . 17 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 318 . doi : 10.1086 / 266464 . JSTOR 2746134 . Jump up ^ Hovland , Carl I. ; Mandell , Wallace ( 1952 ) . `` An experimental comparison of conclusion - drawing by the communicator and by the audience '' . The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 47 ( 3 ) : 581 -- 588 . doi : 10.1037 / h0059833 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Harold H. ; Volkart , Edmund H. ( 1952 ) . `` The Resistance to Change of Group - Anchored Attitudes '' . American Sociological Review . 17 ( 4 ) : 453 -- 465 . doi : 10.2307 / 2088001 . JSTOR 2088001 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of communication theory . Littlejohn , Stephen W. , Foss , Karen A. , Sage Publications. , Sage eReference ( Online service ) . Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage. 2009 . ISBN 9781412959377 . OCLC 310834032 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of communication theory . Littlejohn , Stephen W. , Foss , Karen A. , Sage Publications. , Sage eReference ( Online service ) . Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage. 2009 . ISBN 1412959373 . OCLC 310834032 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , F.P. ( 1954 ) . `` Communication and persuasion '' . Psychological Bulletin . 51 ( 4 ) : 438 -- 439 . doi : 10.1037 / h0050834 . Jump up ^ Demi̇rdöğen , Ülkü D . The Roots of Research in ( political ) Persuasion : Ethos , Pathos , Logos and the Yale Studies of Persuasive Communications . Jump up ^ McGuire , W.J. ( 1968 ) . Personality and attitude change : An information - processing theory . In A.G. Greenwood , T.C. Brock , & T.M. Ostrom , Psychological Foundations of Attitudes . New York : Academic Press , 171 - 196 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Nancy ; Wood , Wendy ( 1992 ) . `` Self - esteem and intelligence affect influenceability : The mediating role of message reception '' . Psychological Bulletin . 111 ( 1 ) : 156 -- 171 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.111. 1.156 . Jump up ^ Benoit , W.L. ( n.d. ) . The yale approach . In Electronic Encyclopedia of Communication . Communication Institute for Online Scholarship . Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/encyclopedia/persuasion/Byale_approach1.htm Jump up ^ Social psychology : handbook of basic principles . Higgins , E. Tory ( Edward Tory ) , 1946 - , Kruglanski , Arie W. New York : Guilford Press . 1996 . ISBN 9781572301009 . OCLC 34731629 . Jump up ^ Bauer , M.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Social Influence by Artefacts '' . Diogenes. 55 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 83 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192107087918 . ^ Jump up to : R. , Pratkanis , Anthony ( 2001 ) . Age of propaganda : the everyday use and abuse of persuasion . Aronson , Elliot . ( Rev. ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 9780805074031 . OCLC 36695300 . ^ Jump up to : Pratap Jain , Shailendra ; Posavac , Steven S. ( 2001 ) . `` Prepurchase Attribute Verifiability , Source Credibility , and Persuasion '' . Journal of Consumer Psychology . 11 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 180 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327663jcp1103_03 . ^ Jump up to : Eagly , Alice H. ; Chaiken , Shelly ( 1975 ) . `` An Attribution Analysis of Communicator Characteristics On Opinion Change : the Case of Communicator Attractiveness '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 32 ( 1 ) : 136 -- 44 . doi : 10.1037 / h0076850 . ^ Jump up to : Lindzey , G. ( 1954 ) . Handbook of social psychology ( Vol. 11 , Chapter 28 , p , 1083 ) . Cambridge , Mass : Addison - Wesley Jump up ^ Markova , I ( 2008 ) . `` Persuasion and Social Psychology '' . Diogenes. 55 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 8 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192107087912 . Jump up ^ Sanchez - Mazas , M ( 2008 ) . `` Violence or Persuasion ? Denial of Recognition and Opportunities for Action in Contemporary Societies '' . Diogenes. 55 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 106 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192107087920 . Jump up ^ Nascimento - Schulze , C.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Science and Society : To Indicate , to Motivate or to Persuade ? '' . Diogenes. 55 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 42 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192107087923 . Jump up ^ Joffe , H ( 2008 ) . `` The Power of Visual Material : Persuasion , Emotion and Identification '' . Diogenes. 55 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192107087919 . Jump up ^ Bargh , John A ( 2006 ) . `` What Have We Been Priming All These Years ? On the Development , Mechanisms , and Ecology of Nonconscious Social Behavior '' . European Journal of Social Psychology . 36 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 68 . doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 336 . Jump up ^ Correia Jesuino , J ( 2008 ) . `` Lost in Translation : From Influence to Persuasion '' . Diogenes. 55 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 19 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192107087921 . External links ( edit ) `` Persuasion '' by William L. Benoit , Ph. D . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yale_attitude_change_approach&oldid=826286564 '' Categories : Attitude change Communication Motivation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 08 : 03 . About Wikipedia
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1. Yale attitude change approach
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the demand for natural resources is a derived demand
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Derived demand - Wikipedia Derived demand Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2015 ) In economics derived demand is demand for a factor of production or intermediate good that occurs as a result of the demand for another intermediate or Economics help - Derived In essence , the demand for one is dependent on that whose demand its demand is derived from . For example , if the demand for a good such as wheat increases , then this leads to an increase in the demand for labour . For another example , demand for steel leads to derived demand for steel workers , as steel workers are necessary for the production of steel . As the demand for steel increases , so does its price . The increase in price means manufacturers of steel can gain more in revenue if they produce more steel , thus leading to a higher demand for the resources involved in producing steel . Demand for transport is another good example of derived demand , as users of transport are very often consuming the service not because they benefit from consumption directly ( except in cases such as pleasure cruises ) , but because they wish to partake in other consumption elsewhere . Derived demand applies to both consumers and producers . Producers have a derived demand for employees . The employees themselves do not appear in the employer 's utility function ; rather , they enable employers to profit by fulfilling the demand by consumers for their product . Clearly , the demand for labour is a derived demand from the demand for goods and services . Another example is farm production and the demand for fertilizer . The demand for farm crops leads to the demand for fertilizer with which to grow them . This is similar to the concept of joint demand or complementary goods , the quantity consumed of one of them depending positively on the quantity of the other consumed . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Economics help - Derived Demand External links ( edit ) Theory of Demand - Tutor2u This economic term article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derived_demand&oldid=746972006 '' Categories : Transport Demand Economic terminology stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia 日本 語 Русский Simple English Slovenščina Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2016 , at 18 : 08 . About Wikipedia
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how many green berets are in the army
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Special Forces ( United States Army ) - wikipedia Special Forces ( United States Army ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Green Berets '' redirects here . For other uses , see Green Berets ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. Army Special Forces <Td_colspan="2"> 1st Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) combat service identification badge Active 19 June 1952 -- present Country United States of America Branch United States Army Type Special operations force Role Primary missions : Unconventional warfare Foreign internal defense Special reconnaissance Direct action Counter-terrorism Other roles : Counter-proliferation Counter-insurgency Hostage rescue Information operations Humanitarian missions Counter-narcotics Security forces assistance Part of 1st Special Forces Command Headquarters Fort Bragg , North Carolina Nickname ( s ) Green Berets , Quiet Professionals , Soldier - Diplomats , Snake Eaters , Bearded Bastards Motto ( s ) De Oppresso Liber Color of Beret Rifle - green Engagements World War II Korean War Cold War Laotian Civil War Dominican Civil War Vietnam War Salvadoran Civil War Operation Urgent Fury Operation Just Cause Gulf War Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Uphold Democracy Bosnian War Kosovo War War On Terror Operation Enduring Freedom Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Operation Inherent Resolve Operation Freedom 's Sentinel Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Operation Atlantic Resolve Website www.army.mil/usasoc/ The United States Army Special Forces , colloquially known as the Green Berets due to their distinctive service headgear , are a special operations force tasked with five primary missions : unconventional warfare ( the original and most important mission of Special Forces ) , foreign internal defense , special reconnaissance , direct action , and counter-terrorism . The first two emphasize language , cultural , and training skills in working with foreign troops . Other duties include combat search and rescue ( CSAR ) , counter-narcotics , counter-proliferation , hostage rescue , humanitarian assistance , humanitarian demining , information operations , peacekeeping , psychological operations , security assistance , and manhunts ; other components of the United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) or other U.S. government activities may also specialize in these secondary areas . Many of their operational techniques are classified , but some nonfiction works and doctrinal manuals are available . As special operations units , Special Forces are not necessarily under the command authority of the ground commanders in those countries . Instead , while in theater , SF units may report directly to a geographic combatant command , USSOCOM , or other command authorities . The Central Intelligence Agency 's ( CIA ) highly secretive Special Activities Division ( SAD ) and more specifically its Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits from the Army 's Special Forces . Joint CIA -- Army Special Forces operations go back to the MACV - SOG branch during the Vietnam War . The cooperation still exists today and is seen in the War in Afghanistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission 2 History 3 Organizational structure 3.1 Special Forces groups 3.2 Battalion HQ Element -- SF Operational Detachment - C ( SFODC ) composition 3.3 Company HQ Element -- SF Operational Detachment - B ( SFODB ) composition 3.4 Basic Element -- SF Operational Detachment - A ( SFODA ) composition 4 Qualifications 5 Selection and training 6 Special Forces MOS descriptions 7 Uniforms and insignia 7.1 The Green Beret 7.2 Distinctive Unit Insignia 7.3 Shoulder Sleeve Insignia 7.4 The Tab 8 Use of the term `` Special Forces '' 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Mission ( edit ) U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers from the 3rd Special Forces Group patrol a field in the Gulistan district of Farah , Afghanistan The primary mission of the Army Special Forces is to train and lead unconventional warfare ( UW ) forces , or a clandestine guerrilla force in an occupied nation . The 10th Special Forces Group was the first deployed SF unit , intended to train and lead UW forces behind enemy lines in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe . As the U.S. became involved in Southeast Asia , it was realized that specialists trained to lead guerrillas could also help defend against hostile guerrillas , so SF acquired the additional mission of Foreign Internal Defense ( FID ) , working with Host Nation ( HN ) forces in a spectrum of counter-guerrilla activities from indirect support to combat command . Special Forces personnel qualify both in advanced military skills and the regional languages and cultures of defined parts of the world . While they are best known for their unconventional warfare capabilities , they also undertake other missions that include direct action raids , peace operations , counter-proliferation , counter-drug advisory roles , and other strategic missions . As strategic resources , they report either to USSOCOM or to a regional Unified Combatant Command . To enhance their DA capability , specific Commanders In - Extremis Force ( CIF ) teams were created with a focus on the direct action side of special operations . SF team members work closely together and rely on one another under isolated circumstances for long periods of time , both during extended deployments and in garrison . Because of this , they develop clannish relationships and long - standing personal ties . SF non-commissioned officers ( NCO ) often spend their entire careers in Special Forces , rotating among assignments to detachments , higher staff billets , liaison positions , and instructor duties at the U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( USAJFKSWCS ) . They are then required to move to staff positions or to higher command echelons . With the creation of USSOCOM , SF commanders have risen to the highest ranks of U.S. Army command , including command of USSOCOM , the Army 's Chief of Staff , and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Army Special Forces ODA 525 team picture taken shortly before infiltration in Iraq , February 1991 Special Forces traces its roots as the Army 's premier proponent of unconventional warfare from purpose - formed special operations units like the Alamo Scouts , Philippine guerrillas , First Special Service Force , and the Operational Groups ( OGs ) of the Office of Strategic Services . Although the OSS was not an Army organization , many Army personnel were assigned to the OSS and later used their experiences to influence the forming of Special Forces . During the Korean War , individuals such as former Philippine guerrilla commanders Col. Wendell Fertig and Lt. Col. Russell W. Volckmann used their wartime experience to formulate the doctrine of unconventional warfare that became the cornerstone of the Special Forces . In 1951 , Major General Robert A. McClure chose former OSS member Colonel Aaron Bank as Operations Branch Chief of the Special Operations Division of the Psychological Warfare Staff ( OCPW ) in the Pentagon . In June 1952 , the 10th Special Forces Group ( Airborne ) was formed under Col. Aaron Bank , soon after the establishment of the Psychological Warfare School , which ultimately became today 's John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School . The 10th Special Forces Group ( Airborne ) was split , with the cadre that kept the designation 10th SFG deployed to Bad Tölz , Germany , in September 1953 . The remaining cadre at Fort Bragg formed the 77th Special Forces Group , which in May 1960 was reorganized and designated as today 's 7th Special Forces Group . Since their establishment in 1952 , Special Forces soldiers have operated in Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos , North Vietnam , Guatemala , Nicaragua , El Salvador , Colombia , Panama , Haiti , Somalia , Bosnia , Kosovo , 1st Gulf War , Afghanistan , Iraq , the Philippines , Syria , Niger and , in an FID role , East Africa . Organizational structure ( edit ) 1st Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) Special Forces Groups ( edit ) Soldiers from each of the Army 's seven Special Forces groups ( note seven different colors of beret patches ) at the gravesite of President John F. Kennedy in November 2011 . Soldiers from the 7th Special Forces Group In 1957 the two original special forces groups ( 10th and 77th ) were joined by the 1st , stationed in the Far East . Additional groups were formed in 1961 and 1962 after President John F. Kennedy visited the Special Forces at Fort Bragg in 1961 . Nine groups were organized for the reserve components in 1961 . ( Tsouras , 1994 , 91 ) . Among them were the 16th and 17th Special Forces Groups . However , 17th Special Forces Group , a National Guard formation with elements in Washington , was disestablished on 31 January 1966 . In the early twenty - first century , Special Forces are divided into five active duty ( AD ) and two Army National Guard ( ARNG ) Special Forces groups . Each Special Forces Group ( SFG ) has a specific regional focus . The Special Forces soldiers assigned to these groups receive intensive language and cultural training for countries within their regional area of responsibility ( AOR ) . Due to the increased need for Special Forces soldiers in the War on Terror , all Groups -- including those of the National Guard ( 19th and 20th SFGs ) -- have been deployed outside of their areas of operation ( AOs ) , particularly to Iraq and Afghanistan . A recently released report showed Special Forces as perhaps the most deployed SOF under USSOCOM , with many soldiers , regardless of Group , serving up to 75 % of their careers overseas , almost all of which had been to Iraq and Afghanistan . Until recently an SF group has consisted of three battalions , but since the Department of Defense has authorized the 1st Special Forces Command to increase its authorized strength by one third , a fourth battalion was activated in each active component group by 2012 . Current structure of the 1st SFG ( A ) Current structure of the 3rd SFG ( A ) Current structure of the 5th SFG ( A ) Current structure of the 7th SFG ( A ) Current structure of the 10th SFG ( A ) Current structure of the 20th NG SFG ( A ) A Special Forces group is historically assigned to a Unified Combatant Command or a theater of operations . The Special Forces Operational Detachment C or C - detachment ( SFODC ) is responsible for a theater or a major subcomponent , which can provide command and control of up to 18 SFODAs , three SFODB , or a mixture of the two . Subordinate to it are the Special Forces Operational Detachment Bs or B - detachments ( SFODB ) , which can provide command and control for six SFODAs . Further subordinate , the SFODAs typically raise company - to battalion - sized units when on unconventional warfare missions . They can form 6 - man `` split A '' detachments that are often used for special reconnaissance . Insignia Group 1st Special Forces Group -- Headquartered at Joint Base Lewis -- McChord , Washington along with its 2nd , 3rd , and 4th Battalions , its 1st Battalion is forward deployed at Torii Station , Okinawa . The 1SFGA is oriented towards the Pacific region , and is often tasked by PACOM . Currently , 1SFGA and two of its battalions spend roughly six months out of every twelve deployed on a rotational basis to either Iraq as Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Arabian Peninsula , to Afghanistan as Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Afghanistan , or to the Philippines as Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Philippines . 3rd Special Forces Group -- Headquartered at Fort Bragg , North Carolina . The 3SFGA is theoretically oriented towards all of Sub-Saharan Africa with the exception of the Eastern Horn of Africa , i.e. AFRICOM . In practice , 3SFGA and two of its battalions spend roughly six months out of every twelve deployed to Afghanistan as Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Afghanistan . 5th Special Forces Group -- Headquartered at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . The 5SFGA is oriented towards the Middle East , Persian Gulf , Central Asia and the Horn of Africa ( HOA ) , and is frequently tasked by CENTCOM . Currently , 5SFGA and two of its battalions spend roughly six months out of every twelve deployed to Iraq as Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Arabian Peninsula . 7th Special Forces Group -- Headquartered at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida . The 7SFG ( A ) is oriented towards the western hemisphere : South America , Central America , and the Caribbean ( i.e. the USSOUTHCOM AOR ) . Although not aligned , the 7SFG ( A ) has also supported USNORTHCOM activities in its AOR . In practice , 7SFG ( A ) and two of its battalions spend roughly six months out of every twelve deployed to Afghanistan as Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Afghanistan . In 2011 , 7SFG ( A ) relocated from Fort Bragg , North Carolina to Eglin Air Force Base , Florida as part of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure ( BRAC ) round . 10th Special Forces Group -- Headquartered at Fort Carson , Colorado along with its 2nd , 3rd and newly added 4th Battalions , its 1st Battalion is forward deployed in the Panzer Kaserne ( Panzer Barracks ) in Böblingen near Stuttgart , Germany . The 10SFGA is theoretically oriented towards Europe , mainly Central and Eastern Europe , the Balkans , Turkey , Israel , Lebanon and Northern Africa , i.e. EUCOM . In practice , 10SFGA and two of its battalions spend roughly six months out of every twelve deployed to Iraq as Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Arabian Peninsula . 19th Special Forces Group -- One of two National Guard Special Forces Groups . Headquartered in Draper , Utah , with companies in Washington , West Virginia , Ohio , Rhode Island , Colorado , California , and Texas , the 19SFGA is oriented towards Southwest Asia ( shared with 5SFGA ) , Europe ( shared with 10SFGA ) , as well as Southeast Asia ( shared with 1SFGA ) . 20th Special Forces Group -- One of two National Guard Special Forces Groups . Headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , with battalions in Alabama ( 1st Battalion ) , Mississippi ( 2nd Battalion ) , and Florida ( 3rd Battalion ) , with assigned Companies and Detachments in North Carolina ; Chicago ; Louisville , Kentucky ; Western Massachusetts ; and Baltimore . The 20SFGA has an area of responsibility ( AOR ) covering 32 countries , including Latin America south of Mexico , the waters , territories , and nations in the Caribbean sea , the Gulf of Mexico , and the southwestern Atlantic Ocean . Orientation towards the region is shared with 7SFGA . Inactive Groups 6th Special Forces Group -- Active from 1963 to 1971 . Based at Ft . Bragg , North Carolina . Assigned to Southwest Asia ( Iraq , Iran , etc . ) and Southeast Asia . Many of the 103 original Son tay raider volunteers were from 6SFGA . 8th Special Forces Group -- Active from 1963 to 1972 . Responsible for training armies of Latin America in counter-insurgency tactics . 11th Special Forces Group -- Active from 1961 to 1994 . 12th Special Forces Group -- Active from 1961 to 1994 . Battalion hq element -- SF Operational Detachment - C ( SFODC ) composition ( edit ) The SFODC , or `` C - Team '' , is the headquarters element of a Special Forces battalion . As such , it is a command and control unit with operations , training , signals and logistic support responsibilities to its three subordinate line companies . A lieutenant colonel commands the battalion as well as the C - Team , and the battalion Command Sergeant Major is the senior NCO of the battalion and the C - Team . There are an additional 20 -- 30 SF personnel who fill key positions in operations , logistics , intelligence , communications and medical . A Special Forces battalion usually consists of four companies : `` A '' , `` B '' , `` C '' , and Headquarters / Support . Company hq element -- SF Operational Detachment - B ( SFODB ) composition ( edit ) A Special Forces company commander meets with village elders and members of the 209th ANA Corps in Helmand Province , Afghanistan , 2007 . The ODB , or `` B - Team '' , is the headquarters element of a Special Forces company , and it is usually composed of 11 -- 13 soldiers . While the A-team typically conducts direct operations , the purpose of the B - Team is to support the company 's A-Teams both in garrison and in the field . When deployed , in line with their support role , B - Teams are usually found in more secure rear areas . However , under some circumstances a B - Team will deploy into a hostile area , usually to coordinate the activities of multiple A-Teams . The ODB is led by an 18A , usually a major , who is the company commander ( CO ) . The CO is assisted by his company executive officer ( XO ) , another 18A , usually a captain . The XO is himself assisted by a company technician , a 180A , generally a chief warrant officer three , who assists in the direction of the organization , training , intelligence , counter-intelligence , and operations for the company and its detachments . The company commander is assisted by the company sergeant major , an 18Z , usually a Sergeant Major . A second 18Z acts as the operations sergeant , usually a Master Sergeant , who assists the XO and technician in their operational duties . He has an 18F assistant operations sergeant , who is usually a Sergeant First Class . The company 's support comes from an 18D medical sergeant , usually a Sergeant First Class , and two 18E communications sergeants , usually a Sergeant First Class and a Staff Sergeant . The following jobs are outside of the Special Forces 18 - series career management field ( CMF ) , but hold positions on a Special Forces B - Team . Soldiers in these positions are not `` Special Forces qualified '' , as they have not completed the Special Forces Qualification Course ( SFQC or `` Q '' Course ) ; however , they do have the potential to be awarded the Special Qualification Identifier ( SQI ) `` S '' ( Special Operations / Special Operations Support ) once they complete the appropriate unit level training , 24 months with their Special Forces unit , and Basic Airborne School : The supply NCO , usually a Staff Sergeant , the commander 's principal logistical planner , works with the battalion S - 4 to supply the company . The Chemical , Biological , Radiological , Nuclear ( CBRN defence ) NCO , usually a Sergeant , maintains and operates the company 's NBC detection and decontamination equipment , and assists in administering NBC defensive measures . Other jobs can also exist depending on the B - Team structure . Specialist team members can include I.T. ( S - 6 ) personnel , and Military Intelligence Soldiers , including Intelligence Analysts ( 35F ) , Human Intelligence Collectors ( 35M ) , Signals Intelligence ( 35 N / P - also known as SOT - A and SOT - B as related to their positions on SFODA and SFODB teams ) , Intelligence Officers ( 35 D / E / F ) , and Counterintelligence Special Agents ( 35L / 351L ) . Basic element -- SF Operational Detachment - a ( SFODA ) composition ( edit ) A Special Forces company normally consists of six ODAs ( Operational Detachments - A ) or `` A-Teams '' . Each ODA specializes in an infiltration skill or a particular mission - set ( e.g. Military Freefall ( HALO ) , combat diving , mountain warfare , maritime operations , etc . ) . An ODA is identified by its group , battalion , company , and the team itself . For example , ODA 1234 would be the fourth team in the third company of the second battalion of 1st Special Forces Group . An ODA consists of 12 men , each of whom has a specific function ( MOS or Military Occupational Specialty ) on the team , however all members of an ODA conduct cross-training . The ODA is led by an 18A ( Detachment Commander ) , a Captain , and a 180A ( Assistant Detachment Commander ) who is his second in command , usually a Warrant Officer One or Chief Warrant Officer Two . The team also includes the following enlisted men : one 18Z ( Operations Sergeant ) ( known as the `` Team Sergeant '' ) , usually a Master Sergeant , one 18F ( Assistant Operations and Intelligence Sergeant ) , usually a Sergeant First Class , and two each , 18Bs ( Weapons Sergeant ) , 18Cs ( Engineer Sergeant ) , 18Ds ( Medical Sergeant ) , and 18Es ( Communications Sergeant ) , usually Sergeants First Class , Staff Sergeants or Sergeants . This organization facilitates 6 - man `` split team '' operations , redundancy , and mentoring between a senior NCO and his junior assistant . Qualifications ( edit ) Two Army National Guardsmen from the 2nd Battalion , 19th Special Forces Group check their course with compasses during a training exercise in 2011 The basic eligibility requirements to be considered for entry into the Special Forces are : Be age 20 -- 30 . Be a U.S. citizen . Be a high school graduate . Score a General Technical score of 110 or higher and a combat operation score of 98 on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery . Airborne qualified or volunteer for Airborne training Achieve a minimum of 60 points on each event and overall minimum score of 240 on the Army Physical Fitness Test . Meet medical fitness standards as outlined in SF Physical IAW AR 40 - 501 Must successfully complete the Pre-Basic Task list . Eligible for a secret security clearance Swim 50m wearing boots and ACUs prior to SFQC Must have 20 / 20 or corrected to 20 / 20 in both near and distant vision in both eyes . One year of college is preferred , but it is not mandatory for enlistment . Selection and training ( edit ) Main article : United States Army Special Forces selection and training This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Special Forces candidate conducts a pre-mission rehearsal with Army ROTC cadets role playing guerrilla fighters during ROBIN SAGE . The Special Forces soldier trains on a regular basis over the course of his entire career . The initial formal training program for entry into Special Forces is divided into four phases collectively known as the Special Forces Qualification Course or , informally , the `` Q Course '' . The length of the Q Course changes depending on the applicant 's primary job field within Special Forces and his assigned foreign language capability , but will usually last between 55 and 95 weeks . After successfully completing the Special Forces Qualification Course , Special Forces soldiers are then eligible for many advanced skills courses . These include , but are not limited to , the Military Free Fall Parachutist Course ( MFF ) , the Combat Diver Qualification Course , and the Special Forces Sniper Course ( SFSC ) . Special Forces MOS descriptions ( edit ) 18A -- Special Forces Officer 180A -- Special Forces Warrant Officer 18B -- Special Forces Weapons Sergeant 18C -- Special Forces Engineer Sergeant 18D -- Special Forces Medical Sergeant 18E -- Special Forces Communications Sergeant 18F -- Special Forces Intelligence Sergeant 18X -- Special Forces Candidate ( Active Duty Enlistment Option ) 18Z -- Special Forces Operations Sergeant Uniforms and insignia ( edit ) The Green Beret ( edit ) Special Forces soldiers receive water safety instruction on a US Naval ship near Okinawa , Japan in 1956 , wearing their green berets Special Forces soldiers participate in graduation ceremony in Tegucigalpa , Honduras in 2014 , wearing their green berets U.S. Army Special Forces adopted the green beret unofficially in 1954 after searching for a piece of headgear that would set them visually apart . Members of the 77th SFG began searching through their accumulated berets and settled on the Rifle Green color from Captain Miguel de la Peña 's collection . Captain Frank Dallas had the new beret designed and produced in small numbers for the members of the 10th & 77th Special Forces Groups . Their new headdress was first worn at a retirement parade at Fort Bragg on 12 June 1955 for Lieutenant General Joseph P. Cleland , the now - former commander of the XVIII Airborne Corps . Onlookers thought that the commandos were a foreign delegation from NATO . In 1956 General Paul D. Adams , the post commander at Fort Bragg , banned the wearing of the distinctive headdress , ( although members of the Special Forces continued to wear it surreptitiously ) . This was reversed on September 25 , 1961 by Department of the Army Message 578636 , which designated the green beret as the exclusive headdress of the Army Special Forces . In 1961 , President John F. Kennedy authorized them for use exclusively by the U.S. Special Forces . Preparing for a 12 October visit to the Special Warfare Center at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , the President sent word to the Center 's commander , Colonel William P. Yarborough , for all Special Forces soldiers to wear green berets as part of the event . The President felt that since they had a special mission , Special Forces should have something to set them apart from the rest . In 1962 , he called the green beret `` a symbol of excellence , a badge of courage , a mark of distinction in the fight for freedom '' . Forrest Lindley , a writer for the newspaper Stars and Stripes who served with Special Forces in Vietnam said of Kennedy 's authorization : `` It was President Kennedy who was responsible for the rebuilding of the Special Forces and giving us back our Green Beret . People were sneaking around wearing ( them ) when conventional forces were n't in the area and it was sort of a cat and mouse game . Then Kennedy authorized the Green Beret as a mark of distinction , everybody had to scramble around to find berets that were really green . We were bringing them down from Canada . Some were handmade , with the dye coming out in the rain '' . Kennedy 's actions created a special bond with the Special Forces , with specific traditions carried out since his funeral , when a sergeant in charge of a detail of Special Forces soldiers guarding the grave placed his beret on the coffin . The moment was repeated at a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of JFK 's death -- General Michael D. Healy ( ret . ) , the last commander of Special Forces in Vietnam and later a commander of the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School , spoke at Arlington Cemetery , after which a wreath in the form of a green beret was placed on Kennedy 's grave . Distinctive unit insignia ( edit ) Special Forces distinctive unit insignia On a wreath of the colors ( Argent and Sable ) , two arrows saltire-wise Argent -- that is , two silver arrows crossed with a dagger , also silver , above them , surrounded by a black ribbon . The regimental crest is taken from the gold crossed arrow collar ( branch ) beret insignia of the First Special Service Force , an American - Canadian commando unit organized in 1942 for World War II . The crest was changed to silver to create visual harmony with the shield , as well as to make a difference from the collar insignia . A silver color metal and enamel device 1 ⁄ inches ( 2.9 cm ) in height consisting of a pair of silver arrows in saltire , points up and surmounted at their junction by a silver dagger with black handle point up ; all over and between a black motto scroll arcing to base and inscribed `` DE OPPRESSO LIBER '' in silver letters . The motto , De oppresso liber , is traditionally but incorrectly thought to mean `` To Free the Oppressed '' . A correct translation of the phrase de oppresso liber would be `` from ( being ) an oppressed man , ( to being ) a free one '' ... This distinctive unit insignia was approved on 8 July 1960 . The insignia of the 1st Special Forces was authorized to be worn by enlisted personnel of the U.S. Army Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) and its subordinate units since at least 1965 . Shoulder sleeve insignia ( edit ) SSI of 1st Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) and its Special Forces Groups The US Army 's 1st Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) shoulder sleeve insignia ( SSI ) is worn by all those assigned to the command and its subordinate units that have not been authorized their own SSI , such as the Special Forces Groups . According to the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry , the shape and items depicted in the SSI have special meaning : `` The arrowhead alludes to the American Indian 's basic skills in which Special Forces personnel are trained to a high degree . The dagger represents the unconventional nature of Special Forces operations , and the three lightning flashes , their ability to strike rapidly by air , water or land . '' The SSI was originally approved on 22 August 1955 and was amended to add an Airborne Tab on 20 November 1958 . The SSI was authorized to be worn by personnel of the U.S. Army Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) and its subordinate units not currently authorized an SSI of their own on 7 March 1991 . This SSI was eventually reauthorized on 27 October 2016 , to reflect the renaming of the command to 1st Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) . The Tab ( edit ) Special Forces Qualification Tab Introduced in June 1983 , the Special Forces Tab is a service school qualification tab awarded to soldiers who complete one of the Special Forces Qualification Courses . Unlike the Green Beret , soldiers who are awarded the Special Forces Tab are authorized to wear it for the remainder of their military careers , even when not serving with Special Operations units . The cloth tab is an olive drab arc tab 3 1 / 4 inches ( 8.26 cm ) in length and 11 / 16 inch ( 1.75 cm ) in height overall , the designation `` SPECIAL FORCES '' in black letters 5 / 16 inch (. 79 cm ) in height and is worn on the left sleeve of utility uniforms above a unit 's Shoulder Sleeve Insignia and below the President 's Hundred Tab ( if so awarded ) . The metal Special Forces Tab replica comes in two sizes , full and dress miniature . The full size version measures 5 / 8 inch ( 1.59 cm ) in height and 1 9 / 16 inches ( 3.97 cm ) in width . The miniature version measures 1 / 4 inch (. 64 cm ) in height and 1 inch ( 2.54 cm ) in width . Both are teal blue with yellow border trim and letters and are worn above or below ribbons or medals on the Army Service Uniform . Award Eligibility : Basic Eligibility Criteria . Any person meeting one of the criteria below may be awarded the Special Forces ( SF ) tab : Successful completion of U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( USAJFKSWCS ) approved Active Army ( AA ) institutional training leading to SF qualification . Successful completion of a USAJFKSWCS approved Reserve Component ( RC ) SF qualification program . Successful completion of an authorized unit administered SF qualification program . Active Component institutional training . The SF Tab may be awarded to all personnel who meet the following : For successful completion of the Special Forces Qualification Course or Special Forces Detachment Officer Qualification Course ( previously known as the Special Forces Officer Course ) . These courses are / were conducted by the USAJFKSWC ( previously known as the U.S. Army Institute for Military Assistance ) . Prior to 1 January 1988 , for successful completion of the then approved program of instruction for Special Forces qualification in a Special Forces Group , who were subsequently awarded , by competent authority , SQI `` S '' in Career Management Field 18 ( enlisted ) , or SQI `` 3 '' in Functional Area 18 ( officer ) . Reserve Component ( RC ) SF qualification programs . The SF Tab may be awarded to all personnel who successfully complete a RC SF qualification program according to TRADOC Regulation 135 - 5 , dated 1 June 1988 or its predecessors and who were subsequently awarded , by competent authority , SQI `` S '' or `` 3 '' in MOS 11b , 11C , 12B , 05B , 91B , or ASI `` 5G '' or `` 3 . '' The USAJFKSWCS will determine individual entitlement for award of the SF Tab based on historical review of Army , Continental Army Command ( CONRAC ) , and TRADOC regulations prescribing SF qualification requirements in effect at the time the individual began an RC SF qualification program . Unit administered SF qualification programs . The SF Tab may be awarded to all personnel who successfully completed unit administered SF qualification programs as authorized by regulation . The USAJFKSWCS will determine individual entitlement to award of the SF Tab based upon historical review of regulations prescribing SF qualification requirements in effect at the time the individual began a unit administered SF qualification program . Former wartime service . The Special Forces Tab may be awarded retroactively to all personnel who performed the following wartime service : 1942 through 1973 . Served with a Special Forces unit during wartime and were either unable to or not required to attend a formal program of instruction but were awarded SQI `` S '' , `` 3 '' , `` 5G '' by competent authority . Prior to 1954 . Service for at least 120 consecutive days in one of the following organizations : 1st Special Service Force , August 1942 to December 1944 . OSS Detachment 101 , April 1942 to September 1945 . OSS Jedburgh Detachments , May 1944 to May 1945 . OSS Operational Groups , May 1944 to May 1945 . OSS Maritime Unit , April 1942 to September 1945 . 6th Army Special Reconnaissance Unit ( Alamo Scouts ) , February 1944 to September 1945 . 8240th Army Unit , June 1950 to July 1953 . 1954 through 1975 . Any company grade officer or enlisted member awarded the CIB or CMB while serving for at least 120 consecutive days in one of the following type organizations : SF Operational Detachment - A ( A-Team ) . Mobile Strike Force . SF Reconnaissance Team . SF Special Project Unit . Use of the term `` Special Forces '' ( edit ) In countries other than the U.S. , the term `` special forces '' is often used generically to refer to any units with elite training and special mission sets . It should be noted that in the U.S. military , `` Special Forces '' is a proper ( capitalized ) noun referring exclusively to U.S. Army Special Forces ( a.k.a. `` The Green Berets '' ) . The media and popular culture frequently misapply the term to Navy SEALs and other members of the U.S. Special Operations Forces . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : United States Army Special Forces in popular culture Books and movies 1965 : The Green Berets , a book by Robin Moore . 1965 : Outpost of Freedom , by Medal of Honor recipient Captain Roger H.C. Donlon ( as told to Warren Rogers ) 1965 , McGraw - Hill 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' , a song performed by Vietnam veteran and Green Beret Barry Sadler . The song was written by Sadler and Robin Moore . 1968 : The Green Berets , a film based on Moore 's book , produced , directed , and starring John Wayne , who plays a key role in it as `` Colonel Kirby '' . Tales of the Green Beret , a comic strip and American comic book written by Robin Moore with artwork by Joe Kubert . 1975 : Parthian Shot by former Green Beret Loyd Little . ISBN 978 - 0670540631 , OCLC 1119712 ; winner of the 1976 Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award . Rambo films : 1982 , 1985 , 1988 , and 2008 : In this series of films , the central character , John Rambo , is a former Green Beret and Vietnam War veteran . 2008 : White Passage : Red Sun , by former Green Beret Matt Rowe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4389 - 2771 - 8 , 2008 , Authorhouse . 2009 : Horse Soldiers : The Extraordinary Story of a Band of U.S. Soldiers Who Rode to Victory in Afghanistan by Doug Stanton ; adapted into a forthcoming 2018 film , 12 Strong . See also ( edit ) United States Army portal Special Operations portal 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment - Delta ( Delta Force ) Alamo Scouts Central Intelligence Agency 's Special Activities Division Defense Intelligence Agency Devil 's Brigade Green Light Teams Military Assistance Command , Vietnam -- Studies and Observations Group Roger Mobley Operation Jedburgh Phoenix Program United States Army Counterintelligence ( CI , or USAI ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanton , Doug ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` The Quiet Professionals : The Untold Story of U.S. Special Forces in Afghanistan '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Green Berets ' Hunt for Wanted Warlord Joseph Kony '' . NBC News . 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Troops From 15 Countries Conduct Allied Spirit VI '' . Department of Defence. 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 17 December 2003 ) . `` Joint Publication 3 - 05 : Doctrine for Joint Special Operations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Waller , Douglas C. ( 1994 ) . `` The Commandos : The Inside Story of America 's Secret Soldiers '' . Dell Publishing . Jump up ^ `` FM 3 - 05 : Army Special Operations Forces '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Army . September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FM 3 - 05.102 Army Special Forces Intelligence '' ( PDF ) . July 2001 . Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 1993 ) . `` Joint Publication 3 - 05.5 : Special Operations Targeting and Mission Planning Procedures '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Waller , Douglas ( 3 February 2003 ) . `` The CIA Secret Army '' . Time ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ SOG : The Secret Wars of America 's Commandos in Vietnam by John L. Plaster Jump up ^ Haney , Eric L. ( 2002 ) . Inside Delta Force . New York : Delacorte Press Jump up ^ Efran , Shawn ( producer ) , `` Army Officer Recalls Hunt For Bin Laden '' , 60 Minutes , CBS News , 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Kevin ( June 4 , 2013 ) . Gentlemen Bastards : On the Ground In Afghanistan With America 's Elite Special Forces . New York : Berkely Trade . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Scarborough , Rowan ( Jan 23 , 2013 ) . `` Africa 's Fast - Reaction Force Ready To Go From Colorado '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ General Hugh Shelton - Without Hesitation . Hughshelton.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) History '' . US ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army ( COL Russell W. Volckmann ) , FM 31 - 21 , Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare ( Washington , DC : GPO , October 1951 ) Jump up ^ Officer Efficiency Report , Bank , Aaron , 11 May 1952 , Aaron Bank Service Record , National Military Personnel Records Center , St. Louis , Missouri Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) History '' . U.S. ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Army Special Forces Command '' . Jump up ^ `` Structure '' . Fort Campbell . United States Army . Archived from the original on 22 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ USASOC . ' Special Forces -- Shooters and thinkers ' . WWW.ARMY.MIL The official homepage of the United States army ( 26 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 5 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Special Forces Operational Detachment Alpha ( SFOD A ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications & Benefits '' . goarmy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces Officer ( 18A ) '' . goarmy.com . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Recruiting Command 's Warrant Officer Recruiting Information Site Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces Weapons Sergeant ( 18B ) '' . goarmy.com . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces Engineer Sergeant ( 18C ) '' . goarmy.com . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces Medical Sergeant ( 18D ) '' . goarmy.com . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces Communications Sergeant ( 18E ) '' . goarmy.com . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces Candidate Jobs ( 18X ) '' . goarmy.com . ^ Jump up to : `` History : Special Forces Green Beret '' . Special Forces Search Engine . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Simpson III , Robert B. ; Rheault ( 1983 ) . `` Inside the Green Berets : he First Thirty Years , a History of the U.S. Army Special Forces '' . Presidio Press : 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jerold E. , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Green Beret '' . Historical Dictionary of the United States Army ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 220 . ISBN 9780313293221 . Jump up ^ Military staff . `` A Short History of the Use of Berets in the U.S. Army '' . Army Black Beret . Retrieved April 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gamarekian , Barbara ( 22 November 1988 ) . `` Washington Talk : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 ; Hundreds Are in Capital For 25th Remembrance '' . New York Times . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. ARMY SPECIAL FORCES GROUP ( AIRBORNE ) , Shoulder Sleeve Insignia , US Army Institute of Heraldry , dated 27 October 2016 , last accessed 3 March 2017 ^ Jump up to : Special Forces Tab , The Institute of heraldry , last accessed 24 June 2014 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Army Regulation 600 -- 8 -- 22 : Personnel - General : Military Awards , Official Department of the Army Publications and Forms , dated 24 June 2013 , last accessed 23 June 2014 ( page 117 - 118 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Army Pamphlet 670 - 1 : Uniform and Insignia , Guide to the Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia , Official Department of the Army Publications and Forms , dated 31 March 2014 , last accessed 23 June 2014 ( pages 6 , 201 , 244 -- 245 , 252 , 256 , 258 -- 260 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Forces - Shooters and thinkers '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Special Forces equals Green Berets . Got it ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . 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who invented the steam engine and what did it do
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Steam engine - wikipedia Steam engine Jump to : navigation , search `` Steam machine '' redirects here . For other uses , see Steam machine ( disambiguation ) . For the railway engine , see steam locomotive . A model of a beam engine featuring James Watt 's parallel linkage for double action . A mill engine from Stott Park Bobbin Mill , Cumbria , England A steam locomotive from East Germany . This class of engine was built in 1942 -- 1950 and operated until 1988 . A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid . Steam engines are external combustion engines , where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products . Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power , nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used . The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle . In the cycle , water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure . When expanded through pistons or turbines , mechanical work is done . The reduced pressure steam is then exhausted to the atmosphere , or condensed and pumped back into the boiler . In general usage , the term steam engine can refer to either the integrated steam plants ( including boilers etc . ) such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines , or may refer to the piston or turbine machinery alone , as in the beam engine and stationary steam engine . Specialized devices such as steam hammers and steam pile drivers are dependent on the steam pressure supplied from a separate boiler . The use of boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years , but early devices were not highly practical . The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained a patent for a rudimentary steam - powered water pump in 1606 . In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped . Savery 's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber , and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water . Thomas Newcomen 's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston , and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine . They became popular for mining and 104 were in use by 1733 . Eventually over two thousand of them were installed . In 1781 Scottish engineer James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion . Watt 's ten - horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered . The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained . By 1883 , engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible . The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution , allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable . The atmospheric engines of Newcomen and Watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced , but high - pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives . Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines in commercial usage , and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation . Considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines , the `` steam age '' is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th and 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early designs and modifications 1.2 Early experiments 1.3 Pumping engines 1.4 Piston steam engines 1.5 High - pressure engines 1.6 Horizontal stationary engine 1.7 Road vehicles 1.8 Marine engines 1.9 Steam locomotives 1.10 Steam turbines 1.11 Present development 2 Components and accessories of steam engines 2.1 Heat source 2.2 Boilers 2.3 Motor units 2.4 Cold sink 2.5 Water pump 2.6 Monitoring and control 2.7 Governor 3 Engine configuration 3.1 Simple engine 3.2 Compound engines 3.3 Multiple - expansion engines 4 Types of motor units 4.1 Reciprocating piston 4.2 Uniflow ( or unaflow ) engine 4.3 Turbine engines 4.4 Oscillating cylinder steam engines 4.5 Rotary steam engines 4.6 Rocket type 5 Safety 6 Steam cycle 7 Efficiency 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Early designs and modifications ( edit ) Main articles : History of the steam engine and Timeline of steam power In Roman Egypt , the aeolipile ( also known as a Heron 's engine ) described by Hero of Alexandria in the 1st century AD is considered to be the first recorded steam engine . Torque was produced by steam jets exiting the turbine . In Ottoman Egypt , the inventor Taqi al - Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf described a steam turbine device for rotating a spit in 1551 . In the Spanish Empire , the inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained a patent for a rudimentary steam - powered water pump in 1606 . Thomas Savery , in 1698 , patented the first practical , atmospheric pressure , steam engine of 1 horsepower ( 750 W ) . It had no piston or moving parts , only taps . It was a fire engine , a kind of thermic syphon , in which steam was admitted to an empty container and then condensed . The vacuum thus created was used to suck water from the sump at the bottom of the mine . The `` fire engine '' was not very effective and could not work beyond a limited depth of around 30 ft ( 9 m ) . Thomas Newcomen , in 1712 , developed the first commercially successful piston steam engine of 5 horsepower ( 3,700 W ) . Its principle was to condense steam in a cylinder , thus causing atmospheric pressure to drive a piston and produce mechanical work . James Watt , in 1781 , patented a steam engine that produced continued rotary motion with a power of about 10 horsepower ( 7,500 W ) . It was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum . It was an improvement of Newcomen 's engine . After Richard Trevithick invented the lightweight , high - pressure steam engine in 1797 - 1799 , steam engines became small enough to be used in smaller businesses and for use in steam locomotives . See also : Steam power during the Industrial Revolution Since the early 18th century , steam power has been applied to a variety of practical uses . At first it powered reciprocating pumps , but from the 1780s rotative engines ( those converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion ) began to appear , driving factory machinery such as spinning mules and power looms . At the turn of the 19th century , steam - powered transport on both sea and land began to make its appearance , becoming more dominant as the century progressed . Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories , mills and mines ; powering pumping stations ; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives , ships , steamboats and road vehicles . Their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation . There have at one time or another been steam - powered farm tractors , motorcycles ( without much success ) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer . The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power - to - weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines . For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors . However , most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant , so that indirectly the world 's industry is still dependent on steam power . Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover . This is becoming known as the Advanced Steam movement . Early experiments ( edit ) The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century ; the first recorded rudimentary steam - powered `` engine '' being the aeolipile described by Hero of Alexandria , a mathematician and engineer in Roman Egypt . In the following centuries , the few steam - powered `` engines '' known were , like the aeolipile , essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam . A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al - Din in Ottoman Egypt in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in Italy in 1629 . Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions , including a water pump for draining inundated mines . Denis Papin , a Huguenot refugee , did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679 , and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690 . Pumping engines ( edit ) The first commercial steam - powered device was a water pump , developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery . It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below , then it used steam pressure to raise it higher . Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic . They proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions . It received some use in mines , pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery . An attractive feature of the Savery engine was its low cost . Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery 's construction `` to render it capable of working itself '' , as described by John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751 . It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century . One engine was still known to be operating in 1820 . Piston steam engines ( edit ) Jacob Leupold Steam engine 1720 The first commercially successful true engine , in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine , was the atmospheric engine , invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712 . It was an improvement over Savery 's steam pump , using a piston as proposed by Papin . Newcomen 's engine was relatively inefficient , and in most cases was used for pumping water . It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder . It was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible , and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable `` head '' . Water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel . In 1720 Jacob Leupold described a two - cylinder high - pressure steam engine . The invention was published in his major work `` Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum '' . The engine used two heavy pistons to provide motion to a water pump . Each piston was raised by the steam pressure and returned to its original position by gravity . The two pistons shared a common four way rotary valve connected directly to a steam boiler . Early Watt pumping engine The next major step occurred when James Watt developed ( 1763 -- 1775 ) an improved version of Newcomen 's engine , with a separate condenser . Boulton and Watt 's early engines used half as much coal as John Smeaton 's improved version of Newcomen 's . Newcomen 's and Watt 's early engines were `` atmospheric '' . They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam , instead of the pressure of expanding steam . The engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure . Watt proceeded to develop his engine further , modifying it to provide a rotary motion suitable for driving factory machinery . This enabled factories to be sited away from rivers , and further accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution . High - pressure engines ( edit ) Watt 's patent prevented others from making high pressure and compound engines . Shortly after Watt 's patent expired in 1800 , Richard Trevithick and , separately , Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high - pressure steam ; Trevithick obtained his high - pressure engine patent in 1802 , and Evans had made several working models before then . These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications . Thereafter , technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques ( partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source ) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller , faster , or more powerful , depending on the intended application . The Cornish engine was developed by Trevithick and others in the 1810s . It was a compound cycle engine that used high - pressure steam expansively , then condensed the low - pressure steam , making it relatively efficient . The Cornish engine had irregular motion and torque though the cycle , limiting it mainly to pumping . Cornish engines were used in mines and for water supply until the late 19th century . Horizontal stationary engine ( edit ) Main article : Stationary steam engine Early builders of stationary steam engines considered that horizontal cylinders would be subject to excessive wear . Their engines were therefore arranged with the piston axis vertical . In time the horizontal arrangement became more popular , allowing compact , but powerful engines to be fitted in smaller spaces . The acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine , patented in 1849 , which was a four - valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff . When Corliss was given the Rumford Medal , the committee said that `` no one invention since Watt 's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine '' . In addition to using 30 % less steam , it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off , making it well suited to manufacturing , especially cotton spinning . Road vehicles ( edit ) Main article : History of steam road vehicles The first experimental road going steam powered vehicles were built in the late 18th century , but it was not until after Richard Trevithick had developed the use of high - pressure steam , around 1800 , that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition . The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design , and by the 1850s it was becoming viable to produce them on a commercial basis . This progress was dampened by legislation which limited or prohibited the use of steam powered vehicles on roads . Improvements in vehicle technology continued from the 1860s to the 1920s . Steam road vehicles were used for many applications . In the 20th century , the rapid development of internal combustion engine technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis , with relatively few remaining in use beyond the Second World War . Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation , and numerous examples are still in existence . In the 1960s the air pollution problems in California gave rise to a brief period of interest in developing and studying steam powered vehicles as a possible means of reducing the pollution . Apart from interest by steam enthusiasts , the occasional replica vehicle , and experimental technology no steam vehicles are in production at present . Marine engines ( edit ) A triple - expansion marine steam engine on the 1907 oceangoing tug Hercules Main article : Marine steam engine Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use . Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures , giving improved efficiency . These stages were called expansions , with double - and triple - expansion engines being common , especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried . Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines , with shipping in the 20th - century relying upon the steam turbine . Steam locomotives ( edit ) Main articles : Steam locomotive and Traction engine As the development of steam engines progressed through the 18th century , various attempts were made to apply them to road and railway use . In 1784 , William Murdoch , a Scottish inventor , built a prototype steam road locomotive . An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in the United States probably during the 1780s or 1790s . His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks . The first full - scale working railway steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and , on 21 February 1804 , the world 's first railway journey took place as Trevithick 's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the Pen - y - darren ironworks , near Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales . The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high - pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency . Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north - east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives . Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives , concluding with the Catch Me Who Can in 1808 . Only four years later , the successful twin - cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway . In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway . This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829 , he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials . The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains . Steam locomotives continued to be manufactured until the late twentieth century in places such as China and the former East Germany ( where the DR Class 52.80 was produced ) . Steam turbines ( edit ) Main article : Steam turbine The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century . Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines ( for outputs above several hundred horsepower ) , have fewer moving parts , and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means . Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century , where their efficiency , higher speed appropriate to generator service , and smooth rotation were advantages . Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines . In the United States 90 % of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources . Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century . Present development ( edit ) Main article : Advanced steam technology Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use , various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines . The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam . The efficiency of Energiprojekt 's steam engine reaches some 27 - 30 % on high - pressure engines . It is a single - step , 5 - cylinder engine ( no compound ) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) of steam per kWh . Components and accessories of steam engines ( edit ) There are two fundamental components of a steam plant : the boiler or steam generator , and the `` motor unit '' , referred to itself as a `` steam engine '' . Stationary steam engines in fixed buildings may have the boiler and engine in separate buildings some distance apart . For portable or mobile use , such as steam locomotives , the two are mounted together . The widely used reciprocating engine typically consisted of a cast iron cylinder , piston , connecting rod and beam or a crank and flywheel , and miscellaneous linkages . Steam was alternately supplied and exhausted by one or more valves . Speed control was either automatic , using a governor , or by a manual valve . The cylinder casting contained steam supply and exhaust ports . Engines equipped with a condenser are a separate type than those that exhaust to the atmosphere . Other components are often present ; pumps ( such as an injector ) to supply water to the boiler during operation , condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation , and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point , and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes . When coal is used , a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin ( bunker ) to the firebox . See : Mechanical stoker Heat source ( edit ) The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources , most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space ( called variously combustion chamber , firebox ) . In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor , geothermal energy , solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process . In the case of model or toy steam engines , the heat source can be an electric heating element . Boilers ( edit ) Main article : Boiler ( steam generator ) An industrial boiler used for a stationary steam engine Boilers are pressure vessels that contain water to be boiled , and some kind of mechanism for transferring the heat to the water so as to boil it . The two most common methods of transferring heat to the water are : water - tube boiler -- water is contained in or run through one or several tubes surrounded by hot gases fire - tube boiler -- the water partially fills a vessel below or inside which is a combustion chamber or furnace and fire tubes through which the hot gases flow Fire tube boilers were the main type used for early high - pressure steam ( typical steam locomotive practice ) , but they were to a large extent displaced by more economical water tube boilers in the late 19th century for marine propulsion and large stationary applications . Once turned to steam , many boilers raise the temperature of the steam further , turning ' wet steam ' into ' superheated steam ' . This use of superheating avoids the steam condensing within the engine , and allows significantly greater efficiency . Motor units ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see § Types of motor units . In a steam engine , a piston or steam turbine or any other similar device for doing mechanical work takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature , using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical work . These `` motor units '' are often called ' steam engines ' in their own right . They will also operate on compressed air or other gas . Cold sink ( edit ) As with all heat engines , the majority of primary energy must be emitted as waste heat at relatively low temperature . The simplest cold sink is to vent the steam to the environment . This is often used on steam locomotives , as the released steam is vented up the chimney so as to increase the draw on the fire , which greatly increases engine power , but reduces efficiency . Sometimes the waste heat is useful itself , and in those cases very high overall efficiency can be obtained . For example , combined heat and power ( CHP ) systems use the waste steam for district heating , exceeding 80 % combined efficiency . Where CHP is not used , steam turbines in stationary power plants use surface condensers as a cold sink . The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans , rivers , lakes , and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal . The resulting condensed hot water , is then pumped back up to pressure and sent back to the boiler . A dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly . Waste heat can also be ejected by evaporative ( wet ) cooling towers use pass the rejected to external water cycle that evaporates some of flow to the air . Cooling towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air . Evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than `` once - through '' cooling by river or lake water ; a 700 megawatt coal - fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make - up water every hour for evaporative cooling , but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water . Evaporative water can not be used for subsequent purposes ( other than rain somewhere ) , whereas river water can be re-used . In all cases , the steam plant water , which must be kept pure , is kept separate from the cooling water or air , and once the low - pressure steam condenses into water , it is returned to the boiler . An injector uses a jet of steam to force water into the boiler . Injectors are inefficient but simple enough to be suitable for use on locomotives . Water pump ( edit ) The Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water , so that they may be run continuously . Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps ; however , other types are used . Another means of supplying lower - pressure boiler feed water is an injector , which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler . Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used , except in applications such as steam locomotives . It is the pressurization of the water that circulates through the steam boiler that allows the water to be raised to temperatures well above 100 ° C boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure , and by that means to increase the efficiency of the steam cycle . Monitoring and control ( edit ) Richard 's indicator instrument of 1875 . See : Indicator diagram ( below ) For safety reasons , nearly all steam engines are equipped with mechanisms to monitor the boiler , such as a pressure gauge and a sight glass to monitor the water level . Many engines , stationary and mobile , are also fitted with a governor to regulate the speed of the engine without the need for human interference . The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator . Early versions were in use by 1851 , but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862 . The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle , which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower . It was routinely used by engineers , mechanics and insurance inspectors . The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines . See image of indicator diagram below ( in Types of motor units section ) . Centrifugal governor in the Boulton & Watt engine 1788 Lap Engine . Governor ( edit ) Main article : Governor ( device ) The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt 's partner Boulton saw one on the equipment of a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building . The governor could not actually hold a set speed , because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes . The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler . Also , there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change . As a consequence , engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed , such as cotton spinning . The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off , good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century . Engine configuration ( edit ) Simple engine ( edit ) In a simple engine , or `` single expansion engine '' the charge of steam passes through the entire expansion process in an individual cylinder , although a simple engine may have one or more individual cylinders . It is then exhausted directly into the atmosphere or into a condenser . As steam expands in passing through a high - pressure engine , its temperature drops because no heat is being added to the system ; this is known as adiabatic expansion and results in steam entering the cylinder at high temperature and leaving at lower temperature . This causes a cycle of heating and cooling of the cylinder with every stroke , which is a source of inefficiency . As the stroke of a single cylinder engine is increased in an effort to extract more work from the steam with each stroke , a greater amount of cylinder wall is exposed and more heat is lost , resulting in decreased efficiency of a long - stroke engine . Compound engines ( edit ) Main article : Compound engine A method to lessen the magnitude of energy loss to a very long cylinder was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf , who patented his Woolf high - pressure compound engine in 1805 . In the compound engine , high - pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high - pressure ( HP ) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower - pressure ( LP ) cylinders . The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less cylinder wall is exposed , per unit volume of steam in each cylinder , less heat is lost by the steam in each . This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling , increasing the efficiency of the engine . By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders , variations of torque can be reduced . To derive equal work from lower - pressure cylinder requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume . Therefore , the bore , and often the stroke , are increased in low - pressure cylinders , resulting in larger cylinders . Double - expansion ( usually known as compound ) engines expanded the steam in two stages . The pairs may be duplicated or the work of the large low - pressure cylinder can be split with one high - pressure cylinder exhausting into one or the other , giving a three - cylinder layout where cylinder and piston diameter are about the same , making the reciprocating masses easier to balance . Two - cylinder compounds can be arranged as : Cross compounds : The cylinders are side by side . Tandem compounds : The cylinders are end to end , driving a common connecting rod Angle compounds : The cylinders are arranged in a V ( usually at a 90 ° angle ) and drive a common crank . With two - cylinder compounds used in railway work , the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two - cylinder simple at 90 ° out of phase with each other ( quartered ) . When the double - expansion group is duplicated , producing a four - cylinder compound , the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180 ° , the groups being set at 90 ° to each other . In one case ( the first type of Vauclain compound ) , the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank , again set at 90 ° as for a two - cylinder engine . With the three - cylinder compound arrangement , the LP cranks were either set at 90 ° with the HP one at 135 ° to the other two , or in some cases all three cranks were set at 120 ° . The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units , for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880 ; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated . This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge ( particularly in Britain , where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930 ) . However , although never in the majority , it was popular in many other countries . Multiple - expansion engines ( edit ) Main article : Compound engine An animation of a simplified triple - expansion engine . High - pressure steam ( red ) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine , exhausting as low - pressure steam ( blue ) , usually to a condenser . It is a logical extension of the compound engine ( described above ) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency . The result is the multiple - expansion engine . Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple - and quadruple - expansion engines respectively . These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter . These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage . As with the double - expansion engine , if space is at a premium , then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low - pressure stage . Multiple - expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline , but various other formations were used . In the late 19th century , the Yarrow - Schlick - Tweedy balancing `` system '' was used on some marine triple - expansion engines . Y-S-T engines divided the low - pressure expansion stages between two cylinders , one at each end of the engine . This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced , resulting in a smoother , faster - responding engine which ran with less vibration . This made the four - cylinder triple - expansion engine popular with large passenger liners ( such as the Olympic class ) , but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration - free turbine engine . The image to the right shows an animation of a triple - expansion engine . The steam travels through the engine from left to right . The valve chest for each of the cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder . Land - based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam , as feed water was usually readily available . Prior to and during World War I , the expansion engine dominated marine applications , where high vessel speed was not essential . It was , however , superseded by the British invention steam turbine where speed was required , for instance in warships , such as the dreadnought battleships , and ocean liners . HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then - novel steam turbine . Types of motor units ( edit ) Reciprocating piston ( edit ) Double acting stationary engine . This was the common mill engine of the mid 19th century . Note the slide valve with concave , almost `` D '' shaped , underside . Schematic Indicator diagram showing the four events in a double piston stroke . See : Monitoring and control ( above ) Main article : Reciprocating engine In most reciprocating piston engines , the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke ( counterflow ) , entering and exhausting from the same end of the cylinder . The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes ; the cycle also comprises four events -- admission , expansion , exhaust , compression . These events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder ; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end ( s ) and are driven by valve gear , of which there are many types . The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction . Many however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually `` shortening the cutoff '' or rather , shortening the admission event ; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period . However , as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows , a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant ; if the exhaust event is too brief , the totality of the exhaust steam can not evacuate the cylinder , choking it and giving excessive compression ( `` kick back '' ) . In the 1840s and 50s , there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate , variable cutoff expansion valve riding on the back of the main slide valve ; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff . The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events , at the expense of increased friction and wear , and the mechanism tended to be complicated . The usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side , with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut - off on the admission side has occurred . This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler Stephenson , Joy and Walschaerts motions . Corliss , and later , poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled so as to give ideal events ; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms . Compression Before the exhaust phase is quite complete , the exhaust side of the valve closes , shutting a portion of the exhaust steam inside the cylinder . This determines the compression phase where a cushion of steam is formed against which the piston does work whilst its velocity is rapidly decreasing ; it moreover obviates the pressure and temperature shock , which would otherwise be caused by the sudden admission of the high - pressure steam at the beginning of the following cycle . Lead The above effects are further enhanced by providing lead : as was later discovered with the internal combustion engine , it has been found advantageous since the late 1830s to advance the admission phase , giving the valve lead so that admission occurs a little before the end of the exhaust stroke in order to fill the clearance volume comprising the ports and the cylinder ends ( not part of the piston - swept volume ) before the steam begins to exert effort on the piston . Uniflow ( or unaflow ) engine ( edit ) Schematic animation of a uniflow steam engine . The poppet valves are controlled by the rotating camshaft at the top . High - pressure steam enters , red , and exhausts , yellow . Main article : Uniflow steam engine Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where , during each stroke , the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam , whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature . The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction . By this means , the simple - expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part - load performance , and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower . However , the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties. . The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas , while exhausting in cold areas . Turbine engines ( edit ) A rotor of a modern steam turbine , used in a power plant Main article : Steam turbine A steam turbine consists of one or more rotors ( rotating discs ) mounted on a drive shaft , alternating with a series of stators ( static discs ) fixed to the turbine casing . The rotors have a propeller - like arrangement of blades at the outer edge . Steam acts upon these blades , producing rotary motion . The stator consists of a similar , but fixed , series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage . A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum . The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam , giving rise to a series of variably sized high - and low - pressure stages . Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed , therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications , such as a ship 's propeller . In the vast majority of large electric generating stations , turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing . Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute ( RPM ) in the USA with 60 Hertz power , and 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems . In nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds , 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM . A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction . Therefore , a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction . Steam turbines provide direct rotational force and therefore do not require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion . Thus , they produce smoother rotational forces on the output shaft . This contributes to a lower maintenance requirement and less wear on the machinery they power than a comparable reciprocating engine . Turbinia -- the first steam turbine - powered ship The main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation ( in the 1990s about 90 % of the world 's electric production was by use of steam turbines ) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80 % regime for steam turbines . In electricity production , the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators , which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines . In marine service , ( pioneered on the Turbinia ) , steam turbines with reduction gearing ( although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox ) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century , being more efficient ( and requiring far less maintenance ) than reciprocating steam engines . In recent decades , reciprocating Diesel engines , and gas turbines , have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications . Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator . Nuclear - powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion , with generators providing auxiliary power , or else employ turbo - electric transmission , where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors . A limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured . Some non-condensing direct - drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain , but were not repeated . Elsewhere , notably in the U.S.A. , more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally , but not reproduced . It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done . Operation of a simple oscillating cylinder steam engine Oscillating cylinder steam engines ( edit ) Main article : Oscillating cylinder steam engine An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder . Instead of valves , the entire cylinder rocks , or oscillates , such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting ( trunnion ) . These engines are mainly used in toys and models , because of their simplicity , but have also been used in full size working engines , mainly on ships where their compactness is valued . Rotary steam engines ( edit ) It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine . Many such engines have been designed , from the time of James Watt to the present day , but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production ; see link at bottom of article for more details . The major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam - tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion ; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient . Lack of expansive working , or any means of control of the cutoff , is also a serious problem with many such designs . By the 1840s , it was clear that the concept had inherent problems and rotary engines were treated with some derision in the technical press . However , the arrival of electricity on the scene , and the obvious advantages of driving a dynamo directly from a high - speed engine , led to something of a revival in interest in the 1880s and 1890s , and a few designs had some limited success. . The Quasiturbine is a new type of uniflow rotary steam engine . Of the few designs that were manufactured in quantity , those of the Hult Brothers Rotary Steam Engine Company of Stockholm , Sweden , and the spherical engine of Beauchamp Tower are notable . Tower 's engines were used by the Great Eastern Railway to drive lighting dynamos on their locomotives , and by the Admiralty for driving dynamos on board the ships of the Royal Navy . They were eventually replaced in these niche applications by steam turbines . An aeolipile rotates due to the steam escaping from the arms . No practical use was made of this effect . Rocket type ( edit ) Main article : Steam rocket The aeolipile represents the use of steam by the rocket - reaction principle , although not for direct propulsion . In more modern times there has been limited use of steam for rocketry -- particularly for rocket cars . Steam rocketry works by filling a pressure vessel with hot water at high pressure and opening a valve leading to a suitable nozzle . The drop in pressure immediately boils some of the water and the steam leaves through a nozzle , creating a propulsive force . Safety ( edit ) Steam engines possess boilers and other components that are pressure vessels that contain a great deal of potential energy . Steam escapes and boiler explosions ( typically BLEVEs ) can and have in the past caused great loss of life . While variations in standards may exist in different countries , stringent legal , testing , training , care with manufacture , operation and certification is applied to ensure safety . Failure modes may include : over-pressurisation of the boiler insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure buildup of sediment and scale which cause local hot spots , especially in riverboats using dirty feed water pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or maintenance . escape of steam from pipework / boiler causing scalding Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high ; one may be adjusted by the user , the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail - safe . Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler . One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure . Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers , leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine . The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring - loaded valve , which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken . This arrangement is considerably safer . Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler 's firebox . If the water level drops , such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly , the lead melts and the steam escapes , warning the operators , who may then manually suppress the fire . Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire . The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly , depressurizing the boiler . If they were any larger , the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew . Steam cycle ( edit ) Main article : Rankine cycle See also : Thermodynamics and Heat transfer Flow diagram of the four main devices used in the Rankine cycle . 1 ) . Feedwater pump 2 ) . Boiler or steam generator 3 ) . Turbine or engine 4 ) . Condenser ; where Q = heat and W = work . Most of the heat is rejected as waste . The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine . The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production , and utilizes the phase change of water ( boiling water producing steam , condensing exhaust steam , producing liquid water ) ) to provide a practical heat / power conversion system . The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser . The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications . In the 1990s , Rankine steam cycles generated about 90 % of all electric power used throughout the world , including virtually all solar , biomass , coal and nuclear power plants . It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine , a Scottish polymath . The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle because , when an efficient turbine is used , the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle . The main difference is that heat addition ( in the boiler ) and rejection ( in the condenser ) are isobaric ( constant pressure ) processes in the Rankine cycle and isothermal ( constant temperature ) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle . In this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas . Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor ( as in the Carnot cycle ) . The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages . The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system , where the working fluid is recycled continuously , or may be an `` open loop '' system , where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere , and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied . Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties , such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry , abundance , low cost , and its thermodynamic properties . Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine . Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle . The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory ; however , the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam . The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser . Watt independently discovered latent heat , which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black , who also advised Watt on experimental procedures . Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure . Otherwise , the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature . The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high - pressure and - temperature boilers and the steam turbine . Efficiency ( edit ) Main article : Thermal efficiency See also : Engine efficiency § Steam engine The efficiency of an engine cycle can be calculated by dividing the energy output of mechanical work that the engine produces by the energy input to the engine by the burning fuel . The historical measure of a steam engine 's energy efficiency was its `` duty '' . The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs . Duty is the number of foot - pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel ( 94 pounds ) of coal . The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million , but most were closer to 5 million . Watt 's original low - pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million , but averaged about 17 . This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design . Early Watt engines equipped with high - pressure steam improved this to 65 million . No heat engine can be more efficient than the Carnot cycle , in which heat is moved from a high temperature reservoir to one at a low temperature , and the efficiency depends on the temperature difference . For the greatest efficiency , steam engines should be operated at the highest steam temperature possible ( superheated steam ) , and release the waste heat at the lowest temperature possible . The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid . Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid , the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small ; in steam turbines , turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 ° C ( the creep limit of stainless steel ) and condenser temperatures are around 30 ° C . This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63 % compared with an actual efficiency of 42 % for a modern coal - fired power station . This low turbine entry temperature ( compared with a gas turbine ) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined - cycle gas turbine power stations . One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump , the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point . By condensing the fluid , the work required by the pump consumes only 1 % to 3 % of the turbine ( or reciprocating engine ) power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle . The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature . Gas turbines , for instance , have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 ° C. Nonetheless , the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched . In practice , a reciprocating steam engine cycle exhausting the steam to atmosphere will typically have an efficiency ( including the boiler ) in the range of 1 - 10 % , but with the addition of a condenser and multiple expansion , and high steam pressure / temperature , it may be greatly improved , historically into the regime of 10 - 20 % , and very rarely slightly higher . A modern large electrical power station ( producing several hundred megawatts of electrical output ) with steam reheat , economizer etc. will achieve efficiency in the mid 40 % range , with the most efficient units approaching 50 % thermal efficiency . It is also possible to capture the waste heat using cogeneration in which the waste heat is used for heating a lower boiling point working fluid or as a heat source for district heating via saturated low - pressure steam . A steam locomotive -- a GNR N2 Class No. 1744 at Weybourne nr . Sheringham , Norfolk A steam - powered bicycle Preserved British steam - powered fire engine -- an example of a mobile steam engine . This is a horse - drawn vehicle : the steam engine drives the water pump See also ( edit ) Compound locomotive Geared steam locomotive History of steam road vehicles James Rumsey Lean 's Engine Reporter List of steam fairs List of steam museums List of steam technology patents Live steam Model steam engine Salomon de Caus Steam aircraft Steam boat Steam car Steam locomotive Steam power during the Industrial Revolution Still engine Timeline of steam power Traction engine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This model was built by Samuel Pemberton between 1880 - 1890 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2000 . Jump up ^ Davids , Karel & Davids , Carolus A. ( 2012 ) . Religion , Technology , and the Great and Little Divergences : China and Europe Compared , C. 700 - 1800 . Brill . ISBN 9789004233881 . , p. 207 Jump up ^ Preston , Eric James ( 2012 ) . Thomas Newcomen of Dartmouth and the Engine That Changed the World . Dartmouth History Research Group . ISBN 9781899011278 . Jump up ^ Hills 1989 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Hills 1989 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Wiser , Wendell H. ( 2000 ) . Energy resources : occurrence , production , conversion , use . Birkhäuser . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98744 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmad Y Hassan ( 1976 ) . Taqi al - Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering , p. 34 -- 35 . Institute for the History of Arabic Science , University of Aleppo . Jump up ^ Kristensen , Søren B.P. ( 2009 ) , Geografisk Tidssckrift - Danish Journal of Geography ( PDF ) , p. 50 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 01 - 08 Jump up ^ Lightweight steam turbines powered by decomposing high - test peroxide used neither boilers nor condensers , and were used in the V - 2 and other rocket turbopumps , and torpedo propulsion . Jump up ^ `` turbine . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 18 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` De Architectura '' : Chapter VI ( paragraph 2 ) from `` Ten Books on Architecture '' by Vitruvius ( 1st century BC ) , published 17 , June , 08 ( 1 ) accessed 2009 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ `` University of Rochester , NY , The growth of the steam engine online history resource , chapter one '' . History.rochester.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Power plant engineering '' . P.K. Nag ( 2002 ) . Tata McGraw - Hill . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 043599 - 5 Jump up ^ Garcia , Nicholas ( 2007 ) . Mas alla de la Leyenda Negra . Valencia : Universidad de Valencia . pp. 443 -- 454 . ISBN 9788437067919 . Jump up ^ Hills 1987 , pp. 15. , 16 , 33 . Jump up ^ Lira , Carl T. ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` The Savery Pump '' . Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics . Michigan State University . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hills , 1989 & pp16 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` Phil . Trans . 1751 - 1752 47 , 436 - 438 , published 1 January 1751 '' . ^ Jump up to : Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Ryhs ( 1971 ) ( First published 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Cambridge ( 1st ) , Books for Libraries Press ( 2nd ) : The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2167 - 4 Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins , Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office Jump up ^ Landes & year - 1969 , pp. 101 Lands refers to Thurston 's definition of an engine and Thurston 's calling Newcomen 's the `` first true engine . '' Jump up ^ Brown , Richard ( 1991 ) . Society and economy in modern Britain , 1700 -- 1850 ( Repr . ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01121 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 . Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charolttesville : University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Galloway , Elajah ( 1828 ) . History of the Steam Engine . London : B. Steill , Paternoster - Row . pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Leupold , Jacob ( 1725 ) . Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum . Leipzig : Christoph Zunkel . Jump up ^ Hunter & Bryant 1991 Duty comparison was based on a carefully conducted trial in 1778 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , William ( 2012 ) . The Most Powerful Idea in the World : A Story of Steam , Industry and Invention . University Of Chicago Press . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 72634 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 ^ Jump up to : Thomson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 -- 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Ruth Schwartz ( 1997 ) , A Social History of American Technology , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 74 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504606 - 4 Jump up ^ Dickinson , Henry W ; Titley , Arthur ( 1934 ) . `` Chronology '' . Richard Trevithick , the engineer and the man . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. xvi . OCLC 637669420 . Jump up ^ The American Car since 1775 , Pub . L. Scott . Baily , 1971 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 601 -- 628 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 601 Jump up ^ Van Slyck , J.D. ( 1879 ) . New England Manufacturers and Manufactories . New England Manufacturers and Manufactories . volume 1 . Van Slyck . p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Payton , Philip ( 2004 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Gordon , W.J. ( 1910 ) . Our Home Railways , volume one . London : Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` Nation Park Service Steam Locomotive article with photo of Fitch Steam model and dates of construction as 1780 -- 1790 '' . Nps.gov. 2002 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Trevithick 's steam locomotive Rhagor '' . Museumwales.ac.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steam train anniversary begins '' . BBC . 2004 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive . Merthyr Tydfil was the location where , on 21 February 1804 , Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high - pressure steam engines on a local iron master 's tram rails Jump up ^ Garnett , A.F. ( 2005 ) . Steel Wheels . Cannwood Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert ( 2000 ) . Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive ( ( = reprint of 1923 ed . ) ed . ) . Lewes , UK : the Book Guild Ltd . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis ( 1968 ) . The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . pp. 24 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Michael Reimer , Dirk Endisch : Baureihe 52.80 -- Die rekonstruierte Kriegslokomotive , GeraMond , ISBN 3 - 7654 - 7101 - 1 Jump up ^ Vaclav Smil ( 2005 ) , Creating the Twentieth Century : Technical Innovations of 1867 -- 1914 and Their Lasting Impact , Oxford University Press , p. 62 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516874 - 7 , retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 Jump up ^ `` Energiprojekt LTD -- Biomass power plant , Steam pow '' . Energiprojekt.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hunter , year - 1985 & Description of the Colt portable engine , pp. 495 -- 6 Jump up ^ McNeil , 1990 & See description of steam locomotives Jump up ^ Jerome , Harry ( 1934 ) . Mechanization in Industry , National Bureau of Economic Research ( PDF ) . pp. 166 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Hills 1989 , pp. 120 - 140 . Jump up ^ Hills 1989 , p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOE -- Fossil Energy : How Turbine Power Plants Work '' . Fossil.energy.gov . Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cooling System Retrofit Costs EPA Workshop on Cooling Water Intake Technologies , John Maulbetsch , Maulbetsch Consulting , May 2003 Jump up ^ Thomas J. Feeley , III , Lindsay Green , James T. Murphy , Jeffrey Hoffmann , and Barbara A. Carney ( 2005 ) . `` Department of Energy / Office of Fossil Energy 's Power Plant Water Management R&D Program . '' Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Department of Energy , July 2005 . Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 341 -- 343 Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London : MIT Press . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 < ' The Steam Engine Indicator ' Stillman , Paul ( 1851 ) > Jump up ^ Walter , John ( 2008 ) . `` The Engine Indicator '' ( PDF ) . pp. xxv -- xxvi . Jump up ^ Bennett , S. ( 1979 ) . A History of Control Engineering 1800 - 1930 . London : Peter Peregrinus Ltd . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 047 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1979 Jump up ^ Basic Mechanical Engineering by Mohan Sen pg. 266 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 445 ^ Jump up to : van Riemsdijk , John ( 1994 ) . Compound Locomotives . Penrhyn , UK : Atlantic Transport Publishers . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 906899 - 61 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brooks , John . Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland . ( Pg. 14 ) Jump up ^ Carpenter , George W. & contributors ( 2000 ) : La locomotive à vapeur , English translation of André Chapelon 's seminal work ( 1938 ) : pp. 56 - 72 ; 120 et seq ; Camden Miniature Steam Services , UK . ISBN 0 - 9536523 - 0 - 0 Jump up ^ Bell , A.M. ( 1950 ) . Locomotives . London : Virtue and Company . pp. 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Steam Rockets Tecaeromax Jump up ^ Hunter & year - 1985 , pp. 445 Jump up ^ John Enys , `` Remarks on the Duty of the Steam Engines employed in the Mines of Cornwall at different periods '' , Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers , Volume 3 ( 14 January 1840 ) , pg. 457 Jump up ^ `` Power Engineering and PEI Magazines : Daily coverage of electric power generation technology , fuels , transmission , equipment , coal power plants , renewable energy sources , emission control , more -- Power - Gen Worldwide '' . Pepei.pennnet.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Bibliography ( edit ) Crump , Thomas ( 2007 ) . A Brief History of the Age of Steam : From the First Engine to the Boats and Railways . Hills , Richard L. ( 1989 ) . Power from Steam : A history of the stationary steam engine . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 521 34356 9 . Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charolttesville : University Press of Virginia . Marsden , Ben ( 2004 ) . Watt 's Perfect Engine : Steam and the Age of Invention . Columbia University Press . Robinson , Eric H. `` The Early Diffusion of Steam Power '' Journal of Economic History Vol. 34 , No. 1 , ( March 1974 ) , pp. 91 -- 107 Rose , Joshua . Modern Steam Engines ( 1887 , reprint 2003 ) Stuart , Robert , A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine ( London : J. Knight and H. Lacey , 1824 . ) Van Riemsdijk , J.T. Pictorial History of Steam Power ( 1980 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Thurston , Robert Henry ( 1878 ) . A History of the Growth of the Steam - engine . The International Scientific Series . New York : D. Appleton and Company . OCLC 16507415 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steam engines . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Steam engine Look up steam engine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Animated engines -- Illustrates a variety of engines Howstuffworks - `` How Steam Engines Work '' Video of the 1900 steam engine aboard paddle steamer Unterwalden <Th_colspan="2"> Heat engines <Td_colspan="2"> Carnot engine Fluidyne Gas turbine Hot air Jet Minto wheel Photo - Carnot engine Piston Pistonless ( Rotary ) Rijke tube Rocket Split - single Steam ( reciprocating ) Steam turbine Stirling Thermoacoustic <Td_colspan="2"> Beale number West number <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline of heat engine technology <Td_colspan="2"> Thermodynamic cycle <Th_colspan="2"> Steam engines Operating cycle Atmospheric Watt Cornish Compound Uniflow Valves Valves Slide D slide Piston Drop Corliss Poppet Sleeve Bash Valve gear Gab Stephenson link Joy Walschaerts Allan Baker Corliss Lentz Caprotti Gresley conjugated Southern Mechanisms Beam Cataract Centrifugal governor Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Hypocycloidal gear Link chain Parallel motion Plate chain Rotative beam Sun and planet gear Watt 's linkage Boilers Simple boilers Haystack Wagon Egg - ended Box Flued Cornish Lancashire Fire - tube boilers Locomotive Scotch Launch Water - tube boilers Babcock & Wilcox Field - tube Sentinel Stirling Thimble tube Three - drum Yarrow Boiler feed Feedwater heater Feedwater pump Injector Cylinder Locomotive Oscillating Single - and double - acting Condenser Condensing steam locomotive Jet Kirchweger Watt 's separate `` Pickle - pot '' Surface Other Crosshead Cutoff Expansion valve Hydrolock Piston Reciprocating engine Return connecting rod engine Six - column beam engine Steeple engine Safety valve Steeple compound engine Stroke Working fluid History Precursors Savery Engine ( 1698 ) Newcomen engine Newcomen Memorial Engine ( 1725 ) Fairbottom Bobs ( 1760 ) Elsecar Engine ( 1795 ) Watt engine Beam Kinneil Engine ( 1768 ) Old Bess ( 1777 ) Chacewater Mine engine ( 1778 ) Smethwick Engine ( 1779 ) Resolution ( 1781 ) Rotative beam Soho Manufactory engine ( 1782 ) Bradley Works engine ( 1783 ) Whitbread Engine ( 1785 ) National Museum of Scotland engine ( 1786 ) Lap Engine ( 1788 ) High - pressure Richard Trevithick Puffing Devil ( 1801 ) London Steam Carriage ( 1803 ) `` Coalbrookdale Locomotive '' ( 1803 ) `` Pen - y - Darren '' locomotive ( 1804 ) Compound Woolf 's compound engine ( 1803 ) Murray Murray 's Hypocycloidal Engine ( 1805 ) Salamanca ( 1812 ) High - speed Porter - Allen ( 1862 ) Ljungström ( 1908 ) See also Glossary of steam locomotive components History of steam road vehicles Cugnot 's fardier à vapeur ( 1769 ) Murdoch 's model steam carriage ( 1784 ) Lean 's Engine Reporter List of steam technology patents Modern steam Stationary steam engine Timeline of steam power Water - returning engine <Th_colspan="2"> Steam engine applications Stationary engines Reversible Winding engines rolling mill steam donkeys portable engine marine engines Continuous Power station pumping stations factories cable railways cable tramways Transport applications Marine : Steamboat steamship steam yacht Rail : Steam locomotive fireless locomotive Agriculture : Traction engine steam tractor Road : Steam wagon steam bus steam tricycle steam car Construction : Steam roller steam shovel portable engine Military : Steam tank ( tracked ) steam tank ( wheeled ) steam catapult Space and air : Steam rocket steam aircraft Miscellaneous : Steam clock See also Glossary of steam locomotive components `` The template below ( Authority control ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Authority control LCCN : sh85127673 GND : 4010992 - 6 BNF : cb11966647v ( data ) NDL : 00575025 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&oldid=810513154 '' Categories : English inventions British inventions Energy conversion Piston engines Steam engines Steam power Gas technologies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 18 : 42 . 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1. Steam engine
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when did the nl win the all star game
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List of Major League Baseball All - Star games - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball All - Star games Eighty - nine Major League Baseball All - Star Games have been played since the inaugural one in 1933 . The American League ( AL ) leads the series with 44 victories ; two games ended in ties . The National League ( NL ) has the longest winning streak of 11 games from 1972 -- 1982 ; the AL held a 13 - game unbeaten streak from 1997 -- 2009 ( including a tie in 2002 ) . The AL previously dominated from 1933 to 1949 , winning 12 of the first 16 . The NL dominated from 1950 to 1987 , winning 33 of 42 with 1 tie , including a stretch from 1963 to 1982 when they won 19 of 20 . Since 1988 the AL has dominated , winning 24 of 31 with one tie . In 2018 the AL took their first lead in the series since 1963 . The `` home team '' has traditionally been the league in which the host franchise plays its games , however the AL was designated the home team for the 2016 All - Star Game , despite it being played in Petco Park , home of the National League 's San Diego Padres . This decision was made following the announcement of Miami as host for the 2017 All - Star Game , which was the third consecutive year in which the game is hosted in an NL ballpark . The criteria for choosing the venue are subjective ; for the most part , cities with new parks and cities who have not hosted the game in a long time -- or ever -- tend to get the nod . In the first two decades of the game there were two pairs of teams that shared ballparks , located in Philadelphia and St. Louis . This led to some shorter - than - usual gaps between the use of those venues : The Cardinals hosted the game in 1940 , and the Browns in 1948 . The Athletics hosted the game in 1943 , and the Phillies in 1952 . A second game was played for four seasons , from 1959 through 1962 . The All - Star Game Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award was introduced in 1962 and the first recipient was Maury Wills of the Los Angeles Dodgers . The 2008 game featured the longest All - Star Game by time : 4 hours 50 minutes , and tied for innings at 15 with the 1967 game . Contents 1 Game results 2 Future MLB All - Star Games 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Game results ( edit ) Date Winning League ( All - Time Record ) Score Venue Host Team Attendance MVP Winning Pitcher Losing Pitcher July 6 , 1933 American ( 1 -- 0 -- 0 AL ) 4 -- 2 Comiskey Park Chicago White Sox 47,595 Lefty Gomez , New York ( AL ) Bill Hallahan , St. Louis ( NL ) July 10 , 1934 American ( 2 -- 0 -- 0 AL ) 9 -- 7 Polo Grounds New York Giants 48,368 Mel Harder , Cleveland ( AL ) Van Mungo , Brooklyn ( NL ) July 8 , 1935 American ( 3 -- 0 -- 0 AL ) 4 -- 1 Cleveland Stadium Cleveland Indians 69,812 Lefty Gomez , New York ( AL ) Bill Walker , St. Louis ( NL ) July 7 , 1936 National ( 3 -- 1 -- 0 AL ) 4 -- 3 National League Park Boston Bees 25,556 Dizzy Dean , St. Louis ( NL ) Lefty Grove , Boston , ( AL ) July 7 , 1937 American ( 4 -- 1 -- 0 AL ) 8 -- 3 Griffith Stadium Washington Senators 31,391 Lefty Gomez , New York ( AL ) Dizzy Dean , St. Louis ( NL ) July 6 , 1938 National ( 4 -- 2 -- 0 AL ) 4 -- 1 Crosley Field Cincinnati Reds 27,067 Johnny Vander Meer , Cincinnati ( NL ) Lefty Gomez , New York ( AL ) July 11 , 1939 American ( 5 -- 2 -- 0 AL ) 3 -- 1 Yankee Stadium New York Yankees 62,892 Tommy Bridges , Detroit ( AL ) Bill Lee , Chicago ( NL ) July 9 , 1940 National ( 5 -- 3 -- 0 AL ) 4 -- 0 Sportsman 's Park St. Louis Cardinals 32,373 Paul Derringer , Cincinnati ( NL ) Red Ruffing , New York ( AL ) July 8 , 1941 American ( 6 -- 3 -- 0 AL ) 7 -- 5 Briggs Stadium Detroit Tigers 54,674 Eddie Smith , Chicago ( AL ) Claude Passeau , Chicago ( NL ) July 6 , 1942 American ( 7 -- 3 -- 0 AL ) 3 -- 1 Polo Grounds New York Giants 34,178 Spud Chandler , New York ( AL ) Mort Cooper , St. Louis ( NL ) July 13 , 1943 American ( 8 -- 3 -- 0 AL ) 5 -- 3 Shibe Park Philadelphia Athletics 31,938 Dutch Leonard , Washington ( AL ) Mort Cooper , St. Louis ( NL ) July 11 , 1944 National ( 8 -- 4 -- 0 AL ) 7 -- 1 Forbes Field Pittsburgh Pirates 29,589 Ken Raffensberger , Philadelphia ( NL ) Tex Hughson , Boston ( AL ) 1945 <Td_colspan="8"> Not held because of World War II July 9 , 1946 American ( 9 -- 4 -- 0 AL ) 12 -- 0 Fenway Park Boston Red Sox 34,906 Bob Feller , Cleveland ( AL ) Claude Passeau , Chicago ( NL ) July 8 , 1947 American ( 10 -- 4 -- 0 AL ) 2 -- 1 Wrigley Field Chicago Cubs 41,123 Spec Shea , New York ( AL ) Johnny Sain , Boston ( NL ) July 13 , 1948 American ( 11 -- 4 -- 0 AL ) 5 -- 2 Sportsman 's Park St. Louis Browns 34,009 Vic Raschi , New York ( AL ) Johnny Schmitz , Chicago ( NL ) July 12 , 1949 American ( 12 -- 4 -- 0 AL ) 11 -- 7 Ebbets Field Brooklyn Dodgers 32,577 Virgil Trucks , Detroit ( AL ) Don Newcombe , Brooklyn ( NL ) July 11 , 1950 National ( 12 -- 5 -- 0 AL ) 4 -- 3 ( 14 ) Comiskey Park Chicago White Sox 46,127 Ewell Blackwell , Cincinnati ( NL ) Ted Gray , Detroit ( AL ) July 10 , 1951 National ( 12 -- 6 -- 0 AL ) 8 -- 3 Briggs Stadium Detroit Tigers 52,075 Sal Maglie , New York ( NL ) Ed Lopat , New York ( AL ) July 8 , 1952 National ( 12 -- 7 -- 0 AL ) 3 -- 2 ( rain , 5 ) Shibe Park Philadelphia Phillies 32,785 Bob Rush , Chicago ( NL ) Bob Lemon , Cleveland ( AL ) July 14 , 1953 National ( 12 -- 8 -- 0 AL ) 5 -- 1 Crosley Field Cincinnati Reds 30,846 Warren Spahn , Milwaukee ( NL ) Allie Reynolds , New York ( AL ) July 13 , 1954 American ( 13 -- 8 -- 0 AL ) 11 -- 9 Cleveland Stadium Cleveland Indians 69,751 Dean Stone , Washington ( AL ) Gene Conley , Milwaukee ( NL ) July 12 , 1955 National ( 13 -- 9 -- 0 AL ) 6 -- 5 ( 12 ) County Stadium Milwaukee Braves 45,643 Gene Conley , Milwaukee ( NL ) Frank Sullivan , Boston ( AL ) July 10 , 1956 National ( 13 -- 10 -- 0 AL ) 7 -- 3 Griffith Stadium Washington Senators 28,843 Bob Friend , Pittsburgh ( NL ) Billy Pierce , Chicago ( AL ) July 9 , 1957 American ( 14 -- 10 -- 0 AL ) 6 -- 5 Busch Stadium St. Louis Cardinals 30,693 Jim Bunning , Detroit ( AL ) Curt Simmons , Philadelphia ( NL ) July 8 , 1958 American ( 15 -- 10 -- 0 AL ) 4 -- 3 Memorial Stadium Baltimore Orioles 48,829 Early Wynn , Chicago ( AL ) Bob Friend , Pittsburgh ( NL ) July 7 , 1959 National ( 15 -- 11 -- 0 AL ) 5 -- 4 Forbes Field Pittsburgh Pirates 35,277 Johnny Antonelli , San Francisco ( NL ) Whitey Ford , New York ( AL ) August 3 , 1959 American ( 16 -- 11 -- 0 AL ) 5 -- 3 Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles Dodgers 55,105 Jerry Walker , Baltimore ( AL ) Don Drysdale , Los Angeles ( NL ) July 11 , 1960 National ( 16 -- 12 -- 0 AL ) 5 -- 3 Municipal Stadium Kansas City Athletics 30,619 Bob Friend , Pittsburgh ( NL ) Bill Monbouquette , Boston ( AL ) July 13 , 1960 National ( 16 -- 13 -- 0 AL ) 6 -- 0 Yankee Stadium New York Yankees 38,362 Vern Law , Pittsburgh ( NL ) Whitey Ford , New York ( AL ) July 11 , 1961 National ( 16 -- 14 -- 0 AL ) 5 -- 4 ( 10 ) Candlestick Park San Francisco Giants 44,115 Stu Miller , San Francisco ( NL ) Hoyt Wilhelm , Baltimore ( AL ) July 31 , 1961 TIE ( 16 -- 14 -- 1 AL ) 1 -- 1 Fenway Park Boston Red Sox 31,851 N / A N / A N / A July 10 , 1962 National ( 16 -- 15 -- 1 AL ) 3 -- 1 D.C. Stadium Washington Senators 45,480 Maury Wills , Los Angeles ( NL ) Juan Marichal , San Francisco ( NL ) Camilo Pascual , Minnesota ( AL ) July 30 , 1962 American ( 17 -- 15 -- 1 AL ) 9 -- 4 Wrigley Field Chicago Cubs 38,359 Leon Wagner , Los Angeles ( AL ) Ray Herbert , Chicago ( AL ) Art Mahaffey , Philadelphia ( NL ) July 9 , 1963 National ( 17 -- 16 -- 1 AL ) 5 -- 3 Cleveland Stadium Cleveland Indians 44,160 Willie Mays , San Francisco ( NL ) Larry Jackson , Chicago ( NL ) Jim Bunning , Detroit ( AL ) July 7 , 1964 National ( 17 -- 17 -- 1 ) 7 -- 4 Shea Stadium New York Mets 50,850 Johnny Callison , Philadelphia ( NL ) Juan Marichal , San Francisco ( NL ) Dick Radatz , Boston ( AL ) July 13 , 1965 National ( 18 -- 17 -- 1 NL ) 6 -- 5 Metropolitan Stadium Minnesota Twins 46,706 Juan Marichal , San Francisco ( NL ) Sandy Koufax , Los Angeles ( NL ) Sam McDowell , Cleveland ( AL ) July 12 , 1966 National ( 19 -- 17 -- 1 NL ) 2 -- 1 ( 10 ) Busch Memorial Stadium St. Louis Cardinals 49,936 Brooks Robinson , Baltimore ( AL ) Gaylord Perry , San Francisco ( NL ) Pete Richert , Washington ( AL ) July 11 , 1967 National ( 20 -- 17 -- 1 NL ) 2 -- 1 ( 15 ) Anaheim Stadium California Angels 46,309 Tony Pérez , Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) Don Drysdale , Los Angeles ( NL ) Catfish Hunter , Kansas City ( AL ) July 9 , 1968 National ( 21 -- 17 -- 1 NL ) 1 -- 0 Astrodome Houston Astros 48,321 Willie Mays , San Francisco ( NL ) Don Drysdale , Los Angeles ( NL ) Luis Tiant , Cleveland ( AL ) July 23 , 1969 National ( 22 -- 17 -- 1 NL ) 9 -- 3 RFK Stadium Washington Senators 45,259 Willie McCovey , San Francisco ( NL ) Steve Carlton , St. Louis ( NL ) Mel Stottlemyre , New York ( AL ) July 14 , 1970 National ( 23 -- 17 -- 1 NL ) 5 -- 4 ( 12 ) Riverfront Stadium Cincinnati Reds 51,838 Carl Yastrzemski , Boston ( AL ) Claude Osteen , Los Angeles ( NL ) Clyde Wright , California Angels ( AL ) July 13 , 1971 American ( 23 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 6 -- 4 Tiger Stadium Detroit Tigers 53,559 Frank Robinson , Baltimore ( AL ) Vida Blue , Oakland ( AL ) Dock Ellis , Pittsburgh ( NL ) July 25 , 1972 National ( 24 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 4 -- 3 ( 10 ) Atlanta Stadium Atlanta Braves 53,107 Joe Morgan , Cincinnati ( NL ) Tug McGraw , New York ( NL ) Dave McNally , Baltimore ( AL ) July 24 , 1973 National ( 25 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 7 -- 1 Royals Stadium Kansas City Royals 40,849 Bobby Bonds , San Francisco ( NL ) Rick Wise , St. Louis ( NL ) Bert Blyleven , Minnesota ( AL ) July 23 , 1974 National ( 26 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 7 -- 2 Three Rivers Stadium Pittsburgh Pirates 50,706 Steve Garvey , Los Angeles ( NL ) Ken Brett , Pittsburgh ( NL ) Luis Tiant , Boston ( AL ) July 15 , 1975 National ( 27 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 6 -- 3 County Stadium Milwaukee Brewers 51,480 Bill Madlock , Chicago ( NL ) Jon Matlack , New York ( NL ) Jon Matlack , New York ( NL ) Catfish Hunter , New York ( AL ) July 13 , 1976 National ( 28 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 7 -- 1 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Phillies 63,974 George Foster , Cincinnati ( NL ) Randy Jones , San Diego ( NL ) Mark Fidrych , Detroit ( AL ) July 19 , 1977 National ( 29 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 7 -- 5 Yankee Stadium New York Yankees 56,683 Don Sutton , Los Angeles ( NL ) Don Sutton , Los Angeles ( NL ) Jim Palmer , Baltimore ( AL ) July 11 , 1978 National ( 30 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 7 -- 3 San Diego Stadium San Diego Padres 51,549 Steve Garvey , Los Angeles ( NL ) Bruce Sutter , Chicago ( NL ) Rich Gossage , New York ( AL ) July 17 , 1979 National ( 31 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 7 -- 6 Kingdome Seattle Mariners 58,905 Dave Parker , Pittsburgh ( NL ) Bruce Sutter , Chicago ( NL ) Jim Kern , Texas ( AL ) July 8 , 1980 National ( 32 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 4 -- 2 Dodger Stadium Los Angeles Dodgers 56,088 Ken Griffey , Sr. , Cincinnati ( NL ) Jerry Reuss , Los Angeles ( NL ) Tommy John , New York ( AL ) August 9 , 1981 National ( 33 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 5 -- 4 Cleveland Stadium Cleveland Indians 72,086 Gary Carter , Montreal ( NL ) Vida Blue , San Francisco ( NL ) Rollie Fingers , Milwaukee ( AL ) July 13 , 1982 National ( 34 -- 18 -- 1 NL ) 4 -- 1 Olympic Stadium Montreal Expos 59,057 Dave Concepción , Cincinnati ( NL ) Steve Rogers , Montreal ( NL ) Dennis Eckersley , Boston ( AL ) July 6 , 1983 American ( 34 -- 19 -- 1 NL ) 13 -- 3 Comiskey Park Chicago White Sox 43,801 Fred Lynn , California ( AL ) Dave Stieb , Toronto ( AL ) Mario Soto , Cincinnati ( NL ) July 10 , 1984 National ( 35 -- 19 -- 1 NL ) 3 -- 1 Candlestick Park San Francisco Giants 57,756 Gary Carter , Montreal ( NL ) Charlie Lea , Montreal ( NL ) Dave Stieb , Toronto ( AL ) July 16 , 1985 National ( 36 -- 19 -- 1 NL ) 6 -- 1 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minnesota Twins 54,960 LaMarr Hoyt , San Diego ( NL ) LaMarr Hoyt , San Diego ( NL ) Jack Morris , Detroit ( AL ) July 15 , 1986 American ( 36 - 20 - 1 NL ) 3 -- 2 Astrodome Houston Astros 45,774 Roger Clemens , Boston ( AL ) Roger Clemens , Boston ( AL ) Dwight Gooden , New York ( NL ) July 14 , 1987 National ( 37 -- 20 -- 1 NL ) 2 -- 0 ( 13 ) Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland Athletics 49,671 Tim Raines , Montreal ( NL ) Lee Smith , Chicago ( NL ) Jay Howell , Oakland ( AL ) July 12 , 1988 American ( 37 -- 21 -- 1 NL ) 2 -- 1 Riverfront Stadium Cincinnati Reds 55,837 Terry Steinbach , Oakland ( AL ) Frank Viola , Minnesota ( AL ) Dwight Gooden , New York ( NL ) July 11 , 1989 American ( 37 -- 22 -- 1 NL ) 5 -- 3 Anaheim Stadium California Angels 64,036 Bo Jackson , Kansas City ( AL ) Nolan Ryan , Texas ( AL ) John Smoltz , Atlanta ( NL ) July 10 , 1990 American ( 37 -- 23 -- 1 NL ) 2 -- 0 Wrigley Field Chicago Cubs 39,071 Julio Franco , Texas ( AL ) Bret Saberhagen , Kansas City ( AL ) Jeff Brantley , San Francisco ( NL ) July 9 , 1991 American ( 37 -- 24 -- 1 NL ) 4 -- 2 SkyDome Toronto Blue Jays 52,383 Cal Ripken , Jr. , Baltimore ( AL ) Jimmy Key , Toronto ( AL ) Dennis Martínez , Montreal ( NL ) July 14 , 1992 American ( 37 -- 25 -- 1 NL ) 13 -- 6 Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego Padres 59,372 Ken Griffey , Jr. , Seattle ( AL ) Kevin Brown , Texas ( AL ) Tom Glavine , Atlanta ( NL ) July 13 , 1993 American ( 37 -- 26 -- 1 NL ) 9 -- 3 Oriole Park at Camden Yards Baltimore Orioles 48,147 Kirby Puckett , Minnesota ( AL ) Jack McDowell , Chicago ( AL ) John Burkett , San Francisco ( NL ) July 12 , 1994 National ( 38 -- 26 -- 1 NL ) 8 -- 7 ( 10 ) Three Rivers Stadium Pittsburgh Pirates 59,568 Fred McGriff , Atlanta ( NL ) Doug Jones , Philadelphia ( NL ) Jason Bere , Chicago ( AL ) July 11 , 1995 National ( 39 -- 26 -- 1 NL ) 3 -- 2 The Ballpark in Arlington Texas Rangers 50,920 Jeff Conine , Florida ( NL ) Heathcliff Slocumb , Philadelphia ( NL ) Steve Ontiveros , Oakland ( AL ) July 9 , 1996 National ( 40 -- 26 -- 1 NL ) 6 -- 0 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Phillies 62,670 Mike Piazza , Los Angeles ( NL ) John Smoltz , Atlanta ( NL ) Charles Nagy , Cleveland ( AL ) July 8 , 1997 American ( 40 -- 27 -- 1 NL ) 3 -- 1 Jacobs Field Cleveland Indians 44,916 Sandy Alomar , Cleveland ( AL ) José Rosado , Kansas City ( AL ) Shawn Estes , San Francisco ( NL ) July 7 , 1998 American ( 40 -- 28 -- 1 NL ) 13 -- 8 Coors Field Colorado Rockies 51,267 Roberto Alomar , Baltimore ( AL ) Bartolo Colón , Cleveland ( AL ) Ugueth Urbina , Montreal ( NL ) July 13 , 1999 American ( 40 -- 29 -- 1 NL ) 4 -- 1 Fenway Park Boston Red Sox 34,187 Pedro Martínez , Boston ( AL ) Pedro Martínez , Boston ( AL ) Curt Schilling , Philadelphia ( NL ) July 11 , 2000 American ( 40 -- 30 -- 1 NL ) 6 -- 3 Turner Field Atlanta Braves 51,323 Derek Jeter , New York ( AL ) James Baldwin , Chicago ( AL ) Al Leiter , New York ( NL ) July 10 , 2001 American ( 40 -- 31 -- 1 NL ) 4 -- 1 Safeco Field Seattle Mariners 47,364 Cal Ripken , Jr. , Baltimore ( AL ) Freddy García , Seattle ( AL ) Chan Ho Park , Los Angeles ( NL ) July 9 , 2002 TIE ( 40 -- 31 -- 2 NL ) 7 -- 7 ( 11 ) Miller Park Milwaukee Brewers 41,871 N / A N / A N / A July 15 , 2003 American ( 40 -- 32 -- 2 NL ) 7 -- 6 U.S. Cellular Field Chicago White Sox 47,609 Garret Anderson , Anaheim ( AL ) Brendan Donnelly , Anaheim ( AL ) Éric Gagné , Los Angeles ( NL ) July 13 , 2004 American ( 40 -- 33 -- 2 NL ) 9 -- 4 Minute Maid Park Houston Astros 41,886 Alfonso Soriano , Texas ( AL ) Mark Mulder , Oakland ( AL ) Roger Clemens , Houston ( NL ) July 12 , 2005 American ( 40 -- 34 -- 2 NL ) 7 -- 5 Comerica Park Detroit Tigers 41,617 Miguel Tejada , Baltimore ( AL ) Mark Buehrle , Chicago ( AL ) John Smoltz , Atlanta ( NL ) July 11 , 2006 American ( 40 -- 35 -- 2 NL ) 3 -- 2 PNC Park Pittsburgh Pirates 38,904 Michael Young , Texas ( AL ) B.J. Ryan , Toronto ( AL ) Trevor Hoffman , San Diego ( NL ) July 10 , 2007 American ( 40 -- 36 -- 2 NL ) 5 -- 4 AT&T Park San Francisco Giants 43,965 Ichiro Suzuki , Seattle ( AL ) Josh Beckett , Boston ( AL ) Chris Young , San Diego ( NL ) July 15 , 2008 American ( 40 -- 37 -- 2 NL ) 4 -- 3 ( 15 ) Yankee Stadium New York Yankees 55,632 J.D. Drew , Boston ( AL ) Scott Kazmir , Tampa Bay ( AL ) Brad Lidge , Philadelphia ( NL ) July 14 , 2009 American ( 40 -- 38 -- 2 NL ) 4 -- 3 Busch Stadium St. Louis Cardinals 46,760 Carl Crawford , Tampa Bay ( AL ) Jonathan Papelbon , Boston ( AL ) Heath Bell , San Diego ( NL ) July 13 , 2010 National ( 41 -- 38 -- 2 NL ) 3 -- 1 Angel Stadium of Anaheim Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 45,408 Brian McCann , Atlanta ( NL ) Matt Capps , Washington ( NL ) Phil Hughes , New York ( AL ) July 12 , 2011 National ( 42 -- 38 -- 2 NL ) 5 -- 1 Chase Field Arizona Diamondbacks 49,033 Prince Fielder , Milwaukee ( NL ) Tyler Clippard , Washington ( NL ) C.J. Wilson , Texas ( AL ) July 10 , 2012 National ( 43 -- 38 -- 2 NL ) 8 -- 0 Kauffman Stadium Kansas City Royals 40,933 Melky Cabrera , San Francisco ( NL ) Matt Cain , San Francisco ( NL ) Justin Verlander , Detroit ( AL ) July 16 , 2013 American ( 43 -- 39 -- 2 NL ) 3 -- 0 Citi Field New York Mets 45,186 Mariano Rivera , New York ( AL ) Chris Sale , Chicago ( AL ) Patrick Corbin , Arizona ( NL ) July 15 , 2014 American ( 43 -- 40 -- 2 NL ) 5 -- 3 Target Field Minnesota Twins 41,048 Mike Trout , Los Angeles ( AL ) Max Scherzer , Detroit ( AL ) Pat Neshek , St. Louis ( NL ) July 14 , 2015 American ( 43 -- 41 -- 2 NL ) 6 -- 3 Great American Ball Park Cincinnati Reds 43,656 Mike Trout , Los Angeles ( AL ) David Price , Detroit ( AL ) Clayton Kershaw , Los Angeles ( NL ) July 12 , 2016 American ( 43 -- 42 -- 2 NL ) 4 -- 2 Petco Park San Diego Padres 42,386 Eric Hosmer , Kansas City ( AL ) Corey Kluber , Cleveland ( AL ) Johnny Cueto , San Francisco ( NL ) July 11 , 2017 American ( 43 -- 43 -- 2 ) 2 -- 1 ( 10 ) Marlins Park Miami Marlins 37,188 Robinson Canó , Seattle ( AL ) Craig Kimbrel , Boston ( AL ) Wade Davis , Chicago ( NL ) July 17 , 2018 American ( 44 -- 43 -- 2 AL ) 8 -- 6 ( 10 ) Nationals Park Washington Nationals 43,843 Alex Bregman , Houston ( AL ) Edwin Diaz , Seattle ( AL ) Ross Stripling , Los Angeles ( NL ) American League ( 44 Wins ) National League ( 43 Wins ) Future MLB All - Star Games ( edit ) Date Host team Stadium City Television Radio July 9 , 2019 Cleveland Indians Progressive Field Cleveland , Ohio Fox Sports ESPN July 14 , 2020 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium Los Angeles , California Fox Sports ESPN Notes ( edit ) St. Petersburg ( Tampa Bay Rays ) is the only current MLB city that has not yet hosted ( or been scheduled to host ) an MLB All - Star Game . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game History '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Major League Baseball All - Star Games at Baseball Reference <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s -- 2000s 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends and Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward <Td_colspan="2"> 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Games&oldid=854046224 '' Categories : Major League Baseball All - Star Game Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 16 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Major League Baseball All-Star Games
2. American League vs. National League
3. Game results and winning streaks
4. Home team designation and venue selection
5. All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award
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lo que la vida me robó romina de quien es hija
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Lo que la vida me robó - wikipedia Lo que la vida me robó <Th_colspan="2"> Lo que la vida me robó <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Telenovela Created by Juan Carlos Alcalá Written by Rosa Salazar Arenas Fermín Zúñiga Jorge Cervantes Story by Caridad Bravo Adams María Zarattini Directed by Claudio Reyes Manuel Barajas Sergio Cataño Armando Zafra Starring Daniela Castro Angelique Boyer Sebastián Rulli Luis Roberto Guzmán Sergio Sendel Rogelio Guerra Eric del Castillo Grettell Valdez Alberto Estrella Ana Bertha Espín Juan Carlos Barreto Gabriela Rivero Luis Uribe Osvaldo Benavides Verónica Jaspeado Margarita Magaña Carlos de la Mota Alejandro Ávila Alejandra García Ferdinando Valencia Marco Uriel Isabella Camil Luis Xavier Ilithya Manzanilla Natalia Juárez Alejandra Procuna Alexis Ayala Theme music composer Enrique Iglesias Opening theme `` El perdedor '' by Enrique Iglesias and Marco Antonio Solís Ending theme `` Corazones invencibles '' by Aleks Syntek Country of origin Mexico Original language ( s ) Spanish No. of episodes 197 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Angelli Nesma Medina Producer ( s ) Juan Ignacio Alarcón Location ( s ) Campeche , Mexico Agua Azul , Chiapas Quintana Roo Miami , Florida Buenos Aires , Argentina Camera setup Multi-camera <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Canal de las Estrellas Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereophonic sound Original release October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) -- July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by La tempestad Followed by Hasta el fin del mundo Related shows Bodas de odio Amor real <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Lo que la vida me robó ( English title : What Life Took From Me ) , is a Mexican telenovela produced by Angelli Nesma Medina for Televisa , broadcast by Canal de las Estrellas ( now known as Las Estrellas ) . The series originally aired from October 28 , 2013 to July 27 , 2014 . It is an adaptation of the 1983 telenovela Bodas de odio produced by Ernesto Alonso , which also inspired Amor real , produced by Carla Estrada in 2003 . The series stars Daniela Castro as Graciela , Angelique Boyer as Montserrat , Sebastián Rulli as Alejandro , Luis Roberto Guzmán as José Luis , Sergio Sendel as Pedro , Rogelio Guerra as Lauro , Eric del Castillo as Padre Anselmo , Grettell Valdez as María , Alberto Estrella as Juventino , Ana Bertha Espín as Rosario , Juan Carlos Barreto as Macario and Gabriela Rivero as Carlota . The telenovela tells the story of Montserrat , whom her mother has chosen to be the solution of the family 's economic problems , forcing her to marry a wealthy young man . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Special participation 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Rating 5 Soundtrack 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Angelique Boyer crying in a telenovela scene . This story takes place in Aguazul , a fictional town where Montserrat ( Angelique Boyer ) lives , along with her upper class family . A beautiful young woman with a good social position , which makes her idealize having a rosy life . Montserrat is constantly manipulated by her mother , Graciela Giacinti ( Daniela Castro ) , who only cares about social appearances and wealth . Her father , Lauro Mendoza ( Rogelio Guerra ) is a retired admiral with a severe heart condition . Due to that he is unable to see to their lands . Montserrat 's older brother Dimitrio ( Osvaldo Benavides ) , gambles extensively and their family is on the brink of financial ruin , unbeknownst to Montserrat . Montserrat has become the solution to the socio - economic problems of her family , as her mother has chosen her ideal husband , Sebastián de Icaza ( Osvaldo de León ) , son of one of the most influential families in Aguazul ; However , she is not willing to marry a man imposed for convenience , even less when in fact she is in love with another , José Luis ( Luis Roberto Guzmán ) , a corporal of the Navy . Sebastian discovers Montserrat 's illicit relationship and leaves her , prompting Montserrat to pressure Jose Luis to speak to her father about asking her hand in marriage . José Luis , for his part , feels that his courtship with Montserrat will never be approved , since deep down , he knows that the Mendoza family will never accept him , because he does not have a promising future to share with Montserrat . Instead he offers to run away with her , to which Montserrat begrudgingly agrees . On the other hand , Alejandro ( Sebastián Rulli ) , a farmhand from a nearby plantation and with a desire to excel , learns a truth ; that his father is Don Benjamín Almonte ( Alfredo Adame ) , a cruel , powerful and wealthy man , who on his deathbed has revealed this secret and changes his will , naming Alejandro his sole heir . However , Alejandro does not receive this news well and runs off to clear his mind , meeting Montserrat accidentally while she was waiting for Jose Luis -- immediately falling in love . Graciela , having been the secret lover of Benjamin Almonte in the hopes he might leave her all of his wealth , becomes furious at hearing that Alejandro now owns it . It is when Graciela in desperation openly asks Alejandro for financial help , that he agrees to support the Mendoza with their debts on the condition that she overlooks his illegitimate birth and allows him to get to know her daughter , to see if he can get her to fall in love with him . Graciela accepts the proposal , swearing that Montserrat will not find out about the deal . At the same time , Montserrat and José Luis are discovered in their relationship by Graciela and Dimitrio , who do not want to jeopardize the promising future that awaits them and give themselves the task of separating them . They do not take long to achieve their goal , causing Monserrat to change his perception of José Luis , when the authorities blame him for a murder he did not commit , he is arrested and locked up . Believing that he had abandoned her before they could run away , Montserrat becomes desolate . When Graciela notes that Montserrat does not want to be romantically involved with Alejandro , she is forced to confess to her daughter the truth about her economic situation . Despite her principles and aware that it is the way to help her family not be completely ruined , Montserrat agrees to marry Alejandro . However , she feels guilty because she knows she is marrying just for money . On the other hand , Alejandro believes he has won her heart . Just when José Luis reappears to prove the truth about the injustice he suffered , Montserrat and Alejandro are married , and he is too late . Jose Luis pleads with Montserrat and asks her to run away with him again , and she agrees . Alejandro discovers that she intends to run away with Jose Luis the day of their wedding , and he promptly takes her back to his plantation . Determined to keep her as his wife he feels like the Mendoza family lead him astray , by pretending she had loved him . Montserrat and Alejandro clash many times , believing one had betrayed the other when the reality is they were manipulated by Graciela and Dimitrio . Slowly the truth comes to light and they begin to get along , finding a happy medium -- that is , until Jose Luis shows up at Alejandro 's plantation under the guise of the new foreman , determined to convince Montserrat to run away with him still . Alejandro , having never seen his face , quickly takes up a friendship with ' Antonio Olivarez ' , the man who is after his wife . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Daniela Castro as Graciela de Mendoza Angelique Boyer as Montserrat Mendoza Sebastián Rulli as Alejandro Almonte Luis Roberto Guzmán as José Luis Álvarez Sergio Sendel as Pedro Medina Rogelio Guerra as Lauro Mendoza Eric del Castillo as Padre Anselmo Grettell Valdez as María Zamudio Alberto Estrella as Juventino Zamudio Ana Bertha Espín as Rosario Domínguez Juan Carlos Barreto as Macario Gabriela Rivero as Carlota Mendonza Luis Uribe as Capitán Robledo Osvaldo Benavides as Dimitrio Mendoza Verónica Jaspeado as Josefina Valverde Margarita Magaña as Esmeralda Carlos de la Mota as Refugio Solares Alejandro Ávila as Víctor Alejandra García as Nadia Ferdinando Valencia as Adolfo Argüelles Beltrán / El Alacrán Marco Uriel as Efraín Loreto Isabella Camil as Amelia Betrand Luis Xavier as Joaquín Aréchiga Ilithya Manzanilla as Angélica Natalia Juárez as Virginia Alejandra Procuna as Dominga García Alexis Ayala as Ezequiel Basurto Special participation ( edit ) Luis Gatica as Bruno Gamboa Rafael Amador as Teniente Juan Romanca as Gaspar Zamudio Ricardo Vera as Licenciado Iván Caraza as Tomás Valverde Osvaldo de León as Sebastián de Icaza Patricia Conde as Prudencia Robledo Ricardo Kleinbaum as Samuel Barajas Lisset as Fabiola Francisco Gattorno as Sandro Guest stars ( edit ) Alfredo Adame as Benjamín Almonte Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) The filming of the telenovela officially began on August 2 , 2013 , in the state of Campeche , Mexico . The first actors confirmed apart from Sebastián Rulli and Angelique Boyer were Osvaldo Benavides , Grettell Valdez , who plays the role of the villain , Alexis Ayala , among others. Because the telenovela extended more in the production and chapters , several chapters were recorded in scenes of exteriors and in the Hacienda Uayamón , in Campeche , in which the temperatures were of 30 degrees , and they lasted 16 hours of work. A few weeks after the recordings began in 2013 in the state of Campeche , Mexico , the telenovela suspended the recordings due to the bad weather . Several photos were posted on Twitter , some were taken on the beaches of Yucatán and historic streets as well as Telchac Puerto , Celestún and Mérida , Yucatán . Rating ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( CT ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Mon -- Fri 9 : 20pm 197 October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) 20.0 July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 30.9 TBD Soundtrack ( edit ) Track Song Singer ( s ) Running time References `` El perdedor '' Enrique Iglesias and Marco Antonio Solís 4 : 22 `` Corazones invencibles '' Aleks Syntek 4 : 22 `` Vuelvo a nacer '' Alex Sirvent and Andrea Parmeggiani 4 : 25 `` Volver a amar '' Alex Sirvent N / A 5 `` Lo que siento por ti '' Carlos de la Mota 4 : 20 6 `` Cruzaré mil mares '' Alex Sirvent 3 : 54 7 `` Mujer prohibida '' Alejandro Ávila N / A 8 `` Este amor es muy grande '' Banda Los Sebastianes 3 : 24 9 `` Aún '' Jaime Flores and Magda Castelo 4 : 13 10 `` Volvería a mentir '' Evelyn de la Luz 4 : 33 11 `` Mi mejor amigo '' Mafer N / A 12 `` No puedo amarte '' N / A 3 : 46 13 `` Amores de cristal '' Luja 3 : 47 14 `` Gracias '' Jorge Daher N / A 15 `` Gracias '' Alex Sirvent 3 : 53 16 `` Frío '' Alex Sirvent 3 : 11 17 `` Chica Loka '' La Klave 3 : 40 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated Result 2014 Premios Juventud ¡ He 's Hot ! Sebastián Rulli Nominated Girl that leaves me sleepless Angelique Boyer Won Best theme novelero `` El Perdedor '' Won Premios People en Español Best Actress Angelique Boyer Nominated Most Handsome Sebastian Rulli Won 2015 33rd TVyNovelas Awards Best Telenovela of the Year Lo que la vida me robó Nominated Best Lead Actress Angelique Boyer Nominated Best Lead Actor Sebastián Rulli Won Best Female Antagonist Daniela Castro Won Best Male Antagonist Alexis Ayala Nominated Sergio Sendel Nominated Best First Actress Ana Bertha Espín Nominated Best Co-star Actor Luis Roberto Guzmán Won Best Supporting Actress Margarita Magaña Nominated Best Supporting Actor Osvaldo Benavides Won Best Musical Theme `` El Perdedor '' Nominated Best Original Story or Adaptation Juan Carlos Alcalá , Rosa Salazar and Fermín Zúñiga Won Favoritos del Público TVyNovelas Awards Favorite couple Angelique Boyer and Sebastián Rulli Nominated Slap favorite Daniela Castro and Angelique Boyer Nominated Best Kiss Sebastián Rulli and Angelique Boyer Nominated Luis Roberto Guzmán and Angelique Boyer Nominated The Most Handsome Sebastián Rulli Nominated The Prettiest Angelique Boyer Nominated Favorite Villains Daniela Castro Nominated Sergio Sendel Nominated Alexis Ayala Nominated Favorite final Lo que la vida me robó Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Lo Que La Vida Me Robó '' dio inicio a sus grabaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guadalupe Sánchez . `` Acompañamos al elenco de ' Lo que la vida me robó , quien grabó a más de 30 grados de temperatura '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grabaciones de `` Lo Que La Vida Me Robó '' se ven afectadas por el clima '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Lo que la vida me robó `` , encanta en Yucatán '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Como le fue a `` Lo que la vida me robó '' en audiencia `` . sitiostotal.com ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubio , Flor . `` '' Lo que la vida me robó '' superó los 30 pts de audiencia `` . radioformula.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Grupo Fórmula . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Música telenovela Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Aleks Syntek -- Corazones invensibles ( Por la fuerza del amor ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Canción de amor de Montserrat y Alejandro en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Canción de amor de Nadia y Víctor en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Lo que siento por ti , canción de Esmeralda y Refugio en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Cruzaré mil mares , canción de amor de Angélica y José Luis en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Alejandro Ávila canta la canción `` Mujer prohibida '' en la telenovela Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Banda Los Sebastianes -- Este amor es muy grande ( Lo que la vida me robó ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Canción que aparece en la boda de Montserrat y José Luis en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` La nueva canción de Montserrat y Alejandro en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Mi mejor amigo , canción de Mafer que aparece en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Canción de Dimitrio y Mónica en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Canción cuando José Luis deja en libertad a Montserrat '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Video de la boda de Nadia y Víctor en Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Alex Sirvent -- Gracias ( canción de Finita y Adolfito ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Canción que aparece cuando Alejandro despierta del coma '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notinovelas . `` Canción cuando María sale a bailar -- Lo que la vida me robó '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Novelalounge . `` Premios Juventud 2014 : Lista De Nominados Incluye Angelique Boyer , Maite Perroni y Sebastián Rulli '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LatinPost ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` People En Español Las Estrellas Del Año 2014 : Angelique Boyer , Sebastián Rulli , William Levy y Enrique Iglesias Entre Los Ganadores ( LISTA COMPLETA ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Novelalounge . `` Premios TVyNovelas 2015 : Lista Completa De Nominados '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lista de Nominados Favoritos del Público - Premios TVyNovelas 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . Más telenovelas . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lo que la vida me robó on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Televisa telenovelas and series ( 2010s ) Current La doble vida de Estela Carrillo ( since 2017 ) La Piloto ( since 2017 ) Mi marido tiene familia ( since 2017 ) Por amar sin ley ( since 2018 ) Tenías que ser tú ( since 2018 ) Y mañana será otro día ( since 2018 ) La jefa del campeón ( since 2018 ) La bella y las bestias ( since 2018 ) Former Niña de mi corazón ( 2010 ) Zacatillo , un lugar en tu corazón ( 2010 ) Cuando me enamoro ( 2010 ) Llena de amor ( 2010 ) Soy tu dueña ( 2010 ) Para volver a amar ( 2010 ) Teresa ( 2010 ) Triunfo del amor ( 2010 ) Rafaela ( 2011 ) Una familia con suerte ( 2011 ) Ni contigo ni sin ti ( 2011 ) La fuerza del destino ( 2011 ) Dos hogares ( 2011 ) Esperanza del corazón ( 2011 ) La que no podía amar ( 2011 ) Amorcito corazón ( 2011 ) Abismo de pasión ( 2012 ) Por ella soy Eva ( 2012 ) Un refugio para el amor ( 2012 ) Amor bravío ( 2012 ) Cachito de cielo ( 2012 ) Amores verdaderos ( 2012 ) Corona de lágrimas ( 2012 ) Porque el amor manda ( 2012 ) Qué bonito amor ( 2012 ) La mujer del Vendaval ( 2012 ) Corazón indomable ( 2013 ) La Tempestad ( 2013 ) Mentir para vivir ( 2013 ) Libre para amarte ( 2013 ) De que te quiero , te quiero ( 2013 ) Por siempre mi amor ( 2013 ) Quiero amarte ( 2013 ) Lo que la vida me robó ( 2013 ) Qué pobres tan ricos ( 2013 ) El color de la pasión ( 2014 ) La gata ( 2014 ) La malquerida ( 2014 ) Mi corazón es tuyo ( 2014 ) Hasta el fin del mundo ( 2014 ) Yo no creo en los hombres ( 2014 ) Muchacha italiana viene a casarse ( 2014 ) La sombra del pasado ( 2014 ) Que te perdone Dios ( 2015 ) Amores con trampa ( 2015 ) Lo imperdonable ( 2015 ) La vecina ( 2015 ) Amor de barrio ( 2015 ) A que no me dejas ( 2015 ) Antes muerta que Lichita ( 2015 ) Pasión y poder ( 2015 ) Simplemente María ( 2015 ) Un camino hacia el destino ( 2016 ) Corazón que miente ( 2016 ) Sueño de amor ( 2016 ) El hotel de los secretos ( 2016 ) Las amazonas ( 2016 ) Tres veces Ana ( 2016 ) Despertar contigo ( 2016 ) Vino el amor ( 2016 ) Mujeres de negro ( 2016 ) Yago ( 2016 ) Sin rastro de ti ( 2016 ) Por siempre Joan Sebastian ( 2016 ) Blue Demon ( 2016 - 2017 ) La candidata ( 2016 ) Mi adorable maldición ( 2017 ) El Bienamado ( 2017 ) Enamorándome de Ramón ( 2017 ) El vuelo de la victoria ( 2017 ) En tierras salvajes ( 2017 ) Caer en tentación ( 2017 ) Papá a toda madre ( 2017 ) Hoy voy a cambiar ( 2017 ) Me declaro culpable ( 2017 ) Sin tu mirada ( 2017 ) Hijas de la luna ( 2018 ) Upcoming Like Contracara Ringo <Td_colspan="2"> Complete 1958 -- 59 1960 -- 69 1970 -- 79 1980 -- 89 1990 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Works produced by Angelli Nesma Medina Television Viviana El hogar que yo robé Chispita Los años felices Rosa salvaje Carrusel Mi pequeña Soledad Entre la vida y la muerte María la del Barrio Mi querida Isabel Sin ti Camila Por tu amor Por un beso Niña amada mía Apuesta por un amor Amar sin límites Al diablo con los guapos Un gancho al corazón Llena de amor Abismo de pasión Lo que la vida me robó Que te perdone Dios Tres veces Ana Me declaro culpable Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Lo_que_la_vida_me_robó&oldid = 848589355 '' Categories : 2013 telenovelas 2013 Mexican television series debuts Mexican telenovelas Spanish - language telenovelas Televisa telenovelas 2014 Mexican television series endings Spanish - language Mexican telenovelas Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 22 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Lo que la vida me robó - Mexican telenovela
2. Plot summary - Montserrat forced to marry a wealthy man
3. Main cast - Daniela Castro, Angelique Boyer, Sebastián Rulli
4. Filming locations - Campeche, Mexico
5. Awards and nominations - Premios Juventud, TVyNovelas Awards
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the great british bake off season 9 episode list
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The Great British Bake Off ( series 9 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 9 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Great British Bake Off ( series 9 ) Starring Noel Fielding Sandi Toksvig Paul Hollywood Prue Leith Country of origin United Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Channel 4 Original release 28 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Series chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Series 8 The ninth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 28 August 2018 , with this being the second series to be broadcast on Channel 4 . The series is presented by Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , with judges Paul Hollywood and Prue Leith . The series was won by Rahul Mandal , becoming the first male winner since John Whaite in Series 3 , with Kim - Joy Hewlett and Ruby Bhogal as the runners - up . Contents 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Biscuits 3.2 Episode 2 : Cake 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Desserts 3.5 Episode 5 : Spice 3.6 Episode 6 : Pastry 3.7 Episode 7 : Vegan 3.8 Episode 8 : Danish 3.9 Episode 9 : Pâtisserie ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Final 4 Ratings 5 References Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Links Antony Amourdoux 30 Banker London Briony Williams 33 Full - time parent Bristol Dan Beasley - Harling 36 Full - time parent London Imelda McCarron 33 Countryside recreation officer County Tyrone Jon Jenkins 47 Blood courier Newport Karen Wright 60 In - store sampling assistant Wakefield Kim - Joy Hewlett 27 Mental health specialist Leeds Luke Thompson 30 Civil servant / house and techno DJ Sheffield Manon Lagrève 26 Software project manager London Rahul Mandal 30 Research scientist Rotherham Ruby Bhogal 29 Project manager London Terry Hartill 56 Retired air steward West Midlands Results summary ( edit ) <Th_colspan="16"> Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rahul <Td_colspan="2"> SB <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Winner Kim - Joy <Td_colspan="4"> SB SB Runner Up Ruby <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> SB Runner Up Briony <Td_colspan="4"> SB OUT <Td_colspan=""2”"> Manon SB <Td_colspan="4"> OUT <Td_colspan="3"> Jon OUT <Td_colspan="4"> Dan <Td_colspan="2"> SB OUT <Td_colspan="5"> Karen <Td_colspan="3"> OUT <Td_colspan="6"> Terry <Td_colspan="2"> OUT <Td_colspan="6"> Antony <Td_colspan="2"> OUT <Td_colspan="7"> Luke OUT <Td_colspan="8"> Imelda OUT <Td_colspan="9"> Terry was ill and unable to compete in episode 4 , but the bakers agreed he should return to the competition the following week . At the end of episode 4 , the judges decided it was unfair to eliminate anyone in Terry 's absence . Consequently , two bakers were eliminated the following week . Colour key : Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but was not the Star Baker . Baker got through to the next round . Baker was eliminated . Baker was the Star Baker . Baker was a series runner - up . Baker was the series winner . Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Episode 1 : biscuits ( edit ) Breaking with tradition , this year the series kicked off with Biscuits week . For the first challenge of the series , the bakers were tasked to bake 24 regional biscuits that needed to be all identical , and said something about them and a place in the British Isles . For the first technical challenge of this series , they are tasked to make one of Paul 's childhood favourites - Wagon Wheels . Finally , for the showstopper , the bakers had to create a spectacular 3D biscuit self - portrait that needed to be constructed with layers of biscuits and judged while placed upright on an easel stand . Baker Signature ( 24 Regional Biscuits ) Technical ( 8 Wagon Wheels ) Showstopper ( 3D Biscuit Self - Portrait ) Antony Turmeric and Caraway Goosnargh Cakes 12th `` Kilimanjaro Selfie '' Briony Apple Cider Empire Biscuits 2nd `` Bristol Biscuit Selfie '' Dan Lemon and Strawberry Shrewsburys 4th `` New Dad in Palm Springs '' Imelda Cherry and White Chocolate Oatmeal Biscuits 11th `` Seaside Selfie '' Jon Aberffraw ' Creams ' 5th `` A Sailing Selfie by the Sea '' Karen Yorkshire Perkins 6th Rosewater and Cardamom `` Holiday Selfie '' Kim - Joy Orange Blossom York Biscuits 10th `` Me at Miyajima Shrine '' Luke Yorkshire Gingernuts 8th `` What Happens In Vegas ... ! '' Manon Hazelnut Cornish Shortbread 3rd Matcha and White Chocolate Ganache Japanese Selfie Rahul Fennel and Coconut Pitcaithly Bannock 7th `` First Spring in the UK '' Ruby Masala Chai Devon Flats 1st `` Gingerbread Marathon Selfie '' Terry Lake District Ginger Shortbread 9th `` Brandy Snap Selfie '' Episode 2 : cake ( edit ) For their signature bakes , the bakers were required to create a traybake sliced into 16 identical pieces . The technical challenge was set by Prue , which featured a cake with an unusual ingredient : Le gâteau vert , which was one of French painter Claude Monet 's favourite birthday treats . The cake featured a pistachio genoise sponge sandwiched by a pistachio Crème au Beurre and covered by a green fondant coloured by spinach . For the showstopper , the bakers were required to create a technically demanding chocolate collar cake , featuring at least two tiers . Baker Signature ( 16 Traybakes ) Technical ( Le Gâteau Vert ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Collar Cake ) Antony Cardamom and Coconut Burfi Traybake 9th Pistachio , Saffron and Rose Cake Briony Turron and Orange Traybake 5th Chocolate Fudge and Salted Caramel Creation Dan Black Forest Slice 3rd Dark Chocolate and Raspberry Birthday Cake Jon Lemon Meringue Traybake 1st Hawaiian Shirt Pina Colada Cake Karen Almond and Marzipan Traybake with Rhubarb Jam 11th Strawberry Fayre Chocolate Cake Kim - Joy Pandan Chiffon Cake with Palm Sugar Cream 4th Yuzu and Raspberry Genoise Cat Cake Luke Lemon and Poppy Seed Traybake 7th Raspberry and White Chocolate Collar Cake Manon Rosemary and Honey Traybake 6th Almond Princess Cake Rahul Lemon and Cardamom Traybake 2nd Chocolate Orange Layer Cake Ruby Boozy Black Forest Traybake 10th Chocolate Orange `` Jackson Pollock '' Collar Cake Terry Rum and Raisin Traybake 8th Champagne and Strawberries Eiffel Tower Collar Cake Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For their signature bakes , the bakers were required to create a British classic : 12 Chelsea buns . For their technical challenge , using Paul 's recipe , the bakers were tasked to make a batch of 8 non-yeasted garlic naan breads , brushed with garlic ghee and topped with coriander , in only one hour . Finally , for their 5 - hour showstopper , the bakers were tasked to create a three - tiered Korovai , which will be elaborately decorated for their chosen celebratory occasion . Most of the bakers had chosen the traditional wedding theme . Baker Signature ( 12 Chelsea Buns ) Technical ( 8 Non-Yeasted Garlic Naan Breads ) Showstopper ( Korovai ) Antony Decadent Breakfast Chelsea Buns 8th Chocolate and Orange Adventure Korovai Briony Balsamic Strawberry Chelsea Buns 9th Happily Ever After Korovai Dan Sticky Spiced Orange Chelsea Buns 6th Wedding Korovai Jon Cardiff City vs Chelsea Buns 2nd Korovai Dydd Dewi Sant Karen Peak District Christmas Chelsea Buns 5th French Breakfast Wedding Korovai Kim - Joy Pistachio and Cardamom Tangzhong Chelsea Buns 10th Orange , Cinnamon and Cranberry ' Kit - ovai ' Manon Apricot , Cranberry and Marzipan Chai Chelsea Buns 3rd Fabergé Inspired Traditional Korovai Rahul Mango and Cranberry Chelsea Buns 4th Garden Wedding Korovai Ruby Gujarela Chelsea Buns with Dates , Almonds and Raisins 7th Mama and Papa 's Belated Wedding Korovai Terry Tangy Citrus Sticky Chelsea Buns 1st Garden Korovai Episode 4 : desserts ( edit ) At the start of this episode , it was announced that Terry was not able to compete this week due to illness . But , with the agreement of all , he would be allowed to come back to the competition the following week . For their signature bakes , the bakers were required to create a meringue roulade . For their technical challenge , using Prue 's recipe , the bakers were tasked to produce a raspberry blancmange served with 12 Langues de Chat biscuits . For their showstoppers , the bakers were tasked to create a spectacular melting chocolate ball dessert : a chocolate sphere which would be melted away with a hot sauce , revealing the dessert hidden inside . After the three challenges , Briony and Karen were the two bakers left at the bottom . However , nobody was eliminated this week , as the judges deemed it would be unfair to send anyone home with Terry 's absence . However , this meant two bakers would be eliminated the following week . Baker Signature ( Meringue Roulade ) Technical ( Raspberry Blancmange with 12 Langues du Chat biscuits ) Showstopper ( Melting Chocolate Ball Dessert ) Briony Treacle Tart Roulade 5th Blood Orange & Amaretto Sticky Toffee Sphere Dan Florida Roulade 1st Dan and the Giant Peach Jon Mango and Passion Fruit Roulade 3rd Lucy and Hannah 's Ballet Cake Karen Coffee Cream and Praline Roulade 7th Chateau Du Chambord Framboise Kim - Joy ' Sweet Dreams ' Roulade 6th Melting Chocolate Galaxy Manon Amarene and Kirsch Cherry Roulade 8th White Chocolate Renaissance Surprise Rahul Rhubarb and Custard Roulade 4th Opera Cake with Kalash Inspired Dome Ruby Pina Colada Roulade 2nd Chocolate Egg Terry <Td_colspan="3"> Did not compete Episode 5 : spice ( edit ) For the signature challenge , the bakers were tasked to bake a ginger cake . For the technical challenge , using Paul 's recipe , the bakers must create a batch of 12 Ma'amoul , an ancient pastry from the Middle East that none of the bakers had heard of . In the batch , 6 of the ma'amoul must be filled with walnuts and shaped with a mould , and the other 6 must be filled with a date paste and decorated by pinching the dough with ma'amoul tongs . For their showstoppers , the bakers were tasked to create a beautiful , gravity - defying spiced biscuit chandelier . Prue was unwell during the showstoppers round , and as a result , Paul was left as the solo judge . Baker Signature ( Ginger Cake ) Technical ( 12 Ma'amoul ) Showstopper ( Spiced Biscuit Chandelier ) Briony Honey and Apricot Ginger Cake 6th Turmeric Latte Chandelier Dan Ginger and Lemon Drip Cake 2nd Birthday Kaleidoscope for Constance Jon Family Christmas Ginger Cake 7th Birthday Chandelier for Emily 's 21st Karen Bonfire Night Ginger Cake 9th Pontefract Girls ' School Reunion Kim - Joy Stem Ginger Cake with Poached Pears 4th Christmas Spiced Ice Chandelier Manon Italian Meringue Ginger Cake 5th Art Deco Spiced Biscuit Chandelier Rahul Bonfire Night Caramel Ginger Cake 3rd Durga Puja Cardamom Chandelier Ruby Jamaican Me Crazy Ginger Cake 1st Peacock Chandelier Terry Caramelised Pear and Stem Ginger Cake 8th 12 Days of Christmas Chandelier Episode 6 : pastry ( edit ) For the signature challenge , the bakers were tasked to make 12 samosas , in which 6 must be savoury and the other 6 must be sweet . The samosas must also be served with a dip to complement them . The technical challenge was set by Prue , and the bakers were required to make 6 Puits d'amour , meaning `` well of love '' . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were tasked to create a shaped banquet pie that would be beautifully decorated enough to act as a centrepiece at a Tudor 's banquet . Baker Signature ( 12 Samosas ) Technical ( 6 Puits d'amour ) Showstopper ( Shaped Banquet Pie ) Briony Home Comforts 1st `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' Banquet Pie Dan Festive Samosas 6th Salmon Coulibiac Jon A Romantic Dinner For Two , Samosa Style 2nd Welsh Dragon Pie Kim - Joy Flavours of India 5th Silke the Vegetarian Mermaid Manon Samosas for Mum 4th `` What Has Poppy Eaten ? '' Rahul Paneer Singara and Misti Singara 3rd Butterfly Pie Ruby Traditional Samosas 7th Kohinoor Crown Episode 7 : vegan ( edit ) The remaining six bakers were required in the signature challenge to make eight savoury vegan tartlets of two different fillings using shortcrust pastry that contained no butter or eggs . For the technical challenge , using Prue 's recipe , the bakers were tasked to make a vegan tropical fruit pavlova using aquafaba in place of egg whites to create the meringue . For the showstopper , the bakers were tasked to create a beautiful vegan celebratory cake . Baker Signature ( 8 Savoury Vegan Tartlets ) Technical ( Vegan Tropical Fruit Pavlova ) Showstopper ( Vegan Celebratory Cake ) Briony French Onion Tartlets and Celeriac & Apple Tartlets 5th Hazelnut Mocha Cake Jon Garlic Mushroom Tartlets and Falafel & Hummus Tartlets 4th Only Fools Eat Horses Cake Kim - Joy Broccoli & Tomato Quiches and Mascarpone Squirrel Tartlets 6th Lavender & Lemon Fox Cake Manon Summer & Winter Tartlets 2nd Spiced Apple Cake Rahul Coriander Posto & Veg Tartlets and Ghugni Chaat Tartlets 1st Chocolate & Coconut Layer Cake with Raspberry Jam Ruby Sage & Butternut Tartlets and ' Cheesy Greens ' Tartlets 3rd Chocolate , Lemon & Coconut Cake Episode 8 : Danish ( edit ) In the quarterfinal signature challenge , the final five bakers were tasked to make a rye bread and make two types of Smørrebrød using it . For the technical challenge , the bakers were instructed to make 14 Æbleskiver containing a cinnamon and apple filling , and served with a strawberry jam dipping sauce . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to make a kagemand or a kagekone , a traditional Danish birthday cake made from Danish pastry that resemble a boy or a girl . The bakers ' kagemand / kagekone must be based on someone the bakers recognised and they must use at least three different confectionery making skills within it . Baker Signature ( 2 Smørrebrød ) Technical ( 14 Æbleskiver ) Showstopper ( Kagemand / Kagekone ) Briony Spanish & West Country Smørrebrød 1st Nana Pat Kagekone Kim - Joy Bumblebee Eggs & Fish Smørrebrød 2nd Off to the Opera Kagekone Manon Cheese and Fruit Smørrebrød 4th Birthday Girl Kagekone Rahul Smoked Salmon & Roasted Vegetable Smørrebrød 5th Indian King Kagemand Ruby Post-Gym Smørrebrød 3rd Sister Kagekone Episode 9 : pâtisserie ( semifinal ) ( edit ) In the semifinal signature challenge , the bakers were tasked to make 24 dipped Madeleines in two designs and flavours . For the technical challenge , the bakers tackled Prue 's complex recipe for Torta Setteveli , a seven - layered cake containing two light chocolate genoise sponges , hazelnut bavarois , crunchy praline base and a chocolate mousse , topped with a chocolate mirror glaze . For the penultimate showstopper challenge , the bakers created a Parisian pâtisserie window containing 36 pâtisserie in three types : choux pastry , pate sucree and puff pastry mille - feuille . Baker Signature ( 24 Madeleines ) Technical ( Torta Setteveli ) Showstopper ( Parisian Pâtisserie Window ) Briony Mojito Madeleines and Espresso Martini Madeleines 3rd British Tea to French Pâtisserie Window ( Lemon Drizzle Éclairs , Coffee & Walnut Mille - Feuilles and Black Forest Tartlets ) Kim - Joy Ginger and Lemon Madeleines and Orange Bunny Madeleines 2nd Flavourite Flavours Window Display ( Lemon & Blueberry Mille - Feuilles , Orange Religieuses and Mango & Passion Fruit Meringue Tartlets ) Rahul Lemon and Raspberry Madeleines and Orange Curd Madeleines 4th Classic Tribute to Pâtisserie Window ( Lemon & Blueberry Mille - Feuilles , Caramel Éclairs , Classic Fruit Tartlets ) Ruby Pick Your Own Madeleines 1st Parisian Un Bouquet de Fleurs Window Display ( Summer Mille - Feuilles , Chocolate & Hazelnut Saint - Honorés and Lemon Verbena Tartlets ) Episode 10 : final ( edit ) For the final signature challenge , the last three bakers were tasked to make 12 iced doughnuts of two types , in which one type must be filled doughnuts and the other must be ring doughnuts . Baker Signature ( 12 Iced Doughnuts ) Technical ( ) Showstopper ( ) Kim - Joy Amaretto Diplomat Filled Doughnuts & Lemon Ring Doughnuts 1st Rahul Mango Créme Pâtissière Filled Doughnuts & Spiced Orange Ring Doughnuts 2nd Ruby Dulce De Leche Filled Doughnuts & Raspberry and Cardamom Ring Doughnuts 3rd Ratings ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate 7 day viewers ( millions ) 28 day viewers ( millions ) Channel 4 weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels 28 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) 9.55 9.92 4 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) 9.31 9.76 11 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) 8.91 9.35 18 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 18 ) 8.88 9.41 5 25 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) 8.67 TBA 6 2 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) 8.91 TBA 7 9 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 09 ) 9.22 TBA 8 16 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 16 ) 9.28 TBA 9 23 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 23 ) 10 30 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 30 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Great British Bake Off contestants revealed for 2018 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack . `` Everything we know so far about Great British Bake Off 2018 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Antony Amourdoux ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Briony Bakes '' . Jump up ^ `` Who is Briony Williams ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Dan Beasley - Harling ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dan 's Baking Adventure '' . Jump up ^ Leonard , Victoria ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : Tyrone woman Imelda to mix it on Channel 4 show '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Who is Imelda McCarron ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off contestant Jon Jenkins , from Newport , looks to impress '' . South Wales Argus. 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Jon Jenkins ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Karen Wright ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` kimjoyskitchen '' . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/7604274/great-british-bake-off-finalists-outside-challenge/amp/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Who is Luke Thompson ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` manonlagreve '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Francis ( 22 August 2018 ) . `` Who is Manon Lagreve ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack . `` Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestants '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Rahul Mandal ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Bhogal '' . Jump up ^ `` Who is Ruby Bhogal ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Terry ? Meet the Great British Bake Off 2018 contestant '' . Radio Times . 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Sporn , Natasha ( 26 September 2018 ) . `` Great British Bake Off fans in tears as Terry Hartill opens up about his wife 's death in during emotional exit interview '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2018 : episode one - as it happened '' . Guardian . 28 August 2018 . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four - screen dashboard '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 9 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_9)&oldid=866526447 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off 2018 British television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Great British Bake Off series 9
2. Contestants and winners of series 9
3. Episodes and challenges in series 9
4. Baking techniques and recipes featured in series 9
5. Ratings and reception of series 9
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the primary role of a fire alarm system is to
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Fire alarm system - wikipedia Fire alarm system `` Fire alarm '' redirects here . For the Looney Toons cartoon , see The Fire Alarm . A fire alarm notification appliance that is used in the United States and Canada , a Wheelock MT - 24 - LSM horn / strobe . A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke , fire , carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present . These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors , and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations . Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns . They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm , followed by a voice evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to use the elevators . Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low , medium and high , depending on the country and manufacturer of the device . Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a siren with alternating frequencies . Fire alarm electronic devices are known as horns in the United States and Canada , and can be either continuous or set to different codes such as Code 3 . Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels . Fire Alarm systems in the United Kingdom are tested at a weekly basis in compliance with the BS - fire 2013 regulations . Contents 1 Design 2 Parts 3 Initiating devices 4 Notification appliances 5 Emergency voice alarm communication systems 6 Mass notification systems / emergency communication systems 7 Building safety interfaces 8 UK fire alarm system categories 9 Zoning 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Design ( edit ) After the fire protection goals are established -- usually by referencing the minimum levels of protection mandated by the appropriate model building code , insurance agencies , and other authorities -- the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components , arrangements , and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals . Equipment specifically manufactured for these purposes is selected and standardized installation methods are anticipated during the design . In the United States , NFPA 72 , The National Fire Alarm Code is an established and widely used installation standard . In Canada , the ULC is the standard for the fire system . The equivalent standard in the United Kingdom is BS 5839 Part 1 . EN 54 is a mandatory standard for fire detection and fire alarm systems in the European Union , aiming to establish harmonized technical standards against which products in the field should be benchmarked and certified by a qualified testing house known as a Notified Body . Every product for fire alarm systems must achieve the standards laid out in EN 54 in order to properly carry a CE mark , which is in turn required if the product is to be delivered and installed in any country of the EU . It is a standard widely used around the world . Edwards / EST 270 - SPO manual pull station , commonly used in Canada & USA Parts ( edit ) A Honeywell DeltaNet FS90 fire alarm control panel Fire alarm control panel ( FACP ) AKA fire alarm control unit ( FACU ) ; This component , the hub of the system , monitors inputs and system integrity , controls outputs and relays information . Primary power supply : Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 - volt alternating current source supplied from a commercial power utility . In non-residential applications , a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents . `` Dedicated branch circuits '' should not be confused with `` Individual branch circuits '' which supply energy to a single appliance . Secondary ( backup ) power supplies : This component , commonly consisting of sealed lead - acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators , is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure . The batteries can be either inside the bottom of the panel or inside a separate battery box installed near the panel . Initiating devices : These components act as inputs to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically activated . Examples would be devices such as pull stations , heat detectors , and smoke detectors . Heat and smoke detectors have different categories of both kinds . Some categories are beam , photoelectric , ionization , aspiration , and duct . A publicly accessible alarm box on a street in San Francisco Notification appliances : This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source , to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action , usually to evacuate . This is done by means of a pulsing incandescent light , flashing strobe light , electromechanical horn , electronic horn , chime , bell , speaker , or a combination of these devices . Strobes are either made of a xenon tube ( most common ) or recently LEDs . Building safety interfaces : This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment and to prepare the building for fire , and to control the spread of smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement , lighting , process control , human transport and exit . Initiating devices ( edit ) Manually actuated devices ; also known as fire alarm boxes , manual pull stations , or simply pull stations , break glass stations , and ( in Europe ) call points . Devices for manual fire alarm activation are installed to be readily located ( near the exits ) , identified , and operated . They are usually actuated by means of physical interaction , such as pulling a lever or breaking glass . Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any number of detectable physical changes associated with fire : convected thermal energy ; heat detector , products of combustion ; smoke detector , radiant energy ; flame detector , combustion gasses ; fire gas detector , and release of extinguishing agents ; water - flow detector . The newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze the visible effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods Notification appliances ( edit ) Main article : Fire alarm notification appliance A Honeywell speaker and a Space Age Electronics V33 remote light Notification Appliances utilize audible , visible , tactile , textual or even olfactory stimuli ( odorizer ) to alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take action in the event of a fire or other emergency . Evacuation signals may consist of simple appliances that transmit uncoded information , coded appliances that transmit a predetermined pattern , and or appliances that transmit audible and visible textual information such as live or pre-recorded instructions , and illuminated message displays . In the United States , fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a standardized audible tone , with visual notification in all public and common use areas . Emergency signals are intended to be distinct and understandable to avoid confusion with other signals . As per NFPA 72 , 18.4. 2 ( 2010 Edition ) Temporal Code 3 is the standard audible notification in a modern system . It consists of a repeated 3 - pulse cycle (. 5s on . 5s off . 5s on . 5s off . 5s on 1.5 s off ) . Voice Evacuation is the second most common audible in a modern system . Legacy systems , typically found in older schools and building have used continuous tones alongside other audible schema . Audible textual appliances , which are employed as part of a fire alarm system that includes Emergency Voice Alarm Communications ( EVAC ) capabilities . High - reliability speakers are used to notify the occupants of the need for action in connection with a fire or other emergency . These speakers are employed in large facilities where general undirected evacuation is considered impracticable or undesirable . The signals from the speakers are used to direct the occupant 's response . The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building known as Fire Wardens Stations , or from a single location designated as the building Fire Command Center . Speakers are automatically actuated by the fire alarm system in a fire event , and following a pre-alert tone , selected groups of speakers may transmit one or more prerecorded messages directing the occupants to safety . These messages may be repeated in one or more languages . Trained personnel activating and speaking into a dedicated microphone can suppress the replay of automated messages in order to initiate or relay real - time voice instructions . Emergency voice alarm communication systems ( edit ) Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems ( EVAC ) to provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages . Voice Alarm systems are typically used in high - rise buildings , arenas and other large `` defend - in - place '' occupancies such as hospitals and detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve . Voice - based systems provide response personnel with the ability to conduct orderly evacuation and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances . In high rise buildings , different evacuation messages may be played to each floor , depending on the location of the fire . The floor the fire is on along with ones above it may be told to evacuate while floors much lower may simply be asked to stand by . Mass notification systems / emergency communication systems ( edit ) New codes and standards introduced around 2010 especially the new UL Standard 2572 , the U.S. Department of Defense 's UFC 4 - 021 - 01 Design and O&M Mass Notification Systems , and NFPA 72 2010 edition Chapter 24 have led Fire Alarm System Manufacturers to expand their systems voice evacuation capabilities to support new requirements for mass notification including support for multiple types of emergency messaging ( i.e. inclement weather emergency , security alerts , amber alerts ) . The major requirements of a mass notification system are to provide prioritized messaging according to the local facilities emergency response plan . The emergency response team must define the priority of potential emergency events at the site and the fire alarm system must be able to support the promotion and demotion of notifications based on this emergency response plan . Emergency Communication System 's also have requirements for visible notification in coordination with any audible notification activities to meet requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act . Many manufacturers have made efforts to certify their equipment to meet these new and emerging standards . Mass notification system categories include the following : Tier 1 systems are in - building and provide the highest level of survivability Tier 2 systems are out of the building and provide the middle level of survivability Tier 3 systems are `` At Your Side '' and provide the lowest level of survivability Mass notification systems often extend the notification appliances of a standard fire alarm system to include PC based workstations , text - based digital signage , and a variety of remote notification options including email , text message , RSS feed , or IVR - based telephone text - to - speech messaging . Building safety interfaces ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) S.H. Couch F5GX non-coded fire alarm pull station below a Couch 10 '' bell . Magnetic smoke door holders / retainers : wall or floor mounted solenoids or electromagnets controlled by a fire alarm system or detection component that magnetically secures spring - loaded self - closing smoke tight doors in the open position . Designed to de-magnetize to allow automatic closure of the door on command from the fire control or upon failure of the power source , interconnection or controlling element . Stored energy in the form of a spring or gravity can then close the door to restrict the passage of smoke from one space to another in an effort to maintain a tenable atmosphere on either side of the door during evacuation and fire fighting efforts in buildings . Electromagnetic fire door holders can be hard - wired into the fire panel , radio controlled triggered by radio waves from a central controller connected to a fire panel , or , acoustic , which learn the sound of the fire alarm and release the door upon hearing this exact sound . Duct mounted smoke detection : smoke detection mounted in such a manner as to sample the airflow through duct work and other plenums specifically fabricated for the transport of environmental air into conditioned spaces . Interconnection to the fan motor control circuits is intended to stop air movement , close dampers and generally prevent the recirculation of toxic smoke and fumes produced by fire into occupiable spaces . Emergency elevator service : activation of automatic initiating devices associated with elevator operation are used to initiate emergency elevator functions , such as recall of associated elevator cab ( s ) . The recall will cause the elevator cabs to return to the ground level for use by fire service response teams and to ensure that cabs do not return to the floor of fire incidence , in addition to prevent people from becoming trapped in the elevators . Phases of operation include primary recall ( typically the ground level ) , alternate / secondary recall ( typically a floor adjacent to the ground level -- used when the initiation occurred on the primary level ) , illumination of the `` fire hat '' indicator when an alarm occurs in the elevator hoistway or associated control room , and in some cases shunt trip ( disconnect ) of elevator power ( generally used where the control room or hoistway is protected by fire sprinklers ) . Public address rack ( PAR ) : an audio public address rack shall be interfaced with fire alarm system , by adding signaling control relay module to either rack power supply unit , or to the main amplifier driving this rack . The purpose is to `` mute '' the BGM ( background music ) of this rack in case of emergency in case of a fire initiating the true alarm . Uk fire alarm system categories ( edit ) Fire alarm systems in non-domestic premises are generally designed and installed in accordance with the guidance given in BS 5839 Part 1. There are many types of fire alarm systems each suited to different building types and applications . A fire alarm system can vary dramatically in both price and complexity , from a single panel with a detector and sounder in a small commercial property to an addressable fire alarm system in a multi-occupancy building . BS 5839 Part 1 categorizes fire alarm systems as : `` M '' manual system ( no automatic fire detectors so the building is fitted with call points and sounders ) , `` L '' automatic systems intended for the protection of life , and `` P '' automatic systems intended for the protection of property . Categories for automatic systems are further subdivided into L1 to L5 , and P1 to P2 . Manual systems , e.g. hand bells , gongs , etc . These may be purely manual or manual electric , the latter may have call points and sounders . They rely on the occupants of the building discovering the fire and acting to warn others by operating the system . Such systems form the basic requirement for places of employment with no sleeping risk . P1 The system is installed throughout the building -- the objective being to call the fire brigade as early as possible to ensure that any damage caused by the fire is minimized . Small low - risk areas can be excepted , such as toilets and cupboards less than 1m2 . P2 Detection should be provided in parts of the building where the risk of ignition is high and / or the contents are particularly valuable . Category 2 systems provide fire detection in specified parts of the building where there is either high risk or where business disruption must be minimized . L1 A category L1 system is designed for the protection of life and which has automatic detectors installed throughout all areas of the building ( including roof spaces and voids ) with the aim of providing the earliest possible warning . A category L1 system is likely to be appropriate for the majority of residential care premises . In practice , detectors should be placed in nearly all spaces and voids . With category 1 systems , the whole of a building is covered apart from minor exceptions . L2 A category L2 system designed for the protection of life and which has automatic detectors installed in escape routes , rooms adjoining escape routes and high hazard rooms . In medium - sized premises ( sleeping no more than ten residents ) , a category L2 system is ideal . These fire alarm systems are identical to an L3 system but with additional detection in an area where there is a high chance of ignition ( e.g. , kitchen ) or where the risk to people is particularly increased ( e.g. , sleeping risk ) . L3 This category is designed to give early warning to everyone . Detectors should be placed in all escape routes and all rooms that open onto escape routes . Category 3 systems provide more extensive cover than category 4 . The objective is to warn the occupants of the building early enough to ensure that all are able to exit the building before escape routes become impassable . L4 Category 4 systems cover escape routes and circulation areas only . Therefore , detectors will be placed in escape routes , although this may not be suitable depending on the risk assessment or if the size and complexity of a building is increased . Detectors might be sited in other areas of the building , but the objective is to protect the escape route . L5 This is the `` all other situations '' category , e.g. , computer rooms , which may be protected with an extinguishing system triggered by automatic detection . Category 5 systems are the `` custom '' category and relate to some special requirement that can not be covered by any other category . Zoning ( edit ) An important consideration when designing fire alarms is that of individual zones . The following recommendations are found in BS 5839 Part 1 : A single zone should not exceed 2,000 m2 in floor space . Where addressable systems are in place , two faults should not remove protection from an area greater than 10,000 m2 . A building may be viewed as a single zone if the floor space is less than 300m2 . Where the floor space exceeds 300m2 then all zones should be restricted to a single floor level . Stairwells , lift shafts or other vertical shafts ( nonstop risers ) within a single fire compartment should be considered as one or more separate zones . The maximum distance traveled within a zone to locate the fire should not exceed 60m . Also , the NFPA recommends placing a list for reference near the FACP showing the devices contained in each zone . See also ( edit ) Fire portal Fire Safety Equivalency System Multiple - alarm fire National Fire Protection Association Smoke alarm Fire drill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Summary of the BS 5839 - 1 : 2013 '' . Safelincs . Jump up ^ CEN -- European Committee for Standardization : : Standards Archived 2013 - 05 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... Cen.eu . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Chenebert , A. ; Breckon , T.P. ; Gaszczak , A. ( September 2011 ) . `` A Non-temporal Texture Driven Approach to Real - time Fire Detection '' . Proc. International Conference on Image Processing ( PDF ) . IEEE . pp. 1781 -- 1784 . doi : 10.1109 / ICIP. 2011.6115796 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dunnings , A. , Breckon , T.P. ( 2018 ) . `` Experimentally Defined Convolutional Neural Network Architecture Variants for Non-temporal Real - time Fire Detection '' . Proc. International Conference on Image Processing ( PDF ) . IEEE . Retrieved 9 August , 2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 Fundamental Fire Protection Program and Design Elements '' . NFPA 805 Performance - Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants . National Fire Protection Association . February 2001 . standard : Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems 3.10. 7 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 Annex A '' . NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems . National Fire Protection Association . 2011 . standard : A. 4.5. 6.2. 2 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Cote , Arthur E. ( March 2000 ) . Fire Protection Handbook eighteenth edition . National Fire Protection Association . pp. 5 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 87765 - 377 - 1 . Jump up ^ NFPA 72 -- National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code -- 2010 Edition . National Fire Alarm Association , 2009 , Page 118 , Subsection 24.4. 1 Jump up ^ `` Fire Door Holders - Geofire '' . Geofire . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Industry Association Fact File 0058 '' . the Fire Industry Association ( `` FIA '' ) . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire alarm . Example Specification Section 283100 Fire Alarm Systems Authoritative guide to fire alarm systems in UK NFPA Standards <Th_colspan="3"> Fire protection General Active fire protection Passive fire protection Fire suppression Manual Fire blanket Fire bucket Fire extinguisher Automatic Condensed aerosol fire suppression Fire sprinkler system Fire sprinkler Gaseous fire suppression Detection Flame detector Heat detector Smoke detector Notification Drill Fire alarm system Call box Control panel Notification appliance Pull station / call point Smoke detector Awards Arthur B. Guise Medal Harry C. Bigglestone Award <Td_colspan="3"> Commons GND : 4007968 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_alarm_system&oldid=855819450 '' Categories : Fire detection and alarm American inventions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 02 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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1. Fire alarm system components
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who played thanos in guardians of the galaxy 1
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Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - Wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Guardians of the Galaxy <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , and Bradley Cooper as the titular Guardians , along with Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial criminals who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 , and was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third - highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film was praised for its humor , acting , direction , soundtrack , visual effects , and action sequences . At the 87th Academy Awards , the film received nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan and Thanos , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Drax and Gamora defeat Korath and Nebula , the latter escaping , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 pounds ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because , you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four - and - a-half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade , and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different - colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and ' 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . The Mass Effect video game series , Flash Gordon , Farscape , and Star Wars were primary inspirations for Gunn on the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the ' 60s and ' 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however , once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five - year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night - time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of a-holes '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobbleheads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play , and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice-president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third - highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third - highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening - weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth , and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top - grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third - highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower - than - normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) , and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third - highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest - grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) , the UK ( $47.4 million ) , and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 299 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Stephane Ceretti , Susan Pickett , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi , Paul Corbould Nominated Outstanding Performance of an Animated Character in a Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Kevin Spruce , Rachel Williams , Laurie Brugger , Mark Wilson for `` Rocket '' Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy director cites Mass Effect among his biggest inspirations , offers take on why video game movies suck '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . 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who made the movie chitty chitty bang bang
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Chitty Chitty Bang Bang - wikipedia Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Chitty Chitty Bang Bang <Td_colspan="2"> Original cinema release poster Directed by Ken Hughes Produced by Albert R. Broccoli Screenplay by Roald Dahl Ken Hughes Additional dialogue : Richard Maibaum Based on Chitty - Chitty - Bang - Bang by Ian Fleming Starring Dick Van Dyke Sally Ann Howes Lionel Jeffries Gert Fröbe Anna Quayle Benny Hill James Robertson Justice Robert Helpmann Music by Irwin Kostal ( score ) Richard M. Sherman ( songs ) Robert B. Sherman ( songs ) Cinematography Christopher Challis Edited by John Shirley Production company Warfield Productions Dramatic Features Distributed by United Artists Release date 16 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 16 ) ( London , premiere ) 17 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 17 ) ( United Kingdom ) 18 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 145 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $10 million Box office $7.5 million ( Rentals ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical adventure fantasy film , directed by Ken Hughes and written by Roald Dahl and Hughes , loosely based on Ian Fleming 's 1964 novel Chitty - Chitty - Bang - Bang : The Magical Car . The film stars Dick Van Dyke , Sally Ann Howes , Adrian Hall , Heather Ripley , Lionel Jeffries , James Robertson Justice , Robert Helpmann and Gert Fröbe . The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli , the regular co-producer of the James Bond series of films ( also based on Ian Fleming novels ) . John Stears supervised the special effects . Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music , while the musical numbers , written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of Mary Poppins , were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood . The song `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' was nominated for an Academy Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Locations 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical 4.3 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 6 Home video releases 7 Adaptations 7.1 Novelisation of film 7.2 Comic book adaption 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in circa 1910 , the story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race . In the final race , the car crashes and catches fire , ending its racing career . The car ends up in an old garage in rural England , where two children , Jeremy ( Adrian Hall ) and Jemima Potts ( Heather Ripley ) , have grown fond of it . However , a man in the junkyard intends to buy the car from the garage owner , Mr. Coggins ( Desmond Llewelyn ) , for scrap . The children , who live with their widowed father Caractacus Potts ( Dick Van Dyke ) , an eccentric inventor , and the family 's equally peculiar grandfather , implore their father to buy the car , but Caractacus ca n't afford it . While playing truant from school , they meet Truly Scrumptious ( Sally Ann Howes ) , a beautiful upper - class woman with her own motor car , who brings them home to report their truancy to their father . After she leaves , Caractacus promises the children that he will save the car , but is taken aback at the cost he has committed himself to . He looks for ways to raise money to avoid letting them down . The next morning , Potts discovers that the sweets produced by a machine he has invented can be played like a flute . He tries to sell the `` Toot Sweets '' to Truly 's father , Lord Scrumptious ( James Robertson Justice ) , a major confectionery manufacturer . He is almost successful until the whistle attracts a pack of dogs who overrun the factory , resulting in Caractacus 's proposition being rejected . Caractacus next takes his automatic hair - cutting machine to a carnival to raise money , but his invention accidentally ruins the hair of a customer . Potts eludes the man by joining a song - and - dance act . He becomes the centre of the show and earns enough in tips to buy the car and rebuild it . They name the car `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' for the unusual noise of its engine . In the first trip in the car , Caractacus , the children , and Truly picnic on the beach . Caractacus tells them a tale about nasty Baron Bomburst ( Gert Fröbe ) , the tyrant of fictional Vulgaria , who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . As Potts tells his story , the quartet and the car are stranded by high tide and are attacked by pirates working for the Baron . All of a sudden , Chitty deploys huge flotation devices and transforms into a power boat , and they escape Bomburst 's yacht and return to shore . The Baron sends two spies to capture the car , but they capture Lord Scrumptious , then Grandpa Potts ( Lionel Jeffries ) , mistaking each for the car 's creator . Caractacus , Truly , and the children see Grandpa being taken away by airship , and they give chase . When they accidentally drive off a cliff , Chitty sprouts wings and propellers and begins to fly . They follow the airship to Vulgaria and find a land without children ; the Baroness Bomburst ( Anna Quayle ) abhors them and imprisons any she finds . Grandpa has been ordered by the Baron to make another floating car , and he bluffs his abilities to avoid being executed . The Potts ' party is hidden by the local Toymaker ( Benny Hill ) , who now works only for the childish Baron . Chitty is discovered and taken to the castle . While Caractacus and the toymaker search for Grandpa and Truly searches for food , the children are caught by the Baron 's Child Catcher ( Robert Helpmann ) . The Toymaker takes Truly and Caractacus to a grotto beneath the castle where the townspeople have been hiding their children . They concoct a scheme to free the children and the village from the Baron . The Toymaker sneaks them into the castle disguised as life - size dolls for the Baron 's birthday . Caractacus snares the Baron , and the children swarm into the banquet hall , overcoming the Baron 's palace guards and guests . In the ensuing chaos , the Baron , Baroness , and the evil Child Catcher are captured . The Pottses and Truly fly back to England . When they arrive home , Lord Scrumptious surprises Caractacus with an offer to buy the Toot Sweet as a canine confection . Caractacus , realising that he will be rich , rushes to tell Truly the news . They kiss , and Truly agrees to marry him . As they drive home , he acknowledges the importance of pragmatism , as the car takes off into the air again . Cast ( edit ) The main cast after landing in Vulgaria . The cast includes : Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious Adrian Hall as Jeremy Potts Heather Ripley as Jemima Potts Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Bungie Potts Gert Fröbe as Baron Bomburst Anna Quayle as Baroness Bomburst Benny Hill as the Toymaker James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious Robert Helpmann as the Evil Child Catcher Barbara Windsor as Blonde Davy Kaye as Admiral Stanley Unwin as the Chancellor Peter Arne as the Captain of Bomburst 's Army Desmond Llewelyn as Mr. Coggins Victor Maddern as Junkman Arthur Mullard as Big Man Max Wall as Inventor Gerald Campion as Minister Max Bacon as Orchestra Leader Alexander Doré as First Spy Bernard Spear as Second Spy Richard Wattis as Sweet Factory Secretary ( uncredited ) Phil Collins as Vulgarian Child ( scene cut ) The part of Truly Scrumptious had originally been offered to Julie Andrews , to reunite her with Van Dyke after their success in Mary Poppins . Andrews rejected the role specifically because she considered that the part was too close to the Poppins mould . Instead , Sally Ann Howes was given the role . Dick Van Dyke was cast after he turned down the role of Fagin from another 1968 musical Oliver ! ( which ended up going to Ron Moody ) . Production ( edit ) The Caractacus Potts inventions in the film were created by Rowland Emett ; by 1976 , Time magazine , describing Emett 's work , said no term other than `` Fantasticator ... could remotely convey the diverse genius of the perky , pink - cheeked Englishman whose pixilations , in cartoon , watercolor and clanking 3 - D reality , range from the celebrated Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Railway to the demented thingamabobs that made the 1968 movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang a minuscule classic . '' Six Chitty - Chitty Bang - Bang cars were created for the film , only one of which was fully functional . At a 1973 auction in Florida , one of them sold for $37,000 , equal to $203,972 today . The original `` hero '' car , in a condition described as fully functional and road - going , was offered at auction on 15 May 2011 by a California - based auction house . The car sold for $805,000 , less than the $1 -- 2 million it was expected to reach . It was purchased by New Zealand film director Sir Peter Jackson . Locations ( edit ) Scrumptious Sweet Co. factory ( exterior ) -- Kempton Waterworks , Snakey Lane , Hanworth , Middlesex , England . This location now includes a steam museum open to the public . Scrumptious Mansion -- Heatherden Hall at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath , Buckinghamshire , England . Windmill / Cottage -- Cobstone Windmill in Ibstone , near Turville , Buckinghamshire , England . Duck Pond -- Russell 's Water , Oxfordshire , England . Train scene -- The Longmoor Military Railway . Beach -- Cap Taillat in St. Tropez , France . Bridge ( river ) where spies attempt to blow up Chitty -- Iver Bridge , Iver , Buckinghamshire , England . Bridge ( railway ) where spies kidnap Lord Scrumptious -- Ilmer Bridge , Ilmer , Buckinghamshire , England . White rock spires in the ocean and lighthouse -- The Needles stacks , Isle of Wight , England . White cliffs -- Beachy Head , East Sussex , England . Baron Bomburst 's castle -- Neuschwanstein Castle for the exterior , neighboured Hohenschwangau Castle for the interiors , Bavaria , Germany . Vulgarian village -- Rothenburg ob der Tauber , Germany . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was the tenth most popular at the US box office in 1969 . Critical ( edit ) Time began its review saying the film is a `` picture for the ages -- the ages between five and twelve '' and ends noting that `` At a time when violence and sex are the dual sellers at the box office , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang looks better than it is simply because it 's not not all all bad bad '' ; the film 's `` eleven songs have all the rich melodic variety of an automobile horn . Persistent syncopation and some breathless choreography partly redeem it , but most of the film 's sporadic success is due to Director Ken Hughes 's fantasy scenes , which make up in imagination what they lack in technical facility . '' The New York Times critic Renata Adler wrote , `` in spite of the dreadful title , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ... is a fast , dense , friendly children 's musical , with something of the joys of singing together on a team bus on the way to a game '' ; Adler called the screenplay `` remarkably good '' and the film 's `` preoccupation with sweets and machinery seems ideal for children '' ; she ends her review on the same note as Time : `` There is nothing coy , or stodgy or too frightening about the film ; and this year , when it has seemed highly doubtful that children ought to go to the movies at all , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang sees to it that none of the audience 's terrific eagerness to have a good time is betrayed or lost . '' Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film ( Chicago Sun Times , 24 December 1968 ) . He wrote : `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang contains about the best two - hour children 's movie you could hope for , with a marvelous magical auto and lots of adventure and a nutty old grandpa and a mean Baron and some funny dances and a couple of ( scary ) moments . '' Film critic and historian Leonard Maltin considered the picture `` one big Edsel , with totally forgettable score and some of the shoddiest special effects ever . '' In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly called Helpmann 's depiction of the Child Catcher one of the `` 50 Most Vile Movie Villains . '' As of March 2014 , the film has a 65 % `` Fresh '' rating ( 17 of 26 reviews ) on Rotten Tomatoes . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for the American Film Institute 's 2006 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals list . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original soundtrack album , as was typical of soundtrack albums , presented mostly songs with very few instrumental tracks . The songs were also edited , with specially recorded intros and outros and most instrumental portions removed , both because of time limitations of the vinyl LP and the belief that listeners would not be interested in listening to long instrumental dance portions during the songs . The soundtrack has been released on CD four times , the first two releases using the original LP masters rather than going back to the original music masters to compile a more complete soundtrack album with underscoring and complete versions of songs . The 1997 Rykodisc release included several quick bits of dialogue from the film between some of the tracks and has gone out of circulation . On 24 February 2004 , a few short months after MGM released the movie on a 2 - Disc Special Edition DVD , Varèse Sarabande reissued a newly remastered soundtrack album without the dialogue tracks , restoring it to its original 1968 LP format . In 2011 , Kritzerland released the definitive soundtrack album , a 2 - CD set featuring the Original Soundtrack Album plus bonus tracks , music from the Song and Picture Book Album on disc 1 , and the Richard Sherman Demos , as well as six Playback Tracks ( including a long version of international covers of the theme song ) . Inexplicably , this release was limited to only 1,000 units . In April 2013 , Perseverance Records re-released the Kritzerland double CD set with expansive new liner notes by John Trujillo and a completely new designed booklet by Perseverance regular James Wingrove . Home video releases ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was released numerous times in the VHS format . In 1998 the film saw its first DVD release . The year 2003 brought a two - disc `` Special Edition '' release . On 2 November 2010 , 20th Century Fox released a two - disc Blu - ray and DVD combination set featuring the extras from the 2003 release as well as new features . The 1993 LaserDisc release by MGM / UA Home Video was the first home video release with the proper 2.20 : 1 Super Panavision 70 aspect ratio . Adaptations ( edit ) Novelisation of film ( edit ) Novelization of the film by John Burke , published by Pan Books The film did not follow Fleming 's novel closely . A separate novelisation of the film was published at the time of the film 's release . It basically followed the film 's story but with some differences of tone and emphasis , e.g. it mentioned that Caractacus Potts had had difficulty coping after the death of his wife , and it made it clearer that the sequences including Baron Bomburst were extended fantasy sequences . It was written by John Burke . Comic Book adaption ( edit ) Gold Key : Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . Gold Key Comics . February 1969 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( U '' . British Board of Film Classification . 18 October 1968 . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://flickfacts.com/movie/117/chitty-chitty-bang-bang Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1969 '' , Variety , 7 January 1970 p 15 Jump up ^ `` Ian Fleming Centenary , James Bond , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , Devil may care , Sebastian Faulks new novel , Ian Fleming exhibition '' . Ianflemingcentenary.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitty Chitty Bang Bang from the MGM website . Jump up ^ Stirling , Richard . Julie Andrews : An Intimate Biography . St. Martin 's Griffin 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 56498 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Modern Living : The Gothic - Kinetic Merlin of Wild Goose Cottage '' . Time . 1 November 1976 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Living : Crazy - Car Craze '' . Time . 30 April 1973 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang to be Sold at Auction '' . Profiles In History . 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'Car Undersells at Auction '' . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson picks up Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . The Dominion Post . Wellington . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where was ' Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ' filmed ? '' . British Film Locations . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Top Twenty Films . '' The Sunday Times ( London ) 27 Sept. 1970 : 27 . The Sunday Times Digital Archive . accessed 5 Apr. 2014 Jump up ^ `` New Movies : Chug - Chug , Mug - Mug '' . Time . 17 December 1968 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Adler , Renata ( 19 December 1968 ) . `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang : Fast , Friendly Musical for Children Bows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . Penguin . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0452289789 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Vile Movie Villains '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2008 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2005 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . Kritzerland . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ; The Story of the Film '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Key : Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . Grand Comics Database . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( film ) . Chitty Chitty Bang Bang on IMDb Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the TCM Movie Database Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at AllMovie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the American Film Institute Catalog Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Ian Fleming 's Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Characters Caractacus Pott Truly Scrumptious Child Catcher Objects and locations Vulgaria Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( car ) Chitty Bang Bang ( airship ) Media Chitty - Chitty - Bang - Bang : The Magical Car ( 1964 book ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( film ) `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' ( song ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( musical ) Other Chitty Bang Bang ( original car ) <Th_colspan="2"> Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Ken Hughes <Td_colspan="2"> Wide Boy ( 1952 ) The Drayton Case ( 1953 ) Black 13 ( 1953 ) The Dark Stairway ( 1953 ) The House Across the Lake ( 1954 ) The Brain Machine ( 1955 ) Little Red Monkey ( 1955 ) Confession ( 1955 ) Timeslip ( 1955 ) Joe MacBeth ( 1955 ) Murder Anonymous ( 1955 ) Wicked as They Come ( 1956 ) The Long Haul ( 1957 ) Jazz Boat ( 1960 ) The Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1960 ) In the Nick ( 1960 ) The Small World of Sammy Lee ( 1963 ) Of Human Bondage ( 1964 ) Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Cromwell ( 1970 ) The Internecine Project ( 1974 ) Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) Sextette ( 1978 ) Night School ( 1981 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Sherman Brothers <Td_colspan="2"> Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) VIAF : 225062811 GND : 4625818 - 8 BNF : cb164598212 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang&oldid=835700195 '' Categories : 1968 films English - language films Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 1960s musical films 1960s fantasy films British films British aviation films British children 's adventure films British children 's fantasy films British musical films Fantasy - comedy films Films about abduction Films about automobiles Films adapted into comics Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films directed by Ken Hughes Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli Films set in a fictional European country Films set in the 1910s Films shot in Bavaria Films shot in England Films shot in Germany Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Saint - Tropez Flying cars in fiction Musical fantasy films Musicals by the Sherman Brothers Screenplays by Roald Dahl United Artists films Varèse Sarabande albums Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English Svenska ייִדיש 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 07 : 43 . 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1. Chitty Chitty Bang Bang film
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how many colleges are in the us 2017
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Higher education in the United States - wikipedia Higher education in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal 2008 -- 2012 Bachelor 's Degree or Higher ( 5 - year estimate ) by County ( percent ) People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed an Advanced Degree by State ( percent ) ( 2012 ) Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education . Higher education , also referred to as post-secondary education , third stage , third level , or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,627 Title IV degree - granting institutions , either colleges or universities in the country . These may be public universities , private universities , liberal arts colleges , community colleges , or for - profit colleges . High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet and massive open online courses , competency - based education , sexual assault , cutbacks in state and local spending , rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loan debt , the adjunctification of academic labor , and student poverty and hunger . According to the National Student Clearinghouse , US college enrollment has declined for six consecutive years . Enrollment is projected to continue declining or be stagnant for the next two decades . This decline , partially attributed to falling birth rates , amounts to a 2.6 million loss in enrollment from the peak year of 2010 -- 11 . Strong research and funding have helped make America 's elite colleges and universities among the world 's most prestigious , making them particularly attractive to international students , professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence . Other countries , however , are now offering incentives to take away researchers as funding is threatened . The United States higher education system has also been blighted by fly - by - night schools , diploma mills , and predatory for - profit colleges . According to Pew Research Center and Gallup poll surveys conducted in 2017 , public opinion about US colleges has been declining , especially among Republicans and the white working class . The higher education industry has been criticized for being unnecessarily expensive , providing a difficult - to - measure service which is seen as vital but in which providers are paid for inputs instead of outputs , and which is beset with federal regulations which drive up costs , and with payments not coming from users but from third parties . Unlike the tertiary education system of the UK and Australia , American education is unique in the world to place strong emphasis on Liberal Arts education in its higher education curriculum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Statistics 1.1 Declining numbers 2 Types of colleges and universities 2.1 Community colleges 2.2 Colleges 2.2. 1 College accessibility and success for Latinos in New York City 2.2. 2 Accessibility to college readiness programs 2.2. 3 Rates of enrollment , graduation and dropping out 2.3 Liberal arts colleges 2.4 Technical Schools 2.5 Universities 2.6 For - profit colleges 3 Student funding 3.1 Grant , scholarship , and work study program facts 3.2 Student loans 3.2. 1 Federal student loans 3.2. 2 Private student loans 3.2. 3 Education tax credits 3.3 Free college tuition 4 History 4.1 Colonial era 4.1. 1 Enslavement and exclusion 4.2 19th century 4.3 Impact of 19th - century colleges 4.4 Law and medical schools 4.5 20th century 4.5. 1 Catholic colleges and universities 4.5. 2 Community colleges 4.5. 3 Student activism and grade inflation 4.5. 4 For - profit colleges 4.6 21st century 4.6. 1 Mergers and downsizing 4.6. 2 Technology 4.6. 3 Protests and political clashes 5 Funding of schools 5.1 Concentration of wealth 6 Admission process 7 International study and student exchange 8 Government coordination 8.1 Coordination institutions 8.2 Academic employment and adjunctification 9 Selected issues 9.1 Rankings of tertiary institutions 9.1. 1 2007 movement 9.2 Financial value of degrees 9.2. 1 College major by underemployment rate 9.2. 2 Financial value of skilled trades 9.3 Socioeconomic status 9.3. 1 Enrollment 9.3. 2 Persistence and performance 9.4 Race 9.4. 1 Enrollment 9.4. 2 Miscellaneous Issues 9.5 Gender 9.6 Undocumented students 9.7 Rural , urban , and suburban 9.8 MOOC 10 Criticism 10.1 Cost and finances 10.1. 1 Issues related to financial aid 10.2 For - profit schools 10.3 Student Loan Debt 10.4 Graduation rates 10.5 Academic standards 10.6 Political views 10.6. 1 Professor Watchlist 10.7 Geographic considerations 10.8 Skepticism about higher education 10.9 Declining accessibility and high cost 10.10 Ending affirmative action 10.11 Sexual assault 11 Student poverty and hunger 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Statistics ( edit ) In 2012 , the US peaked at a total of 4,726 Title IV - eligible , degree - granting institutions : 3,026 4 - year institutions and 1,700 2 - year institutions . By 2014 -- 15 , the total had declined to 4,627 institutions . In 2010 , the US peaked at more than 21 million students in higher education , roughly 5.7 % of the total population . About 13 million of these students were enrolled full - time which was 81,000 students lower than 2010 . Total enrollment had fallen to 20.4 million students by fall 2015 . A US Department of Education longitudinal survey of 15,000 high school students in 2002 , and again in 2012 at age 27 , found that 84 % of the 27 - year - old students had some college education , but only 34 % achieved a bachelor 's degree or higher ; 79 % owe some money for college and 55 % owe more than $10,000 ; college dropouts were three times more likely to be unemployed than those who finished college ; 40 % spent some time unemployed and 23 % were unemployed for six months or more ; and 79 % earned less than $40,000 per year . Declining numbers ( edit ) Falling birth rates have meant fewer young people are graduating from high school . The number of high school graduates grew 30 % from 1995 to 2013 , then peaked at 3.5 million and projections show it holding at about that level in the next decade . According to the National Student Clearinghouse and the National Center for Education Statistics , enrollment has been declining since 2010 -- 11 . According to the National Student Clearinghouse , enrollment in 2016 was down about 2.4 million from the peak year . The US Department of Education , National Center for Education Statistics , has also reported a loss of more than 800,000 students from 2010 to 2014. Enrollment numbers continued to decline in 2017 and 2018 . The number of Title - IV - eligible institutions has also declined by 17.8 % since 2012 -- 13 . Types of colleges and universities ( edit ) Harvard University : Harvard Yard with freshman dorms in the background . See also : List of American institutions of higher education and List of state universities in the United States Colleges and universities in the U.S. vary in terms of goals : some may emphasize a vocational , business , engineering , or technical curriculum ( like polytechnic universities and land - grant universities ) while others may emphasize a liberal arts curriculum . Many combine some or all of the above , being a comprehensive university . In the US , the term `` college '' refers to either one of three types of education institutions : stand - alone higher level education institutions that are not components of a university , including 1 ) community colleges , 2 ) liberal arts colleges , or 3 ) a college within a university , mostly the undergraduate institution of a university . Unlike colleges versus universities in other portions of the world , a stand - alone college is truly stand - alone and is not part of a university , and is also not affiliated with an affiliating university . The Great Dome of Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , a university adopting the polytechnic university model . Almost all colleges and universities are coeducational . During a dramatic transition in the 1970s , all but a handful of men 's colleges started accepting women . Over 80 % of the women 's colleges of the 1960s have closed or merged , leaving fewer than 50 in operation . Over 100 historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) operate , both private ( such as Morehouse College ) and public ( such as North Carolina A&T State Univeristy ) . Higher education has led to the creation of accreditation organizations , independent of the government , to vouch for the quality of competing degrees . The accreditation agencies rate universities and colleges on criteria such as academic quality , the quality of their libraries , the publishing records of their faculty , the degrees which their faculty hold , and their financial solvency . Accrediting agencies have been criticized for possible conflicts of interest that lead to favorable results . Non-accredited institutions exist , but the students are not eligible for federal loans . Community colleges ( edit ) Community colleges are often , though not always , two - year colleges . They have open admissions , with generally lower tuition fees than other state or private schools . Graduates receive an associate 's degree , such as an Associate of Arts ( A.A. ) , upon graduating . Many students earn an associate degree at a two - year institution before transferring to a four - year institution to complete studies for a bachelor 's degree . Four - year colleges usually have a larger number of students , offer a greater range of studies , and provide the bachelor 's degree ( most commonly the Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) or Bachelor of Science ( B.S. ) ) . They are primarily either undergraduate institutions ( i.e. Liberal Arts Colleges ) , or the undergraduate institution of a university ( such as Harvard College and Yale College ) . The DeSeversky Mansion on the Old Westbury campus of New York Institute of Technology . According to National Student Clearinghouse data , community college enrollment has dropped by 1.6 million students since its peak year of 2010 -- 11 . According to one survey , 88 % of community colleges were facing declining enrollments . A report in The New York Times in 2017 suggested that of the nation 's 18 million undergraduates , 40 % were attending community college ; of these students , 62 % were attending community college full - time , and 40 % of them worked at least 30 hours a week or more , and more than half lived at home as a way to save money . Colleges ( edit ) Some U.S. states ( such as Washington ) now offer tertiary education at `` colleges '' , many of which were formerly called `` community colleges '' . The elevation in status comes from a cooperation between the community college and a local university . There are two primary distinctions between colleges and community colleges that arise from this arrangement . The first is an increased standardization of curricula and adherence to some university guidelines at the colleges , thereby improving the chances that ( former ) community college credits are transferred to in - state universities . The aim is to maximize the number of transferred credits , as this has traditionally been a frequent issue that forces students to take redundant coursework , pay more tuition unnecessarily , as well as giving them unfair competitive advantage at university . The second primary distinction is that the renamed colleges , in cooperation with a university , can offer courses that go beyond the 2 - year - level of education that is typical of community colleges . Some colleges go so far as to offer particular , specialized 4 - year bachelor 's degrees on behalf of the university . College accessibility and success for Latinos in New York City ( edit ) According to Pew Research Center , 66 % of Hispanic students who do not enroll into college after high school cited that the reason behind their decision was their need to support their families . Yet there are factors which contribute to those who do in fact decide to enroll into college despite their socioeconomic status . The cultural resources looked at were ethnic identity , family interdependence and parental support to distinguish how these factors helped Latino students , not only during the enrollment process to colleges , but also , to see if it were advantageous towards them having a positive college experience . The students looked at for the survey in the Journal of Adolescence were 123 Latino college students , mainly consisting of 84 females and 39 males . It was based on information in which the student 's parents needed to provide , such as their occupations , educational levels , as well as information that needed to be provided by students , such as , if they were either native or foreign born , and in which socioeconomic background the students would be coming from ; this could vary between very low , moderately low or medium / average which were important attributes to the study being done . The family interdependence served those in low socioeconomic statuses in a positive direction while most Latinos hold a part - time or full - time job and balance the responsibilities of their lives including work and family . Most Latino college students have a strong desire to succeed in their education as a repayment to not only their parents , but also the sacrifices their families made when immigrating to the United States . Ethnic identity can be a process when one explores the implication they have in their ethnicity which result in a stronger , more secure sense of self that helps in their decision making not only in college , but throughout their lives . Some disadvantages that lead to a negative college experience can range from such conditions of language barriers , stress , broader social and community networks within which Latino families are embedded . However , in Minding / Mending the Puerto Rican education pipeline in New York City , much of the Latino youth is living in poverty , specifically Puerto Rican youth , whom make much of the 21.5 % of students enrolled in New York State public schools . According to the article , New York State public middle schools were reported having the least experienced teachers , most teachers teaching out of certification and even the highest rate of teacher turnover . The disadvantages highlighted in the article that focus on Latinos in middle school are pertinent because it shows just how early the Latino communities are faced with handicaps in the educational system . The High Schools in New York City as of 2002 were considered a weak promoting point because the students are seen to have less than a 50 / 50 chance of graduating on time or even at all . These city High Schools can be overly populated with majority being minority who happen to not be receiving the same attention as those in the white suburban counterparts . The students are provided with the bare minimum of information towards continuing their education , many being left wondering what they should do resulting in having to do research on their own because of the lack of information given relating to resources including financial aid and college life . Accessibility to college readiness programs ( edit ) As ways to promote college to Latino students in New York City , programs such as CREAR Futuros and ASPIRA were created to assist Latino students who have little knowledge about the benefits of an education past secondary school . Programs like ASPIRA , founded by Dr. Antonia Pantoja in 1961 , were founded as a way to address the ever - growing issues such as drop - out rates and low educational attainment amongst the Latino community . The program was built off of the belief that Puerto Ricans could be freed from poverty by emphasizing a focus on educating the youth , developing leadership skills , as well as establishing a stronger sense of cultural identity in the community . Much like ASPIRA , CREAR Futuros is a coalition established to combat the ever - growing educational gaps observed in the Latino communities in New York City . After discovering the educational gap between whites and Latinos , the coalition aimed to promote practices and policies that would improve educational equity and level of accessibility to higher learning institutions amongst the Latino communities . In being developed , these programs set out to educate and support Latino communities through means of informal and formal educational and intervention programs . ASPIRA is a prime example of an organization that prioritized these educational efforts . In doing so , ASPIRA set out to establish themselves as a formal education service , creating charter schools in inner cities to improve the educational gap within the Latino communities . These programs were not only created to further educate the youth , they also aimed to incorporate the parents and families of the children into their education , urging the schools to rework parent - teacher nights as well as increase roles amongst the parent coordinators . CREAR Futuros was a group that placed a heavy emphasis on such movements . The coalition not only placed a heavy concern on parental involvement in the child 's education , it also aimed to make college accessible to those students who are immigrants and have no access to federal student aid and tuition assistance programs , despite being a part of the public - school system for most of their lives . CREAR Futuros is a strong example of an awareness program that supports the Latino communities in New York City . This is because of their strong presence in City University of New York ( CUNY ) public schools ; having been established in Lehman College and Borough of Manhattan Community College ( BMCC ) . This program is implemented in these schools with the purpose of providing mentorship for students and social networking amongst students and professors . ASPIRA first began as a small non-profit organization in New York in 1961 . As mentioned earlier , it was founded to improve the education of Puerto Ricans and Latino communities . It also aimed to provide opportunities for the youth and their families that they might not have been presented with before . Their facilities are found in midtown Manhattan at 15 W 36th Street . Rates of enrollment , graduation and dropping out ( edit ) This graph shows the educational attainment since 1940 . Latinos are making huge advances in college enrollment . In 2014 , 35 % of Latinos , ages 18 to 24 were enlisted in a two - or four - year school , up from 22 % out of 1993 . That added up to 2.3 million Latino undergrads in 2014 . Despite the fact that more Latinos are getting a postsecondary education than any time in recent memory , they still slack when compared to other ethnic groups in acquiring a four - year degree . Starting in 2014 , among Latinos ages 25 to 29 , only 15 % of them have a four - year college education or higher . By examination , among a similar age gathering , around 41 % of whites have a four - year college education or higher ( as do 22 % of blacks and 63 % of Asians ) . Even though the rate of college attendance has risen over the years , it is still more unusual for Latinos , more than any other ethnic group , to enlist in senior colleges and achieve a four - year degree . Over the previous decade , the Latino high school dropout rate has dropped significantly . The rate achieved a new low in 2014 , dropping from 32 % in the year 2000 to 12 % in the year 2014 among the ages 18 to 24 . This helped bring down the national dropout rate from 12 % to 7 % over the same period of time and age range . However , the Latino dropout rate remains higher than that of blacks ( 7 % ) , whites ( 5 % ) and Asians ( 1 % ) . The decrease in the Latino dropout rate is especially important , given the substantial increase in enrollment in U.S. open and tuition based schools . Between the years 1999 and 2016 , the quantity of Latinos selected in the open and private nursery schools , from K -- 12 schools and colleges expanded 80 % , from 9.9 million to 17.9 million . Despite the drop - out rates decreasing throughout the country in high schools , in 2011 , in New York City community colleges , there were an alarming rate of students who are not prepared for college immediately out of public high schools . This was seen in the number of students needing to take remedial reading , writing and math classes after entering from high school . Hostos Community College in the South Bronx has the city 's lowest two - year graduation rate -- at 1.4 % . Also , within six years 51 % have dropped out from what are supposed to be two - year degree - granting institutions . About 28 % actually manage to get a degree six years after enrolling at Kingsborough , Queensborough , LaGuardia , Hostos , Bronx or Borough of Manhattan Community Colleges . Liberal arts colleges ( edit ) Four - year institutions in the U.S. emphasizing the liberal arts are liberal arts colleges , entirely undergraduate institutions and stand - alone . They traditionally emphasize interactive instruction , although student research projects are of growing importance . They are known for being residential and for having smaller enrollment , class size , and higher teacher - student ratios than universities . These colleges encourage a high level of teacher - student interaction , at the center of which are classes taught by full - time faculty , rather than graduate student teaching assistants ( TAs ) , who often teach classes at some Research I universities and other universities . Most are private , although there are public liberal arts colleges . Some offer experimental curricula , such as Hampshire College , Beloit College , Bard College at Simon 's Rock , Pitzer College , Sarah Lawrence College , Grinnell College , Bennington College , New College of Florida , and Reed College . Technical schools ( edit ) Technical schools are four - year institutions that emphasize a particular trade or set of technical skills , primarily for the sake of employability . Universities ( edit ) Saint Anselm College , a New England liberal arts college Universities are research - oriented educational institutions which provide both undergraduate and graduate programs . For historical reasons , some universities such as Boston College , Dartmouth College , and The College of William & Mary and College of Charleston have retained the term `` college '' instead of `` university '' as their name . Graduate programs grant a variety of master 's degrees ( like the Master of Arts ( M.A. ) , Master of Science ( M.S. ) , Master of Business Administration ( M.B.A. ) or Master of Fine Arts ( M.F.A. ) ) in addition to doctorates such as the Ph. D . The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education distinguishes among institutions on the basis of the prevalence of degrees they grant and considers the granting of master 's degrees necessary , though not sufficient , for an institution to be classified as a university . Public California State University , Office of the Chancellor in Long Beach , California Some universities have professional schools . Examples include journalism school , business school , medical schools which award either the M.D. or D.O. , law schools ( J.D. ) , veterinary schools ( D.V.M. ) , pharmacy schools ( Pharm. D . ) , and dental schools . A common practice is to refer to different units within universities as colleges or schools , what is referred to outside the U.S. as faculties . Some colleges may be divided into departments , including an anthropology department within a college of liberal arts and sciences , within a larger university . Few universities adopt the term `` college '' as names of academic organizations . For example , Purdue University is composed of multiple colleges -- among others , the College of Agriculture and the College of Engineering . Of these Purdue breaks the College of Agriculture down into departments , such as the Department of Agronomy or the Department of Entomology , whereas Purdue breaks down the College of Engineering into schools , such as the School of Electrical Engineering , which enrolls more students than some of its colleges do . As is common in this scheme , Purdue categorizes both its undergraduate students ( and faculty and programs ) and its post-graduate students ( and faculty and programs ) via this scheme of decomposition , being a topical decomposition that focuses on an academic sector of directly related academic disciplines . Ezekiel W. Cullen Building on the campus of the University of Houston The American university system is largely decentralized . Public universities are administered by the individual states and territories , usually as part of a state university system . Except for the United States service academies and staff colleges , the federal government does not directly regulate universities . However it can offer federal grants and any institution that receives federal funds must certify that it has adopted and implemented a drug prevention program that meets federal regulations . Each state supports at least one state university and several support many more . California , for example , has three public higher education systems : the 10 - campus University of California , the 23 - campus California State University , and the 112 - campus California Community Colleges System . Public universities often have a large student body , with introductory classes numbering in the hundreds , and some undergraduate classes taught by graduate students . Tribal colleges operated on Indian reservations by some federally recognized tribes are also public institutions . Many private universities also exist . Among these , some are secular while others are involved in religious education . Some are non-denominational and some are affiliated with a certain sect or church , such as Roman Catholicism ( with different institutions often sponsored by particular religious institutes such as the Jesuits ) or religions such as Lutheranism or Mormonism . Seminaries are private institutions for those preparing to become members of the clergy . Most private schools ( like all public schools ) are non-profit , although some are for - profit . For - profit colleges ( edit ) For - profit higher education ( known as for - profit college or proprietary education in some instances ) refers to higher education educational institutions operated by private , profit - seeking businesses . University of Phoenix has been the largest for - profit college in the US . Since 2010 , for - profit colleges have received greater scrutiny and negative attention from the US government , state Attorneys General , the media , and scholars . Student funding ( edit ) In 2016 , average estimated annual student costs ( excluding books ) were $16,757 at public institutions , $43,065 at private nonprofit institutions , and $23,776 at private for - profit institutions . Between 2006 and 2016 , prices at public colleges and universities rose 34 percent above inflation , and prices at private nonprofit institutions rose 26 percent above inflation . The Main Building on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin Students often use scholarships , student loans , or grants to supplement their tuition costs , rather than paying all tuition out - of - pocket . Several states offer scholarships that allow students to attend free of tuition or at lower cost , for example the HOPE Scholarship in Georgia and the Bright Futures Scholarship Program in Florida . A considerable number of private liberal arts colleges and universities offer full need - based financial aid , which means that admitted students will only have to pay as much as their families can afford ( based on the university 's assessment of their income ) . This can turn some of the most prestigious institutions into the cheapest options for low - income students . In most cases , the barrier of entry for students who require financial aid is set higher , a practice called need - aware admissions . Universities with exceptionally large endowments may combine need - based financial aid with need - blind admission , in which students who require financial aid have equal chances to those who do not . Financial assistance comes in two primary forms : Grant programs and loan programs . Grant programs consist of money the student receives to pay for higher education that does not need to be paid back , while loan programs consist of money the student receives to pay for higher education that must be paid back . Public higher education institutions ( which are partially funded through state government appropriation ) and private higher education institutions ( which are funded exclusively through tuition and private donations ) offer both grant and loan financial assistance programs . Grants to attend public schools are distributed through federal and state governments , as well as through the schools themselves ; grants to attend private schools are distributed through the school itself ( independent organizations , such as charities or corporations also offer grants that can be applied to both public and private higher education institutions ) . Loans can be obtained publicly through government sponsored loan programs or privately through independent lending institutions . Grant , scholarship , and work study program Facts ( edit ) Grant programs , as well as work study programs , can be divided into two primary categories : Need - based financial awards and merit - based financial awards . Most state governments provide need - based scholarship programs , while a few also offer merit - based aid . Several need - based grants are provided through the federal government based on information provided on a student 's Free Application for Federal Student Aid or FAFSA . The federal Pell Grant is a need - based grant available from the federal government . The federal government also has two other grants that are a combination of need - based and merit - based : the Academic Competitiveness Grant , and the National SMART Grant , but the SMART grant was abolished in 2011 with the last grant awarded in June 2011 . In order to receive one of these grants a student must be eligible for the Pell Grant , meet specific academic requirements , and be a US citizen . A student 's eligibility for work study programs is also determined by information collected on the student 's FAFSA . Need - based financial awards are money or work study jobs provided to students who do not have the financial resources by themselves to pay for higher education . The intent of need - based financial aid is to close the gap between the required cost to pay for the higher education and the money that is available to pay for the education . Merit - based financial awards are money given to a student based on a particular gift , talent , conditional situation , or ability that is worthy of the monetary award , regardless of economic standing . The intent of merit - based financial aid is to encourage and reward students who exhibit these qualities , in the hopes that they will attend the university providing the merit - based award or scholarship . Not only does merit - based assistance benefit the student , but the benefit is seen as reciprocal for the educational institution itself , as students who exhibit exceptional qualities are able to enhance the development of the school itself . Financial aid has also been found to be linked to increased enrollment . A study conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that an increased availability of any amount of financial aid leads to increased enrollment rates . Evidence also suggests that access to financial aid also increases both `` persistence and competition '' . Further benefit has been noted with academic - based scholarships , augmenting the effects of financial aid by incentivizing the scholarship with performance - based requirements . Many companies offer tuition reimbursement plans for their employees , in order to make the benefit package more attractive , to upgrade the skill levels and to increase retention . Student loans ( edit ) Main article : Student loans in the United States In 2012 , student loan debt owed in the United States totaled more than $1 trillion . In 2012 , total student loans exceeded consumer credit card debt for the first time in history . In late 2016 , the total estimated US student loan debt exceeds $1.4 trillion . Many different types of loans can be taken out by a student or the student 's parents in order to pay for higher education . In general these can be divided into two categories : federal student loans and private student loans . Federal student loans ( edit ) There are four kinds of student loans available through the government : subsidized Stafford Loans , unsubsidized Stafford Loans , direct loans , and PLUS loans . A student 's eligibility for any of these loans , as well as the amount of the loan itself is determined by information on the student 's FAFSA . The interest rate and whether or not interest accrues on the loan while the student is in school depends of the type of federal loan . For example , subsidized Stafford Loans do not accrue interest while a student is enrolled in a university , whereas unsubsidized Stafford Loans accrue interest as soon as a student receives them . In 2017 , the Federal Perkins Loan program expired . Private student loans ( edit ) Students can also acquire loans privately , through banks , credit unions , savings and loan associations , or other finance companies ( ref . article p. 3 ) . Private loans are typically used to supplement federal student loans , which have a yearly borrowing limit . However , private loans typically have more rigid repayment policies . Education tax credits ( edit ) US taxpayers may be eligible for tax credits designed to help make higher education more affordable . There are two different tax credits meant to help defray the costs of higher education : the Hope Tax Credit and the Lifetime Learning Tax Credit . Free college tuition ( edit ) Rhode Island , Tennessee , and Oregon offer free tuition for community college students . Community college tuition was free in California from 1960 to 1984 . The City University of New York also offered free tuition from 1970 to 1976 . Legislation for free community college has been proposed in 11 other states : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Illinois , Kentucky , Maryland , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Oklahoma , Washington , and Wisconsin . History ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States This article appears to contradict the article History of higher education in the United States . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Colonial era ( edit ) Religious denominations established most early colleges in order to train ministers . Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636 . In 1659 , Polish Aleksander Karol Kurcjusz first established higher education in New Amsterdam ( Bobr - Tylingo 1982 , 145 ) . Harvard initially focused on training young men for the ministry , and won general support from the Puritan government , some of whose leaders had attended either Oxford or Cambridge . The College of William & Mary was founded by Virginia government in 1693 , with 20,000 acres ( 81 km ) of land for an endowment , and a penny tax on every pound of tobacco , together with an annual appropriation . James Blair , the leading Church of England minister in the colony , was president for 50 years , and the college won the broad support of the Virginia gentry . It trained many of the lawyers , politicians , and leading planters . Yale College was founded in 1701 , and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven , Connecticut . The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard , and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers . New Light Presbyterians in 1747 set up the College of New Jersey , in the town of Princeton , which later was renamed Princeton University . Enslavement and exclusion ( edit ) Several colleges , including Brown University , Harvard , Dartmouth , William and Mary , University of Virginia , Georgetown University , University of Alabama , University of South Carolina , Clemson University and Rutgers University held enslaved people -- and relied on captives to operate . 19th century ( edit ) Share of all bachelor 's degrees awarded by field Many Protestant denominations , as well as the Catholics , opened small colleges in the nineteenth century . The Catholics , especially , opened a number of women 's colleges in the early twentieth century . All of the schools were small , with a limited undergraduate curriculum based on the liberal arts . Students were drilled in Greek , Latin , geometry , ancient history , logic , ethics and rhetoric , with few discussions and no lab sessions . Originality and creativity were not prized , but exact repetition was rewarded . The college president typically enforced strict discipline , and the upperclassman enjoyed hazing the freshman . Many students were younger than 17 , and most of the colleges also operated a preparatory school . There were no organized sports , or Greek - letter fraternities , but literary societies were active . Tuition was very low and scholarships were few . Many of their students were sons of clergymen ; most planned professional careers as ministers , lawyers or teachers . Impact of 19th - century colleges ( edit ) Summarizing the research of Burke and Hall , Katz concludes that in the 19th century : . The nation 's many small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations . These colleges especially promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers and thereby provided towns across the country with a core of community leaders . The elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed relatively little to upward social mobility . By concentrating on the offspring of wealthy families , ministers and a few others , the elite Eastern colleges , especially Harvard , played an important role in the formation of a Northeastern elite with great power . Law and medical schools ( edit ) There were no schools of law in the early British colonies , thus no schools of law were in America in colonial times . A few lawyers studied at the highly prestigious Inns of Court in London , while the majority served apprenticeships with established American lawyers . Law was very well established in the colonies , compared to medicine , which was in rudimentary condition . In the 18th century , 117 Americans had graduated in medicine in Edinburgh , Scotland , but most physicians in the colonies learned as apprentices . In Philadelphia , the Medical College of Philadelphia was founded in 1765 , and became affiliated with the university in 1791 . In New York , the medical department of King 's College was established in 1767 , and in 1770 awarded the first American M.D. degree . 20th century ( edit ) At the beginning of the 20th century , fewer than 1,000 colleges with 160,000 students existed in the United States . The number of colleges skyrocketed in waves , during the early and mid 20th century . State universities grew from small institutions of fewer than 1000 students to gigantic campuses with 40,000 more students , as well as a network of regional campuses around the state . In turn the regional campuses broke away and became separate universities . To handle the explosive growth of K -- 12 education , every state set up a network of teachers ' colleges , beginning with Massachusetts in the 1830s . After 1950 , they became state colleges and then state universities With a broad curriculum . Catholic colleges and universities ( edit ) Main article : History of Catholic education in the United States § Colleges and universities The Main Building at the University of Notre Dame , the best known Catholic university in the United States The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities was founded in 1899 and continues to facilitate the exchange of information and methods . Vigorous debate in recent decades has focused on how to balance Catholic and academic roles , with conservatives arguing that bishops should exert more control to guarantee orthodoxy . Community colleges ( edit ) Major new trends included the development of the junior colleges . They were usually set up by City school systems starting in the 1920s . By the 1960s they were renamed as `` community colleges . '' Junior colleges grew from 20 in number In 1909 , to 170 in 1919 . By 1922 , 37 states had set up 70 junior colleges , enrolling about 150 students each . Meanwhile , another 137 were privately operated , with about 60 students each . Rapid expansion continued in the 1920s , with 440 junior colleges in 1930 enrolling about 70,000 students . The peak year for private institutions came in 1949 , when there were 322 junior colleges in all ; 180 were affiliated with churches , 108 were independent non-profit , and 34 were private Schools run for - profit . Many factors contributed to rapid growth of community colleges . Students parents and businessmen wanted nearby , low - cost schools to provide training for the growing white collar labor force , as well as for more advanced technical jobs in the blue collar sphere . Four year colleges were also growing , albeit not as fast ; however many of them were located in rural or small - town areas away from the fast - growing metropolis . Community colleges continue as open enrollment , low - cost institutions with a strong component of vocational education , as well as a low - cost preparation for transfer students into four - year schools . They appeal to a poorer , older , less prepared element . Student activism and grade inflation ( edit ) College students were involved in social movements long before the 20th century , but the most dramatic student movements rose in the 1960s . In the 1960s , students organized for civil rights and against the Vietnam War . In the 1970s , students led movements for women 's rights and gay rights , as well as protests against South African apartheid The same period saw a distinct rise in student GPAs . For - profit colleges ( edit ) Main article : For - profit higher education in the United States While for - profit colleges originated during Colonial times , growth in these schools was most apparent from the 1980s to about 2011 . For - profit college enrollment , however , has declined significantly since 2011 , after several federal investigations . For - profit colleges were criticized for predatory marketing and sales practices . The failures of Corinthian Colleges and ITT Technical Institute were the most remarkable closings . In 2018 , the documentary Fail State chronicled the boom and bust of for - profit colleges , highlighting the abuses that led to their downfall . 21st century ( edit ) Students of a U.S. university with their professor on the far right , 2009 Changing technology and politics have resulted in dramatic changes in US higher education during the 21st century . Mergers and downsizing ( edit ) Hundreds of colleges are expected to close or merge , according to research from Ernst & Young . Technology ( edit ) In 2017 , about 15 % of all students attend exclusively online , and competition for online students has been increasing Protests and political clashes ( edit ) Student protests and clashes between left and right appeared on several US campuses in 2017 . On August 11 , 2017 , White nationalists and members of the alt - right rallied at the University of Virginia , protesting the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee . The following day , one person died during protests in Charlottesville . Following this event , speaking engagements by Richard Spencer were canceled at Texas A&M and University of Florida . Funding of schools ( edit ) According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , `` years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities '' have made college less affordable and less accountable for students . As a result , public colleges and universities must close campuses , retain fewer professors and staff , and drive up tuition costs . The decline in funding for these public institutions since the Great Recession is nearly `` $9 billion below its 2008 level , after adjusting for inflation . '' The long - term consequences of a decline in state funding for public colleges and universities are fewer low - income students , more non-residents of the state ( non-resident tuition is typically three times resident tuition ) , and higher tuition . Since the Great Recession , U.S. universities have transitioned from federal grants to corporate funds and have been `` increasingly reliant on private philanthropy '' . At the University of Maryland , Northrop Grumman has funded a cybersecurity concentration , designs the curriculum in cybersecurity , provides computers and pays some cost of a new dorm . At Ohio State , IBM partnered to teach big data analytics . Murray State University 's engineering program was supported by computer companies . The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering at State University of New York in Albany , received billions of dollars in private sector investment . ITT Educational Services Inc , a big operator of For - Profit Schools , warned in July 2014 that it could face restricted funding from the U.S. government for failing to file timely financial reports . Concentration of wealth ( edit ) The top 25 US schools have 52 % of all endowment wealth . Admission process ( edit ) Main article : College admissions in the United States Students can apply to some colleges using the Common Application . With a few exceptions , most undergraduate colleges and universities maintain the policy that students are to be admitted to ( or rejected from ) the entire college , not to a particular department or major . ( This is unlike college admissions in many European countries , as well as graduate admissions . ) Some students , rather than being rejected , are `` wait - listed '' for a particular college and may be admitted if another student who was admitted decides not to attend the college or university . The five major parts of admission are ACT / SAT scores , grade point average , college application , essay , and letters of recommendation . Not all colleges require essays or letters of recommendation , though they are often proven to increase chances of acceptance . Further information : Transfer admissions in the United States International study and student exchange ( edit ) Columbia University Low Memorial Library . In 2007 -- 08 , American students numbering 262,416 studied outside the country with more than 140,000 of these studying in Europe . The US is the most popular country in the world in terms of attracting students from other countries , according to UNESCO , with 16 % of all international students going to the US ( the next highest is the UK with 11 % ) . 671,616 foreign students enrolled in American colleges in 2008 -- 09 . This figure rose to 723,277 in 2010 -- 11 . The largest number , 157,558 , came from China . According to Uni in the USA , despite `` exorbitant '' costs of US universities , higher education in America remains attractive to international students due to `` generous subsidies and financial aid packages that enable students from even the most disadvantaged backgrounds to attend the college of their dreams '' . Government coordination ( edit ) Coordination institutions ( edit ) Every state has an entity designed to promote coordination and collaboration between higher education institutions . A few are listed : Alabama Commission on Higher Education , California Postsecondary Education Commission , Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board , Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board , The Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education . Academic employment and adjunctification ( edit ) In the 1980s and 1990s significant changes in the economics of academic life began to be felt , identified by some as a catastrophe in the making and by others as a new era with potentially huge gains for the university . Some critics identified the changes as a new `` corporatization of the university . '' Academic jobs have been traditionally viewed by many intellectuals as desirable , because of the autonomy and intellectual freedom they allow ( especially because of the tenure system ) , despite their low pay compared to other professions requiring extensive education . And until the mid-1970s , when federal expenditures for higher education fell sharply , there were routinely more tenure - track jobs than Ph. D. graduates . In 2012 , by contrast , despite rising tuition rates and growing university revenues ( especially in the U.S. ) well - paid professorial positions were rarer , replaced with poorly paid adjunct positions and graduate - student labor . People with doctorates in the sciences , and , to a lesser extent , mathematics , often found jobs outside of academia ( or worked , part - time , in industry to supplement their incomes ) . A Ph. D. in the humanities and many social sciences prepared the student primarily for academic employment . However , a large proportion of such Ph. D.s -- ranging from 30 % to 60 % -- were unable to obtain tenure - track jobs . They chose between adjunct positions , which paid less and lacked job security ; teaching jobs in community colleges or in high schools , where little research is done ; the non-academic job market , where they will tend to be overqualified ; or some other course of study , such as law or business . In 2017 , 17 % of faculty was tenured. 89 % of adjunct professors worked at more than one job . An adjunct was paid an average of $2,700 for a single course . 31 % of the faculty lived below the poverty level . While student - faculty ratios remained the same since 1975 , administrator - student ratio went from 1 -- 84 to 1 -- 68 . student - professional staff ratios fell from 50 : 1 to 21 : 1 . The money that colleges have been receiving have gone into administration and staff and not teaching . Academics seem to think that the business world is in a feudal environment characterized by huge status differences and abusive treatment of underlings . They think that because , to be honest , that 's a pretty good characterization of ... the modern university , where serfs , in the form of adjunct professors toil in the vineyards With academic institutions producing Ph. D.s in greater numbers than the number of tenure - track professorial positions they intended to create , there was little question that administrators were cognizant of the economic effects of this arrangement . The sociologist Stanley Aronowitz wrote : `` Basking in the plenitude of qualified and credentialed instructors , many university administrators see the time when they can once again make tenure a rare privilege , awarded only to the most faithful and to those whose services are in great demand '' . Aggravating the problem , those few academics who do achieve tenure are often determined to stay put as long as possible , refusing lucrative incentives to retire early . In 2015 , some believed that , as a number of Baby Boomer professors retired , the academic job market would rebound . However , others predicted that this would not result in an appreciable growth of tenure - track positions , as universities would fill their needs with low - paid adjunct positions . Aronowitz ascribed this problem to the economic restructuring of academia as a whole : In fact , the program of restructuring on university campuses , which entails reducing full - time tenure - track positions in favor of part - time , temporary , and contingent jobs , has literally `` fabricated '' this situation . The idea of an academic `` job market '' based on the balance of supply and demand in an open competitive arena is a fiction whose effect is to persuade the candidate that ( he or she ) simply lost out because of bad luck or lack of talent . The truth is otherwise . Selected issues ( edit ) Rankings of tertiary institutions ( edit ) Universitas 21 ranked the country as having the best higher education system in the world in 2012 . Cost was not considered in the rankings . Numerous organizations produce rankings of universities in the United States each year . A 2010 University of Michigan study has confirmed that the rankings in the United States have significantly affected colleges ' applications and admissions . Referred to as the `` granddaddy of the college rankings '' , America 's best -- known American college and university rankings have been compiled since 1983 by U.S. News & World Report and are widely regarded as the most influential of all college rankings . 2007 Movement ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of college and university rankings ( 2007 United States ) On 19 June 2007 , during the annual meeting of the Annapolis Group , members discussed the letter to college presidents asking them not to participate in the `` reputation survey '' section of the U.S. News & World Report survey ( this section comprises 25 % of the ranking ) . As a result , `` a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the meeting said that they did not intend to participate in the U.S. News reputational rankings in the future . '' However , the decision to fill out the reputational survey or not will be left up to each individual college as : `` the Annapolis Group is not a legislative body and any decision about participating in the US News rankings rests with the individual institutions . '' The statement also said that its members `` have agreed to participate in the development of an alternative common format that presents information about their colleges for students and their families to use in the college search process . '' This database will be web - based and developed in conjunction with higher education organizations including the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities and the Council of Independent Colleges . On 22 June 2007 , U.S. News & World Report editor Robert Morse issued a response in which he argued , `` in terms of the peer assessment survey , we at U.S. News firmly believe the survey has significant value because it allows us to measure the `` intangibles '' of a college that we ca n't measure through statistical data . Plus , the reputation of a school can help get that all - important first job and plays a key part in which grad school someone will be able to get into . The peer survey is by nature subjective , but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice . The results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges . '' In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group , Morse also argued , `` It 's important to point out that the Annapolis Group 's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before ( ... ) U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already . And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality . U.S. News first collects all these data ( using an agreed - upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set ) . Then we post the data on our website in easily accessible , comparable tables . In other words , the Annapolis Group and the others in the NAICU initiative actually are following the lead of U.S. News . '' Financial value of degrees ( edit ) Selection of a four - year college as compared to a two - year junior college , even by marginal students such as those with a C+ grade average in high school and SAT scores in the mid 800s , increases the probability of graduation and confers substantial economic and social benefits for most undergraduates . However , the admission of so many marginal students does impact graduation rates , partly due to the need for these students to take noncredit remedial courses in English , reading , math or science . Some fields of study produce many more graduates than the professions can take in . Due to the resulting higher education bubble , these graduates often have to consider jobs for which they are overqualified , or that have no academic requirements . Employers have responded to the oversupply of graduates by raising the academic requirements of many occupations higher than is really necessary to perform the work . People with higher education have always tended to have higher salaries and less unemployment than people with less education . However , the type of degree has a large impact on future earnings . Average annual earnings range from $27,000 for high school dropouts to $80,000 for those with a graduate degree . Undergraduate earnings range from $46,000 in education to $85,000 in architecture and engineering . Graduate earnings for those same majors are $61,000 and $107,000 respectively . It must be kept in mind , however , that these figures are only averages . There is a significant amount of overlap in the earning power of different levels of education , and the different fields of study . Although vocational education is usually less financially lucrative in the long term than a bachelor 's degree , it can still provide a respectable income at much less cost in time and money , sometimes with the option of upgrading to a bachelor 's degree at a later date . Even ten years after graduation , there are many people with a certificate or associate degree who earn more money than those with a B.A. It can also benefit university graduates , since some four - year schools fail to prepare their graduates for the kinds of jobs that are available in their surrounding regions . Over seven percent of the nation 's community college students already possess a bachelor 's degree . College major by underemployment rate ( edit ) College majors ranked in ascending order by the percentage of college graduates with degrees in those fields who are employed in jobs that do not require a college degree . Data is from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , the United States Census Bureau , and the American Community Survey . Note : The unemployment and underemployment rates are for recent college graduates ( between the ages 22 and 27 ) . College Major Unemployment rate Underemployment rate Median Wage Early Career Median Wage Mid-Career Share with Graduate Degree Nursing 2.3 % 11.1 % $50,000 $68,000 26.1 % Miscellaneous education 2.5 % 14.9 % $36,000 $48,000 54.1 % Early childhood education 2.3 % 16.1 % $31,000 $40,000 37.2 % Elementary education 2 % 16.3 % $35,000 $42,900 46.2 % Industrial engineering 1.7 % 17.4 % $64,000 $88,000 40.9 % Special education 1.3 % 17.7 % $35,000 $45,000 59.3 % Civil engineering 2.3 % 18.9 % $56,000 $90,000 37.1 % Chemical engineering 3.8 % 19.1 % $70,000 $103,000 49.8 % Computer engineering 2.8 % 20.3 % $67,000 $105,000 37.9 % General education 2.2 % 21.4 % $36,000 $45,000 46.7 % Electrical engineering 4 % 21.6 % $64,000 $100,000 44 % Mechanical engineering 3.5 % 22.1 % $62,000 $98,000 40.3 % Miscellaneous engineering 3.7 % 24.3 % $60,000 $90,000 44.2 % Aerospace engineering 3.4 % 24.4 % $65,000 $100,000 51.6 % General engineering 2.4 % 24.7 % $60,000 $89,000 36.7 % Secondary education 2.7 % 24.7 % $35,000 $49,900 47.5 % Accounting 2.8 % 25.2 % $48,000 $72,000 28.2 % Computer science 4.4 % 26 % $60,000 $90,000 31.6 % Pharmacy 5.3 % 27 % $45,000 $115,000 57.5 % Architecture 2.8 % 29 % $42,000 $73,000 38.2 % Social services 3.4 % 30.4 % $30,000 $42,000 46.1 % Construction services 4.7 % 31.5 % $54,000 $80,000 9.8 % Mathematics 5.6 % 32 % $48,000 $80,000 52.5 % Physics 3.5 % 33.1 % $46,000 $90,000 70.6 % Treatment therapy 2.7 % 34.2 % $34,500 $68,000 44.1 % Chemistry 3.6 % 34.3 % $40,000 $70,000 65.7 % Biochemistry 3.7 % 34.4 % $40,000 $75,000 71 % Miscellaneous Physical sciences 3.9 % 35.1 % $50,000 $70,000 55.4 % Economics 4.5 % 37.4 % $53,000 $85,000 41.4 % Commercial art and graphic design 5 % 38.3 % $40,000 $59,000 10.7 % Business analytics 3.2 % 38.4 % $55,000 $85,000 24 % Finance 3.7 % 38.4 % $52,000 $85,000 30.9 % Engineering technologies 5.5 % 39.1 % $50,000 $78,000 23 % Journalism 4.6 % 41.6 % $37,000 $70,000 23.9 % Information systems and management 5.3 % 41.8 % $50,000 $75,000 24.5 % Biology 5 % 44.2 % $33,000 $63,000 63.5 % Family and consumer sciences 3.5 % 44.6 % $32,000 $48,000 32.4 % Advertising and public relations 3.4 % 45.7 % $40,000 $70,000 18 % Health services 3.6 % 46.8 % $35,000 $55,000 51.6 % Earth sciences 5.8 % 47.4 % $40,000 $62,000 46.2 % Nutrition sciences 5.4 % 48.1 % $35,000 $60,000 45.8 % Theology and religion 2.7 % 48.5 % $28,000 $49,000 44 % Geography 4.3 % 48.8 % $40,000 $65,000 33.2 % General social sciences 5.6 % 49 % $35,000 $60,000 38.4 % Miscellaneous biological sciences 4.9 % 49.2 % $33,000 $65,000 59.9 % Foreign language 5.2 % 49.4 % $32,500 $60,000 48.6 % Philosophy 6.2 % 49.5 % $35,000 $60,000 56.1 % Psychology 4.9 % 49.7 % $33,500 $55,000 49.9 % English language 6.4 % 49.8 % $35,000 $60,000 45.7 % International relations 4.7 % 49.9 % $42,000 $76,000 42.5 % Environmental studies 4.6 % 50 % $35,000 $62,000 31.5 % Ethnic studies 4.8 % 50.5 % $37,000 $57,000 50.6 % Political science 5 % 50.6 % $40,000 $75,000 51.5 % Interdisciplinary studies 5.1 % 51 % $36,000 $60,000 36.7 % History 5.5 % 51.2 % $36,000 $65,000 49.2 % Sociology 4.8 % 52.1 % $35,000 $55,000 36.2 % Marketing 3 % 53.3 % $42,000 $75,000 17.2 % Agriculture 2.5 % 54.7 % $40,000 $60,000 21 % Medical technicians 0.9 % 54.8 % $43,000 $60,000 22.5 % Communications 3.9 % 54.8 % $38,000 $67,000 23.4 % Art history 3.2 % 55.4 % $35,000 $62,000 42.1 % Animal and plant sciences 3.8 % 55.7 % $35,000 $60,000 33.2 % General business 3.5 % 56 % $43,800 $70,000 24 % Mass Media 7.4 % 56.1 % $35,000 $60,000 19.3 % Liberal arts 6.3 % 57 % $35,000 $57,000 27.9 % Fine arts 6.4 % 58.5 % $32,000 $56,000 22.7 % Business management 4.2 % 59.6 % $40,000 $65,000 23 % Anthropology 5.7 % 60.6 % $30,000 $60,000 48 % Miscellaneous technologies 3.3 % 62.2 % $35,000 $74,000 17 % Leisure and hospitality 4.2 % 63.6 % $32,000 $55,000 29.1 % Performing arts 4.2 % 65.5 % $30,000 $55,000 38.3 % Public policy and law 3.9 % 66.2 % $38,000 $59,000 45.4 % Criminal justice 4.6 % 75.5 % $36,000 $60,000 22.8 % Overall 4.1 % 43.4 % $40,000 $65,000 37.3 % Financial value of skilled trades ( edit ) Wages and expected job openings of skilled trades with educational requirements ranging from an associate degree to a high school diploma . Data is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Occupation Required education Median annual wage in May 2010 Projected job openings from 2010 to 2020 Required work experience in a related occupation On - the - job training Air traffic controller Associate degree $108,040 10,200 None Long - term on - the - job training General manager or Operations manager Associate degree $94,400 410,100 1 to 5 years None Construction management Associate degree $83,860 120,400 More than 5 years None Radiation therapist Associate degree $74,980 6,700 None None Nuclear medicine technologist Associate degree $68,560 7,500 None None Dental hygienist Associate degree $68,250 104,900 None None Nuclear technician Associate degree $68,090 3,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Registered nurse Associate degree $64,690 1,207,400 None None Diagnostic medical sonographer Associate degree $64,380 31,700 None None Aerospace engineering technologist Associate degree $58,080 1,700 None None Engineering technologist Associate degree $58,020 16,800 None None Electrical engineering technician or Electronics engineering technician Associate degree $56,040 31,800 None None Radiologic technician Associate degree $54,340 95,100 None None Funeral service manager , director , mortician , or undertaker Associate degree $54,330 10,700 None Apprenticeship Respiratory therapist Associate degree $54,280 52,700 None None Geological and petroleum technician Associate degree $54,020 7,000 None Moderate - term on - the - job training . Electrical and electronics drafter Associate degree $53,020 7,200 None None Occupational therapy assistant Associate degree $51,010 16,800 None None Precision instrument and equipment repairer Associate degree $50,910 5,500 None Long - term on - the - job training Mechanical engineering technician Associate degree $50,110 10,400 None None First - line supervisor of firefighters and fire prevention workers Postsecondary non-degree award $68,240 33,100 1 to 5 years None Commercial pilot Postsecondary non-degree award $67,500 19,300 None None Electrical and electronics repairer ( powerhouse , substation , and relay ) Postsecondary non-degree award $65,230 6,900 None Long - term on - the - job training Insurance appraiser ( automotive ) Postsecondary non-degree award $56,230 2,700 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Telecommunications equipment installer and repairer , except line installer Postsecondary non-degree award $54,710 59,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Aircraft maintenance technician Postsecondary non-degree award $53,420 45,200 None None Railroad switch and signal repairer Postsecondary non-degree award $53,230 1,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of production and operating workers Postsecondary non-degree award $53,090 87,900 1 to 5 years None Avionics technician Postsecondary non-degree award $52,320 5,800 None None Electrical and electronics repairer ( commercial and industrial equipment ) Postsecondary non-degree award $51,820 17,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Commercial diver Postsecondary non-degree award $51,360 1,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Manager High school diploma $96,450 249,400 1 to 5 years None Transportation , storage , and distribution manager High school diploma $80,210 33,700 More than 5 years None First - line supervisor of police and detectives High school diploma $78,260 38,700 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Administrative services manager ( payroll , benefits , etc . ) High school diploma $77,890 99,800 1 to 5 years None Nuclear power reactor operator High school diploma $75,650 2,000 None Long - term on - the - job training Elevator mechanic High school diploma $70,910 8,200 None Apprenticeship Power station distributor and dispatcher High school diploma $68,900 3,600 None Long - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of non-retail sales workers High school diploma $68,880 123,500 More than 5 years None Detective High school diploma $68,820 30,100 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Fashion designer High school diploma $64,530 6,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Power station operator High school diploma $63,080 14,400 None Long - term on - the - job training Business operations specialist High school diploma $62,450 327,200 Less than 1 year Long - term on - the - job training Media and communication equipment worker High school diploma $61,680 3,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Agriculture manager High school diploma $60,750 234,500 More than 5 years None Postmaster or mail superintendent High school diploma $60,300 4,800 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Oil refinery operator High school diploma $60,040 14,400 None Long - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of mechanics , installers , and repairers High school diploma $59,150 164,900 1 to 5 years None Artists and related workers High school diploma $58,840 4,800 None Long - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of construction workers or natural resource extraction workers High school diploma $58,680 259,700 More than 5 years None Claims adjuster , examiner or investigator High school diploma $58,620 79,900 None Long - term on - the - job training Lineman High school diploma $58,030 52,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Gas plant operator High school diploma $57,200 4,500 None Long - term on - the - job training Rapid transit driver High school diploma $56,880 2,800 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Purchasing manager High school diploma $56,580 91,200 None Long - term on - the - job training Loan officer High school diploma $56,490 115,200 None Moderate - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of corrections officers High school diploma $55,910 16,500 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Chemical plant operator High school diploma $55,490 14,100 None Long - term on - the - job training Real estate broker High school diploma $54,910 29,700 1 to 5 years None Boilermaker High school diploma $54,640 11,800 None Apprenticeship Transit policeman or Railroad policeman High school diploma $54,330 1,100 None Short - term on - the - job training Agricultural purchasing agent High school diploma $54,220 3,200 None Long - term on - the - job training Mail carrier High school diploma $53,860 103,400 None Short - term on - the - job training Police officer High school diploma $53,540 249,400 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Indoor postal worker High school diploma $53,100 15,500 None Short - term on - the - job training Postal service mail sorter , processor , or processing machine operator High school diploma $53,080 7,500 None Short - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of transportation and material - moving machine and vehicle operators High school diploma $52,720 69,300 1 to 5 years None Sales representative , wholesale and manufacturing , except technical and scientific products High school diploma $52,440 559,900 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Building code inspector High school diploma $52,360 48,600 More than 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Fire marshal High school diploma $52,230 4,700 More than 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Stationary engineer High school diploma $52,140 10,600 None Long - term on - the - job training Plant or system operator High school diploma $51,980 3,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Paralegal High school diploma $51,800 9,600 None Short - term on - the - job training Property manager High school diploma $51,480 82,300 1 to 5 years None Telecommunications line installer or repairer High school diploma $50,850 51,400 None Long - term on - the - job training Sales representative High school diploma $50,620 270,100 None Short - term on - the - job training Socioeconomic status ( edit ) Socioeconomic status can play a significant role in an individual 's enrollment , performance , and completion of their college degree and pursuit of higher education . Enrollment ( edit ) The National Center for Education Statistics reports that in 2009 high school graduates from low - income families enrolled in college immediately at a rate of 55 % . In comparison , 84 % of high school graduates from high - income families enrolled immediately into college . Middle - class families also saw lower rates with 67 % enrolling in college immediately . It also found that a high percentage of students who delayed enrollment in college attended high schools that had a high level of participation in the free and reduced lunch program . Students who work long hours in high school are less likely to pursue post-secondary education . Students who had access to financial aid contacts were more likely to enroll in higher education than students who did not have these contacts . When considering how a college degree affects labor market outcomes , it is especially important to consider differences in socioeconomic status ( SES ) . For example , research shows that students of low SES are more likely than their high SES peers to delay entering a college . This delay can cause different effects for different students . For example , research shows that students who delayed at least one year after high school were 64 % less likely to complete their degree as opposed to those who enroll immediately after high school . In the same study , Bozick and DeLuca found that the average time delay for students in the lowest SES quartile was 13 months , while for students in higher SES quartiles averaged about 4 months . Research in the area of delayed college enrollment is not extensive , however , a clear theme emerges in that lower SES students constitute a much larger percentage of students that delay enrollment , while students of higher SES tend to enroll immediately after high school . According to a similar study `` an increase in family income of $10,000 decreases a student 's odds of planning to delay by about 3 % , and having a parent with a bachelor 's degree decreases the odds of planning to delay by about 34 % . '' This is significant , because by delaying enrollment low SES students are less likely to earn a college degree , and therefore they do not receive the benefits associated with completion . For example , studies have shown that earning a bachelor 's degree will increase lifetime earnings by 31 % more than an associate degree , and 74 % more than those with a high school diploma . These benefits extend beyond lifetime income and include a lower incidence of poverty , higher likelihood of being insured , higher retirement income , higher job safety , higher life expectancy , lower probability of being jailed , and more . Completing a college degree also provides a communal benefit . For example , for example a decrease in crime , greater philanthropic contributions , lower government expenditures , higher voter turnout , and greater participation in overall community spaces . By delaying college enrollment , students of lower SES are less likely to reap these benefits . Persistence and performance ( edit ) A 2011 national study found that college students with a high socioeconomic status persisted in college 25 % more than students with a low socioeconomic status . In fact , students with a high socioeconomic status are 1.55 times more likely to persist in college than students with a low socioeconomic status . Attaining even higher degrees than a bachelor 's degree can also be affected by socioeconomic status . A 2008 study reports that 11 % of students with low socioeconomic status report earning a master 's , medical , or law degree compared to 42 % of high socioeconomic students . Analyst Jeffrey Selingo wondered whether higher education had less and less ability to level the playing field . A 2007 study found that 52 % of low - income students who qualified for college enrolled within 2 years of graduation compared to 83 % of high - income students . Socioeconomic status can also influence performance rates once at a university . According to a 2008 study , students with a low socioeconomic status study less , work more hours , have less interaction with faculty , and are less likely to join extra-curricular activities . 42 % of students with low socioeconomic status indicated that they worked more than 16 hours a week during school , with a high percentage working up to 40 hours a week , although such students may benefit since potential employers assign great importance to a graduate 's work experience . This is also evidence of a positive relation between socioeconomic status and social integration at university . In other words , middle - class students take part in more formal and informal social activities and have a greater sense of belonging to their universities than do working - class students . Completion Suzanne Mettler notes in her book , Degrees of Inequality , that in 1970 40 % of US students in top income quartile had achieved a bachelor 's degree by the age of 24 . By 2013 , this percentage rose to 77 % . For students in the bottom income quartile , only 6 % had earned a bachelor 's degree in 1970 . By 2013 , this percentage was still at a marginal 9 % . Unfortunately , there have been and continue to be many barriers for students of lower socioeconomic status to get access . There are certain organizations and programs that have capitalized on the idea that attaining a college degree , specifically at a top tier university , is critical to social mobility . Organizations like QuestBridge , a non-profit focused on helping students of low socioeconomic status and minority background , have helped historically underrepresented groups attain a significant degree of social advantage . QuestBridge is partnered with the nation 's top 38 colleges and has helped over 13,000 students gain entrance into these universities since 2004 . However , even these accomplishments are minuscule , when we recognize that there are between 25,000 and 35,000 low income students that are qualified to gain entrance into the nation 's top universities each year , but do not even apply . By these standards , QuestBridge has served less than 4 % of the students that they focus on . Race ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Jewish quota and Asian quota Since the 1950s , the United States higher education system has been increasingly viewed as a vehicle for social mobility and economic equality . As a result , there has been a clear struggle to try and open access to higher education for the wider population so that more individuals can benefit from this economic good . Programs like affirmative action have been at the forefront of this struggle , to help under - represented racial groups gain greater access to higher education . By increasing access to diverse and minority populations , greater social mobility is expected . However , a recent report by the Georgetown 's Center on Education and the Workforce demonstrates that progress has not yet been adequately made . The report actually makes clear that higher education has been a source of increasing racial inequality in the United States . The authors , Anthony Carnevale and Jeff Strohl , focused on Latinos and African American minority groups . Through their research they show that overall access for minority enrollment has increased at a greater rate than enrollment for white students , but this growth is heavily concentrated in the poorest , and least selective colleges and universities . This difference is very important to note , because growing inequality between universities has an effect on graduation rates and time to complete a degree for students . The study shows that more selective universities provide their students with better resources . The authors show that the 82 most selective colleges spend $27,900 / student on average , while the least selective open access two - and four - year colleges ( where Latinos and African Americans are over-represented ) spend $6,000 / student on average . Open - access colleges , are colleges that admit at least 80 % of their students and typically include community colleges , for - profit schools , and some public universities . Unsurprisingly , graduation rates are the highest in the more selective universities , where more resources are available to students inside and outside of the universities . They further demonstrate that persistence and completion rates at more selective universities are higher regardless of race or ethnicity . The end product of this is the increased reproduction of educational inequalities across generations . Furthermore , consider that roughly 34 % of African American and Hispanic students who earn bachelor 's degrees at the top 468 colleges attain graduate degrees , compared with 23 % who attend open - access colleges . The effect that top colleges have on minority students not only leads to better graduation rates for undergraduate students , but also makes the completion of a graduate education more likely . It is very important to note that this data presents a serious challenge to proponents of `` mismatch '' theory . This theory was advocated very heavily during the Supreme Court Case , Fisher v. University of Texas in 2013 . It claims that affirmative action causes more harm than benefit , because it provides access opportunities to students that are not prepared well enough to succeed at more elite institutions . Proponents of `` mismatch '' theory argue that affirmative action should therefore be repealed , because it is not achieving its intended effect . This data shows that the opposite is true , in that many minority students are attending less selective universities , and are therefore not being given enough resources to succeed . These resources include , `` substantial labor market advantages , including more than $2 million dollars per student in higher lifetime earnings , and access to professional and managerial elite jobs , as well as careers that bring personal and social empowerment . '' The issue is not that they are attending more selective universities and failing , its that they are attending the least selective universities that are overcrowded and underfunded . Enrollment ( edit ) Race can also play a role in which students enroll in college . A 2007 study found that African Americans are more likely to delay enrolling in college . The National Center for Education Statistics reports that between 2003 and 2009 rates of immediate college enrollment increased for Asian Americans and whites , but not for African Americans . The 2011 Condition of Education study found that in 2008 , 63 % of college students were white , while 14 % were African American and 12 % were Hispanic . Minority groups tend to remain the most underrepresented at more selective universities . This is despite programs like affirmative action that seek to provide underrepresented students with greater access to colleges . According to the National Center for Education Statistics , African American students suffer the most in regards to under - representation at more selective universities . Consider that the cumulative percent change for African American students at open access universities has increased by 113.6 % since 1994 , but that at top tier universities it has barely changed , having gone down by 0.3 % . At Harvard , 6.5 % of undergraduates were black in 2013 , while it was 7.4 % in 1994 . At universities focusing on bachelors , and graduate degrees African American enrollment in 2013 had only increased by 3 % since 1994 . According to the Pew Research Center , Hispanic students college enrollment has increased by 240 % since 1996 , more than their African American or White counterparts . However , this growth is similarly at the open access colleges and does not translate into enrollment at four - year colleges . A study by the Pew Research Center , claimed that `` Young Hispanic college students are less likely than their white counterparts to enroll in a four - year college ( 56 % versus 72 % ) , they are less likely to attend a selective college , less likely to be enrolled in college full time , and less likely to complete a bachelor 's degree . '' Given this information , it is clear that increased college enrollment may not mean that Hispanic students are reaping the benefits of completing a college degree . Miscellaneous issues ( edit ) Race can play a part in a student 's persistence rate in college : Drop - out rates are highest with the Native American and African American population , both greater than 50 % . Caucasians and Asian Americans had the lowest dropout rates . Another issue related to race is faculty representation at universities . According to data from the U.S. Department of Education , full - time faculty remain heavily white at universities across the country . In 2013 , 78 % of full - time faculty members nationwide were white . Gender ( edit ) In discussing student 's access to education in the United States , one area of concentration that current research has focused on in the last half century is the differences that exist between students entry and completion rates based on gender . In a study done by Bailey & Dynarski ( 2011 ) it was observed that the increase in inequality that has been observed in the last 40 + years has been predominantly driven by women . In 2010 -- 11 , 33 % more bachelor 's degrees were conferred on females than males . This gender gap is projected to increase to 37 % by 2021 -- 22 , and is already over 50 % for master 's and associate degrees . Degrees conferred in United States since 1970 by year , degree type , and gender . Dashed lines are projected . Since 1982 more bachelor 's degrees have been conferred on women . First label letters : F = female , M = male . Second label letters : A = Associate 's , B = Bachelor 's , M = Master 's , D = Doctorate and professional degree . Within higher - income families that are sending more children to universities and colleges , women make up a greater percentage ( 15 % compared to 7 % ) of this growth . While the largest gap of educational attainment between men and women is seen in the highest income group , women are attaining higher levels of education than men in every income group . This observation poses a unique and confusing problem : if educational attainment has a positive correlation to familial income , why are more women entering and completing college than men ? Bailey and Dynarski proposed that the observed educational gap by gender may be due to differing incentives to accumulate human capital . Men and women may participate in what they term `` segregated labor markets '' and `` asymmetric marriage markets , '' and perhaps , to make up for those perceived market differences , females are more motivated to obtain higher levels of education . The gap of educational attainment between men and women is starting at a young age and affecting students access to higher education later on in life . According to Bailey & Dynarski , there are two main explanations for the gender differences in educational attainment and inequality . First , men and women respond in different and gender - specific ways to family and / or school circumstances , and second , the differences in circumstances across men and women of the same family income and race have shaped inequality in educational attainment for some time . More specifically , the bulk of primary and secondary teachers are female and women run most single parent households . The absence of a strong male role model affects males differently from females . Studies by Bailey & Dynarski have shown that teachers provide role models to demographically similar students , and their unintended biases affect their interactions and assessments of their students . When comparing graduation rates between men and women , in children born after 1960 , more white women were graduating from college than white men , which was a change from children born before this time . Undocumented students ( edit ) It is estimated that 65,000 undocumented immigrants graduate from high school each year . These graduates have lived in the United States for more than 5 years and most were often brought to the United States by their parents as young children . This leaves the U.S. Government with the question of what rights to give the undocumented immigrants after their graduation , particularly with access to higher education . A 2010 study conducted at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) on undocumented immigrants and higher education : Installing pathways to higher education and in - state tuition for undocumented students in the United States presents both opportunities and constraints in developing practices that promote social justice , equity , and equality . Those who are sympathetic to the challenges facing undocumented students may support opportunities to promote the potential of those who are deserving of incorporation and membership in U.S. society . On the other hand , proponents of tighter borders and tougher immigration laws may view all undocumented people , including model , hardworking young people , as `` illegals '' or temporary workers and consider them to be drains on the resources of society . This puts educational administrators in precarious positions since they are professionals who are trained to promote and support students in their pursuit of knowledge and self - improvement . Therefore , many professionals are left with little choice but to search for individuals and resources already established within outlaw cultures . '' In 1996 , the United States passed a law banning states from offering residency benefits to undocumented immigrants that they did n't then also offer to every U.S. citizen . This basically made it so that states could not offer in - state tuition to undocumented immigrants , even if they technically qualified based on residency status . States have argued the clarity of this law and many have enacted their own laws allowing in - state tuition to be given on the claims that it is based on high school attendance and not explicitly residency . This law is especially important since undocumented immigrants are also unable to obtain governmental financial aid and are unable to legally work , leaving them without sources to help pay for out - of - state tuition . The DREAM Act was introduced in 2001 and aims to give more access to higher education for undocumented immigrants by repealing the law 1996 law . It also aimed to set up pathways for students who obtain higher education to become legal residents . The act has been introduced in many states and many different times , but has still not been passed . Critics of the act argue that it encourages more undocumented immigration , that schools will engage in grade inflation so that border - line students can take advantage of the act , and that a financial burden could be placed on taxpayers . Proponents argue the opposite , emphasizing that giving the undocumented immigrants an opportunity at higher education means they will be more self - sufficient in the future , contributing more to taxes and relying less on state resources . They also claim that children should not be punished for the actions of their parents and that giving them this opportunity would encourage them to be contributing and law - abiding citizens . Whether this act would have positive effects on undocumented immigrants attending college is still hard to see since not many states have actually done it and the time span has not been enough for thorough research . The 2010 UNLV study recommends key policy changes to support undocumented immigrants access to higher education . In general , practitioners need to weigh opportunities against constraints and consider the potential opportunities to promote social justice , equality , and equity in higher education access . Rather than considering undocumented students as `` illegals '' and restricting their access to legitimate educational pathways , it is recommended that , at the very least , those in positions of power adopt an outlaw cultural framework to support the strengths inherent within diversity as well as pursue avenues of social justice for undocumented students who are seeking to access higher education to improve their future and secure permanent membership in U.S. society . Rural , urban , and suburban ( edit ) A slightly lower percentage of college - age Americans from rural areas go to college : in 2015 , 67 % from suburban high schools , 62 % from urban high schools , and 59 % from rural high schools . The difference is even larger for higher - income schools ( 73 % suburban , 72 % urban , 61 % rural ) . MOOC ( edit ) Main article : MOOC A MOOC is a massive open online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web . It became popular in 2010 -- 14 . In addition to traditional course materials such as filmed lectures , readings , and problem sets , many MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support community interactions between students , professors , and teaching assistants . Robert Zemsky ( 2014 ) notes that they at first seemed to be an extremely inexpensive method of bringing top teachers at low cost directly to students . However , very few students -- usually under 5 % -- were able to finish a MOOC course . He argues that they have passed their peak : `` They came ; they conquered very little ; and now they face substantially diminished prospects . '' Criticism ( edit ) Cost and finances ( edit ) Critics contend that tuition increases have outpaced inflation . Because schools are assured of receiving their fees no matter what happens to their students , they have felt free to raise their fees to very high levels , to accept students of inadequate academic ability , and to produce too many graduates in some fields of study . Despite the vast expense and economic distortions that result from student aid , the proportion of graduates who come from poor backgrounds has actually declined since 1970 . Analyst Robert E. Wright predicted cost increases without matching increases in quality would continue until professors were encouraged to own colleges in private partnerships ; he predicted that would not happen until barriers to entry are decreased and government education subsidies are paid directly to students instead of to colleges and universities . A report in The Economist criticized American universities for generally losing sight of how to contain costs . Analyst Jeffrey Selingo in the Chronicle of Higher Education blamed rising costs on unnecessary amenities such as private residence rooms , luxury dining facilities , climbing walls , and sometimes even so - called lazy rivers similar to ones found in amusement parks . The 2014 documentary Ivory Tower described colleges as participating in an `` arms race '' to provide the best luxury facilities , and asked whether college was worth the expense in an era of `` predatory loan systems '' and job scarcity and rampant inequality . One analyst argued that second - tier schools with Ivy League Envy had become `` so obsessed with rising up the academic hierarchy '' that they focused too heavily on research while neglecting undergraduate education , and argued that schools should embrace Internet technology and online software to streamline costs . Amenities such as a lazy river at a dorm at the University of North Florida are reputed to be driving up costs for undergraduate education . Another issue is the rising cost of textbooks . There are textbook exchanges for students who will accept a used text at a lower price . Lower priced alternatives offered by Flat World Knowledge are now available but have yet to make a significant impact on overall textbook prices . The total cost of all higher education in 2002 was $289 billion . One theory for the continual increase in tuition is that universities prioritize endowment growth over educational interests . A possible explanation for this is that universities are concerned with intergenerational equity for the benefit of future generations of students , as well as the overall benefit to society . This means that the universities will usually seek to grow their endowments to sustain their level of activity well into the future . Arguments against this justification mainly focus on the idea that the intergenerational equity theory does not accurately reflect the behavior of institutions with large endowments . Peter Conti - Brown , for example , describes how many of the elite universities cut their budgets during the recession despite sitting atop multibillion - dollar endowments , which were theoretically supposed to act as cushions during such economic downturns . Still , tuition increases may not be completely the responsibility of the higher education institutions . Instead , an article written by Archibald and Feldman suggests that tuition increases simply reflect the increasing costs of producing higher education . According to the cost - disease theory , it would be difficult to achieve cuts in per - student cost without the deterioration of quality in the education . While the decision - making of college administrators does come into play , the argument is that there are more fundamental and economy - wide factors that result in cost increases . A general economic trend is that costs in service industries grow more rapidly than in manufacturing industries , and increase in higher education costs is simply a reflection of this phenomenon . Some universities describe being caught in a dilemma where they are pressured to offer broader curricula and improve facilities to attract new students on one hand , but on the other hand these universities must raise tuition to compensate for state spending cuts and rising expenses . Annual undergraduate tuition varies widely from state to state , and many additional fees apply . Listed tuition prices generally reflect the upper bound that a student may be charged for tuition . In many cases , the `` list price '' of tuition -- that is , the tuition rate broadcast on a particular institution 's marketing platforms -- may turn out to be different from the actual ( or net ) tuition charged per student . A student that has applied for institution - based funding will know his or her net tuition upon receipt of a financial aid package . Since tuition does not take into account other expenses such as the cost of living , books , supplies and other expenses , such additional amounts can cause the overall cost of college to exceed the tuition rate multiplied by the number of courses the student is planning to take . In 2009 , average annual tuition at a public university ( for residents of the state ) was $7,020 . Tuition for public school students from outside the state is generally comparable to private school prices , although students can often qualify for state residency after their first year . Private schools are typically much higher , although prices vary widely from `` no - frills '' private schools to highly specialized technical institutes . Depending upon the type of school and program , annual graduate program tuition can vary from $15,000 to as high as $50,000 . Note that these prices do not include living expenses ( rent , room / board , etc . ) or additional fees that schools add on such as `` activities fees '' or health insurance . These fees , especially room and board , can range from $6,000 to $12,000 per academic year ( assuming a single student without children ) . Such fees are not at all government - regulated , allowing a theoretically enormous increase each year . While tuition is monitored to some degree in legislatures and is often publicly discussed , fees on the side are frequently overlooked in public opinion and regulatory policies . Although tuition costs have risen , the rising costs have had little effect on transfer rates and overall enrollment . In a study on effects of rising tuition costs , analysis revealed that the rising costs of colleges have `` weak or no effects '' on enrollment . Rising tuition costs have not deterred enrollment `` as long as students believe the potential return of a college education is much greater than the cost '' . In addition to tuition , living expenses , books , supplies and fees , students also face a less - acknowledged opportunity cost in years of missed potential income . A high school educated person could expect to earn about $84,000 for four years of work ; in choosing to attend and pay for college , an individual forgoes those earnings . Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars . In 2010 , community colleges cost an average of $2,544 per year for tuition and fees . A private four - year college cost an average of $26,273 annually for tuition and fees . College costs are rising while state appropriations for aid are shrinking . This has led to debate over funding at both the state and local levels . From 2002 to 2004 alone , tuition rates at public schools increased by just over 14 % , largely due to dwindling state funding . A more moderate increase of 6 % occurred over the same period for private schools . Between 1982 and 2007 , college tuition and fees rose three times as fast as median family income , in constant dollars . In the 2012 fiscal year , state and local financing declined to $81.2 billion , a drop in funding compared to record - high funding in 2008 of $88 billion in a pre-recession economy . To combat costs colleges have hired adjunct professors to teach . In 2008 these teachers cost about $1,800 per 3 - credit class as opposed to $8,000 per class for a tenured professor . Two - thirds of college instructors were adjuncts , according to one estimate ; a second estimate from NBC News in 2013 was that 76 % of college professors were in `` low - paying , part - time jobs or insecure , non-tenure positions , '' often lacking health insurance . There are differences of opinion on whether these adjuncts teach more or less effectively than regular tenured or tenure - track professors . There is some suspicion that student evaluation of adjuncts , along with doubts on the part of teachers about subsequent continued employment , can lead to grade inflation . Additionally , schools are increasingly using price discrimination as a strategy across different programs to increase revenue ( i.e. , employing strategies like a for - profit business ) . Yet the school is still fundamentally different from a for - profit business entity in that it is restricted by its school mission . For example , a school may charge particular types of students ( such as low - income or moderate - income students ) less tuition in order to help them . Another example is merit - based aid , in which the school will grant high - achieving students money . Because of the decrease in public funding , public research universities have tried to compensate for those losses by increasing tuition revenue by enrolling more out of state students . According to a 2011 -- 12 survey the average in state tuition was $8,775 while the out of state tuition was $27,539 . On average the increase in non resident enrollments has gone up from 20.7 % of total freshman enrollment in 2003 to 24.7 % in 2013 . In some states the increase has been significantly higher , particularly in higher ranking universities . In the University of California Los Angeles the enrollment went up from 7.7 % in 2003 to 28.5 % in 2013 . In state students that would have previously been accepted at that high ranking university where no longer able to attend . Aside from compensating for the decreases in funding , the increase in out of state admission has also allows universities to address the ever - present concern in rankings as they are able to increase the academic requirements for admission due to the rising number of applicants . In higher ranking universities the increases in out of state admissions has had a significant effect on admission of in state low income and underrepresented minority students . Princeton sociologists Thomas Espenshade and Alexandria Walton Radford published a book - length study of admissions that found that an upper - middle - class white applicant was three times as likely to be admitted to an American college as a lower - class white with similar qualification . New York Times columnist Ross Douthat has cited this as an example of how U.S. universities can exacerbate wealth inequality . A 2006 report by Future of Children , a collaboration of Princeton and the Brookings Institution , concluded that `` the current process of admission to , enrollment in , and graduation from colleges and universities contributes to economic inequality as measured by income and wealth . '' According to Suzanne Mettler of Cornell , government policy towards higher education has an effect of deepening inequality and disadvantaging students from the lower classes . Athletics have been increasingly subsidized by tuition . Fewer than one in eight of the 202 Division 1 colleges actually netted more money than they spent on athletics between the years 2005 and 2010 . At the few money - making schools , football and sometimes basketball sales support the school 's other athletic programs . Athletes , on average , cost six times what it cost to educate the non-athlete . Spending per student varied from $10,012 to $19,225 ; while the spending per athlete varied from $41,796 to $163,931 . Issues related to financial aid ( edit ) Main article : Student financial aid in the United States The portion of state budget funding spent on higher education has decreased by 40 % since 1978 , while at the same time most tuition fees have significantly increased . Between 2000 and 2010 , the cost of tuition and room and board at public universities increased by 37 % . There is a misconception that there was no similar increase in financial aid to help cover the costs of tuition . This is incorrect . In 1965 , $558 million was available for financial aid . In 2005 more than $129 billion was available . As college costs have risen , so has the amount of money available to finance a college education . However , the proportion of gift aid and self - help funding has shifted : loans and work make up a larger percentage of aid packages than they once did . During the early 1980s , higher education funding saw a shift from reliance on state and federal government funding to a greater reliance on family contributions and student loans . Pell Grants , which were created to offset the cost of college for low - income students , started funding more middle - class students , stretching the funds thinner for everyone . During the mid-1990s 34 % of the cost for college was covered by the maximum offered Pell Grant , compared to 84 % during the 1970s . During Clinton 's presidency , funding for higher education was focused on creating tax benefits tied to attending college . These proposed policies put less emphasis on developing grants to allow students to attend college . Some have argued that this approach did not adequately provide aid to those students most in need of it . Furthermore , there was fear that tax deductions or credits would actually work to drive up tuition costs . The federal government also began funding fewer grant programs and more loan programs , leaving students with higher amounts of debt . In 2003 , almost 70 % of federal student aid awarded was student loans , which was a much higher percentage than just a decade before . In fact , the National Center for Education Statistics reports that during the 2007 -- 08 school year , 66 % of degree recipients had borrowed money to complete their degree ; 36 % of these graduates had to borrow from state or private sources , averaging total loan amounts of $13,900 ; 95 % of these loans were private . On average , a student borrowed $24,700 during the 2007 -- 08 school year . One estimate of total debt of all ex-students in 2011 was $1 trillion . Furthermore , the economic troubles of the recent decade have left higher education funding shifted toward other needs because higher education institutions have the ability to gain extra funds through raising tuition and private donations . Policy changes in higher education funding raise questions about the impact on student performance and access to higher education . Many early studies focused on social integration and a person 's individual attributes as the factors for degree completion . More recent studies have begun to look at larger factors including state funding and financial support . It has been found that providing need - based aid proved to increase degree completion in 48 states . There has also been a positive correlation between providing merit - based aid and degree completion . Also , as the level to qualify for state need - based aid is lowered , the probability of persistence increases . Low - income families now have to pay more to attend college , making it harder for such populations to attain higher education . In 1980 , low - income families had to use 13 % of their income to pay for one year of college . In 2000 , this proportion grew to 25 percent of their income , while high - income families use less than 5 % of their income . Thus , fully understanding how need and merit ( non-need ) aid is determined is critical when looking to ensure greater access to higher education . It is clear that at both private and public colleges and universities family income has a significant impact on need - based financial aid . As colleges and universities compete for students , the demarcation between merit - based aid and need - based aid is less clear . While there has been a traditional distinction between need - based and merit - based funding , recent trends indicate that these two categories are more blurred than their labels would suggest . Specifically , research confirms that merit - based financial aid often takes into account student need and vice versa . Controversy has also risen regarding performance - based funding . Performance - based funding is a system in which the state 's higher education budget is allocated to various institutions by several measures to best determine allocation of funds . This system has been criticized due to the complexity of the measurements as well as the resulting changed environment and goals of campuses . Many have criticized performance - funding , noting an overemphasis of test scores without consideration of other possible measures . A 2006 report by Michael S. McPherson and Morton Owen Schapiro indicated that financial aid to students in the 1990s held the strongest correlation with student SAT scores . The report was conducted in the interest of looking directly at the relationship between financial aid grants and various factors , with specific focus on the variables of family income level and SAT scores and minor focus on personal variables , such as race and gender . The reason these factors were given greater consideration was that , according to McPherson and Schapiro , the information was readily available and it led to a more meaningful comparison across students than variables like high school GPA . The report also made clear that it ignored the distinctions that universities make between `` need - based '' and `` merit - based '' aid . McPherson and Schapiro argued , `` Although it is commonplace to track the importance of merit as opposed to need - based aid based on the responses given by college and university administrators on survey forms , we have argued that the distinction between ' need - based ' and ' non-need - based ' student grants is a slippery one . '' The findings in the report indicated that `` the principle of awarding financial aid strictly in relation to ability to pay is becoming an increasingly less important factor in the distribution of aid in America 's private colleges and universities . '' Some low - income students have to work and study at the same time . This may adversely impact their performance in school . Most discussions on how higher education funding is determined have focused on the economic and demographic influences ; however , according to a 2010 study on the relationship between politics and state funding many political factors influence higher education funding . First , as the number of interest groups for higher education in a state grows , so does the amount of money given to higher education . Second , states with a more liberal political ideology give more funding to higher education . Third , governors with more control over the state budget tend to award less money to higher education . This is attributed again to the fact that higher education funding is considered to be tradable with other programs . Fourth , a more professional state legislature correlates with more funding for higher education . ( Professional in here refers to a legislature that acts much as the U.S. Congress does in that members have many staff members and spend more time in session . ) Fifth , the more diverse a state population becomes , the less support there will be for higher education funding . For - profit schools ( edit ) From 1972 to 2009 , there was rapid growth of for - profit schools . Government funding in 1972 and government deregulation in 1998 fueled a dramatic rise in for - profit college enrollment . Government oversight and scrutiny since 2010 as well as competition from non-profit and public education has led to a dramatic decrease in enrollment . At its peak , The University of Phoenix was the largest US for - profit college , with an enrollment of more than 500,000 students nationwide . Other large institutions included Devry University , ITT Technical Institute , the Art Institutes , Kaplan University , Ashford University , Colorado Technical Institute , Ashford University , Strayer University , Lincoln Tech , and Walden University . Altogether , at their peak , for - profit colleges enrolled about 11 % of the students , but created approximately 47 % of all the student loan defaults . Critics of for - profit colleges have pointed to the heavy dependence on federal loans and grants to students , the low student completion rate , and the inability of the majority of graduates to pay their student loans because they failed to secure high - paying jobs . For - profit colleges have aggressively recruited among military veterans , and in 2010 received 36 % of all the tuition aid paid by the federal government . The University of Phoenix received 88 % of its income from federal aid to students ; the maximum allowed is 90 % . The National Center for Education Statistics reported a 52 % rate of default on student loans at for - profit colleges . The 12 - year student loan default rate for African Americans is 65.7 % . Student loan debt ( edit ) The amount of debt that students have after graduation has become an issue of concern , especially given the weak job market after 2008 . Nearly all loans are financed by the federal government at an artificially low rate , but students sometimes obtain private loans ( which generally have higher interest rates and start accumulating interest immediately ) . In 2010 , the U.S. Department of Education announced stricter eligibility rules for federal financing of loans to student at for - profit schools , which were experiencing higher default rates . Student loans total more than $1.3 trillion , averaging $25,000 each for 40 million debtors . The debtors average age is 33 . Forty percent of the debt is owed by people 40 or older . A 2013 poll by NBC News found that more than 40 % of college graduates from 2011 to 2012 were underemployed , and that some were `` heavily in debt because of the cost of their education . '' In a 2017 report by the National Center for Education Statistics , the researchers found that 27 % of all student loans resulted in default within 12 years . Children in poor families were particularly vulnerable , still maintaining an average balance that was 91 % of the original loan . Graduation rates ( edit ) Six years after entering a four - year program , 58 % of students at public colleges will have graduated , 65 % of students at private non-profit colleges will have graduated , while 27 % of students at for - profit colleges will have graduated . Six - year graduation rates of four - year programs depend to a great extent on a college 's entrance requirements , ranging from 89 % at those which accept less than one - quarter of applicants to 36 % at those with an open admissions policy . Academic standards ( edit ) Grade inflation has been a pernicious aspect of American college life since the 1960s . Between 1965 and 1975 , GPAs sharply increased so that the most common letter grade went from a long - standing C to a B. Since the mid-1990s it has been an A. On average , private colleges have been more subject to this phenomenon than public colleges , as have the humanities compared to STEM courses , post-graduate courses compared to undergraduate courses , and courses taught by women compared to courses taught by men . Although standardized tests are certainly imperfect measures of aptitude , comparing trends in scoring with those in grades is revealing . Unlike GPAs , overall test scores have remained relatively steady over time , demonstrating that the grade inflation is artificial . Graduate literacy has also remained constant . A graduate may take pride in having a straight - A transcript , but his or her potential employers know that factors such as internships , work experience , choice of major , volunteering , choice of extracurricular activity and relevance of coursework are all more reliable indicators of aptitude and attitude . In 1961 , the average full - time student at a four - year college studied for about twenty - four hours per week , while his modern counterpart in all demographic subgroups averages only fourteen hours per week . This can not be explained by technological innovations such as the internet , since most of the decline predates the innovations that are most relevant to education . The most plausible explanation for these findings is a general decline in academic standards . Longitudinal data indicate that the few students who take full academic advantage of their time in college earn more in the long run . In Academically Adrift , Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa draw on transcript data , the Collegiate Learning Assessment , and survey responses from more than 2,300 undergraduates at twenty - four institutions in their first semester and again at the end of their second year . Their analysis reveals that 45 % of these students demonstrated no significant improvement in a range of skills -- including critical thinking , complex reasoning , and writing -- during their first two years of college . Financial pressures have made college administrations increasingly reluctant to lose the tuition obligations of students who might otherwise be failed or expelled , and to fill their classrooms they must accept students who will certainly not be able to complete a four - year degree in four years . Disruptive , immature or otherwise irresponsible behavior on the part of some of these students can impede the learning experiences of other students . In addition to the skills that are specific to any degree , employers in any profession are looking for evidence of critical thinking and analytical reasoning skills , teamworking skills , information literacy , ethical judgment , decision - making skills , fluency in speaking and writing , problem solving skills , and a wide knowledge of liberal arts and sciences . However , employers consider the average graduate to be more or less deficient in all of these areas . Political views ( edit ) See also : Liberal bias in academia , Academic bias , and Universities and antisemitism Research since the 1970s has consistently found that professors are more liberal and Democratic than the general population . Surveys conducted in the last 10 years indicate that between 44 -- 62 % faculty self - identify as liberal , while 9 -- 18 % self - identify as conservative . Conservative self - identification is higher in two - year colleges than other categories of higher education but has been declining overall . Those in natural sciences , engineering , and business were less liberal than those in the social sciences and humanities . A 2005 study found that liberal views had increased compared to the older studies . 15 % in the survey described themselves as right of center . While the humanities and the social sciences are still the most left leaning , 67 % of those in other fields combined described themselves as left of center . In business and engineering , liberals outnumber conservatives by a 2 : 1 ratio . The study also found that more women , practicing Christians , and Republicans were employed to teach at lower ranked schools ( such as two - year community colleges or medium - sized universities ) than would be expected from their professional accomplishments , measured objectively . One conservative critic has suggested that liberal `` Groupthink '' explains why liberals appear to be overrepresented . A 2007 study criticized some recent surveys , such as the above 2005 study , on methodological grounds as well as being motivated by conservative concerns . It also pointed to the influence of conservative think tanks outside academia . In its own survey , it found that while conservatives were rare , there was a large centrist group between those self - identifying as liberals or conservatives . More moderate views were more common in younger professors , although also in this age group liberals were several times more common than conservatives . The age group with most liberal professors were the professors who were teenagers or young adults in the radical 1960s . Of all surveyed , 3 % identified themselves as Marxists with the highest numbers being in social sciences ( 17 % ) and humanities ( 5 % ) . A 2011 study disagreed with younger professors being more moderate and instead argued that the average view may shift further left in the future . The study also found that the years of college education had little effect on the political view of undergraduates . There was little evidence that right leaning professors were treated poorly . Regarding the cause of the apparent liberal overrepresentation , it found that conservative students preferred to major in fields leading to immediate employment , such as hotel management or accounting , rather than further studies . Self - selection has also been suggested by others as the main explanation . In a 2011 nationwide study conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute ( HERI ) of UCLA , it found that compared to its previous 2008 study of professors nationwide , that more professors in 2011 self - identified as liberal ( 50.3 % ) compared to in the 2008 study ( 47 % ) . In the study , 62.7 % of responding professors self - identify as being politically liberal or `` far left '' . According to an article published in Academe , the impact of having more liberal professors meant that fewer conservative students were likely to pursue advanced or doctoral degrees . According to Stephen Hayward , the fewer conservative professors results in fewer conservative students being mentored and supported to seek graduate level education , creating a `` self - reinforcing '' cycle . In one study the researchers sent out e-mails to graduate studies directors at top ranked departments . They claimed to be an undergraduate asking for guidance regarding if this was a suitable department . The e-mails differed regarding which presidential campaign the undergraduate had worked for . There was no statistical difference in the replies . On the other hand , a survey of sociology professors found that one quarter stated that they would be more likely to vote for hiring a declared Democrat and less likely to vote for hiring a declared Republican . Around 40 % stated that they would be less likely to vote for hiring an Evangelical or a member of the National Rifle Association . Another survey found a similar situation for humanities and other social sciences professors . A 2007 poll found that 58 % of Americans thought that college professors ' political bias was a `` serious problem '' . This varied depending on the political views of those asked . 91 % of `` very conservative '' adults agreed compared with 3 % of liberals . In 2012 , Tilburg University psychologists Yoel Inbar and Joris Lammers conducted anonymous random surveys of 800 members of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and found that 85 % of respondents self - identified as liberal and 6 % self - identified as conservative . Respondents that self - identified as either conservative or moderate were found to be significantly more reluctant to express their political views to their colleagues for fear of negative consequences , and were more likely to believe that their colleagues would actively discriminate against them on the basis of their political beliefs . Self - identified conservative respondents were also more likely to feel that there was a hostile climate directed towards their political beliefs , while self - identified liberal respondents did not believe that there was a hostile climate directed towards conservative beliefs , and the more liberal the respondent self - identified as being , the less likely they were to believe that there was a hostile climate . The respondents were also asked four questions assessing ( along a 1 - to - 7 integer scale ) their personal stated willingness to discriminate against conservatives , along with how willing they thought other members of their academic department would be to discriminate against conservatives . For all but one of the questions where the respondents were speaking for themselves , and for every question where the respondent was speaking for the rest of their department , the statistical mean for the responses was more than a standard deviation above the lowest option ( `` not at all '' willing to discriminate ) . The percentage of responses from the middle to the highest option ( `` somewhat '' to `` very much '' willing to discriminate ) ranged from 14 to 44 % for each question whether respondents were speaking for themselves or for their departmental colleagues , and the highest percentages for both were to the question about hiring a conservative job applicant in their academic department if the applicant was equally qualified with a liberal applicant . Also , the more liberal the respondent self - identified as being , the more they reported being willing to discriminate against conservatives on each question . In January 2015 , a major literature review co-written by psychologists José L. Duarte , Jarret T. Crawford , Jonathan Haidt , Lee Jussim , Philip E. Tetlock and sociologist Charlotta Stern summarized numerous studies of how academic psychology has little ideological diversity , that the ratio of liberal - to - conservative or Democratic - to - Republican professors has dramatically increased since 1990 , that the disparity is undermining the quality of research in psychology , and that the main causes of the lack of ideological diversity are self - selection , hostile climate , and discrimination . In 2014 , survey data from HERI indicated that the ratio of liberal - to - conservative college professors increased from 2 : 1 in 1995 to roughly 5 : 1 in 2014 . In 2016 , psychologists Bill von Hippel and David Buss surveyed 335 members of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology ( along a 1 - to - 11 integer scale ) and found that 89.3 % of respondents self - identified as liberal , 8.3 % self - identified as centrist or moderate , and 2.5 % self - identified as conservative . 94.7 % of respondents voted for Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election , 1.2 % of respondents voted for Mitt Romney , and 4 % of respondents voted for other candidates . After averaging the scores of the respondents on nine major political issues , 96 % of respondents were categorized as left of center , 3.7 % were categorized as centrist or moderate , and 0.3 % were categorized as conservative . In September 2016 , a replication and extension of the 2012 Inbar and Lammers study conducted by psychologists Nathan Honeycutt and Laura Freberg surveyed 618 faculty members of four California State University campuses and confirmed the previous finding of a hostile climate towards conservative professors in academic psychology departments , but also extended their study to 76 other academic departments spanning agricultural , business , education , arts and letters , engineering , and science colleges and found that there are sizable percentages of professors willing to discriminate against conservative academics in every academic department that they surveyed . Professor Watchlist ( edit ) In 2016 , the conservative campus group Turning Point USA began publishing its Professor Watchlist to expose faculty who `` discriminate against conservative students , promote anti-American values and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom . '' Charlie Kirk , TPUSA 's president , has criticized college campuses as `` islands of totalitarianism '' filled with liberal students and faculty members who force their worldview upon those around them . Polls by Pew and Gallup in 2017 indicate that this belief is common among political conservatives . Even some liberal professors are concerned that the polarization and hardening of political viewpoints on campus is hampering students ' intellectual development . Geographic considerations ( edit ) While many private liberal arts colleges are located in the Midwest and Northeast , population growth of 18 - year - olds is strongest in the South and Southwest , making it more difficult to attract potential students to `` fly halfway across the country '' to get a degree , according to Jeffrey Selingo of the Chronicle of Higher Education . Skepticism about higher education ( edit ) A 2017 poll funded by House Majority PAC found that white working - class voters were skeptical about higher education . The key findings : 57 % said a college degree `` would result in more debt and little likelihood of landing a good - paying job . '' 83 % said a college degree was `` no longer any guarantee of success in America . '' Declining accessibility and high cost ( edit ) According to an analysis of social mobility and higher education in the US by Equality of Opportunity , `` colleges that offered many low - income students pathways to success are becoming less accessible over time . '' According to a Public Agenda poll , only 43 % of Americans say private , nonprofit universities and colleges are worth the cost . Ending affirmative action ( edit ) According to multiple sources , the Trump administration 's Department of Justice will be conducting investigations to ensure that African Americans and Latinos are not favored over whites and Asians . Sexual assault ( edit ) Campus sexual assault is a common and underreported crime . Among undergraduate students , 23.1 % of females and 5.4 % of males experience rape or sexual assault through physical force , violence , or incapacitation . However , the Trump administration has rescinded Obama era measures to reduce sexual assault . Student poverty and hunger ( edit ) Research by Sara Goldrick - Rab and others found that more than half of all community - college students surveyed struggle with food insecurity . A follow up study found more that a third of college students do n't always have enough to eat and lack stable housing . Nine percent of those surveyed were homeless . See also ( edit ) Academic ranks in the United States Association of American Universities Campus carry in the United States Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education Center for Excellence in Higher Education College admissions in the United States Education in the United States G.I. American Universities Hispanic - serving institution Historically black colleges and universities History of education in the United States History of education in the United States : Bibliography Land - grant university Liberal arts colleges in the United States List of Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States Men 's colleges in the United States Morrill Land - Grant Acts National Collegiate Athletic Association Transfer admissions in the United States Undermatching Women 's colleges in the United States Work college References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Center for Education Statistics ( December 2012 ) . `` Table 5 Number of educational institutions , by level and control of institution : Selected years , 1980 -- 81 through 2010 -- 11 '' . U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : NPR Staff , interview with Jeffrey J. Selingo , with David Greene , May 8 , 2013 , With Gorgeous Dorms But Little Cash , Colleges Must Adapt , Accessed May 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/01/the-hidden-hunger-on-college-campuses/424047/ Jump up ^ https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Great-Shame-of-Our/239148 Jump up ^ https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/12/20/national-enrollments-decline-sixth-straight-year-slower-rate Jump up ^ `` College and university enrollment is down for fifth straight year '' . Hechingerreport.org . The Hechinger Report . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universities and colleges struggle to stem big drops in enrollment '' . Hechingerreport.org . The Hechinger Report . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Vets and a New Student Loan Program Bring New College Scams '' . 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Onion , Rebecca ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` 19th - Century For - Profit Colleges Spawned Trump University '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ Turnage , Clara ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` Most Republicans Think Colleges Are Bad for the Country . Why ? '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Jump up ^ `` Republicans do n't trust higher ed . That 's a problem for liberal academics '' . Latimes.com. 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartle , Terry W. ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Why Most Republicans Do n't Like Higher Education '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . ^ Jump up to : `` New data explain Republican loss of confidence in higher education '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Daniels , February 6 , 2018 , Washington Post , Health care is n't our only ludicrously expensive industry , Retrieved February 7 , 2018 , `` ... by evading accountability for quality , regulating it heavily , and opening a hydrant of public subsidies in the form of government grants and loans , we have constructed another system of guaranteed overruns ... pricing categories that have outpaced health care over recent decades are college tuition , room and board , and books ... '' Jump up ^ `` What is Liberal Arts Education ? '' . Topuniversities.com. 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digest of Education Statistics , 2015 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NCES ( 2014 ) . `` Degree - granting postsecondary institutions , by control and level of institution : Selected years , 1949 -- 50 through 2012 -- 13 '' . U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ NCES . `` Table 301.10 . Enrollment , staff , and degrees / certificates conferred in degree - granting and non-degree - granting postsecondary institutions , by control and level of institution , sex of student , type of staff , and level of degree : Fall 2015 and 2014 -- 15 '' . Jump up ^ `` Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 ( ELS : 2002 ) : A First Look at 2002 High School Sophomores 10 Years Later First Look '' ( PDF ) . NCES 2014 - 363 . U.S. Department of Education . January 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan Weissmann , Atlantic Monthly , January 14 , 2014 , Highly Educated , Highly Indebted : The Lives of Today 's 27 - Year - Olds , In Charts : A new study by the Department of Education offers up a statistical picture of young - adult life in the wake of the Great Recession , Accessed Jan. 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ see `` Knocking at the College Door , 9th Edition : Projections of High School Graduates '' Dec 6 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Beth Frerking , Community Colleges : For Achievers , a New Destination , The New York Times , April 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Community colleges examining low and stagnant enrollments '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gail O. Mellow , August 28 , 2017 , The New York Times , The Biggest Misconception About Today 's College Students , Retrieved August 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Korgstad , Jens. `` 5 Facts about Latinos and education '' . Pew Research . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ong , Anthony ; Phinney , Jean ; Dennis , Jessica ( December 2006 ) . `` Competence under challenge : Exploring the protective influence of parental support and ethnic identity in Latino college students '' . Journal of Adolescence. 29 ( 6 ) : 961 -- 979 . doi : 10.1016 / j. adolescence. 2006.04. 010 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Luis ( Fall 2012 ) . `` Minding / mending the Puerto Rican education pipeline in New York City '' . CENTRO : Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies . 29 ( 2 ) : 140 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . ASPIRA . webmaster . ^ Jump up to : `` A Stronger New York City : Increasing College Access , Retention and Graduation '' . Hispanic Federation . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASPIRA 's Educational Management Organization '' . ASPIRA . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Care Student Achievement Model Program '' . CREAR Futuros . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . ASPIRA of New York . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ; Siebens , Julie ( March 2016 ) . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gramlich , John . `` Hispanic dropout rate hits new low , college enrollment at new high '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuakli , Foluke . `` Latino Dropout Rate Plummets as College Enrollment Hits Record High '' . NBC News . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CUNY dropout rates show public schools are n't preparing kids '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Classification Technical Details '' . Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . n.d . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Dezarae ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Marijuana illegal on campus despite Amendment 64 '' . The Scribe . Jump up ^ 34 C.F.R. 86 ; specifically 34 C.F.R. 86.100 Jump up ^ Media , American Public . `` The Story of the University of Phoenix '' . americanradioworks.publicradio.org . Jump up ^ Armour , Stephanie ; Zibel , Alan ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` For - Profit College Probe Expands '' . Wsj.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 12 . 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Thelin , A History of American Higher Education ( 2004 ) pp. 1 -- 40 Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` ' Ebony and Ivy , ' About How Slavery Helped Universities Grow '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Book review : ' Ebony & Ivy : Race , Slavery , and the Troubled History of America 's Universities ' by Craig Steven Wilder '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges and Universities Have a Hidden Legacy of Slavery ( INTERVIEW ) '' . historynewsnetwork.org . Jump up ^ Swarns , Rachel L. ( 16 April 2016 ) . `` 272 Slaves Were Sold to Save Georgetown . What Does It Owe Their Descendants ? '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamon Smith . `` Slavery marks University 's past '' . Tuscaloosanews.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Campus Slaves & Slavery -- Slavery at South Carolina College , 1801 -- 1865 '' . library.sc.edu . Jump up ^ Love , David ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Enslaved Black People Helped Build America 's Top Universities -- How Should the Colleges Right These Wrongs ? '' . Atlantablackstar.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rutgers confronts ties to slavery by renaming buildings , walkway '' . Nj.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ David B. Potts , `` American colleges in the nineteenth century : From localism to denominationalism . '' History of Education Quarterly ( 1971 ) : 363 -- 380 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ David B. Potts , Baptist colleges in the development of American society , 1812 -- 1861 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Frederick Rudolph , The American College and University : A History ( 1991 ) pp. 3 -- 22 Jump up ^ Michael Katz , `` The Role of American Colleges in the Nineteenth Century '' , History of Education Quarterly , Vol. 23 , No. 2 ( Summer , 1983 ) , pp. 215 -- 223 in JSTOR , summarizing Colin B. Burke , American Collegiate Populations : A Test of the Traditional View ( New York University Press , 1982 ) and Peter Dobkin Hall , The Organization of American Culture : Private Institutions , Elites , and the Origins of American Nationality ( New York University Press , 1982 ) Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , Rise of the Legal Profession in America ( 1965 ) vol. 1 ch. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ Genevieve Miller , `` A Physician in 1776 '' , Clio Medica , Oct 1976 , Vol. 11 Issue 3 , pp. 135 -- 146 Jump up ^ Jacob Ernest Cooke , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American colonies ( 3 vol 1992 ) 1 : 214 Jump up ^ LaBelle , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . Catholic Colleges in the 21st Century : A Road Map for Campus Ministry . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 1893757899 . Jump up ^ John Rodden , `` Less ' Catholic , ' More ' catholic ' ? American Catholic Universities Since Vatican II . '' Society ( 2013 ) 50 # 1 pp. 21 -- 27 . Jump up ^ S.J. Currie , and L. Charles . `` Pursuing Jesuit , Catholic identity and mission at US Jesuit colleges and universities . '' Catholic Education : A Journal of Inquiry and Practice ( 2011 ) 14 # 3 pp. 4ff online Jump up ^ Matthew Thomas Larsen , The Duty and Right of the Diocesan Bishop to Watch Over the Preservation and Strengthening of the Catholic Character of Catholic Universities in His Diocese '' ( PhD dissertation Catholic University of America , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Leonard V. Koos , The Junior College Movement ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Cohen and Brawer , The American Community College ( 4th ed. 2003 ) pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Jesse P. Bogue , ed . American Junior Colleges ( American council on education , 1948 ) Jump up ^ Cohen and Brawer , The American Community College ( 6th ed. 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` 11 Past and Present Social Movements Led By College Students '' . Freshu.io . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grade Inflation at American Colleges and Universities '' . GradeInflation.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Angulo , A.J. ( 27 January 2016 ) . `` Diploma Mills : How For - Profit Colleges Stiffed Students , Taxpayers , and the American Dream '' . JHU Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Korn , Melissa ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` ITT Technical Institute Shuts Down After Government Cut Off New Funding '' . Wsj.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.texasobserver.org/fail-state-delves-shadowy-world-profit-colleges/ Jump up ^ `` Networked U. 's : This Is What Will Save Higher Ed '' . 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reports finds rising competition in online education market '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind Berkeley 's Semester of Hate '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White supremacy is turning up on campus in speeches and leaflets '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More Diversity Means More Demands '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colleges brace for more violence in wake of Charlottesville rally '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College students unmasked as ' Unite the Right ' protesters '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stripling , Jack ; Gluckman , Nell ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` UVa Employee Suffers a Stroke After Campus Clash With White Supremacists '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Jump up ^ `` Opinion -- What U.Va . Students Saw in Charlottesville '' . Nytimes.com. 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public universities are on solid ground to cancel Richard Spencer events , legal experts say '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funding Down , Tuition Up '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 2016 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` A Lost Decade in Higher Education Funding '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 2017 - 08 - 22 . 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Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` More U.S. students going abroad , and vice versa '' . USA Today . pp. 5D . Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( November 14 , 2010 ) . `` More foreign students in USA '' . Melbourne , Florida : Florida Today . pp. 4A . Jump up ^ `` Paying for US uni '' . UNI. in the USA and Beyond . 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stainburn , Samantha ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` The Case of the Vanishing Full - Time Professor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Glenn Harlan ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` President Trump should take pity on poor PhD '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 19A . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aronowitz , Stanley . The Knowledge Factory : Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning , p. 76 . ISBN 0807031232 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jon ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Aging faculty who wo n't leave thwart universities ' attempts to cut costs '' . Hechinger Report . Teachers College at Columbia University . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Protected by tenure that prevents them from being dismissed without cause , and with no mandatory retirement age , a significant proportion of university faculty is n't going anywhere . Jump up ^ Aronowitz , The Knowledge Factory 75 -- 76 . year ? Jump up ^ Kingkade , Tyler ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` United States Ranked To Have Best Higher Education System In The World '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Bowman , Nicholas and Michael Bastedo , personal.umich.edu `` Getting on the Front Page : Organizational Reputation , Status Signals , and the Impact of U.S. News & World Report Rankings on Student Decisions '' Retrieved June 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` US News Best Colleges Rankings 2011 : Changes in Methodology Make Them Less Helpful ! '' . Annaivey.com . Ivey Files . Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. News College Rankings 2011 Are Out ! '' . Education-portal.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( 20 June 2007 ) . `` More Momentum Against ' U.S. News ' '' . Inside Higher Ed . ^ Jump up to : `` Annapolis Group Statement on Rankings and Ratings '' . Annapolis Group . 19 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Robert ( 22 June 2007 ) . `` About the Annapolis Group 's Statement '' . U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ David Leonhardt ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` College for the Masses '' ( Upshot blog ) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Only about a third of young adults today receive a bachelor 's degree . The new research confirms that many more teenagers have the ability to do so -- and would benefit from it Jump up ^ Joshua Goodman ; Michael Hurwitz ; Jonathan Smith ( February 2015 ) . `` College Access , Initial College Choice and Degree Completion '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . doi : 10.3386 / w20996 . Jump up ^ Seth Zimmerman ( May 2013 ) . `` The Returns to College Admission for Academically Marginal Students '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Students with grades just above a threshold for admissions eligibility at a large public university in Florida are much more likely to attend any university than below - threshold students . The marginal admission yields earnings gains of 22 % between eight and fourteen years after high school completion . These gains outstrip the costs of college attendance , and are largest for male students and free lunch recipients . Jump up ^ `` The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions ( National Center for Education Statistics ) '' . Nces.ed.gov . Jump up ^ `` Reforming Remedial Education '' . National Conference of State Legislatures. 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vedder , Richard ; Denhart , Christopher ; Robe , Jonathan ( January 2013 ) . `` Why are Recent College Graduates Underemployed ? : University Enrollments and Labor Market Realities '' . Center for College Affordability and Productivity . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Increasing numbers of recent college graduates are ending up in relatively low - skilled jobs that , historically , have gone to those with lower levels of educational attainment . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Fear of a College - Educated Barista : Is there really a Millennial underemployment crisis ? Yes , but only among liberal - arts majors '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pappano , Laura ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` The Master 's as the New Bachelor 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PayScale College Salary Report '' . Payscale . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Jennifer ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` What 's the value of a college education ? It depends '' . CNBC . Retrieved 27 June 2015 ... while students can up their odds of success , college remains a risky , and expensive investment for families -- and one whose value diminishes if costs increase faster than wages . At some point , if tuition costs continues to climb , the benefits simply may not be worth the price of admission for some . Jump up ^ Carnevale , Anthony ; Cheah , Ban ( 2018 ) , Five Rules of the College and Career Game , Georgetown University , retrieved 16 May 2018 Jump up ^ Barshay , Jill ( 25 May 2015 ) . `` Many community college grads continue to out - earn B.A. holders a decade after graduation '' . Hechinger Report . Teachers College , Columbia University . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . It 's not the degree that matters , but what you got the degree in and , to some extent , where you got it Jump up ^ `` Occupational Outlook Handbook '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Department of Labor . 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . The OOH can help you find career information on duties , education and training , pay , and outlook for hundreds of occupations . Jump up ^ `` Good Jobs That Pay Without a BA '' . Center on Education and the Workforce . Georgetown University . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Although the decline in the manufacturing economy eliminated many good jobs for high school graduates , there are still 30 million good jobs in the U.S. that pay well without a BA . Jump up ^ Krupnick , Matt ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Graduates of four - year universities flock to community colleges for job skills '' . Hechinger Report . Teachers College , Columbia University . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . There 's a lot of disciplines universities are n't offering . Jump up ^ `` Outcomes by Major '' , The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates , Federal Reserve Bank of New York , January 12 , 2018 , retrieved January 26 , 2018 Jump up ^ Torpey , Elka ( 2012 ) . `` High wages after high school -- without a bachelor 's degree '' ( PDF ) . Occupational Outlook Quarterly . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aud , S. , Hussar , W. , Kena , G. , Bianco , K. , Frohlich , L. , Kemp , J. , Tahan , K. ( 2011 ) . The Condition of Education 2011 ( NCES 2011 - 033 ) . U.S. Department of Education , National Center for Education Statistics . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Carr , RV ; Wright , JD ; Brody , CJ ( 1996 ) . `` Effects of high school work experiences a decade later : Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey '' . Sociology of Education . 69 : 61 -- 81 . doi : 10.2307 / 2112724 . JSTOR 2112724 . ^ Jump up to : Rowan - Kenyon , H.T. ( 2007 ) . `` Predictors of Delayed College Enrollment and the Impact of Socioeconomic Status '' . Journal of Higher Education . 78 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 214 . doi : 10.1353 / jhe. 2007.0012 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Ryan S. ; Lynch , Cassie M. ( 2012 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Delayed College Entry and the Socioeconomic Gap : Examining the Roles of Student Plans , Family Income , Parental Education , and Parental Occupation '' . The Journal of Higher Education . 83 ( 5 ) : 671 -- 697 . doi : 10.1353 / jhe. 2012.0028 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . ^ Jump up to : Bozick , Robert ; DeLuca , Stefanie ( 2005 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Better Late Than Never ? Delayed Enrollment in the High School to College Transition '' . Social Forces . 84 ( 1 ) : 531 -- 554 . doi : 10.1353 / sof. 2005.0089 . ISSN 0037 - 7732 . ^ Jump up to : `` Predictors of Delayed College Enrollment and the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on JSTOR '' . Jstor.org . JSTOR 4501202 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goldrick - Rab , Sara ( 2011 ) . `` Managing to Make It : The College Trajectories of Traditional - age Students with Children '' . The Wisconsin Scholars Longitudinal Study . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Anthony . `` The College Payoff '' . Center on Education and the Workforce . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Trostel , Phillip . `` It 's Not Just the Money : The Benefits of College Education to Individuals and to Society '' ( PDF ) . Lumina Foundation . Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center & School of Economics University of Maine . ^ Jump up to : Chen , R. ; St ; John , E.P. ( 2011 ) . `` £ State Financial Policies and College Student Persistence : A National Study £ '' . Journal of Higher Education . 82 ( 5 ) : 629 -- 660 . doi : 10.1353 / jhe. 2011.0032 . Jump up ^ Walpole , MaryBeth ( 2008 ) . `` Emerging from the Pipeline : African American Students , Socioeconomic Status , and College Experiences and Outcomes '' . Research in Higher Education . 49 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 255 . doi : 10.1007 / s11162 - 007 - 9079 - y . Jump up ^ Walpole , M ( 2008 ) . `` Emerging from the Pipeline : African American Students , Socioeconomic Status , and College Experiences and Outcomes '' . Research in Higher Education . 49 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 255 . doi : 10.1007 / s11162 - 007 - 9079 - y . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek ( December 2012 ) . `` The Role of Higher Education in Career Development : Employer Perceptions '' ( PDF ) . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , M ( 2012 ) . `` Social class differences in social integration among students in higher education : A meta - analysis and recommendations for future research '' . Journal of Diversity in Higher Education . 5 : 22 -- 38 . doi : 10.1037 / a0026162 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Suzanne ( 2014 ) . Degrees of Inequality : How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465044962 . Jump up ^ Hoxby , Caroline M. ; Avery , Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` The Missing ' One - Offs ' : The Hidden Supply of High - Achieving , Low - Income Students '' . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity . 2013 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 65 . doi : 10.1353 / eca. 2013.0000 . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Anthony ( July 2013 ) . `` Separate & Unequal '' ( PDF ) . Center on Education and the Workforce . Georgetown Public Policy Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sander , Richard ( 2012 ) . Mismatch : How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It 's Intended to Help , and Why Universities Wo n't Admit it . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465029969 . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Andrew . `` The Share of Black Students at Top Universities Has Been Stagnant for 20 Years '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Black Students at Top Colleges : Exceptions , Not the Rule Brookings Institution '' . Brookings . 2016 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` More Hispanics , blacks enrolling in college , but lag in bachelor 's degrees '' . Pew Research Center . 2014 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fry , Richard ; Taylor , Paul ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Hispanic High School Graduates Pass Whites in Rate of College Enrollment '' . Pew Research Center 's Hispanic Trends Project . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions ( National Center for Education Statistics ) '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Martha ; Dynarski , Susan ( 2011 ) . `` Inequality in Postsecondary Education '' . Jump up ^ National Center for Education Statistics , Digest of Education Statistics . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 ^ Jump up to : Zota , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Undocumented immigrants ' access to higher education : fifty states , different direction '' ( PDF ) . Popular Government . 74 ( 3 ) : 46 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Harmon , C. ; Carne , G. ; Lizardy - Hajbi , K. ; Wilkerson , E. ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Access to higher education for undocumented students : `` Outlaws '' of social justice , equity , and equality ' `` . Journal of Praxis in Multicultural Education . 5 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 82 . doi : 10.9741 / 2161 - 2978.1033 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Who 's Missing From America 's Colleges ? Rural High School Graduates Jump up ^ Bozkurt , A. ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Trends in Distance Education Research : A Content Analysis of Journals 2009 -- 2013 '' . International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning . 16 ( 1 ) : 330 -- 363 . Jump up ^ Zemsky , Robert ( 2014 ) . `` With a MOOC MOOC here and a MOOC MOOC there , here a MOOC , there a MOOC , everywhere a MOOC MOOC '' . Journal of General Education . 63 ( 4 ) : 237 -- 243 . doi : 10.1353 / jge. 2014.0029 . JSTOR 10.5325 / jgeneeduc. 63.4. 0237 . Jump up ^ `` Reflections on the underemployment of college graduates '' . Teachers College at Columbia University . 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Wright , Fubarnomics : A Lighthearted , Serious Look at America 's Economic Ills ( Buffalo , N.Y. : Prometheus , 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : Schumpeter ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` University challenge : Slim down , focus and embrace technology : American universities need to be more businesslike '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . ex-students have debts approaching $1 trillion . Jump up ^ Nona Willis - Aronowitz , NBC News , June 13 , 2014 , Is College Worth It ? New Documentary Weighs Costs of Higher Ed , accessed June 13 , 2014 , `` ... ballooning tuition costs driven by the arms race of providing luxury facilities to student - consumers ; predatory loan systems burying students in debt ; and the endangerment of a useful , worthwhile college degree in an era of job scarcity and rampant inequality ... '' Jump up ^ Buss , Dale ( 2005 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Sometimes , It 's Not the Tuition . It 's the Textbooks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Linda Gorman ( 2009 - 12 - 05 ) . `` State Education Subsidies Shift Students to Public Universities '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ Willie , Matt ( 2012 ) . `` Taxing and Tuition : A Legislative Solution to Growing Endowments and the Rising Costs of a College Degree '' . Brigham Young University Law Review . 2013 ( 5 ) . 1665 . ISSN 0360 - 151X . Jump up ^ Conti - Brown , Peter ( 6 August 2009 ) . `` Scarcity Amidst Wealth : The Law , Finance , and Culture of Elite University Endowments in Financial Crisis '' . Stanford Law Review . 63 ( 5 ) . ISSN 0038 - 9765 . Jump up ^ Archibald , Robert B. , and Feldman , David H. ( 2008 ) . `` Why Do Higher - Education Costs Rise More Rapidly Than Prices in General ? '' . Change . 40 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0009 - 1383 . Jump up ^ Kiener , R. ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Future of public universities '' . CQ Researcher. 23 : 53 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Weisbrod , B.A. ( 2008 ) . Mission and Money : Understanding the University ( electronic resource ) . 78 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Michelle Singletary ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` The Color of Money : Getting through college these days almost requires a degree in thrift '' . Washington Post . pp. 20A . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuition Levels Rise but Many Students Pay Significantly Less than Published Rates '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... The College Board ( 2003 ) . URL accessed on June 20 , 2005 Jump up ^ Weisbrod , B.A. ( 2008 ) . Mission and Money : Understanding the University ( electronic resource ) . 79 . Jump up ^ Shin , Jung Cheol ; Milton , Sande ( 2007 ) . `` Student response to tuition increase by academic majors : empirical grounds for a cost - related tuition policy '' . Higher Education . 55 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 734 . doi : 10.1007 / s10734 - 007 - 9085 - 1 . ISSN 0018 - 1560 . Jump up ^ Weisbrod , B.A. ( 2008 ) . Mission and Money : Understanding the University ( electronic resource ) . 84 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in College Spending 1998 -- 2008 Archived 2013 - 08 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . '' Delta Cost Project . Jump up ^ `` My Portfolios -- Finance Portfolio '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Broder , David S. ( columnist ) ( December 7 , 2008 ) . College affordability about future . Burlington Free Press ( and other column subscribers ) . Jump up ^ Lewin , Tamar ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Financing For Colleges Declines As Costs Rise '' . The New York Times . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Barbara Raab , Senior Producer , NBC News , Apr 9 , 2013 Meet your new professor : Transient , poorly paid , Accessed April 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ Clark , Kim ( November 17 -- 24 , 2008 ) . Does it Matter That Your Professor Is Part Time ? . US News and World Report . Jump up ^ Weisbrod , B.A. ( 2008 ) . Mission and Money : Understanding the University ( electronic resource ) . 87 . ^ Jump up to : Saul , Stephanie ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Public Colleges Chase Out - of - State Students , and Tuition '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Jaquette , Ozan ; Curs , Bradley R ; Posselt , Julie R ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Tuition rich , mission poor : Nonresident enrollment growth and the socioeconomic and racial composition of public research universities '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Forthcoming . ISSN 0022 - 1546 . Jump up ^ Espenshade , Thomas J. ; Walton Radford , Alexandria ( 2009 ) . No longer separate , not yet equal : race and class in elite college admission and campus life . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691141602 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( 2010 - 07 - 18 ) . `` The Roots Of White Anxiety '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The Role of Higher Education in Social Mobility Archived 2010 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Robert Haveman and Timothy Smeeding . Opportunity in America Volume 16 Number 2 Fall 2006 Jump up ^ Seth Freed Wessler , May 16 , 2014 , NBC News , Great Unequalizer : Is Higher - Education Policy Making Inequality Worse ? , Accessed May 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Athletics get more dollars than academics '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 4A . Jump up ^ `` The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions ( National Center for Education Statistics ) '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Student Aid Pays Off for Society and Individuals '' ( PDF ) . Ihep.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Michael ; Morton Owen Schapiro . `` Financing Undergraduate Education : Designing National Policies '' . National Tax Journal . 1 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 571 . Jump up ^ `` The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions ( National Center for Education Statistics ) '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tandberg , D ( 2010 ) . `` Politics , Interest Groups and State Funding of Public Higher Education '' . Research in Higher Education . 51 ( 5 ) : 416 -- 450 . doi : 10.1007 / s11162 - 010 - 9164 - 5 . Jump up ^ McPherson , M.S. ; Schapiro , M.O. ( 2002 ) . `` The Blurring Line between Merit and Need in Financial Aid '' . Change . 34 ( 2 ) : 38 -- 46 . doi : 10.1080 / 00091380209601844 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Jeff ( Feb 2001 ) . `` Performance Funding in Higher Education : The Effects of Student Motivation on the Use of Outcomes Tests to Measure Institutional Effectiveness '' . Research in Higher Education . 42 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Schapiro , Morton and Michael S. McPherson. 2006 . `` Watch What We Do ( and Not What We Say ) . '' In College Access : Opportunity or Privilege ? , edited by McPherson , M.S. & Schapiro , M.O. , 49 -- 73 . New York : The College Board Jump up ^ Scholarships.com . `` Why Students Dont Go To College '' . Scholarships.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` For Profit Higher Education : The Failure to Safeguard the Federal Investment and Ensure Student Success '' ( PDF ) . Help.senate.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkham , Chris ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` For - Profit Colleges Get Scathing Indictment In Senate Report '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Puzzanghera , Jim ( 11 September 2015 ) . `` Rise in student loan defaults driven by for - profit colleges , study says '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ John Lauerman and Esmé E. Deprez , `` Apollo , Education Shares Plunge on Enrollment Outlook '' Bloomberg Oct. 14 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Danilova , Maria . `` More than half of students at for - profit colleges defaulted on loans , study finds '' . Chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Americans Twice as Likely as Whites to Default on Student Debt '' . Bloomberg.com. 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Decline of the ' Great Equalizer ' '' Reuters , December 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` For Poor , Leap to College Often Ends in a Hard Fall '' New York Times , December 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Education Bubble , Part 3 : ' Shared Responsibility ' To Shrink Student Debt '' . Wbur.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vedder , Richard ( May -- June 2012 ) . `` Federal Student Aid and the Law of Unintended Consequence '' . Imprimis. 41 ( 5 / 6 ) : 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Department Of Education Puts Restrictions On For - Profit College Student Debt '' . Citytowninfo.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patricia Reaney of Reuters , NBC News , 2013 , Poll : Nearly half of US college grads are underemployed Accessed April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Berman , Jillian . `` Students from poor families are struggling way more to pay back their student loans '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Institutional Retention and Graduation Rates for Undergraduate Students '' . The Condition of Education . National Center for Education Statistics . May 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . About 59 percent of students who began seeking a bachelor 's degree at a 4 - year institution in fall 2007 completed that degree within 6 years . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek ( December 2012 ) . `` The Role of Higher Education in Career Development : Employer Perceptions '' ( PDF ) . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Grade Inflation , Higher and Higher '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Katsikas , Aina ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Same Performance , Better Grades : Academic achievement has n't improved much , so why are college - goers getting higher GPAs than ever before ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Babcock , Philip ; Marks , Mindy ( 2010 ) , Leisure College , USA : The Decline in Student Study Time , American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , retrieved 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Arum , Richard ; Roksa , Josipa ( 2011 ) , Academically adrift : limited learning on college campuses , University of Chicago Press , p. 259 , ISBN 978 - 0226028552 Jump up ^ `` Address Problematic Student Behavior '' . Design and Teach Your Course . Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Black , Lisa ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Rude behavior in college classrooms is often a matter of course '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Yet professors also find they must devote space in the syllabus to ask students to refrain from surfing the Web , texting or answering cell phones during a lecture . Some have to remind students that , when making a presentation , they should remove the backward baseball cap and save the bare midriff for a beach party . Others complain that students randomly leave and enter the classroom during class . Jump up ^ `` Employers Judge Recent Graduates Ill - Prepared for Today 's Workplace , Endorse Broad and Project - Based Learning as Best Preparation for Career Opportunity and Long - Term Success '' ( Press release ) . Washington , DC : Association of American Colleges and Universities. 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett Carll Ladd and Seymour Martin Lipset , Academics , politics , and the 1972 election ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Schuster , Jack ; Finkelstein , Martin ( 2008 ) , The American Faculty : The Restructuring of Academic Work and Careers , Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 600 , ISBN 978 - 0801891038 Jump up ^ Horowitz , David ; Laskin , Jacob ( March 2009 ) , One - Party Classroom : How Radical Professors at America 's Top Colleges Indoctrinate Students and Undermine Our Democracy , New York : Random House , p. 336 , ISBN 978 - 0307452559 Jump up ^ Menand , Louis ( 2010 ) . The Marketplace of Ideas : Reform and Resistance in the American University . Norton . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0393339161 . Jump up ^ Maranto , Redding , Hess ( 2009 ) . The Politically Correct University : Problems , Scope , and Reforms ( PDF ) . The AEI Press . pp. 25 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0844743172 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rothman , S. ; Lichter , S.R. ; Nevitte , N. ( 2005 ) . `` Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty '' ( PDF ) . The Forum. 3 . doi : 10.2202 / 1540 - 8884.1067 . Jump up ^ College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot , Study Finds , Howard Kurtz , Tuesday , March 29 , 2005 Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html Jump up ^ `` Groupthink in Academia : Majoritarian Departmental Politics and the Professional Pyramid . '' pp. 79 -- 98 in The Politically Correct University : Problems , Scope , and Reforms , edited by Robert Maranto , Richard Redding , and Frederick Hess . Washington , DC : AEI Press . Jump up ^ Gross , Neil ; Simmons , Solon ( September 24 , 2007 ) , The Social and Political Views of American Professors ( PDF ) , retrieved January 31 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The ' 60s Begin to Fade as Liberal Professors Retire '' , Patricia Cohen , July 3 , 2008 , New York Times Jump up ^ Stanley Rothman , April Kelly ( 2011 ) . The Still Divided Academy : How Competing Visions of Power , Politics , and Diversity Complicate the Mission of Higher Education , Woessner , Matthew Woessner , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Five myths about liberal academia '' , Matthew Woessner , April Kelly - Woessner and Stanley Rothman Friday , February 25 , 2011 Washington Post Jump up ^ Diversity in American Higher Education : Toward a More Comprehensive Approach , Lisa Stulberg and Sharon Weinberg , eds , 2011 , Routledge . Explaining professor 's politics : An indirect text of the self - selection hypothesis , Neil Gross and Catherine Cheng Jump up ^ Maranto , Robert ( 2009 ) . `` Why Political Science Is Left but Not Quite PC . '' pp. 209 -- 24 in The Politically Correct University : Problems , Scope , and Reforms , edited by Robert Maranto , Richard Redding , and Frederick Hess . Washington , DC : AEI Press . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Moving Further to the Left '' . Inside Higher Ed . Washington , DC . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Study : College Professors Continue Shift To ' Far Left ' Stance '' . WNEW . Washington , DC . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woessner , Matthew ( 2012 ) . `` Rethinking the Plight of Conservatives in Higher Education '' . Academe . Washington , DC : American Association of University Professors . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nong , Eric ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do So Few Conservatives Work in Higher Education ? '' . The Wilson Quarterly . Washington , DC : Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Left - Leaning Tower '' , John Tierney , The New York Times , July 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ Zogby Poll : Most Think Political Bias Among College Professors a Serious Problem Archived 2011 - 10 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , July 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Inbar , Yoel ; Lammers , Joris ( September 5 , 2012 ) , `` Political Diversity in Social and Personality Psychology '' ( PDF ) , Perspectives on Psychological Science , SAGE Publications , 7 ( 5 ) : 496 -- 503 , doi : 10.1177 / 1745691612448792 , retrieved January 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Duarte , José L. ; Crawford , Jarret T. ; Stern , Charlotta ; Haidt , Jonathan ; Jussim , Lee ; Tetlock , Philip E. ( January 2015 ) , `` Political diversity will improve social psychological science '' ( PDF ) , Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Cambridge University Press , 38 : 1 -- 54 , doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X14000430 , retrieved January 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Abrams , Sam ( January 9 , 2016 ) , Professors moved left since 1990s , rest of country did not , Heterdox Academy , retrieved January 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Liberal professors dominate US colleges , Informative Statistics , archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 , retrieved January 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Haidt , Jonathan ; Jussim , Lee ( February 2016 ) , `` Psychological Science and Viewpoint Diversity '' , Observer , Association for Psychological Science , 29 ( 2 ) , retrieved January 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Haidt , Jonathan ( January 7 , 2016 ) , New Study Indicates Existence of Eight Conservative Social Psychologists , Heterdox Academy , retrieved January 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Nathan ; Freberg , Laura ( September 5 , 2012 ) , `` The Liberal and Conservative Experience Across Academic Disciplines : An Extension of Inbar and Lammers '' , Social Psychological and Personality Science , SAGE Publications , 7 ( 5 ) : 115 -- 123 , doi : 10.1177 / 1948550616667617 , retrieved January 31 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Professors as Targets of Internet Outrage '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mele , Christopher ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Professor Watchlist Is Seen as Threat to Academic Freedom '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` ' The sort of company we wish to keep ' : More than 1,500 academics ask to join controversial ' Professor Watchlist ' '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Glatter , Hayley. `` Student - Government Politics and Identity Politics : This Week 's Top 7 Education Stories '' . Theatlantic.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Larry ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` There Should Be Free Speech On College Campuses For Conservative Students , Conservative Speakers And Liberal Professors '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Universities should n't shelter students and protect them in a liberal bubble . It 's good for them to be exposed to ideas that might differ from theirs . By all means , hold a peaceful protest before or after a controversial conservative comes to speak on campus , but let the speaker give their speech to those who want to hear it . Jump up ^ `` Mobility Report Cards : The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility '' ( PDF ) . Equality-of-opportunity.org. 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` They still value a degree , but Americans increasingly question the cost '' . Hechingerreport.org . The Hechinger Report . 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Justice Dept. to Take On Affirmative Action in College Admissions '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Selingo , Jeffrey J. ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Perspective -- Trump administration is taking aim at affirmative action in college admissions . Why it wo n't fix what 's broken '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Campus Sexual Violence : Statistics '' . Rainn.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/01/the-hidden-hunger-on-college-campuses/424047/ Jump up ^ https://www.wabe.org/hunger-and-homelessness-are-widespread-among-college-students-study-finds/ Further reading ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States § Further reading Bogue , E. Grady and Aper , Jeffrey . Exploring the Heritage of American Higher Education : The Evolution of Philosophy and Policy . Oryx , 2000 . 272 pp . Brint , S. , & Karabel , J. The Diverted Dream : Community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America , 1900 -- 1985 . Oxford University Press . ( 1989 ) . Carney , Cary Michael . Native American Higher Education in the United States . Transaction , 1999 . 193 pp . Cohen , Arthur M. ( 1998 ) . The Shaping of American Higher Education : Emergence and Growth of the Contemporary System . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Dorn , Charles . For the Common Good : A New History of Higher Education in America ( Cornell UP , 2017 ) 308 pp Eisenmann , Linda . Higher Education for Women in Postwar America , 1945 -- 1965 . Johns Hopkins U. Press , 2006 . 304 pp . Faragher , John Mack and Howe , Florence , ed . Women and Higher Education in American History . Norton , 1988 . 220 pp . Geiger , Roger L. Research and Relevant Knowledge : American Research Universities Since World War II . Oxford University Press . ( 2001 ) . Gleason , Philip . Contending with Modernity : Catholic Higher Education in the Twentieth Century . Oxford U. Press , 1995 . 434 pp . Ihle , Elizabeth L. , ed . Black Women in Higher Education : An Anthology of Essays , Studies , and Documents . Garland , 1992 . 341 pp . Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . Ruben , Julie . The Making of the Modern University : Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality . University Of Chicago Press . ( 1996 ) . Rudolph , Frederick . The American College and University : A History ( 1991 ) , a standard survey Thelin , John R. A History of American Higher Education . Johns Hopkins U. Press , 2004 . 421 pp . Veysey Lawrence R . The emergence of the American university . ( 1965 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Touring prestigious and notable universities in the U.S. . U.S. Department of Education college navigator Guide to U.S. higher education for international students Guide to U.S. higher education for UK students Frank L. Tolman ( 1920 ) . `` Education , Higher , in the United States '' . Encyclopedia Americana . `` Colleges , American '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Higher education in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=843387770 '' Categories : Higher education by country Universities and colleges in the United States Higher education in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with missing ISBNs Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles contradicting other articles Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 NPOV disputes from March 2018 All NPOV disputes Articles that may contain original research from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 37 . 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where is the island of patmos in the bible
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Patmos - wikipedia Patmos Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Patnos . For other uses , see Patmos ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Patmos Πάτμος <Td_colspan="2"> Chora and the Castle of Patmos <Td_colspan="2"> Patmos Location within the region <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 37 ° 19.5 ′ N 26 ° 32.5 ′ E / 37.3250 ° N 26.5417 ° E / 37.3250 ; 26.5417 Coordinates : 37 ° 19.5 ′ N 26 ° 32.5 ′ E / 37.3250 ° N 26.5417 ° E / 37.3250 ; 26.5417 Country Greece Administrative region South Aegean Regional unit Kalymnos <Th_colspan="2"> Government Mayor Gregory Stoikos <Th_colspan="2"> Area Municipality 45.0 km ( 17.4 sq mi ) Highest elevation 270 m ( 890 ft ) Lowest elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2011 ) Municipality 3,047 Municipality density 68 / km ( 180 / sq mi ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Postal code 855 xx Area code ( s ) 22470 Vehicle registration KX , PO , PK Website www.patmos.gov.gr Patmos ( Greek : Πάτμος , pronounced ( ˈpatmos ) ) is a small Greek island in the Aegean Sea , most famous for being the location of both the vision of and the writing of the Christian Bible 's Book of Revelation . One of the northernmost islands of the Dodecanese complex , it has a population of 2,998 and an area of 34.05 km ( 13.15 sq mi ) . The highest point is Profitis Ilias , 269 metres ( 883 ft ) above sea level . The Municipality of Patmos , which includes the offshore islands of Arkoi ( pop . 44 ) , Marathos ( pop . 5 ) , and several uninhabited islets , has a total population of 3,047 ( 2011 census ) and a combined land area of 45.039 square kilometres ( 17.390 sq mi ) . It is part of the Kalymnos regional unit . Patmos ' main communities are Chora ( the capital city ) , and Skala , the only commercial port . Other settlements are Grikou and Kampos . The churches and communities on Patmos are of the Eastern Orthodox tradition . The mayor of Patmos is Gregory Stoikos . Patmos is mentioned in the Book of Revelation . The book 's introduction states that its author , John , was on Patmos when he was given ( and recorded ) a vision from Jesus . Early Christian tradition identified this writer as John the Apostle , though some modern scholars are uncertain , and thus call him the less specific `` John of Patmos '' . Because of the Book of Revelation , Patmos has a long history as a destination for Christian pilgrimage . Visitors can see the cave where John is said to have received his Revelation ( the Cave of the Apocalypse ) , and several monasteries on the island are dedicated to Saint John . In 1999 , the island 's historic center Chora , along with the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse , were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . The monastery was founded by Saint Christodulos . Patmos is also home to the Patmian School , a notable Greek seminary . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The birth of Patmos according to Greek mythology 1.2 History from the Classical period to the present 1.3 21st century 2 Geography 3 Economy 3.1 Tourism 4 Health 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Ferry 6 Notable people 7 International relations 7.1 Twin towns -- Sister cities 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) View of the port ( Skala ) The beach of Meloi , within walking distance of Skala Monastery of Saint John the Theologian The birth of Patmos according to Greek mythology ( edit ) According to a legend in Greek mythology , the island 's original name was `` Letois '' , after the goddess and huntress of deer Artemis , daughter of Leto . It was believed that Patmos came into existence thanks to her divine intervention . The myth tells how Patmos existed as an island at the bottom of the sea . Artemis frequently paid visits to Caria , the mainland across the shore from Patmos , where she had a shrine on Mount Latmos . There she met the moon goddess Selene , who cast her light on the ocean , revealing the sunken island of Patmos . Selene was always trying to get Artemis to bring the sunken island to the surface and hence to life . Selene finally convinced Artemis , who , in turn , gained her brother Apollo 's help to persuade Zeus to allow the island to arise from the sea . Zeus agreed , and the island emerged from the water . The sun dried up the land and brought life to it . Gradually , inhabitants from the surrounding areas , including Mount Latmos , settled on the island and named it `` Letois '' in honour of Artemis . History from the Classical period to the present ( edit ) John the Apostle on Patmos by Jacopo Vignali . Patmos is seldom mentioned by ancient writers . Therefore , very little can be conjectured about the earliest inhabitants . In the Classical period , the Patmians prefer to identify themselves as Dorians descending from the families of Argos , Sparta and Epidaurus , further mingling with people of Ionian ancestry . During the 3rd century BC , in the Hellenistic period , the settlement of Patmos acquired the form of an acropolis with an improved defence through a fortification wall and towers . Patmos is mentioned in the Book of Revelation , the last book of the Christian Bible . The book 's introduction states that its author , John , was on Patmos when he was given ( and recorded ) a vision from Jesus . Early Christian tradition identified this writer John of Patmos as John the Apostle . As such , Patmos is a destination for Christian pilgrimage . Visitors can see the cave where John is said to have received his Revelation ( the Cave of the Apocalypse ) , and several monasteries on the island are dedicated to Saint John . After the death of John of Patmos , possibly around 100 , a number of Early Christian basilicas were erected on Patmos . Among these was a Grand Royal Basilica in honour of Saint John , built c. 300 -- 350 at the location where the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian stands today . Early Christian life on Patmos , however , barely survived Muslim raids from the 7th to the 9th century . During this period , the Grand Basilica was destroyed . In the 11th century , the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos gave Christodoulos the complete authority over the island of Patmos , as well as the permission to build a monastery on the island . The construction of the monastery started in 1101 . Population was expanded by infusions of Byzantine immigrants fleeing the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , and Cretan immigrants fleeing the fall of Candia in 1669 . The island was controlled by the Ottoman Empire for many years , but it enjoyed certain privileges , mostly related to tax - free trade by the monastery as certified by Ottoman imperial documents held in the Library . Ottoman rule in Patmos ( `` Batnaz '' in Ottoman Turkish ) was interrupted by initially Venetian occupation during Candian War between 1659 and 1669 , then Russian occupation during Orlov Revolt between 1770 and 1774 and finally during Greek War of Independence . In 1912 , in connection with the Italo - Turkish War , the Italians occupied all the islands of the Dodecanese ( except Kastellorizo ) , including Patmos . The Italians remained there until 1943 , when Nazi Germany took over the island . In 1945 , the Germans left and the island of Patmos remained autonomous until 1948 , when it , together with the rest of the Dodecanese Islands , joined the independent Greece . 21st century ( edit ) Street of Chora In September 2008 , the municipality of Patmos refused landing to a group of undocumented refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq . On the weekend of September 19 , 2008 , about 134 refugees were rescued at sea . The refugees were taken to Patmos , the nearest municipality , for processing and care . The administration refused them permission to land . Eventually they were sent to the island of Leros where they were processed and given humanitarian aid . Local authorities justified their action by contrasting it to alleged practices elsewhere in the EU : `` Malta sinks their boats and Italy lets them drown '' , local leaders claimed . Forbes magazine , in 2009 , named Patmos `` Europe 's most idyllic place to live '' , writing that `` Patmos has evolved over the centuries but has not lost its air of quiet tranquility , which is one reason why people that know it return again and again '' . Geography ( edit ) Groikos beach Patmos is situated off the west coast of Turkey and the continent of Asia . It is one of the northernmost islands of the Dodecanese complex . It is further west than its nearby neighboring islands . It contains an area of 34.05 km ( 13.15 sq mi ) . The highest point is Profitis Ilias , 269 metres ( 883 feet ) above sea level . Patmos ' main communities are Chora ( the capital city ) and Skala , the only commercial port . Other settlements are Grikou and Kampos . Economy ( edit ) Tourism ( edit ) Christian pilgrims frequently visit due to the island 's connection with the prophet John and the writing of the book of revelation . Health ( edit ) For emergencies , Patmos has a medical centre , with several medical doctors on the premises . When residents require hospitalization beyond the first aid care , they are airlifted out of the island by helicopter ( on emergencies ) to nearby ones or , if the weather permits , they are transported by the ferry . Infrastructure ( edit ) Ferry ( edit ) The Island of Patmos has regular ferry service , which connects it to the following ports : Agathonissi Island , Mykonos Island , Paros Island , Piraeus ( the main port of Athens ) , Pythagoreio and Karlovassi on Samos Island , Syros Island , Leros Island , Naxos Island , Arkoi , Lipsi Island , Symi Island and Rhodes Island . Notable people ( edit ) John of Patmos , author of the Book of Revelation Patriarch Jeremias III of Constantinople Patriarch Neophytus VI of Constantinople Patriarch Jacob of Alexandria Emmanuil Xanthos , founder of Filiki Eteria Georgios Chatzopoulos ( el ) , painter and president of Panathinaikos International relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Patmos is twinned with : Grottaferrata , Italy Glastonbury , United Kingdom See also ( edit ) Icaria -- island to the northwest Patmos , Arkansas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011 . ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός '' ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . Jump up ^ `` Pátmos : Greece '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://greecetravelog.com/patmos-island-greece/ Archived 2012 - 11 - 05 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Population & housing census 2001 ( incl . area and average elevation ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . National Statistical Service of Greece . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Patmos Municipality - GTP '' . 2017 - 02 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ WHC - UNESCO - 942 , UNESCO , World Heritage Site # 942 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Patmos '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Patmos -- official website Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Legendary folk tales and mythology . Retrieved on 4 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Patmos -- official website Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , Dialogue with Trypho , 81.4 ^ Jump up to : Greeka.com -- Patmos history . Retrieved on 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Nylou Editorial Jump up ^ Interpress Agency : Refugees Kept At Sea Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Η Πάτμος δεν δέχτηκε τους 133 αλλοδαπούς . Kathimerini ( in Greek ) . 23 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Forbes , webpage : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Twinnings '' ( PDF ) . Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Further reading ( edit ) Tom Stone : The Summer of My Greek Taverna : A Memoir , Simon & Schuster , New York NY 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4771 - X ( Stone brings readers into the tiny Greek island world of Patmos . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patmos . Official website ( in English ) ( in Greek ) http://www.patmosweb.gr/ Patmos Travel Guide ( English ) Irene Neuwirth 's eight great days in Greece ( English ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dodecanese Islands The 12 major islands Astypalaia Kalymnos Karpathos Kasos Kastellorizo ( Megisti ) Kos Leros Nisyros Patmos Rhodes Symi Tilos Minor islands Adelfoi Syrnas Islets Agathonisi Agioi Theodoroi Halkis Agreloussa Alimia Antitilos Anydros Patmou Archangelos Arefoussa Arkoi Armathia Astakida Chalavra Chalki Chamili Chiliomodi Patmou Chondros Chteni Faradonesia Farmakonisi Fokionisia Fragos Gaidaros Glaros Kinarou Gyali Imia / Kardak Kalolimnos Kalovolos Kamilonisi Kandeloussa Karavolas Rodou Kinaros Koubelonisi Kouloundros Kouloura Leipson Kounoupoi Koutsomytis Leipsoi Levitha Makronisi Kasou Makronisi Leipson Makry Aspronisi Leipson Makry Halkis Marathos Marmaras Mavra Levithas Megalo Aspronisi Leipson Megalo Glaronisi Megalo Sofrano Mesonisi Seirinas Mikro Glaronisi Mikro Sofrano Nimos Pacheia Nisyrou Pergoussa Piganoussa Pitta Plati Pserimou Plati Symis Pontikousa Prasonisi Prasouda Pserimos Safonidi Ro Saria Seirina Sesklio Strongyli Kritinias Strongyli Megistis Telendos Tragonisi Zaforas <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in Greece North Aigai Mount Athos Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki City Walls Rotunda Church of the Acheiropoietos Church of Saint Demetrios Latomou Monastery Church of Hagia Sophia Church of Panagia Chalkeon Church of Saint Panteleimon Church of the Holy Apostles Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos Church of Saint Catherine Church of the Saviour Vlatades Monastery Church of Prophet Elijah Byzantine Bath Philippi Central Delphi Hosios Loukas Meteora Old Town of Corfu Attica Acropolis of Athens Daphni Monastery South Epidaurus Mycenae and Tiryns Lion Gate Treasury of Atreus Mystras Olympia Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae Aegean Islands Delos Medieval city of Rhodes Grand Master 's Palace Fortifications Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse Nea Moni of Chios Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos <Th_colspan="3"> Administrative division of the Southern Aegean Region <Td_colspan="3"> Area 5,286 km ( 2,041 sq mi ) Population 309,015 ( as of 2011 ) Municipalities 34 ( since 2011 ) Capital Ermoupoli ( Syros ) Regional unit of Andros Andros Regional unit of Kalymnos Agathonisi Astypalaia Kalymnos Leipsoi Leros Patmos Regional unit of Karpathos Karpathos Kasos Regional unit of Kea - Kythnos Kea Kythnos Regional unit of Kos Kos Nisyros Regional unit of Milos Kimolos Milos Serifos Sifnos Regional unit of Mykonos Mykonos Regional unit of Naxos Amorgos Naxos and Lesser Cyclades Regional unit of Paros Antiparos Paros Regional unit of Rhodes Chalki Kastellorizo Rhodes Symi Tilos Regional unit of Syros Syros - Ermoupoli Regional unit of Thira Anafi Folegandros Ios Sikinos Thira ( Santorini ) Regional unit of Tinos Tinos <Td_colspan="3"> Regional governor Giorgos Hadjimarkos ( since 2014 ) Decentralized Administration Aegean <Th_colspan="2"> Aegean Sea <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> General Countries Greece Turkey Other Aegean civilizations Aegean dispute Aegean Islands <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Aegean Islands Cyclades Amorgos Anafi Andros Antimilos Antiparos Delos Despotiko Donousa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Irakleia Kardiotissa Kea Keros Kimolos Koufonisia Kythnos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Polyaigos Rineia Santorini Schoinoussa Serifopoula Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Syros Therasia Tinos Vous Dodecanese Agathonisi Arkoi Armathia Alimia Astakida Astypalaia Çatalada Chamili Farmakonisi Gaidaros Gyali Halki Imia / Kardak Kalolimnos Kalymnos Kandelioussa Kara Ada Karpathos Kasos Kinaros Kos Küçük Tavşan Adası Leipsoi ( Lipsi ) Leros Levitha ( Lebynthos ) Nimos Nisyros Pacheia Patmos Platy Pserimos Rhodes Salih Ada Saria Symi Syrna Telendos Tilos Zaforas North Aegean Agios Efstratios Agios Minas Ammouliani Ayvalık Islands Büyük Ada Chios Chryse Cunda Foça Islands Fournoi Korseon Icaria Imbros Koukonesi Lemnos Lesbos Metalik Ada Nisiopi Oinousses Pasas Psara Samiopoula Samos Samothrace Tenedos Thasos Thymaina Uzunada Zourafa Saronic Aegina Agios Georgios Agistri Dokos Hydra Poros Psyttaleia Salamis Spetses Sporades Adelfoi Islets Agios Georgios Skopelou Alonnisos Argos Skiathou Dasia Erinia Gioura Grammeza Kyra Panagia Lekhoussa Peristera Piperi Psathoura Repi Sarakino Skandili Skantzoura Skiathos Skopelos Skyropoula Skyros Tsoungria Valaxa Cretan Afentis Christos Agia Varvara Agioi Apostoloi Agioi Pantes Agioi Theodoroi Agios Nikolaos Anavatis Arnaouti Aspros Volakas Avgo Crete Daskaleia Dia Diapori Dionysades Elasa Ftena Trachylia Glaronisi Gramvousa Grandes Kalydon ( Spinalonga ) Karavi Karga Katergo Kavallos Kefali Kolokythas Koursaroi Kyriamadi Lazaretta Leon Mavros Mavros Volakas Megatzedes Mochlos Nikolos Palaiosouda Peristeri Peristerovrachoi Petalida Petalouda Pontikaki Pontikonisi Praso ( Prasonisi ) Prosfora Pseira Sideros Souda Valenti Vryonisi Other Antikythera Euboea Kythira Makronisos GND : 4044911 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patmos&oldid=834324150 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Greece Patmos Landforms of Kalymnos ( regional unit ) Islands of the South Aegean Islands of Greece Dodecanese New Testament places Tourism in Greece Municipalities of the South Aegean Populated places in Kalymnos ( regional unit ) Book of Revelation Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with Greek - 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1. Patmos - Greek island in the Aegean Sea
2. Book of Revelation - written on Patmos
3. Cave of the Apocalypse - where John received his Revelation
4. Monastery of Saint John the Theologian - dedicated to Saint John
5. Christian pilgrimage - Patmos is a popular destination for religious tourists
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which factor had the most influence on the outbreak of world war 2
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Causes of World War II - wikipedia Causes of World War II This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The German battleship Schleswig - Holstein attacked Westerplatte at the start of the war , September 1 , 1939 Destroyer USS Shaw exploding during the attack on Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Portal Category Bibliography Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 onwards By topic Diplomacy Declarations of war Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Some long - term causes of World War II are found in the conditions preceding World War I and seen as common for both World Wars . Supporters of this view paraphrase Carl von Clausewitz : World War II was a continuation of World War I by the same means . In fact , World Wars had been expected before Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power and Japan invaded China . Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s , Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s , and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy . The immediate cause was Britain and France declaring war on Germany after it invaded Poland in September 1939 . Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918 . Dissatisfactions of treaty provisions included the demilitarization of the Rhineland , the prohibition of unification with Austria ( including the Sudetenland ) and the loss of German - speaking territories such as Danzig and Eupen - Malmedy despite Wilson 's Fourteen Points , the limitations on the Reichswehr making it a token military force , the war - guilt clause , and last but not least the heavy tribute that Germany had to pay in the form of war reparations , which became an unbearable burden after the Great Depression . The most serious internal cause in Germany was the instability of the political system , as large sectors of politically active Germans rejected the legitimacy of the Weimar Republic . After his rise and take - over of power in 1933 to a large part based on these grievances , Adolf Hitler and the Nazis heavily promoted them and also ideas of vastly ambitious additional demands based on Nazi ideology , such as uniting all Germans ( and further all Germanic peoples ) in Europe in a single nation ; the acquisition of `` living space '' ( Lebensraum ) for primarily agrarian settlers ( Blut und Boden ) , creating a `` pull towards the East '' ( Drang nach Osten ) where such territories were to be found and colonized ; the elimination of Bolshevism ; and the hegemony of an `` Aryan '' / `` Nordic '' so - called Master Race over the `` sub-humans '' ( Untermenschen ) of inferior races , chief among them Slavs and Jews . Tensions created by those ideologies and the dissatisfactions of those powers with the interwar international order steadily increased . Italy laid claim on Ethiopia and conquered it in 1935 , Japan created a puppet state in Manchuria in 1931 and expanded beyond in China from 1937 , and Germany systematically flouted the Versailles treaty , reintroducing conscription in 1935 with the Stresa Front 's failure after having secretly started re-armament , remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936 , annexing Austria in March 1938 , and the Sudetenland in October 1938 . All those aggressive moves met only feeble and ineffectual policies of appeasement from the League of Nations and the Entente Cordiale , in retrospect symbolized by the `` peace for our time '' speech following the Munich Conference , that had allowed the annexation of the Sudeten from interwar Czechoslovakia . When the German Führer broke the promise he had made at that conference to respect that country 's future territorial integrity in March 1939 by sending troops into Prague , its capital , breaking off Slovakia as a German client state , and absorbing the rest of it as the `` Protectorate of Bohemia - Moravia '' , Britain and France tried to switch to a policy of deterrence . As Nazi attentions turned towards resolving the `` Polish Corridor Question '' during the summer of 1939 , Britain and France committed themselves to an alliance with Poland , threatening Germany with a two - front war . On their side , the Germans assured themselves of the support of the USSR by signing a non-aggression pact with them in August , secretly dividing Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence . The stage was then set for the Danzig crisis to become the immediate trigger of the war in Europe started on 1 September 1939 . Following the Fall of France in June 1940 , the Vichy regime signed an armistice , which tempted the Empire of Japan to join the Axis powers and invade French Indochina to improve their military situation in their war with China . This provoked the then neutral United States to respond with an embargo . The Japanese leadership , whose goal was Japanese domination of the Asia - Pacific , thought they had no option but to pre-emptively strike at the US Pacific fleet , which they did by attacking Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . Meanwhile , the Axis in Europe had brought the Soviet Union into the war as an active belligerent by attacking eastwards in Operation Barbarossa ( June 1941 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anti-Communism 2 Expansionism 3 Militarism 4 Racism 5 Interrelations and economics 5.1 Problems with the Treaty of Versailles 5.2 French security demands 5.2. 1 Paris Peace Conference ( 1919 ) 5.2. 2 Germany 's reaction to Treaty of Versailles 5.3 Japan 's seizure of resources and markets 5.4 Failure of the League of Nations 5.5 The Mason - Overy Debate : `` The Flight into War '' theory 6 Specific developments 6.1 Nazi dictatorship 6.2 Re-militarization of the Rhineland 6.3 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) 6.4 Spanish Civil War 6.5 Second Sino - Japanese War 6.6 Anschluss 6.7 Munich Agreement 6.7. 1 German occupation and Slovak independence 6.8 Italian invasion of Albania 6.9 Soviet -- Japanese Border War 6.10 Danzig crisis 6.10. 1 Polish alliance with the Entente 6.10. 2 Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact 6.10. 3 Invasion of Poland 6.11 Invasion of the Soviet Union 6.12 Attack on Pearl Harbor 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Anti-communism ( edit ) Further information : Anti-communism `` Bolshevik freedom '' -- Polish propaganda poster with nude caricature of Leon Trotsky The internationalist - minded , radical Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November 1917 , with the goal of overthrowing capitalism across the world . They supported communist parties in many countries and helped set up similar regimes in Hungary and Bavaria , Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia . By 1920 there was a corridor of anti-communist border states just west of Russia . However , these states feuded among themselves , and such alliances they formed , like the Little Entente , were unstable . Italian and German fascism were in part a reaction to international communist and socialist uprisings , in conjunction with nationalist fears of a Slavic empire . A further factor in Germany was the success of Freikorps ( voluntary paramilitary groups of World War I veterans ) in crushing the Bolshevik Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich in 1919 . Many of these veterans became early components of the Nazis ' SA ( `` Stormtroopers '' ) , which would be the party 's troops in the street warfare with the communist paramilitary Roter Frontkämpferbund in the decade before 1933 . The street violence would help shift moderate opinion towards the need for Germany to find an anti-communist strongman to restore stability to German life . Expansionism ( edit ) Expansionism is the doctrine of expanding the territorial base ( or economic influence ) of a country , usually by means of military aggression . In Europe , Italy under Benito Mussolini sought to create a New Roman Empire based around the Mediterranean . It invaded Albania in early 1939 , at the start of the war , and later invaded Greece . Italy had also invaded Ethiopia as early as 1935 . This provoked angry words and an oil embargo from the League of Nations , which failed . Under the Nazi regime , Germany began its own program of expansion , seeking to restore the `` rightful '' boundaries of historic Germany . As a prelude toward these goals the Rhineland was remilitarized in March 1936 . Also , of importance was the idea of a Greater Germany , supporters hoped to unite the German people under one nation state , which included all territories where Germans lived , regardless of whether they happened to be a minority in a particular territory . After the Treaty of Versailles , a unification between Germany and a newly formed German - Austria , a successor rump state of Austria - Hungary , was prohibited by the Allies despite the majority of Austrian Germans supporting such a union . Japanese march into Zhengyangmen of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937 In Asia , the Empire of Japan harbored expansionist desires towards Manchuria and the Republic of China . Militarism ( edit ) Further information : Militarism , Italian irredentism , Weimar Republic , Statism in Shōwa Japan , and Japanese militarism Militarism is the principle or policy of maintaining a strong military capability to use it aggressively to expand national interests and / or values , with the view that military efficiency is the supreme ideal of a state . A highly militaristic and aggressive national ideology prevailed in Germany , Japan and Italy . This attitude fueled advancements in military technology , subversive propaganda , and ultimately territorial expansion as well . The leaders of countries that have been militarized often feel a need to prove that their armies are important and formidable , and this was often a contributing factor in the start of conflicts in the interwar period such as the Second Italo - Abyssinian War and the Second Sino - Japanese War . During the period of the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) , the Kapp Putsch , an attempted coup d'état against the republican government , was launched by disaffected members of the armed forces . After this event , some of the more radical militarists and nationalists were submerged in grief and despair into the NSDAP , while more moderate elements of militarism declined . The result was an influx of militarily - inclined men into the Nazi Party which , when combined with their racial theories , fueled irredentist sentiments and put Germany on a collision course for war with its immediate neighbors . Two contemporaneous factors in Japan contributed both to the growing power of its military and chaos within its ranks leading up to the Second World War . One was the Cabinet Law , which required the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) and Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) to nominate servinet could be formed . This essentially gave the military veto power over the formation of any Cabinet in the ostensibly parliamentary country . Another factor was gekokujō , or institutionalized disobedience by junior officers . It was not uncommon for radical junior officers to press their goals , to the extent of assassinating their seniors . In 1936 , this phenomenon resulted in the February 26 Incident , in which junior officers attempted a coup d'état and killed leading members of the Japanese government . In the 1930s , the Great Depression wrecked Japan 's economy and gave radical elements within the Japanese military the chance to force the entire military into working towards the conquest of all of Asia . For example , in 1931 the Kwantung Army ( a Japanese military force stationed in Manchuria ) staged the Mukden Incident , which sparked the Invasion of Manchuria and its transformation into the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Racism ( edit ) Further information : Racial policy of Nazi Germany , Lebensraum , and Drang nach Osten Twentieth - century events marked the culmination of a millennium - long process of intermingling between Germans and Slavs . Over the centuries , many Germans had settled in the east ( examples being the Volga Germans invited to Russia by Catherine the Great , and the Ostsiedlung in medieval times ) . Such migratory patterns created enclaves and blurred ethnic frontiers . The rise of nationalism in the 19th century made race a centerpiece of political loyalty . The rise of the nation - state had given way to the politics of identity , including Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism . Furthermore , Social - Darwinist theories framed the coexistence as a `` Teuton vs. Slav '' struggle for domination , land and limited resources . Integrating these ideas into their own world - view , the Nazis believed that the Germans , the `` Aryan race '' , were the master race and that the Slavs were inferior . In 1935 , When the Nazis came to power , they set out Numenburgs Laws . These laws were supposed to define the biological traits of Jewishness and anyone that fit the description would not be part of the supreme Aryan Race . Interrelations and economics ( edit ) Problems with the Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) Further information : Treaty of Versailles Germany after Versailles Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighboring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The Treaty of Versailles was neither lenient enough to appease Germany , nor harsh enough to prevent it from becoming the dominant continental power again . Germans largely saw the treaty place the blame , or `` war guilt '' , on Germany and Austria - Hungary and punish them for their `` responsibility '' rather than working out an agreement that would assure long - term peace . The treaty provided for harsh monetary reparations , separated millions of ethnic Germans into neighboring countries , territorial dismemberment , and caused mass ethnic resettlement . In an effort to pay war reparations to Britain and France , the Weimar Republic printed trillions of marks , causing extremely high inflation of the German currency ( see Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic ) . The treaty created bitter resentment towards the victors of World War I , who had promised the people of Germany that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points would be a guideline for peace ; however , the US played a minor role in World War I and Wilson could not convince the Allies to agree to adopt his Fourteen Points . Many Germans felt that the German government had agreed to an armistice based on this understanding , while others felt that the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 had been orchestrated by the `` November criminals '' who later assumed office in the new Weimar Republic . The German colonies were taken during the war , and Italy took the southern half of Tyrol after an armistice had been agreed upon . The war in the east ended with the defeat and collapse of Russian Empire , and German troops occupied large parts of Eastern and Central Europe ( with varying degree of control ) , establishing various client states such as a kingdom of Poland and the United Baltic Duchy . After the destructive and indecisive battle of Jutland ( 1916 ) and the mutiny of its sailors in 1917 , the Kaiserliche Marine spent most of the war in port , only to be turned over to the allies and scuttled at surrender by its own officers . The lack of an obvious military defeat was one of the pillars that held together the Dolchstosslegende ( `` Stab - in - the - back myth '' ) and gave the Nazis another propaganda tool at their disposal . French security demands ( edit ) French security demands , such as reparations , coal payments , and a demilitarized Rhineland , took precedence at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and shaped the Treaty of Versailles by severely punishing Germany ; however , Austria found the treaty to be unjust which encouraged Hitler 's popularity . Ginsberg argues , `` France was greatly weakened and , in its weakness and fear of a resurgent Germany , sought to isolate and punish Germany ... French revenge would come back to haunt France during the Nazi invasion and occupation twenty years later . '' Paris peace Conference ( 1919 ) ( edit ) As World War I ended in 1918 , France , along with the other victor countries , were in a desperate situation regarding their economies , security , and morale . The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was their chance to punish Germany for starting the war . The war `` must be someone 's fault -- and that 's a very natural human reaction '' analyzed historian Margaret MacMillan . Germany was charged with the sole responsibility of starting World War I . The War Guilt Clause was the first step towards a satisfying revenge for the victor countries , namely France , against Germany . France understood that its position in 1918 was `` artificial and transitory '' . Thus , Clemenceau , the French leader at the time , worked to gain French security via the Treaty of Versailles . `` The Big Four '' made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference ( from left to right , David Lloyd George of Britain , Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy , Georges Clemenceau of France , Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. ) The two main provisions of the French security agenda were reparations from Germany in the form of money and coal and a detached German Rhineland . The French government printed excess currency , which created inflation , to compensate for the lack of funds in addition to borrowing money from the United States . Reparations from Germany were necessary to stabilize the French economy . France also demanded that Germany give France their coal supply from the Ruhr to compensate for the destruction of French coalmines during the war . Because France feared for its safety as a country , the French demanded an amount of coal that was a `` technical impossibility '' for the Germans to pay back . France wanted the German Rhineland demilitarized because that would hinder a German attack . This gave France a physical security barrier between itself and Germany . The inordinate amount of reparations , coal payments , and the principle of a demilitarized Rhineland were viewed by the Germans to be insulting and unreasonable . Germany 's reaction to Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) `` No postwar German government believed it could accept such a burden on future generations and survive ... '' . Paying reparations is a classic punishment of war but in this instance it was the `` extreme immoderation '' that caused German resentment . Germany made its last World War I reparation payment on 3 October 2010 , ninety - two years after the end of World War I. Germany also fell behind in their coal payments . They fell behind because of a passive resistance movement against the French . In response , the French invaded the Ruhr , the region filled with German coal , and occupied it . At this point the majority of Germans were enraged with the French and placed the blame for their humiliation on the Weimar Republic . Adolf Hitler , a leader of the Nazi Party , attempted a coup d'état against the republic to establish a Greater German Reich known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 . Although this failed , Hitler gained recognition as a national hero amongst the German population . The demilitarized Rhineland and additional cutbacks on military infuriated the Germans . Although it is logical that France would want the Rhineland to be a neutral zone , the fact that France had the power to make that desire happen merely added onto the resentment of the Germans against the French . In addition , the Treaty of Versailles dissolved the German general staff and possession of navy ships , aircraft , poison gas , tanks , and heavy artillery was made illegal . The humiliation of being bossed around by the victor countries , especially France , and being stripped of their prized military made the Germans resent the Weimar Republic and idolize anyone who stood up to it . Japan 's seizure of resources and markets ( edit ) Other than a few coal and iron deposits , and a small oil field on Sakhalin Island , Japan lacked strategic mineral resources . At the start of the 20th century in the Russo - Japanese War , Japan had succeeded in pushing back the East Asian expansion of the Russian Empire in competition for Korea and Manchuria . Japan 's goal after 1931 was economic dominance of most of East Asia , often expressed in Pan-Asian terms of `` Asia for the Asians . '' . Japan was determined to dominate the China market , which the U.S. and other European powers had been dominating . On October 19 , 1939 , the American Ambassador to Japan , Joseph C. Grew , in a formal address to the America - Japan Society stated : the new order in East Asia has appeared to include , among other things , depriving Americans of their long established rights in China , and to this the American people are opposed ... American rights and interests in China are being impaired or destroyed by the policies and actions of the Japanese authorities in China . In 1937 Japan invaded Manchuria and China proper . Under the guise of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , with slogans as `` Asia for the Asians ! '' Japan sought to remove the Western powers ' influence in China and replace it with Japanese domination . The ongoing conflict in China led to a deepening conflict with the U.S. , where public opinion was alarmed by events such as the Nanking Massacre and growing Japanese power . Lengthy talks were held between the U.S. and Japan . When Japan moved into the southern part of French Indochina , President Roosevelt chose to freeze all Japanese assets in the U.S. The intended consequence of this was the halt of oil shipments from the U.S. to Japan , which had supplied 80 percent of Japanese oil imports . The Netherlands and Britain followed suit . With oil reserves that would last only a year and a half during peace time ( much less during wartime ) , this ABCD line left Japan two choices : comply with the U.S. - led demand to pull out of China , or seize the oilfields in the East Indies from the Netherlands . The Japan government deemed it unacceptable to retreat from China . Failure of the League of Nations ( edit ) Further information : League of Nations The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I to prevent future wars . It failed . The League 's methods included disarmament ; preventing war through collective security ; settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy ; and improving global welfare . The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the preceding century . The old philosophy of `` concert of nations '' , growing out of the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , saw Europe as a shifting map of alliances among nation - states , creating a balance of power maintained by strong armies and secret agreements . Under the new philosophy , the League was a government of governments , with the role of settling disputes between individual nations in an open and legalist forum . The United States never joined , which lessened the power and credibility of the League -- the addition of a burgeoning industrial and military world power might have added more force behind the League 's demands and requests . The official opening of the League of Nations , 15 November 1920 The League lacked an armed force of its own and so depended on the members to enforce its resolutions , uphold economic sanctions that the League ordered , or provide an army when needed for the League to use . However , they were often very reluctant to do so . After numerous notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s , the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s . The reliance upon unanimous decisions , the lack of an armed force , and the continued self - interest of its leading members meant that this failure was arguably inevitable . The Mason - Overy Debate : `` the flight into War '' theory ( edit ) In the late 1980s the British historian Richard Overy was involved in a historical dispute with Timothy Mason that mostly played out over the pages of the Past and Present journal over the reasons for the outbreak of World War II in 1939 . Mason had contended that a `` flight into war '' had been imposed on Adolf Hitler by a structural economic crisis , which confronted Hitler with the choice of making difficult economic decisions or aggression . Overy argued against Mason 's thesis , maintaining that though Germany was faced with economic problems in 1939 , the extent of these problems can not explain aggression against Poland and the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership . Mason had argued that the German working - class was always to the Nazi dictatorship ; that in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s , German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm that would grant the desired wage increases ; that this was a form of political resistance and this resistance forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939 . Thus , the outbreak of the Second World War was caused by structural economic problems , a `` flight into war '' imposed by a domestic crisis . The key aspects of the crisis were according to Mason , a shaky economic recovery was threatened by a rearmament program that was overwhelming the economy and in which the Nazi regime 's nationalist bluster limited its options . In this way , Mason articulated a Primat der Innenpolitik ( `` primacy of domestic politics '' ) view of World War II 's origins through the concept of social imperialism . Mason 's Primat der Innenpolitik thesis was in marked contrast to the Primat der Außenpolitik ( `` primacy of foreign politics ) usually used to explain World War II . In Mason 's opinion , German foreign policy was driven by domestic political considerations , and the launch of World War II in 1939 was best understood as a `` barbaric variant of social imperialism '' . Mason argued that `` Nazi Germany was always bent at some time upon a major war of expansion . '' However , Mason argued that the timing of such a war was determined by domestic political pressures , especially as relating to a failing economy , and had nothing to do with what Hitler wanted . In Mason 's view in the period between 1936 -- 41 , it was the state of the German economy , and not Hitler 's ' will ' or ' intentions ' that was the most important determinate on German decision - making on foreign policy . Mason argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the November Revolution of 1918 , and was most unwilling to see any fall in working class living standards out of the fear that it might provoke another November Revolution . According to Mason , by 1939 , the `` overheating '' of the German economy caused by rearmament , the failure of various rearmament plans produced by the shortages of skilled workers , industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies , and the sharp drop in living standards for the German working class forced Hitler into going to war at a time and place not of his choosing . Mason contended that when faced with the deep socio - economic crisis the Nazi leadership had decided to embark upon a ruthless ' smash and grab ' foreign policy of seizing territory in Eastern Europe which could be pitilessly plundered to support living standards in Germany . Mason described German foreign policy as driven by an opportunistic ' next victim ' syndrome after the Anschluss , in which the `` promiscuity of aggressive intentions '' was nurtured by every successful foreign policy move . In Mason 's opinion , the decision to sign the German - Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union and to attack Poland and the running of the risk of a war with Britain and France were the abandonment by Hitler of his foreign policy program outlined in Mein Kampf forced on him by his need to stop a collapsing German economy by seizing territory abroad to be plundered . For Overy , the problem with Mason 's thesis was that it rested on the assumption that in a way not shown by records , information was passed on to Hitler about the Reich 's economic problems . Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials , industry and foreign reserves of neighboring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan . Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason . Finally , Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the German state felt they could master the economic problems of rearmament ; as one civil servant put it in January 1940 `` we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past , that here too , if one or other raw material became extremely scarce , ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix '' . Specific developments ( edit ) Nazi dictatorship ( edit ) Further information : Nazi Germany and Nazi Party Hitler and his Nazis took full control of Germany in 1933 -- 34 ( Machtergreifung ) , turning it into a dictatorship with a highly hostile outlook toward the Treaty of Versailles and Jews . It solved its unemployment crisis by heavy military spending . Hitler 's diplomatic tactics were to make seemingly reasonable demands , then threatening war if they were not met ; concessions were made , he accepted them and moved onto a new demand . When opponents tried to appease him , he accepted the gains that were offered , then went to the next target . That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the League of Nations ( 1933 ) , rejected the Versailles Treaty and began to re-arm ( 1935 ) with the Anglo - German Naval Agreement , won back the Saar ( 1935 ) , re-militarized the Rhineland ( 1936 ) , formed an alliance ( `` axis '' ) with Mussolini 's Italy ( 1936 ) , sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) , seized Austria ( 1938 ) , took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938 , formed a peace pact with Stalin 's Russia in August 1939 , and finally invaded Poland in September 1939 . Re-militarization of the Rhineland ( edit ) Further information : Remilitarization of the Rhineland This coin was minted for Edward VIII . In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the spirit of the Locarno Pact and the Stresa Front , Germany re-militarized the Rhineland on March 7 , 1936 . It moved German troops into the part of western Germany where , according to the Versailles Treaty , they were not allowed . France could not act because of political instability at the time . According to his official Biography , King Edward VIII , who thought the Versailles provision was unjust , ordered the government to stand down . Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Italo - Abyssinian War After the Stresa Conference and even as a reaction to the Anglo - German Naval Agreement , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini attempted to expand the Italian Empire in Africa by invading the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) . The League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor and imposed sanctions on oil sales that proved ineffective . Italy annexed Ethiopia in May 7 and merged Ethiopia , Eritrea , and Somaliland into a single colony known as Italian East Africa . On June 30 , 1936 , Emperor Haile Selassie gave a stirring speech before the League of Nations denouncing Italy 's actions and criticizing the world community for standing by . He warned that `` It is us today . It will be you tomorrow '' . As a result of the League 's condemnation of Italy , Mussolini declared the country 's withdrawal from the organization . Spanish Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Spanish Civil War Between 1936 and 1939 , Germany and Italy lent support to the Nationalists led by general Francisco Franco in Spain , while the Soviet Union supported the existing democratically elected government , the Spanish Republic , led by Manuel Azaña . Both sides experimented with new weapons and tactics . The League of Nations was never involved , and the major powers of the League remained neutral and tried ( with little success ) to stop arms shipments into Spain . The Nationalists eventually defeated the Republicans in 1939 . Spain negotiated with joining the Axis but remained neutral during World War II , and did business with both sides . It also sent a volunteer unit to help the Germans against the USSR . Whilst it was considered in the 1940s and 1950s to be a prelude to World War II and It prefigured the war to some extent ( as it changed it into an antifascists contest after 1941 ) , it bore no resemblance to the war that started in 1939 and had no major role in causing it . Second Sino - Japanese War ( edit ) Further information : Second Sino - Japanese War In 1931 Japan took advantage of China 's weakness in the Warlord Era and fabricated the Mukden Incident in 1931 to set up the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria , with Puyi , who had been the last emperor of China , as its emperor . In 1937 the Marco Polo Bridge Incident triggered the Second Sino - Japanese War . The invasion was launched by the bombing of many cities such as Shanghai , Nanjing and Guangzhou . The latest , which began on 22 and 23 September 1937 , called forth widespread protests culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the League of Nations . The Imperial Japanese Army captured the Chinese capital city of Nanjing , and committed war crimes in the Nanjing massacre . The war tied down large numbers of Chinese soldiers , so Japan set up three different Chinese puppet states to enlist some Chinese support . Anschluss ( edit ) Further information : Anschluss Cheering crowds greet the Nazis in Innsbruck The Anschluss was the 1938 annexation by threat of force of Austria into Germany . Historically , the Pan-Germanism idea of creating a Greater Germany to include all ethnic Germans into one nation - state was popular for Germans in both Austria and Germany . One of the Nazi party 's points was `` We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people 's right to self - determination . '' The Stresa Front of 1935 between Britain , France and Italy had guaranteed the independence of Austria , but after the creation of the Rome - Berlin Axis Mussolini was much less interested in upholding its independence . The Austrian government resisted as long as possible , but had no outside support and finally gave in to Hitler 's fiery demands . No fighting occurred as most Austrians were enthusiastic , and Austria was fully absorbed as part of Germany . Outside powers did nothing . Italy had little reason for continued opposition to Germany , and was if anything drawn in closer to the Nazis . Munich Agreement ( edit ) Further information : Munich Agreement and Appeasement The Sudetenland was a predominantly German region inside Czechoslovakia alongside its border with Germany . Its more than 3 million ethnic Germans comprised almost a quarter of the population of Czechoslovakia . In the Treaty of Versailles it was given to the new Czechoslovak state against the wishes of much of the local population . The decision to disregard their right to self determination was based on French intent to weaken Germany . Much of Sudetenland was industrialized . British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Hitler at a meeting in Germany on 24 September 1938 , where Hitler demanded annexation of Czech border areas without delay Czechoslovakia had a modern army of 38 divisions , backed by a well - noted armament industry ( Škoda ) as well as military alliances with France and Soviet Union . However its defensive strategy against Germany was based on the mountains of the Sudetenland . Hitler pressed for the Sudetenland 's incorporation into the Reich , supporting German separatist groups within the Sudeten region . Alleged Czech brutality and persecution under Prague helped to stir up nationalist tendencies , as did the Nazi press . After the Anschluss , all German parties ( except German Social - Democratic party ) merged with the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) . Paramilitary activity and extremist violence peaked during this period and the Czechoslovakian government declared martial law in parts of the Sudetenland to maintain order . This only complicated the situation , especially now that Slovakian nationalism was rising , out of suspicion towards Prague and Nazi encouragement . Citing the need to protect the Germans in Czechoslovakia , Germany requested the immediate annexation of the Sudetenland . In the Munich Agreement of September 30 , 1938 , British , French and Italian prime ministers appeased Hitler by giving him what he wanted , hoping he would not want any more . The conferring powers allowed Germany to move troops into the region and incorporate it into the Reich `` for the sake of peace . '' In exchange for this , Hitler gave his word that Germany would make no further territorial claims in Europe . Czechoslovakia was not allowed to participate in the conference . When the French and British negotiators informed the Czechoslovak representatives about the agreement , and that if Czechoslovakia would not accept it , France and Britain would consider Czechoslovakia to be responsible for war , President Edvard Beneš capitulated . Germany took the Sudetenland unopposed . German occupation and slovak independence ( edit ) Further information : Protectorate of Bohemia - Moravia and Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) All territories taken from Czechoslovakia by its neighbours in October 1938 ( `` Munich Dictate '' ) and March 1939 In March 1939 , breaking the Munich Agreement , German troops invaded Prague , and with the Slovaks declaring independence , the country of Czechoslovakia disappeared . The entire ordeal was the last show of the French and British policy of appeasement . Italian invasion of Albania ( edit ) Further information : Italian invasion of Albania After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Benito Mussolini feared for Italy becoming a second - rate member of the Axis . Rome delivered Tirana an ultimatum on March 25 , 1939 , demanding that it accede to Italy 's occupation of Albania . King Zog refused to accept money in exchange for countenancing a full Italian takeover and colonization of Albania . On April 7 , 1939 , Italian troops invaded Albania . Albania was occupied after a 3 days campaign with minimal resistance offered by the Albanian forces . Soviet -- Japanese border War ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Khalkhin Gol In 1939 , the Japanese attacked west from Manchuria into the Mongolian People 's Republic , following the earlier Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 . They were decisively beaten by Soviet units under General Georgy Zhukov . Following this battle , the Soviet Union and Japan were at peace until 1945 . Japan looked south to expand its empire , leading to conflict with the United States over the Philippines and control of shipping lanes to the Dutch East Indies . The Soviet Union focused on her western border , but leaving 1 million to 1.5 million troops to guard the frontier with Japan . Danzig crisis ( edit ) The Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig Further information : Free City of Danzig ( interwar ) and Polish Corridor After the final fate of Czechoslovakia proved that the Führer 's word could not be trusted , Britain and France decided on a change of strategy . They decided any further unilateral German expansion would be met by force . The natural next target for the Third Reich 's further expansion was Poland , whose access to the Baltic sea had been carved out of West Prussia by the Versailles treaty , making East Prussia an exclave . The main port of the area , Danzig , had been made a free city - state under Polish influence guaranteed by the League of Nations , a stark reminder to German nationalists of the Napoleonic free city established after the French emperor 's crushing victory over Prussia in 1807 . After taking power , the Nazi government made efforts to establish friendly relations with Poland , resulting in the signing of the ten - year German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact with the Piłsudski regime in 1934 . In 1938 , Poland participated in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia by annexing Zaolzie . In 1939 , Hitler claimed extra-territoriality for the Reichsautobahn Berlin - Königsberg and a change in Danzig 's status , in exchange for promises of territory in Poland 's neighbours and a 25 - year extension of the non-aggression pact . Poland refused , fearing losing de facto access to the sea , subjugation as a German satellite state or client state , and future further German demands . In August 1939 , Hitler delivered an ultimatum to Poland on Danzig 's status . Polish alliance with the Entente ( edit ) Further information : British - Polish Military Alliance and Franco - Polish alliance ( 1921 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) In March 1939 , Britain and France guaranteed the independence of Poland . Hitler 's claims in the summer of 1939 on Danzig and the Polish provoked yet another international crisis . On August 25 , Britain signed the Polish - British Common Defence Pact . Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ( edit ) Further information : Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , Soviet invasion of Poland , Occupation of the Baltic States , Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina , and Winter War Nominally , the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union . It was signed in Moscow on August 23 , 1939 , by the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop . In 1939 , neither Germany nor the Soviet Union were ready to go to war with each other . The Soviet Union had lost territory to Poland in 1920 . Although officially labeled a `` non-aggression treaty '' , the pact included a secret protocol , in which the independent countries of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland and Romania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties . The secret protocol explicitly assumed `` territorial and political rearrangements '' in the areas of these countries . Subsequently , all the mentioned countries were invaded , occupied , or forced to cede part of their territory by either the Soviet Union , Germany , or both . Invasion of Poland ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Poland Germany invaded Poland on 1 September , 1939 which directly led to the Anglo - French declaration of War on Germany on 3 Sept . The Soviet Union joined Germany 's invasion of Poland on 17 September Between 1919 and 1939 Poland pursued a policy of balancing between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany , seeking non-aggression treaties with both . In early 1939 Germany demanded that Poland join the Anti-Comintern Pact as a satellite state of Germany . Poland , fearing a loss of independence , refused , and Hitler told his generals on 23 May 1939 that the reason for invading Poland was not Danzig : `` Danzig is not the issue at stake . It 's a matter of extending our living space in the East ... '' To deter Hitler , Britain and France announced that an invasion would mean war and tried to convince the Soviet Union to join in this deterrence . The USSR however gained control of the Baltic states and parts of Poland by allying with Germany , which it did through the secret Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939 . London 's attempt at deterrence failed , but Hitler did not expect a wider war . Germany invaded Poland on September 1 , 1939 , and rejected the British and French demands that it withdraw , resulting in their declaration of war on September 3 , 1939 , in accordance with the defense treaties with Poland that they had signed and publicly announced . Invasion of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Further information : Operation Barbarossa and Soviet offensive plans controversy Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 . Hitler believed that the Soviet Union could be defeated in a fast - paced and relentless assault that capitalized on the Soviet Union 's ill - prepared state , and hoped that success there would bring Britain to the negotiation table , ending the war altogether . Attack on Pearl Harbor ( edit ) Further information : Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Usually , the US government and the American public in general had been supportive of China , condemning the colonialist policies of the European powers and Japan in that country , and promoting a so - called Open Door Policy . Also , many Americans viewed the Japanese as an aggressive or inferior race , or both . The Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai - shek held close relations with the United States , which opposed Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of the sovereignty of the Republic of China , and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic , economic , and military assistance during its war against Japan . Diplomatic friction between the US and Japan manifested itself in events like the Panay incident in 1937 and the Allison incident in 1938 . Japanese troops entering Saigon Reacting to Japanese pressure on French authorities of French Indochina to stop trade with China , the U.S. began restricting trade with Japan in July 1940 . The cutoff of all oil shipments in 1941 was decisive , for the U.S. , Britain and the Netherlands provided almost all of Japan 's oil . In September 1940 , the Japanese invaded Vichy French Indochina and occupied Tonkin in order to prevent China from importing arms and fuel through French Indochina along the Sino - Vietnamese Railway , from the port of Haiphong through Hanoi to Kunming in Yunnan . This tightening of the blockade of China made a continuation of the drawn - out Battle of South Guangxi unnecessary . The agreement also allowed Japan to station troops in the rest of Indochina , though this did not happen immediately . Taking advantage of the situation , Thailand launched the Franco - Thai War in October 1940 . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Japan stepped in as a mediator for the French - Thai war in May 1941 , allowing its ally to occupy bordering provinces in Cambodia and Laos . In July 1941 , as operation Barbarossa had neutralized the Soviet threat , the faction of the Japanese military junta supporting the `` Southern Strategy '' , pushed through the occupation of the rest of French Indochina . The United States reacted by seeking to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan on 1 August 1941 , demanding that Japan withdraw all troops from both China and Indochina . Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its oil , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum and oil products . Attack on Pearl Harbor , December 1941 On 7 December 1941 , without any prior declaration of war , the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor . At the same time , other Japanese forces attacked the U.S. - held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . These attacks led both the USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day . Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11 , 1941 , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States . Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan 's declaration of war ; although American destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic . This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated , formally entering the war in Europe . See also ( edit ) World War I portal United Nations portal World War II portal Areas annexed by Nazi Germany and the pre-war German territorial claims on them Diplomatic history of World War II Interwar Britain Military globalization Neville Chamberlain 's European Policy World war References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See `` World War I and World War II '' in World War . 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The Specter of Munich : Reconsidering the Lessons of Appeasing Hitler . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 106 . ISBN 9781597970396 . Jump up ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg , The Foreign Policy of Hitler 's Germany : Starting World War II , 1937 -- 1939 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Paul W. Doerr ( 1988 ) . British Foreign Policy , 1919 -- 1939 . Manchester University Press . pp. 189 -- 94 . ISBN 9780719046728 . Jump up ^ King Edward VIII : A Biography by Philip Ziegler , 1991 Jump up ^ George W. Baer , Test Case : Italy , Ethiopia , and the League of Nations ( Hoover Institution Press , 1976 ) Jump up ^ `` Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) -- History of Spain don Quijote '' . donQuijote . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne ( 2008 ) . The Spanish Civil War , the Soviet Union , and Communism . Yale UP . pp. 313 -- 14 . ISBN 0300130783 . Jump up ^ Willard C. Frank Jr , `` The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War . '' International History Review ( 1987 ) 9 # 3 pp : 368 -- 409 . Jump up ^ David M. Gordon , `` The China -- Japan War , 1931 -- 1945 '' Journal of Military History ( 2006 ) v 70 # 1 , pp 137 -- 82 . online Jump up ^ David Faber , Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2010 ) pp 139 -- 68 Jump up ^ Sister Mary Antonia Wathen , The policy of England and France toward the '' Anschluss '' of 1938 ( Catholic University of America Press , 1954 ) . Jump up ^ David Faber , Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Chamberlain 's radio broadcast , 27 September 1938 Jump up ^ Robert A. Cole , `` Appeasing Hitler : The Munich Crisis of 1938 : A Teaching and Learning Resource , '' New England Journal of History ( 2010 ) 66 # 2 pp 1 -- 30 . Jump up ^ The German - Polish Crisis ( March 27 -- May 9 , 1939 ) Jump up ^ John Ashley Soames Grenville ( 2005 ) . A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century . Routledge . pp. 234 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28955 - 9 . Jump up ^ Białe plamy - czarne plamy : sprawy trudne w polsko - rosyjskich -- Page 191 Polsko - Rosyjska Grupa do Spraw Trudnych , Adam Daniel Rotfeld , Anatoliĭ Vasilʹevich Torkunov -- 2010 Jump up ^ John Lukacs , The Last European War : September 1939 -- December 1941 p 31 Jump up ^ `` Bericht über eine Besprechung ( Schmundt - Mitschrift ) '' . `` Danzig ist nicht das Objekt , um das es geht . Es handelt sich für uns um die Erweiterung des Lebensraumes im Osten und Sicherstellung der Ernährung , sowie der Lösung des Baltikum - Problems . '' Jump up ^ Halik Kochanski , The Eagle Unbowed : Poland and the Poles in the Second World War ( 2012 ) pp 34 -- 93 Jump up ^ Zara Steiner , The Triumph of the Dark : European International History , 1933 -- 1939 ( 2011 ) pp 690 -- 92 , 738 -- 41 Jump up ^ Conrad Black ( 2005 ) . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom . PublicAffairs . pp. 645 -- 46 . ISBN 9781586482824 . Jump up ^ L'Indochine française pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale Archived 2012 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Jean - Philippe Liardet ^ Jump up to : Guo wu yuan . Xin wen ban gong shi . Col. C.L. Chennault and Flying Tigers . English translation . State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . Pp. 16 . Jump up ^ Euan Graham . Japan 's sea lane security , 1940 -- 2004 : a matter of life and death ? ( Routledge , 2006 ) p. 77 . Jump up ^ Howard W. French ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ See United States declaration of war upon Italy and United States declaration of war upon Germany ( 1941 ) Further reading ( edit ) Bell , P.M.H. The Origins of the Second World War in Europe ( 1986 ) . 326 pp . Boyce , Robert , and Joseph A. Maiolo . The Origins of World War Two : The Debate Continues ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Carley , Michael Jabara 1939 : the Alliance that never was and the coming of World War II , Chicago : I.R. Dee , 1999 ISBN 1 - 56663 - 252 - 8 . Dallek , Robert . Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) . Deist , Wilhelm et al. , ed . Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1 : The Build - up of German Aggression. ( 1991 ) . 799 pp. , official German history Duroselle , Jean - Baptiste . France and the Nazi Threat : The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932 -- 1939 ( 2004 ) ; translation of his highly influential La décadence , 1932 -- 1939 ( 1979 ) Dutton , David Neville Chamberlain , ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 340 - 70627 - 9 . Eubank , Keith . The Origins of World War II ( 2004 ) , short survey Evans , Richard J. The Third Reich in Power ( 2006 ) Feis , Herbert . The Road to Pearl Harbor : The coming of the war between the United States and Japan . classic history by senior American official . Finney , Patrick . The Origins of the Second World War ( 1998 ) , 480pp Goldstein , Erik & Lukes , Igor ( editors ) The Munich crisis , 1938 : Prelude to World War II , ( London : Frank Cass , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8056 - 7 . Hildebrand , Klaus The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich , translated by Anthony Fothergill , London , Batsford 1973 . Hillgruber , Andreas Germany and the Two World Wars , translated by William C. Kirby , Cambridge , Mass . : Harvard University Press , 1981 ISBN 0 - 674 - 35321 - 8 . Kaiser , David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War : Germany , Britain , France , and Eastern Europe , 1930 -- 1939 ( Princeton UP , 2015 ) . Lamb , Margaret and Tarling , Nicholas . From Versailles to Pearl Harbor : The Origins of the Second World War in Europe and Asia . ( 2001 ) . 238 pp . Langer , William L. and S. Everett Gleason . The Challenge to Isolation : The World Crisis of 1937 -- 1940 and American Foreign Policy ( 1952 ) ; The Undelcared War : 1940 -- 1941 : The World Crisis and American Foreign Policy ( 1953 ) ; highly detailed narrative Mallett , Robert . Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War , 1933 -- 1940 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Overy , Richard and Wheatcroft , Andrew . The Road to War . ( 1990 ) . 364 pp . Overy , Richard & Mason , Timothy `` Debate : Germany , `` Domestic Crisis '' and War in 1939 '' pages 200 -- 240 from Past and Present , Number 122 , February 1989 . Steiner , Zara . The Triumph of the Dark : European International History , 1933 -- 1939 ( Oxford History of Modern Europe ) ( 2011 ) 1236pp Strang , G. Bruce On The Fiery March : Mussolini Prepares For War , ( Praeger Publishers , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 97937 - 7 . Thorne , Christopher G . The Issue of War : States , Societies , and the Coming of the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) sophisticated analysis of each major power . Tohmatsu , Haruo and H.P. Willmott . A Gathering Darkness : The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific ( 2004 ) , short overview . Watt , Donald Cameron How war came : the immediate origins of the Second World War , 1938 -- 1939 , New York : Pantheon , 1989 ISBN 0 - 394 - 57916 - X . Weinberg , Gerhard. The Foreign Policy of Hitler 's Germany : Diplomatic Revolution in Europe , 1933 -- 36 ( v. 1 ) ( 1971 ) ; The Foreign Policy of Hitler 's Germany : Starting World War II , 1937 -- 1939 ( vol 2 ) ( University of Chicago Press , 1980 ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 88511 - 9 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 1994 ) online free Wheeler - Bennett , John W. `` Twenty Years of Russo - German Relations : 1919 - 1939 '' Foreign Affairs 25 # 1 ( 1946 ) , pp. 23 - 43 online Wright , Jonathan . Germany and the Origins of the Second World War ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2007 ) 223pp . online review Young , Robert France and the Origins of the Second World War , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1996 ISBN 0 - 312 - 16185 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Causes of World War II . France , Germany and the Struggle for the War - making Natural Resources of the Rhineland Explains the long term conflict between Germany and France over the centuries , which was a contributing factor to the World Wars . The Way to Pearl Harbor : US vs Japan Czechoslovakia primary sources <Th_colspan="2"> World War II <Td_colspan="2"> Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 <Td_colspan="2"> Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> hide Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - 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1. Causes of World War II
2. Italian fascism and Japanese militarism
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who has won the most f1 races ever
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List of Formula One Grand Prix winners - wikipedia List of Formula One Grand Prix winners Formula One Current season ( show ) 2018 Formula One World Championship Related articles ( show ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( hide ) Drivers ( GP winners Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( show ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association Formula One , abbreviated to F1 , is the highest class of open - wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) , motorsport 's world governing body . The `` formula '' in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform . The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix , held usually on purpose - built circuits , and in a few cases on closed city streets . The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo . Each winner is presented with a trophy and the results of each race are combined to determine two annual Championships , one for drivers and one for constructors . The World Championship for Drivers is held since 1950 , after the Formula One standard was agreed upon in 1946 . The Constructors ' Championship was added for the 1958 season and has been awarded ever since . Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories , having won 91 times . Lewis Hamilton is second with 67 wins and Alain Prost and Sebastian Vettel are tied at third with 51 wins each . Michael Schumacher holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last . He won his first Grand Prix in 1992 at the Belgian Grand Prix , and his last in 2006 at the Chinese Grand Prix , a span of 14 years , 1 month and 1 day . Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins -- more than six - and - a-half years between the 1983 South African Grand Prix and the 1990 San Marino Grand Prix . Mario Andretti had to wait the longest time between his maiden victory at the 1971 South African Grand Prix and his second win -- coming five years , seven months and 18 days later at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix . Sebastian Vettel holds the record for the most consecutive wins , having won nine Grands Prix in a row from the 2013 Belgian Grand Prix to the 2013 Brazilian Grand Prix . Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix ; he was 18 years and 227 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix . Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix ; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix . As of the 2018 Hungarian Grand Prix , out of the 761 drivers who started a Grand Prix , there have been 107 different Formula One Grand Prix winners . The first Grand Prix winner was Giuseppe Farina at the 1950 British Grand Prix , and the most recent driver to score their first Grand Prix win was Valtteri Bottas . This list includes the winners of the Indianapolis 500 race between 1950 and 1960 , as they formed part of the World Championships , even though they were not run by Formula One regulations , nor are they referred to as Grands Prix . Michael Schumacher won a record 91 Grands Prix during his career . Contents 1 By driver 2 By nationality 3 Most wins per season 4 See also 5 References 6 External links By driver ( edit ) All figures correct as of the 2018 Hungarian Grand Prix Key Driver has competed in the 2018 season Bold Formula One World Champion Formula One Grand Prix Winners Rank Country Driver Wins Seasons active First win Last win Germany Michael Schumacher 91 1991 -- 2006 2010 -- 2012 1992 Belgian Grand Prix 2006 Chinese Grand Prix United Kingdom Lewis Hamilton 67 2007 -- 2007 Canadian Grand Prix 2018 Hungarian Grand Prix France Alain Prost 51 1980 -- 1991 1993 1981 French Grand Prix 1993 German Grand Prix Germany Sebastian Vettel 51 2007 -- 2008 Italian Grand Prix 2018 British Grand Prix 5 Brazil Ayrton Senna 41 1984 -- 1994 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix 1993 Australian Grand Prix 6 Spain Fernando Alonso 32 2001 2003 -- 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix 2013 Spanish Grand Prix 7 United Kingdom Nigel Mansell 31 1980 -- 1992 1994 -- 1995 1985 European Grand Prix 1994 Australian Grand Prix 8 United Kingdom Jackie Stewart 27 1965 -- 1973 1965 Italian Grand Prix 1973 German Grand Prix 9 United Kingdom Jim Clark 25 1960 -- 1968 1962 Belgian Grand Prix 1968 South African Grand Prix 9 Austria Niki Lauda 25 1971 -- 1979 1982 -- 1985 1974 Spanish Grand Prix 1985 Dutch Grand Prix 11 Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio 24 1950 -- 1951 1953 -- 1958 1950 Monaco Grand Prix 1957 German Grand Prix 12 Brazil Nelson Piquet 23 1978 -- 1991 1980 United States Grand Prix West 1991 Canadian Grand Prix 12 Germany Nico Rosberg 23 2006 -- 2016 2012 Chinese Grand Prix 2016 Japanese Grand Prix 14 United Kingdom Damon Hill 22 1992 -- 1999 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix 1998 Belgian Grand Prix 15 Finland Mika Häkkinen 20 1991 -- 2001 1997 European Grand Prix 2001 United States Grand Prix 15 Finland Kimi Räikkönen 20 2001 -- 2009 2012 -- 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix 2013 Australian Grand Prix 17 United Kingdom Stirling Moss 16 1950 -- 1962 1955 British Grand Prix 1961 German Grand Prix 18 United Kingdom Jenson Button 15 2000 -- 2017 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix 19 Australia Jack Brabham 14 1955 -- 1970 1959 Monaco Grand Prix 1970 South African Grand Prix 19 United Kingdom Graham Hill 14 1958 -- 1975 1962 Dutch Grand Prix 1969 Monaco Grand Prix 19 Brazil Emerson Fittipaldi 14 1970 -- 1980 1970 United States Grand Prix 1975 British Grand Prix 22 Italy Alberto Ascari 13 1950 -- 1955 1951 German Grand Prix 1953 Swiss Grand Prix 22 United Kingdom David Coulthard 13 1994 -- 2008 1995 Portuguese Grand Prix 2003 Australian Grand Prix 24 United States Mario Andretti 12 1968 -- 1972 1974 -- 1982 1971 South African Grand Prix 1978 Dutch Grand Prix 24 Argentina Carlos Reutemann 12 1972 -- 1982 1974 South African Grand Prix 1981 Belgian Grand Prix 24 Australia Alan Jones 12 1975 -- 1981 1985 -- 1986 1977 Austrian Grand Prix 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix 27 Canada Jacques Villeneuve 11 1996 -- 2006 1996 European Grand Prix 1997 Luxembourg Grand Prix 27 Brazil Rubens Barrichello 11 1993 -- 2011 2000 German Grand Prix 2009 Italian Grand Prix 27 Brazil Felipe Massa 11 2002 2004 -- 2017 2006 Turkish Grand Prix 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix 30 Sweden Ronnie Peterson 10 1970 -- 1978 1973 French Grand Prix 1978 Austrian Grand Prix 30 South Africa Jody Scheckter 10 1972 -- 1980 1974 Swedish Grand Prix 1979 Italian Grand Prix 30 United Kingdom James Hunt 10 1973 -- 1979 1975 Dutch Grand Prix 1977 Japanese Grand Prix 30 Austria Gerhard Berger 10 1984 -- 1997 1986 Mexican Grand Prix 1997 German Grand Prix 34 Australia Mark Webber 9 2002 -- 2013 2009 German Grand Prix 2012 British Grand Prix 35 New Zealand Denny Hulme 8 1965 -- 1974 1967 Monaco Grand Prix 1974 Argentine Grand Prix 35 Belgium Jacky Ickx 8 1967 -- 1979 1968 French Grand Prix 1972 German Grand Prix 37 France René Arnoux 7 1978 -- 1989 1980 Brazilian Grand Prix 1983 Dutch Grand Prix 37 Colombia Juan Pablo Montoya 7 2001 -- 2006 2001 Italian Grand Prix 2005 Brazilian Grand Prix 37 Australia Daniel Ricciardo 7 2011 -- 2014 Canadian Grand Prix 2018 Monaco Grand Prix 40 United Kingdom Tony Brooks 6 1956 -- 1961 1957 British Grand Prix 1959 German Grand Prix 40 United Kingdom John Surtees 6 1960 -- 1972 1963 German Grand Prix 1967 Italian Grand Prix 40 Austria Jochen Rindt 6 1964 -- 1970 1969 United States Grand Prix 1970 German Grand Prix 40 France Jacques Laffite 6 1974 -- 1986 1977 Swedish Grand Prix 1981 Canadian Grand Prix 40 Canada Gilles Villeneuve 6 1977 -- 1982 1978 Canadian Grand Prix 1981 Spanish Grand Prix 40 Italy Riccardo Patrese 6 1977 -- 1993 1982 Monaco Grand Prix 1992 Japanese Grand Prix 40 Germany Ralf Schumacher 6 1997 -- 2007 2001 San Marino Grand Prix 2003 French Grand Prix 47 Italy Giuseppe Farina 5 1950 -- 1955 1950 British Grand Prix 1953 German Grand Prix 47 Switzerland Clay Regazzoni 5 1970 -- 1980 1970 Italian Grand Prix 1979 British Grand Prix 47 United Kingdom John Watson 5 1973 -- 1983 1985 1976 Austrian Grand Prix 1983 United States West Grand Prix 47 Finland Keke Rosberg 5 1978 -- 1986 1982 Swiss Grand Prix 1985 Australian Grand Prix 47 Italy Michele Alboreto 5 1981 -- 1994 1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix 1985 German Grand Prix 52 New Zealand Bruce McLaren 1959 -- 1970 1959 United States Grand Prix 1968 Belgian Grand Prix 52 United States Dan Gurney 1959 -- 1968 1970 1962 French Grand Prix 1967 Belgian Grand Prix 52 United Kingdom Eddie Irvine 1993 -- 2002 1999 Australian Grand Prix 1999 Malaysian Grand Prix 52 Netherlands Max Verstappen 2015 -- 2016 Spanish Grand Prix 2018 Austrian Grand Prix 56 United Kingdom Mike Hawthorn 1952 -- 1958 1953 French Grand Prix 1958 French Grand Prix 56 United Kingdom Peter Collins 1952 -- 1958 1956 Belgian Grand Prix 1958 British Grand Prix 56 United States Phil Hill 1958 -- 1964 1966 1960 Italian Grand Prix 1961 Italian Grand Prix 56 France Didier Pironi 1978 -- 1982 1980 Belgian Grand Prix 1982 Dutch Grand Prix 56 Belgium Thierry Boutsen 1983 -- 1993 1989 Canadian Grand Prix 1990 Hungarian Grand Prix 56 United Kingdom Johnny Herbert 1989 -- 2000 1995 British Grand Prix 1999 European Grand Prix 56 Germany Heinz - Harald Frentzen 1994 -- 2003 1997 San Marino Grand Prix 1999 Italian Grand Prix 56 Italy Giancarlo Fisichella 1996 -- 2009 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix 2006 Malaysian Grand Prix 56 Finland Valtteri Bottas 2013 -- 2017 Russian Grand Prix 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 65 Argentina José Froilán González 1950 -- 1957 1960 1951 British Grand Prix 1954 British Grand Prix 65 United States Bill Vukovich 1951 -- 1955 1953 Indianapolis 500 1954 Indianapolis 500 65 France Maurice Trintignant 1950 -- 1964 1955 Monaco Grand Prix 1958 Monaco Grand Prix 65 Germany Wolfgang von Trips 1956 -- 1961 1961 Dutch Grand Prix 1961 British Grand Prix 65 Mexico Pedro Rodríguez 1963 -- 1971 1967 South African Grand Prix 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 65 Switzerland Jo Siffert 1962 -- 1971 1968 British Grand Prix 1971 Austrian Grand Prix 65 United States Peter Revson 1964 1971 -- 1974 1973 British Grand Prix 1973 Canadian Grand Prix 65 France Patrick Depailler 1972 1974 -- 1980 1978 Monaco Grand Prix 1979 Spanish Grand Prix 65 France Jean - Pierre Jabouille 1974 -- 1975 1977 -- 1981 1979 French Grand Prix 1980 Austrian Grand Prix 65 France Patrick Tambay 1977 -- 1986 1982 German Grand Prix 1983 San Marino Grand Prix 65 Italy Elio de Angelis 1979 -- 1986 1982 Austrian Grand Prix 1985 San Marino Grand Prix 76 United States Johnnie Parsons 1950 -- 1958 1950 Indianapolis 500 1950 Indianapolis 500 76 United States Lee Wallard 1950 -- 1951 1951 Indianapolis 500 1951 Indianapolis 500 76 Italy Luigi Fagioli 1950 -- 1951 1951 French Grand Prix 1951 French Grand Prix 76 Italy Piero Taruffi 1950 -- 1956 1952 Swiss Grand Prix 1952 Swiss Grand Prix 76 United States Troy Ruttman 1950 -- 1952 , 1954 1956 -- 1958 , 1960 1952 Indianapolis 500 1952 Indianapolis 500 76 United States Bob Sweikert 1952 -- 1956 1955 Indianapolis 500 1955 Indianapolis 500 76 Italy Luigi Musso 1954 -- 1958 1956 Argentine Grand Prix 1956 Argentine Grand Prix 76 United States Pat Flaherty 1950 -- 1959 1956 Indianapolis 500 1956 Indianapolis 500 76 United States Sam Hanks 1950 -- 1957 1957 Indianapolis 500 1957 Indianapolis 500 76 United States Jimmy Bryan 1952 -- 1960 1958 Indianapolis 500 1958 Indianapolis 500 76 United States Rodger Ward 1951 -- 1960 1963 1959 Indianapolis 500 1959 Indianapolis 500 76 Sweden Joakim Bonnier 1956 -- 1971 1959 Dutch Grand Prix 1959 Dutch Grand Prix 76 United States Jim Rathmann 1950 1952 -- 1960 1960 Indianapolis 500 1960 Indianapolis 500 76 Italy Giancarlo Baghetti 1961 -- 1967 1961 French Grand Prix 1961 French Grand Prix 76 United Kingdom Innes Ireland 1959 -- 1966 1961 United States Grand Prix 1961 United States Grand Prix 76 Italy Lorenzo Bandini 1961 -- 1967 1964 Austrian Grand Prix 1964 Austrian Grand Prix 76 United States Richie Ginther 1960 -- 1967 1965 Mexican Grand Prix 1965 Mexican Grand Prix 76 Italy Ludovico Scarfiotti 1963 -- 1968 1966 Italian Grand Prix 1966 Italian Grand Prix 76 United Kingdom Peter Gethin 1970 -- 1974 1971 Italian Grand Prix 1971 Italian Grand Prix 76 France François Cevert 1970 -- 1973 1971 United States Grand Prix 1971 United States Grand Prix 76 France Jean - Pierre Beltoise 1967 -- 1974 1972 Monaco Grand Prix 1972 Monaco Grand Prix 76 Brazil José Carlos Pace 1972 -- 1977 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix 76 Germany Jochen Mass 1973 -- 1982 1975 Spanish Grand Prix 1975 Spanish Grand Prix 76 Italy Vittorio Brambilla 1974 -- 1980 1975 Austrian Grand Prix 1975 Austrian Grand Prix 76 Sweden Gunnar Nilsson 1976 -- 1977 1977 Belgian Grand Prix 1977 Belgian Grand Prix 76 Italy Alessandro Nannini 1986 -- 1990 1989 Japanese Grand Prix 1989 Japanese Grand Prix 76 France Jean Alesi 1989 -- 2001 1995 Canadian Grand Prix 1995 Canadian Grand Prix 76 France Olivier Panis 1994 -- 1999 2001 -- 2004 1996 Monaco Grand Prix 1996 Monaco Grand Prix 76 Italy Jarno Trulli 1997 -- 2011 2004 Monaco Grand Prix 2004 Monaco Grand Prix 76 Poland Robert Kubica 2006 -- 2010 2008 Canadian Grand Prix 2008 Canadian Grand Prix 76 Finland Heikki Kovalainen 2007 -- 2013 2008 Hungarian Grand Prix 2008 Hungarian Grand Prix 76 Venezuela Pastor Maldonado 2011 -- 2015 2012 Spanish Grand Prix 2012 Spanish Grand Prix By nationality ( edit ) All figures correct as of the 2018 Hungarian Grand Prix Key Bold Driver has competed in the 2018 season List of races won by nationality of driver Rank Country Wins Driver ( s ) N ° United Kingdom 271 Lewis Hamilton ( 67 ) , Nigel Mansell ( 31 ) , Jackie Stewart ( 27 ) , Jim Clark ( 25 ) , Damon Hill ( 22 ) , Stirling Moss ( 16 ) , Jenson Button ( 15 ) , Graham Hill ( 14 ) , David Coulthard ( 13 ) , James Hunt ( 10 ) , Tony Brooks ( 6 ) , John Surtees ( 6 ) , John Watson ( 5 ) , Eddie Irvine ( 4 ) , Mike Hawthorn ( 3 ) , Peter Collins ( 3 ) , Johnny Herbert ( 3 ) , Innes Ireland ( 1 ) , Peter Gethin ( 1 ) 19 Germany 177 Michael Schumacher ( 91 ) , Sebastian Vettel ( 51 ) , Nico Rosberg ( 23 ) , Ralf Schumacher ( 6 ) , Heinz - Harald Frentzen ( 3 ) , Wolfgang Von Trips ( 2 ) , Jochen Mass ( 1 ) 7 Brazil 101 Ayrton Senna ( 41 ) , Nelson Piquet ( 23 ) , Emerson Fittipaldi ( 14 ) , Rubens Barrichello ( 11 ) , Felipe Massa ( 11 ) , Carlos Pace ( 1 ) 6 France 79 Alain Prost ( 51 ) , René Arnoux ( 7 ) , Jacques Laffite ( 6 ) , Didier Pironi ( 3 ) , Maurice Trintignant ( 2 ) , Patrick Depailler ( 2 ) , Jean - Pierre Jabouille ( 2 ) , Patrick Tambay ( 2 ) , François Cevert ( 1 ) , Jean - Pierre Beltoise ( 1 ) , Jean Alesi ( 1 ) , Olivier Panis ( 1 ) 12 5 Finland 49 Mika Häkkinen ( 20 ) , Kimi Räikkönen ( 20 ) , Keke Rosberg ( 5 ) , Valtteri Bottas ( 3 ) , Heikki Kovalainen ( 1 ) 5 6 Italy 43 Alberto Ascari ( 13 ) , Riccardo Patrese ( 6 ) , Giuseppe Farina ( 5 ) , Michele Alboreto ( 5 ) , Giancarlo Fisichella ( 3 ) , Elio De Angelis ( 2 ) , Luigi Fagioli ( 1 ) , Piero Taruffi ( 1 ) , Luigi Musso ( 1 ) , Giancarlo Baghetti ( 1 ) , Lorenzo Bandini ( 1 ) , Ludovico Scarfiotti ( 1 ) , Vittorio Brambilla ( 1 ) , Alessandro Nannini ( 1 ) , Jarno Trulli ( 1 ) 15 7 Australia 42 Jack Brabham ( 14 ) , Alan Jones ( 12 ) , Mark Webber ( 9 ) , Daniel Ricciardo ( 7 ) 8 Austria 41 Niki Lauda ( 25 ) , Gerhard Berger ( 10 ) , Jochen Rindt ( 6 ) 9 Argentina 38 Juan Manuel Fangio ( 24 ) , Carlos Reutemann ( 12 ) , Jose - Froilan Gonzalez ( 2 ) 10 United States 33 Mario Andretti ( 12 ) , Dan Gurney ( 4 ) , Phil Hill ( 3 ) , Bill Vukovich ( 2 ) , Peter Revson ( 2 ) , Johnnie Parsons ( 1 ) , Lee Wallard ( 1 ) , Troy Ruttman ( 1 ) , Bob Sweikert ( 1 ) , Pat Flaherty ( 1 ) , Sam Hanks ( 1 ) , Jimmy Bryan ( 1 ) , Rodger Ward ( 1 ) , Jim Rathmann ( 1 ) , Richie Ginther ( 1 ) 15 11 Spain 32 Fernando Alonso ( 32 ) 12 Canada 17 Jacques Villeneuve ( 11 ) , Gilles Villeneuve ( 6 ) 13 New Zealand 12 Denny Hulme ( 8 ) , Bruce McLaren ( 4 ) 13 Sweden 12 Ronnie Peterson ( 10 ) , Jo Bonnier ( 1 ) , Gunnar Nilsson ( 1 ) 15 Belgium 11 Jacky Ickx ( 8 ) , Thierry Boutsen ( 3 ) 16 South Africa 10 Jody Scheckter ( 10 ) 17 Colombia 7 Juan Pablo Montoya ( 7 ) 17 Switzerland 7 Clay Regazzoni ( 5 ) , Jo Siffert ( 2 ) 19 Netherlands Max Verstappen ( 4 ) 20 Mexico Pedro Rodríguez ( 2 ) 21 Poland Robert Kubica ( 1 ) 21 Venezuela Pastor Maldonado ( 1 ) Most wins per season ( edit ) All figures correct as of the 2018 Hungarian Grand Prix Key Drivers who have competed in the 2018 season Bold Won the World Championship in the same year Year Driver ( s ) Constructor ( s ) Wins Races 1950 Nino Farina Alfa Romeo 7 Juan Manuel Fangio 1951 Juan Manuel Fangio Alfa Romeo 8 1952 Alberto Ascari Ferrari 6 8 1953 Alberto Ascari Ferrari 5 9 1954 Juan Manuel Fangio Maserati , Mercedes 6 9 1955 Juan Manuel Fangio Mercedes 7 1956 Juan Manuel Fangio Ferrari 8 1957 Juan Manuel Fangio Maserati 8 1958 Stirling Moss Vanwall 11 1959 Jack Brabham Cooper - Climax 9 Stirling Moss Cooper - Climax , Cooper - BRM Tony Brooks Ferrari , Vanwall 1960 Jack Brabham Cooper - Climax 5 10 1961 Phil Hill Ferrari 8 Wolfgang von Trips Stirling Moss Lotus - Climax , Ferguson - Climax 1962 Graham Hill BRM 9 1963 Jim Clark Lotus - Climax 7 10 1964 Jim Clark Lotus - Climax 10 1965 Jim Clark Lotus - Climax 6 10 1966 Jack Brabham Brabham - Repco 9 1967 Jim Clark Lotus - Ford 11 1968 Graham Hill Lotus - Ford 12 Jackie Stewart Matra - Ford 1969 Jackie Stewart Matra - Ford 6 11 1970 Jochen Rindt Ferrari 5 13 1971 Jackie Stewart Tyrrell - Ford 6 11 1972 Emerson Fittipaldi Lotus - Ford 5 12 1973 Jackie Stewart Tyrrell - Ford 5 15 Emerson Fittipaldi McLaren - Ford 15 Carlos Reutemann Brabham - Ford Niki Lauda Ferrari 5 14 1976 James Hunt McLaren - Ford 6 16 1977 Mario Andretti Lotus - Ford 17 1978 Mario Andretti Lotus - Ford 6 16 1979 Alan Jones Williams - Ford 15 1980 Alan Jones Williams - Ford 5 14 1981 Nelson Piquet Brabham - Ford 15 1982 Didier Pironi Ferrari 16 Alain Prost Renault René Arnoux Niki Lauda McLaren - Ford John Watson Alain Prost Renault 15 1984 Alain Prost McLaren - TAG 7 16 1985 Alain Prost McLaren - TAG 5 16 1986 Nigel Mansell Williams - Honda 5 16 Nigel Mansell Williams - Honda 6 16 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda 8 16 1989 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda 6 16 1990 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda 6 16 1991 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda 7 16 1992 Nigel Mansell Williams - Renault 9 16 1993 Alain Prost Williams - Renault 7 16 1994 Michael Schumacher Benetton - Ford 8 16 1995 Michael Schumacher Benetton - Ford 9 17 Damon Hill Williams - Renault 8 16 1997 Jacques Villeneuve Williams - Renault 7 17 1998 Mika Häkkinen McLaren - Mercedes 8 16 1999 Mika Häkkinen McLaren - Mercedes 5 16 2000 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 9 17 2001 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 9 17 2002 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 11 17 2003 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 6 16 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 13 18 2005 Fernando Alonso Renault 7 19 Kimi Räikkönen McLaren - Mercedes 2006 Fernando Alonso Renault 7 18 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 2007 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 6 17 2008 Felipe Massa Ferrari 6 18 2009 Jenson Button Brawn - Mercedes 6 17 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault 5 19 Fernando Alonso Ferrari 2011 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault 11 19 2012 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault 5 20 2013 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault 13 19 2014 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 11 19 2015 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 10 19 2016 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 10 19 2017 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 9 20 2018 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 5 * 12 * * Season still in progress . See also ( edit ) List of Formula One Grand Prix winners ( constructors ) References ( edit ) General Diepraam , Mattijs ( 24 June 2012 ) . `` World Championship Grand Prix Wins '' . Forix . Autosport . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` About FIA '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` His Serene Highness Prince Rainier of Monte Carlo awarded the first FIA Gold Medal for Motor Sport '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) . 14 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2007 . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Martin . `` A brief history of Formula One '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Formula One '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Superb Schumacher signs off in style '' . BBC Sport. 22 October 2006 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` The long wait '' . ESPN . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wins : Interval between two '' . statsf1.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Jack ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` The 5 Drivers with the Biggest Gap between First and Second F1 Wins '' . wtf1.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Lawrence ( 15 May 2016 ) . `` F1 : Max Verstappen wins Spanish GP after Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crash -- live ! '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Over forty but still fast '' . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grands Prix chronology '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wins chronology '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sochi stats - Bottas becomes F1 's 107th different winner '' . formula1.com. 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monaco and Indianapolis : a Crown worn just by two '' . FIA. 29 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Thorn , Dan ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` 8 Reasons Why F1 Was Weird in the 1950s '' . wtf1.com . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Formula One official website FIA official website <Th_colspan="2"> Medal tables of Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships by sport Olympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco - Roman Freestyle Paralympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Biathlon Boccia Cross ‐ country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5 - a-side Football 7 - a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Volleyball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis World Championships or World Cups Alpine skiing American football Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton men women BWF Bandy men women Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic Basketball men women Basque Pelota Beach soccer Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Bowling Canoe Slalom Sprint Cricket men women Test ODI Curling men women Cycling BMX Cyclo - cross men women Mountain Bike Marathon Track Equestrian Equestrian games Show jumping Eventing Fencing F1 drivers constructors Field hockey men women Football clubs men women Figure skating Futsal Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Ice hockey men women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Luge natural Modern pentathlon Nordic skiing Padel tennis Polo Rallying drivers constructors Roller hockey men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women Shooting Softball Speed skating men men 's sprint women women 's sprint Taekwondo Squash individual team Tennis men women Volleyball men women Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling <Td_colspan="2"> List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Formula_One_Grand_Prix_winners&oldid=853530888 '' Categories : Formula One - related lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Galego Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 11 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Formula One Grand Prix winners
2. FIA World Motor Sport Council
3. Michael Schumacher
4. Lewis Hamilton
5. Alain Prost
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5,447,835,281,184,809,000 |
when did the £20 note come out
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Bank of England £ 20 note - wikipedia Bank of England £ 20 note Twenty pounds <Th_colspan="2"> ( United Kingdom ) Value £ 20 Width 149 mm Height 80 mm Security features Raised print , metallic thread , watermark , microlettering , UV feature , holographic strip , see - through registration device Paper type Cotton Years of printing 1725 -- 1943 ; 1970 -- present 2007 -- present ( current design ) <Th_colspan="2"> Obverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design Queen Elizabeth II Design date 13 March 2007 <Th_colspan="2"> Reverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design Adam Smith Design date 13 March 2007 The Bank of England £ 20 note is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the second highest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England . The current cotton note , first issued in 2007 , bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the reverse . Starting in 2020 , the current note will be phased out , to be replaced by a polymer note featuring a portrait of artist J.M.W. Turner in place of Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Designs 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) £ 20 note , issued from London in 1934 . `` Series D '' £ 20 note , issued from 1970 to 1991 . Twenty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1725 . The earliest notes were handwritten , and were issued to individuals as needed . These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee , the date , and the signature of the issuing cashier . With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821 when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage , these notes could be exchanged in full , or in part , for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank . If redeemed in part , the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed . From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes , with the declaration `` I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of twenty pounds '' replacing the name of the payee . This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day . A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes , though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward . The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard . The twenty pound note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943 , and it was not until 1970 with the introduction of the series D notes that the denomination reappeared . The predominantly purple series D notes were two - sided , with an image of Queen Elizabeth II appearing on one side , accompanied by an image of Saint George and the Dragon ( all subsequent Bank of England notes also feature an image of the Queen ) and an image of William Shakespeare appearing on the other . This note also had a security feature in the form of a ' windowed ' metal thread . The thread is woven into the paper so that it forms a dashed line , yet appears as a single line when held up to the light . Series D notes were phased out in favour of the newer series E notes beginning in 1991 . These notes were multicoloured ( predominantly mauve - purple ) and featured an image of scientist Michael Faraday on the back . Series E notes were replaced by a variant design from 1999 onwards . These are broadly similar to the earlier series E notes but feature Edward Elgar on the reverse . The current £ 20 note was introduced in 2007 . It features a portrait of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the back as well as an illustration of workers in a pin factory . The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread : these include raised print , a watermark , microlettering , a holographic strip , a see - through register , and a colourful pattern which only appears under ultraviolet light . In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next £ 20 note will be printed on polymer , rather than cotton paper . This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J.M.W. Turner on the next £ 20 note , which will enter circulation by 2020 . Images on the reverse of the Turner note will include a 1799 self - portrait of Turner , a version of Turner 's The Fighting Temeraire , the quote `` Light is therefore colour '' from an 1818 lecture by Turner , and a copy of Turner 's signature as made on his will . Designs ( edit ) Note First issued Last issued Ceased to be legal tender Colour Size Design Additional information White 1725 1943 16 April 1945 Monochrome Printed on one side only 211 × 133 mm ( may vary ) Denomination discontinued from 1945 until 1970 Series D 9 July 1970 1991 19 March 1993 Predominantly purple 160 × 90 mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : William Shakespeare First £ 20 note to carry a portrait of a monarch and used a ' windowed ' security thread ( July 1984 onward ) Series E 5 June 1991 2000 28 February 2001 Multicoloured ( predominantly mauve - purple ) 149 × 80 mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Michael Faraday Those notes issued from September 1993 have an additional denomination symbol £ 20 on each side Series E ( variant ) 22 June 1999 2007 30 June 2010 Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Edward Elgar Series F 13 March 2007 Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Adam Smith Series G ( polymer ) By 2020 139 × 73 mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : J.M.W. Turner Information taken from Bank of England website . See also ( edit ) Bank of England note issues References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawn banknotes reference guide '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 20 Note ( Adam Smith ) -- Design Features '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 20 Note ( Adam Smith ) -- Security Features '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paper banknotes disappearing fast as £ 20 turns plastic '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.M.W. Turner to appear on the next £ 20 banknote '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The next £ 20 note '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Bank of England website <Th_colspan="2"> hide Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank <Td_colspan="2"> Current £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 5 £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_England_ £ 20_note&oldid = 849726639 '' Categories : Banknotes of England Twenty - base - unit banknotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 22 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Bank of England £20 note
2. Design features of the £20 note
3. History of the £20 note
4. Replacement of the current £20 note with a polymer note featuring J.M.W. Turner
5. Security features of the £20 note
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8,018,115,730,010,589,000 |
list of marvel movies to watch before infinity
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List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe films <Td_colspan="2"> Packaging for the Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Phase One : Avengers Assembled Blu - ray box set Produced by Kevin Feige Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Production company Marvel Studios Columbia Pictures ( SM ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 2008 -- 11 ) Universal Pictures ( TIH ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2012 -- present ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ) Release date 2008 -- present Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 19 films ) : $3.665 -- 3.907 billion Box office Total ( 19 films ) : $16.879 billion The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 19 films , with 13 more in various stages of production . The series collectively has grossed over $16.8 billion at the global box office , making it the highest - grossing film franchise of all time . Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Avi Arad served as a producer on the two 2008 releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk and Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson , and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Black Panther ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , with Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) , and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) still scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . A sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 , three untitled films scheduled for 2021 , and three untitled films scheduled for 2022 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phase One 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 3.6 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 3.7 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 7.2 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.3 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.4 Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) 7.5 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) 7.6 Other potential projects 8 Repurposed projects 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Phase one Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in North America on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in North America . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . Captain America : the First Avenger ( 2011 ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in North America on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in North America on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase two Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film was released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States on May 3 . The film is set in December 2013 , after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , let 's do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky Barnes in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in North America on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in North America on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in North America . The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 , in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in North America on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Mackie as Falcon , Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , and Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier . Phase Three Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="2"> James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost Kevin Feige Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole Avengers : Infinity War April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange , which was footage from Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequels , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Vol. 3 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , trapped on another world without Mjölnir , must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . Black Panther ( 2018 ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and began its international release on February 13 , 2018 , and was released on February 16 , 2018 in the United States . The film also had a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . The film is set one week after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . The film 's post-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Sebastian Stan , reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to try to stop Thanos from collecting all of the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War premiered in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 . It was released worldwide on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries . The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Marvel had been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The Red Skull from Captain America : The First Avenger appears in the film , played by Ross Marquand instead of Hugo Weaving , and is the keeper of the final Infinity Stone , the Soul Stone . The post-credits scene features Nick Fury transmitting a distress signal on a device , which has the insignia of Captain Marvel . Recurring cast and characters Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo <Td_colspan="5"> Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier <Td_colspan="4"> Sebastian Stan <Td_colspan="7"> Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner <Td_colspan="6"> Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter <Td_colspan="2"> Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell <Td_colspan="7"> Phil Coulson Clark Gregg <Td_colspan="2"> Clark Gregg <Td_colspan="3"> Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista <Td_colspan="4"> Dave Bautista <Td_colspan="4"> Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson <Td_colspan="2"> Samuel L. Jackson <Td_colspan="3"> Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana <Td_colspan="4"> Zoe Saldana <Td_colspan="4"> Groot Vin Diesel <Td_colspan="4"> Vin Diesel <Td_colspan="4"> Heimdall Idris Elba <Td_colspan="8"> Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders <Td_colspan="7"> Harold `` Happy '' Hogan Jon Favreau <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jon Favreau Korath <Td_colspan="4"> Djimon Hounsou Djimon Hounsou <Td_colspan="4"> Scott Lang Ant - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Rudd Paul Rudd <Td_colspan="7"> Loki Tom Hiddleston <Td_colspan="8"> Tom Hiddleston Mantis Pom Klementieff <Td_colspan="4"> Pom Klementieff <Td_colspan="4"> Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen <Td_colspan="7"> Nebula Karen Gillan <Td_colspan="4"> Karen Gillan <Td_colspan="4"> Okoye <Td_colspan="2"> Danai Gurira <Td_colspan="8"> Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland <Td_colspan="4"> Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt <Td_colspan="4"> Chris Pratt <Td_colspan="4"> James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle <Td_colspan="4"> Terrence Howard Don Cheadle <Td_colspan="2"> Rocket Bradley Cooper <Td_colspan="4"> Bradley Cooper <Td_colspan="4"> Steve Rogers Captain America <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans Chris Evans <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson <Td_colspan="4"> Scarlett Johansson <Td_colspan="2"> Ronan the Accuser <Td_colspan="4"> Lee Pace Lee Pace <Td_colspan="4"> Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross William Hurt William Hurt <Td_colspan="3"> William Hurt <Td_colspan="3"> Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård <Td_colspan="8"> Stellan Skarsgård Shuri <Td_colspan="2"> Letitia Wright <Td_colspan="8"> Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Robert Downey , Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch <Td_colspan="3"> Benedict Cumberbatch <Td_colspan="4"> Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther <Td_colspan="3"> Chadwick Boseman <Td_colspan="7"> Thor Chris Hemsworth <Td_colspan="3"> Chris Hemsworth <Td_colspan="4"> Chris Hemsworth Taneleer Tivan The Collector Benicio del Toro <Td_colspan="4"> Benicio del Toro <Td_colspan="3"> Benicio del Toro Hope van Dyne Wasp <Td_colspan="2"> Evangeline Lilly <Td_colspan="9"> Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany <Td_colspan="7"> Sam Wilson Falcon <Td_colspan="2"> Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie <Td_colspan="7"> Wong Benedict Wong <Td_colspan="3"> Benedict Wong <Td_colspan="5"> Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child whom Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Home media In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose . '' The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange , and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Reception Box Office performance Each film is linked to the `` Box office '' section of its article . Film U.S. release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 61 148 $140 million Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 414 518 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 66 130 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 235 225 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 251 304 $140 -- 216.7 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,988 7 6 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 24 15 $178.4 million Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 182 121 $152.7 million Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 105 97 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 54 82 $195.9 million Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 15 8 $365.5 million Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 237 183 $109.3 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 25 17 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 140 110 $165 -- 236.6 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,942,950 $863,756,051 32 61 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $334,201,140 $545,965,784 $880,166,924 52 53 $175 million Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 $315,058,289 $538,918,837 $853,977,126 65 63 $180 million Black Panther February 16 , 2018 $699,625,301 $646,523,575 $1,346,148,876 9 $200 -- 210 million Avengers : Infinity War April 27 , 2018 $664,987,816 $1,356,124,742 $2,021,112,558 $316 -- 400 million <Th_colspan="2"> Total $ 7009663863463700000 ♠ 6,638,634,637 $ 7010102404854810000 ♠ 10,240,485,481 $ 7010168791201180000 ♠ 16,879,120,118 $3.665 -- 3.907 billion Critical response Each film is linked to the `` Critical response '' section of its article . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 94 % ( 268 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 280 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 272 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 79 % ( 253 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 330 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 80 % ( 300 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 256 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 276 reviews ) 70 ( 47 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 299 reviews ) 76 ( 53 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 329 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 82 % ( 289 reviews ) 64 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 91 % ( 364 reviews ) 75 ( 53 reviews ) Doctor Strange 89 % ( 314 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 83 % ( 343 reviews ) 67 ( 48 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 317 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok 92 % ( 335 reviews ) 74 ( 51 reviews ) Black Panther 97 % ( 378 reviews ) 88 ( 55 reviews ) Avengers : Infinity War 83 % ( 337 reviews ) 68 ( 53 reviews ) Average 84 % 68 Future Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status <Th_colspan="6"> Phase Three Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Paul Rudd & Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari Kevin Feige Post-production Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Meg LeFauve and Nicole Perlman and Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Liz Flahive & Carly Mensch and Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck Filming Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Post-production <Th_colspan="6"> Post-Phase Three Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) Jon Watts Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Pre-production Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2020 ( 2020 ) <Td_colspan="2"> James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with Van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015 , and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and ended in November 2017 . Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War and before the events of Avengers : Infinity War . Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) Main article : Captain Marvel ( film ) Carol Danvers becomes Captain Marvel , one of the galaxy 's strongest heroes , after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Liz Flahive , Carly Mensch , Boden and Ryan Fleck are also credited as screenwriters on the film . Location filming occurred in January 2018 , while principal photography began in March 2018 in Los Angeles , and is scheduled to last until May 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson , Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , and Clark Gregg reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Korath , Ronan the Accuser , and Phil Coulson , respectively , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta , and ended in January 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) Jon Watts , director of Spider - Man : Homecoming and its untitled sequel Further information : Spider - Man : Homecoming § Sequel In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . A year later , Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film . Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , two of the writers of the first film , return to write the script . Filming is scheduled to begin in early July 2018 , in London , and will last until December 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . Filming is set to begin in January 2019 . The film is scheduled to be released in 2020 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Other potential projects Disney has scheduled multiple release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films . These include : May 1 , July 31 , and November 6 , 2020 ; May 7 , July 30 , and November 5 , 2021 ; and February 18 , May 6 , and July 29 , 2022 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy the 2020 dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028 , resulting in 20 films `` on the docket that are completely different from anything that 's come before -- intentionally . '' In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond . '' A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different '' , but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing '' . Feige noted Marvel hoped to reveal additional films after the release of the untitled Avengers film . A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . By January 2018 , Jac Schaeffer was hired to write the script for the potential film . By the end of April , Marvel had met with directors Deniz Gamze Ergüven , Chloé Zhao , and Amma Asante for the project . By April 2018 , Marvel had met with multiple screenwriters , to craft a film based on the Eternals , with a focus on the character Sersi . Feige stated that a film based on the group was `` one of many many many things that we are actively beginning to have creative discussions about to see if we believe in them enough to put them on a slate . '' A month later , Matthew and Ryan Firpo were hired to write the script for the project . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . Repurposed projects Further information : Runaways ( TV series ) and Inhumans ( TV series ) A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It premiered in November 2017 . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018 . 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Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the U.S. Premiere of Thor , Live on Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com. April 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Learn Thor 's International Release Dates '' . Marvel.com . November 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Marnell , Blair ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Clark Gregg 's ' Iron Man 2 ' S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Will ' Do Some Exciting Things ' In ' Thor ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema Con : We 've Seen Hawkeye In Thor And It 's More Than A Walk On '' . CinemaBlend . March 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( May 7 , 2011 ) . ' Thor ' : Kenneth Branagh on the ' crazy Marvel universe ' . Los Angeles Times ( video ) . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Frankly we were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp and when they told me maybe it could be Hawkeye and maybe Hawkeye was going to be Jeremy Renner , ' Are you kidding ! ' , I said . I was jumping up and down . I was thrilled . I get somebody like that to come and do something as cool as that ! Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' post-credits scene : What the heck WAS that thing ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks Thor Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Philbrick , Jami ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks ' The Avengers , ' ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , ' and ' Melancholia ' '' . IAmRogue.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ames , Jeff ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` More Images from Captain America : The First Avenger ; First Look at Hugo Weaving and Stanley Tucci '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Evans to play ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America to Start Filming June 28 '' . SuperHeroHype.com. April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summer in the City '' . Film London . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caerwent is scene for Captain America movie '' . South Wales Argus . July 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . 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Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn to Write , Direct ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Peyton Reed and Writer Adam McKay Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . June 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Resolves Writing Credit Dispute ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . 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Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris . `` Kevin Feige and Shane Black talk Iron Man 3 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAR Exclusive : Mark Ruffalo Talks Marvel Cameos and the Future of The Hulk '' . IAmRogue.com . May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor 2 ' Director Not Set Yet , Says Tom Hiddleston '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . 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Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mingle with the stars at the premiere of Thor : The Dark World '' . The Sun . October 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Official : Disney 's ' Lone Ranger ' Sets May 31 , 2013 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Thor : The Dark World Set Photo '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' : You Wo n't Believe The Story Behind The Cameo '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . 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January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharan Shetty ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Studios Slows Down ' Runaways ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways ' Shelved in Post - ' Avengers ' Marvel Movieverse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu Sets Fall Premieres : Slate Includes ' Mindy Project ' , ' Marvel 's Runaways ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Feige on Avengers , Marvel Universe - Building , and the Legacy of Elektra '' . Movieline . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses on Skye Bombshell and Marvel Movie Future '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldbery , Matt ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Moving Forward on THE INHUMANS Movie ; Screenplay by Joe Robert Cole '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Robert Cole Nearing Deal to Write ' Black Panther ' for Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie Officially Pulled from Marvel Schedule '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Still Has Plans For Inhumans Movie According To Kevin Feige '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Starnes , Joshua ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Kevin Feige , Directors and Stars on the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie `` Will Happen For Sure '' , Could Happen in Phase 4 Says Kevin Feige `` . / Film . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel 's The Inhumans ' Coming To IMAX & ABC in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel , ABC Set ' The Inhumans ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Inhumans ' Canceled By ABC After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . 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what episode of seinfeld was elaine not in
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Elaine Benes - wikipedia Elaine Benes Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Elaine Benes <Td_colspan="2"> Seinfeld character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` The Stake Out '' ( 1990 ) Last appearance `` The Finale , Part II '' ( 1998 ) Created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David Portrayed by Julia Louis - Dreyfus <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases Suzy Susie Suze Nip Paloma Nurse Paloma Laney Lois Loan Queen of the Castle Nedda Wanda Pepper Gender Female Occupation Assistant to Mr. Pitt , Copy Writer for J. Peterman , Editor at Pendant Publishing Family Alton Benes ( father ) Unnamed mother Gail Benes ( sister ) Grandma Mema ( grandmother ) Relatives Holly ( cousin ) , Pete ( uncle ) , unnamed nephew Birth Date January 29 , 1962 Alma Mater Tufts University Elaine Marie Benes / ˈbɛnɪs / is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Seinfeld ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , played by Julia Louis - Dreyfus . Elaine 's best friend is her ex-boyfriend Jerry Seinfeld , and she is also good friends with George Costanza and Cosmo Kramer . Julia Louis - Dreyfus received critical acclaim for her performance as Elaine , winning an Emmy , a Golden Globe and five SAG Awards . Julia Louis - Dreyfus reprised the role during season 41 of Saturday Night Live . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elaine 's debut 2 Real - life inspiration 3 Personality 4 Family 5 Background and education 6 Residence 7 Employment 8 Romantic relationships 8.1 Jerry 8.2 David Puddy 8.3 Men attracted to Elaine 8.4 Other notable boyfriends 9 Enemies 9.1 Sue Ellen Mischke 9.2 Other enemies 10 Insecurities 11 Influence / effect on others 12 Physical moments 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Elaine 's debut ( edit ) Unlike her three close friends , Elaine is absent from the pilot episode . Previously the female role was supposed to be Claire , the waitress at Pete 's Luncheonette played by Lee Garlington , but Monk 's Cafe replaced the luncheonette and Garlington was dropped from the role . Elaine first appears in `` The Stake Out , '' but in production order she appears in a final scene eating M&Ms in `` Male Unbonding . '' NBC executives felt the show was too male - centric , and demanded that Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David add a woman to the cast as a condition for commissioning the show , as revealed in the commentary on the Season 1 and 2 DVD . In addition to the first episode , Elaine does n't appear in `` The Trip '' and therefore appears in fewer episodes than George and Jerry . Real - Life inspiration ( edit ) After it was discovered that Jerry Seinfeld once dated writer and comedian Carol Leifer , speculation grew that Elaine was based on Leifer , though that was later largely denied . Leifer , who wrote or cowrote a number of episodes for the show , has said only some elements of the backstory of the character -- that she and Seinfeld had dated and have remained good friends since the relationship ended -- relate to her . She says some elements of the character of Elaine , especially her assertiveness , intelligence and sense of humor , are drawn from the off - screen personality of Julia Louis - Dreyfus herself . According to Seinfeld 's biography ( written by Jerry Oppenheimer ) , Elaine was based in part on Susan McNabb ( who was dating Seinfeld when the character was created ) , though eventually named after friend and fellow comic Elayne Boosler . Also , the character was partially based on Monica Yates , daughter of novelist Richard Yates , whom Larry David once dated , and they remained good friends after they broke up . Personality ( edit ) Elaine is normally intelligent and assertive , but also quite superficial . She 's ' one of the boys ' , and despite the troubles they go through as a group , she remains the closest female friend to the main male cast throughout the series . Her traits are usually edgy and neurotic and she has a tendency to easily get angry with almost everybody . She 's ruined her friends ' ambitions , like throwing George 's hairpiece out the window after trying to explain the irony behind it in `` The Beard '' or revealing what Jerry said in `` The Cheever Letters '' about the `` panties her mother laid out for her '' . Elaine is a serial dater , a trait lampooned in `` The Sponge '' , where she 's desperate to buy a cache of discontinued contraceptive sponges before they 're all bought up . She coins the word `` spongeworthy '' debating her then - boyfriend 's prospects of intimacy at the expense of her inventory . Her neuroses often interfere with her relationships , leading to the premature end of a blossoming relationship . For example , in `` The Stall '' , Elaine is dating Tony , a very good - looking athletic type . After a rock climbing accident mangles Tony 's face , Elaine admits to Jerry that she ca n't date somebody who 's unattractive and wonders how long she 's obligated to stay with him post-accident . Later , in `` The Couch '' after proclaiming her love for new boyfriend Carl , she immediately ends the relationship upon learning that he does n't share her opinions on abortion . Elaine also is attracted to men with lucrative jobs , especially doctors . Generally , her hair was long with curls or waves , but underwent changes since Season 5 . In early seasons , she had long , curly , brown hair and usually wore her hair half - up , framing her forehead with a slight bouffant . By Season 7 , her hair darkened and her hairstyle matured resulting in a more modern look for the rest of the series , even wearing it straight in `` The Wait Out '' and `` The Invitations '' . After cutting it short in `` The Soul Mate '' and growing it out in `` The Bizarro Jerry '' , it was shoulder length again by `` The Little Kicks '' , and straightened once more from `` The Summer of George '' to `` The Betrayal '' . There are a few episodes where her hair is discussed in relation to the plot . In `` The Strike '' , it 's damaged when affected by steam . In `` The Smelly Car '' a valet makes Jerry 's car and Elaine 's hair smell like body odor . In `` The Movie '' George describes Elaine as having `` a big wall o ' hair '' . Her clothes are normally quite conservative . In the first three seasons , she often wears floral , collared , mid-calf length , button - down dresses with white ankle socks and oxfords . She also often wears high - waisted , tapered black jeans or pants and a bright blazer . For work , she dresses more formally . Peter Mehlman reveals on audio commentary in `` The Sponge '' and `` The Betrayal '' that female fans favor the brown leather jacket that she wears from Season 7 onward . Occasionally , she 's entirely out of her usual attire , as in `` The Betrayal '' ( when she wears an Indian outfit and hairstyle ) and `` The Millennium '' ( where she dons Mayan dress ) . Elaine also wears glasses at times , usually during work hours . Although she 's friends with George , Elaine tends to be combative with him . Still , Elaine sees him as a good friend : in `` The Wife '' , he argues with Elaine over her love interest , who 's threatening to throw him out of the health club . The portrayal of Elaine as smarter and more successful than George is occasionally reversed for comic effect : In `` The Opposite '' , George finds success and happiness doing the opposite of whatever his instincts tell him , while normally successful Elaine falls on hard times . In `` The Abstinence '' , George becomes smarter while not having sex , but Elaine gets dumber . In a few episodes George and Elaine work together , most notably in `` The Revenge '' and `` The Cadillac '' . She sometimes goes to Kramer for help . She asks him and Newman to help her get rid of a neighbor 's dog in `` The Engagement '' . In `` The Slicer '' , she asks him first to lose power at her neighbors ' house and also feed the cat with meat . In `` The Watch '' she asks him to pose as her boyfriend so she can dump Dr. Reston , her controlling psychiatrist boyfriend . In `` The Soup Nazi '' , she asks him to watch an armoire for her on the street until she can move it in the following day . The only conflict is in `` The 7 '' over a girl 's bicycle where Newman is the judge over the dispute . Elaine is the only main character not to own a car . In `` The Busboy '' ( off camera ) and `` The Pothole '' she borrows Jerry 's , and in `` The Wait Out '' her friend Elise 's car . In `` The Burning '' she borrows then - boyfriend David Puddy 's . Also , it 's revealed that she 's a horrible driver who slams on the brakes and wildly steers the car . Elaine also has a very refined taste in film , citing many movies , plays and characters throughout the series . She has a particular affection for A Streetcar Named Desire . In `` The Pen '' , Elaine shows her love for the movie when she becomes unintentionally high on muscle relaxers and repeatedly screams `` Stella '' at a fancy awards dinner for Morty Seinfeld in Florida . In `` The Fusilli Jerry '' Elaine describes David Puddy , her new on and off again boyfriend , as a man who comes home `` dripping with animal sexuality '' after Jerry says that dating his mechanic is `` such a huge turn off . '' In `` The Comeback '' Elaine rents Vincent picks that she likes compared to Kramer who likes Gene picks . Later in the same episode , she tries Weekend at Bernie 's II which is a Gene pick recommended by Kramer and which she hates . In `` The English Patient '' , Elaine expresses her utter dislike for the film which won nine Oscars including Best Picture , and prefers a comedy called `` Sack Lunch . '' Later in the episode , a theater outburst gets her temporarily fired until she agrees to travel to Tunisia and live in a cave in order to save her job . In `` The Boyfriend '' , Elaine reveals her disgust for smokers , which helps lead to a breakup with Keith Hernandez . Her dislike of smoking also leads to an argument with a fortune - teller in `` The Suicide '' . However , in `` The Calzone '' and `` The Foundation '' she 's seen smoking with a Cuban cigar . She 's also seen smoking a cigar in `` The Blood '' , but only to make herself look bad in front of the mom of the child she 's babysitting . In `` The Maid '' , Elaine has a phone serviceman in her apartment to change the apartment 's phone number ( in response to receiving numerous attempted faxes meant for Kramer ) . While the serviceman is at work kneeling beside the phone , and holding a large candlestick , she speculates ( heard via voice - over ) whether it 'd be discovered if she killed the serviceman ( credited as `` Phone Guy # 1 '' Sam Whipple ) . Upon learning that the new phone number will have the 646 area code instead of Manhattan 's traditional 212 , she tells the man : `` You know , I could have killed you and no one would have known , '' to which the serviceman repeats those exact words back to her . Family ( edit ) Elaine is the only main character whose mother never appears . Her father , a gruff novelist named Alton Benes ( Lawrence Tierney ) , a character based on novelist Richard Yates , was featured in `` The Jacket '' . He 's an alcoholic veteran and very well respected in the literary community . In the same episode , Alton asks how her mom is ; later , in `` The Wait Out '' , Elaine reveals to David Lookner that Alton left her and the rest of her family when she was 9 years old . Elaine has a sister , Gail , and nephew who are first mentioned in `` The Pick '' . In `` The Wait Out '' , it 's revealed that Gail lives in Saint Louis . She also makes reference to a brother - in - law in `` The Phone Message '' . Elaine has a cousin , Holly , who appears in `` The Wink '' , where reference is made to Elaine 's Grandma Mema , whom Holly inherited a set of cloth napkins from . In `` The Stock Tip '' , Elaine mentions she has an Uncle Pete . In `` The Secret Code '' , she mentions another uncle who worked in the Texas School Book Depository with Lee Harvey Oswald . Background and education ( edit ) Unlike George , Jerry and Kramer , Elaine is not a native of New York City , having grown up in the affluent Baltimore suburb of Towson , Maryland , and is shown to be a fan of the Baltimore Orioles . She attended finishing school and completed her undergraduate education at Tufts University , revealed to be her safety school in `` The Puerto Rican Day '' , as a French Literature major . In `` The Dog '' , she tells George she moved to New York in 1986 , which , by coincidence , is the year Jerry moved into his apartment across the hall from Kramer . She started dating Jerry later that year . In `` The Doodle '' it is stated by George that Elaine takes a drawing class at The New School with his girlfriend Paula . Elaine 's religious beliefs are never confirmed , and she appears to have no interest in religion . She expresses shock when Puddy is revealed as a devout Christian . She views saying `` God bless you '' as a `` silly superstition '' in `` The Good Samaritan '' . On the other hand , she 's seen making the sign of the cross before entering Jerry 's apartment to retrieve a manuscript while it 's being fumigated in `` The Doodle '' , and crosses herself again in `` The Betrayal '' after turning her back on a Hindu altar . This might suggest that Elaine was raised Catholic . In multiple episodes , including `` The Strong Box '' and `` The Wizard '' , she can be seen wearing a crucifix . In `` The Pick '' , Elaine is horrified when she realizes she sent a Christmas card which features her nipple to `` Sister Mary Catherine '' and `` Father Chelios '' . In `` The Chinese Woman '' , Elaine asks Jerry about the ethnicity of Donna Chang , whose surname was shortened from Changstein , a move not unusual for Jewish immigrants . Jerry responds to Elaine that Donna is `` like you '' . However , Elaine is confirmed to be a gentile in `` The Postponement '' , when she talked to a rabbi about not being herself after finding out George got engaged before her . She tells him she 's not of his Jewish faith . Elaine also states that she 's not Jewish in `` The Fatigues . '' Though her ethnicity is never made clear , the name Beneš is a common Czech surname . Her ethnicity is incorrectly assumed to be Hispanic in `` The Wizard '' . In `` The Wink '' , her cousin Holly repeatedly mentions a `` Grandma Memma '' who apparently shared a mutual dislike with Elaine 's side of the family . Elaine claims to have an IQ of 145 ( although her scores range from 85 to 151 ) . Residence ( edit ) Early in the series , Elaine lives with a roommate Tina . Later on , she lives on her own at 16 W. 75th St. , Apt . 2G and 78 W. 86th St. , Apt . 3E . Employment ( edit ) Elaine works several steady jobs throughout the show 's entire run , mostly as a writer or editor . During Seasons 2 to 5 , she works at Pendant Publishing under her boss Mr. Lippman , where she served as a copy editor before losing her job at the end of Season 5 when the company went bankrupt , and a misunderstanding resulting from her penchant for chewy , speech - impairing Jujyfruit candies thwarted a merger that might have saved the company . ( `` The Opposite '' ) . She later becomes a personal assistant to the eccentric , demanding Justin Pitt , starting in `` The Chaperone '' , but later is fired when Mr. Pitt thinks she and Jerry are conspiring to kill him in `` The Diplomat 's Club '' . Her duties for Mr. Pitt included largely mundane tasks , like buying him socks or removing the salt crystals from his pretzel sticks ( `` The Mom & Pop Store '' ) . After her dismissal from this position , she meets J. Peterman on the street ( `` The Understudy '' ) and becomes an editor at his J. Peterman Catalog , where she remains employed for the rest of the series . Starting in `` The Foundation '' , she takes charge of the catalog when Peterman suffers a nervous breakdown and flees to Burma . She goes on a spending spree on the company account ( she buys George an $8000 sable hat in `` The Chicken Roaster '' ) . Once Peterman returns to find an ineffective reshuffling of employees in `` The Money '' she 's demoted back to her former position . Peterman also fires her twice : first when her penchant for poppy seed muffins cause her to fail a drug test in `` The Shower Head '' and then in `` The English Patient '' when she expresses her hate for the movie The English Patient . She 's able to recover her job by agreeing to live temporarily in a remote cave in the desert of Tunisia . Romantic relationships ( edit ) Elaine has a string of boyfriends , most of whom appeared for only an episode or two . Jerry ( edit ) Jerry and Elaine had dated for a while before the show started . They started dating in 1986 ( as revealed in `` The Truth '' ; per `` The Betrayal '' , this would have been shortly after Jerry moved into his apartment and Elaine first moved to New York , suggesting Jerry was her first New York boyfriend ) , then dated for 3 years until 1990 , indicating they started dating in mid-1986 and broke up in mid-1990 ; however , in `` The Deal '' , Elaine states they only had sex thirty - seven times , and in the same episode Jerry states he 'd thought it was twenty - five times , numbers which , given the length of their relationship and post-relationship promiscuity , seem rather low if not downright implausible . In any event , during conversation in `` The Deal , '' Jerry and Elaine make clear that their breakup was n't due to sexual issues ; the precise reasons for their breakup are never elaborated on . However , in `` The Stakeout , '' Jerry tells his parents that the reason for the break - up had to do with fighting too much and `` physical chemistry . '' Also in `` The Deal , '' they create a set of rules whereby they can sleep together but remain only friends . However , their theory is ruined when Elaine is furious over Jerry giving her $182 as a birthday gift . In `` The Mango '' , Jerry is shocked to discover that Elaine had feigned her orgasms while they were together . Elaine is n't too concerned , but bitter Jerry is unable to let it go and unsuccessfully demands another chance . Ultimately , as they 're about to bitterly part ways , she finally agrees to give him another chance `` to save the friendship '' . Though the friendship goes back to normal , the attempt fails as Jerry is unable to perform . The idea that Jerry and Elaine still have feelings for one another occasionally comes up in the series . In `` The Tape '' , she jokingly leaves a dirty message on his tape recorder , reigniting the three other main characters ' passion for her . In `` The Fix - Up '' , Kramer stops an argument between Jerry and Elaine and tells them , `` Ca n't you two see that you 're in love with each other ? '' They , however , dismiss it . In `` The Mom & Pop Store '' , when a big band music party temporarily deafens Elaine , Jerry jokingly proposes . In `` The Cadillac '' , after Elaine realizes that Jerry is financially successful , she starts to flirt with him incessantly . In `` The Abstinence '' , Elaine abstains from sex with her boyfriend until he passes his medical exam . This results in such mental congestion that she becomes markedly less intelligent . She then begs Jerry to have sex with her , he briefly considers it but turns her down , saying that the situation was `` too weird '' . However , this was likely just a desperate effort from Elaine , as she then goes as far to ask if Kramer was home . In `` The Serenity Now '' , Jerry 's uninhibited , exaggerated emotional state causes him to ask Elaine to marry him . Shocked , she makes an excuse and leaves . She returns later to accept his proposal , but Jerry has by that time settled to his usual stable emotional state and says `` I do n't see it happening . '' In `` The Finale '' , when they think their airplane is about to crash , Elaine says `` I 've always loved ... '' , but then pilot is able to steady the airplane . Elaine later explained in court that she 'd been confessing that `` I 've always loved United Airlines . '' Jerry questioned Elaine about Puddy when she first began dating him and was disappointed she 'd be dating his mechanic , telling her `` You always want to know who your ex-girlfriend is dating '' . During her interview on Inside The Actor 's Studio , Julia Louis - Dreyfus said she believed Jerry and Elaine were soul mates but would never end up together because they were both too `` insane and messed up . '' In the reunion episode featured in Season 7 of Curb Your Enthusiasm , it 's revealed in the years since the finale Jerry has donated sperm to Elaine that results in her having a daughter , who 's taken to calling Jerry `` Uncle Jerry '' , but by the episode 's end , it 's said she now refers to him as `` daddy '' - to Jerry and Elaine 's clear discomfort . David Puddy ( edit ) Elaine 's longest relationship , besides that with Jerry , is with Puddy ( Patrick Warburton ) , an auto mechanic - turned car salesman whom she dates starting in the latter half of Season 6 , and later for the majority of Season 9 . Puddy 's personality and physicality contrast those of Elaine : he 's of minimal intelligence and maturity , and much greater bulk than Elaine . Puddy and Elaine break and make up repeatedly during their relationship , often doing so several times in one episode as demonstrated to extreme effect in `` The Butter Shave '' and `` The Voice '' . It 's also known that the phrase `` Yeah , that 's right '' carried on to Elaine where she uses the phrase a few times whenever she hangs around with Puddy . It 's likely that Puddy does n't have overly strong feelings for Elaine . This is shown in a few episodes . In `` The Voice '' , Puddy claims he just likes to see her and have sex . In the same episode , when Elaine tells him that they 're back together , he answers `` Oh , no '' . In `` The Finale '' , when Elaine is about to be taken away to prison , she emotionally tells Puddy to `` not wait for her '' . Puddy answers back with a simple , casual , `` Alright '' , leaving Elaine in shock and confusion . And the fact that they constantly break - up in various episodes explains that they ca n't maintain a long - term , loving relationship . Men attracted to Elaine ( edit ) Newman has a long - running crush on Elaine over the course of the series . Even though Jerry shows Elaine 's `` Christmas Card '' in `` The Pick '' , he reveals his feelings in `` The Soul Mate '' until `` The Reverse Peephole '' where Elaine tries to get the fur coat but he 's already in love with Svetlana . In `` The Tape '' , George , Jerry and Kramer become attracted to Elaine after hearing a joke erotic message that she recorded on a tape Jerry was recording one of his live shows on . Kramer and Elaine are very occasionally seen to flirt with one another , like calling one another `` darling '' or `` my love '' . In `` The Serenity Now '' , Elaine attracts the romantic attentions of both Mr. Lippman and his thirteen - year - old son , Adam . George tells her she has ' shiksa - appeal , the attraction of Gentile women over Jewish men ( `` Jewish men love the idea of meeting a woman that 's not like their mother '' ) . In `` The Cigar Store Indian '' , Elaine becomes the obsession of a nerdy TV fanatic named Ricky who she meets on the subway ; he shows up at the Costanzas ' home with a paper bouquet for her which he made out of Frank Costanza 's copy of TV Guide ( which Elaine had accidentally left with him ) . In `` The Pie '' , it 's revealed that Ricky designed a mannequin in Elaine 's likeness . In `` The Big Salad '' , an office supply store clerk , Barry , who 's become obsessed with Elaine constantly calls Jerry about a pencil order she placed for Mr. Pitt . In `` The Contest '' , John F. Kennedy , Jr. , who works out at the same gym as Elaine , lets her know through the countergirl that he 'd like to meet her . JFK Jr. and Elaine ride together briefly in a cab . In `` The Jimmy '' , Elaine thinks she 's being set up on date with a handsome man from the gym that she fancies , but instead she 's unwittingly agreed to a date with a strange man named Jimmy who refers to himself in the third person . In `` The Shoes '' , Elaine catches the eye of NBC president Russell Dalrymple by wearing a dress with a décolletage . She breaks off the relationship after one date , sending Russell into an emotional spiral that causes him to quit his job and join Greenpeace to impress her . Russell 's departure from NBC causes George and Jerry 's pilot to be rejected , and it 's implied at the end of `` The Pilot '' that Russell dies at sea during a Greenpeace mission . In `` The Van Buren Boys '' , J. Peterman suggests that when Elaine writes the `` romantic escapade '' section of his autobiography , she can feel free to throw herself into the dialogue . Other notable boyfriends ( edit ) She dates baseball player ( and Kramer and Newman 's nemesis ) Keith Hernandez in `` The Boyfriend '' . She also dates Tim Whatley , a dentist who appears in several episodes , most notably `` The Label Maker '' . Over several episodes in Season 4 , she dates Joe Davola , who 's simultaneously stalking Jerry , unbeknownst to her until `` The Opera '' . In `` The Masseuse '' , she dates a man named Joel Rifkin , who shares the same name as a notorious serial killer . In `` The Sniffing Accountant '' she dates Jake Jarmel , an up - and - coming writer and star client of Pendant Publishing . She dumps him because of his reluctance to use exclamation points . They get back together in `` The Opposite '' , but he dumps her for stopping to buy Jujyfruits after hearing he was in a car crash . Later , in `` The Scofflaw '' , Elaine taunts Jake by wearing glasses that are identical to his -- he 's upset because he thought he had the only pair . She then gives them to Mr. Lippman , Jake 's publisher , who inadvertently angers Jake by wearing them to a book promotion . In `` The Bizarro Jerry '' , she dates Kevin , the nice , kind antithesis of Jerry whose friends Gene , Feldman and Vargus are polar opposites of George , Kramer and Newman , respectively , each described as coming from the backwards Bizarro World of Superman comics . In `` The Stall '' , her boyfriend Tony , dubbed a male bimbo or `` mimbo '' by Jerry , becomes George 's new idol . In `` The Wallet '' she dates her psychiatrist , Dr. Reston , who has such control over her she calls him her Svengali ( but mispronounces it `` Svenjolly '' ) . In `` The Checks '' , her boyfriend Brett is so obsessed with the song `` Desperado '' that she feels ignored whenever it comes on . She tries to find a song that they can share and comes up with `` Witchy Woman '' , but it does n't work . Both songs are by the Eagles . In `` The Wizard '' , Elaine is n't sure if her new boyfriend Darryl is black or not and gets mixed signals when she tries to find out . Turns out he 's white and thought Elaine was Hispanic . In `` The Non-Fat Yogurt '' , Elaine dates Lloyd Braun . Since Lloyd works for the mayor , she tells him that the city would be a better place if everybody wore name tags . He mentions this to the mayor , who eventually loses his election as a result . In `` The Maestro '' , Elaine starts dating Bob Cobb , a conductor who insists on being called `` Maestro '' . They eventually go to Tuscany together . In `` The Junk Mail '' , Elaine dates Jack , the TV pitchman for The Wiz . Enemies ( edit ) Elaine 's quick temper makes her several enemies and gets her into several confrontations over the years : Sue Ellen Mischke ( edit ) She has a long - running hate and inferiority complex for ex-schoolmate and candy - bar heiress Sue Ellen Mischke . Elaine 's nickname for Sue Ellen was `` The Braless Wonder '' because she never wore a bra in high school , which enticed Elaine 's boyfriend to dump her for Sue Ellen , who appears in 4 episodes : in `` The Caddy '' , she struts down the street wearing a bra as a top , causing Kramer to crash George 's car ; in `` The Bottle Deposit '' , Elaine spends $20,000 on a set of golf clubs ( owned by Pres . Kennedy ) for Mr. Peterman when she 's caught in a vicious bidding war with Sue Ellen at an auction ; in `` The Abstinence '' , Elaine boasts to Sue Ellen about dating a doctor but then is made to look foolish when her boyfriend is completely useless during an emergency at the coffee shop ; finally , in `` The Betrayal '' , Elaine is so unhappy at receiving an `` Unvitation '' ( a super-last - minute invitation ) to Sue Ellen 's wedding , that she travels all the way to India just to show up . It finally ended when George blurted out that Elaine `` slept with the groom '' . Her comeuppance is Sue Ellen hurting her nose by ripping out her nose - pierced stud . Other enemies ( edit ) Elaine conflicts with Frank Costanza on several occasions . Frank refers to her as `` supercilious '' in `` The Chinese Woman '' . In The Cigar Store Indian , she angers him first by taking his TV Guide without asking and then spilling her gyro on it . Then , in `` The Little Kicks '' , she and Frank come to blows after George is arrested along with Elaine 's coworker Anna . Elaine says to Frank , `` I could drop you like a bag of dirt . '' Frank replies , `` You want a piece of me ? You got it ! '' Later , when Jerry chides her for fighting with an old man , she says , `` Hey , he wrote the check . I cashed it . '' suggesting that she won the fight . Her abortion argument with restaurateur Poppie gets him so angry that he loses control of his bladder in `` The Couch '' and again in `` The Doorman . '' In `` The Soup Nazi '' , Elaine refuses to abide by the rules of a strict soup stand owner nicknamed `` The Soup Nazi '' and therefore becomes the subject of his ire . When she finds his secret recipes that he 'd accidentally left in an armoire , she hints that she 'll drive him out of business , gloating that he 's `` through ! '' In `` The Summer of George '' , Elaine makes enemies out of her coworker Sam ( Molly Shannon ) . First , when Elaine criticizes Sam 's way of walking ( `` It 's like she 's carrying invisible suitcases '' ) , Sam gets furious and threatens revenge . Then , Raquel Welch ( who was recently fired from a musical for dancing without swinging her arms ) , sees Elaine describing the walk to the police and thinks that Elaine is making fun of her and attacks her . Both events end up arousing George , Jerry , Kramer and even the police , because as Jerry tells Elaine , men love `` catfights '' . In `` The Understudy '' , after she thinks her Korean manicurists are making fun of her , she angers them by bringing in Frank Costanza , who 's fluent in Korean , to eavesdrop on them . In `` The Fire '' , Elaine reveals her hate for her overly energetic , always - happy colleague Toby . Then , when Toby loses her pinky toe in an accident ( caused by Jerry ) , an outpouring of office sympathy leads Toby to a major promotion instead of the more qualified Elaine . In `` The Visa '' she and Jerry anger Pakistani immigrant Babu Bhatt after she fails to notice Babu 's visa application among Jerry 's mail that she 's picking up for him . Elaine has had run - ins with her coworker Peggy on a few occasions . In `` The Susie '' , Peggy tells Elaine , who she thinks is a woman named Susie , that Elaine is a `` dolt '' and `` disaster . '' Later , in `` The Apology '' , Peggy thinks Elaine has germs , and in retaliation Elaine intentionally coughs on Peggy 's doorknob , rubs her stapler in her armpit and keyboard on her backside . Also in `` The Susie '' , we learn of a woman named Sharon for whom Elaine does n't seem to care . Elaine describes Sharon as a `` pom - pom - wavin ' Backseat Bimbo '' who grew up to be a `` bulimic , chain - smoking , stenographer from Staten Island . '' Elaine makes a particular enemy of Chinese restaurants on no fewer than 4 different occasions . In `` The Chinese Restaurant '' , she makes a fool of herself when she tries to bribe the waiter to get her a table faster . Then in `` The Race '' , she gets `` blacklisted '' from a Chinese delivery restaurant for refusing food delivery , also getting her Communist boyfriend blacklisted as well . Finally , in `` The Pothole '' , she pretends to live in a custodian 's closet in a different apartment so that she can live in the delivery zone of a certain Chinese restaurant . A Chinese deliveryman named Ping also once sued her for causing him to get in a bike crash in `` The Virgin '' . This storyline falls out in `` The Visa '' and is left unresolved . In `` The Package '' , it 's revealed that Elaine 's medical charts characterize her as a `` difficult '' patient , to such a degree that she ca n't receive treatment for a rash because one doctor after another refuses to treat her . Insecurities ( edit ) In `` The Andrea Doria '' , Elaine dates Alan , a `` bad breaker - upper '' , who makes her feel insecure about having a big head . In the episode she describes herself as a `` walking candy apple '' after a bird runs into her `` giant , freak head . '' In `` The Smelly Car '' , Elaine repulses her boyfriend Carl when her hair stinks of BO from riding in Jerry 's car . She goes to extreme lengths to get the smell out but nothing works , and he continues to be grossed out . In `` The Postponement '' , Elaine confides in a rabbi that she 's jealous of George 's engagement to Susan Ross because George would be getting married before her and she considers George a loser . The Rabbi proceeds to tell everybody in Elaine 's apartment complex and later on his cable TV show about her insecurity . Influence / effect on others ( edit ) Elaine 's charm and confidence contribute to her ability to influence others , often with disastrous consequences . In `` The Chinese Woman '' , Jerry describes how Elaine has had a destructive effect on her relationship with her friend Noreen . It 's revealed that over the course of their friendship , Elaine has convinced Noreen to join and go AWOL from the army and dump her `` high - '' and `` long - talker '' boyfriends . Eventually , Kramer steps in and forbids Elaine to have any more contact with Noreen . In `` The Muffin Tops '' , Elaine convinces her ex-boss Mr. Lippman to start his own business selling just `` muffin tops '' . However , they soon run into problems when no one will take the leftover stumps , and only by calling in `` The Cleaner '' ( who turns out to be Newman ) can they get rid of them . In `` The Non-Fat Yogurt '' , Elaine suggests to Lloyd Braun , an advisor to Dave Dinkins , that everybody in the city should wear name tags . Lloyd Braun suggests this idea to Mayor Dinkins , who likes it so much that he adds it to his campaign , subsequently leading to his loss in the mayoral elections . In `` The Gum '' , it 's revealed that Lloyd Braun also loses his job and later had a mad fit . In `` The Pilot , '' Russell Dalrymple 's love for Elaine drives him to the point near the end of the show that he joins Greenpeace just to impress her and dies in the aftermath . Physical Moments ( edit ) She often shoves a person and yells `` get out ! '' whenever she hears good news . It first appeared in `` The Apartment '' and goes on like a normal push . By `` The Engagement '' , the show ramps it up as the tone of the humor changes , which lets Elaine really shove a person into another room for comic effect , most memorably `` The Engagement '' with Jerry and `` The Soup Nazi '' with Kramer . Also , the most memorable moment is in `` The Bizarro Jerry '' : she shoves Kevin to the ground , helping end her friendship with the bizarro group . She 's a breathtakingly poor dancer . Her performance at a J. Peterman company party , the central plot theme of `` The Little Kicks '' , causes George to describe it as `` a full - bodied dry heave set to music . '' The moves are repeated in her bedroom in a short scene of `` The Slicer '' . Both clips appear in `` The Clip Show , Pt. 1 '' . In `` The Doodle '' , she holds her breath looking for the manuscript she was meant to read and memorize for her appointment . Notes ( edit ) Elaine is does not appear in `` The Seinfeld Chronicles '' . She is also absent from `` The Trip '' , and has minimal roles in `` The Pitch '' , `` The Ticket '' and `` The Butter Shave '' due to Louis - Dreyfus ' maternity leave , making her the most absent of the 4 main characters . Julia Louis - Dreyfus ' pregnancy is notable in Seasons 3 and 8 . In production order , she hides her baby bump in some subtle ways like putting a pillow over her stomach when she sat down . Her stomach is noticeable from `` The Subway '' to `` The Keys '' in Season 3 and `` The Pothole '' to `` The Summer of George '' in Season 8 . The character of CC Babcock would later reference it on The Nanny , and mentions seeing an episode where Elaine is `` 12 months pregnant '' and trying to hide it with a large handbag , while CC 's portrayer , Lauren Lane , was doing exactly the same thing since she was also pregnant herself . Elaine 's hairstyle changed in Season 7 and remained so for the rest of the series . Patricia Heaton , Megan Mullally and Rosie O'Donnell also auditioned for the part , and when it was offered to Louis - Dreyfus she was n't sure if she should accept . Louis - Dreyfus reprised her role while hosting an episode of Saturday Night Live in its 41st season . In the context of a Democratic debate taking place in the Bronx , moderator Wolf Blitzer announces that they will take questions from `` long time New Yorkers '' . Benes first poses a question to Bernie Sanders , as portrayed by Seinfeld creator Larry David . The two engage in an exchange about saying `` yada yada yada '' , reminiscent of George ( who was based on David ) and Elaine . Louis - Dreyfus also joined in as Elaine to deliver the show 's signature line . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick ( September 7 , 1997 ) . `` Touching Moments with Leifer ? Get Real ! '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Blake . A Tragic Honesty : The Life and Work of Richard Yates . Picador , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Seinfeld - NOW PLAYING - The Sponge '' . Sonypictures.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie '' . Seinfeld Scripts. 1993 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Seinfeld - Cast and Characters '' . Sonypictures.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ How it Began ( a making - of - the - show documentary ) Jump up ^ http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/brooklyn-democratic-debate-cold-open/3021115 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Elaine Benes Seinfeld on IMDb Elaine on Seinfeldonline.com - Unofficial fan website . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Seinfeld Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Jerry Seinfeld George Costanza Elaine Benes Cosmo Kramer Supporting characters Newman Uncle Leo Jackie Chiles Related Awards and nominations Monk 's Café Festivus Kenny Kramer `` Seinfeld '' ( Curb Your Enthusiasm ) `` SeinfeldVision '' ( 30 Rock ) Castle Rock Entertainment , Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group Inc . The Album About Nothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Benes&oldid=801635841 '' Categories : Seinfeld characters Fictional characters from Maryland Fictional characters introduced in 1990 Fictional characters based on real people Fictional writers Seinfeld Female characters in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2013 All articles needing style editing Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Elaine Benes - Seinfeld character
2. Julia Louis-Dreyfus - actress who portrayed Elaine Benes
3. Personality and traits of Elaine Benes
4. Elaine's relationships and romantic interests
5. Elaine's employment and career progression
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who guest starred on modern family last night
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List of Modern Family episodes - wikipedia List of Modern Family episodes Jump to : navigation , search Modern Family is an American family mockumentary comedy series that airs on ABC . It was created by Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan . The show follows the family lives of Jay Pritchett ( Ed O'Neill ) , his daughter Claire Dunphy ( Julie Bowen ) , and his son Mitchell Pritchett ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) , who all live in Los Angeles . Claire is married to Phil Dunphy ( Ty Burrell ) . They have three children : Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) , Alex ( Ariel Winter ) and Luke ( Nolan Gould ) . Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman , Gloria ( Sofía Vergara ) , and is helping her raise her teenage son , Manny ( Rico Rodriguez ) along with their new baby Fulgencio `` Joe '' Pritchett ( Jeremy Maguire ) . Mitchell and his husband Cameron Tucker ( Eric Stonestreet ) have an adopted Vietnamese child , Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) . The series premiered on September 23 , 2009 . The series has been renewed for two additional seasons , with 22 episodes each , bringing the total amount of episodes up to 232 . As of November 1 , 2017 , 194 episodes of Modern Family have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 36 9.49 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 24 11.89 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 15 12.93 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 18 12.31 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 19 11.79 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 24 11.91 <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 36 9.83 <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 34 8.79 <Td_colspan="1"> 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan & Christopher Lloyd September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 1ARG79 12.60 `` The Bicycle Thief '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel September 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) 1ARG02 9.99 `` Come Fly with Me '' Reginald Hudlin Dan O'Shannon October 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) 1ARG04 8.82 `` The Incident '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan October 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 14 ) 1ARG05 9.35 5 5 `` Coal Digger '' Jason Winer Christopher Lloyd October 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 21 ) 1ARG03 8.66 6 6 `` Run for Your Wife '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) 1ARG01 9.32 7 7 `` En Garde '' Randall Einhorn Danny Zuker November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) 1ARG06 8.77 8 8 `` Great Expectations '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) 1ARG07 9.16 9 9 `` Fizbo '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) 1ARG09 7.12 10 10 `` Undeck the Halls '' Randall Einhorn Dan O'Shannon December 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) 1ARG11 9.67 11 11 `` Up All Night '' Michael Spiller Christopher Lloyd January 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) 1ARG10 10.22 12 12 `` Not in My House '' Chris Koch Caroline Williams January 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 13 ) 1ARG08 7.83 13 13 `` Fifteen Percent '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan January 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 20 ) 1ARG12 9.83 14 14 `` Moon Landing '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel February 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 03 ) 1ARG13 9.19 15 15 `` My Funky Valentine '' Michael Spiller Jerry Collins February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 1ARG16 9.84 16 16 `` Fears '' Reginald Hudlin Steven Levitan March 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) 1ARG18 8.01 17 17 `` Truth Be Told '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson March 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) 1ARG17 8.95 18 18 `` Starry Night '' Jason Winer Danny Zuker March 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 24 ) 1ARG15 9.18 19 19 `` Game Changer '' Kevin Sullivan Story by : Vanessa McCarthy & Joe Lawson Teleplay by : Joe Lawson & Alex Herschlag March 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) 1ARG21 9.51 20 20 `` Benched '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker April 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 1ARG20 8.88 21 21 `` Travels with Scout '' Seth Gordon Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 28 ) 1ARG14 10.01 22 22 `` Airport 2010 '' Jason Winer Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel May 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) 1ARG19 9.48 23 23 `` Hawaii '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) 1ARG23 10.34 24 24 `` Family Portrait '' Jason Winer Ilana Wernick May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 1ARG22 10.14 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` The Old Wagon '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 2ARG05 12.67 26 `` The Kiss '' Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) 2ARG04 11.92 27 `` Earthquake '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) 2ARG01 11.44 28 `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' Scott Ellis Danny Zuker October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) 2ARG02 11.45 29 5 `` Unplugged '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan October 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) 2ARG06 11.97 30 6 `` Halloween '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) 2ARG09 13.14 31 7 `` Chirp '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) 2ARG03 12.24 32 8 `` Manny Get Your Gun '' Michael Spiller Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Danny Zuker November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 2ARG11 12.09 33 9 `` Mother Tucker '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 24 ) 2ARG07 10.57 34 10 `` Dance Dance Revelation '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick December 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) 2ARG08 11.07 35 11 `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) 2ARG12 11.83 36 12 `` Our Children , Ourselves '' Adam Shankman Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) 2ARG10 11.12 37 13 `` Caught in the Act '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 2ARG13 10.94 38 14 `` Bixby 's Back '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) 2ARG16 13.16 39 15 `` Princess Party '' Michael Spiller Elaine Ko February 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ) 2ARG17 10.57 40 16 `` Regrets Only '' Dean Parisot Abraham Higginbotham February 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 23 ) 2ARG14 10.17 41 17 `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Carol Leifer March 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 02 ) 2ARG15 10.11 42 18 `` Boys ' Night '' Chris Koch Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman March 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 2ARG20 10.90 43 19 `` The Musical Man '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) 2ARG19 9.61 44 20 `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel April 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) 2ARG18 9.95 45 21 `` Mother 's Day '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Ilana Wernick May 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) 2ARG21 9.90 46 22 `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' Fred Savage Story by : Abraham Higginbotham Teleplay by : Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman May 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 11 ) 2ARG22 10.15 47 23 `` See You Next Fall '' Steven Levitan Danny Zuker May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 2ARG24 10.30 48 24 `` The One That Got Away '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 2ARG23 10.31 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Dude Ranch '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG03 14.52 50 `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG02 14.54 51 `` Phil on Wire '' Jason Winer Story by : Bianca Douglas & Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Danny Zuker September 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 3ARG01 13.45 52 `` Door to Door '' Chris Koch Bill Wrubel October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 3ARG04 13.24 53 5 `` Hit and Run '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko October 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) 3ARG06 13.65 54 6 `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 3ARG07 13.04 55 7 `` Treehouse '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 3ARG08 13.37 56 8 `` After the Fire '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) 3ARG09 12.91 57 9 `` Punkin Chunkin '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin November 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 23 ) 3ARG05 12.72 58 10 `` Express Christmas '' Michael Spiller Cindy Chupack December 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) 3ARG10 12.20 59 11 `` Lifetime Supply '' Chris Koch Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel January 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) 3ARG11 14.03 60 12 `` Egg Drop '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 3ARG12 12.12 61 13 `` Little Bo Bleep '' Chris Koch Cindy Chupack January 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 18 ) 3ARG14 11.89 62 14 `` Me ? Jealous ? '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 3ARG13 12.90 63 15 `` Aunt Mommy '' Michael Spiller Abraham Higginbotham & Dan O'Shannon February 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) 3ARG15 11.23 64 16 `` Virgin Territory '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko February 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) 3ARG17 11.54 65 17 `` Leap Day '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker February 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) 3ARG19 11.63 66 18 `` Send Out the Clowns '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel March 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) 3ARG16 10.60 67 19 `` Election Day '' Bryan Cranston Ben Karlin April 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) 3ARG20 10.35 68 20 `` The Last Walt '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) 3ARG21 10.21 69 21 `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) 3ARG18 10.06 70 22 `` Disneyland '' James Bagdonas Cindy Chupack May 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) 3ARG22 10.58 71 23 `` Tableau Vivant '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 3ARG23 9.36 72 24 `` Baby on Board '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 3ARG24 10.07 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 73 `` Bringing Up Baby '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4ARG01 14.44 74 `` Schooled '' Jeff Melman Steven Levitan & Dan O'Shannon October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG03 12.08 75 `` Snip '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG02 12.31 76 `` The Butler 's Escape '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 4ARG04 12.28 77 5 `` Open House of Horrors '' Jim Bagdonas Elaine Ko October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 4ARG06 12.52 78 6 `` Yard Sale '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 4ARG05 10.62 79 7 `` Arrested '' Gail Mancuso Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 4ARG07 12.43 80 8 `` Mistery Date '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 4ARG08 11.89 81 9 `` When a Tree Falls '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 4ARG09 12.01 82 10 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Gail Mancuso Dan O'Shannon & Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 4ARG11 10.94 83 11 `` New Year 's Eve '' Fred Goss Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 4ARG13 12.04 84 12 `` Party Crasher '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker & Christopher Lloyd January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 4ARG10 11.01 85 13 `` Fulgencio '' Lev L. Spiro Bill Wrubel January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4ARG12 10.83 86 14 `` A Slight at the Opera '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 4ARG14 9.83 87 15 `` Heart Broken '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 4ARG18 10.05 88 16 `` Bad Hair Day '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 4ARG16 10.62 89 17 `` Best Men '' Steven Levitan Story by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham & Bianca Douglas Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 4ARG15 10.53 90 18 `` The Wow Factor '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 4ARG17 9.09 91 19 `` The Future Dunphys '' Ryan Case Elaine Ko April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 4ARG20 10.88 92 20 `` Flip Flop '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel April 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 10 ) 4ARG19 10.38 93 21 `` Career Day '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 4ARG21 9.64 94 22 `` My Hero '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 4ARG22 9.02 95 23 `` Games People Play '' Alisa Statman Story by : Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Ben Karlin May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 4ARG24 10.03 96 24 `` Goodnight Gracie '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 4ARG23 10.01 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 97 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' James Bagdonas Jeffrey Richman September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG01 11.71 98 `` First Days '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG02 11.65 99 `` Larry 's Wife '' Jeffrey Walker Bill Wrubel October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) 5ARG05 11.12 100 `` Farm Strong '' Alisa Statman Elaine Ko October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 5ARG04 10.64 101 5 `` The Late Show '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Abraham Higginbotham October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 5ARG06 10.94 102 6 `` The Help '' Jim Hensz Danny Zuker October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 5ARG07 10.32 103 7 `` A Fair to Remember '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Emily Spivey November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 5ARG09 10.75 104 8 `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' Fred Savage Ben Karlin November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 5ARG08 10.19 105 9 `` The Big Game '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 5ARG03 9.47 106 10 `` The Old Man & the Tree '' Bryan Cranston Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 5ARG10 10.61 107 11 `` And One to Grow On '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) 5ARG12 9.51 108 12 `` Under Pressure '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5ARG11 9.14 109 13 `` Three Dinners '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 5ARG15 9.59 110 14 `` iSpy '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 5ARG13 9.87 111 15 `` The Feud '' Ryan Case Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 5ARG14 8.52 112 16 `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' Gail Mancuso Ben Karlin March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 5ARG16 9.22 113 17 `` Other People 's Children '' Jim Hensz Megan Ganz March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 5ARG17 9.39 114 18 `` Las Vegas '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 5ARG18 10.09 115 19 `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz & Ben Karlin April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 5ARG20 9.00 116 20 `` Australia '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko & Danny Zuker April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 5ARG21 9.59 117 21 `` Sleeper '' Ryan Case Paul Corrigan , Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 5ARG22 8.39 118 22 `` Message Received '' Jeffrey Walker Steven Levitan May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 5ARG19 8.55 119 23 `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Ben Karlin & Jeffrey Richman May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 5ARG23 9.08 120 24 `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Alisa Statman Megan Ganz , Christopher Lloyd & Dan O'Shannon May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 5ARG24 10.45 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 121 `` The Long Honeymoon '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 6ARG01 11.38 122 `` Do Not Push '' Gail Mancuso Megan Ganz October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 6ARG02 10.56 123 `` The Cold '' Jim Hensz Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 6ARG03 10.30 124 `` Marco Polo '' Fred Savage Elaine Ko October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 6ARG05 9.71 125 5 `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 6ARG04 10.16 126 6 `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Abraham Higginbotham October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 6ARG06 9.92 127 7 `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' Jason Winer Stephen Lloyd November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 6ARG08 9.83 128 8 `` Three Turkeys '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 6ARG09 10.88 129 9 `` Strangers in the Night '' Fred Savage Chuck Tatham December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 6ARG07 9.02 130 10 `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 6ARG10 9.69 131 11 `` The Day We Almost Died '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) 6ARG13 9.29 132 12 `` The Big Guns '' Jeffrey Walker Vali Chandrasekaran January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) 6ARG14 9.44 133 13 `` Rash Decisions '' Jim Hensz Story by : Anthony Lombardo & Clint McCray Teleplay by : Daisy Gardner February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 6ARG16 9.87 134 14 `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 6ARG15 9.77 135 15 `` Fight or Flight '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 6ARG18 8.80 136 16 `` Connection Lost '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Megan Ganz February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 6ARG12 9.32 137 17 `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' Ryan Case Elaine Ko March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 6ARG11 9.61 138 18 `` Spring Break '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 6ARG17 8.71 139 19 `` Grill , Interrupted '' James Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Jeffrey Richman April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 6ARG21 9.43 140 20 `` Knock ' Em Down '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 6ARG20 8.85 141 21 `` Integrity '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 6ARG19 8.00 142 22 `` Patriot Games '' Alisa Statman Vali Chandrasekaran May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 6ARG22 8.57 143 23 `` Crying Out Loud '' Ryan Case Megan Ganz & Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 6ARG23 8.13 144 24 `` American Skyper '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 6ARG24 7.20 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 145 `` Summer Lovin ' '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 7ARG01 9.46 146 `` The Day Alex Left for College '' Jeffrey Walker Danny Zuker September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 7ARG02 8.72 147 `` The Closet Case '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 7ARG03 7.99 148 `` She Crazy '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 7ARG04 7.88 149 5 `` The Verdict '' Alisa Statman Chuck Tatham October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 7ARG05 7.80 150 6 `` The More You Ignore Me '' Gail Mancuso Vali Chandrasekaran November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 7ARG06 8.15 151 7 `` Phil 's Sexy , Sexy House '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Stephen Lloyd November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 7ARG08 8.38 152 8 `` Clean Out Your Junk Drawer '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 7ARG07 7.35 153 9 `` White Christmas '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon & Jon Pollack December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 7ARG11 8.20 154 10 `` Playdates '' Claire Scanlon Jeffrey Richman January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 7ARG09 8.35 155 11 `` Spread Your Wings '' James Bagdonas Vanessa McCarthy & Ryan Walls January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 7ARG10 8.17 156 12 `` Clean for a Day '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 7ARG13 7.80 157 13 `` Thunk in the Trunk '' Phil Traill Elaine Ko February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7ARG12 7.48 158 14 `` The Storm '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 7ARG16 8.10 159 15 `` I Do n't Know How She Does It '' Ryan Case Jeffrey Richman March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 7ARG14 8.22 160 16 `` The Cover - Up '' Jim Hensz Chuck Tatham March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 7ARG15 8.14 161 17 `` Express Yourself '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 7ARG18 7.69 162 18 `` The Party '' Steven Levitan Vali Chandrasekaran April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 7ARG17 7.51 163 19 `` Man Should n't Lie '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon April 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) 7ARG19 7.44 164 20 `` Promposal '' Ken Whittingham Stephen Lloyd May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 7ARG20 7.42 165 21 `` Crazy Train '' Jim Hensz Jon Pollack & Ryan Walls May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 7ARG21 7.16 166 22 `` Double Click '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 7ARG22 6.79 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 167 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' Chris Koch Elaine Ko September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 8ARG01 8.24 168 `` A Stereotypical Day '' Ryan Case Vali Chandrasekaran September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8ARG03 7.41 169 `` Blindsided '' Jim Hensz Christy Stratton & Danny Zuker October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 8ARG02 6.97 170 `` Weathering Heights '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 8ARG04 7.50 171 5 `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 8ARG06 7.38 172 6 `` Grab It '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8ARG05 7.23 173 7 `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack & Chuck Tatham November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 8ARG08 7.33 174 8 `` The Alliance '' James Bagdonas Andy Gordon & Ryan Walls November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 8ARG09 6.81 175 9 `` Snow Ball '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Christy Stratton & Stephen Lloyd December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 8ARG10 6.81 176 10 `` Ringmaster Keifth '' Jim Hensz Vali Chandrasekaran January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 8ARG11 7.57 177 11 `` Sarge & Pea '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 8ARG07 7.59 178 12 `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Gail Mancuso Jon Pollack February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 8ARG15 7.34 179 13 `` Do It Yourself '' Jeffrey Walker Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 8ARG12 6.92 180 14 `` Heavy is the Head '' Ken Whittingham Danny Zuker February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 8ARG14 6.65 181 15 `` Finding Fizbo '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham & Chuck Tatham March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 8ARG16 6.41 182 16 `` Basketball '' Jim Hensz Elaine Ko March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 8ARG13 6.49 183 17 `` Pig Moon Rising '' Chris Koch Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 8ARG17 6.12 184 18 `` Five Minutes '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 8ARG18 6.79 185 19 `` Frank 's Wedding '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Andy Gordon April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 8ARG19 6.25 186 20 `` All Things Being Equal '' Michelle MacLaren Christy Stratton & Ryan Walls May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 8ARG20 5.65 187 21 `` Alone Time '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham , Stephen Lloyd & Danny Zuker May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8ARG21 5.71 188 22 `` The Graduates '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack , Jeffrey Richman & Chuck Tatham May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 8ARG22 6.20 Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 189 `` Lake Life '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 9ARG03 7.01 190 `` The Long Goodbye '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 9ARG02 6.36 191 `` Catch of the Day '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 9ARG01 6.27 192 `` Sex , Lies and Kickball '' John Riggi Abraham Higginbotham October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 9ARG05 6.22 193 5 `` It 's the Great Pumpkin , Phil Dunphy '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jon Pollack October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 9ARG04 5.96 194 6 `` Ten Years Later '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 9ARG08 5.51 195 7 `` Winner Winner Turkey Dinner '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 9ARG06 TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Renewed for Seasons 9 and 10 as Cast Inks Rich New Deals to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . ( May 27 , 2010 ) Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season -- . Deadline.com . Retrieved on July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 - 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed by ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Modern Family down a tenth , Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` TV Ratings , Glee rises to a 3.3 , Criminal Minds to a 3.8 ; Eastwick drops to a 2.3 in finals '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast finals : Modern Family , Cougar Town , Glee , Criminal Minds tick up in finals ; Old Christine down a tick '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Glee , The Middle , Jay Leno tick up , CBS comedies , Mercy , L&O : SVU tick down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` TV Ratings , Broadcast finals : Glee , Modern Family , Cougar Town , Criminal Minds tick up ; Mercy , Old Christine , SVU , Eastwick tick down '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday broadcast & cable finals : Glee , America 's Next Top Model tick up '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) . `` TV Ratings : Overnight Nielsen Ratings Wednesday , November 25 , 2009 : The Biggest Loser : Where Are They Now ratings , Modern Family ratings , Cougar Town ratings , The Middle ratings , Glee ratings , So You Think You Can Dance ratings , The New Adventures of Old Christine ratings , Gary Unmarried ratings , Criminal Minds ratings , CSI : NY ratings , and The Jay Leno Show ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : Glee rises to season high ; Criminal Minds up ; The Middle , Gary Unmarried down a tick '' . TVbythenumbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 07 ) . `` TV Ratings , Sunday Night Football , Big Bang Theory , Biggest Loser and CSI top weekly broadcast charts '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Second Night Down ; Ugly Betty 's Ratings ' Pants Are On The Ground '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Idol , Modern Family Up ; Gary , Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) . `` TV Ratings : Wednesday Broadcast Final Ratings ; Idol Ticks Up , Ugly Betty Ticks Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ABC 's Entire Lineup Drops By 1 / 10th with Adults 18 - 49 ; Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Drop '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman . `` TV Ratings : Nielsen Overnight TV Show Ratings , TV Ratings : American Idol Dominates ; The Middle , Modern Family and Oprah Take a Dive '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Down , But Still Dominates ; Modern Family Rebounds '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Idol , Survivor , ANTM Rise Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' and `` American Idol '' Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Cougar Town Adjusted Up ; Ugly Betty Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Modern Family , American Idol , Top Model Adjusted Up ; High Society Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : `` American Idol , '' `` The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' `` Cougar Town '' and `` CSI : NY '' Adjusted Up `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 19 , 2010 '' . YourEntertainmentNow.com . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Good Guys Off To Bad Start ; Idol Down '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Undercovers ' All See Small Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Better With You , The Middle , Modern Family , Survivor , Law & Order : SVU , Law & Order : LA Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town , Whole Truth Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' Survivor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' SVU , ' ' The Defenders ' Up ; ' Cougar Town , ' ' The Whole Truth ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Middle , Modern Family , L&O : SVU , Top Model Adjusted Up ; 20 / 20 , Undercovers Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Buster Posey ( NLCS ) , Criminal Minds The Defenders , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor : Nicaragua , The Middle Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Criminal Minds , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Hell 's Kitchen Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Sing Off ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down ; ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Better With You , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down ; ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Down , ' Modern Family , ' ' Better with You ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Mr. Sunshine , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CM : Suspect Behavior ' All Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Better With You ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor , ' ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mr. Sunshine ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Minute , ' ' Shedding ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' The Middle ' ' Better With You , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law & Order : LA , ' ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Season 's Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' Survivor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' L&O : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Up All Night , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory , ' ' Modern Family ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Harry 's Law , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up to Series High ; ' X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' Mobbed ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Up All Night , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Next Top Model ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Are You There , Chelsea ? , ' ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' CSI , ' ' SVU , ' Among Many Downward Adjustments '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' CSI , ' ' Rock Center , ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory , ' ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor : One World ' , ' CSI ' , ' One Tree Hill ' , ' Are You There , Chelsea ? ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjust Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' Up ; ' Rock Center ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers , ' Best Friends Forever ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up , ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' I Get That AQ Lot ' Adjusted Down ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Sleepy Hollow ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Back in the Game ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Toy Story of TERROR ! ' & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Survivor Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law and Order : SVU ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Super Fun NIght ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Mixology ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Mixology ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' Encore Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' and ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Modern Family ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' reruns adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago PD ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 906 ) `` Winner Winner Turkey Dinner '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Episode guide at ABC.com List of Modern Family episodes on IMDb List of Modern Family episodes at TV.com Episode Guide at Guidebox.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Modern Family <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Characters Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Bicycle Thief '' `` Come Fly with Me '' `` The Incident '' `` Coal Digger '' `` Run for Your Wife '' `` En Garde '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Fizbo '' `` Undeck the Halls '' `` Up All Night '' `` Not in My House '' `` Fifteen Percent '' `` Moon Landing '' `` My Funky Valentine '' `` Fears '' `` Truth Be Told '' `` Starry Night '' `` Game Changer '' `` Benched '' `` Travels with Scout '' `` Airport 2010 '' `` Hawaii '' `` Family Portrait '' Season 2 `` The Old Wagon '' `` The Kiss '' `` Earthquake '' `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' `` Unplugged '' `` Halloween '' `` Chirp '' `` Manny Get Your Gun '' `` Mother Tucker '' `` Dance Dance Revelation '' `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' `` Our Children , Ourselves '' `` Caught in the Act '' `` Bixby 's Back '' `` Princess Party '' `` Regrets Only '' `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' `` Boys ' Night '' `` The Musical Man '' `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' `` See You Next Fall '' `` The One That Got Away '' Season 3 `` Dude Ranch '' `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' `` Phil on Wire '' `` Door to Door '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' `` Treehouse '' `` After the Fire '' `` Punkin Chunkin '' `` Express Christmas '' `` Lifetime Supply '' `` Egg Drop '' `` Little Bo Bleep '' `` Me ? Jealous ? '' `` Aunt Mommy '' `` Virgin Territory '' `` Leap Day '' `` Send Out the Clowns '' `` Election Day '' `` The Last Walt '' `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' `` Disneyland '' `` Tableau Vivant '' `` Baby on Board '' Season 4 `` Bringing Up Baby '' `` Schooled '' `` Snip '' `` The Butler 's Escape '' `` Open House of Horrors '' `` Yard Sale '' `` Arrested '' `` Mistery Date '' `` When a Tree Falls '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' `` New Year 's Eve '' `` Party Crasher '' `` Fulgencio '' `` A Slight at the Opera '' `` Heart Broken '' `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Best Men '' `` The Wow Factor '' `` The Future Dunphys '' `` Flip Flop '' `` Career Day '' `` My Hero '' `` Games People Play '' `` Goodnight Gracie '' Season 5 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' `` First Days '' `` Larry 's Wife '' `` Farm Strong '' `` The Late Show '' `` The Help '' `` A Fair to Remember '' `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' `` The Big Game '' `` The Old Man & the Tree '' `` And One to Grow On '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Three Dinners '' `` iSpy '' `` The Feud '' `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' `` Other People 's Children '' `` Las Vegas '' `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' `` Australia '' `` Sleeper '' `` Message Received '' `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Season 6 `` The Long Honeymoon '' `` Do Not Push '' `` The Cold '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' `` Three Turkeys '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' `` The Day We Almost Died '' `` The Big Guns '' `` Rash Decisions '' `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Connection Lost '' `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' `` Spring Break '' `` Grill , Interrupted '' `` Knock ' Em Down '' `` Integrity '' `` Patriot Games '' `` Crying Out Loud '' `` American Skyper '' Season 7 `` Summer Lovin ' '' `` The Day Alex Left for College '' `` The Closet Case '' `` The Verdict '' `` Playdates '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` Clean for a Day '' Season 8 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' `` A Stereotypical Day '' `` Blindsided '' `` Weathering Heights '' `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' `` Grab It '' `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' `` The Alliance '' `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Adaptations Familia moderna Haft Sang <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Modern_Family_episodes&oldid=808327011 '' Categories : Modern Family episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 05 : 41 . 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1. Modern Family
2. American family comedy series
3. Jay Pritchett and his family
4. Episodes and seasons
5. Main characters and cast
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laura gomez orange is the new black wiki
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Laura Gómez ( actress ) - wikipedia Laura Gómez ( actress ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Laura Gómez ( born 1979 ) is a Dominican actress , speaker , writer , and director . She belongs to SAG - AFTRA and lives in New York City . Gómez is best known for her portrayal of the character Blanca Flores , an astute and disheveled prison inmate in the award - winning Netflix series Orange Is The New Black . In the fall of 2012 she won the NYU Technisphere Award for her short film To Kill a Roach . Contents 1 Early years 2 Career 3 Awards 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 External links Early years ( edit ) Born in the Dominican Republic , she grew up in Santo Domingo working as an actress and reporter . She moved to New York at the age of 21 to study acting . After three years in the United States , she made her entry into theatre and voice work . Career ( edit ) In 2011 she was awarded a IX Screenwriting Developing Grant by the Spanish Fundación Carolina . She has studied film at the University of New York , and screenwriting at the Jacob Krueger Studio . She wrote , directed and produced the short films To Kill A Roach - for which she received the NYU Fall 2012 Technisphere Award for Outstanding Achievement - and Hallelujah . She directed and co-produced The Iron Warehouse , written by the playwright Hilary Bettis . She appeared as a guest actor in Law & Order SVU , and played a recurring role in the HBO miniseries Show Me A Hero , and a minor role in the film Exposed . Currently she is a member of Spanish Repertory Theater , with which she has appeared in critically acclaimed theatrical productions such as Doña Flor y sus dos maridos and La casa de los espíritus . Her voice - over work includes Spanish - language announcer for CoverGirl and Suave , and audiobooks including How the García Girls Lost Their Accent , by Julia Álvarez , and The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz . Awards ( edit ) 2011 - IX Screenwriting Developing Grant of the Spanish Fundación Carolina . 2012 - NYU Fall 2012 Technisphere Award for Outstanding Achievement for To Kill A Roach . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Sambá as Luna Torres , Dir . Laura Amelia Guzmán - Israel Cárdenas Exposed as Eva de la Cruz , Dir . Declan Dale Trabajo as Lilí , Dir . Nelson Peña Maggie Black as Kim ( Co-star ) , Dir . Stanley Brode Hallelujah as Natalia ( Lead ) , Dir . Laura Gómez To Kill a Roach as Alicia ( Lead ) , Dir . Laura Gómez Pinchos y Rolos ( NYILFF ) as Elizabeth ( Lead ) , Dir . Freddy Vargas Cheesecake and a Tango as Wife ( Lead ) , Dir . Soleidy Méndez Víctimas del Poder as Wanda ( Lead ) , Dir . Jorge Lendebourg Yo , la peor de todas as Paula ( Co-star ) , Dir . Francisco Lupini Nueva York ( Tribeca Film Fest ) as Nurse ( Co-star ) , Dir . Manolo Celi Cleaning Law as Laura ( Co-star ) , Dir . Rob López Miniseries de la Vida Real as Wife ( Co-star ) , Dir . Micky Bretón The Bohemians as Waitress ( Principal ) , Dir . José Luis Cortés Television ( edit ) 2008 - Law & Order as Claudia , Episode `` Challenged '' 2012 - Sesame Street as Reporter , Episode `` Me Am What Me Am '' 2013 to present - Orange is the New Black as Blanca Flores 2014 - Law & Order SVU as Selena Gómez , Episode `` Girls Disappeared '' 2015 - Law & Order SVU as Selena Gómez , Episode `` Undercover Mother '' 2015 - Law & Order SVU as Selena Gómez , Episode `` Surrendering Noah '' 2015 - Show Me a Hero External links ( edit ) Official website Laura Gómez on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Laura_Gómez_ ( actress ) &oldid = 854280140 '' Categories : Living people Dominican Republic actresses 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American television actresses 1979 births Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from August 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 05 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Laura Gómez - Dominican actress
2. Orange Is The New Black - award-winning Netflix series
3. Early years - Santo Domingo, New York City
4. Career - actress, writer, director
5. Filmography - Sambá, Exposed, Orange is the New Black
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in 1780 treatment of patients at the williamsburg va hospital was designed to
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Eastern State hospital ( Virginia ) - wikipedia Eastern State hospital ( Virginia ) Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 37 ° 17 ′ 17.8 '' N 76 ° 44 ′ 5.3 '' W / 37.288278 ° N 76.734806 ° W / 37.288278 ; - 76.734806 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Hospital 's rebuilt original 1773 building as it stands today in Williamsburg , Virginia Eastern State Hospital , built in 1773 in colonial Williamsburg , Virginia , was the first public facility in the present - day United States constructed solely for the care and treatment of the mentally ill . The hospital 's patients were moved in the 20th century to a new facility outside Williamsburg . The original building had burned but was reconstructed in 1985 . Today it operates as a museum about the treatment of mental illness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Francis Fauquier and the Enlightenment 2 Civil War and decline 3 Restoration 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Francis Fauquier and the Enlightenment ( edit ) Eastern State Hospital traces its foundation to a speech by Francis Fauquier , Royal Governor of the colony of Virginia , on November 6 , 1766 . At the House of Burgesses ' first meeting since the Stamp Act and Virginia Resolves , Fauquier primarily discussed the relationship between the Mother Country and these colonists , and expressed optimism for their future . His speech also unexpectedly addressed the mentally ill , as follows : `` It is expedient I should also recommend to your Consideration and Humanity a poor unhappy set of People who are deprived of their senses and wander about the Country , terrifying the Rest of their fellow creatures . A legal Confinement , and proper Provision , ought to be appointed for these miserable Objects , who can not help themselves . Every civilized Country has an Hospital for these People , where they are confined , maintained and attended by able Physicians , to endeavor to restore to them their lost reason . '' About a year later , on April 11 , 1767 , Governor Fauquier addressed the same issue before the next House of Burgesses , thus : `` There is a subject which gives me concern , on which I shall particularly address myself to you , as it is your peculiar province to provide means for the subsistence of the poor of any kind . The subject I mean is the case of the poor lunatics . I find on your journals that it was Resolved , That an hospital be erected for the reception of persons who are so unhappy as to be deprived of their reason ; And that it was Ordered , that the Committee of Propositions and Grievances do prepare and bring in a bill pursuant to the above resolution . But I do not find that any thing more was done in it . It was a measure which I think could offend no party , and which I was in hopes humanity would have dictated to every man , as soon as he was made acquainted with the call for it . It also concerns me much on another account ; for as the case now stands , I am as it were compelled to the daily commission of an illegal act , by confining without my authority , a poor lunatic , who , if set at liberty , would be mischievous to society ; and I would choose to be bound by , and observant of , the laws of the country . As I think this is a point of some importance to the ease and comfort of the whole community , as well as a point of charity to the unhappy objects , I shall again recommend it to you at your next meeting ; when I hope , after mature reflection , it will be found to be more worth your attention than it has been in this . '' Governor Fauquier 's benevolent and bold expressions did eventually lead to the establishment of the Eastern State Hospital , although he died March 3 , 1768 , before it was built . His compassion and humanitarian care for those who needed it the most , made it easier for his ideas to be developed and a facility built . Fauquier 's concern probably rested in Enlightenment principles , which were so widespread throughout the time . The 18th century was a time for rejecting superstitions and religions , and substituting science and logical reasoning . The philosophers David Hume and Voltaire were studying and investigating the worth of human life , which would ultimately alter perceptions of the mentally ill . During this time in London , insane people were viewed and used for as entertainment and comical relief . The Bethlehem Royal Hospital ( sometimes called Bedlam ) attracted many tourists and even held frequent parades of inmates . Enlightenment attitudes encouraged more sensitivity towards the mentally ill , rather than treating them as outcasts and fools . Some started to believe that being mentally ill was , in fact , an illness of the mind , much like a physical disease or sickness , and that these mental illnesses were also treatable . Before Governor Fauquier 's speeches , a person who was mentally ill was not diagnosed by a doctor , but rather judged by 12 citizens , much like a jury , to be either a criminal , lunatic or Idiot . Most classified as lunatic were placed in the Public Gaol in Williamsburg . Taxpayers probably appreciated the hospital idea only if they had a family member or close friend who was mentally ill . The only hospital where mentally ill patients were sometimes taken before Eastern State Hospital was built , was the Pennsylvania Hospital , a Quaker institution in Philadelphia . Until a campaign by Benjamin Rush in 1792 to establish a separate treatment wing , mentally ill patients were kept in the basement and out of the way of regular patients who needed medical assistance . Percival Goodhouse was one of the first patients admitted to the hospital after its opening on October 12 , 1773 . Civil war and decline ( edit ) On May 6 , 1862 , Union troops captured the asylum , which in the same month suffered the loss of Superintendent Galt , who died . In the following decades , the increasingly crowded hospital saw a regression in methodology as science was increasingly viewed as an ineffective means of dealing with mental illness . During this era of custodial care , the goal became not to cure patients , but to provide a comfortable environment for them , separate from society . On June 7 , 1885 , the original 1773 hospital burned to the ground due to a fire that had started in the building 's newly added electrical wiring , a consequence of the great expansion of facilities at this time . Restoration ( edit ) By 1935 Eastern State Hospital housed some 2000 patients with no more land for expansion . The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg and development of the Williamsburg Inn resulted in the facility being at the center of a thriving tourist trade . The hospital 's location and space issues made a move necessary . Between 1937 and 1968 , all of Eastern State 's patients were moved to a new facility on the outskirts of Williamsburg , Virginia , where it continues to operate today . In 1985 , the original hospital was reconstructed on its excavated foundations by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . The building is now operated as a museum . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John P. Kennedy , ed. , Journal of the House of Burgesses of Virginia , 1766 - 1769 . ( Richmond , 1906 ) , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wacksman , Jeremy . ( 2003 December ) `` A Most Curious Choice : The mystery surrounding the establishment of the Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg '' Jump up ^ Dictionary of Virginia Biography. ( 2010 August , 13 ) . Francis Fauquier ( bap. 1703 - 1768 ) Jump up ^ Goor , Ron and Nancy . Williamsburg : Cradle of the Revolution . ( New York , NY ; Atheneum Macmillan Publishing Company , 1994 ) p. 44 . Jump up ^ Wacksman , Jeremy . ( 2003 December ) . A Most Curious Choice : Fauquier and the Enlightenment Jump up ^ Maggie Culyba ( 2003 - 10 - 30 ) , `` A Ghostly Encounter '' , The DoG Street Journal , archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 16 Further reading ( edit ) Rouse , Parke , Jr. ( 1973 ) . Cows on the Campus : Williamsburg in Bygone Days . Deitz Press . ISBN 0 - 87517 - 047 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Official History of Eastern State Hospital Brief History of Eastern State Hospital and the Treatment of Mental Illness in America Eastern State Hospital cemetery at Find a grave memorial <Th_colspan="2"> Hospitals in Virginia General / Acute / Emergency Augusta Health Bath Community Hospital Bon Secours DePaul Medical Center Bon Secours Mary Immaculate Hospital Bon Secours Maryview Medical Center Bon Secours Memorial Regional Medical Center Bon Secours Richmond Community Hospital Bon Secours St. Francis Medical Center Bon Secours St. Mary 's Hospital Buchanan General Hospital Carilion Franklin Memorial Hospital Carilion Giles Memorial Hospital Carilion New River Valley Medical Center Carilion Roanoke Community Hospital Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital Carilion Stonewall Jackson Hospital Carilion Tazewell Community Hospital Centra Bedford Memorial Hospital Centra Lynchburg General Hospital Centra Southside Community Hospital Centra Virginia Baptist Hospital Chesapeake Regional Medical Center Children 's Hospital of Richmond at VCU Children 's Hospital of The King 's Daughters CJW Medical Center Clinch Valley Medical Center Culpeper Regional Hospital Cumberland Hospital ( Virginia ) Danville Regional Medical Center Dickenson Community Hospital Dominion Hospital Fauquier Health System Fort Belvoir Community Hospital Haymarket Medical Center Henrico Doctors ' Hospital -- Henrico Campus Henrico Doctors ' Hospital -- Parham Campus Inova Alexandria Hospital Inova Children 's Hospital Inova Fair Oaks Hospital Inova Fairfax Hospital Inova Loudoun Hospital Inova Mount Vernon Hospital John Randolph Medical Center Johnston Memorial Hospital Lake Taylor Transitional Care Hospital LewisGale Hospital Alleghany LewisGale Hospital Montgomery LewisGale Hospital Pulaski LewisGale Medical Center Martha Jefferson Hospital Martinsville Memorial Hospital Mary Washington Hospital Mountain View Regional Medical Center Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Norton Community Hospital Page Memorial Hospital Pioneer Community Hospital of Patrick Prince William Health System Rappahannock General Hospital Reston Hospital Center Retreat Doctors ' Hospital Riverside Doctors ' Hospital Riverside Regional Medical Center Riverside Rehabilitation Institute Riverside Shore Memorial Hospital Riverside Tappahannock Hospital Riverside Walter Reed Hospital Russell County Medical Center Sentara Bayside Hospital Sentara CarePlex Hospital Sentara Halifax Regional Hospital Sentara Heart Hospital Sentara Leigh Hospital Sentara Norfolk General Hospital Sentara Northern Virginia Medical Center Sentara Obici Hospital Sentara Princess Anne Hospital Sentara RMH Medical Center Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital Sentara Williamsburg Regional Medical Center Shenandoah Memorial Hospital Smyth County Community Hospital Southern Virginia Regional Medical Center Southampton Memorial Hospital Southside Regional Medical Center Spotsylvania Regional Medical Center Stafford Hospital StoneSprings Hospital Center Twin County Regional Healthcare University of Virginia Children 's Hospital VCU Health Community Memorial Hospital VCU Medical Center Critical Care Hospital VCU Medical Center Main Hospital VCU Medical Center North Hospital VCU Medical Center West Hospital Virginia Hospital Center Warren Memorial Hospital Wellmont Lonesome Pine Hospital Winchester Medical Center Wythe County Community Hospital Long term / rehab / outpatient Graydon Manor Sheltering Arms Rehabilitation Hospital Woodrow Wilson Rehabilitation Center Psychiatric Carilion Clinic Saint Albans Hospital Central State Hospital Commonwealth Center for Children and Adolescents Eastern State Hospital Poplar Springs Hospital Riverside Behavioral Health Center Southwestern Virginia Mental Health Institute Western State Hospital Research / Teaching University of Virginia Health System VCU Medical Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_State_Hospital_(Virginia)&oldid=804703836 '' Categories : Infrastructure completed in 1773 Hospital buildings completed in the 18th century Psychiatric hospitals in Virginia Buildings and structures in Williamsburg , Virginia 1773 establishments in Virginia Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Eastern State Hospital: The first public facility for the mentally ill in the United States
2. History of Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia
3. Governor Francis Fauquier and the establishment of the hospital
4. The decline and restoration of Eastern State Hospital
5. Eastern State Hospital today: A museum on the treatment of mental illness
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the musical loosely based on shakespeare's romeo and juliet is
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Category : plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Help Category : plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search Pages in category `` plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet '' The following 10 pages are in this category , out of 10 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . After Juliet The Belle of Mayfair Deaf Side Story Giulietta e Romeo ( musical ) Goodnight Desdemona ( Good Morning Juliet ) People 's Romeo Romanoff and Juliet ( play ) Roméo et Juliette ( musical ) Rose by Any Other Name ... West Side Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Plays_and_musicals_based_on_Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=580247370 '' Categories : Works based on Romeo and Juliet Plays and musicals based on works by William Shakespeare Talk Help About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2013 , at 02 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet
2. After Juliet
3. Deaf Side Story
4. Giulietta e Romeo (musical)
5. Roméo et Juliette (musical)
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who had the last quadruple double in the nba
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Double ( Basketball ) - wikipedia Double ( Basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In basketball , a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game ; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category . A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game . The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds , followed by points - assists . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the points - rebounds combination with 840 , and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714 . A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game . The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points , rebounds , and assists . Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is , with Russell Westbrook , one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season . Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 . A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game . This has occurred four times in the NBA . A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game . Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level , by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner , but none have occurred in a college or professional game . A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five , which is the accumulation of at least five points , five rebounds , five assists , five steals , and five blocks in a game . In the NBA , only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Double - double 1.1 NBA 1.1. 1 Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) 1.1. 2 Facts 2 Triple - double 2.1 NBA 2.1. 1 Triple - double leaders ( in regular season ) 2.1. 2 Facts 2.2 NCAA Division I 3 Quadruple - double 3.1 NBA 3.2 Other men 's basketball 3.3 Women 's basketball 4 Quintuple - double 5 Five - by - five 5.1 NBA 5.2 Facts 6 References Double - double ( edit ) `` Double - double '' redirects here . For other uses , see Double - double ( disambiguation ) . A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds , followed by points and assists . Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA . During the 2008 -- 09 season , 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season . Special double - doubles are rare . One such double - double is called double double - double ( also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20 ) . It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game . Another such double - double is called a triple double - double ( also referred to as 30 -- 30 ) . The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain , who achieved the feat eight times in his career . Of the five instances , four were recorded in his rookie season , and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game . Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double - doubles ( regular season and playoffs ) with 1111 . Tim Duncan is second with 1005 , followed by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar with 1004 . NBA ( edit ) Karl Malone ( left ) and John Stockton ( right ) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s . Malone is second in the point - rebound list , Stockton first in points and assists . Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds . Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season : ^ Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Point - rebound Rank Name Total Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 841 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 811 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 774 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett 741 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 727 6 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 706 7 Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 687 8 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * 580 9 Robinson , David David Robinson * 543 10 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ 518 11 Willis , Kevin Kevin Willis 488 12 Randolph , Zach Zach Randolph ^ 480 13 Mutombo , Dikembe Dikembe Mutombo * 469 14 Williams , Buck Buck Williams 459 15 Webber , Chris Chris Webber 440 16 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * 435 17 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 430 18 Marion , Shawn Shawn Marion 427 19 Oakley , Charles Charles Oakley 426 20 Thorpe , Otis Otis Thorpe 411 Point - assist Rank Name Total Stockton , John John Stockton * 714 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 514 Nash , Steve Steve Nash 436 Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas * 408 5 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 402 6 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ 407 7 Johnson , Kevin Kevin Johnson 319 8 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 281 9 Williams , Deron Deron Williams ^ 275 10 Strickland , Rod Rod Strickland 271 11 Jackson , Mark Mark Jackson 242 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * 242 13 Wall , John John Wall ^ 224 14 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 279 15 Marbury , Stephon Stephon Marbury 210 16 Miller , Andre Andre Miller 197 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 192 18 Porter , Terry Terry Porter 188 19 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 181 20 Davis , Baron Baron Davis 177 Facts ( edit ) Longest continuous streak of double - doubles : According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double - doubles from 1964 to 1967 . Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double - doubles with 220 and 133 . This record is before the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . The longest streak of double - doubles since the merger was 53 games , achieved by Kevin Love , then of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Triple - double ( edit ) `` Triple - double '' redirects here . For volleyball , see Triple - double ( volleyball ) . Oscar Robertson has the most NBA regular season triple doubles with 181 , and is one of the two players to average a triple double over an entire season . Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple doubles with 107 . A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points , rebounds , and assists , though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game . The origin of the term `` triple - double '' is unclear . Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility , while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980 . The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season . There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound . Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound ; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double . To deter this , NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt . NBA ( edit ) Russell Westbrook is the only person to have recorded a perfect triple double ( no missed shots and no missed free throws ) in NBA history From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season , the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 36 games . From the 2011 -- 12 to the 2016 -- 17 season , the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple - doubles , with an average of 57.33 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 22 games . Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple - doubles during that span , or 21.5 % of the 344 total triple - doubles . Triple - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders : All - time triple - double leaders ( regular season ) Rank Name Triple - doubles Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * 181 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 138 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 107 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 93 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 78 6 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 62 7 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 59 8 Lever , Fat Fat Lever 43 9 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 33 Harden , James James Harden ^ 33 11 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * 31 12 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 30 13 Hill , Grant Grant Hill 29 14 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 28 15 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 26 16 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 25 17 Frazier , Walt Walt Frazier * 23 18 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 21 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 21 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 21 Green , Draymond Draymond Green ^ 21 Chris Webber 21 Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Facts ( edit ) First triple - double in league history : According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook , Dolph Schayes ( Syracuse Nationals ) might have logged the league 's first triple - double on February 8 , 1951 , versus the New York Knicks . He had 18 points , 22 rebounds and 13 assists . Averaging a triple - double in a single season : Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat . During the 1961 -- 62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists per game . Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once , his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 10.6 assists per game . Westbrook finished the 2016 -- 17 season averaging 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : In 2016 -- 17 , Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 42 triple - doubles . Most triple - doubles in road games in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple - doubles in away games . Most 50 - point triple - doubles in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50 - point triple - doubles in the 2016 -- 17 season . James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50 - point triple double with two in the same season . It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50 - point triple - doubles during his historic 1961 - 62 NBA season , but they remain unofficial , as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics . Most triple - doubles in a single season Rank Name Triple - doubles Team NBA season Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- 17 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960 -- 61 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963 -- 64 6 Oscar Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 17 9 Oscar Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962 -- 63 10 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981 -- 82 Russell Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 12 Magic Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988 -- 89 13 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985 -- 86 14 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 15 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990 -- 91 Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 97 Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007 -- 08 Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 -- 17 20 Jason Kidd 12 New Jersey Nets 2006 -- 07 Most triple - doubles in NBA playoffs : Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple - doubles over his career ; LeBron James is second with 19 . Most triple - doubles in NBA Finals : LeBron James recorded 9 Finals triple - doubles over his career . Averaging a triple - double in an NBA Finals : LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , in the 2017 Finals , averaged 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists per game . Youngest player : Lonzo Ball ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 20 years and 15 days , logged a triple - double on November 11 , 2017 , versus the Milwaukee Bucks . He had 19 points , 12 rebounds , and 13 assists . Oldest player : Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 40 years and 127 days -- the only 40 - year - old player to do so -- logged a triple - double on November 28 , 2003 , versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Fastest triple - double : Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ) , holds the record for the fastest triple double . On February 20 , 1955 , Tucker , in his rookie year , recorded the mark in just 17 minutes . He finished the game with 12 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104 - 84 win over the New York Knicks . Double - triple - double ( at least 20 of any 3 statistics ) : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is the only player to have accomplished this ; in a February 2 , 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists . Most points scored in a triple - double : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple - double with 57 points , 13 rebounds , and 11 assists on March 29 , 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime . The previous record was 53 points , by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden . Triple - double not including points : The only such triple - double occurred on February 10 , 2017 , when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points , but collected 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Longest continuous streak of triple - doubles : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) holds the record for the most consecutive triple - doubles . In 1968 , from March 8 to March 20 , he recorded a triple - double in nine straight games . The second longest streak is seven , a record jointly held by Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Westbrook . Triple - doubles by teammates : Has occurred three times in the NBA . March 14 , 1964 , Donnie Butcher ( Detroit Pistons ) had 19 points , 15 rebounds , and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points , 20 rebounds , and 11 assists against the New York Knicks . January 3 , 1989 , Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls ) had 41 points , 11 assists , and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points , 12 assists , and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers . April 7 , 2007 , New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points , 16 rebounds , and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards . Triple - doubles by opponents : This has occurred only ten times since 1983 -- 84 , four times involving Jason Kidd ( while playing for three different teams ) : Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland ( Los Angeles at Washington , February 10 , 1984 ) Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler ( Dallas at Houston , April 11 , 1995 ) Kidd and Drexler ( Phoenix at Houston , March 22 , 1997 ) Gary Payton and Chris Webber ( Seattle at Sacramento , April 18 , 2000 ) Kidd and Jay Williams ( New Jersey at Chicago , November 9 , 2002 ) Kidd and Tracy McGrady ( New Jersey at Orlando , February 23 , 2003 ) Caron Butler and Baron Davis ( Washington at Golden State , November 23 , 2007 ) Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter - Williams ( Orlando at Philadelphia , December 3 , 2013 ( 2 OT ) ) Oladipo and Carter - Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat , marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple - doubles in the same game . These were the first career triple - doubles for both players . The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple - doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott ( Detroit Pistons ) did it on March 14 , 1964 ( they were not rookies ) . Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Oklahoma City at Milwaukee , March 6 , 2016 ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry ( Cleveland at Golden State , June 4 , 2017 ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a career : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU , 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 ) with 12 -- six in 2014 -- 15 and six again as a senior in 2015 -- 16 . Prior to the triple - double being tracked as an NCAA statistic , Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati ) had 10 -- five in 1958 -- 59 and five in 1959 -- 60 . Women 's : Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon , 2016 -- present ) with 8 -- four in 2016 -- 17 and four so far in 2017 -- 18 . Consecutive triple - doubles : In Division I men 's play , David Edwards ( Texas A&M ) , Penny Hardaway ( Memphis State ) , Tony Lee ( Robert Morris ) , Gerald Lewis ( SMU ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( LSU ) , and Kevin Roberson ( Vermont ) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple - double . In women 's play , Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , Kim Rhock ( Mount St. Mary 's ) , Nicole Powell ( Stanford ) , Ashley Schrock ( Cleveland State ) , Claire Faucher ( Portland State ) , Brittney Griner ( Baylor ) , Ny Hammonds ( Charlotte ) , and Ionescu have accomplished this feat . Uniquely , Danielle Carson recorded three consecutive triple - doubles in the 1985 -- 86 season , becoming the only Division I player of either sex to do so . She began by recording 12 points , 10 , rebounds , and 12 assists against Akron on November 29 , 1985 . The following day , she recorded 20 points , 12 rebounds , and at least 20 assists against Kent State ( her exact assists total in that game is unknown ) . Finally , on December 2 against Cleveland State , Carson recorded 26 points , 15 rebounds , and 14 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) , with six -- performed twice : in the 2014 -- 15 season , and again in 2015 -- 16 . Women 's : Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , also with six in the 1985 -- 86 season . Triple - doubles in NCAA tournament history : Men 's The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men 's basketball in 1984 , then blocks and steals in 1986 , so officially this has occurred eight times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . Only three pre-1986 triple - doubles are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson Cincinnati 98 -- 85 Louisville Third place 000000001959 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1959 39 39 17 10 -- -- Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 95 -- 64 Lamar Second round 000000001979 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1979 35 13 17 10 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 101 -- 67 Penn Final Four 000000001979 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1979 35 29 10 10 0 Grant , Gary Gary Grant Michigan 97 -- 109 North Carolina Second round 000000001987 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1987 39 24 10 10 0 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal LSU 94 -- 83 BYU First round 000000001992 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1992 31 26 13 11 Cain , David David Cain St. John 's 85 -- 67 Texas Tech First round 000000001993 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1993 37 12 11 11 0 Miller , Andre Andre Miller Utah 76 -- 51 Arizona Elite Eight 000000001998 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1998 36 18 14 13 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Marquette 83 -- 69 Kentucky Elite Eight 000000002003 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2003 35 29 11 11 Aldrich , Cole Cole Aldrich Kansas 60 -- 43 Dayton Second round 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 31 13 20 0 10 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 76 -- 78 UCLA First round 000000002011 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2011 37 23 11 10 0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 89 -- 67 Long Island Second round 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 35 24 12 10 0 Women 's In women 's basketball , the NCAA began keeping track of assists in 1985 , then blocks and steals in 1987 , so officially this has occurred 12 times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 15 times . All three triple - doubles that preceded the NCAA 's official inclusion of the relevant statistics are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Lander , Cassandra Cassandra Lander Cincinnati Georgia First round 000000001982 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1982 17 11 10 -- -- Donovan , Anne Anne Donovan Old Dominion Penn State Elite Eight 000000001983 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1983 20 13 -- -- 12 Davis , Joni Joni Davis Missouri LSU First round 000000001984 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1984 14 11 10 -- -- Meier , Katie Katie Meier Duke Manhattan First round 000000001987 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1987 16 11 10 -- -- Jordan , Pauline Pauline Jordan UNLV Colorado Second round 000000001989 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1989 22 17 -- -- 11 Henning , Sonja Sonja Henning Stanford Cal State Fullerton Second round 000000001991 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1991 19 10 10 -- -- Johnson , Niesa Niesa Johnson Alabama Duke Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1995 28 12 14 -- -- Henderson , Tracy Tracy Henderson Georgia Louisville Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1995 14 13 -- -- 10 Penicheiro , Ticha Ticha Penicheiro Old Dominion Saint Francis ( PA ) First round 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1998 22 -- 15 14 -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford Weber State First round 000000002002 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2002 20 11 10 -- -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford Tulane Second round 000000002002 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2002 16 10 10 -- -- Haynie , Kristin Kristin Haynie Michigan State Vanderbilt Sweet Sixteen 000000002005 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2005 16 10 10 -- -- Diggins , Skylar Skylar Diggins Notre Dame Maryland Elite Eight 000000002012 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2012 13 10 10 -- -- Mosqueda - Lewis , Kaleena Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis Connecticut Saint Joseph 's Sweet Sixteen 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2014 20 10 10 -- -- Logic , Samantha Samantha Logic Iowa Baylor Elite Eight 000000002015 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2015 13 10 14 -- -- Others Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple - double in history , and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot from either the field or the free - throw line . On February 3 , 2002 , in a women 's Division I game against Charlotte , she had 12 assists , 10 steals , and 10 rebounds . Quadruple - double ( edit ) Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple - double by recording at least 10 points , rebounds , assists , and blocks in a game . A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . This feat is extremely rare : only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond , who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers , who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins , when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW . The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007 . The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989 . Only three other women have done so since , and Shakyla Hill 's quadruple - double for Grambling State in 2018 was the first since 1993 . An earlier player , Jackie Spencer of Louisville , accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season , but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time . The Metro Conference , then home to both schools , did officially record these statistics , but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals . NBA ( edit ) Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season , when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals . It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats , namely Oscar Robertson ( all time triple - doubles leader with 181 ) , Wilt Chamberlain , Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles . West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists and 10 blocks . A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics , when he had 24 points , 32 rebounds , 13 assists and 12 blocks . The reason why ( the quadruple - double ) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound . A lot of guys can get the points , rebounds and assists , but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up . You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double . There 's no way around it . -- Nate Thurmond , The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game . Except for Thurmond , who retired before the award was established in 1983 , all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once . * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Name Date Team Score Opponent Min Points Reb Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Ref Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond * 000000001974 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1974 Chicago Bulls 120 -- 115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 0 or 1 12 Yes ( OT ) Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson 000000001986 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1990 Houston Rockets 120 -- 94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 11 No Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115 -- 96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 10 No Only seven other players ( Clyde Drexler did it twice ) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category ( statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold ) : Name Date Team Opponent Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 -- No Steele , Larry Larry Steele 000000001974 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 -- No Moore , Johnny Johnny Moore 000000001985 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 -- No Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 -- No Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 000000001985 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 -- Yes ( 3 OT ) Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001986 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 -- No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9 5 11 No Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001996 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 -- No Notes Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter . After three quarters , head coach K.C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple - double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game . Bird declined , saying that he `` already did enough damage . '' Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score . However , after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter , they revised the box score , crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple - double in NBA history . NBA 's director of operations , Rod Thorn , requested to review the tape . After reviewing the tape , the league disallowed Olajuwon 's quadruple - double and announced that his original line -- with 9 assists -- is official . Other men 's Basketball ( edit ) Accurate as of April 2017 League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference French National League Lewis , Derrick Derrick Lewis 000000001990 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 -- 12 10 No National Basketball League ( Australia ) Rowe , Daren Daren Rowe 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 -- 11 No Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng 000000002004 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 -- No FIBA Europe Under - 16 Championship Rubio , Ricky Ricky Rubio 000000002006 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 -- No Metropolitan Basketball Association Belano , Donbel Donbel Belano 000000001999 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 -- No American Basketball Association ( 2000 -- ) Staten , Jamel Jamel Staten 000000002007 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 -- No NCAA Division I men Hudson , Lester Lester Hudson 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 No Continental Basketball Association Blackburn , Jermaine Jermaine Blackburn 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 -- No High school boys Benimon , Jerrelle Jerrelle Benimon 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 -- 10 No Chinese Basketball Association Williams , Chris Chris Williams 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 -- No High school boys Isaiah Grant 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 -- No NJCAA Clifford Wilson 000000001979 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1979 Fulton - Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 -- 15 No NJCAA Monroe Pippins 000000001995 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1995 Fulton - Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 -- No Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov 000000002016 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2016 BC Zaporizhya - 2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 -- No Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 -- No Notes This is the only quadruple - double in French National League history . This is the only quadruple - double in National Basketball League history . This is the only quadruple - double in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . The opponent , Central Baptist , plays in the NAIA . Women 's Basketball ( edit ) Mostly accurate as of January 2018 . NCAA records are complete for Divisions I and II , but not for Division III ; specifically , entering the 2017 -- 18 season , there have been a total of eight quadruple - doubles in Division III play , and one player , Suzy Venet of Mount Union ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , had two in her career , both in the 1996 -- 97 season . NAIA records are also incomplete . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference American Basketball League Black , Debbie Debbie Black 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 -- Israeli Basketball Super League Brown , Edwina Edwina Brown 000000002008 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 -- Greek Women 's Basketball League Dimitrakou , Zoi Zoi Dimitrakou 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 -- Russian Premier League Kalmykova , Maria Maria Kalmykova 000000002001 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 -- 11 European U16 Championship Verameyenka , Anastasiya Anastasiya Verameyenka 000000002003 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 -- 10 12 AIAW Division I women Meyers , Ann Ann Meyers 000000001978 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Spencer , Jackie Jackie Spencer 000000001985 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1985 Louisville Cincinnati 14 12 14 10 -- NCAA Division I women Pettry , Veronica Veronica Pettry 000000001989 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1989 Loyola ( Chicago ) Detroit 12 10 22 11 -- NCAA Division I women Jones , Ramona Ramona Jones 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 -- NCAA Division I women Tate , Sonja Sonja Tate 000000001993 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Hill , Shakyla Shakyla Hill 000000002018 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2018 Grambling State Alabama State 15 10 10 10 -- NCAA Division II women Watkins , Tereska Tereska Watkins 000000001997 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1997 Fort Valley State ? ? ? 12 12 10 10 -- NCAA Division III women Esteves , Evita Evita Esteves 000000002004 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2004 Emmanuel ( MA ) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Purnell , Danna Danna Purnell 000000002007 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2007 SUNY - Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Williams , Latiqua Latiqua Williams 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 -- NAIA women Gonzales , Suzanne Suzanne Gonzales 000000001989 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1989 Southern Colorado Western State 13 12 10 11 -- Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Iagupova , Alina Alina Iagupova 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 -- Stats Notes Jump up ^ The NCAA does not consider Spencer 's quadruple - double to be official . Although the Metro Conference , then home to both teams involved in this game , kept records in all of the relevant statistical categories in the 1984 -- 85 season , the NCAA did not . Assists were not recorded throughout Division I women 's basketball until 1985 -- 86 , and steals were not so recorded until 1987 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Although Gonzales played for a school that is now a member of NCAA Division II , the NCAA does not consider her quadruple - double to be official for two reasons . First , the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , then as now home to both teams involved in this game , then competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , and was not an NCAA conference until 1992 -- 93 . In addition , the NCAA did not record steals throughout Division II women 's basketball until 1992 -- 93 . Quintuple - double ( edit ) A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- - in a single game . There are only two known quintuple - doubles , both done at the high - school level . The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School ( Duncanville , Texas ) with 25 points , 18 rebounds , 11 assists , 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997 . The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School ( Slatington , Pennsylvania ) , who had 26 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals , and 11 blocks on January 7 , 2012 . Five - by - five ( edit ) A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- in a single game . Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Hakeem Olajuwon ( six times ) and Andrei Kirilenko ( three times ) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives ( based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season ) . Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes ( at least six in all five statistical categories ) . Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double ( both by Olajuwon ) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double ( two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby ) . NBA ( edit ) The following is a list of known five - by - fives . Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season , as well as one before . There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season . Name Date Age Team Score Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Erving , Julius Julius Erving 000000001979 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1979 7004108780000000000 ♠ 29 years , 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132 -- 120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001987 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1987 7003881400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 48 days Houston Rockets 127 -- 136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes ( 2OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 7003990300000000000 ♠ 27 years , 41 days Houston Rockets 129 -- 109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001992 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1992 7004106730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Houston Rockets 92 -- 99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No Robinson , David David Robinson 000000001992 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1992 7003995800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 000000001993 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1993 7003934000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 208 days New Jersey Nets 110 -- 105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 7004110490000000000 ♠ 30 years , 91 days Houston Rockets 112 -- 110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1993 7004112460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 288 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1993 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No Divac , Vlade Vlade Divac 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1995 7003988100000000000 ♠ 27 years , 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No Tinsley , Jamaal Jamaal Tinsley 000000002001 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2001 7003866200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 261 days Indiana Pacers 113 -- 120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2003 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days Utah Jazz 101 -- 107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes ( OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2003 7003833000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 295 days Utah Jazz 95 -- 73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No Camby , Marcus Marcus Camby 000000002004 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2004 7004108850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 293 days Denver Nuggets 106 -- 96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002006 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2006 7003908500000000000 ♠ 24 years , 319 days Utah Jazz 90 -- 80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum 000000002012 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2012 7003876800000000000 ♠ 24 years , 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95 -- 94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No Green , Draymond Draymond Green 000000002015 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2015 7003941300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 282 days Golden State Warriors 124 -- 119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Facts ( edit ) All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86 : Greatest five - by - fives ( most of each stat ) : Hakeem Olajuwon , on March 10 , 1987 , became the first in NBA history to record a five - by - six ( at least 6 each of all five statistics : points , rebounds , assists , blocks , steals ) . It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history . Andrei Kirilenko , on January 3 , 2006 , recorded a five - by - six against the Lakers . Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon 's , Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation . Most five - by - fives in a career : Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five - by - fives . Andrei Kirilenko , with 3 , is the only other player with more than one career five - by - five . Most five - by - fives in the same season : Only twice has a player recorded two five - by - fives in a season . Olajuwon in the 1993 -- 94 season , and Kirilenko in the 2003 -- 04 season . Quickest pair of five - by - fives : Kirilenko performed a five - by - five on December 3 , 2003 , and completed another just a week later , on December 10 , 2003 . The second quickest five - by - fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5 , 1993 and another , 55 days later , on December 30 , 1993 . Youngest player : Kirilenko 's first NBA five - by - five came on December 3 , 2003 , making him the youngest to record a five - by - five at age 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days . Oldest player : Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five - by - five . His last career five - by - five came on December 30 , 1993 , at which time he was 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days old . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods , David . ( July 17 , 2014 ) . Is Tamika Catchings the best women 's basketball player ever ? IndyStar Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service . p. 1 . Kevin Garnett has a league - leading 47 double - doubles this season -- all of them from the points - rebounds combination . With double - digits rebounds easier to acquire than double - digit assists , the majority of NBA double - doubles are through the points - rebounds combination access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Daily Dime : Howard Shows He Has The Superhero ( And Villain ) Stuff '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix at Philadelphia recap : Suns top century mark for eighth straight game to open season '' . ESPN.com . November 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenbluth , Chris ( November 22 , 2006 ) . `` Around The Association : Someone Get The Man Some Glasses '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York at Minnesota recap : Kevin Love posts NBA 's 1st 30 -- 30 game in 28 years as Knicks fade in 4th '' . ESPN.com . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of NBA double - doubles since 1983 -- 84 ( point - rebound ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of NBA double - doubles since 1983 -- 84 ( point - assist ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elias Says ... '' ESPN.com . Elias Sports Bureau . March 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love 's double - double streak ends at 53 in Wolves ' loss against Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Hill the leader in triple - double versatility '' . USA Today . p. 10. C. The most common triple - double is points , rebounds and assists . Of the 41 triple - doubles recorded this season ( through Tuesday 's games ) , all but three have been acquired that way . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Adande , J.A. ( April 20 , 2002 ) . `` They 're Vintage Triple - Doubles '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 4 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . The term `` triple - double '' was coined by Bruce Jolesch , the former Laker public relations director who needed a way to summarize Johnson 's penchant for recording double figures in points , rebounds and assists . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( December 1 , 1999 ) . `` 20th Century This Day in Sports '' . USA Today . p. 3. C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` Magical Statistic Reborn ; Triple - double that Johnson made famous serves Bryant well '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Philly 's Pollack has kept track of NBA from the start '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Magic Johnson 's amazing games made Pollack realize he needed a catchy title for double digits in points , rebounds and assists . The triple - double was born ... `` I walked up to Magic and said , ' You know , without me you would n't even be here today , '' ' Pollack said . `` He says , ' What do you mean ? ' I said , ' Who do you think coined the name triple - double and made you famous for doing it ? ' Now it 's a regular stat . He thanked me . '' Jump up ^ `` Sura 's third straight triple - double off books '' . ESPN.com. April 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ < -- Staff author ( s ) ; no byline -- > ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook records NBA 's first ' perfect ' triple - double '' . The Guardian -- via The Associated Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Up - Close : Triple - Doubles '' . New York Times . January 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - Doubles in the NBA from 2011 -- 12 to 2016 -- 17 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , David ( December 9 , 2006 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Kidd career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aaron , Jaime ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Duncan , Neal lift Spurs past Dirk-less Mavs '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . This was the 106th triple - double of Kidd 's career . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Cousy career stats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Havlicek career stats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rajon Rondo career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grant Hill career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elgin Baylor career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Frazier career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Webber career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Harvey ( 2010 ) . `` 2009 -- 10 Harvey Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . NBA . p. 318 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big O 's Triple - Double Season '' . thebigo.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Robertson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook ties Oscar Robertson 's season triple - double record of 41 '' . NBA.com . ^ Jump up to : FreeDawkins ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) , Russell Westbrook HISTORIC Triple - Double 2017.04. 09 at Nuggets - 50 Pts , 16 Rebs , 10 Ast , UNREAL ! , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 Jump up ^ How Many Career Triple - Doubles Does LeBron James Have ? Heavy June 8 , 2015 http://heavy.com/sports/2015/06/how-many-triple-doubles-does-lebron-james-have-regular-season-playoffs-nba-finals-career-total-amount/ Accessed June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` Lakers rookie Lonzo Ball becomes youngest ever to get triple - double '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malone is oldest to notch feat '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Westbrook records 2nd fastest triple - double in NBA History '' . thescore.com. 2016 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Also called triple - double - double by several sources including Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ Pollack , Harvey ( 2007 ) . 2006 -- 07 Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( PDF ) . NBA . p. 232 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Russell Westbrook scored 57 points in win , sets NBA record for most in triple - double '' . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green has unconventional triple - double as Warriors roll '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faraudo , Jeff . `` Despite age , Kidd still getting triple - doubles '' . Contra Costa Times via St. Augustine Record . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mark ; Gardella , John ; Reheuser , Rob ; Sullivan , Rita ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` Happy Anniversary , Big O ... Not - So - Big Ben ... Mailman Keeps Calling ... And More '' . NBA News . Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands ( Icelandic Basketball Federation ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nets defeat Sonics , 99 -- 88 ; Kidd misses triple - double '' . NJ.com . New Jersey On - Line LLC . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Streak Finder : Streaks with Points ≥ 10 and Total Rebounds ≥ 10 and Assists ≥ 10 , from 1986 -- 87 to 2002 -- 03 , in the regular season '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Slip Past Knicks , 126 - 124 '' . Detroit Free Press . March 15 , 1964 . p. 3 - D . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Clippers at Chicago Bulls January 3 , 1989 Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carter , Kidd notch rare dual triple - doubles '' . MSNBC. April 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Washington Bullets Boxscore , February 10 , 1984 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks at Houston Rockets Boxscore , April 11 , 1995 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder at Milwaukee Bucks Box Score , March 6 , 2016 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Collinsworth 's 12th triple - double highlights BYU 's NIT win '' . ESPN.com . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grfx.cstv.com. `` 2010 -- 11 Men 's basketball Media Supplement ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ionescu sets NCAA mark for triple - doubles in Oregon 's win '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Basketball Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Individual Records : Triple - Doubles '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I Basketball Women 's Records . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scoggins , Chip ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` NCAA Men 's Tournament ; Madness at the Metrodome ; Aldrich homecoming is sweet ; A historic triple - double by former Bloomington Jefferson star helped defending champ Kansas advance to the Sweet 16 '' . Star Tribune via HighBeam Research . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Top individual March performances '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten notes : Triple - double squared '' . Big Ten Network . November 16 , 2009 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( March 19 , 1993 ) . `` Cain 's Triple - Double Doubly Sweet for Redmen '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam ( March 22 , 2009 ) . `` KU 's win thrice as nice for Aldrich '' . 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Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Quadruple - double ' Rare in NBA '' . St. Petersburg Times . April 10 , 2009 . p. F. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Athletes : 24 . Ann Meyers , Basketball '' . CNN / Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . November 29 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` UTM 's Hudson posts rare quadruple - double '' . The Pacer . University of Tennessee at Martin . November 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Balciunas , Lina ( April 9 , 2002 ) . `` The Art of the Triple - Double '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Kidd 's 100 Triple - Doubles '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . 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Towson University . March 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 威廉 姆 斯 砍 四 双 助 青岛 首 胜 杜 万 低迷 东莞 遭 三 连 败 . sina.com.cn ( in Chinese ) . December 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 2015 Basketball Season Underway ; Pumas Take Two '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian basketball federation '' . fbu.ua . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Liga Super Basketball Box Score '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Division III Women 's Basketball Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . See especially `` Individual Records : Miscellaneous '' , p. 3 , which notes Venet 's two career quadruple - doubles , and `` Individual Career Records : Quadruple - Doubles '' , p. 16 , which lists all players who have recorded a quadruple - double . Jump up ^ `` Sun : Debbie Black Announces Retirement '' . WNBA Enterprises , LLC. 2005 - 04 - 13 . 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Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_(basketball)&oldid=820794762 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Français עברית Latviešu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 17 : 22 . 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what does seal stand for in u.s. navy seals
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United States Navy SEALs - Wikipedia United States Navy SEALs Jump to : navigation , search `` SEAL '' and `` Navy SEALs '' redirect here . For other uses , see SEAL ( disambiguation ) and Navy SEALs ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> United States Navy SEALs <Td_colspan="2"> The U.S. Navy 's Special Warfare insignia , also known as a `` SEAL Trident '' , worn by U.S. Navy SEALs . Active 1 January 1962 -- present ( 55 years , 9 months ) Country United States Branch United States Navy Type Special operations force Role Special operations HVT Raids Direct action Counter-terrorism Special reconnaissance Unconventional warfare Hostage rescue Foreign internal defense Counter-proliferation Counter narcotic operations Part of U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command Garrison / HQ Naval Amphibious Base Coronado Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Nickname ( s ) `` Frogmen '' , `` The Teams '' , `` The Men with Green Faces '' Motto ( s ) `` The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday '' , `` It Pays to be a Winner '' Engagements Vietnam War Multinational Force in Lebanon Operation Urgent Fury Achille Lauro hijacking Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Just Cause Operation Nifty Package Operation Desert Storm Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu Operation Uphold Democracy Yugoslav Wars Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings Operation Iraqi Freedom War in North - West Pakistan Angur Ada raid Operation Neptune Spear Maersk Alabama hijacking War on ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen 2017 Marawi Crisis The United States Navy 's `` Sea , Air , and Land '' Teams , commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs , are the U.S. Navy 's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command . Among the SEALs ' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from , and return to , a river , ocean , swamp , delta , or coastline . The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments ( Sea , Air , and Land ) for which they are named . As of August 2017 , all active SEALs are currently male and members of the U.S. Navy . The CIA 's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits operators from SEAL Teams , with joint operations going back to the MACV - SOG during the Vietnam War . This cooperation still exists today , as evidenced by military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Scouts and Raiders 1.3 Naval Combat Demolition Units 1.4 OSS Maritime Unit 1.5 Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT ) 1.6 Korean War 1.7 Birth of Navy SEALs and the Vietnam War 1.8 Reorganization 1.9 Grenada 1.10 Iran -- Iraq War 1.11 Panama 1.12 Persian Gulf War 1.13 Somali Intervention 1.14 War in Afghanistan 1.14. 1 Invasion 1.14. 2 Post-invasion 1.15 Iraq War 1.15. 1 Invasion 1.15. 2 Post-invasion Iraq 1.16 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines 1.17 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa 1.17. 1 Maersk Alabama hijacking 1.18 Death of Osama bin Laden 1.19 Morning Glory oil tanker 1.20 Operation Inherent Resolve 2 Selection and training 2.1 Women 3 Navy SEAL teams and structures 3.1 Naval Special Warfare Groups 3.2 SEAL Teams 3.3 Special warfare ratings 4 United States Navy Parachute Team `` Leap Frogs '' 5 Influence on foreign units 6 National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum and memorial 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Origins ( edit ) The modern day U.S. Navy SEALs can trace their roots to World War II . The United States Navy recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses . As a result , the Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce , Florida . The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year , just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor , from the Observer Group , a joint U.S. Army - Marine - Navy unit . Scouts and Raiders ( edit ) Recognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force , a select group of Army and Navy personnel assembled at Amphibious Training Base Little Creek , Virginia on August 15 , 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders ( joint ) training . The Scouts and Raiders mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach , maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing , and guide the assault waves to the landing beach . The first group included Phil H. Bucklew , the `` Father of Naval Special Warfare , '' after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named . Commissioned in October 1942 , this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch on the North African Coast . Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily , Salerno , Anzio , Normandy , and southern France . A second group of Scouts and Raiders , code - named Special Service Unit No. 1 , was established on 7 July 1943 , as a joint and combined operations force . The first mission , in September 1943 , was at Finschhafen in Papua New Guinea . Later operations were at Gasmata , Arawe , Cape Gloucester , and the east and south coasts of New Britain , all without any loss of personnel . Conflicts arose over operational matters , and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned . The unit , renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts , received a new mission , to go ashore with the assault boats , buoy channels , erect markers for the incoming craft , handle casualties , take offshore soundings , clear beach obstacles and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore , incoming boats and nearby ships . The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict , participating in more than 40 landings . The third and final Scouts and Raiders organization operated in China . Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with the Sino - American Cooperative Organization , or SACO . To help bolster the work of SACO , Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for `` Amphibious Raider '' at the Scout and Raider school at Fort Pierce , Florida . They formed the core of what was envisioned as a `` guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters , lakes and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans . '' While most Amphibious Raider forces remained at Camp Knox in Calcutta , three of the groups saw active service . They conducted a survey of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and , disguised as coolies , conducted a detailed three - month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan , near Hong Kong . Naval combat Demolition units ( edit ) In September 1942 , 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATB Little Creek , VA for a week long course in demolitions , explosive cable cutting and commando raiding techniques . On November 10 , 1942 , the first combat demolition unit successfully cut cable and net barriers across the Wadi Sebou River during Operation Torch in North Africa . This enabled the USS Dallas ( DD - 199 ) to traverse the water and insert U.S. Rangers who captured the Port Lyautey airdrome . On 7 May 1943 , Lieutenant Commander Draper L. Kauffman , `` The Father of Naval Combat Demolition , '' was directed to set up a school and train people to eliminate obstacles on an enemy - held beach prior to an invasion . On 6 June 1943 , LCDR Kauffman established Naval Combat Demolition Unit training at Fort Pierce . Most of Kauffman 's volunteers came from the navy 's engineering and construction battalions . Training commenced with a gruelling week designed to filter out under - performing candidates . By April 1944 , a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation Overlord , the amphibious landing at Normandy . On 6 June 1944 , in the face of great adversity , the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses . The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded , a casualty rate of 52 % . Meanwhile , the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire . They cleared 700 yards ( 640 metres ) of beach in two hours , another 900 yards ( 820 metres ) by the afternoon . Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded . During Operation Overlord , not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives . In August 1944 , NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France , the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations . NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater . NCDU 2 , under LTjg Frank Kaine , after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named , and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson , formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force tasked with clearing boat channels after the landings from Biak to Borneo . OSS maritime unit ( edit ) Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services , or OSS . Many current SEAL missions were first assigned to them . OSS specialized in special operations , dropping operatives behind enemy lines to engage in organized guerrilla warfare as well as to gather information on such things as enemy resources and troop movements . British Combined Operations veteran LCDR Wooley , of the Royal Navy , was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943 . Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton , California , moved to Santa Catalina Island , California in January 1944 , and finally moved to the warmer waters of The Bahamas in March 1944 . Within the U.S. military , they pioneered flexible swimfins and diving masks , closed - circuit diving equipment ( under the direction of Dr. Christian J. Lambertsen ) , the use of Swimmer Delivery Vehicles ( a type of submersible ) , and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks . In May 1944 , Colonel `` Wild Bill '' Donovan , the head of the OSS , divided the unit into groups . He loaned Group 1 , under Lieutenant Choate , to Admiral Nimitz , as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific theater . They became part of UDT - 10 in July 1944 . Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS Burrfish in the Caroline Islands in August 1944 . Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT ) ( edit ) UDT members using the casting technique from a speeding boat On 23 November 1943 , the U.S. Marine landing on Tarawa Atoll emphasized the need for hydrographic reconnaissance and underwater demolition of obstacles prior to any amphibious landing . The islands in this area have unpredictable tide changes and shallow reefs preventing the naval transport vessels from progressing . The first wave crossed the reef in Amtracs , but the second in Higgins boats were not as successful . They got stuck on a reef due to low tide . The Marines were forced to unload and wade to shore . This proved to be a daunting task and many Marines were killed or drowned before reaching the beach . Without support from the second wave the Marines in Amtracs were slaughtered on the beach . This was a valuable lesson that the Navy did not want to be repeated . After the Tarawa landing , Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner directed the formation of nine Underwater Demolition Teams . Thirty officers and 150 enlisted men were moved to the Waimānalo Amphibious Training Base to form the nucleus of a demolition training program . This group became Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT ) ONE and TWO . The UDTs saw their first combat on 31 January 1944 , during Operation Flintlock in the Marshall Islands . Flintlock became the real catalyst for the UDT training program in the Pacific Theater . In February 1944 , the Naval Combat Demolition Training and Experimental Base was established at Kīhei , Maui , next to the Amphibious Base at Kamaole . Eventually , 34 UDT teams were established . Wearing swim suits , fins , and dive masks on combat operations , these `` Naked Warriors '' saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including : Eniwetok , Saipan , Guam , Tinian , Angaur , Ulithi , Peleliu , Leyte , Lingayen Gulf , Zambales , Iwo Jima , Okinawa , Labuan , Brunei Bay , and on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan on Borneo , which was the last UDT demolition operation of the war . The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each . Korean War ( edit ) The Korean War began on 25 June 1950 , when the North Korean army invaded South Korea . Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3 , UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men . During the `` Forgotten War '' the UDTs fought intensively , beginning to employ demolition expertise gained from WWII and use it for an offensive role . Continuing to use water as cover and concealment as well as an insertion method , the Korean Era UDTs targeted bridges , tunnels , fishing nets and other maritime and coastal targets . They also developed a close working relationship with the Republic of Korea naval special forces which continues today . The UDTs refined and developed their commando tactics during the Korean War , through their focused efforts on demolitions and mine disposal . The UDTs also accompanied South Korean commandos on raids in the North to demolish train tunnels . This was frowned upon by higher - ranking officials because they believed it was a non-traditional use of Naval forces . Due to the nature of the war the UDTs maintained a low operational profile . Some of the missions include transporting spies into North Korea and the destruction of North Korean fishing nets used to supply the North Korean Army . As part of the Special Operations Group , or SOG , UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast . The UDTs specialized in a somewhat new mission : Night coastal demolition raids against railroad tunnels and bridges . The UDT men were given the task because , in the words of UDT Lieutenant Ted Fielding , `` We were ready to do what nobody else could do , and what nobody else wanted to do . '' ( Ted Fielding was awarded the Silver Star during Korea , and was later promoted to the rank of Captain ) . On 15 September 1950 , UDTs supported Operation Chromite , the amphibious landing at Incheon . UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft , scouting mud flats , marking low points in the channel , clearing fouled propellers , and searching for mines . Four UDT personnel acted as wave - guides for the Marine landing . In October 1950 , UDTs supported mine - clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers . On 12 October 1950 , two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank . UDTs rescued 25 sailors . The next day , William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an `` aqualung '' when he dove on the USS Pledge ( AM - 277 ) . For the remainder of the war , UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance , infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea , continued mine sweeping operations , and participated in Operation Fishnet , which devastated the North Koreans ' fishing capability . Birth of Navy SEALs and the Vietnam War ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War President John F. Kennedy , aware of the situation in Southeast Asia , recognized the need for unconventional warfare and special operations as a measure against guerrilla warfare . In a speech , to Congress , on 25 May 1961 , Kennedy spoke of his deep respect for the United States Army Special Forces . While his announcement of the government 's plan to put a man on the moon drew most of the attention , in the same speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare . Some people erroneously credit President Kennedy with creating the Navy SEALs . His announcement was actually only a formal acknowledgement of a process that had been under way since Korea . The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena . In March 1961 , Admiral Arleigh Burke , the Chief of Naval Operations , recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units . These units would be able to operate from sea , air or land . This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs . All SEALs came from the Navy 's Underwater Demolition Teams , who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea ; however , the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy 's amphibious force . Members of SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two in a Dry Deck Shelter of the submerged USS Philadelphia The first two teams were formed in January 1962 and stationed on both US coasts : Team ONE at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , in San Diego , California and Team TWO at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , in Virginia Beach , Virginia . Formed entirely with personnel from UDTs , the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments . Men of the newly formed SEAL Teams were trained in such unconventional areas as hand - to - hand combat , high - altitude parachuting , demolitions , and foreign languages . The SEALs attended Underwater Demolition Team replacement training and they spent some time training in UDTs . Upon making it to a SEAL team , they would undergo a SEAL Basic Indoctrination ( SBI ) training class at Camp Kerry in the Cuyamaca Mountains . After SBI training class , they would enter a platoon and conduct platoon training . According to founding SEAL team member Roy Boehm , the SEALs ' first missions were directed against communist Cuba . These consisted of deploying from submarines and carrying out beach reconnaissance in prelude to a proposed US amphibious invasion of the island . On at least one occasion Boehm and another SEAL smuggled a CIA agent ashore to take pictures of Soviet nuclear missiles being unloaded on the dockside . The Pacific Command recognized Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces . At the beginning of 1962 , the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military , the Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) was formed . In March 1962 , SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves . The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963 . The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong sympathizers for capture and assassination . The SEALs were initially deployed in and around Da Nang , training the South Vietnamese in combat diving , demolitions , and guerrilla / anti-guerrilla tactics . As the war continued , the SEALs found themselves positioned in the Rung Sat Special Zone where they were to disrupt the enemy supply and troop movements and in the Mekong Delta to fulfill riverine operations , fighting on the inland waterways . SEALs on patrol in the Mekong Delta Combat with the Viet Cong was direct . Unlike the conventional warfare methods of firing artillery into a coordinate location , the SEALs operated close to their targets . Into the late 1960s , the SEALs were successful in a new style of warfare , effective in anti-guerrilla and guerrilla actions . SEALs brought a personal war to the enemy in a previously safe area . The Viet Cong referred to them as `` the men with green faces , '' due to the camouflage face paint the SEALs wore during combat missions . In February 1966 , a small SEAL Team One detachment arrived in Vietnam to conduct direct actions missions . Operating from Nha Be , in the Rung Sat Special Zone , this detachment signaled the beginning of a SEAL presence that would eventually include 8 SEAL platoons in country on a continuing basis . SEALs also served as advisors for Provincial Reconnaissance Units and the Lein Doc Nguio Nhia , the Vietnamese SEALs . The last SEAL platoon departed Vietnam on Dec 7 , 1971 . The last SEAL advisor left in March 1973 . SEALs continued to make forays into North Vietnam and Laos , and covertly into Cambodia , controlled by the Studies and Observations Group . The SEALs from Team TWO started a unique deployment of SEAL team members working alone with South Vietnamese Commandos ( ARVN ) . In 1967 , a SEAL unit named Detachment Bravo ( Det Bravo ) was formed to operate these mixed US and ARVN units , which were called South Vietnamese Provincial Reconnaissance Units ( PRUs ) . At the beginning of 1968 , the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong orchestrated a major offensive against South Vietnam : the `` Tet Offensive '' . The North hoped it would prove to be America 's Dien Bien Phu , attempting to break the American public 's desire to continue the war . As propaganda , the Tet Offensive was successful in adding to the American protest of the Vietnam war . However , North Vietnam suffered tremendous casualties , and from a purely military standpoint , the Tet Offensive was a major disaster for the Communists . By 1970 , President Richard Nixon initiated a Plan of Vietnamization , which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese . Conventional forces were being withdrawn ; the last SEAL platoon left Vietnam December 7 , 1971 , the last SEAL advisor , left Vietnam in March 1973 . South Vietnam fell to North Vietnamese communist forces in April 1975 . The SEALs were among the highest decorated units for their size in the war , receiving 5 Navy Crosses , 42 Silver stars , 402 Bronze Stars , 2 Legions of Merit , 352 Commendation Medals , 3 Presidential Unit Citations and 3 Medals of Honor . By the end of the war , 48 SEALs had been killed in Vietnam , but estimates of their kill count are as high as 2,000 . The Navy SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce , FL displays a list of the 48 SEALs who lost their lives in combat during the Vietnam War . Reorganization ( edit ) On May 1 , 1983 , UDT -- 11 was redesignated as SEAL Team FIVE , UDT -- 21 was redesignated as SEAL Team FOUR , UDT -- 12 became SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team ONE ( SDVT -- 1 ) , and UDT -- 22 was redesignated as SDVT -- 2 . SEAL Team THREE , was established October 1 , 1983 in Coronado , CA . SEAL Team EIGHT was established on October 1 , 1988 at Naval Amphibious Base , Little Creek , VA . Grenada ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Grenada Both SEAL Team FOUR and SEAL Team SIX , the predecessor to DEVGRU , participated in the US invasion of Grenada . The SEALs ' two primary missions were the extraction of Grenada 's Governor - General and the capture of Grenada 's only radio tower . Neither mission was well briefed or sufficiently supported with timely intelligence and the SEALs ran into trouble from the very beginning . On Oct 24 , 1983 , 12 operators from SEAL Team SIX and 4 Air Force Combat Control Team members ( CCT ) conducted a predawn combat airborne water insertion from C130 Hercules with Zodiac inflatable rubber boats 40 kilometers north of Point Salinas , Grenada . The team inserted with full combat gear in bad weather with low visibility conditions and high winds . Four SEALs drowned and were never recovered . SEALs split into two teams and proceeded to their objectives . After digging in at the Governor 's mansion , the SEALs realized they had forgotten to load their cryptographic satellite phone . As Grenadian and Cuban troops surrounded the team , the SEALs ' only radio ran out of battery power , and they used the mansion 's land line telephone to call in AC - 130 gunship fire support . The SEALs were pinned down in the mansion overnight and were relieved and extracted by a group of Marines the following morning . The team sent to the radio station also ran into communication problems . As soon as the SEALs reached the radio facility they found themselves unable to raise their command post . After beating back several waves of Grenadian and Cuban troops supported by BTR - 60 armoured personnel carriers , the SEALs decided that their position at the radio tower was untenable . They destroyed the station and fought their way to the water where they hid from patrolling enemy forces . After the enemy had given up their search the SEALs , some wounded , swam into the open sea where they were extracted several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance plane . Iran -- Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Operation Prime Chance During the closing stages of the Iran -- Iraq War the United States Navy began conducting operations in the Persian Gulf to protect US - flagged ships from attack by Iranian naval forces . A secret plan was put in place and dubbed Operation Prime Chance . Navy SEAL Teams 1 and 2 along with several Special Boat Units and EOD techs were deployed on mobile command barges and transported by helicopters from the Army 's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . Over the course of the operation SEALs conducted VBSS ( Visit , Board , Search , and Seizure ) missions to counter Iranian mine laying boats . The only loss of life occurred during the take down of the Iran Ajr . Evidence gathered on the Iran Ajr by the SEALs later allowed the US Navy to trace the mines that struck the USS Samuel B. Roberts ( FFG - 58 ) . This chain of events lead to Operation Praying Mantis , the largest US Naval surface engagement since the Second World War . During Operation Desert Shield and Storm , Navy SEALs trained Kuwaiti Special Forces . They set up naval special operations groups in Kuwait , working with the Kuwaiti Navy in exile . Using these new diving , swimming , and combat skills , these commandos took part in combat operations such as the liberation of the capital city . Panama ( edit ) Main article : United States invasion of Panama Members of SEAL Team 4 immediately before the start of Operation Just Cause The United States Navy contributed extensive special operations assets to the invasion of Panama , code named Operation Just Cause . This included SEAL Teams 2 and 4 , Naval Special Warfare Unit 8 , and Special Boat Unit 26 , all falling under Naval Special Warfare Group 2 ; and the separate Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) . DEVGRU fell under Task Force Blue , while Naval Special Warfare Group 2 composed the entirety of Task Force White . Task Force White was tasked with three principal objectives : the destruction of Panamanian Defense Forces ( PDF ) naval assets in Balboa Harbor and the destruction of Manuel Noriega 's private jet at Paitilla Airport ( collectively known as Operation Nifty Package ) , as well as isolating PDF forces on Flamenco Island . The strike on Balboa Harbor by Task Unit Whiskey is notably marked in SEAL history as the first publicly acknowledged combat swimmer mission since the Second World War . Prior to the commencement of the invasion four Navy SEALs , Lt Edward S. Coughlin , EN - 3 Timothy K. Eppley , ET - 1 Randy L. Beausoleil , and PH - 2 Chris Dye , swam underwater into the harbor on Draeger LAR - V rebreathers and attached C4 explosives to and destroyed Noriega 's personal gunboat the Presidente Porras . Task Unit Papa was tasked with the seizure of Paitilla airfield and the destruction of Noriega 's plane there . Several SEALs were concerned about the nature of the mission assigned to them being that airfield seizure was usually the domain of the Army Rangers . Despite these misgivings and a loss of operational surprise , the SEALs of TU Papa proceeded with their mission . Almost immediately upon landing , the 48 SEALs came under withering fire from the PDF stationed at the airfield . Although Noriega 's plane was eventually destroyed , the SEALs suffered four dead and thirteen wounded . Killed were Lt. John Connors , Chief Petty Officer Donald McFaul , Torpedoman 's Mate 2nd Class Issac Rodriguez , and Boatswain 's Mate 1st Class Chris Tilghman . Persian Gulf War ( edit ) Main article : Gulf War In August 1990 , SEALs were the first western forces to deploy to the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Desert Shield . They infiltrated the capital city of Kuwait within hours of the invasion and gathered intelligence and developed plans to rescue US embassy staff should they become hostages . SEALs were also the first to capture Iraqi Prisoners of War when they assaulted nine Kuwaiti Oil platforms on 19 January 1991 . On 23 February 1991 , a seven - man SEAL team launched a mission to trick the Iraqi military into thinking an amphibious assault on Kuwait by coalition forces was imminent by setting off explosives and placing marking buoys 500 meters off the Kuwaiti coast . The mission was a success and Iraqi forces were diverted east away from the true coalition offensive . The SEALs were first into Kuwait city in their Desert Patrol Vehicles when it was recaptured . Somali intervention ( edit ) On 6 December 1992 , as part of Operation Restore Hope , U.S. Navy SEALs and Special Boat crewmen from Naval Special Warfare Task Unit TRIPOLI began a 3 - day operation carrying out reconnaissance operations in the vicinity of Mogadishu airport and harbor ; ahead of UNITAFs deployment to the country . They suffered only one casualty Petty Officer Second Class Benjamin M. Daly who was injured by an IED and later awarded the armed forces expeditionary medal . In August 1993 a four - man DEVGRU SEAL sniper team was deployed to Mogadishu to work alongside Delta Force as part of Task Force Ranger in the search for Somali warlord Mohammed Farrah Aidid . They took part in several operations in support of the CIA and Army culminating in the 3 October ' Battle of Mogadishu ' where they were part of the ground convoy raiding the Olympic Hotel . All four SEALs would be later awarded the Silver Star in recognition of their bravery whilst Navy SEAL Howard E. Wasdin would be awarded a Purple Heart after continuing to fight despite being wounded three times during the battle . War in Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Invasion ( edit ) For more details on the opening phase of Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan , see United States invasion of Afghanistan . In the immediate aftermath of the 11 September attacks , Navy SEALs quickly dispatched to Camp Doha , and those already aboard US Naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters began conducting VBSS operations against ships suspected of having ties to or even carrying al Qaeda operatives . SEAL Teams 3 and 8 also began rotating into Oman from the United States and staging on the island of Masirah for operations in Afghanistan . One of the SEALs ' immediate concerns was their lack of suitable vehicles to conduct special reconnaissance ( SR ) missions in the rough , landlocked terrain of Afghanistan . After borrowing and retrofitting Humvees from the Army Rangers also staging on Masirah , the SEALs inserted into Afghanistan to conduct the SR of what would become Camp Rhino , as part of Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) . These early stages of OEF were commanded by a fellow SEAL , Rear Admiral Albert Calland . Task Force K - Bar SEALs at one of the entrances to the Zhawar Kili cave complex As part of the CJSOTF ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ) under the command of General Tommy Franks at CENTCOM SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Sword , which was established in early October 2001 , it was a black SOF ( Special Operations Forces ) unit under direct command of JSOC . It was a so - called hunter - killer force whose primary objective was of capturing or killing senior leadership and HVT within both al - Qaeda and the Taliban . Sword was initially structured around a two - squadron component of operators from Delta Force ( Task Force Green ) and DEVGRU ( Task Force Blue ) supported by a Ranger protection force teams ( Task Force Red ) and ISA signals intercept and surveillance operators ( Task Force Orange ) and the 160th SOAR ( Task Force Brown ) . Task Force K - Bar was established on 10 October 2001 , it was formed around a Naval Special Warfare Group consisting of SEALs from SEAL Teams 2 , 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion , 3rd SFG ; the task force was led by SEAL Captain Robert Harward . The task force 's principal task was to conduct SR and SSE missions in the south of the country . Other Coalition SOF - particularly KSK , JTF2 and New Zealand Special Air Service were assigned to the task force . As part of the JIATF - CT ( Joint Interagency Task Force - Counterterrorism ) - intelligence integration and fusion activity manned by personnel from all Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) participating units - SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Bowie , they were embedded in the task force in AFOs ( Advanced Force Operations ) . The AFOs were 45 - man reconnaissances units made up of a Delta Force recce specialists augmented by selected SEALs from DEVGRU and supported by ISA 's technical experts . The AFOs had been raised to support TF Sword and were tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield , working closely with the CIA and reported directly to Task Force Sword . The AFOs conducted covert reconnaissance -- sending small 2 or 3 man teams into al - Qaeda ' Backyard ' along the border with Pakistan , the AFO operators would deploy observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers as well as environmental reconnaissance ; much of the work was done on foot or ATVs . SEALs were present at the Battle of Qala - i - Jangi in November 2001 alongside their counterparts from the British SBS . Chief Petty Officer Stephen Bass was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the battle . Before the US Marines landed at Camp Rhino in November 2001 , a SEAL recce team from SEAL Team 8 conducted reconnaissance of the area , they were mistakenly engaged by orbiting AH - 1W attack helicopters , but the SEALs managed to get a message through to the Marines before they suffered casualties . The SR mission in the region of Camp Rhino lasted for four days , after which two United States Air Force Combat Control Teams made a nighttime HALO jump to assist the SEALs in guiding in Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit who seized control of the area and established a Forward operating base . Post-invasion ( edit ) Task Force K - Bar SEALs searching munitions found in the Zhawar Kili cave complex In January 2002 , following the Battle of Tora Bora , another series of caves was discovered in Zhawar Kili , just south of Tora Bora , airstrikes hit the sites before SOF teams were inserted into the area . A SEAL platoon from SEAL Team 3 , including several of their Desert Patrol Vehicles , accompanied by a German KSK element , a Norwegian SOF team and JTF2 reconnaissance teams spent some nine days conducting extensive SEE , clearing an estimated 70 caves and 60 structures in the area , recovering a huge amount of both intelligence and munitions , but they did n't encounter any al - Qaeda fighters . Subsequent SEAL operations during the invasion of Afghanistan were conducted within Task Force K - Bar , a joint special operations unit of Army Special Forces , United States Air Force Special Tactics Teams , and special operations forces from Norway , Germany , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and Denmark . Task Force K - Bar conducted combat operations in the massive cave complexes near the city of Kandahar and surrounding territory , the town of Prata Ghar and hundreds of miles of rough terrain in southern and eastern Afghanistan . Over the course of six months Task Force K - Bar killed or captured over 200 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters , and destroyed tens of thousands of pounds of weapons and ordnance . In February 2002 , while at Camp Rhino , the CIA passed on intelligence from a Predator drone operating in the Paktia province that Taliban Mullah Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa was spotted leaving a building by vehicle convoy . SEALs and Danish Jægerkorpset commandos boarded Air Force Pave Low helicopters and seized Khairkhwa on the road less than two hours later . The SEALs continued to perform reconnaissance operations for the Marines until leaving after having spent 45 days on the ground . In March 2002 , SEALs from DEVGRU , SEAL Team 2 , 3 and 8 participated extensively in Operation Anaconda . During what would become known as the Battle of Takur Ghar , whilst inserting from an MH - 47E Chinook , PO1 Neil Roberts from DEVGRU , was thrown from his helicopter when it took fire from entrenched al Qaeda fighters . Roberts was subsequently killed after engaging and fighting dozens of enemies for almost an hour . Several SEALs were wounded in a rescue attempt and their Air Force Combat Controller , Technical Sergeant John Chapman , was killed . Attempts to rescue the stranded SEAL also led to the deaths of several US Army Rangers and an Air Force Pararescueman acting as a Quick Reaction Force . Navy SEALs LT Michael P. Murphy and STG2 Matthew Axelson in Afghanistan , both of whom were killed in action . Later in 2002 , CJSOFT became a single integrated command under the broader CJTF - 180 that commanded all US forces assigned to OEF - A , it was built around an Army Special Forces Group ( often manned by National Guard units ) and SEAL teams . A small JSOC element ( formerly Task Force Sword / 11 ) not under direct CTJF command -- embedded within CJSOFT , it was manned by a joint SEAL and Ranger element that rotated command , it was not under direct ISAF command , although it operated in support of NATO operations . In June 2005 , Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor after his four - man reconnaissance counterinsurgency team was almost wiped out during Operation Red Wings . After the four man team lost Danny Dietz , he put himself in open view to call in the QRF . He soon after died from injuries sustained . Matthew Axelson also died on this operation . The QRF never reached the scene ; it was struck by an RPG killing 8 Navy SEALs and 8 Army Night Stalkers . Marcus Luttrell was the only survivor from this operation . A US Navy SEAL , assigned to Special Operations Task Force - South East , greets children in a village in Uruzgan Province , 30 August 2012 . In early 2010 , Brigadier General Scott Miller took command of CJSOTF - Afghanistan and assigned virtually all SOF in the theatre to a new counterinsurgency role that would become known as the ALP / VSO Program ( Afghan Local Police / Village Stability Operations ) , the SOF in Afghanistan were organised into battalion level SOTF ( Special Operations Task Forces ) each with a geographic area of responsibility - the SEALs were given southeast Afghanistan . To increase security of their assigned VSO village , a SEAL Platoon in Chora District , Uruzgan Province built a wall constructed of 500m of HESCO barriers to divert insurgent movements away , this proved successful and eventually the Afghan villagers took ownership of it . SEALs and other SOTF still conducted Direct Action missions , but now partnered with Afghan forces . On 6 August 2011 , 17 U.S. Navy SEALs were killed when their CH - 47 Chinook helicopter was shot down by an RPG fired by Taliban militants . The SEALs were en route to support U.S. Army Rangers who were taking fire while attempting to capture a senior Taliban leader in the Tangi Valley . Fifteen of the SEALs belonged to the Naval Special Warfare Development Group . Two others were SEALs assigned to a West Coast - based Naval Special Warfare unit . A total of 30 Americans and eight Afghans were killed in the crash , making it the single largest loss of U.S. lives in the Global War on Terrorism . On 16 June 2012 , SEALs in Uruzgan Province conducted a joint operation into the Shah Wali Kot Valley where they suffered the loss of a Black Hawk helicopter when it was struck by an insurgent RPG , the crash killed 11 servicemen ( 7 US and 4 Afghan ) . In December 2012 , SEALs from DEVGRU rescued a US doctor who had been kidnapped a few days earlier . However , during the operation the unit suffered a fatality , Petty Officer 1st Class Nicolas D. Checque . Senior Chief Edward Byers , was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during this mission . In May 2013 , Rear Adm. Sean Pybus , commander of Navy Special Warfare stated that the unit would cut in half the number of SEAL platoons in Afghanistan by the end of 2013 . Rear Adm. Sean Pybus also added that the unit is already `` undergoing a transition back to its maritime roots '' by placing more emphasis on sea - based missions after being involved in mostly landlocked missions since 2001 . Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Iraq War Invasion ( edit ) US military security personnel on the Al Basrah Oil Terminal after its capture For the 2003 invasion of Iraq , a squadron from DEVGRU operated as part of Task Force 20 . Their role was to conduct heliborne direct action raids , particularly against HVTs . The Naval Special Operations Task Group was assigned to Operation Iraqi Freedom , and was built around a core of SEAL Teams 8 and 10 , Polish GROM , Royal Marines from 40 and 42 Commando under the command of 3 Commando Brigade and attached US Psy Ops and civil affairs teams . The Naval Task Group was principally tasked with the capture of the port of Umm Qasr , Iraq 's only deep - water port ; the oil pipeline facilities of the Al - Faw Peninsula ; and the two off - shore platforms the pipelines fed . Once these initial target sets were secured , the Task Group would support conventional forces in the south , conducting reconnaissance and raiding activities . Aviation support was provided by both Marine air of the 15th MEU and 20th Special Operations Squadron . Several days before the beginning of the invasion , two SDV teams were launched from Mark V Special Operations Craft in the Persian Gulf . Their objectives were the hydrographic reconnaissance of the Al Basrah ( MABOT ) and Khawr Al Amaya ( KAAOT ) Oil Terminals . After swimming under the terminals and securing their Mark 8 mod 1s , the SDV SEALs spent several hours taking pictures and surveying Iraqi activity on both platforms before returning to their boats . On March 20 , 2003 , SEALs from SEAL Team 8 and 10 ( 31 SEALs , 2 Navy EOD a USAF combat controller and several Iraqi interpreters ) moved to seize the MABOT oil terminal whilst GROM operators assaulted the KAAOT Oil Terminals . The terminals were quickly seized with no casualties , and explosives which were found on the terminals were made safe by GROM operators . The shore - based pumping stations ( known as MMS - Monitoring and Meter Stations ) and their pipelines on the Al - Faw Peninsula were seized by 12 SEALS from SEAL Team 3 , who were mounted in DPVs . They took off from Kuwait and were inserted under Iraqi anti-aircraft fire by MH - 53 helicopters . The target area was ' softened up ' by JDAM bombs dropped from B - 52s on Iraqi bunkers , trenches and dugouts around the oil facilities . After a brief firefight in which the SEALs killed 1 Iraqi soldier and captured 13 , the SEALs secured the MMS and the pipelines , and were relieved by Royal Marines from 40 Commando . The SEALs advised the Marines , helping coordinate AC - 130 Spectres fire support onto Iraqi forces . The other shore - based pumping station at Umm Qasr was secured by SEALs and Royal Marines ; before they landed , AC - 130 Spectres and A-10As engaged a nearby SAM installation and a responding Iraqi mechanised unit . The SEALs secured the facility itself whilst the Royal Marines cleared Iraqi bunkers , killing several Iraqi soldiers . Other Naval Task Group operations included elements of three SEAL platoons in GMV trucks and DPVs seizing the al Zubayr MMS , whilst I MEF attacked the Rumaylah Oil Fields north of al - Faw . SEALs and Special Boat teams helped secure the Khawr Abd Allah and Khawr Az Zubyar waterways , which enabled humanitarian supplies to be delivered to the port of Umm Qasr . SEALs from the unit that secured the al - Faw MMS also conducted reconnaissance on the Shat Al Arab waterway , that was later secured by British forces . SEALs were also involved in various VBSS missions with British and Australian forces to seize Iraqi craft carrying seaborne mines . Coalition military planners were concerned that retreating Iraqi forces would destroy the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam , located 57 miles northeast of Baghdad , in an attempt to slow advancing US troops . In addition to restricting the manoeuvre of Coalition forces , the destruction of the dam would deny critical power needs to the surrounding area , as well as cause massive flooding and loss of Iraqi civilian life . A mixed team of SEALs from SEAL Team 5 and Polish GROM was called in to seize the dam . This force was flown several hours by six US Air Force MH - 53J Pave Lows ; the force consisted of 20 SEALs ( with an extra six SEAL snipers in one helicopter carrying the SEAL command and control element ) and two EOD operators along with 35 GROM operators to the dam . The SEALs employed DPVs into blocking positions to defend against counter-attack and roving bands of Iranian bandits that had been crossing the border and raiding Iraqi towns . As in Al Faw , the SEALs found their DPVs ( the SEAL unit at the al - Faw MMS lost all but two DPVs when they were bogged down in the oily mud ) to be ineffective and this marked the last time they would employ them in Iraq . The SEALs and GROM on foot fast - roped out of their helicopters and immediately stormed the dam . The minimal Iraqi troops guarding the dam surrendered without a fight , and with the exception of a GROM soldier who broke an ankle during the insertion , no casualties were sustained in the operation . After several hours of searching the dam for remaining hostile forces or any explosives , the SEALs secured the dam and held it for five days until they were relieved by advancing elements of the US Army . During the Battle of Basra , SEALS and the along with the Brigade Reconnaissance Force and 539 Assault Squadron RM attempted a waterborne approach to Basra via the Shatt al - Arab waterway but were intercepted by Iranian Revolutionary Guard patrol craft and did not want to engage them so they withdrew . On April 6 , 2003 , after relocating further up the waterway they successfully infiltrated via the waterway , using SEAL UAVs they called in `` show - of - force '' and an airstrike by a USMC harrier on Iraqi troops , the SEALs then headed to `` Chemical Ali 's '' house with SSE teams to find traces of chemical weapons . SEALs carried out missions around Nasiriyah , carrying out reconnaissance on surrounding villages and engaging enemy strong points bypassed by the US Marine advance . Charlie Platoon , SEAL Team 3 , later operated ahead of the Marine advance carrying out similar missions . SEAL and GROM units continued to cooperate throughout the rest of the invasion phase , with raids and anti-sniper missions in Baghdad . Post-invasion Iraq ( edit ) Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor , 2nd Navy SEAL killed in Iraq . This photo was taken during an extraction after a firefight , and the smoke was used to conceal their movements from the enemy . Following the invasion , SEAL platoons rotated through Iraq , conducting overwatch for US and Iraqi patrols and directly mentoring local Iraqi forces ; they also conducted surveillance and sniping missions into known trouble spots . In September 2004 , a SEAL sniper element was tasked with establishing an overwatch and surveillance position overlooking Haifa Street , they were inserted by Bradley IFVs from a unit of the 9th Cavalry Regiment , however they were spotted and engaged by insurgents . The SEALs notified the Bradleys , they drove back , fired on the insurgents and set up a cordon for the SEALs to be extracted , one Bradley was destroyed by a car bomb , there were no casualties and the SEALs were extracted . In the interim between the First Battle of Fallujah and Second Battle of Fallujah , insurgents in Fallujah knew that the coalition assault was inevitable and under the guidance of the influx of foreign fighters , began to build defensive networks throughout the city - ranging from fortified buildings , trench lines , berms , strategically placed car bombs and IEDs . In preparations for the second battle , SEALs conducted reconnaissance near the berms and tested out reports that the insurgents were equipped with night - vision equipment , they proved this by throwing an infra - red chemical light into the street which drew small arms fire . SEALs along with the 5th SFG , Marine Force Recon and Det One and other JSOC elements were heavily involved in shaping operations prior to the November 7 D - DAY when coalition forces entered the city . The SOF shaping included sophisticated feints to mislead the insurgents as to the direction of the final assault , close target reconnaissance and direct - action missions where a logistics node or IED factory was targeted . When the offensive on the insurgents in the city began , many of the US Marine companie had SEAL sniper teams attached to them , mainly from SEAL Teams 3 , 5 and 10 . From 2005 , SEALs were heavily committed to western Iraq in Al Anbar Governorate , AQI terrorists who escaped Fallujah had relocated to Ramadi . A SEAL Task Unit was co-located with the Marines at Al Asad Airbase and sent elements to Ramadi and Habbaniyah , the SEALs were initially tasked with target development for the Marines and providing sniper overwatch for their patrols . The SEALs were already training an Iraqi Army unit in Habbaniyah , although FID was their main focus until later that year . A SEAL Task Unit generally comprised two individual SEAL Platoons : each Platoon was made up of seven - man squad elements commanded by a junior officer , three of these Task Units ( although a fourth was often added ) along with a Special Boat Team detachment and a Headquarters Team ( including integral intelligence , targeting and EOD personnel ) made up a Naval Special Warfare Squadron . According to Dick Couch , the SEALs began FID with two Iraqi units - the Army Scouts who conducted conventional reconnaissance missions , and the SMP ( Special Missions Platoon ) , a locally formed unit that would later fight alongside the SEALs . Despite several challenges , the SEALs were soon conducted operations with partnered units , particularly in Special Reconnaissance , focusing on the surveillance aspect , whilst conventional US Army or Marines would conduct raids and arrests . The typical loadout of the SEALs in Ramadi included the M4 carbine , optimised for close quarter battle with a 10 - inch barrel equipped with a 6 - inch sound suppressor , Surefire flashlight and EOTech sight , short barrel and foregrip and seven magazines . As the SEALs were beginning to make headway in Ramadi , AQI was starting to infiltrate the area by targeting local Sheikhs and convincing them to allow jihadists to marry into local tribes , thus cementing their powerbase and Sheikhs that resisted these advances were met with typical AQI brutality . Al - Qaeda 's efforts to install a Sharia - style shadow government in Ramadi led to AQI 's downfall - when in the first half of 2006 , in the run - up to the Second Battle of Ramadi SEALs , increasingly partnered with conventional forces of the 1st Brigade Combat Team , 1st Armored Division which was planning the offensive . SEALs along with the Scouts and SMP , would conduct reconnaissance , surveillance and sniper overwatch tasks ; with their own targeting cell , they also began conducting raids on local insurgent leaders . The 1st BCT began the concerted offensive to clear Ramadi of AQI fighters ; on 29 September 2006 , whilst at a rooftop overwatch position , Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor died after leaping upon an enemy grenade during a rooftop firefight , two SEALs on the roof were badly wounded from the grenade fragments and their local Iraqi Scouts ran back into the cover of the building , a fourth SEAL ( only lightly wounded ) , managed to radio his colleagues and get the Scouts to return fire . A SEAL element in a second overwatch position immediately ran through heavy fire to reach Monsoor ( whom later died from his wounds in the back of a Bradley IFV ) and the wounded SEALs , Monsoor was later awarded the Medal of Honor and the Silver Star . The advances by conventional forces and the SEALs in Ramadi , combined with the brutal tactics of AQI , helped to increase recruitment in a local police initiative - the programme was designed to bring the local Sheikhs ' militias into the Iraqi Security Forces . These volunteers would serve locally in their communities to defend them against al - Qaeda , a month after the kidnapping and murder of Sheikh Khalid by AQI ( which proved to be the tipping point ) , the Sheikhs signed a declaration agreeing to fight AQI and by the closing of 2006 , even former insurgents were joining the local police ( later known as the Anbar Awakening ) by the end of the battle , some 1,100 terrorists were killed . In Fallujah , the SEAL Task Unit were also heavily involved in fighting . In one joint operation to capture an AQI leader , they entered the target building and were engaged resulting in an Iraqi Scout being killed and a SEAL severely wounded , two SEALs returned fire and entered the building , both SEALs entered different rooms , in one room the SEAL encountered 3 insurgents who opened fired at close range , another SEAL across the hallway was struck in the head and killed , the SEAL in the room with the insurgents killed all 3 . In September 2009 , in a nighttime raid in Fallujah , SEALs captured Ahmad Hashim Abd al - Isawi ( nicknamed the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' ) , a prominent al - Qaeda terrorist who was the mastermind behind the 2004 Fallujah ambush . Al - Isawai made accusations of mistreatment while in custody , and testified in April 2010 at the ensuing courts - martial against 3 SEALs ( all of whom were acquitted ) . Iraqi authorities later tried and executed al - Isawi by hanging at some point before November 2013 . SEALS remained employed throughout the Iraqi Campaign as Task Units or Task Elements until its close in 2011 . Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines OEF - P was established in 2002 to conduct long - term partnered operations with both Philippine Army special operations and intelligence units , as well as police units to counter the threat posed by the ASG and JI terrorist groups . Much of this work has been assigned to 1st SFG ; SEALs and USAF Special Operations who have also had a long - term presence in the Philippines . There are few confirmed operational details about the SEALs and Green Berets conducting partnered operations , although elements are partnered with Philippine Army and SOF ; there have been mentions of Green Berets and SEALs being wounded . On 21 June 2002 , SEALs in RIBs supported the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group in the operation that killed Abu Sabaya , a senior leader in the ASG . A US Predator UAV marked the HVT with an infrared laser as he tried to escape in a smugglers boat , the MH - 47Es from the 160th SOAR used search lights mounted on their helicopters to pinpoint the target 's boat while operators from the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group opened fire on the boat killing the terrorist leader and capturing 4 other terrorists with him . Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa As part of OEF - HOA , Naval Special Warfare Unit 10 are deployed to Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti , under the command of SOCCE - HOA ( Special Opererations Command and Control Element - Horn of Africa ) which commands all SOCOM units assigned to training or operational missions in the region . Special operations carried out in Somalia are conducted under the codename : Operation Octave Dune , as part of the overall effort in Somalia , which is known as Operation Octave Shield . Before Djibouti became the epicentre for counter terrorism operations in Africa , unilateral operations were launched from temporary forward locations in friendly nations such as Kenya , or from US Navy Ships . The earliest known operation in Somalia was known as Operation Cobalt Blue : In 2003 , SEALs using SEAL Delivery Vehicles swam ashore along the Somali coastline and emplaced covert surveillance cameras . Known as cardinals , the cameras were designed to watch likely target locations for wanted terrorists as al - Qaeda and its affiliates began to regroup in the country , however the cameras only took one image a day and captured very little . CJSOTF - HOA ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force - Horn of Africa ) developed a rescue plan called Operation Mystic Talon , in case and CIA SAD or ISA operators were captured in the region , the plan required a SEAL platoon Air Force Special Operations assets that , if necessary , would fight their way into Somalia , recover the hostage and fight their way out , should a mission need to be launched before a dedicated JSOC task force could be deployed to the region . Maersk Alabama hijacking ( edit ) Main article : Maersk Alabama hijacking On 12 April 2009 , in response to a hostage taking incident off the coast of Somalia by Somalian pirates , three Navy SEALs from DEVGRU simultaneously engaged and killed the three pirates who were closely holding the hostage , Captain Richard Phillips , of the freighter ship Maersk Alabama . The pirates and their hostage were being towed in a lifeboat approximately 100 yards behind USS Bainbridge when each of the pirates were killed by a different DEVGRU sniper with a single shot to the head . Death of Osama bin Laden ( edit ) Main article : Death of Osama bin Laden In the early morning of May 1 , 2011 local time , a team of 40 Navy SEALs of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) , previously called `` SEAL Team 6 '' , along with a Belgian Malinois Military Working Dog ( named `` Cairo '' ) , supported by Special Activities Division officers on the ground , killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad , Pakistan about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Islamabad in a CIA operation . President Barack Obama later confirmed the death of bin Laden , but did not directly mention the involvement of DEVGRU , saying only that a `` small team '' of Americans undertook the operation to bring down bin Laden . The unprecedented media coverage raised the public profile of the SEAL community , particularly the counter-terrorism specialists commonly known as SEAL Team 6 . The Walt Disney Company tried unsuccessfully to trademark the name `` SEAL Team 6 '' the day after the raid . The official name of the military operation was Operation Neptune Spear . The model of the compound used in the 60 Minutes documentary was donated by CBS to the Navy SEAL Museum . Morning Glory oil tanker ( edit ) On March 16 , 2014 , 30 U.S. Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 2 took control of MV Morning Glory , a tanker full of oil loaded from a rebel - held port in Libya . The raid by Navy SEALs took place in international waters off the coast of Cyprus , the raid was a success ; preventing a Libyan splinter militia group selling nationalized Libyan oil on the black market . Operation Inherent Resolve ( edit ) Main article : Operation Inherent Resolve As part of Operation Inherent Resolve 's Iraq Campaign , there are at least 100 SEALs as part of a Special Operations advise and assist mission to Peshmerga and Iraqi Security Forces in combating ISIS . The Navy SEAL operation in northern Iraq is called Task Force Trident . On May 3 , 2016 , Petty Officer 1st Class Charles Keating IV was killed by ISIS small arms fire near the town of Tel Skuf during an ISIS assault on a Peshmerga position . He was a member of a 20 - man Quick Reaction Force ( QRF ) sent to rescue a dozen U.S. advisors at the position and temporarily assist the Peshmerga . Selection and training ( edit ) U.S. Navy SEALs conducting training with SCAR rifles . Main article : United States Navy SEAL selection and training Students conduct CQB drills during SEAL Qualification Training . Before getting accepted into Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , a prospective candidate must pass a certain number of both mental and physical requirements . These tests include : Pre-enlistment medical screening , ASVAB , AFQT , C - SORT , and PST . Then , the candidate must get a SEAL contract by passing the SEAL Physical Screening Test : 500 yard swim in 12 : 30 , 50 push - ups in 2 minutes , 50 sit - ups in 2 minutes , 10 consecutive pull - ups in 2 minutes , and a 1.5 mile run in 10 : 30 . Candidates receiving a passing score may then be admitted into training to become Navy SEALs . SEAL training is extremely rigorous . The attrition rate fluctuates , but averages at about 80 percent . The average candidate spends over a year in a series of formal training courses before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification ( NEC ) 5326 Combatant Swimmer ( SEAL ) or , in the case of commissioned naval officers , the designation Naval Special Warfare ( SEAL ) Officer . Navy SEAL training pipeline : 8 - week Naval Recruit Training 8 - week Naval Special Warfare Prep School 24 - week Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL Training ( BUD / S ) 5 - week Parachute Jump School 26 - week SEAL Qualification Training ( SQT ) Upon graduation from SQT , trainees receive the U.S. Navy SEAL Trident , designating them as Navy SEALs . They are subsequently assigned to a SEAL Team or SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) Team and begin 18 - months of predeployment training before they are considered deployable . This training consists of : 6 - month Professional Development -- Individual Specialty Training ( ProDev ) 6 - month Unit Level Training ( ULT ) . ULT is unit training conducted by each Groups Training Detachment . Core unit training blocks are Air Operations , Land Warfare , Maritime , Urban and Special Reconnaissance . 6 - month Squadron Integration Training ( SIT ) Those enlisted SEALs with a medical rating will first attend the Special Operation Combat Medic Course for 6 months in Fort Bragg , North Carolina before joining a team in order to become a SEAL medic . Those pursuing Officer positions first attend the Junior Officer Training Course to learn about operations planning and how to perform team briefings . In total it can take over 2.5 years to completely train a Navy SEAL for his first deployment . Women ( edit ) Until December 2015 , female sailors were barred from becoming Navy SEALs by naval regulation . However , in August 2015 , it was reported that the `` Navy is planning to open its elite SEAL teams to women who can pass the grueling training regimen . '' Admiral Jon Greenert , the Chief of Naval Operations at the time , said that `` he and the head of Naval Special Warfare Command , Rear Adm. Brian Losey , believe that if women can pass the legendary six - month Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , they should be allowed to serve . '' In August 2015 , `` ( f ) inal approval ( for admission of women ) is still pending . '' On 3 December 2015 , it was announced that there are now `` no exceptions '' to all military roles in the U.S. , and women can become U.S. Navy SEALs . However , as of April 2016 , no female sailors have yet applied to undergo indoctrination as SEALs . The Washington Examiner reported on August 10 , 2017 : `` A woman aiming to become the first female Navy SEAL officer quit about a week into the initial training '' . http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/candidate-to-be-first-female-navy-seal-officer-quits-after-a-week-report/article/2631205 Navy SEAL Teams and structures ( edit ) Two members of SEAL Delivery Team 2 conduct lockout training with USS Hawaii in 2007 . SEALs from SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two fast - rope to the deck of the USS Toledo ( 2005 ) Naval Special Warfare groups ( edit ) Naval Special Warfare Command is organized into the following configuration : Naval Special Warfare Group 1 : SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 Naval Special Warfare Group 2 : SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , 10 Naval Special Warfare Group 3 : SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 Naval Special Warfare Group 4 : Special Boat Teams 12 , 20 , 22 Naval Special Warfare Group 11 : SEAL Teams 17 , 18 ( formerly Operational Support Teams 1 , 2 ) The total number of Navy SEALs assigned to Naval Special Warfare Command is approximately 8,195 out of a total staffing of 8,985 . SEAL Teams ( edit ) The original SEAL Teams in the Vietnam War were separated between West Coast ( Team ONE ) and East Coast ( Team TWO ) SEALs . Likewise current SEAL Teams are organized into two groups : Naval Special Warfare Group One ( West Coast ) and Naval Special Warfare Group Two ( East Coast ) , both of which come under the command of Naval Special Warfare Command at NAB Coronado , California . As of 2006 , there are eight confirmed Navy SEAL Teams . The current SEAL Team deployments include Teams 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , and 10 . The most recent teams are SEAL Team 7 and SEAL Team 10 , which were formed in March and April 2002 , respectively . The Teams deploy as Naval Special Warfare Squadrons or Special Operations Task Forces and can deploy anywhere in the world . Squadrons will normally be deployed and fall under a Joint Task Force ( JTF ) or a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ( CJSOTF ) as a Special Operations Task Force ( SOTF ) . SEAL Team 5 conducts an exercise in a Combat Rubber Raiding Craft in 2000 Each SEAL Team is commanded by a Navy Commander ( O - 5 ) , and has a number of operational SEAL platoons and a headquarters element . A SEAL Team has a Staff Headquarters element and three 40 - man Troops . Each Troop consists of a Headquarters element consisting of a Troop Commander , typically a Lieutenant Commander ( O - 4 ) , a platoon Senior Enlisted ( E-8 ) , a Targeting / Operations Officer ( O - 2 / 3 ) and a Targeting / Operations Leading / Chief Petty Officer ( E-6 / 7 ) . Under the HQ element are two SEAL platoons of 16 -- 20 men ( two officers , 14 -- 16 enlisted SEALs , and sometimes assigned non-NSW support personnel ) ; a company - sized Combat Service Support ( CSS ) and / or Combat Support ( CS ) consisting of staff N - codes ( the Army and Marine Corps use S - codes ) ; N1 Administrative support , N2 Intelligence , N3 Operations , N4 Logistics , N5 Plans and Targeting , N6 Communications , N7 Training , and N8 Air / Medical . Each platoon can be task organized for operational purposes into four squads , of eight 4 -- 5 man fire teams / boat crews . The size of each SEAL `` Team '' with platoons and support staff is approximately 300 personnel . The typical SEAL platoon has an OIC ( Officer in Charge , usually a Lieutenant ( O - 3 ) , a Platoon chief ( E-7 / E-8 ) , and two squads commanded by a LTJG ( O - 2 ) and a Squad Leader ( E-6 ) . The remaining members of the Squad are operators ( E-4 to E-6 ) with their specialty skills in ordinance , communications , diving , medical . The core leadership in the Troop and Platoon are the Commander / OIC and the Senior Enlisted NCO ( Senior Chief / Chief ) . Platoon core skills consist of : Sniper , Breacher , Communicator , Maritime / Engineering , Close Air Support , Corpsman , Point - man / Navigator , Primary Driver / Navigator ( Rural / Urban / Protective Security ) , Heavy Weapons Operator , Sensitive Site Exploitation , Air Operations Master , Lead Climber , Lead Diver / Navigator , Interrogator , Explosive Ordnance Disposal , Technical Surveillance , and Advanced Special Operations . Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , a naval base in Virginia Beach , Virginia , is home to SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , and 10 . Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , a naval base in Coronado , California , is home to SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , and 7 . There is also a SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) unit , SDVT - 1 , located in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . SDVT - 2 was based in Virginia ; it was disestablished and merged into SDVT - 1 . SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability . An SDV platoon consists of 12 -- 15 SEALs . Declassified locations : Insignia Team Deployment Number of Platoons HQ Notes SEAL Team 1 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 2 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 3 Middle East 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 4 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 5 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California Naval Special Warfare Development Group Worldwide Classified Dam Neck , Virginia SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987 . The Navy then established the Naval Special Warfare Development Group , also known as DEVGRU . While DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command , they are operationally under the command of the Joint Special Operations Command SEAL Team 7 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 8 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 10 Middle East 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Worldwide 4 Platoons Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Dets in : Little Creek , Virginia San Diego , California Special Warfare ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy enlisted rates Navy SEALs training with MP5 submachine guns . The Special Warfare Operator rating ( SO ) and Special Warfare Boat Operator rating ( SB ) , were established in 2006 . Special Warfare Operators ( SEALs ) and Special Warfare Boat Operators ( SWCCs ) , are no longer required to maintain the original rating they qualified in upon joining the Navy . The following ratings are specific to Navy SEALs : Navy Rate Abbreviation Pay Grade Special Warfare Rating Abbreviation Master Chief Petty Officer MCPO E-9 Master Chief Special Warfare Operator SOCM Senior Chief Petty Officer SCPO E-8 Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator SOCS Chief Petty Officer CPO E-7 Chief Special Warfare Operator SOC Petty Officer First Class PO1 E-6 Special Warfare Operator , First Class SO1 Petty Officer Second Class PO2 E-5 Special Warfare Operator , Second Class SO2 Petty Officer Third Class PO3 E-4 Special Warfare Operator , Third Class SO3 United States Navy Parachute Team `` Leap Frogs '' ( edit ) A member of the U.S. Navy Parachute Demonstration Team , the `` Leap Frogs '' , returns to earth after a successful jump The primary mission of the Navy Parachute Team ( NPT ) is to support Naval Special Warfare recruiting by gaining access and exposure to appropriate candidates through aerial parachuting demonstrations . The U.S. Navy Parachute Team is a fifteen - man team composed of U.S. Navy SEALs . Each member comes to the team for a three - year tour from one of the two Naval Special Warfare Groups located on the east and west coasts . On completion of the tour , members return to operational units . The parachute team began in 1969 when Navy SEALs and Frogmen volunteered to perform at weekend air shows . The Team initially consisted of five jumpers : LCDR Olson , PHC Gagliardi , SK2 `` Herky '' Hertenstein , PR1 Al Schmiz and PH2 `` Chip '' Maury . Schmiz and Maury were members of the original `` Chuting Stars . '' When LCDR Olson was transferred to California , PHC Gene `` Gag '' Gagliardi ( D 546 ) of UDT ELEVEN introduced him to the local jumping elite with the San Diego Skydivers , one of the nation 's first sports parachuting clubs . He convinced the Commander Naval Operations Support Group , PACIFIC to create a small demonstration team consisting of a cadre of highly qualified freefall jumpers . Its activities were to be conducted on a `` not to interfere '' basis with other military duties and at no cost to the government , other than utilizing normally scheduled aircraft . This group eventually adopted the `` Leap Frogs '' name . The team was officially commissioned as the U.S. Navy Parachute Team in 1974 by the Chief of Naval Operations and assigned the mission of demonstrating Navy excellence throughout the United States . The East Coast - based `` Chuting Stars '' were disbanded in the 1980s with the `` Leap Frogs '' taking on all official parachute demonstrations within the Navy . A typical Leap Frogs performance consists of six jumpers leaping out of an aircraft at an altitude of 6,000 feet . After freefalling sometimes using smoke or streamers , the Leap Frogs fly their canopies together to build canopy - relative work formations . After performances , the Leap Frogs make themselves available to the public to answer questions about the Navy and the Naval Special Warfare community , as well as to sign autographs . Influence on foreign units ( edit ) US Navy SEALs and Grom -- Polish naval warfare team members -- practicing boarding skills near Gdansk , Poland , 2009 . From its predecessors -- the Underwater Demolition Teams -- to its current form , the SEALs have influenced the training and formation of several foreign units . In 1955 the Underwater Demolition Teams provided funding and training for the Republic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla , who are also known as UDT / SEALs . The Philippine Naval Special Warfare Group is also patterned on the training and implementation of the US Navy SEALs and the UDTs . Upon the creation of the Indian MARCOS in 1987 , three officers were sent to undergo a hard training schedule with the SEALs that would help them further shape their unit 's capabilities . Due to their reputation as being one of America 's premier special operations forces , SEALs ( particularly operators from DEVGRU ) will often do exchanges with allied SOFs . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum and memorial ( edit ) Main article : National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum The National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum , in Fort Pierce , Florida , was founded in 1985 and was recognized as a National Museum by an act of Congress . The museum is dedicated to preserving the history of the Navy SEALs and their predecessors . The SEAL Museum stands on the training site of the first Navy frogmen . There through World War II , thousands of service members were trained as members of Naval Combat Demolition Units and Underwater Demolition Teams . The Museum houses rare historic artifacts from the founding of the UDT to present day , including weapons , vehicles , equipment , and most recently added , the Maersk Alabama lifeboat aboard which Somali pirates held Captain Richard Phillips hostage . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : United States Navy SEALs in popular culture U.S. Navy SEALs have been depicted in numerous works of art , entertainment , and media . Examples of well - known representations in films include : Navy SEALs ( 1990 ) , The Rock ( 1996 ) , G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) , Act of Valor ( 2012 ) , Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) , Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) and American Sniper ( 2014 ) . Examples of fictional representations in literature include various characters in Tom Clancy novels ( e.g. , Rainbow Six and Without Remorse ) and the G.I. Joe universe . See also ( edit ) United States Navy portal Underwater diving portal List of Navy SEALs List of special forces units United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 3 December 2015 , female sailors can become U.S. Navy SEALs , however as of 19 April 2016 , none have yet done so . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wentz , Gene ; B. Abell Jurus ( 1993 ) . Men In Green Faces . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 95052 - 1 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/10/u-s-special-forces-helping-philippines-troops-in-battle-against-militants-allied-to-islamic-state.html Jump up ^ www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40231605 Jump up ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/us-special-forces-aid-philippine-troops-in-battle-for-marawi ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEAL History '' . navyseals.com . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ US Navy . `` SEAL Requirements '' . navyseals.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jill Laster . `` Program letting Coasties train as SEALs on hold '' . Navy Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEAL History '' . sealswcc.com . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Meghann ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` The Navy SEALs are now open to women but no one has stepped forward '' . Navy Times . Military Times & Sightline Media Group . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Douglas ( 2003 - 02 - 03 ) . `` The CIA 's Secret Army : The CIA 's Secret Army '' . Time . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ SOG : The Secret Wars of America 's Commandos in Vietnam by John L. Plaster Jump up ^ Haney , Eric L. ( 2002 ) . Inside Delta Force . New York : Delacorte Press . ^ Jump up to : Efran , Shawn ( producer ) , `` Army Officer Recalls Hunt for Bin Laden '' , 60 Minutes , CBS News , 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ SEAL History : Origins of Naval Special Warfare - WWII National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Navysealmuseum.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Vann RD ( 2004 ) . `` Lambertsen and O2 : beginnings of operational physiology '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 31 . PMID 15233157 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler FK ( 2004 ) . `` Closed - circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 20 . PMID 15233156 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ SEAL History : Underwater Demolition Teams in the Korean War National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Navysealmuseum.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Genesis of the U.S. Navy 's SEa , Air , Land ( SEAL ) Teams National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Navysealmuseum.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL History '' . SOFREP Inc . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , James ( 1997 ) . Walking Point : The Experience of a Founding Member of the Elite Navy SEALs . New York , New York : William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 14302 - 4 . Jump up ^ US Navy Videos . Navy.mil . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ First SEAL : Amazon.co.uk : Ray Boehm , Charles Sasser : Books . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Point Man by Chief James Watson & Kevin Dockery , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 380 - 71986 - X Jump up ^ Edwin E. Moïse . `` The Vietnam Wars , Section 8 : The Tet Offensive and its Aftermath '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` President Cites Seal Team '' , The New York Times ( ProQuest ) format = requires url = ( help ) , p. 21 , 12 November 1968 Jump up ^ `` Washington For the Record '' , The New York Times ( ProQuest ) format = requires url = ( help ) , p. 4 , 19 June 1970 Jump up ^ Couch , Dick ( 2008 ) . The Sheriff of Ramadi . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 138 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Cawthorne , Nigel , The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces , Robinson , 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 821 - 0 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Friedman , Herbert A. `` United States PSYOP in Somalia '' . Psywarrior . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Borchini , Charles P. ( Lt. Col . ) ; Borstelmann , Mari ( October 1994 ) . `` PSYOP in Somalia : The Voice of Hope '' ( PDF ) . Special Warfare . United States Army . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Seal Team Six : The incredible story of an elite sniper -- and the special operations unit that killed Osama Bin Laden : Amazon.co.uk : Howard E. Wasdin , Stephen Templin : Books . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh ( 2015 ) . Special Forces in the War on Terror . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1472807908 . , p. 25 - P. 31 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh ( 2015 ) . Special Forces in the War on Terror . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1472807908 . , p. 44 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 1472807901 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 49 - 50 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh ( 2015 ) . Special Forces in the War on Terror . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1472807908 . , p. 78 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh ( 2015 ) . Special Forces in the War on Terror . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1472807908 . , p. 54 - 69 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0790 - 8 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 161 - 162 ^ Jump up to : `` DOD Identifies Service Members Killed In CH - 47 Crash '' . U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense ( Public Affairs ) . August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SEAL Team 6 members among 38 killed in Afghanistan . Los Angeles Times 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Helicopter Crash in Afghanistan Reportedly Kills Members of SEAL Team 6 . Fox News , 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Pentagon releases names of Chinook crash victims ( 1 ) , CNN News blog , 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Shumaker , Lisa ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Navy identifies SEAL killed in hostage rescue in Afghanistan '' . Yahoo News . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to present Medal of Honor to Navy SEAL '' . news.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ SEALs to Undergo ' Evolution in Reverse ' as They Return to Maritime Operations -- Blog . Nationaldefensemagazine.org . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 123 - 126 Jump up ^ Rossiter , Mike , Target Basra , Corgi , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0552157001 , p149 , p153 , p. 158 - 162 , ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Chris ; McEwen , Scott ; DeFelice , Chris ( February 5 , 2012 ) . American Sniper. Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 208235 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Mike , Target Basra , Corgi , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0552157001 Jump up ^ Cawthorne , Nigel , The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces , Robinson , 2008 ISBN 1845298217 ISBN 978 - 1845298210 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 126 - 127 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Rossiter , Mike , Target Basra , Corgi , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0552157001 , p. 161 , Jump up ^ Owen , Mark No Easy Day : The Autobiography of a Navy Seal : The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden , DUTTON Books , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0525953722 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Rossiter , Mike , Target Basra , Corgi , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0552157001 , p. 325 -- 328 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 178 - 179 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 175 - 178 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 179 - 180 Jump up ^ `` A Navy SEAL loadout in Ramadi Corpi d ' élite - Forze speciali italiane , antiterrorismo , intelligence '' . corpidelite.net . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 180 - 182 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Robinson , Patrick ( 2013 ) . Honor and Betrayal : The Untold Story of the Navy Seals Who Captured the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' -- and the Shameful Ordeal They Later Endured . Perseus Book Group . ISBN 9780306823091 . Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Navy SEAL not guilty of charges in Iraq '' . CNN . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Centanni , Steve ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Navy SEAL Found Not Guilty of Assaulting a Suspected Terrorist '' . Fox News . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartwell , Ray V. ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Persecuting Our Heroes '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 184 - 185 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0790 - 8 , p. 200 - 201 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0790 - 8 , p. 282 , p , 284 Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0790 - 8 , p. 285 Jump up ^ `` U.S. warship near boat carrying pirates -- CNN.com '' . CNN . 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Flock , Elizabeth ( 2 May 2011 ) . `` Navy SEALs who killed Osama bin Laden are from the elite ' Team 6 ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The raid on Osama bin Laden 's compound '' . CBS News . 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation '' . The Washington Post . May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ Winter , Jana ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Mickey Mouse Surrenders to Navy SEALs in Trademark Battle '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Model of Osama bin Laden Abbottabad Compound National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Navysealmuseum.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Seals board rogue Libya oil tanker Morning Glory '' . BBC News . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEALS board , take control of rogue Libya tanker '' . Fox News . 17 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revelation of March ISIS battle highlights risks for U.S. troops '' . CNN . 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy SEAL killed in Iraq battle vs. ISIS '' . CBS . 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL Charles Keating IV gave life rescuing others from ISIS '' . CNN . 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Battle With ISIS that Killed a US Navy SEAL '' . ABC news . 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Command , Navy SEAL + SWCC Scout Team , Naval Special Warfare . `` Navy SEAL Enlisted General Requirements -- SEALSWCC.COM Official website U.S. Navy SEALs '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Enlisted SEAL Requirements Navy SEALs '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ SEAL + SWCC . `` Content '' . sealswcc.com . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BUD / S Navy SEALs '' . Navy SEALs . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Navy.com . `` Navy SEALs '' . ^ Jump up to : sealswcc.com . `` Navy SEALs Training Stages Overview '' . Jump up ^ Navy SEAL Platoon Training Navy SEALs Information & Resources . Information.usnavyseals.com ( 2009 - 09 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Combat Medic Course '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Larter , David ; Myers , Meghann ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` Navy SEALs set to open to women , top admiral says '' . www.navytimes.com . Navy Times . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Crockett , Emily ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` '' No exceptions `` : Women can now serve in all military combat roles '' . Vox . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Communication , Mass . `` Naval Special Warfare Reserve Command Renamed '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES '' ( PDF ) . www.gao.gov . July 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dunia emas : US Navy SEALs . Duniakemilauemas.blogspot.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ SEAL Team 7 Holds Change of Command . Navy.mil . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Navy Special Warfare Operator Rating ( SEAL ) . Navycs.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ NSW Community Establishes New SO and SB Ratings . Navy.mil . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ SEALs and SWCCs drop source ratings ( Archive ) -- SOCNET : The Special Operations Community Network . SOCNET . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Job Title . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with a concentration in General Management '' ( PDF ) . www.trident.edu. 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Governors State '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Navy Parachute Team handbook PDF Jump up ^ `` Official U.S. Navy Parachute Team Web Site -- Leap Frogs '' . Leapfrogs.navy.mil . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : SEAL History : The Leap Frogs - Origins of the Navy SEAL Parachuting Exhibition Team National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Navysealmuseum.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Couch , Dick ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Sheriff of Ramadi . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Chris ( October 15 , 2013 ) . American Sniper . New York : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ Falconer , Duncan ( July 1 , 2001 ) . First Into Action : A Dramatic Personal Account of Life in the SBS . London : Little , Brown Book Group . Jump up ^ The Origin of the UDT - SEAL Museum National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Navysealmuseum.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ft . Pierce Museum Now the Official National Museum of Navy SEALs and Their Predecessors '' . NavySEALs.com . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Besel , Jennifer M. The Navy SEALs . Mankato , Minn : Capstone Press , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 4296 - 5380 - 9 OCLC 649079630 Bosiljevac , T.L. SEALs : UDT / SEAL Operations in Vietnam . Ballantine Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8041 - 0722 - X . OCLC 23228772 Bosiljevac , T.L. SEAL Team Roll - Back . New York : Avon Books , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78714 - 8 . OCLC 41020614 Bahmanyar , Mir . US Navy SEALs . Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 807 - 3 . OCLC 62176513 Bahmanyar , Mir with Chris Osman . SEALs : The US Navy 's Elite Fighting Force . Osprey Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 226 - 1 . OCLC 191922842 Couch , Dick . May the Seals : Their untold history ( 2014 ) Couch , Dick . The Sheriff of Ramadi : Navy SEALs and the Winning of al - Anbar . U.S. Naval Institute Press , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 138 - 9 . OCLC 1591141389 Couch , Dick . The Warrior Elite : The Forging of SEAL Class 228 . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4695 - 5 . OCLC 802957824 Couch , Dick . The Finishing School : Earning the Navy SEAL Trident . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 81046 - 4 . OCLC 60563833 Couch , Dick . Down Range : Navy SEALs in the War on Terrorism . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 8101 - 7 . OCLC 71199069 Cummings , Dennis J. The Men Behind the Trident : SEAL Team One in Viet Nam . New York : Bantam Books , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 57928 - 2 OCLC 39494815 Denver , Rorke , and Ellis Henican . Damn Few : Making the Modern SEAL Warrior . New York : Hyperion , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 1280 - 2 OCLC 795757181 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History of the Early Years . New York : Berkley Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 17825 - 0 OCLC 0425178250 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History Part II : The Vietnam Years . New York : Berkley Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18348 - 3 OCLC 48449554 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History Part III : Post-Vietnam to the Present . New York : Berkley Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19034 - X OCLC 51818673 Dockery , Kevin . Weapons of the Navy SEALs . New York : Berkley Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19834 - 0 OCLC 56347561 Donald , Mark L. , and Scott Mactavish . Battle Ready : Memoir of a SEAL Warrior Medic . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 250 - 00976 - 6 OCLC 759914152 Fawcett , Bill . Hunters and Shooters : An Oral History of the U.S. Navy SEALs in Vietnam . New York : W. Morrow and Co. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12664 - 2 OCLC 31520013 Freid - Perenchio , Stephanie , and Jennifer Walton . SEAL : The Unspoken Sacrifice . ( Ketchum , ID ) : SFP Studio , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 30322 - 6 OCLC 525383689 Greitens , Eric . The Heart and the Fist : The Education of a Humanitarian , the Making of a Navy SEAL . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 42485 - X OCLC 646308409 Halberstadt , Hans . US Navy SEALs in Action . Osceola , WI : Motorbooks International , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 993 - 1 OCLC 32275764 Jansing , Chris ( 29 January 2010 ) . `` A typical SEAL ? Think 007 , not Rambo '' . NBC Field Notes ( NBC News ) . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Kelly , Orr . Never Fight Fair ! : Navy SEALs ' Stories of Combat and Adventure . Novato , CA : Presidio Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 519 - X OCLC 30894438 Luttrell , Marcus . Lone Survivor : The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10 . Little , Brown and Company , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 04469 - 5 . OCLC 319610219 Luttrell , Marcus. , and James D. Hornfischer . Service : A Navy SEAL at War . New York , NY : Little , Brown and Co. , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 18536 - 1 OCLC 756584153 Mann , Don , and Ralph Pezzullo . Inside SEAL Team Six : My Life and Missions with America 's Elite Warriors . New York , NY : Little , Brown & Co. , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 20431 - 5 OCLC 729343843 McEwen , Scott , and Richard Miniter . Eyes on Target : Inside Stories from the Brotherhood of the U.S. Navy SEALs . New York : Center Street , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 4555 - 7569 - 0 OCLC 828891431 Neville , Leigh . Takur Ghar : The SEALs and Rangers on Roberts Ridge , Afghanistan 2002 . Oxford , UK : Osprey Pub. , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 78096 - 198 - 7 OCLC 798058824 Owen , Mark , and Kevin Maurer . No Easy Day : The Autobiography of s Navy SEAL : the Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden . New York , NY : Dutton , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 95372 - 8 OCLC 808121503 Padden , Ian . U.S. Navy SEALs . Toronto : Bantam Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 24954 - 1 OCLC 12264420 Pfarrer , Chuck . SEAL Target Geronimo : The Inside Story of the Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 250 - 00635 - X OCLC 733234790 Pfarrer , Chuck . Warrior Soul : The Memoir of a Navy SEAL . New York : Random House , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6036 - 2 OCLC 52165997 Redman , Jason , and John R. Bruning . The Trident : The Forging and Reforging of a Navy SEAL Leader . New York : William Morrow , 2013 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 220832 - 2 OCLC 827260093 Robinson , Patrick . Honor and Betrayal : The Untold Story of the Navy SEALs Who Captured the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' - and the Shameful Ordeal They Later Endured . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press , 2013 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 82308 - X OCLC 861508106 Sasser , Charles W. Encyclopedia of the Navy SEALs . New York : Facts on File , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4569 - 0 . OCLC 48383497 Wasdin , Howard E. , and Stephen Templin . SEAL Team Six : Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 69945 - X OCLC 681499659 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Navy SEALs . Official website United States Navy Parachute Team -- official website `` Navy Fact File : Navy SEALs '' . San Diego : United States Navy . April 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2005 . Retrieved 25 June 2006 . Peterson , Lt. Cmdr Erick ( June 2009 ) . `` The Strategic Utility of U.S. Navy SEALs '' . Master thesis ( dtic.mil ) . NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . SEAL The Unspoken Sacrifice exhibit at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library McCoy , Shane T. ( August 2004 ) . `` Testing Newton 's Law '' , All Hands Magazine , p. 33 . Obringer , Lee Ann . `` How the Navy SEALs Work '' . How Stuff Works . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Navy SEALs 50 -- Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of the U.S. Navy SEALs Ethos of the Navy SEALs <Th_colspan="3"> United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) <Td_colspan="3"> Portal : Military of the United States United States Army USASOC Units U.S. Army Special Forces Command U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 75th Ranger Regiment 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment 4th Military Information Support Group 8th Military Information Support Group 95th Civil Affairs Brigade 528th Sustainment Brigade Types Special Forces Rangers Psychological Operations United States Marine Corps MARSOC Units Marine Raiders Marine Raider Support Group Marine Special Operations School Types United States Marine Corps Critical Skills Operator United States Navy NAVSPECWARCOM Units Naval Special Warfare Group 1 Naval Special Warfare Group 2 Naval Special Warfare Group 3 Naval Special Warfare Group 4 Naval Special Warfare Group 10 Naval Special Warfare Group 11 Naval Special Warfare Center Types Navy SEALs Special warfare combatant - craft crewmen United States Air Force AFSOC Units 1st Special Operations Wing 24th Special Operations Wing 27th Special Operations Wing 352d Special Operations Wing 353d Special Operations Group Types Pararescue Combat Control Team Special Operations Weather Technician Combat Rescue Officer Special Tactics Officer Special Mission Units JSOC DoD Joint Communications Unit Army 1st SFOD - Delta ( Delta Force ) Intelligence Support Activity Regimental Reconnaissance Company Navy Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU / SEAL Team Six ) Air Force 24th Special Tactics Squadron Theater Special Operations Commands SOCAFRICA SOCCENT SOCEUR SOCKOR SOCPAC SOCNORTH SOCSOUTH SOCJFCOM <Td_colspan="3"> Source : SOCOM 2013 Fact Book <Th_colspan="3"> United States Navy <Td_colspan="3"> Portal Category Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 4 - star admirals House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Structure Navy Navy Reserve Fleet Marine Force Expeditionary Combat Command Merchant Marine Units Aircraft wings Aircraft squadrons Carrier strike group Installations Naval Observatory Master jet base Operating forces Fleet Forces Command Pacific Fleet Naval Forces Europe Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command Shore Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Command Naval Supply Systems Command Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory Navy Occupational Safety & Health Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Fleets Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Ships A -- B D -- F G -- H I -- K N -- O Q -- R T -- V W -- Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Personnel and training People Officers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification Personnel Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain 's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master - at - arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors Training Recruit United States Naval Academy Officer Candidate School STA - 21 NROTC BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School Naval Postgraduate School United States Armed Forces School of Music Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Naval War College Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Equipment Uniforms Awards and decorations Badges Current fleet Reserve fleet Aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History `` Anchors Aweigh '' Blue Angels Ceremonial Barge Chesapeake Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line - crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Sailor 's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Tingey House USS Constitution Wetting - down United States naval gunfire support debate <Th_colspan="2"> Naval special operations forces Current Tactical Divers Group Clearance Diving Branch Special Warfare Diving and Salvage GRUMEC Danish Frogman Corps Commandos Marine Coastal Jaegers Kampfschwimmer Underwater Demolition Command MARCOS Denjaka Kesatuan Gurita KOPASKA 1st Marine Brigade 2nd Marine Brigade 3rd Marine Brigade Sepah Navy Special Force Shayetet 13 COMSUBIN Special Boarding Unit Marine Commandos PASKAL Fuerzas Especiales Marinejegerkommandoen Special Service Group Navy Naval Special Operations Group JW Formoza Special Actions Detachment Russian commando frogmen Naval Diving Unit Republic of Korea Navy Special Warfare Flotilla Special Boat Squadron UOE Kustjägarna Underwater Demolition Assault Unit SAS SAT Special Boat Service Navy SEALs NSWDG Special warfare combatant - craft crewmen Defunct Navy Beach Commandos Kampfschwimmer Decima Flottiglia MAS Royal Naval Commandos Beach Jumpers Underwater Demolition Team <Th_colspan="3"> Underwater work Occupations Army engineer diver Clearance diver Commercial diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving supervisor Frogman Police diving Professional diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Underwater archaeology Work type Commercial offshore diving Dive guide Diver training Hyperbaric welding Nondestructive testing Pearl diving Recreational diver training Salvage diving Sponge diving Underwater archaeology Underwater demolition Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater videography Tools & equipment Airlift ( dredging device ) Decompression chamber Diving bell High - pressure water jetting Lifting bag Remotely operated vehicle Tremie Related Dive planning Diving activities Oceanography Marine biology Underwater diving <Td_colspan="3"> Category Commons Glossary Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Navy_SEALs&oldid=804349811 '' Categories : Armed forces diving Military units and formations established in 1962 Special Operations Forces of the United States United States Navy SEALs United States Naval Special Warfare Command Naval special forces units Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 12 : 03 . 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1. United States Navy SEALs
2. Special operations force
3. Training and selection
4. History and origins
5. Missions and operations
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when did the pensions act 1995 come into force
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Pensions Act 1995 - wikipedia Pensions Act 1995 Jump to : navigation , search Pensions Act 1995 <Td_colspan="2"> Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title ... Citation 1995 c 26 Territorial extent England and Wales ; Scotland ; Northern Ireland <Th_colspan="2"> Dates Royal assent 1995 <Th_colspan="2"> Status : Unknown <Th_colspan="2"> Text of statute as originally enacted The Pensions Act 1995 ( c 26 ) is a piece of United Kingdom legislation to improve the running of pension schemes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Overview 3 State Pensions 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Following the death of Robert Maxwell , it became clear that he had embezzled a large amount of money from the pension fund of Mirror Group Newspapers . As a result of this , a review was established to look into ways that the running of pension schemes could be improved . The end result was the Pensions Act 1995 . Overview ( edit ) The main features of the Act included : The establishment of the Occupational Pensions Regulatory Authority The Minimum Funding Requirement ( MFR ) to ensure that all pension schemes had a minimum amount of money A compensation fund for pension schemes in the event of fraud Protection for existing pension scheme benefits so that they could not be reduced in the future without member consent A requirement for pension schemes to have member nominated trustees Greater disclosure of information to members The introduction of clear documentation showing what should be paid into a scheme , and monitoring of those contributions A minimum rate of increase to apply once in payment to pension earned after the date on which the Act came into force Many of the features introduced by the Act were abolished or amended by the Pensions Act 2004 . The MFR was heavily criticised in the Myners Report ( 2001 ) , which was a HM Treasury sponsored report into institutional investment in the UK . The Myners Report identified three problems with the MFR : For some pension funds , the level of assets under the MFR was insufficient to provide the benefits promised by the scheme Regulatory costs for sponsoring firms increased without any reduction in the risks of fund insolvency Sponsoring firms focused on meeting the narrow requirements of the MFR , rather than on ensuring that the scheme was appropriately funded . The Pensions Act 2004 replaced the MFR from September 2005 with a new scheme - specific `` statutory funding objective '' ( SFO ) , allowing more flexiblity to individual schemes ' circumstances whilst at the same time protecting members ' benefits . The Act established the Pension Regulator with the power to require sponsoring companies to fully fund their pension liabilities , by adopting an appropriate recovery strategy consistent with the SFO . Liu and Tonks ( 2012 ) examine the effect of a company 's pension commitments on its dividend and investment policies , assessing the impact of funding rules under the MFR , and also under the funding requirements introduced under the Pensions Act 2004 . They find a strong negative relationship between a firm 's dividend payments and its pension contributions , but a weaker effect on investments . They found that dividend and investment sensitivities to pension contributions were more pronounced after the introduction of the Pensions Act 2004 . State Pensions ( edit ) The Act also affects State Pensions ( 1 ) . A significant change was the phasing in of equalisation of state pension ages for men and women over a ten - year period . Previously men had been discriminated against because women became eligible for the state pension at 60 while men had to wait until 65 , but this was ruled illegal by the ECHR . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Myners , P. ( 2001 ) . Institutional investment in the United Kingdom : A review , HM Treasury , London . Jump up ^ Liu , W. and I. Tonks ( 2012 ) Pension Funding Constraints and Corporate Expenditures , Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , 2012 . DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0084.2012. 00693. x References ( edit ) R Goode , Pension Law Reform ( HMSO 1993 ) Cmnd 2342 External links ( edit ) Pensions Act 1995 <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pensions_Act_1995&oldid=764728915 '' Categories : Pensions in the United Kingdom United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1995 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2017 , at 16 : 26 . 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1. Pensions Act 1995
2. Improving pension schemes
3. Occupational Pensions Regulatory Authority
4. Minimum Funding Requirement (MFR)
5. State pension age equalization
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5,903,657,865,334,831,000 |
why did egypt go to war with israel
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Six - Day War - wikipedia Six - Day War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Arab -- Israeli war in 1967 . For the Rwandan -- Ugandan conflict around Kisangani , see Six - Day War ( 2000 ) . For the insurgency in the New Territories , Hong Kong , see Six - Day War ( 1899 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Six - Day War <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Arab -- Israeli conflict <Td_colspan="2"> Territory held by Israel before and after the Six Day War . The Straits of Tiran are circled , between the Gulf of Aqaba to the north and the Red Sea to the south . <Td_colspan="2"> Date June 5 -- 10 , 1967 ( 6 days ) Location Middle East Result Decisive Israeli victory Territorial changes Israel captures the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt , the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) from Jordan , and the Golan Heights from Syria <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Lebanon Supported by : Algeria Kuwait Libya Morocco Pakistan PLO Sudan Tunisia <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Levi Eshkol Moshe Dayan Yitzhak Rabin Uzi Narkiss Motta Gur Israel Tal Mordechai Hod Yeshayahu Gavish Ariel Sharon Ezer Weizman Shlomo Erell David Elazar Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Abdul Munim Riad Hussein Zaid ibn Shaker Asad Ghanma Salah Jadid Nureddin al - Atassi Abdul Rahman Arif Mubarak Abdullah Al - Jaber Al - Sabah Saleh Mohammed Al - Sabah Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Jaber Al - Sabah <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 50,000 troops 214,000 reserves 300 combat aircraft 800 tanks Total troops : 264,000 100,000 deployed Egypt : 240,000 Syria , Jordan , and Iraq : 307,000 957 combat aircraft 2,504 tanks Lebanon : 2 combat aircraft Total troops : 547,000 240,000 deployed <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 776 -- 983 killed 4,517 wounded 15 captured 400 tanks destroyed 46 aircraft destroyed Egypt : 10,000 -- 15,000 killed or missing 4,338 captured Jordan : 6,000 killed or missing 533 captured Syria : 2,500 killed 591 captured Iraq : 10 killed 30 wounded Lebanon : One aircraft lost Hundreds of tanks destroyed 452 + aircraft destroyed <Td_colspan="2"> 20 Israeli civilians killed 34 US Navy sailors killed <Th_colspan="2"> Six - Day War <Td_colspan="2"> Waiting period Operation Focus Abu - Ageila Jordanian campaign Ammunition Hill Old City Augusta - Victoria USS Liberty incident Tel Faher The Six - Day War ( Hebrew : מלחמת ששת הימים , Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim ; Arabic : النكسة , an - Naksah , `` The Setback '' or حرب ۱۹٦۷ , Ḥarb 1967 , `` War of 1967 '' ) , also known as the June War , 1967 Arab -- Israeli War , or Third Arab -- Israeli War , was fought between June 5 and 10 , 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt ( known at the time as the United Arab Republic ) , Jordan , and Syria . Relations between Israel and its neighbours had never fully normalised following the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . In 1956 Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai , with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran which Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950 . Israel was subsequently forced to withdraw , but won a guarantee that the Straits of Tiran would remain open . Whilst the United Nations Emergency Force was deployed along the border , there was no demilitarisation agreement . In the period leading up to June 1967 , tensions became dangerously heightened . Israel reiterated its post-1956 position that the closure of the straits of Tiran to its shipping would be a casus belli and in late May Nasser announced the straits would be closed to Israeli vessels . Egypt then mobilised its forces along its border with Israel , and on 5 June Israel launched what it claimed were a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields . Claims and counterclaims relating to this series of events are one of a number of controversies relating to the conflict . The Egyptians were caught by surprise , and nearly the entire Egyptian air force was destroyed with few Israeli losses , giving the Israelis air supremacy . Simultaneously , the Israelis launched a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip and the Sinai , which again caught the Egyptians by surprise . After some initial resistance , Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the evacuation of the Sinai . Israeli forces rushed westward in pursuit of the Egyptians , inflicted heavy losses , and conquered the Sinai . Nasser induced Syria and Jordan to begin attacks on Israel by using the initially confused situation to claim that Egypt had defeated the Israeli air strike . Israeli counterattacks resulted in the seizure of East Jerusalem as well as the West Bank from the Jordanians , while Israel 's retaliation against Syria resulted in its occupation of the Golan Heights . On June 11 , a ceasefire was signed . Arab casualties were far heavier than those of Israel : fewer than a thousand Israelis had been killed compared to over 20,000 from the Arab forces . Israel 's military success was attributed to the element of surprise , an innovative and well - executed battle plan , and the poor quality and leadership of the Arab forces . Israel seized control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt , the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan , and the Golan Heights from Syria . Israeli morale and international prestige were greatly increased by the outcome of the war and the area under Israeli control tripled . However , the speed and ease of Israel 's victory would lead to a dangerous overconfidence within the ranks of the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) , contributing to initial Arab successes in the subsequent 1973 Yom Kippur War . The displacement of civilian populations resulting from the war would have long - term consequences , as 300,000 Palestinians fled the West Bank and about 100,000 Syrians left the Golan to become refugees . Across the Arab world , Jewish minority communities were expelled , with refugees going to Israel or Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military preparation 2 Armies and weapons 2.1 Armies 2.2 Weapons 3 Fighting fronts 3.1 Preemptive air attack 3.2 Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula 3.2. 1 Northern ( El Arish ) Israeli division 3.2. 2 Advance on Arish 3.2. 3 Mid-front ( Abu - Ageila ) Israeli division 3.2. 4 Other Israeli forces 3.2. 5 The Egyptian Army 3.2. 6 Next fighting days 3.3 West Bank 3.3. 1 Israeli cabinet meets 3.3. 2 Initial response 3.3. 3 Jordanian battalion at Government House 3.3. 4 Israeli invasion 3.3. 5 The Old City ( June 7 ) 3.4 Golan Heights 3.4. 1 Syria 's attack 3.4. 2 Israeli Air Force attacks the Syrian airfields 3.4. 3 Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights should be attacked 3.4. 4 Israeli attack : first day 3.4. 5 Israeli attack : the next day 4 Conclusion 4.1 Casualties 5 Controversies 5.1 Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack 5.2 Allegations of atrocities against Egyptian soldiers 5.3 Allegations of military support from the US , UK and Soviet Union 5.4 USS Liberty incident 6 Aftermath 6.1 Israel and Zionism 6.2 Jews in Arab countries - Pogroms and expulsion 6.3 Antisemitism against Jews in Communist countries 6.4 Peace and diplomacy 6.5 Captured territories and Arab displaced populations 6.6 Long term 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background Main article : Origins of the Six - Day War On 22 May 1967 , President Nasser addressed his pilots at Bir Gifgafa Airfield in Sinai : `` The Jews are threatening war -- we say to them ahlan wa - sahlan ( welcome ) ! '' After the 1956 Suez Crisis , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements . In the following years there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors , particularly Syria . In early November 1966 , Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt . Soon thereafter , in response to Palestine Liberation Organisation ( PLO ) guerilla activity , including a mine attack that left three dead , the Israeli Defence Force ( IDF ) attacked the village of as - Samu in the Jordanian - occupied West Bank . Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back . King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan 's aid , and `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' . In May 1967 , Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border . Nasser began massing his troops in two defensive lines in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel 's border ( May 16 ) , expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai ( May 19 ) and took up UNEF positions at Sharm el - Sheikh , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . Israel reiterated declarations made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war , or justification for war , and Nasser declared the Straits closed to Israeli shipping on May 22 -- 23 . The U.S. President at the time , Lyndon Johnson , later had this to say about closure of these straits being a cause of the war : If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other , it was the arbitrary and dangerous announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed . The right of innocent , maritime passage must be preserved for all nations . On May 30 , Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact . The following day , at Jordan 's invitation , the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armoured units in Jordan . They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent . On June 1 , Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet , and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that was the opening of the Six - Day War . Military preparation Before the war , Israeli pilots and ground crews had trained extensively in rapid refitting of aircraft returning from sorties , enabling a single aircraft to sortie up to four times a day ( as opposed to the norm in Arab air forces of one or two sorties per day ) . This enabled the Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) to send several attack waves against Egyptian airfields on the first day of the war , overwhelming the Egyptian Air Force , and allowed it to knock out other Arab air forces on the same day . This has contributed to the Arab belief that the IAF was helped by foreign air forces ( see Controversies relating to the Six - Day War ) . Pilots were extensively schooled about their targets , and were forced to memorize every single detail , and rehearsed the operation multiple times on dummy runways in total secrecy . The Egyptians had constructed fortified defenses in the Sinai . These designs were based on the assumption that an attack would come along the few roads leading through the desert , rather than through the difficult desert terrain . The Israelis chose not to risk attacking the Egyptian defenses head - on , and instead surprised them from an unexpected direction . James Reston , writing in The New York Times on May 23 , 1967 , noted , `` In discipline , training , morale , equipment and general competence his ( Nasser 's ) army and the other Arab forces , without the direct assistance of the Soviet Union , are no match for the Israelis ... Even with 50,000 troops and the best of his generals and air force in Yemen , he has not been able to work his way in that small and primitive country , and even his effort to help the Congo rebels was a flop . '' On May 26 , 1967 , the CIA estimated : `` The Israelis ... If they attack now they ... would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost them heavy losses of men and materiel . '' On the eve of the war , Israel believed it could win a war in 3 -- 4 days . The United States estimated Israel would need 7 -- 10 days to win , with British estimates supporting the U.S. view . Armies and weapons Armies The Israeli army had a total strength , including reservists , of 264,000 , though this number could not be sustained , as the reservists were vital to civilian life . Against Jordan 's forces on the West Bank , Israel deployed about 40,000 troops and 200 tanks ( eight brigades ) . Israeli Central Command forces consisted of five brigades . The first two were permanently stationed near Jerusalem and were called the Jerusalem Brigade and the mechanized Harel Brigade . Mordechai Gur 's 55th Paratroopers Brigade was summoned from the Sinai front . The 10th Armored Brigade was stationed north of the West Bank . The Israeli Northern Command provided a division ( three brigades ) led by Major - General Elad Peled , which was stationed in the Jezreel Valley to the north of the West Bank . On the eve of the war , Egypt massed approximately 100,000 of its 160,000 troops in the Sinai , including all of its seven divisions ( four infantry , two armoured and one mechanized ) , four independent infantry brigades and four independent armoured brigades . No fewer than a third of them were veterans of Egypt 's continuing intervention into the North Yemen Civil War and another third were reservists . These forces had 950 tanks , 1,100 APCs , and more than 1,000 artillery pieces . Syria 's army had a total strength of 75,000 and was deployed along the Syrian border . The Jordanian Armed Forces included 11 brigades , totalling 55,000 troops and equipped with some 300 modern Western tanks , 250 of which were U.S. M48 Pattons . Nine brigades ( 45,000 troops , 270 tanks , 200 artillery pieces ) were deployed in the West Bank , including the elite armoured 40th , and two in the Jordan Valley . They possessed sizable numbers of M113 APCs , a new battalion of mechanized infantry , and a paratrooper battalion trained in the new U.S. - built school . They also had 12 battalions of artillery and six batteries of 81 mm and 120 mm mortars . The Jordanian Army , then known as the Arab Legion , was a long - term - service , professional army , relatively well - equipped and well - trained . Furthermore , Israeli post-war briefings said that the Jordanian staff acted professionally as well , but was always left `` half a step '' behind by the Israeli moves . The small Royal Jordanian Air Force consisted of only 24 British - made Hawker Hunter fighters , six transports , and two helicopters . According to the Israelis , the Hawker Hunter was essentially on par with the French - built Dassault Mirage III -- the IAF 's best plane . 100 Iraqi tanks and an infantry division were readied near the Jordanian border . Two squadrons of fighter - aircraft , Hawker Hunters and MiG 21s , were rebased adjacent to the Jordanian border . The Arab air forces were aided by volunteer pilots from the Pakistan Air Force acting in an independent capacity , and by some aircraft from Libya , Algeria , Morocco , Kuwait , and Saudi Arabia to make up for the massive losses suffered on the first day of the war . PAF pilots shot down several Israeli planes . Weapons With the exception of Jordan , the Arabs relied principally on Soviet weaponry . Jordan 's army was equipped with American weaponry , and its air force was composed of British aircraft . Egypt had by far the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces , consisting of about 420 combat aircraft , all of them Soviet - built and with a heavy quota of top - of - the - line MiG - 21s . Of particular concern to the Israelis were the 30 Tu - 16 `` Badger '' medium bombers , capable of inflicting heavy damage on Israeli military and civilian centers . Israeli weapons were mainly of Western origin . Its air force was composed principally of French aircraft , while its armoured units were mostly of British and American design and manufacture . Some infantry weapons , including the ubiquitous Uzi , were of Israeli origin . Type Arab armies IDF AFVs Egypt , Syria and Iraq used T - 34 / 85 , T - 54 , T - 55 , PT - 76 , and SU - 100 / 152 World War II - vintage self - propelled guns . Jordan used M - 47 , M - 48 , and M - 48A1 Patton tanks . Panzer IV ( used by Syria ) M50 and M51 Shermans , M48A3 Patton , Centurion , AMX - 13 . The Centurion was upgraded with the British 105 mm L7 gun prior to the war . The Sherman also underwent extensive modifications including a larger 105 mm medium velocity , French gun , redesigned turret , wider tracks , more armour , and upgraded engine and suspension . APCs / IFVs BTR - 40 , BTR - 152 , BTR - 50 , BTR - 60 APCs M2 , / M3 Half - track , Panhard AML Artillery M1937 Howitzer , BM - 21 , D - 30 ( 2A18 ) Howitzer , M1954 field gun , M - 52 105 mm self - propelled howitzer ( used by Jordan ) M50 self - propelled howitzer and Makmat 160 mm self - propelled mortar , Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50 , AMX 105 mm Self - Propelled Howitzer Aircraft MiG - 21 , MiG - 19 , MiG - 17 , Su - 7 B , Tu - 16 , Il - 28 , Il - 18 , Il - 14 , An - 12 , Hawker Hunter used by Jordan and Iraq Dassault Mirage III , Dassault Super Mystère , Sud Aviation Vautour , Mystere IV , Dassault Ouragan , Fouga Magister trainer outfitted for attack missions , Nord 2501IS military cargo plane Helicopters Mi - 6 , Mi - 4 Super Frelon , Sikorsky S - 58 AAW SA - 2 Guideline , ZSU - 57 - 2 mobile anti-aircraft cannon MIM - 23 Hawk , Bofors 40 mm Infantry weapons Port Said submachine gun , AK - 47 , RPK , RPD , DShK HMG , B - 10 and B - 11 recoilless rifles Uzi , FN FAL , FN MAG , AK - 47 , M2 Browning , Cobra , Nord SS. 10 , RL - 83 Blindicide anti-tank infantry weapon , Jeep - mounted 106 mm recoilless rifle Fighting fronts Preemptive air attack Main article : Operation Focus See also : Order of battle for the Six - Day War Israeli troops examine destroyed Egyptian aircraft . Dassault Mirage at the Israeli Air Force Museum . Operation Focus was mainly conducted using French built aircraft . Israel 's first and most critical move was a surprise attack on the Egyptian Air Force . Initially , both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . On June 5 at 7 : 45 Israeli time , as civil defense sirens sounded all over Israel , the IAF launched Operation Focus ( Moked ) . All but 12 of its nearly 200 operational jets launched a mass attack against Egypt 's airfields . The Egyptian defensive infrastructure was extremely poor , and no airfields were yet equipped with hardened aircraft shelters capable of protecting Egypt 's warplanes . Most of the Israeli warplanes headed out over the Mediterranean Sea , flying low to avoid radar detection , before turning toward Egypt . Others flew over the Red Sea . Meanwhile , the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire air defense system : they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer and Lt - Gen. Sidqi Mahmoud , who were en route from al Maza to Bir Tamada in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there . In any event , it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which its SA - 2 surface - to - air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft . Although the powerful Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun detected waves of aircraft approaching Egypt and reported the code word for `` war '' up the Egyptian command chain , Egyptian command and communications problems prevented the warning from reaching the targeted airfields . The Israelis employed a mixed - attack strategy : bombing and strafing runs against planes parked on the ground , and bombing to disable runways with special tarmac - shredding penetration bombs developed jointly with France , leaving surviving aircraft unable to take off . The runway at the Arish airfield was spared , as the Israelis expected to turn it into a military airport for their transports after the war . Surviving aircraft were taken out by later attack waves . The operation was more successful than expected , catching the Egyptians by surprise and destroying virtually all of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground , with few Israeli losses . Only four unarmed Egyptian training flights were in the air when the strike began . A total of 338 Egyptian aircraft were destroyed and 100 pilots were killed , although the number of aircraft lost by the Egyptians is disputed . Among the Egyptian planes lost were all 30 Tu - 16 bombers , 27 out of 40 Il - 28 bombers , 12 Su - 7 fighter - bombers , over 90 MiG - 21s , 20 MiG - 19s , 25 MiG - 17 fighters , and around 32 assorted transport planes and helicopters . In addition , Egyptian radars and SAM missiles were also attacked and destroyed . The Israelis lost 19 planes , including two destroyed in air - to - air combat and 13 downed by anti-aircraft artillery . One Israeli plane , which was damaged and unable to break radio silence , was shot down by Israeli Hawk missiles after it strayed over the Negev Nuclear Research Center . Another was destroyed by an exploding Egyptian bomber . The attack guaranteed Israeli air supremacy for the rest of the war . Attacks on other Arab air forces by Israel took place later in the day as hostilities broke out on other fronts . The large numbers of Arab aircraft claimed destroyed by Israel on that day were at first regarded as `` greatly exaggerated '' by the Western press . However , the fact that the Egyptian Air Force , along with other Arab air forces attacked by Israel , made practically no appearance for the remaining days of the conflict proved that the numbers were most likely authentic . Throughout the war , Israeli aircraft continued strafing Arab airfield runways to prevent their return to usability . Meanwhile , Egyptian state - run radio had reported an Egyptian victory , falsely claiming that 70 Israeli planes had been downed on the first day of fighting . Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula Conquest of Sinai . June 5 -- 6 , 1967 People in a bomb shelter at Kfar Maimon The Egyptian forces consisted of seven divisions : four armoured , two infantry , and one mechanized infantry . Overall , Egypt had around 100,000 troops and 900 -- 950 tanks in the Sinai , backed by 1,100 APCs and 1,000 artillery pieces . This arrangement was thought to be based on the Soviet doctrine , where mobile armour units at strategic depth provide a dynamic defense while infantry units engage in defensive battles . Israeli forces concentrated on the border with Egypt included six armoured brigades , one infantry brigade , one mechanized infantry brigade , three paratrooper brigades , giving a total of around 70,000 men and 700 tanks , who were organized in three armoured divisions . They had massed on the border the night before the war , camouflaging themselves and observing radio silence before being ordered to advance . The Israeli plan was to surprise the Egyptian forces in both timing ( the attack exactly coinciding with the IAF strike on Egyptian airfields ) , location ( attacking via northern and central Sinai routes , as opposed to the Egyptian expectations of a repeat of the 1956 war , when the IDF attacked via the central and southern routes ) and method ( using a combined - force flanking approach , rather than direct tank assaults ) . Northern ( el Arish ) Israeli division On June 5 , at 7 : 50 a.m. , the northernmost Israeli division , consisting of three brigades and commanded by Major General Israel Tal , one of Israel 's most prominent armour commanders , crossed the border at two points , opposite Nahal Oz and south of Khan Yunis . They advanced swiftly , holding fire to prolong the element of surprise . Tal 's forces assaulted the `` Rafah Gap '' , a seven - mile stretch containing the shortest of three main routes through the Sinai towards El - Qantarah el - Sharqiyya and the Suez Canal . The Egyptians had four divisions in the area , backed by minefields , pillboxes , underground bunkers , hidden gun emplacements and trenches . The terrain on either side of the route was impassable . The Israeli plan was to hit the Egyptians at selected key points with concentrated armour . Tal 's advance was led by the 7th Armored Brigade under Colonel Shmuel Gonen . The Israeli plan called for the 7th Brigade to outflank Khan Yunis from the north and the 60th Armored Brigade under Colonel Menachem Aviram would advance from the south . The two brigades would link up and surround Khan Yunis , while the paratroopers would take Rafah . Gonen entrusted the breakthrough to a single battalion of his brigade . Initially , the advance was met with light resistance , as Egyptian intelligence had concluded that it was a diversion for the main attack . However , as Gonen 's lead battalion advanced , it suddenly came under intense fire and took heavy losses . A second battalion was brought up , but was also pinned down . Meanwhile , the 60th Brigade became bogged down in the sand , while the paratroopers had trouble navigating through the dunes . The Israelis continued to press their attack , and despite heavy losses , cleared the Egyptian positions and reached the Khan Yunis railway junction in little over four hours . Gonen 's brigade then advanced nine miles to Rafah in twin columns . Rafah itself was circumvented , and the Israelis attacked Sheikh Zuweid , eight miles to the southwest , which was defended by two brigades . Though inferior in numbers and equipment , the Egyptians were deeply entrenched and camouflaged . The Israelis were pinned down by fierce Egyptian resistance , and called in air and artillery support to enable their lead elements to advance . Many Egyptians abandoned their positions after their commander and several of his staff were killed . The Israelis broke through with tank - led assaults . However , Aviram 's forces misjudged the Egyptians ' flank , and were pinned between strongholds before they were extracted after several hours . By nightfall , the Israelis had finished mopping up resistance . Israeli forces had taken significant losses , with Colonel Gonen later telling reporters that `` we left many of our dead soldiers in Rafah , and many burnt - out tanks . '' The Egyptians suffered some 2,000 casualties and lost 40 tanks . Advance on Arish Israeli reconnaissance forces from the `` Shaked '' unit in Sinai during the war . On June 5 , with the road open , Israeli forces continued advancing towards Arish . Already by late afternoon , elements of the 79th Armored Battalion had charged through the seven - mile long Jiradi defile , a narrow pass defended by well - emplaced troops of the Egyptian 112th Infantry Brigade . In fierce fighting , which saw the pass change hands several times , the Israelis charged through the position . The Egyptians suffered heavy casualties and tank losses , while Israeli losses stood at 66 dead , 93 wounded and 28 tanks . Emerging at the western end , Israeli forces advanced to the outskirts of Arish . As it reached the outskirts of Arish , Tal 's division also consolidated its hold on Rafah and Khan Yunis . The following day , June 6 , the Israeli forces on the outskirts of Arish were reinforced by the 7th Brigade , which fought its way through the Jiradi pass . After receiving supplies via an airdrop , the Israelis entered the city and captured the airport at 7 : 50 am . The Israelis entered the city at 8 : 00 am . Company commander Yossi Peled recounted that `` Al - Arish was totally quiet , desolate . Suddenly , the city turned into a madhouse . Shots came at us from every alley , every corner , every window and house . '' An IDF record stated that `` clearing the city was hard fighting . The Egyptians fired from the rooftops , from balconies and windows . They dropped grenades into our half - tracks and blocked the streets with trucks . Our men threw the grenades back and crushed the trucks with their tanks . '' Gonen sent additional units to Arish , and the city was eventually taken . Brigadier - General Avraham Yoffe 's assignment was to penetrate Sinai south of Tal 's forces and north or Sharon 's . Yoffe 's attack allowed Tal to complete the capture of the Jiradi defile , Khan Yunis . All of them were taken after fierce fighting . Gonen subsequently dispatched a force of tanks , infantry and engineers under Colonel Yisrael Granit to continue down the Mediterranean coast towards the Suez Canal , while a second force led by Gonen himself turned south and captured Bir Lahfan and Jabal Libni . Mid-front ( Abu - Ageila ) Israeli division Major - General Ariel Sharon during the Battle of Abu - Ageila Further south , on June 6 , the Israeli 38th Armored Division under Major - General Ariel Sharon assaulted Um - Katef , a heavily fortified area defended by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division under Major - General Sa'adi Nagib , and consisting of some 16,000 troops . The Egyptians also had a battalion of tank destroyers and a tank regiment , formed of Soviet World War II armour , which included 90 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 22 SU - 100 tank destroyers , and about 16,000 men . The Israelis had about 14,000 men and 150 post-World War II tanks including the AMX - 13 , Centurions , and M50 Super Shermans ( modified M - 4 Sherman tanks ) . Two armoured brigades in the meantime , under Avraham Yoffe , slipped across the border through sandy wastes that Egypt had left undefended because they were considered impassable . Simultaneously , Sharon 's tanks from the west were to engage Egyptian forces on Um - Katef ridge and block any reinforcements . Israeli infantry would clear the three trenches , while heliborne paratroopers would land behind Egyptian lines and silence their artillery . An armoured thrust would be made at al - Qusmaya to unnerve and isolate its garrison . Israeli Armor of the Six Day War : pictured here the AMX 13 As Sharon 's division advanced into the Sinai , Egyptian forces staged successful delaying actions at Tarat Umm , Umm Tarfa , and Hill 181 . An Israeli jet was downed by anti-aircraft fire , and Sharon 's forces came under heavy shelling as they advanced from the north and west . The Israeli advance , which had to cope with extensive minefields , took a large number of casualties . A column of Israeli tanks managed to penetrate the northern flank of Abu Ageila , and by dusk , all units were in position . The Israelis then brought up ninety 105 mm and 155 mm artillery guns for a preparatory barrage , while civilian buses brought reserve infantrymen under Colonel Yekutiel Adam and helicopters arrived to ferry the paratroopers . These movements were unobserved by the Egyptians , who were preoccupied with Israeli probes against their perimeter . As night fell , the Israeli assault troops lit flashlights , each battalion a different color , to prevent friendly fire incidents . At 10 : 00 pm , Israeli artillery began a barrage on Um - Katef , firing some 6,000 shells in less than twenty minutes , the most concentrated artillery barrage in Israel 's history . Israeli tanks assaulted the northernmost Egyptian defenses and were largely successful , though an entire armoured brigade was stalled by mines , and had only one mine - clearance tank . Israeli infantrymen assaulted the triple line of trenches in the east . To the west , paratroopers commanded by Colonel Danny Matt landed behind Egyptian lines , though half the helicopters got lost and never found the battlefield , while others were unable to land due to mortar fire . Those that successfully landed on target destroyed Egyptian artillery and ammunition dumps and separated gun crews from their batteries , sowing enough confusion to significantly reduce Egyptian artillery fire . Egyptian reinforcements from Jabal Libni advanced towards Um - Katef to counterattack , but failed to reach their objective , being subjected to heavy air attacks and encountering Israeli lodgements on the roads . Egyptian commanders then called in artillery attacks on their own positions . The Israelis accomplished and sometimes exceeded their overall plan , and had largely succeeded by the following day . The Egyptians took heavy casualties , while the Israelis lost 40 dead and 140 wounded . Yoffe 's attack allowed Sharon to complete the capture of the Um - Katef , after fierce fighting . The main thrust at Um - Katef was stalled due to mines and craters . After IDF engineers had cleared a path by 4 : 00 pm , Israeli and Egyptian tanks engaged in fierce combat , often at ranges as close as ten yards . The battle ended in an Israeli victory , with 40 Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed . Meanwhile , Israeli infantry finished clearing out the Egyptian trenches , with Israeli casualties standing at 14 dead and 41 wounded and Egyptian casualties at 300 dead and 100 taken prisoner . Other Israeli forces Further south , on June 5 , the 8th Armored Brigade under Colonel Albert Mandler , initially positioned as a ruse to draw off Egyptian forces from the real invasion routes , attacked the fortified bunkers at Kuntilla , a strategically valuable position whose capture would enable Mandler to block reinforcements from reaching Um - Katef and to join Sharon 's upcoming attack on Nakhl . The defending Egyptian battalion , outnumbered and outgunned , fiercely resisted the attack , hitting a number of Israeli tanks . However , most of the defenders were killed , and only three Egyptian tanks , one of them damaged , survived . By nightfall , Mendler 's forces had taken Kuntilla . With the exceptions of Rafah and Khan Yunis , Israeli forces had initially avoided entering the Gaza Strip . Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan had expressly forbidden entry into the area . After Palestinian positions in Gaza opened fire on the Negev settlements of Nirim and Kissufim , IDF Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin overrode Dayan 's instructions and ordered the 11th Mechanized Brigade under Colonel Yehuda Reshef to enter the Strip . The force was immediately met with heavy artillery fire and fierce resistance from Palestinian forces and remnants of the Egyptian forces from Rafah . By sunset , the Israelis had taken the strategically vital Ali Muntar ridge , overlooking Gaza City , but were beaten back from the city itself . Some 70 Israelis were killed , along with Israeli journalist Ben Oyserman and American journalist Paul Schutzer . Twelve members of UNEF were also killed . On the war 's second day , June 6 , the Israelis were bolstered by the 35th Paratroopers Brigade under Colonel Rafael Eitan , and took Gaza City along with the entire Strip . The fighting was fierce , and accounted for nearly half of all Israeli casualties on the southern front . However , Gaza rapidly fell to the Israelis . Meanwhile , on June 6 , two Israeli reserve brigades under Yoffe , each equipped with 100 tanks , penetrated the Sinai south of Tal 's division and north of Sharon 's , capturing the road junctions of Abu Ageila , Bir Lahfan , and Arish , taking all of them before midnight . Two Egyptian armoured brigades counterattacked , and a fierce battle took place until the following morning . The Egyptians were beaten back by fierce resistance coupled with airstrikes , sustaining heavy tank losses . They fled west towards Jabal Libni . The Egyptian army During the ground fighting , remnants of the Egyptian Air Force attacked Israeli ground forces , but took losses from the Israeli Air Force and from Israeli anti-aircraft units . Throughout the last four days , Egyptian aircraft flew 150 sorties against Israeli units in the Sinai . Many of the Egyptian units remained intact and could have tried to prevent the Israelis from reaching the Suez Canal or engaged in combat in the attempt to reach the canal . However , when the Egyptian Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer heard about the fall of Abu - Ageila , he panicked and ordered all units in the Sinai to retreat . This order effectively meant the defeat of Egypt . Meanwhile , President Nasser , having learned of the results of the Israeli air strikes , decided together with Field Marshal Amer to order a general retreat from the Sinai within 24 hours . No detailed instructions were given concerning the manner and sequence of withdrawal . Next fighting days This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Conquest of Sinai . June 7 -- 8 , 1967 Play media Newsreel from June 6 about the first Israeli - Egyptian fighting . An Israeli gunboat passes through the Straits of Tiran near Sharm El Sheikh . As Egyptian columns retreated , Israeli aircraft and artillery attacked them . Israeli jets used napalm bombs during their sorties . The attacks destroyed hundreds of vehicles and caused heavy casualties . At Jabal Libni , retreating Egyptian soldiers were fired upon by their own artillery . At Bir Gafgafa , the Egyptians fiercely resisted advancing Israeli forces , knocking out three tanks and eight half - tracks , and killing 20 soldiers . Due to the Egyptians ' retreat , the Israeli High Command decided not to pursue the Egyptian units but rather to bypass and destroy them in the mountainous passes of West Sinai . Therefore , in the following two days ( June 6 and 7 ) , all three Israeli divisions ( Sharon and Tal were reinforced by an armoured brigade each ) rushed westwards and reached the passes . Sharon 's division first went southward then westward , via An - Nakhl , to Mitla Pass with air support . It was joined there by parts of Yoffe 's division , while its other units blocked the Gidi Pass . These passes became killing grounds for the Egyptians , who ran right into waiting Israeli positions and suffered heavy losses . According to Egyptian diplomat Mahmoud Riad , 10,000 men were killed in one day alone , and many others died from hunger and thirst . Tal 's units stopped at various points to the length of the Suez Canal . Israel 's blocking action was partially successful . Only the Gidi pass was captured before the Egyptians approached it , but at other places , Egyptian units managed to pass through and cross the canal to safety . Due to the haste of the Egyptian retreat , soldiers often abandoned weapons , military equipment , and hundreds of vehicles . Many Egyptian soldiers were cut off from their units had to walk about 200 kilometers on foot before reaching the Suez Canal with limited supplies of food and water and were exposed to intense heat . Thousands of soldiers died as a result . Many Egyptian soldiers chose instead to surrender to the Israelis . However , the Israelis eventually exceeded their capabilities to provide for prisoners . As a result , they began directing soldiers towards the Suez Canal and only taking prisoner high - ranking officers , who were expected to be exchanged for captured Israeli pilots . During the offensive , the Israeli Navy landed six combat divers from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit to infiltrate Alexandria harbour . The divers sank an Egyptian minesweeper before being taken prisoner . Shayetet 13 commandos also infiltrated into Port Said harbour , but found no ships there . A planned commando raid against the Syrian Navy never materialized . Both Egyptian and Israeli warships made movements at sea to intimidate the other side throughout the war , but did not engage each other . However , Israeli warships and aircraft did hunt for Egyptian submarines throughout the war . On June 7 , Israel began the conquest of Sharm el - Sheikh . The Israeli Navy started the operation with a probe of Egyptian naval defenses . An aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought . At about 4 : 30 am , three Israeli missile boats opened fire on Egyptian shore batteries , while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and Nord Noratlas transport planes for an assault on Al - Tur , as Chief of Staff Rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in Sharm el - Sheikh . However , the city had been largely abandoned the day before , and reports from air and naval forces finally convinced Rabin to divert the aircraft to Sharm el - Sheikh . There , the Israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the Egyptians and took the city , killing 20 Egyptian soldiers and taking 8 prisoner . At 12 : 15 pm , Defense Minister Dayan announced that the Straits of Tiran constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction . On June 8 , Israel completed the capture of the Sinai by sending infantry units to Ras Sudar on the western coast of the peninsula . Several tactical elements made the swift Israeli advance possible : first , the surprise attack that quickly gave the Israeli Air Force complete air superiority over the Egyptian Air Force ; second , the determined implementation of an innovative battle plan ; third , the lack of coordination among Egyptian troops . These factors would prove to be decisive elements on Israel 's other fronts as well . West Bank See also : Jordanian campaign ( 1967 ) The Jordan salient , June 5 -- 7 . Jordan was reluctant to enter the war . Nasser used the confusion of the first hours of the conflict to convince King Hussein that he was victorious ; he claimed as evidence a radar sighting of a squadron of Israeli aircraft returning from bombing raids in Egypt , which he said was an Egyptian aircraft en route to attack Israel . One of the Jordanian brigades stationed in the West Bank was sent to the Hebron area in order to link with the Egyptians . Hussein decided to attack . The IDF 's strategic plan was to remain on the defensive along the Jordanian front , to enable focus in the expected campaign against Egypt . Intermittent machine - gun exchanges began taking place in Jerusalem at 9 : 30 am , and the fighting gradually escalated as the Jordanians introduced mortar and recoilless rifle fire . Under the orders from General Narkis , the Israelis responded only with small - arms fire , firing in a flat trajectory to avoid hitting civilians , holy sites or the Old City . At 10 : 00 am on June 5 , the Jordanian Army began shelling Israel . Two batteries of 155 mm Long Tom cannons opened fire on the suburbs of Tel Aviv and Ramat David Airbase . The commanders of these batteries were instructed to lay a two - hour barrage against military and civilian settlements in central Israel . Some shells hit the outskirts of Tel Aviv . By 10 : 30 am , Eshkol had sent a message via Odd Bull to King Hussein promising not to initiate any action against Jordan if it stayed out of the war . King Hussein replied that it was too late , `` the die was cast '' . At 11 : 15 am , Jordanian howitzers began a 6,000 - shell barrage at Israeli Jerusalem . The Jordanians initially targeted kibbutz Ramat Rachel in the south and Mount Scopus in the north , then ranged into the city center and outlying neighborhoods . Military installations , the Prime Minister 's Residence , and the Knesset compound were also targeted . Israeli civilian casualties totalled 20 dead and about 1,000 wounded . Some 900 buildings were damaged , including Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital . At 11 : 50 am , sixteen Jordanian Hawker Hunters attacked Netanya , Kfar Sirkin and Kfar Saba , killing one civilian , wounding seven and destroying a transport plane . Three Iraqi Hawker Hunters strafed civilian settlements in the Jezreel Valley , and an Iraqi Tupolev Tu - 16 attacked Afula , and was shot down near the Megiddo airfield . The attack caused minimal material damage , hitting only a senior citizens ' home and several chicken coops , but sixteen Israeli soldiers were killed , most of them when the Tupolev crashed . Israeli cabinet meets When the Israeli cabinet convened to decide what to do , Yigal Allon and Menahem Begin argued that this was an opportunity to take the Old City of Jerusalem , but Eshkol decided to defer any decision until Moshe Dayan and Yitzhak Rabin could be consulted . Uzi Narkiss made a number of proposals for military action , including the capture of Latrun , but the cabinet turned him down . Dayan rejected multiple requests from Narkiss for permission to mount an infantry assault towards Mount Scopus . However , Dayan sanctioned a number of more limited retaliatory actions . Initial response Shortly before 12 : 30 pm , the Israeli Air Force attacked Jordan 's two airbases . The Hawker Hunters were refueling at the time of the attack . The Israeli aircraft attacked in two waves , the first of which cratered the runways and knocked out the control towers , and the second wave destroyed all 21 of Jordan 's Hawker Hunter fighters , along with six transport aircraft and two helicopters . One Israeli jet was shot down by ground fire . Israeli aircraft also attacked H - 3 , an Iraqi Air Force base in western Iraq . During the attack , 12 MiG - 21s , 2 MiG - 17s , 5 Hunter F6s , and 3 Il - 28 bombers were destroyed or shot down . A Pakistani pilot stationed at the base shot down an Israeli fighter and a bomber during the raid . The Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike . Israeli Fouga Magister jets attacked the Jordanian 40th Brigade with rockets as it moved south from the Damiya Bridge . Dozens of tanks were knocked out , and a convoy of 26 trucks carrying ammunition was destroyed . In Jerusalem , Israel responded to Jordanian shelling with a missile strike that devastated Jordanian positions . The Israelis used the L missile , a surface - to - surface missile developed jointly with France in secret . Jordanian battalion at government House Further information : Battle of Ammunition Hill A Jordanian battalion advanced up Government House ridge and dug in at the perimeter of Government House , the headquarters of the United Nations observers , and opened fire on Ramat Rachel , the Allenby Barracks and the Jewish section of Abu Tor with mortars and recoilless rifles . UN observers fiercely protested the incursion into the neutral zone , and several manhandled a Jordanian machine gun out of Government House after the crew had set it up in a second - floor window . After the Jordanians occupied Jabel Mukaber , an advance patrol was sent out and approached Ramat Rachel , where they came under fire from four civilians , including the wife of the director , who were armed with old Czech - made weapons . Israeli paratroopers flush out Jordanian soldiers from trenches during the Battle of Ammunition Hill . Silhouette of Israeli paratroops advancing on Ammunition Hill . The immediate Israeli response was an offensive to retake Government House and its ridge . The Jerusalem Brigade 's Reserve Battalion 161 , under Lieutenant - Colonel Asher Dreizin , was given the task . Dreizin had two infantry companies and eight tanks under his command , several of which broke down or became stuck in the mud at Ramat Rachel , leaving three for the assault . The Jordanians mounted fierce resistance , knocking out two tanks . The Israelis broke through the compound 's western gate and began clearing the building with grenades , before General Odd Bull , commander of the UN observers , compelled the Israelis to hold their fire , telling them that the Jordanians had already fled . The Israelis proceeded to take the Antenna Hill , directly behind Government House , and clear out a series of bunkers to the west and south . The fighting , often conducted hand - to - hand , continued for nearly four hours before the surviving Jordanians fell back to trenches held by the Hittin Brigade , which were steadily overwhelmed . By 6 : 30 pm , the Jordanians had retreated to Bethlehem , having suffered about 100 casualties . All but ten of Dreizin 's soldiers were casualties , and Dreizin himself was wounded three times . Israeli invasion During the late afternoon of June 5 , the Israelis launched an offensive to encircle Jerusalem , which lasted into the following day . During the night , they were supported by intense tank , artillery and mortar fire to soften up Jordanian positions . Searchlights placed atop the Labor Federation building , then the tallest in Israeli Jerusalem , exposed and blinded the Jordanians . The Jerusalem Brigade moved south of Jerusalem , while the mechanized Harel Brigade and 55th Paratroopers Brigade under Mordechai Gur encircled it from the north . A combined force of tanks and paratroopers crossed no - man 's land near the Mandelbaum Gate . One of Gur 's paratroop battalions approached the fortified Police Academy . The Israelis used bangalore torpedoes to blast their way through barbed wire leading up to the position while exposed and under heavy fire . With the aid of two tanks borrowed from the Jerusalem Brigade , they captured the Police Academy . After receiving reinforcements , they moved up to attack Ammunition Hill . The Jordanian defenders , who were heavily dug - in , fiercely resisted the attack . All of the Israeli officers except for two company commanders were killed , and the fighting was mostly led by individual soldiers . The fighting was conducted at close quarters in trenches and bunkers , and was often hand - to - hand . The Israelis captured the position after four hours of heavy fighting . During the battle , 36 Israeli and 71 Jordanian soldiers were killed . The battalion subsequently drove east , and linked up with the Israeli enclave on Mount Scopus and its Hebrew University campus . Gur 's other battalions captured the other Jordanian positions around the American Colony , despite being short on men and equipment and having come under a Jordanian mortar bombardment while waiting for the signal to advance . At the same time , the mechanized Harel Brigade attacked the fortress at Latrun , which the Jordanians had abandoned due to heavy Israeli tank fire . The brigade attacked Har Adar , but seven tanks were knocked out by mines , forcing the infantry to mount an assault without armoured cover . The Israeli soldiers advanced under heavy fire , jumping between stones to avoid mines . The fighting was conducted at close - quarters , often with knives and bayonets . The Jordanians fell back after a battle that left two Israeli and eight Jordanian soldiers dead , and Israeli forces advanced through Beit Horon towards Ramallah , taking four fortified villages along the way . By the evening , the brigade arrived in Ramallah . Meanwhile , the 163rd Infantry Battalion secured Abu Tor following a fierce battle , severing the Old City from Bethlehem and Hebron . Meanwhile , 600 Egyptian commandos stationed in the West Bank moved to attack Israeli airfields . Led by Jordanian intelligence scouts , they crossed the border and began infiltrating through Israeli settlements towards Ramla and Hatzor . They were soon detected and sought shelter in nearby fields , which the Israelis set on fire . Some 450 commandos were killed , and the remainder escaped to Jordan . From the American Colony , the paratroopers moved towards the Old City . Their plan was to approach it via the lightly defended Salah al - Din Street . However , they made a wrong turn onto the heavily defended Nablus Road . The Israelis ran into fierce resistance . Their tanks fired at point - blank range down the street , while the paratroopers mounted repeated charges . Despite repelling repeated Israeli charges , the Jordanians gradually gave way to Israeli firepower and momentum . The Israelis suffered some 30 casualties -- half the original force -- while the Jordanians lost 45 dead and 142 wounded . Meanwhile , the Israeli 71st Battalion breached barbed wire and minefields and emerged near Wadi Joz , near the base of Mount Scopus , from where the Old City could be cut off from Jericho and East Jerusalem from Ramallah . Israeli artillery targeted the one remaining route from Jerusalem to the West Bank , and shellfire deterred the Jordanians from counterattacking from their positions at Augusta - Victoria . An Israeli detachment then captured the Rockefeller Museum after a brief skirmish . Afterwards , the Israelis broke through to the Jerusalem - Ramallah road . At Tel al - Ful , the Israelis fought a running battle with up to thirty Jordanian tanks . The Jordanians stalled the advance and destroyed a number of half - tracks , but the Israelis launched air attacks and exploited the vulnerability of the external fuel tanks mounted on the Jordanian tanks . The Jordanians lost half their tanks , and retreated towards Jericho . Joining up with the 4th Brigade , the Israelis then descended through Shuafat and the site of what is now French Hill , through Jordanian defenses at Mivtar , emerging at Ammunition Hill . An Israeli airstrike near the Augusta - Victoria Hospital With Jordanian defenses in Jerusalem crumbling , elements of the Jordanian 60th Brigade and an infantry battalion were sent from Jericho to reinforce Jerusalem . Its original orders were to repel the Israelis from the Latrun corridor , but due to the worsening situation in Jerusalem , the brigade was ordered to proceed to Jerusalem 's Arab suburbs and attack Mount Scopus . Parallel to the brigade were infantrymen from the Imam Ali Brigade , who were approaching Issawiya . The brigades were spotted by Israeli aircraft and decimated by rocket and cannon fire . Other Jordanian attempts to reinforce Jerusalem were beaten back , either by armoured ambushes or airstrikes . Fearing damage to holy sites and the prospect of having to fight in built - up areas , Dayan ordered his troops not to enter the Old City . He also feared that Israel would be subjected to a fierce international backlash and the outrage of Christians worldwide if it forced its way into the Old City . Privately , he told David Ben - Gurion that he was also concerned over the prospect of Israel capturing Jerusalem 's holy sites , only to be forced to give them up under the threat of international sanctions . The Old City ( June 7 ) On June 7 , heavy fighting ensued . Dayan had ordered his troops not to enter the Old City ; however , upon hearing that the UN was about to declare a ceasefire , he changed his mind , and without cabinet clearance , decided to capture it . Two paratroop battalions attacked Augusta - Victoria Hill , high ground overlooking the Old City from the east . One battalion attacked from Mount Scopus , and another attacked from the valley between it and the Old City . Another paratroop battalion , personally led by Gur , broke into the Old City , and was joined by the other two battalions after their missions were complete . The paratroopers met little resistance . The fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers ; the Israelis did not use armour during the battle out of fear of severe damage to the Old City . In the north , one battalion from Peled 's division was sent to check Jordanian defenses in the Jordan Valley . A brigade belonging to Peled 's division captured the western part of the West Bank . One brigade attacked Jordanian artillery positions around Jenin , which were shelling Ramat David Airbase . The Jordanian 12th Armored Battalion , which outnumbered the Israelis , held off repeated attempts to capture Jenin . However , Israeli air attacks took their toll , and the Jordanian M48 Pattons , with their external fuel tanks , proved vulnerable at short distances , even to the Israeli - modified Shermans . Twelve Jordanian tanks were destroyed , and only six remained operational . David Rubinger 's famed photograph of IDF paratroopers at Jerusalem 's Western Wall shortly after its capture . From left to right : Zion Karasenti , Yitzhak Yifat , and Haim Oshri . Just after dusk , Israeli reinforcements arrived . The Jordanians continued to fiercely resist , and the Israelis were unable to advance without artillery and air support . One Israeli jet attacked the Jordanian commander 's tank , wounding him and killing his radio operator and intelligence officer . The surviving Jordanian forces then withdrew to Jenin , where they were reinforced by the 25th Infantry Brigade . The Jordanians were effectively surrounded in Jenin . Jordanian infantry and their three remaining tanks managed to hold off the Israelis until 4 : 00 am , when three battalions arrived to reinforce them in the afternoon . The Jordanian tanks charged , and knocked out multiple Israeli vehicles , and the tide began to shift . After sunrise , Israeli jets and artillery conducted a two - hour bombardment against the Jordanians . The Jordanians lost 10 dead and 250 wounded , and had only seven tanks left , including two without gas , and sixteen APCs . The Israelis then fought their way into Jenin , and captured the city after fierce fighting . After the Old City fell , the Jerusalem Brigade reinforced the paratroopers , and continued to the south , capturing Judea and Gush Etzion . Hebron was taken without any resistance . Fearful that Israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the 1929 massacre of the city 's Jewish community , Hebron 's residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops , and voluntarily gave up their weapons . The Harel Brigade proceeded eastward , descending to the Jordan River . On June 7 , Israeli forces seized Bethlehem , taking the city after a brief battle that left some 40 Jordanian soldiers dead , with the remainder fleeing . On the same day , one of Peled 's brigades seized Nablus ; then it joined one of Central Command 's armoured brigades to fight the Jordanian forces ; as the Jordanians held the advantage of superior equipment and were equal in numbers to the Israelis . Again , the air superiority of the IAF proved paramount as it immobilized the Jordanians , leading to their defeat . One of Peled 's brigades joined with its Central Command counterparts coming from Ramallah , and the remaining two blocked the Jordan river crossings together with the Central Command 's 10th . Engineering Corps sappers blew up the Abdullah and Hussein bridges with captured Jordanian mortar shells , while elements of the Harel Brigade crossed the river and occupied positions along the east bank to cover them , but quickly pulled back due to American pressure . The Jordanians , anticipating an Israeli offensive deep into Jordan , assembled the remnants of their army and Iraqi units in Jordan to protect the western approaches to Amman and the southern slopes of the Golan Heights . No specific decision had been made to capture any other territories controlled by Jordan . After the Old City was captured , Dayan told his troops to dig in to hold it . When an armoured brigade commander entered the West Bank on his own initiative , and stated that he could see Jericho , Dayan ordered him back . It was only after intelligence reports indicated that Hussein had withdrawn his forces across the Jordan River that Dayan ordered his troops to capture the West Bank . According to Narkis : First , the Israeli government had no intention of capturing the West Bank . On the contrary , it was opposed to it . Second , there was not any provocation on the part of the IDF . Third , the rein was only loosened when a real threat to Jerusalem 's security emerged . This is truly how things happened on June 5 , although it is difficult to believe . The end result was something that no one had planned . Golan Heights The Battle of Golan Heights , June 9 -- 10 . In May -- June 1967 , the Israeli government did everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front . Eshkol and his colleagues took into account the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front . Syria 's attack False Egyptian reports of a crushing victory against the Israeli army and forecasts that Egyptian forces would soon be attacking Tel Aviv influenced Syria 's decision to enter the war . Syrian artillery began shelling northern Israel , and twelve Syrian jets attacked Israeli settlements in the Galilee . Israeli fighter jets intercepted the Syrian aircraft , shooting down three and driving off the rest . In addition , two Lebanese Hawker Hunter jets , two of the twelve Lebanon had , crossed into Israeli airspace and began strafing Israeli positions in the Galilee . They were intercepted by Israeli fighter jets , and one was shot down . People in a bomb shelter at Kibbutz Dan A minor Syrian force tried to capture the water plants at Tel Dan ( the subject of a fierce escalation two years earlier ) , Dan , and She'ar Yashuv . These attacks were repulsed with the loss of twenty soldiers and seven tanks . An Israeli officer was also killed . But a broader Syrian offensive quickly failed . Syrian reserve units were broken up by Israeli air attacks , and several tanks were reported to have sunk in the Jordan River . Other problems included tanks being too wide for bridges , lack of radio communications between tanks and infantry , and units ignoring orders to advance . A post-war Syrian army report concluded : Our forces did not go on the offensive either because they did not arrive or were not wholly prepared or because they could not find shelter from the enemy 's planes . The reserves could not withstand the air attacks ; they dispersed after their morale plummeted . The Syrians abandoned hopes of a ground attack and began a massive bombardment of Israeli communities in the Hula Valley instead . Israeli air Force attacks the Syrian airfields On the evening of June 5 , the Israeli Air Force attacked Syrian airfields . The Syrian Air Force lost some 32 MiG 21s , 23 MiG - 15 and MiG - 17 fighters , and two Ilyushin Il - 28 bombers , two - thirds of its fighting strength . The Syrian aircraft that survived the attack retreated to distant bases and played no further role in the war . Following the attack , Syria realised that the news it had received from Egypt of the near - total destruction of the Israeli military could not have been true . Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights should be attacked On June 7 and 8 , the Israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the Golan Heights as well . Syria had supported pre-war raids that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled Israel from the Heights , so some Israeli leaders wanted to see Syria punished . Military opinion was that the attack would be extremely costly , since it would entail an uphill battle against a strongly fortified enemy . The western side of the Golan Heights consists of a rock escarpment that rises 500 meters ( 1,700 ft ) from the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan River , and then flattens to a gently sloping plateau . Dayan opposed the operation bitterly at first , believing such an undertaking would result in losses of 30,000 and might trigger Soviet intervention . Prime Minister Eshkol , on the other hand , was more open to the possibility , as was the head of the Northern Command , David Elazar , whose unbridled enthusiasm for and confidence in the operation may have eroded Dayan 's reluctance . Eventually , the situation on the Southern and Central fronts cleared up , intelligence estimated that the likelihood of Soviet intervention had been reduced , reconnaissance showed some Syrian defenses in the Golan region collapsing , and an intercepted cable revealed that Nasser was urging the President of Syria to immediately accept a cease - fire . At 3 am on June 9 , Syria announced its acceptance of the cease - fire . Despite this announcement , Dayan became more enthusiastic about the idea and four hours later at 7 am , `` gave the order to go into action against Syria '' without consultation or government authorisation . The Syrian army consisted of about 75,000 men grouped in nine brigades , supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armour . Israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades ( the 8th Armored Brigade and the Golani Brigade ) in the northern part of the front at Givat HaEm , and another two ( infantry and one of Peled 's brigades summoned from Jenin ) in the center . The Golan Heights ' unique terrain ( mountainous slopes crossed by parallel streams every several kilometers running east to west ) , and the general lack of roads in the area channeled both forces along east - west axes of movement and restricted the ability of units to support those on either flank . Thus the Syrians could move north - south on the plateau itself , and the Israelis could move north - south at the base of the Golan escarpment . An advantage Israel possessed was the excellent intelligence collected by Mossad operative Eli Cohen ( who was captured and executed in Syria in 1965 ) regarding the Syrian battle positions . Syria had built extensive defensive fortifications in depths up to 15 kilometers , comparable to the Maginot Line . As opposed to all the other campaigns , IAF was only partially effective in the Golan because the fixed fortifications were so effective . However , the Syrian forces proved unable to put up effective defense largely because the officers were poor leaders and treated their soldiers badly ; often officers would retreat from danger , leaving their men confused and ineffective . The Israelis also had the upper hand during close combat that took place in the numerous Syrian bunkers along the Golan Heights , as they were armed with the Uzi , a submachine gun designed for close combat , while Syrian soldiers were armed with the heavier AK - 47 assault rifle , designed for combat in more open areas . Israeli attack : first Day Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights . June 1967 On the morning of June 9 , Israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against Syrian positions from Mount Hermon to Tawfiq , using rockets salvaged from captured Egyptian stocks . The airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced transport columns off the roads . The Syrians suffered heavy casualties and a drop in morale , with a number of senior officers and troops deserting . The attacks also provided time as Israeli forces cleared paths through Syrian minefields . However , the airstrikes did not seriously damage the Syrians ' bunkers and trench systems , and the bulk of Syrian forces on the Golan remained in their positions . About two hours after the airstrikes began , the 8th Armored Brigade , led by Colonel Albert Mandler , advanced into the Golan Heights from Givat HaEm . Its advance was spearheaded by Engineering Corps sappers and eight bulldozers , which cleared away barbed wire and mines . As they advanced , the force came under fire , and five bulldozers were immediately hit . The Israeli tanks , with their maneuverability sharply reduced by the terrain , advanced slowly under fire toward the fortified village of Sir al - Dib , with their ultimate objective being the fortress at Qala . Israeli casualties steadily mounted . Part of the attacking force lost its way and emerged opposite Za'ura , a redoubt manned by Syrian reservists . With the situation critical , Colonel Mandler ordered simultaneous assaults on Za'ura and Qala . Heavy and confused fighting followed , with Israeli and Syrian tanks struggling around obstacles and firing at extremely short ranges . Mandler recalled that `` the Syrians fought well and bloodied us . We beat them only by crushing them under our treads and by blasting them with our cannons at very short range , from 100 to 500 meters . '' The first three Israeli tanks to enter Qala were stopped by a Syrian bazooka team , and a relief column of seven Syrian tanks arrived to repel the attackers . The Israelis took heavy fire from the houses , but could not turn back , as other forces were advancing behind them , and they were on a narrow path with mines on either side . The Israelis continued pressing forward , and called for air support . A pair of Israeli jets destroyed two of the Syrian tanks , and the remainder withdrew . The surviving defenders of Qala retreated after their commander was killed . Meanwhile , Za'ura fell in an Israeli assault , and the Israelis also captured the ' Ein Fit fortress . In the central sector , the Israeli 181st Battalion captured the strongholds of Dardara and Tel Hillal after fierce fighting . Desperate fighting also broke out along the operation 's northern axis , where Golani Brigade attacked thirteen Syrian positions , including the formidable Tel Fakhr position . Navigational errors placed the Israelis directly under the Syrians ' guns . In the fighting that followed , both sides took heavy casualties , with the Israelis losing all nineteen of their tanks and half - tracks . The Israeli battalion commander then ordered his twenty - five remaining men to dismount , divide into two groups , and charge the northern and southern flanks of Tel Fakhr . The first Israelis to reach the perimeter of the southern approach laid bodily down on the barbed wire , allowing their comrades to vault over them . From there , they assaulted the fortified Syrian positions . The fighting was waged at extremely close quarters , often hand - to - hand . On the northern flank , the Israelis broke through within minutes and cleared out the trenches and bunkers . During the seven - hour battle , the Israelis lost 31 dead and 82 wounded , while the Syrians lost 62 dead and 20 captured . Among the dead was the Israeli battalion commander . The Golani Brigade 's 51st Battalion took Tel ' Azzaziat , and Darbashiya also fell to Israeli forces . Play media Universal Newsreel from June 9 about the war and UN reactions . By the evening of June 9 , the four Israeli brigades had all broken through to the plateau , where they could be reinforced and replaced . Thousands of reinforcements began reaching the front , those tanks and half - tracks that had survived the previous day 's fighting were refueled and replenished with ammunition , and the wounded were evacuated . By dawn , the Israelis had eight brigades in the sector . Syria 's first line of defense had been shattered , but the defenses beyond that remained largely intact . Mount Hermon and the Banias in the north , and the entire sector between Tawfiq and Customs House Road in the south remained in Syrian hands . In a meeting early on the night of June 9 , Syrian leaders decided to reinforce those positions as quickly as possible , and to maintain a steady barrage on Israeli civilian settlements . Israeli attack : the next Day Throughout the night , the Israelis continued their advance . Though it was slowed by fierce resistance , an anticipated Syrian counterattack never materialized . At the fortified village of Jalabina , a garrison of Syrian reservists , leveling their anti-aircraft guns , held off the Israeli 65th Paratroop Battalion for four hours before a small detachment managed to penetrate the village and knock out the heavy guns . Meanwhile , the 8th Brigade 's tanks moved south from Qala , advancing six miles to Wasit under heavy artillery and tank bombardment . At the Banias in the north , Syrian mortar batteries opened fire on advancing Israeli forces only after Golani Brigade sappers cleared a path through a minefield , killing sixteen Israeli soldiers and wounding four . On the next day , June 10 , the central and northern groups joined in a pincer movement on the plateau , but that fell mainly on empty territory as the Syrian forces retreated . At 8 : 30 am , the Syrians began blowing up their own bunkers , burning documents and retreating . Several units joined by Elad Peled 's troops climbed to the Golan from the south , only to find the positions mostly empty . When the 8th Brigade reached Mansura , five miles from Wasit , the Israelis met no opposition and found abandoned equipment , including tanks , in perfect working condition . In the fortified Banias village , Golani Brigade troops found only several Syrian soldiers chained to their positions . During the day , the Israeli units stopped after obtaining manoeuvre room between their positions and a line of volcanic hills to the west . In some locations , Israeli troops advanced after an agreed - upon cease - fire to occupy strategically strong positions . To the east , the ground terrain is an open gently sloping plain . This position later became the cease - fire line known as the `` Purple Line '' . Time magazine reported : `` In an effort to pressure the United Nations into enforcing a ceasefire , Damascus Radio undercut its own army by broadcasting the fall of the city of Quneitra three hours before it actually capitulated . That premature report of the surrender of their headquarters destroyed the morale of the Syrian troops left in the Golan area . '' Conclusion Main article : Israeli Military Governorate Play media Universal Newsreel from June 13 about the war By June 10 , Israel had completed its final offensive in the Golan Heights , and a ceasefire was signed the day after . Israel had seized the Gaza Strip , the Sinai Peninsula , the West Bank of the Jordan River ( including East Jerusalem ) , and the Golan Heights . About one million Arabs were placed under Israel 's direct control in the newly captured territories . Israel 's strategic depth grew to at least 300 kilometers in the south , 60 kilometers in the east , and 20 kilometers of extremely rugged terrain in the north , a security asset that would prove useful in the Yom Kippur War six years later . Speaking three weeks after the war ended , as he accepted an honorary degree from Hebrew University , Yitzhak Rabin gave his reasoning behind the success of Israel : Our airmen , who struck the enemies ' planes so accurately that no one in the world understands how it was done and people seek technological explanations or secret weapons ; our armoured troops who beat the enemy even when their equipment was inferior to his ; our soldiers in all other branches ... who overcame our enemies everywhere , despite the latter 's superior numbers and fortifications -- all these revealed not only coolness and courage in the battle but ... an understanding that only their personal stand against the greatest dangers would achieve victory for their country and for their families , and that if victory was not theirs the alternative was annihilation . In recognition of contributions , Rabin was given the honour of naming the war for the Israelis . From the suggestions proposed , including the `` War of Daring '' , `` War of Salvation '' , and `` War of the Sons of Light '' , he `` chose the least ostentatious , the Six - Day War , evoking the days of creation '' . Dayan 's final report on the war to the Israeli general staff listed several shortcomings in Israel 's actions , including misinterpretation of Nasser 's intentions , overdependence on the United States , and reluctance to act when Egypt closed the Straits . He also credited several factors for Israel 's success : Egypt did not appreciate the advantage of striking first and their adversaries did not accurately gauge Israel 's strength and its willingness to use it . In Egypt , according to Heikal , Nasser had admitted his responsibility for the military defeat in June 1967 . According to historian Abd al - Azim Ramadan , Nasser 's mistaken decisions to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 led to a state of war with Israel , despite Egypt 's lack of military preparedness . After the 1973 Yom Kippur War , Egypt reviewed the causes of its loss of the 1967 war . Issues that were identified included `` the individualistic bureaucratic leadership '' ; `` promotions on the basis of loyalty , not expertise , and the army 's fear of telling Nasser the truth '' ; lack of intelligence ; and better Israeli weapons , command , organization , and will to fight . Casualties Main article : Israeli casualties of war Between 776 and 983 Israelis were killed and 4,517 were wounded . 15 Israeli soldiers were captured . Arab casualties were far greater . Between 9,800 and 15,000 Egyptian soldiers were listed as killed or missing in action . An additional 4,338 Egyptian soldiers were captured . Jordanian losses are estimated to be 6,000 killed or missing and 533 captured , though Gawrych cites a number of some 700 killed in action with another 2,500 wounded . The Syrians were estimated to have sustained between 1,000 and 2,500 killed in action . Between 367 and 591 Syrians were captured . Controversies Main article : Controversies relating to the Six - Day War Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack Further information : Preemptive war At the commencement of hostilities , both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . The Israeli government later abandoned its initial position , acknowledging Israel had struck first , claiming that it was a preemptive strike in the face of a planned invasion by Egypt . On the other hand , the Arab view was that it was unjustified to attack Egypt . Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . Allegations of atrocities against Egyptian soldiers It has been alleged that Nasser did not want Egypt to learn of the true extent of his defeat and so ordered the killing of Egyptian army stragglers making their way back to the Suez canal zone . There have also been allegations from both Israeli and Egyptian sources that Israeli troops killed unarmed Egyptian prisoners . Allegations of military support from the U.S. , UK and Soviet Union There have been a number of allegations of direct military support of Israel during the war by the US and the UK , including the supply of equipment ( despite an embargo ) and the participation of US forces in the conflict . Many of these allegations and conspiracy theories have been disputed and it has been claimed that some were given currency in the Arab world to explain the Arab defeat . It has also been claimed that the Soviet Union , in support of its Arab allies , used its naval strength in the Mediterranean to act as a major restraint on the US Navy . America features prominently in Arab conspiracy theories purporting to explain the June 1967 defeat . Mohamed Hassanein Heikal , a confidant of Nasser , claims that President Lyndon B. Johnson was obsessed with Nasser and that Johnson conspired with Israel to bring him down . The reported Israeli troop movements seemed all the more threatening because they were perceived in the context of a US conspiracy against Egypt . Salah Bassiouny of the Foreign ministry , claims that Foreign Ministry saw the reported Israeli troop movements as credible because Israel had reached the level at which it could find strategic alliance with the United States . During the war , Cairo announced that American and British planes were participating in the Israeli attack . Nasser broke off diplomatic relations following this allegation . Nasser 's image of the United States was such that he might well have believed the worst . However Anwar Sadat implied that Nasser used this deliberate conspiracy in order to accuse the United States as a political cover - up for domestic consumption . Lutfi Abd al - Qadir , the director of Radio Cairo during the late 1960s , who accompanied Nasser to his visits in Moscow , had his conspiracy theory that both the Soviets and the Western powers wanted to topple Nasser or to reduce his influence . USS Liberty incident Main article : USS Liberty incident On June 8 , 1967 , USS Liberty , a United States Navy electronic intelligence vessel sailing 13 nautical miles ( 24 km ) off Arish ( just outside Egypt 's territorial waters ) , was attacked by Israeli jets and torpedo boats , nearly sinking the ship , killing 34 sailors and wounding 171 . Israel said the attack was a case of mistaken identity , and that the ship had been misidentified as the Egyptian vessel El Quseir . Israel apologized for the mistake , and paid compensation to the victims or their families , and to the United States for damage to the ship . After an investigation , the U.S. accepted the explanation that the incident was friendly fire and the issue was closed by the exchange of diplomatic notes in 1987 . Others however , including the then United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk , Chief of Naval Operations at the time , Admiral Thomas Moorer , some survivors of the attack and intelligence officials familiar with transcripts of intercepted signals on the day , have rejected these conclusions as unsatisfactory and maintain that the attack was made in the knowledge that the ship was American . Aftermath The political importance of the 1967 War was immense ; Israel demonstrated that it was able and willing to initiate strategic strikes that could change the regional balance . Egypt and Syria learned tactical lessons and would launch an attack in 1973 in an attempt to reclaim their lost territory . After following other Arab nations in declaring war , Mauritania remained in a declared state of war with Israel until about 1999 . The United States imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all Middle East countries , including Israel . The embargo remained in force until the end of the year , despite urgent Israeli requests to lift it . Israel and Zionism Following the war , Israel experienced a wave of national euphoria , and the press praised the military 's performance for weeks afterward . New `` victory coins '' were minted to celebrate . In addition , the world 's interest in Israel grew , and the country 's economy , which had been in crisis before the war , flourished due to an influx of tourists and donations , as well as the extraction of oil from the Sinai 's wells . The aftermath of the war also saw a baby boom , which lasted for four years . The aftermath of the war is also of religious significance . Under Jordanian rule , Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and were effectively barred from visiting the Western Wall ( even though Article VIII of the 1949 Armistice Agreement demanded Israeli Jewish access to the Western Wall ) . Jewish holy sites were not maintained , and Jewish cemeteries had been desecrated . After the annexation to Israel , each religious group was granted administration over its holy sites . For the first time since 1948 , Jews could visit the Old City of Jerusalem and pray at the Western Wall , the holiest site where Jews are permitted to pray . Despite the Temple Mount being the most important holy site in Jewish tradition , the al - Aqsa Mosque has been under sole administration of the Jordanian Muslim Waqf , and Jews are barred from praying on the Temple Mount , although they are allowed to visit it . In Hebron , Jews gained access to the Cave of the Patriarchs ( the second most holy site in Judaism , after the Temple Mount ) for the first time since the 14th century ( previously Jews were allowed to pray only at the entrance ) . Other Jewish holy sites , such as Rachel 's Tomb in Bethlehem and Joseph 's Tomb in Nablus , also became accessible . The war inspired the Jewish diaspora , which was swept up in overwhelming support for Israel . According to Michael Oren , the war enabled American Jews to `` walk with their backs straight and flex their political muscle as never before . American Jewish organizations which had previously kept Israel at arms length suddenly proclaimed their Zionism . '' Thousands of Jewish immigrants arrived from Western countries such as the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , France , and South Africa after the war . Many of them returned to their countries of origin after a few years ; one survey found that 58 % of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 returned to the US . Nevertheless , this immigration to Israel of Jews from Western countries , which was previously only a trickle , was a significant force for the first time . Most notably , the war stirred Zionist passions among Jews in the Soviet Union , who had by that time been forcibly assimilated . Many Soviet Jews subsequently applied for exit visas and began protesting for their right to immigrate to Israel . Following diplomatic pressure from the West , the Soviet government began granting exit visas to Jews in growing numbers . From 1970 to 1988 , some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas , of whom 165,000 immigrated to Israel and 126,000 immigrated to the United States . The great rise in Jewish pride in the wake of Israel 's victory also fueled the beginnings of the baal teshuva movement . Jews in Arab countries - pogroms and expulsion Main article : Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries In the Arab nations , populations of minority Jews faced persecution and expulsion following the Israeli victory . According to historian and ambassador Michael B. Oren : Mobs attacked Jewish neighborhoods in Egypt , Yemen , Lebanon , Tunisia , and Morocco , burning synagogues and assaulting residents . A pogrom in Tripoli , Libya , left 18 Jews dead and 25 injured ; the survivors were herded into detention centers . Of Egypt 's 4,000 Jews , 800 were arrested , including the chief rabbis of both Cairo and Alexandria , and their property sequestered by the government . The ancient communities of Damascus and Baghdad were placed under house arrest , their leaders imprisoned and fined . A total of 7,000 Jews were expelled , many with merely a satchel . Antisemitism against Jews in communist countries Following the war , a series of antisemitic purges began in Communist countries . Some 11,200 Jews from Poland immigrated to Israel during the 1968 Polish political crisis and the following year . Peace and Diplomacy Following the war , Israel made an offer for peace that included the return of most of the recently captured territories . According to Chaim Herzog : On June 19 , 1967 , the National Unity Government ( of Israel ) voted unanimously to return the Sinai to Egypt and the Golan Heights to Syria in return for peace agreements . The Golans would have to be demilitarized and special arrangement would be negotiated for the Straits of Tiran . The government also resolved to open negotiations with King Hussein of Jordan regarding the Eastern border . The June 19 Israeli cabinet decision did not include the Gaza Strip , and left open the possibility of Israel permanently acquiring parts of the West Bank . On June 25 -- 27 , Israel incorporated East Jerusalem together with areas of the West Bank to the north and south into Jerusalem 's new municipal boundaries . The Israeli decision was to be conveyed to the Arab nations by the United States . The U.S. was informed of the decision , but not that it was to transmit it . There is no evidence of receipt from Egypt or Syria , and some historians claim that they may never have received the offer . In September , the Khartoum Arab Summit resolved that there would be `` no peace , no recognition and no negotiation with Israel '' . However , as Avraham Sela notes , the Khartoum conference effectively marked a shift in the perception of the conflict by the Arab states away from one centered on the question of Israel 's legitimacy , toward one focusing on territories and boundaries . This was shown on November 22 when Egypt and Jordan accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 . Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel . In dozens of speeches and statements , Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender . After the war , the entire Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe ( with the exception of Romania ) broke off diplomatic relations with Israel . The 1967 War laid the foundation for future discord in the region , as the Arab states resented Israel 's victory and did not want to give up territory . On November 22 , 1967 , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242 , the `` land for peace '' formula , which called for Israeli withdrawal `` from territories occupied '' in 1967 and `` the termination of all claims or states of belligerency '' . Resolution 242 recognized the right of `` every state in the area to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force . '' Israel returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1978 , after the Camp David Accords , and disengaged from the Gaza Strip in the summer of 2005 . Its army frequently re-enters Gaza for military operations and still retains control of the seaports , airports and most of the border crossings . Captured territories and Arab displaced populations Main article : 1967 Palestinian exodus There was extensive displacement of populations in the captured territories : of about one million Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza , 300,000 ( according to the United States Department of State ) either fled , or were displaced from their homes , to Jordan , where they contributed to the growing unrest . The other 700,000 remained . In the Golan Heights , an estimated 80,000 Syrians fled . Israel allowed only the inhabitants of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights to receive full Israeli citizenship , applying its law , administration and jurisdiction to these territories in 1967 and 1981 , respectively . The vast majority of the populations in both territories declined to take citizenship . See also Israeli -- Palestinian conflict and Golan Heights . In his book Righteous Victims ( 1999 ) , Israeli `` New Historian '' Benny Morris writes : In three villages southwest of Jerusalem and at Qalqilya , houses were destroyed `` not in battle , but as punishment ... and in order to chase away the inhabitants ... contrary to government ... policy , '' Dayan wrote in his memoirs . In Qalqilya , about a third of the homes were razed and about 12,000 inhabitants were evicted , though many then camped out in the environs . The evictees in both areas were allowed to stay and later were given cement and tools by the Israeli authorities to rebuild at least some of their dwellings . But many thousands of other Palestinians now took to the roads . Perhaps as many as seventy thousand , mostly from the Jericho area , fled during the fighting ; tens of thousands more left over the following months . Altogether , about one - quarter of the population of the West Bank , about 200 -- 250,000 people , went into exile ... They simply walked to the Jordan River crossings and made their way on foot to the East Bank . It is unclear how many were intimidated or forced out by the Israeli troops and how many left voluntarily , in panic and fear . There is some evidence of IDF soldiers going around with loudspeakers ordering West Bankers to leave their homes and cross the Jordan . Some left because they had relatives or sources of livelihood on the East Bank and feared being permanently cut off . Thousands of Arabs were taken by bus from East Jerusalem to the Allenby Bridge , though there is no evidence of coercion . The free Israeli - organized transportation , which began on June 11 , 1967 , went on for about a month . At the bridge they had to sign a document stating that they were leaving of their own free will . Perhaps as many as 70,000 people emigrated from the Gaza Strip to Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world . On July 2 , the Israeli government announced that it would allow the return of those 1967 refugees who desired to do so , but no later than August 10 , later extended to September 13 . The Jordanian authorities probably pressured many of the refugees , who constituted an enormous burden , to sign up to return . In practice only 14,000 of the 120,000 who applied were allowed by Israel back into the West Bank by the beginning of September . After that , only a trickle of `` special cases '' were allowed back , perhaps 3,000 in all . ( 328 -- 29 ) In addition , between 80,000 and 110,000 Syrians fled the Golan Heights , of which about 20,000 were from the city of Quneitra . According to more recent research by the Israeli daily Haaretz , a total of 130,000 Syrian inhabitants fled or were expelled from the territory , most of them pushed out by the Israeli army . Long term Israel made peace with Egypt following the Camp David Accords of 1978 and completed a staged withdrawal from the Sinai in 1982 . However , the position of the other occupied territories has been a long - standing and bitter cause of conflict for decades between Israel and the Palestinians , and the Arab world in general . Jordan and Egypt eventually withdrew their claims to sovereignty over the West Bank and Gaza , respectively . ( The Sinai was returned to Egypt on the basis of the Camp David Accords of 1978 . ) Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty in 1994 . After the Israeli conquest of these newly acquired ' territories ' , it launched a large settlement effort in these areas to secure a permanent foothold . There are now hundreds of thousands of Israeli settlers in the West Bank . They are a matter of controversy within Israel , both among the general population and within different political administrations , supporting them to varying degrees . Palestinians consider them a provocation . The Israeli settlements in Gaza were evacuated and destroyed in August 2005 as a part of Israeli disengagement from Gaza . See also Abba Eban , Israeli Foreign Minister Hafez al - Assad , Syrian Defense Minister Catch 67 , a 2017 Israeli philosophy book on the West Bank occupation that launched a public dialogue on the war 's 50th anniversary Israeli MIAs Leonid Brezhnev , Soviet leader List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Robert McNamara , U.S. Defense Secretary Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab -- Israeli conflict U Thant , Secretary General of the United Nations Notes 1 . Photograph : It was twenty minutes after the capture of the Western Wall that David Rubinger shot his `` signature '' photograph of three Israeli paratroopers gazing in wonder up at the wall ( Kaniuk , Yoram . `` June 10 , 1967 -- Israeli paratroopers reach the Western Wall '' . The Digital Journalist . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . ) . As part of the terms for his access to the front lines , Rubinger handed the negatives to the Israeli government , who then distributed this image widely . Although he was displeased with the violation of his copyright , the widespread use of his photo made it famous ( Silver , Eric ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` David Rubinger in the picture '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . ) , and it is now considered a defining image of the conflict and one of the best - known in the history of Israel ( Urquhart , Conal ( May 6 , 2007 ) . `` Six days in June '' . The Observer . Retrieved December 2 , 2008. ) 3 . Both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . Gideon Rafael ( Israeli Ambassador to the UN ) received a message from the Israeli foreign office : `` Inform immediately the President of the Sec. Co. that Israel is now engaged in repelling Egyptian land and air forces . '' At 3 : 10 am , Rafael woke ambassador Hans Tabor , the Danish President of the Security Council for June , with the news that Egyptian forces had `` moved against Israel '' . Bailey 1990 , p. 225 . ( At Security Council meeting of June 5 ) , both Israel and Egypt claimed to be repelling an invasion by the other . Bailey 1990 , p. 225 . `` Egyptian sources claimed that Israel had initiated hostilities ( ... ) but Israeli officials -- Eban and Evron -- swore that Egypt had fired first '' Oren 2002 , p. 196 . `` Gideon Rafael phoned Danish ambassador Hans Tabor , Security Council president for the month of June , and informed him that Israel was responding to a ' cowardly and treacherous ' attack from Egypt ... '' Oren , p. 198 . 4 . Lenczowski 1990 , pp. 105 -- 15 , Citing Moshe Dayan , Story of My Life , and Nadav Safran , From War to War : The Arab -- Israeli Confrontation , 1948 -- 1967 , p. 375 Israel clearly did not want the US government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria , initially planned for June 8 , but postponed for 24 hours . It should be pointed out that the attack on the Liberty occurred on June 8 , whereas on June 9 at 3 am , Syria announced its acceptance of the cease - fire . Despite this , at 7 am , that is , four hours later , Israel 's minister of defense , Moshe Dayan , `` gave the order to go into action against Syria . '' Footnotes Jump up ^ Krauthammer 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` Pakistani Pilots in Arab Israel War '' . Opinion Maker. 10 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2004 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin 2006 , p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gawrych 2000 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven ( 1981 ) . Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948 -- 78 ( Vanguard ) . Osprey Publishing . ^ Jump up to : El Gamasy 1993 p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog 1982 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Herzog 1982 , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Warfare since the Second World War , By Klaus Jürgen Gantzel , Torsten Schwinghammer , p. 253 ^ Jump up to : Wars in the Third World since 1945 , ( NY 1991 ) Guy Arnold ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars . The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - CLIO . p. 1198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 947 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woolf , Alex ( 2012 ) . Arab -- Israeli War Since 1948 . Heinemann - Raintree . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4329 - 6004 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Howard M. ( 2013 ) . A History of Israel : From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 5049 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 185 -- 87 Jump up ^ Gerhard , William D. ; Millington , Henry W. ( 1981 ) . `` Attack on a SIGINT Collector , the USS Liberty '' ( PDF ) . NSA History Report , U.S. Cryptologic History series . National Security Agency . partially declassified 1999 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Both USA and Israel officially attributed the USS Liberty incident as being due to mistaken identification . Jump up ^ Major General Indar Jit Rikhye ( 28 October 2013 ) . The Sinai Blunder : Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading ... Taylor & Francis . pp. 8 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 27985 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ami Gluska ( 12 February 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963 -- 67 . Routledge . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16377 - 9 . On the evening of 22 May , President Gamal Abdul Nasser , accompanied by ... Egyptian air force base at Bir Gafgafa in Sinai and addressed the pilots and officers ... ' The Jews are threatening war -- we say to them ahlan wa - sahlan ( welcome ) ! Jump up ^ `` First United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF I ) -- Background ( Full text ) '' . Rauschning , Wiesbrock & Lailach 1997 , p. 30 ; Sachar 2007 , pp. 504 , 507 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Some sources date the agreement to November 4 , others to November 7 . Most sources simply say `` November '' . Gawrych ( 2000 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ Schiff , Zeev , History of the Israeli Army , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) p. 145 Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill , The Six Day War , Houghton Mifflin Company ( 1967 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth , Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness 1948 -- 1991 , University of Nebraska Press ( 2002 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , pp. 149 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Hart , 1989 p. 226 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 / 2003 , p. 312 ; Burrowes & Douglas 1972 , pp. 224 -- 25 Jump up ^ Shemesh , Moshe ( 2007 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War : The Crystallization of Arab Strategy and Nasir 's Descent to War , 1957 -- 1967 . Sussex Academic Press . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . The Jordanian leadership 's appraisal of the repercussions of the Samu ' raid was a major factor in King Husayn 's decision to join Nasir 's war chariot by signing a joint defense pact with Egypt on May 30 , 1967 . This was the determining factor for Jordan 's participation in the war that would soon break out ... Convinced after the Samu ' raid that Israel 's strategic goal was the West Bank , Husayn allied himself to Nasir out of a genuine fear that , in a comprehensive war , Israel would invade the West Bank whether or not Jordan was an active participant . Jump up ^ Tessler , Mark ( 1994 ) . A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict . John Wiley & Sons . p. 378 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20873 - 4 . Towards the War of June 1967 : Growing tensions in the region were clearly visible long before Israel 's November attack on Samu and two other West Bank towns . An escalating spiral of raid and retaliation had already been set in motion ... Jump up ^ Herzog 1982 , p. 148 Jump up ^ John Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War , Cambridge University Press , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ( 2007 ) p. 238 Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians , his response to this development was a model of moderation . His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping . The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were , indeed , closed to all Israeli ships Jump up ^ Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits . '' `` Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , 1 March 1957 '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- The State of Israel . Jump up ^ Morris , Benny ( 1999 ) . Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist -- Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 1998 . Random House . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42120 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 . Jump up ^ Colonomos , Ariel ( 2013 ) . The Gamble of War : Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 01894 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort '' , Eugene Register - Guard ( June 19 , 1967 ) . See also Johnson , Lyndon . `` Address at the State Department 's Foreign Policy Conference for Educators '' ( June 19 , 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Churchill po. 52 and 77 Jump up ^ Reston , James ( May 24 , 1967 ) . `` Washington : Nasser 's Reckless Maneuvers ; Cairo and Moscow The U.S. Commitment The Staggering Economy Moscow 's Role '' . The New York Times . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Sherman Kent for the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates ( May 26 , 1967 ) . `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 Volume XIX , Arab - Israeli Crisis and War , 1967 , Document 79 79 . Memorandum From the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates to Director of Central Intelligence Helms '' . Washington . The most likely course seems to be for Nasser to hold to his present winnings as long as he can , and in as full measure as he can . As of the moment he has vastly enhanced his own prestige in Egypt and throughout the Arab world , diminished the standing of Israel and , at least for the moment , administered a serious setback to the US . Moreover , by simply standing where he is he places the Israelis in an extremely difficult position . He keeps the crisis at high pitch , and as long as this continues the Israelis must remain mobilized . This they can not do for long without adverse effects upon their economy . 5 . The Israelis face dismaying choices . Surprised and shaken by Nasser 's action , they failed to take the instant military counteraction which might have been most effective . If they attack now they will face far more formidable opposition than in the rapid campaign of 1956 . We believe that they would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost them heavy losses of men and materiel . We are not sure that they have sufficient stockpiles of ammunition and equipment for a war lasting more than three or four weeks , and it is possible that they would not embark upon a major campaign without prior assurances from the US of adequate resupply . Jump up ^ Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defence , p. 60 . ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Stone 2004 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 294 Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Ehteshami and Hinnebusch 1997 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mutawi 2002 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Segev 1967 , pp. 82 , 175 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , pp. 293 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` Air Warriors '' . Pakistan Air Force . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle Biography - Saiful Azam '' . Air University . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Oren , 176 ; Benny Morris , Righteous Victims , 318 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ de Mazarrasa , Javier ( 1994 ) ( in Spanish ) . Blindados en España 2a Parte : La Dificil Postguerra 1939 -- 1960 . Valladolid , Spain : Quiron Ediciones . p. 50 . ISBN 84 - 87314 - 10 - 4 Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan ( 1999 ) . Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tank : 1936 -- 1945 . Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 843 - 3 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 99 ( author interview with Moredechai Hod , May 7 , 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` The War : Day One , June 5 '' . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 114 -- 15 ( author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial of the heads of the air force and the air defense system after the war ) . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 p. 171 Jump up ^ Pollack 2005 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Oren , 176 , says 282 out of 420 . Morris , 318 , says 304 out of 419 . Mark Tessler , A History of the Israeli -- Palestinian Conflict ( Indiana , 1994 ) , p. 396 , says over 350 planes were destroyed . Jump up ^ Long 1984 , p. 19 , Table 1 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 178 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : `` Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 180 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 202 Jump up ^ `` Six Day War '' . Israeli - weapons . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 182 Jump up ^ Simon Dunstan , The Six Day War 1967 : Sinai , Osprey Publishing , 2012 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Leslie Stein , The Making of Modern Israel : 1948 -- 1967 , Polity Press , 2013 p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 201 ^ Jump up to : Hammel 1992 , p. 239 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 212 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 211 Jump up ^ Mubasher , Abdou ( 7 -- 13 June 2007 ) . `` The road to Naksa '' . Al - Ahram . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 248 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ `` On June 5 , Israel sent a message to Hussein urging him not to open fire . Despite shelling into West Jerusalem , Netanya , and the outskirts of Tel Aviv , Israel did nothing . '' The Six Day War and Its Enduring Legacy . Summary of remarks by Michael Oren at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy , May 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Donald Neff ( 1984 ) . Warriors for Jerusalem : the six days that changed the Middle East . Linden Press / Simon & Schuster . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 45485 - 2 . Odd Bull : `` ( the message ) was a threat , pure and simple and it is not the normal practice of the U.N. to pass on threats from one government to another . '' However , as `` ... this message seemed so important ... we quickly sent it ... and King Hussein received the message before 10 : 30 the same morning . '' ^ Jump up to : Shlaim ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . pp. 243 -- 244 . In May -- June 1967 Eshkol 's government did everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front . Eshkol and his colleagues took into account the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front . But they wanted to avoid having a clash with Jordan and the inevitable complications of having to deal with the predominantly Palestinian population of the West Bank . The fighting on the eastern front was initiated by Jordan , not by Israel . King Hussein got carried along by a powerful current of Arab nationalism . On May 30 he flew to Cairo and signed a defense pact with Nasser . On June 5 , Jordan started shelling the Israeli side in Jerusalem . This could have been interpreted either as a salvo to uphold Jordanian honour or as a declaration of war . Eshkol decided to give King Hussein the benefit of the doubt . Through General Odd Bull , the Norwegian commander of UNTSO , he sent the following message the morning of June 5 : `` We shall not initiate any action whatsoever against Jordan . However , should Jordan open hostilities , we shall react with all our might , and the king will have to bear the full responsibility of the consequences . '' King Hussein told General Bull that it was too late ; the die was cast . ^ Jump up to : Shlaim , 2001 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ `` United Nations June 5 , 1967 '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Shlaim 2001 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 188 -- 89 Jump up ^ `` Pacifica Military History -- Free Samples '' . Pacificamilitary.com . June 5 , 1967 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 191 -- 92 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 222 ^ Jump up to : http://www.sixdaywar.org/contest/easternfront.asp ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 222 -- 23 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 224 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 219 Jump up ^ Shlaim 2001 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar 1976 . p. 642 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Damascus and Jerusalem '' . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` The War : Day Five , June 9 '' . Jump up ^ Morris , 2001 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Hammel 1992 , p. 387 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 280 Jump up ^ Oren , pp. 281 -- 82 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 283 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 295 Jump up ^ Video : Cease - Fire . Uneasy Truce In Mid-East , 1967 / 06 / 13 ( 1967 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1960 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Playing for the Brink '' . Jump up ^ `` A Campaign for the Books '' . Time . September 1 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Six - Day War -- Middle East ( 1967 ) '' . Jump up ^ Sachar 1976 . p. 660 . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Aftershocks '' . Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 110 , 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . The most outstanding exponent of the Nasserist narrative was Muhammad Hasanayn Haykal , who also embodied the revolutionary heritage personally as Nasser 's closest aid and the editor in chief of the state - sponsored dailies Al - Akhbar and Al - Ahram ... Haykal acknowledged that Nasser had erred in various fields , noting that he had admitted , for example , his responsibility for the military defeat in the June 1967 War Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult , ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill 1967 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Quigley , John ( 2005 ) . The Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . London : Duke University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Panorama '' . BBC News . February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt State Information Service '' . Sis.gov.eg . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ UN Security Council meeting 1347 Archived March 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( June 5 , 1967 ) Jump up ^ Kinga Tibori Szabó ( 22 August 2011 ) . Anticipatory Action in Self - Defence : Essence and Limits under International Law . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 147 , 148 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 796 - 8 . ( p. 147 ) The sequence of events that led to the Israeli pre-emptive strike did indeed create a situation where an armed attack seemed unavoidable . ( p. 148 ) Many commentators treat it ( the six day war ) as the locus classicus of anticipatory action in self defence Jump up ^ John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Terence Taylor ... wrote in 2004 ... that `` many scholars '' considered Israel to have `` conducted the ( 1967 ) action in anticipatory of self - defense Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill 1967 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Bron , Gabby ' Egyptian POWs Ordered to Dig Graves , Then Shot By Israeli Army ' , Yedioth Ahronoth , August 17 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Bar - Zohar , Michael ' The Reactions of Journalists to the Army 's Murders of POWs ' , Maariv , August 17 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , pp. 209 -- 10 ; Bar - On , Morris and Golani 2002 ; Fisher , Ronal ' Mass Murder in the 1956 War ' , Ma'ariv , August 8 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Laub , Karin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2003 . Retrieved December 11 , 2003 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) , Associated Press , August 16 , 1995 . Retrieved from the Wayback Machine . October 14 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Reportedly Killed POWs '' , August 17 , 1995 Jump up ^ Segev , T. , 2007 , p. 374 Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef ( September 21 , 1995 ) . `` Egypt Says Israelis Killed P.O.W. 's in ' 67 War '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mansour 1994 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Green 1984 Jump up ^ Smith , September 15 , 1967 Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Phythian 2001 , pp. 193 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) pp. 8 , 53 , 60 , 75 , 193 , 199 , 297 Jump up ^ Podeh , Middle East Quarterly , Winter 2004 , pp. 51 - 62 Jump up ^ Hattendorf 2000 Jump up ^ `` McNamara : US Near War in ' 67 '' . The Boston Globe . September 16 , 1983 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 60 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 75 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 199 Jump up ^ John Crewdson ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` New revelations in attack on American spy ship '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Tim Fischer , ' Six days of war , 40 years of secrecy , ' The Age May 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War , Cambridge University Press 2013 p. 93 . Cf Dean Rusk , As I Saw it : A Secretary of State 's Memoirs , W.W. Norton , 1990 pp. 386 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Brams & Togman 1998 , p. 243 ; Youngs 2001 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Amos Oz interview with Phillip Adams , 10 September 1991 , re-broadcast on ABC Radio National 23 December 2011 Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 2001 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . University of California Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22374 - 5 . once hostilities were under way , the United states imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all countries of the Middle East , including Israel . The embargo remained in force through the end of the year , despite urgent Israeli requests to lift it . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 309 Jump up ^ https://www.haaretz.com/news/hmo-data-show-lebanon-war-triggered-baby-boom-in-israel-1.214803 Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet No. 52 , Remembering the Six Day War '' . May 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tessler , Mark A. ( 1994 ) . A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 326 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35848 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aikman , David ( 1998 ) . Great Souls : Six Who Changed a Century . Lexington Books . p. 349 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0438 - 1 . Jump up ^ The `` Status Quo '' on the Temple Mount November -- December 2014 Jump up ^ Jerusalem in the unholy grip of religious fervor , Times of Israel . November 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cave of the Patriarchs Archived March 18 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Chabad.org Jump up ^ Tom Selwyn . Contested Mediterranean Spaces : The Case of Rachel 's Tomb , Bethlehem , Palestine . Berghahn Books . pp. 276 -- 278 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeology in Israel : Joseph 's Tomb '' . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 332 Jump up ^ http://www.haaretz.com/misc/haaretzcomsmartphoneapp/dailybrief/.premium-1.636848 Jump up ^ `` The 40th anniversary of the Six - Day War / Rate of return '' . Haaretz . June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tolts , Mark . Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation Jump up ^ `` The Miracle of ' 67 : Forty Years Since the Six - Day War ( Rabbi Moshe Goldstein ) 2007 '' . www.wherewhatwhen.com . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Jews rediscover orthodoxy '' . The New York Times . 30 September 1984 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aiken , Lisa ( 2009 ) . The Baal Teshuva Survival Guide . Rossi Publications . ISBN 0977962938 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 306 -- 07 Jump up ^ Ringer , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Excel HSC Modern History . Pascal Press . p. 390 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Włodzimierz Rozenbaum , CIAO : Intermarium , National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies , Atlanta , Ga. , 8 -- 11 October 1975 . Jump up ^ Communiqué : Investigation regarding communist state officers who publicly incited hatred towards people of different nationality . Institute of National Remembrance , Warsaw . Publication on Polish site of IPN : July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Herzog 1989 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Shlaim 2001 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Sela 1997 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Itamar Rabinovich ; Haim Shaked . From June to October : The Middle East Between 1967 And 1973 . Transaction Publishers . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 2418 - 7 . In dozens of speeches and statements , Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender . His efforts to forestall any movement toward direct negotiations ... Jump up ^ Webman , Esther ( 2011 ) . The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion : A Century - Old Myth . Routledge . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 59892 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` US State Department '' . Jump up ^ `` Right of return : Palestinian dream '' . UK : BBC News . April 15 , 2004 ... Jump up ^ `` Distribution of the Palestinian Population And Jewish Settlers In the West Bank and Gaza Since 1967 '' . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2010 . 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The Nassar And His Enemies : Foreign Policy Decision Making In Egypt On The Eve Of The Six Day War . The Middle East Review of International Affairs . Volume 9 , No. 2 , Article 2 . `` Israelis Say Tape Shows Nasser Fabricated ' Plot ' ; Recording Said to Be of Phone Call to Hussein Gives Plan to Accuse U.S. and Britain '' . The New York Times . June 9 , 1967 . p. 17 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jia , Bing Bing . ( 1998 ) . The Regime of Straits in International Law ( Oxford Monographs in International Law ) . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826556 - 5 . Koboril , Iwao and Glantz , Michael H. ( 1998 ) . Central Eurasian Water Crisis . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0925 - 3 Krauthammer , Charles ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` Prelude to the Six Days '' . The Washington Post . pp. A23 . ISSN 0740 - 5421 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Lavoy , Peter R. ; Sagan , Scott Douglas & Wirtz , James J. ( Eds . ) ( 2000 ) . 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Middle East Conflicts : From 1945 to the Present . Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 547 - X . Pollack , Kenneth ( 2004 ) . Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness , 1948 -- 1991 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8783 - 6 Pollack , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Air Power in the Six - Day War . The Journal of Strategic Studies . 28 ( 3 ) , 471 -- 503 . Prior , Michael ( 1999 ) . Zionism and the State of Israel : A Moral Inquiry . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20462 - 3 Quandt , William B. ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . Brookings Institution Press and the University of California Press ; 3 edition . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24631 - 4 Quigley , John B. ( 2005 ) . Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 Quigley , John B. ( 1990 ) . Palestine and Israel : A Challenge to Justice . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1023 - 6 Rabil , Robert G. ( 2003 ) . Embattled Neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 149 - 2 Rabin , Yitzhak ( 1996 ) . The Rabin Memoirs . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20766 - 1 . Rauschning , Dietrich ; Wiesbrock , Katja & Lailach , Martin ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946 -- 1996 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59704 - 8 . Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 Robarge , David S. ( 2007 ) . Getting It Right : CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War , Center for the Study of Intelligence , Vol. 49 No. 1 Rubenberg , Cheryl A. ( 1989 ) . Israel and the American National Interest . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06074 - 1 Sachar , Howard M. ( 1976 , 2007 ) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 ; ISBN 0 - 375 - 71132 - 5 . Sadeh , Eligar ( 1997 ) . Militarization and State Power in the Arab -- Israeli Conflict : Case Study of Israel , 1948 -- 1982 . Universal Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9658564 - 6 - 1 Sandler , Deborah ; Aldy , Emad & Al - Khoshman Mahmoud A. ( 1993 ) . Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba . -- A regional environmental challenge . Environmental Law Institute . 0911937463 . Seale , Patrick ( 1988 ) . Asad : The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06976 - 5 Segev , Samuel ( 1967 ) . A Red Sheet : the Six Day War . Segev , Tom ( 2005 ) . Israel in 1967 . Keter . ISBN 965 - 07 - 1370 - 0 . Segev , Tom ( 2007 ) . 1967 : Israel , the War , and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7057 - 6 Sela , Avraham ( 1997 ) . The Decline of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3537 - 7 Shafqat , Saeed ( 2004 ) . Islamic world and South Asia : Rise of Islamism and Terror , Causes and Consequences ? . In Kaniz F. Yusuf ( Ed . ) Unipolar World & The Muslim States . Islamabad : Pakistan Forum , pp 217 -- 246 . Shemesh , Moshe ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04816 - 0 Shlaim , Avi ( 2007 ) Lion of Jordan : The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7828 - 8 Shlaim , Avi ; Louis , William Roger ( 13 February 2012 ) , The 1967 Arab -- Israeli War : Origins and Consequences , Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 Smith , Hedrick ( June 15 , 1967 ) . `` As the Shock Wears Off ; Arab World , Appraising Its Defeat , Is Split as It Gropes for Strategy '' . The New York Times . p. 16 . Retrieved June 28 , 2006 . Smith , Hedrick ( September 15 , 1967 ) . `` Envoys Say Nasser Now Concedes U.S. Did n't Help Israel '' . The New York Times . pp. Page 1 , Col. 5 , Page 3 , Col. 1 . Stein , Janice Gross . ( 1991 ) . The Arab - Israeli War of 1967 : Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation , in Avoiding War : Problems of Crisis Management , Alexander L. George , ed . Boulder : Westview Press . Stephens , Robert H. ( 1971 ) . Nasser : A Political Biography . London : Allen Lane / The Penguin Press . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0181 - 0 Stone , David ( 2004 ) . Wars of the Cold War . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 85753 - 342 - 9 Tolan , Sandy ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Salon.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 995 - 3 United Nations ( 967 , June 5 ) . 1347 Security Council MEETING : June 5 , 1967 . Provisional agenda ( S / PV. 1347 / Rev. 1 ) . On a subpage of the website of The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine ( UNISPAL ) . van Creveld , Martin ( 2004 ) . Defending Israel : A Controversial Plan Toward Peace . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32866 - 4 Youngs , Tim . ( 2001 ) . Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991 -- 2000 London : International Affairs and Defence Section , House of Commons Library . ISSN 1368 - 8456 . Finkelstein , Norman ( 2003 ) . Image and Reality of the Israel -- Palestine Conflict . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 442 - 1 . Further reading Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts , and Political Order : A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2944 - 0 Cristol , A Jay ( 2002 ) . Liberty Incident : The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 536 - 7 Finkelstein , Norman ( June 2017 ) . Analysis of the war and its aftermath , on the 50th anniversary of the June 1967 war ( 3 parts , each about 30 min ) Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Praeger / Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 Hammel , Eric ( October 2002 ) . `` Sinai air strike : June 5 , 1967 '' . Military Heritage . 4 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 73 . Hopwood , Derek ( 1991 ) . Egypt : Politics and Society . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09432 - 1 Hussein of Jordan ( 1969 ) . My `` War '' with Israel . London : Peter Owen . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 0310 - 2 Katz , Samuel M. ( 1991 ) Israel 's Air Force ; The Power Series . Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers , Osceola , WI . Makiya , Kanan ( 1998 ) . Republic of Fear : The Politics of Modern Iraq . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21439 - 0 Morris , Benny ( 1997 ) . Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829262 - 7 Pressfield , Steven ( 2014 ) . The Lion 's Gate : On the Front Lines of the Six Day War . Sentinel HC , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 59523 - 091 - 2 Rezun , Miron ( 1990 ) . `` Iran and Afghanistan . '' In A. Kapur ( Ed . ) . Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States ( pp. 9 -- 25 ) . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09289 - 7 Smith , Grant ( 2006 ) . Deadly Dogma . Institute for Research : Middle Eastern Policy . ISBN 0 - 9764437 - 4 - 0 Oren , Michael ( April 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The Photograph : A Search for June 1967 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . The three soldiers -- background to that photograph Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Video Clip : Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War . on YouTube Video Clip : Analysis of Israel 's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian . on YouTube Video Clip : Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence . on YouTube Six - Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient All State Department documents related to the crisis Letters from David Ben - Gurion on the Six - Day War Shapell Manuscript Foundation UN Resolution 242 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . The status of Jerusalem , United Nations , New York , 1997 ( Prepared for , and under the guidance of , the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People ) Status of Jerusalem : Legal Aspects . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Legal Aspects The Six Day War -- June 1967 and Its Aftermath -- Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss -- A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on June 7 -- one day after the Six - Day War , describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces -- Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio , June 7 , 1967 How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor . Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) Journal Volume 7 , Number 3 ( September 2003 ) Position of Arab forces May 1967 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> Israeli wars and conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Arab -- Israeli conflict <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egypt Hamas Gaza Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Lebanon Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries Algeria China Cuba France Iran Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea Norway Pakistan Russia Sudan Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Mandatory Palestine Soviet Union United Arab Republic <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Lester B. Pearson Abd al - Hakim Amer Hosni Mubarak Gamal Abdel Nasser Anwar Sadat Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Faisal I Saddam Hussein Ehud Barak Menachem Begin David Ben - Gurion Moshe Dayan Levi Eshkol Golda Meir Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Chaim Weizmann King Abdullah I of Jordan King Abdullah II of Jordan King Hussein of Jordan Émile Lahoud Hassan Nasrallah Fouad Siniora Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Mona Juul Johan Jørgen Holst Terje Rød - Larsen Mahmoud Abbas Yasser Arafat Marwan Barghouti George Habash Ismail Haniyeh Haj Amin al - Husseini Khaled Mashal Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi Ahmad Shukeiri Ahmed Yassin King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia King Fahd of Saudi Arabia King Faisal of Saudi Arabia Folke Bernadotte Hafez al - Assad Bashar al - Assad Shukri al - Quwatli Salah Jadid Ernest Bevin Arthur Balfour Tony Blair Richard Crossman Madeleine Albright Ralph Bunche George H.W. Bush George W. Bush Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton Henry Kissinger Ronald Reagan Condoleezza Rice Dennis Ross Ramadan Shalah Harry S. Truman Cyrus Vance <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1950s 1947 -- 48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 49 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( Reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 70 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 <Td_colspan="2"> 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 79 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 93 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 05 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 06 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 08 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 09 Gaza War 2007 Operation Orchard 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Syrian Civil War Israeli involvement in the Syrian Civil War Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm el - Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks <Th_colspan="2"> Cold War <Td_colspan="2"> USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts GND : 4180597 - 5 NKC : ph278606 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six-Day_War&oldid=804586729 '' Categories : Six - Day War 1967 in Egypt 1967 in Israel 1967 in Jordan 1967 in Syria 1967 in the Israeli Military Governorate Arab -- Israeli conflict Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1967 Invasions by Israel Invasions of Syria Invasions of Egypt June 1967 events Six - 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History of Korea - wikipedia History of Korea Wikimedia history article This article is about the history of Korea up to the division of Korea in 1945 . For subsequent Korean history , see History of North Korea and History of South Korea . Part of a series on the History of Korea Prehistory Jeulmun Mumun Ancient Gojoseon ? -- 108 BC Jin Proto -- Three Kingdoms Buyeo Goguryeo Okjeo Dongye Samhan Ma Byeon Jin Four Commanderies of Han Three Kingdoms Goguryeo 37 BC -- 668 AD Baekje 18 BC -- 660 AD Silla 57 BC -- 935 AD Gaya confederacy 42 AD -- 562 AD North -- South States Later Silla ( Unified Silla ) 668 -- 935 Balhae 698 -- 926 Later Three Kingdoms Later Baekje 892 -- 936 Taebong ( Later Goguryeo ) 901 -- 918 Later Silla 668 -- 935 Unitary dynastic period Goryeo 918 -- 1392 Joseon 1392 -- 1897 Korean Empire 1897 -- 1910 Colonial period Japanese rule 1910 -- 1945 Provisional Government 1919 -- 1948 Division of Korea Military Governments 1945 -- 1948 North Korea 1948 -- present South Korea 1948 -- present By topic Art Language Military ( Goguryeo ) Monarchs Naval Science and technology Timeline Korea portal The Lower Paleolithic era in the Korean Peninsula began roughly half a million years ago . The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC , and the Neolithic period began after 6000 BC , followed by the Bronze Age by 800 BC , and the Iron Age around 400 BC . According to the mythic account recounted in the Samguk Yusa , Gojoseon ( Old Joseon ) kingdom was founded in northern Korea and southern Manchuria in 2333 BC . The Gija Joseon was purportedly founded in 12th century BC , and its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era . The written historical record on Gojoseon can be found from early 7th century BC . The Jin state was formed in southern Korea by the 3rd century BC . In the 2nd century BC , Gija Joseon was replaced by Wiman Joseon , which fell to the Han China near the end of the century . This resulted in the fall of Gojoseon and led to succeeding warring states , the Proto -- Three Kingdoms period that spanned the later Iron Age . From the 1st century , Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla grew to control the peninsula and Manchuria as the Three Kingdoms of Korea ( 57 BC -- 668 AD ) , until unification by Silla in 676 . In 698 , Dae Jo - yeong established Balhae in old territories of Goguryeo , which led to the North South States Period ( 698 -- 926 ) . In the late 9th century , Silla was divided into the Later Three Kingdoms ( 892 -- 936 ) , which ended with the unification by Wang Geon 's Goryeo dynasty . Meanwhile , Balhae fell after invasions by the Khitan Liao dynasty and the refugees including the last crown prince emigrated to Goryeo , where the crown prince was warmly welcomed and included into the ruling family by Wang Geon , thus unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo . During the Goryeo period , laws were codified , a civil service system was introduced , and culture influenced by Buddhism flourished . However , Mongol invasions in the 13th century brought Goryeo under its influence until the mid-14th century . In 1392 , General Yi Seong - gye established the Joseon dynasty ( 1392 -- 1910 ) after a coup that overthrew the Goryeo dynasty in 1388 . King Sejong the Great ( 1418 -- 1450 ) implemented numerous administrative , social , scientific , and economical reforms , established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty , and created Hangul , the Korean alphabet . After enjoying a period of peace for nearly two centuries , the Joseon dynasty faced foreign invasions and internal fractional strifes , beginning in 1592 until 1637 . Henceforth , Joseon gradually became more and more isolationist and stagnant . By the mid 19th century , with the country unwilling to modernize , and encroachment of European powers , Joseon Korea was forced to sign unequal treaties with foreign powers . After the assassination of Empress Myeongseong in 1895 , Donghak Rebellions of 1894 - 1895 , and Gabo Reforms of 1894 to 1896 , the Korean Empire ( 1897 -- 1910 ) came into existence and a brief but rapid period of social reform and modernization occurred . However , in 1905 , the Korean Empire signed a protectorate treaty and in 1910 Japan annexed the Korean Empire . Korean resistance was manifested in the widespread nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919 . Thereafter the resistance movements , coordinated by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile , were largely active in neighboring Manchuria , China , and Siberia . Figures from these exile organizations would become important in post-WWII Korea . After the end of WWII in 1945 , the Allies divided the country into a northern area , protected by the Soviets , and a southern area protected primarily by the United States . In 1948 , when the powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government , this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea . The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel : the `` Republic of Korea '' was created in the south , with the backing of the US and Western Europe , and the `` Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' in the north , with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People 's Republic of China . The new premier of North Korea , Kim il - Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule . After immense material and human destruction , the conflict ended with a cease - fire in 1953 . The two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed . Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991 . While both countries were essentially under military rule after the war , South Korea eventually liberalized . Since 1987 it has had a competitive electoral system . The South Korean economy has prospered , and the country is now considered to be fully developed , with a similar capital economic standing to Western Europe , Japan , and the United States . North Korea has maintained a militarized dictatorship rule , with a cult of personality constructed around the Kim family . Economically , North Korea has remained heavily dependent on foreign aid . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , that aid fell precipitously . The country 's economic situation has been quite marginal since . Contents 1 Prehistoric and Antiquity period 1.1 Paleolithic 1.2 Neolithic 1.3 Gojoseon and Jin State 1.3. 1 Metallurgy 1.4 Proto -- Three Kingdoms 1.4. 1 Buyeo and other Northern states 1.4. 2 Samhan 2 Three Kingdoms of Korea 2.1 Goguryeo 2.2 Baekje 2.3 Silla 2.4 Gaya 3 North and South States 3.1 Later Silla 3.2 Balhae 3.3 Later Three Kingdoms 4 Goryeo Dynasty of Korea 5 Joseon Dynasty of Korea 5.1 Political history 5.2 Culture and society 5.3 Foreign invasions 6 Modern history 6.1 Korean Empire ( 1897 -- 1910 ) 6.2 Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 6.3 Religion and ideology 6.4 Division and Korean War ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 6.5 Modern Korea ( 1953 -- present ) 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Surveys 9.2 Historiography 9.3 Primary sources 9.4 Other books used in this page 9.5 C / J / K books 10 Notes 11 External links Prehistoric and Antiquity period ( edit ) Main article : Prehistoric Korea Paleolithic ( edit ) Korean earthenware jar with comb pattern ; made 4000 BC , Amsa - dong , Seoul , now in British Museum No fossil proven to be Homo erectus has been found in the Korean Peninsula , though a candidate has been reported . Tool - making artifacts from the Palaeolithic period have been found in present - day North Hamgyong , South Pyongan , Gyeonggi , and north and south Chungcheong Provinces of Korea , which dates the Paleolithic Age to half a million years ago , though it may have begun as late as 400,000 years ago or as early as 600,000 -- 700,000 years ago . Neolithic ( edit ) Main articles : Jeulmun pottery period and Mumun pottery period The earliest known Korean pottery dates back to around 8000 BC , and evidence of Mesolithic Pit -- Comb Ware culture ( or Yunggimun pottery ) is found throughout the peninsula , such as in Jeju Island . Jeulmun pottery , or `` comb - pattern pottery '' , is found after 7000 BC , and is concentrated at sites in west - central regions of the Korean Peninsula , where a number of prehistoric settlements , such as Amsa - dong , existed . Jeulmun pottery bears basic design and form similarities to that of Mongolia , the Amur and Sungari river basins of Manchuria , the Jōmon culture in Japan , and the Baiyue in Southern China and Southeast Asia . Archaeological evidence demonstrates that agricultural societies and the earliest forms of social - political complexity emerged in the Mumun pottery period ( c. 1500 -- 300 BC ) . People in southern Korea adopted intensive dry - field and paddy - field agriculture with a multitude of crops in the Early Mumun Period ( 1500 -- 850 BC ) . The first societies led by big - men or chiefs emerged in the Middle Mumun ( 850 -- 550 BC ) , and the first ostentatious elite burials can be traced to the Late Mumun ( c. 550 -- 300 BC ) . Bronze production began in the Middle Mumun and became increasingly important in ceremonial and political society after 700 BC . Archeological evidence from Songguk - ri , Daepyeong , Igeum - dong , and elsewhere indicate that the Mumun era was the first in which chiefdoms rose , expanded , and collapsed . The increasing presence of long - distance trade , an increase in local conflicts , and the introduction of bronze and iron metallurgy are trends denoting the end of the Mumun around 300 BC . Gojoseon and Jin state ( edit ) Main articles : Gojoseon , Jin ( Korean state ) , and Four Commanderies of Han Korea in 108 BC Korean Bronze Age sword . Seoul , National Museum of Korea Gojoseon was the first Korean kingdom , located in the north of the peninsula and Manchuria , later alongside the state of Jin in the south of the peninsula . The founding legend of Gojoseon , which is recorded in the Samguk Yusa ( 1281 ) and other medieval Korean books , states that the country was established in 2333 BC by Dangun , said to be descended from heaven . While no evidence has been found that supports whatever facts may lie beneath this , the account has played an important role in developing Korean national identity . In the 12th century BC Gija , a prince from the Shang dynasty of China , purportedly founded Gija Joseon . However , due to contradicting historical and archaeological evidence , its existence was challenged in the 20th century , and today no longer forms the mainstream understanding of this period . The historical Gojoseon kingdom was first mentioned in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . By about the 4th century BC , Gojoseon had developed to the point where its existence was well known in China . and around this time , its capital moved to Pyongyang . In 195 BCE , Jun of Gojoseon appointed a refugee from Yan , Wiman . Wiman later rebelled in 194 BCE , and Jun fled to the south of the Korean Peninsula . In 108 BC , the Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula . Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades , but the Lelang commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries , until it was conquered by Goguryeo in 313 . Around 300 BC , a state called Jin arose in the southern part of the Korean peninsula . Very little is known about Jin , but it established relations with Han China and exported artifacts to the Yayoi of Japan . Around 100 BC , Jin evolved into the Samhan confederacies . Many smaller states sprang from the former territory of Gojoseon such as Buyeo , Okjeo , Dongye , Goguryeo , and Baekje . The Three Kingdoms refer to Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , although Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy existed into the 5th and 6th centuries respectively . The Four Commanderies of Han , established in the former territory of Gojoseon after the fall of Wiman Joseon . The location of the commanderies has become a controversial topic in Korea in recent years . However , the location of the commanderies is not controversial outside of Korea . Metallurgy ( edit ) The Bronze Age is often held to have begun around 900 - 800 BC in Korea , though the transition to the Bronze Age may have begun as far back as 2300 BC . Bronze daggers , mirrors , jewelry , and weaponry have been found , as well as evidence of walled - town polities . Rice , red beans , soybeans and millet were cultivated , and rectangular pit - houses and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites are found throughout the peninsula . Contemporaneous records suggest that Gojoseon transitioned from a feudal federation of walled cities into a centralised kingdom at least before the 4th century BC . It is believed that by the 4th century BC , iron culture was developing in Korea by northern influence via today 's Russia 's Maritime Province . Proto -- Three Kingdoms ( edit ) Main article : Proto -- Three Kingdoms of Korea Proto -- Three Kingdoms , c. 1 CE Gold buckle of the Proto -- Three Kingdoms period The Proto -- Three Kingdoms period , sometimes called the Several States Period ( 열국 시대 ) , is the time before the rise of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , which included Goguryeo , Silla , and Baekje , and occurred after the fall of Gojoseon . This time period consisted of numerous states that sprang up from the former territories of Gojoseon . Among these states , the largest and most influential were Dongbuyeo and Bukbuyeo . Buyeo and other northern States ( edit ) Main articles : Buyeo , Okjeo , and Dongye After the fall of Gojoseon , Buyeo arose in today 's North Korea and southern Manchuria , from about the 2nd century BC to 494 . Its remnants were absorbed by Goguryeo in 494 , and both Goguryeo and Baekje , two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , considered themselves its successor . Although records are sparse and contradictory , it is thought that in 86 BC , Dongbuyeo ( East Buyeo ) branched out , after which the original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as Bukbuyeo ( North Buyeo ) . Jolbon Buyeo was the predecessor to Goguryeo , and in 538 , Baekje renamed itself Nambuyeo ( South Buyeo ) . Okjeo was a tribal state that was located in the northern Korean Peninsula , and was established after the fall of Gojoseon . Okjeo had been a part of Gojoseon before its fall . It never became a fully developed kingdom due to the intervention of its neighboring kingdoms . Okjeo became a tributary of Goguryeo , and was eventually annexed into Goguryeo by Gwanggaeto Taewang in the 5th century . Dongye was another small kingdom that was situated in the northern Korean Peninsula . Dongye bordered Okjeo , and the two kingdoms faced the same fate of becoming tributaries of the growing empire of Goguryeo . Dongye was also a former part of Gojoseon before its fall . Samhan ( edit ) Main articles : Samhan , Mahan confederacy , Jinhan confederacy , and Byeonhan confederacy Sam han ( 삼한 , 三 韓 ) refers to the three confederacies of Mahan , Jinhan , and Byeonhan . The Samhan were located in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula . The Samhan countries were strictly governed by law , with religion playing an important role . Mahan was the largest , consisting of 54 states , and assumed political , economic , and cultural dominance . Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of 12 states , bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan . The Samhan were eventually conquered by Baekje , Silla , and Gaya in the 4th century . Three Kingdoms of Korea ( edit ) Main article : Three Kingdoms of Korea Goguryeo ( edit ) Main article : Goguryeo See also : Military history of Goguryeo Goguryeo at its height , in 476 CE 7th century Tang dynasty painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea : Baekje , Goguryeo , and Silla An example of a Goguryeo tomb mural Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC by Jumong ( posthumously titled as Dongmyeongseong , a royal given title ) . Later , King Taejo centralized the government . Goguryeo was the first Korean kingdom to adopt Buddhism as the state religion in 372 , in King Sosurim 's reign . Goguryeo ( also spelled as Koguryŏ ) was also known as Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) , and it eventually became the source of the modern name of Korea . Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 5th century , becoming a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia , when Gwanggaeto the Great and his son , Jangsu , expanded the country into almost all of Manchuria , parts of Inner Mongolia , parts of Russia , and took the present - day city of Seoul from Baekje . Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu , who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times , achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power of the Korean peninsula . Jangsu 's long reign of 79 years saw the perfecting of Goguryeo 's political , economic and other institutional arrangements . Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state ; in addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula , Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties , most notably the Goguryeo -- Sui War , in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men , and contributed to the Sui dynasty 's fall . In 642 , the powerful general Yeon Gaesomun led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo . In response , Emperor Tang Taizong of China led a campaign against Goguryeo , but was defeated and retreated . After the death of Tang Taizong , his son Emperor Tang Gaozong allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again , but was unable to overcome Goguryeo 's stalwart defenses and was defeated in 662 . However , Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother , with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla . The Tang -- Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in 667 , aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng , and was finally able to conquer Goguryeo in 668 . After the collapse of Goguryeo , Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula . Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula , while Tang gained control over Goguryeo 's northern territories . However , 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo , a Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Joyeong founded the Korean - Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories . Gilt - bronze Incense Burner of Baekje Baekje ( edit ) Main article : Baekje Baekje was founded by Onjo , a Goguryeo prince and the third son of the founder of Goguryeo , in 18 BC . Baekje and Goguryeo shared founding myths and originated from Buyeo . The Sanguo Zhi mentions Baekje as a member of the Mahan confederacy in the Han River basin ( near present - day Seoul ) . It expanded into the southwest ( Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces ) of the peninsula and became a significant political and military power . In the process , Baekje came into fierce confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies in the vicinity of its territorial ambitions . At its peak in the 4th century during the reign of King Geunchogo , Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula ( including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi , Chungcheong , and Jeolla , as well as part of Hwanghae and Gangwon ) to a centralized government . Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the Southern dynasties during the expansion of its territory . Baekje was a great maritime power ; its nautical skill , which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia , was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan . Baekje played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments , such as Chinese characters , Buddhism , iron - making , advanced pottery , and ceremonial burial to ancient Japan . Other aspects of culture were also transmitted when the Baekje court retreated to Japan after Baekje was conquered by the Silla -- Tang alliance . Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula , especially during the time of Geunchogo , but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined . Ultimately , Baekje was defeated by a coalition of Silla and Tang forces in 660 . Silla ( edit ) Main article : Silla Down - sized replica of the famous 80 meter tall pagoda at Hwangnyongsa Temple which was destroyed by the Mongols The pagoda of Bunhwangsa temple , 634 AD , which once stood seven to nine stories in height , yet these collapsed to its current state of three stories According to legend , the kingdom of Silla began with the unification of six chiefdoms of the Jinhan confederacy by Bak Hyeokgeose in 57 BC , in the southeastern area of Korea . Its territory included the present - day port city of Busan , and Silla later emerged as a sea power responsible for destroying Japanese pirates , especially during the Unified Silla period . Silla artifacts , including unique gold metalwork , show influence from the northern nomadic steppes and Iranian peoples and especially Persians , with less Chinese influence than are shown by Goguryeo and Baekje . Silla expanded rapidly by occupying the Nakdong River basin and uniting the city - states . By the 2nd century , Silla was a large state , occupying and influencing nearby city states . Silla gained further power when it annexed the Gaya confederacy in 562 . Silla often faced pressure from Goguryeo , Baekje and Japan , and at various times allied and warred with Baekje and Goguryeo . Silla was the smallest and weakest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms , and eventually Tang China , to its great advantage . In 660 , King Muyeol of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje . General Kim Yu - shin , aided by Tang forces , conquered Baekje . In 661 , Silla and Tang moved on Goguryeo but were repelled . King Munmu , son of Muyeol and nephew of Kim , launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year . Gaya ( edit ) Main article : Gaya confederacy Gaya was a confederacy of small kingdoms in the Nakdong River valley of southern Korea , growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period . Gaya 's plains were rich in iron , so export of iron tools was possible and agriculture flourished . In the early centuries , the Confederacy was led by Geumgwan Gaya in the Gimhae region . However , its leading power changed to Daegaya in the Goryeong region after the 5th century . Constantly engaged in war with the three kingdoms surrounding it , Gaya was not developed to form a unified state , and was ultimately absorbed into Silla in 562 . North and South States ( edit ) Main article : North -- South States Period The term North - South States refers to Later Silla and Balhae , during the time when Silla controlled the majority of the Korean peninsula while Balhae expanded into Manchuria . During this time , culture and technology significantly advanced , especially in Later Silla . Later Silla ( edit ) Main article : Later Silla See also : Silla -- Tang War Bulguksa Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site After the unification wars , the Tang dynasty established outposts in the former Goguryeo , and began to establish and administer communities in Baekje . Silla attacked Tang forces in Baekje and northern Korea in 671 . Tang then invaded Silla in 674 but Silla drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula by 676 to achieve unification of most of the Korean peninsula . Later Silla was a golden age of art and culture . During this period , long - distance trade between Later Silla and the Abbasid Caliphate was documented by Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh in the Book of Roads and Kingdoms . Buddhist monasteries such as the World Heritage Sites Bulguksa temple and Seokguram Grotto are examples of advanced Korean architecture and Buddhist influence . Other state - sponsored art and architecture from this period include Hwangnyongsa Temple and Bunhwangsa Temple . Persian chronics described Silla as located at the eastern end of China and reads ' In this beautiful country Silla , there is much gold , majestetic cities and hardworking people . Their culture is comparable with Persia ' . Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje , which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia , and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China , Korea and Japan , most notably during the time of Jang Bogo ; in addition , Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River . Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country , and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju was the fourth largest city in the world . Buddhism flourished during this time , and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists and contributed to Chinese Buddhism , including : Woncheuk , Wonhyo , Uisang , Musang , and Kim Gyo - gak , a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism . Silla began to experience political troubles in late 8th century . This severely weakened Silla and soon thereafter , descendants of the former Baekje established Hubaekje . In the north , rebels revived Goguryeo , beginning the Later Three Kingdoms period . Later Silla lasted for 267 years until King Gyeongsun surrendered the country to Goryeo in 935 , after 992 years and 56 monarchs . Balhae ( edit ) Main article : Balhae Balhae stele at the National Museum of Korea Balhae was founded only thirty years after Goguryeo had fallen , in 698 . It was founded in the northern part of former lands of Goguryeo by Dae Joyeong , a former Goguryeo general or chief of Sumo Mohe . Balhae controlled the northern areas of the Korean Peninsula , much of Manchuria ( though it did n't occupy Liaodong peninsula for much of history ) , and expanded into present - day Russian Primorsky Krai . Balhae styled itself as Goguryeo 's successor state and inherited Goguryeo culture . It also adopted the culture of Tang dynasty , such as the government structure and geopolitical system . In a time of relative peace and stability in the region , Balhae flourished , especially during the reigns of King Mun and King Seon . Balhae was called the `` Prosperous Country in the East '' . However , Balhae was severely weakened and eventually conquered by the Khitan Liao dynasty in 926 . Large numbers of refugees , including Dae Gwang - hyeon , the last crown prince of Balhae , were welcomed by Goryeo . Dae Gwang - hyeon was included in the imperial family of Wang Geon , bringing a national unification between the two successor nations of Goguryeo . No historical records from Balhae have survived , and the Liao left no histories of Balhae . While Goryeo absorbed some Balhae territory and received Balhae refugees , it compiled no known histories of Balhae either . The Samguk Sagi ( `` History of the Three Kingdoms '' ) , for instance , includes passages on Balhae , but does not include a dynastic history of Balhae . The 18th century Joseon dynasty historian Yu Deukgong advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history , and coined the term `` North and South States Period '' to refer to this era . Later Three Kingdoms ( edit ) Main article : Later Three Kingdoms The Later Three Kingdoms period ( 892 -- 936 ) consisted of Later Silla and the revival of Baekje and Goguryeo , known historiographically as `` Later Baekje '' and `` Later Goguryeo '' . During the late 9th century , as Silla declined in power and exorbitant taxes were imposed on the people , rebellions erupted nationwide and powerful regional lords rose up against the waning kingdom . Later Baekje was founded by the general Gyeon Hwon in 892 , and its capital was established in Wansanju ( modern Jeonju ) . The kingdom was based in the southwestern regions in the former territories of Baekje . In 927 , Later Baekje attacked Gyeongju , the capital of Later Silla , and placed a puppet on the throne . Eventually , Gyeon Hwon was ousted by his sons due to a succession dispute and escaped to Goryeo , where he served as a general in the conquest of the kingdom he personally founded . Later Goguryeo was founded by the Buddhist monk Gung Ye in 901 , and its original capital was established in Songak ( modern Kaesong ) . The kingdom was based in the northern regions , which were the strongholds of Goguryeo refugees . Later Goguryeo 's name was changed to Majin in 904 , and Taebong in 911 . In 918 , Wang Geon , a prominent general of Goguryeo descent , deposed the increasingly despotic and paranoid Gung Ye , and established Goryeo . By 936 , Goryeo conquered its rivals and achieved the unification of the Later Three Kingdoms . Goryeo dynasty of Korea ( edit ) Main article : Goryeo See also : Goryeo military regime and Korea under Yuan rule Wang Geon ( 877 - 943 ) , the founder of Goryeo dynasty Celadon Incense Burner from the Korean Goryeo dynasty ( 918 -- 1392 ) , with kingfisher color glaze Goryeo was founded by Wang Geon in 918 and became the ruling dynasty of Korea by 936 . It was named `` Goryeo '' because Wang Geon , a descendant of Goguryeo nobility , deemed the nation as the successor of Goguryeo . Wang Geon made his hometown Kaesong ( in present - day North Korea ) the capital . The dynasty lasted until 1392 , although the government was controlled by military regime leaders between 1170 and 1270 . Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) is the source of the English name `` Korea '' . During this period , laws were codified and a civil service system was introduced . Buddhism flourished and spread throughout the peninsula . The development of celadon pottery flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries . The production of the Tripitaka Koreana onto 81,258 wooden printing blocks , and the invention of the metal movable type attest to Goryeo 's cultural achievements . In 1018 , the Khitan Empire , which was the most powerful empire of its time , invaded Goryeo but was defeated by General Gang Gam - chan at the Battle of Kuju to end the Goryeo -- Khitan War . After defeating the Khitan Empire , Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century , during which the Tripitaka Koreana was completed , and there were great developments in printing and publishing , promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy , literature , religion , and science ; by 1100 , there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists . In 1231 , the Mongols began their invasions of Korea during seven major campaigns and 39 years of struggle , but was unable to conquer Korea . Exhausted after decades of fighting , Goryeo sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to the Mongols ; Kublai Khan accepted , and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince , and for the following 80 years Goryeo existed under the overlordship of the Mongol - ruled Yuan dynasty in China . The two nations became intertwined for 80 years as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses , and the last empress of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess . In the 1350s , the Yuan dynasty declined rapidly due to internal struggles , enabling King Gongmin to reform the Goryeo government . Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with , including the removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials , the question of land holding , and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars . During this tumultuous period , Goryeo momentarily conquered Liaoyang in 1356 , repulsed two large invasions by the Red Turbans in 1359 and 1360 , and defeated the final attempt by the Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General Choe Yeong defeated an invading Mongol tumen in 1364 . During the 1380s , Goryeo turned its attention to the Wokou menace and used naval artillery created by Choe Museon to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships . The Goryeo dynasty would last until 1392 . Taejo of Joseon , the founder of the Joseon dynasty , took power in a coup in 1388 and after serving as the power behind the throne for two monarchs , established the Joseon dynasty in 1392 . Joseon dynasty of Korea ( edit ) Main article : Joseon King Taejo 's portrait Donggwoldo Political History ( edit ) In 1392 , the general Yi Seong - gye , later known as Taejo , established the Joseon dynasty ( 1392 -- 1897 ) , named in honor of the ancient kingdom Gojoseon , and based on idealistic Confucianism - based ideology . The prevailing philosophy throughout the Joseon dynasty was Neo-Confucianism , which was epitomized by the seonbi class , scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity . Taejo moved the capital to Hanyang ( modern - day Seoul ) and built Gyeongbokgung palace . In 1394 he adopted Neo-Confucianism as the country 's official religion , and pursued the creation of a strong bureaucratic state . His son and grandson , King Taejong and Sejong the Great , implemented numerous administrative , social , and economical reforms and established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty . During the 15th and 16th centuries , Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science . Most notable among them was Sejong the Great ( r . 1418 -- 50 ) , who personally created and promulgated Hangul , the Korean alphabet . This golden age saw great cultural and scientific advancements , including in printing , meteorological observation , astronomy , calendar science , ceramics , military technology , geography , cartography , medicine , and agricultural technology , some of which were unrivaled elsewhere . Internal conflicts within the royal court , civil unrest and other political struggles plagued the nation in the years that followed , worsened by the Japanese invasion of Korea between 1592 and 1598 . Toyotomi Hideyoshi marshalled his forces and tried to invade the Asian continent through Korea , but was eventually repelled by the Korean military , with assistance of the righteous armies and Ming China . This war also saw the rise of the career of Admiral Yi Sun - sin with the turtle ship . As Korea was rebuilding , it had to repel invasions by the Manchu in 1627 and 1636 . Internal politics were bitterly divided and settled by violence . Historian JaHyun Kim Haboush , in the summary by her editor William Haboush in 2016 , interpreted the decisive impact of the victories against the Japanese and Manchu invaders : Out of this great war at the end of the 16th century and the Manchu invasions of 1627 and 1636 -- 1637 , Koreans emerged with a discernible sense of themselves as a distinct ethnie united by birth , language , and belief forged by this immense clash of the three great powers of East Asia ... Korea arrived at the brink of the seventeenth century as a nation . After the second Manchu invasion and stabilized relations with the new Qing dynasty , Joseon experienced a nearly 200 - year period of external peace . However internally , the bitter and violent factional battles raged on . In the 18th century , King Yeongjo ( reigned 1724 -- 76 ) and his grandson King Jeongjo ( reigned 1776 -- 1800 ) led a new renaissance . Yeongjo and Jeongjo reformed the tax system which grew the revenue stream into the treasury , strengthened the military and sponsored a revival of learning . The printing press was rejuvenated by using movable metal type ; the number and quality of publications sharply increased . Jeongjo sponsored scholars from various factions to work in the Kyujanggak , or Inner Royal Library , established in 1776 . However , corruption in government and social unrest prevailed in the years thereafter , causing numerous civil uprisings and revolts . The government made sweeping reforms in the late 19th century , but adhered to a strict isolationist policy , earning Korea the nickname `` Hermit Kingdom '' . The policy had been established primarily for protection against Western imperialism , but soon the Joseon dynasty was forced to open trade , beginning an era leading into Japanese rule . Culture and society ( edit ) One of the earliest photographs depicting yangban Koreans , taken in 1863 Korea 's culture was based on the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism , which emphasizes morality , righteousness , and practical ethics . Wide interest in scholarly study resulted in the establishment of private academies and educational institutions . Many documents were written about history , geography , medicine , and Confucian principles . The arts flourished in painting , calligraphy , music , dance , and ceramics . The most notable cultural event of this era is the creation and promulgation of the Korean alphabet Hunmin jeongeom ( later called Hangul ) by Sejong the Great in 1446 . This period also saw various other cultural , scientific and technological advances . During Joseon dynasty , a social hierarchy system existed that greatly affected Korea 's social development . The king and the royal family were atop the hereditary system , with the next tier being a class of civil or military officials and land owners known as yangban , who worked for the government and lived off the efforts of tenant farmers and slaves . A middle class , jungin , were technical specialists such as scribes , medical officers , technicians in science - related fields , artists and musicians . Commoners , i.e. peasants , constituted the largest class in Korea . They had obligations to pay taxes , provide labor , and serve in the military . By paying land taxes to the state , they were allowed to cultivate land and farm . The lowest class included tenant farmers , slaves , entertainers , craftsmen , prostitutes , laborers , shamans , vagabonds , outcasts , and criminals . Although slave status was hereditary , they could be sold or freed at officially set prices , and the mistreatment of slaves was forbidden . This yangban focused system started to change in the late 17th century as political , economic and social changes came into place . By the 19th century , new commercial groups emerged , and the active social mobility caused the yangban class to expand , resulting in the weakening of the old class system . The Korea government ordered the freedom of government slaves in 1801 . The class system of Korea was completely banned in 1894 . Foreign invasions ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 1598 ) , Second Manchu invasion of Korea , French campaign against Korea ( 1866 ) , United States expedition to Korea , and Geomun Island Incident Korean Embassy to Japan , 1655 , attributed to Kano Toun Yasunobu ; British Museum Korea dealt with a pair of Japanese invasions from 1592 to 1598 ( Imjin War or the Seven Years ' War ) . Prior to the war , Korea sent two ambassadors to scout for signs of Japan 's intentions of invading Korea . However , they came back with two different reports , and while the politicians split into sides , few proactive measures were taken . This conflict brought prominence to Admiral Yi Sun - sin as he contributed to eventually repelling the Japanese forces with the innovative use of his turtle ship , a massive , yet swift , ramming / cannon ship fitted with iron spikes . The use of the hwacha was also highly effective in repelling the Japanese invaders from the land . Subsequently , Korea was invaded in 1627 and again in 1636 by the Manchus , who went on to conquer China and establish the Qing dynasty , after which the Joseon dynasty recognized Qing suzerainty . Though Joseon respected its traditional subservient position to China , there was persistent loyalty for the perished Ming and disdain for the Manchus , who were regarded as barbarians . During the 19th century , Joseon tried to control foreign influence by closing its borders to all nations but China . In 1853 the USS South America , an American gunboat , visited Busan for 10 days and had amiable contact with local officials . Several Americans shipwrecked on Korea in 1855 and 1865 were also treated well and sent to China for repatriation . The Joseon court was aware of the foreign invasions and treaties involving Qing China , as well as the First and Second Opium Wars , and followed a cautious policy of slow exchange with the West . In 1866 , reacting to greater numbers of Korean converts to Catholicism despite several waves of persecutions , the Joseon court clamped down on them , massacring French Catholic missionaries and Korean converts alike . Later in the year France invaded and occupied portions of Ganghwa Island . The Korean army lost heavily , but the French abandoned the island . The General Sherman , an American - owned armed merchant marine sidewheel schooner , attempted to open Korea to trade in 1866 . After an initial miscommunication , the ship sailed upriver and became stranded near Pyongyang . After being ordered to leave by the Korean officials , the American crewmen killed four Korean inhabitants , kidnapped a military officer and engaged in sporadic fighting that continued for four days . After two efforts to destroy the ship failed , she was finally set aflame by Korean fireships laden with explosives . Wikisource has original text related to this article : a description of a visit to Korea by a British ship in 1876 This incident is celebrated by the DPRK as a precursor to the later USS Pueblo incident . In response , the United States confronted Korea militarily in 1871 , killing 243 Koreans in Ganghwa island before withdrawing . This incident is called the Sinmiyangyo in Korea . Five years later , the reclusive Korea signed a trade treaty with Japan , and in 1882 signed a treaty with the United States , ending centuries of isolationism . In 1885 , British Royal Navy occupied Geomun Island , and withdrew in 1887 . Conflict between the conservative court and a reforming faction led to the Gapsin Coup in 1884 . The reformers sought to reform Koreans institutionalized social inequality , by proclaiming social equality and the elimination of the privileges of the yangban class . The reformers were backed by Japan , and were thwarted by the arrival of Qing troops , invited by the conservative Queen Min . The Chinese troops departed but the leading general Yuan Shikai remained in Korea from 1885 - 1894 as Resident , directing Korean affairs . Korea became linked by telegraph to China in 1888 with Chinese controlled telegraphs . China permitted Korea to establish embassies with Russia ( 1884 ) , Italy ( 1885 ) , France ( 1886 ) , United States , and Japan . China attempted to block the exchange of embassies in Western countries , but not with Tokyo . The Qing government provided loans . China promoted its trade in an attempt to block Japanese merchants , which led to Chinese favour in Korean trade . Anti-Chinese riots broke out in 1888 and 1889 and Chinese shops were torched . Japan remained the largest foreign community and largest trading partner . After a rapidly modernizing Meiji Japan forced Korea to open its ports in 1876 , it successfully challenged the Qing Empire in the Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 1895 ) , forcing it to abandon its long - standing claims to deference . In 1895 , the Japanese were involved in the murder of Empress Myeongseong , who had sought Russian help , and the Russians were forced to retreat from Korea for the time . Modern History ( edit ) Korean Empire ( 1897 -- 1910 ) ( edit ) Main article : Korean Empire Further information : Gwangmu Reform As a result of the Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 1895 ) , the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded between China and Japan . It stipulated the abolition of traditional relationships Korea had with China , the latter of which recognised the complete independence of Joseon and repudiated the former 's political influence over the area . In 1897 , Joseon was renamed the Korean Empire , and King Gojong became Emperor Gojong . The imperial government aimed to become a strong and independent nation by implementing domestic reforms , strengthening military forces , developing commerce and industry , and surveying land ownership . Organizations like the Independence Club also rallied to assert the rights of the Joseon people , but clashed with the government which proclaimed absolute monarchy and power . Russian influence was strong in the Empire until being defeated by Japan in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 1905 ) . Korea effectively became a protectorate of Japan on 17 November 1905 , the 1905 Protectorate Treaty having been promulgated without Emperor Gojong 's required seal or commission . Following the signing of the treaty , many intellectuals and scholars set up various organizations and associations , embarking on movements for independence . In 1907 , Gojong was forced to abdicate after Japan learned that he sent secret envoys to the Second Hague Conventions to protest against the protectorate treaty , leading to the accession of Gojong 's son , Emperor Sunjong . In 1909 , independence activist An Jung - geun assassinated Itō Hirobumi , former Resident - General of Korea , for Ito 's intrusions on the Korean politics . This prompted the Japanese to ban all political organisations and proceed with plans for annexation . Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Korea under Japanese rule and Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Korean Liberation Army In 1910 Japan effectively annexed Korea by the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty . Along with all other prior treaties between Korea and Japan , this was confirmed to be null and void in 1965 . While Japan asserts that the treaty was concluded legally , Korea disputes this argument : the treaty was not signed by the Emperor of Korea as required and it violated international convention on external pressures regarding treaties . Korea was controlled by Japan under a Governor - General of Korea from 1910 until Japan 's unconditional surrender to the Allied Forces on 15 August 1945 . De jure sovereignty was deemed to have passed from the Joseon dynasty to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea . After the annexation , Japan set out to repress Korean traditions and culture , and to develop and implement policies primarily for the Japanese benefit . Its officials constructed European - styled transport and communication networks across the nation in order to extract resources and labor . This infrastructure was mostly destroyed later during the Korean War . The banking system was consolidated and the Korean currency abolished . The Japanese removed the Joseon hierarchy , destroyed much of the Gyeongbokgung palace , and replaced it with the government office building . After Emperor Gojong died in January 1919 , with rumors of poisoning , independence rallies against Japanese invaders took place nationwide on 1 March 1919 ( the March 1st Movement ) . This movement was suppressed by force and about 7,000 persons were killed by Japanese soldiers and police . An estimated 2 million people took part in peaceful , pro-liberation rallies , although Japanese records claim participation of less than half million . This movement was partly inspired by United States President Woodrow Wilson 's speech of 1919 , declaring support for right of self - determination and an end to colonial rule after World War I. No comment was made by Wilson on Korean independence . A pro-Japan faction in the USA sought trade inroads into China through the Korean peninsula . The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established in Shanghai , China , in the aftermath of the March 1 Movement , which coordinated the Liberation effort and resistance against Japanese control . Some of the achievements of the Provisional Government include the Battle of Chingshanli of 1920 and the ambush of Japanese Military Leadership in China in 1932 . The Provisional Government is considered to be the de jure government of the Korean people between 1919 and 1948 . Its legitimacy is enshrined in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Korea . Continued anti-Japanese uprisings , such as the nationwide uprising of students in November 1929 , led to the Japanese strengthening their military rule in 1931 . After the outbreaks of the Sino - Japanese War in 1937 and World War II , Japan attempted to destroy Korea as a nation . The continuance of Korean culture itself began to be illegal . Worship at Japanese Shinto shrines was made compulsory . The school curriculum was radically modified to eliminate teaching in the Korean language and history . The Korean language was banned , Koreans were forced to adopt Japanese names , and newspapers were prohibited from publishing in Korean . Numerous Korean cultural artifacts were destroyed or taken to Japan . According to an investigation by the South Korean government , 75,311 cultural assets were taken from Korea . Some Koreans left the Korean peninsula to exile in Manchuria and Primorsky Krai . Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups known as Dongnipgun ( Liberation Army ) ; they would travel in and out of the Sino - Korean border , fighting guerrilla warfare with Japanese forces . Some of them would group together in the 1940s as the Korean Liberation Army , which took part in allied action in China and parts of South East Asia . Tens of thousands of Koreans also joined the Peoples Liberation Army and the National Revolutionary Army . During World War II , Koreans at home were forced to support the Japanese war effort . Tens of thousands of men were conscripted into Japan 's military . Around 200,000 girls and women , many from China and Korea , were forced into sexual slavery for Japanese soldiers , with the euphemism `` comfort women '' . In the early 21st century , former Korean `` comfort women '' have continued to protest to the Japanese Government and have sought compensation of their sufferings during the war . Religion and ideology ( edit ) Korean nationalist historiography , centered on minjok , an ethnically or racially defined Korean nation , emerged in the early twentieth century among Korean intellectuals who wanted to foster national consciousness to achieve Korean independence from Japanese domination . Its first proponent was journalist and independence activist Shin Chaeho ( 1880 -- 1936 ) . In his polemical New Reading of History ( Doksa Sillon ) , which was published in 1908 three years after Korea became a Japanese protectorate , Shin proclaimed that Korean history was the history of the Korean minjok , a distinct race descended from the god Dangun that had once controlled not only the Korean peninsula but also large parts of Manchuria . Shin and other Korean intellectuals like Park Eun - sik ( 1859 -- 1925 ) and Choe Nam - seon ( 1890 -- 1957 ) continued to develop these themes in the 1910s and 1920s . They rejected two prior ways of representing the past : the Neo-Confucian historiography of Joseon Korea 's scholar - bureaucrats , which they blamed for perpetuating a servile worldview centered around China , and Japanese colonial historiography , which portrayed Korea as historically dependent and culturally backward . The work of these prewar nationalist historians has shaped postwar historiography in both North and South Korea . Despite ideological differences between the two regimes , the dominant historiography in both countries since the 1960s has continued to reflect nationalist themes , and this common historical outlook is the basis for talks about Korean unification . Protestant Christian missionary efforts in Asia were quite successful in Korea . American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received . They served as medical and educational missionaries , establishing schools and hospitals in numerous cities . In the years when Korea was under Japanese control , some Koreans adopted Christianity as an expression of nationalism in opposition to the Japan 's efforts to promote the Japanese language and the Shinto religion . In 1914 of 16 million Koreans , there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics . By 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000 , respectively . Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful . Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue . The Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian - based and Christian death and funerary rituals . Division and Korean War ( 1945 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Main article : Division of Korea Liberation of Korea American Marines climbing a sea wall in Incheon during a decisive moment in the timeline of the Korean War At the Cairo Conference on November 22 , 1943 , the US , UK , and China agreed that `` in due course Korea shall become free and independent '' ; at a later meeting in Yalta in February 1945 , the Allies agreed to establish a four - power trusteeship over Korea . On August 14 , 1945 , Soviet forces entered Korea by amphibious landings , enabling them to secure control in the north . Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces on August 15 , 1945 . The unconditional surrender of Japan , combined with fundamental shifts in global politics and ideology , led to the division of Korea into two occupation zones , effectively starting on September 8 , 1945 . The United States administered the southern half of the peninsula and the Soviet Union took over the area north of the 38th parallel . The Provisional Government was ignored , mainly due to American belief that it was too aligned with the communists . This division was meant to be temporary and was intended to return a unified Korea back to its people after the United States , United Kingdom , Soviet Union , and Republic of China could arrange a single government . In December 1945 , a conference convened in Moscow to discuss the future of Korea . A 5 - year trusteeship was discussed , and a joint Soviet - American commission was established . The commission met intermittently in Seoul but members deadlocked over the issue of establishing a national government . In September 1947 , with no solution in sight , the United States submitted the Korean question to the United Nations General Assembly . On December 12 , 1948 , the General Assembly of the United Nations recognised the Republic of Korea as the sole legal government of Korea . In June 25 , 1950 the Korean War broke out when North Korea breached the 38th parallel line to invade the South , ending any hope of a peaceful reunification for the time being . After the war , the 1954 Geneva conference failed to adopt a solution for a unified Korea . Modern Korea ( 1953 -- present ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of North Korea and History of South Korea Beginning with Syngman Rhee , a series of autocratic governments took power in South Korea with American support and influence . The country eventually transitioned to become a market - oriented democracy in 1987 largely due to popular demand for reform , and its economy rapidly grew and became a developed economy by the 2000s . Due to Soviet Influence , North Korea established a communist government with a hereditary succession of leadership , with ties to China and the Soviet Union . Kim Il - sung became the supreme leader until his death in 1994 , after which his son , Kim Jong - il took power . Kim Jong - il 's son , Kim Jong - un , is the current leader , taking power after his father 's death in 2011 . After the Soviet Union 's dissolution in 1991 , the North Korean economy went on a path of steep decline , and it is currently heavily reliant on international food aid and trade with China . See also ( edit ) Korean monarchs ' family trees : Silla ; Goryeo ; Joseon Korean nationalist historiography Korean influence on Japanese culture List of Korea - related topics List of monarchs of Korea Military history of Korea National Treasure of South Korea Prehistory of Korea South Korea -- United States relations Timeline of Korean history References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eckert & Lee 1990 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Christopher J. Norton , `` The Current State of Korean Paleoanthropology '' , ( 2000 ) , Journal of Human Evolution , 38 : 803 - 825 . ^ Jump up to : Sin 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Eckert & Lee 1990 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Connor 2002 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Jong Chan Kim , Christopher J Bae , `` Radiocarbon Dates Documenting The Neolithic - Bronze Age Transition in Korea '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , ( 2010 ) , Radiocarbon , 52 : 2 , pp. 483 - 492 . Jump up ^ Sin 2005 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lee Ki - baik 1984 , pp. 14 , 167 Jump up ^ Seth 2010 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hwang 2010 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Peterson & Margulies 2009 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Korean ) Gojoseon at Doosan Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Pratt 2007 , p. 63 - 64 . Jump up ^ Peterson & Margulies 2009 , p. 35 - 36 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Jongseo , Jeong Inji , et al. `` Goryeosa ( The History of Goryeo ) '' , 1451 , Article for July 934 , 17th year in the Reign of Taejo ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ki - Baik ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0674615762 . When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time , much of its ruling class , who were of Koguryŏ descent , fled to Koryŏ . Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land . Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ( `` Successor of the Royal Wang '' ) on the Parhae crown prince , Tae Kwang - hyŏn , Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register , thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage , and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor . Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom . Jump up ^ `` A History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present , by Michael J. Seth '' , p112 Jump up ^ Djun Kil Kim , 《 The History of Korea : 2nd edition 》 , ABC - CLIO , 2014 . ISBN 1610695828 , p. 65 - 68 Jump up ^ Early Human Evolution : Homo ergaster and erectus Archived 2007 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Anthro.palomar.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Chong Pil Choe , Martin T. Bale , `` Current Perspectives on Settlement , Subsistence , and Cultivation in Prehistoric Korea '' , ( 2002 ) , Arctic Anthropology , 39 : 1 - 2 , pp. 95 - 121 . Jump up ^ Stark 2005 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 23 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1993 , pp. 110 -- 116 Jump up ^ See also Jewang Ungi ( 1287 ) and Dongguk Tonggam ( 1485 ) . Jump up ^ Hwang 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Connor 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 443 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6717 - 7 . `` An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun , the mythical founder of the first Korean state ... Most textbooks and professional historians , however , treat him as a myth . '' Stark , Miriam T. ( 2008 ) . Archaeology of Asia . John Wiley & Sons . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5303 - 4 . `` Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure , Tangun is more problematical . '' Schmid , Andre ( 2013 ) . Korea Between Empires . Columbia University Press . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50630 - 4 . `` Most ( Korean historians ) treat the ( Tangun ) myth as a later creation . '' Peterson , Mark ( 2009 ) . Brief History of Korea . Infobase Publishing . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2738 - 5 . `` The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent ; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China . '' Hulbert , H.B. ( 2014 ) . The History of Korea . Routledge . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 84941 - 4 . `` If a choice is to be made between them , one is faced with the fact that the Tangun , with his supernatural origin , is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija . '' Jump up ^ Eckert & Lee 1990 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lee Ki - baik 1984 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Gojoseon territory at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Jump up ^ Timeline of Art and History , Korea , 1000 BC - 1 AD Archived 2010 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Metropolitan Museum of Art Jump up ^ Academy of Korean Studies , The Review of Korean Studies , vol. 10 권 , 3 -- 4 , 2007 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Lee Injae , Owen Miller , Park Jinhoon , Yi Hyun - Hae , Korean History in Maps , Cambridge University Press , 2014 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Yayoi Period History Summary Archived 2008 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , BookRags.com Jump up ^ Japanese Roots Archived 2012 - 05 - 25 at Archive.is , Jared Diamond , Discover 19 : 6 ( June 1998 ) Jump up ^ The Genetic Origins of the Japanese Archived 2016 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Thayer Watkins Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 92 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Early Korea '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 매국 사학 의 몸통 들아 , 공개 토론장 으로 나와라 ! '' . ngonews. 2015 - 12 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) 요서 vs 평양 ... 한무제 가 세운 낙랑군 위치 놓고 열띤 토론 . Segye Ilbo. 2016 - 08 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) `` 갈석산 동쪽 요서 도 고조선 땅 '' vs `` 고고학 증거 와 불일치 '' . The Dong - a Ilbo. 2016 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gochang , Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites Archived 2017 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , UNESCO Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 82 -- 85 . Jump up ^ `` Large - scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery iron smelting in Korea '' . Jump up ^ Wontack Hong , `` The Yemaek Tungus of Central Manchuria and Korean Peninsula : Interactions between the Xianbei and the Yemaek Tungus '' Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Proto - Three Kingdoms period at Doosan Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 109 -- 116 . Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Buyeo Archived 2012 - 07 - 01 at Archive.is at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Samhan at Doosan Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 135 -- 141 . Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Goguryeo at Doosan Encyclopedia Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Buddhism in Goguryeo at Doosan Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 199 -- 202 Jump up ^ Fan Ye , Book of the Later Han , volume 85 ; the Dongyi Liezhuan Jump up ^ Roberts , John Morris ; Westad , Odd Arne . The History of the World . Oxford University Press . p. 443 . ISBN 9780199936762 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Hall . Averting Global War : Regional Challenges , Overextension , and Options for American Strategy . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 158 -- 159 . ISBN 9780230608733 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Laet , Sigfried J. de . History of Humanity : From the seventh to the sixteenth century . UNESCO . p. 1133 . ISBN 9789231028137 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Hugh Dyson . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 9781477265178 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 ) . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0253000781 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , Stephen ; Wolff , David . Rediscovering Russia in Asia : Siberia and the Russian Far East : Siberia and the Russian Far East . Routledge . ISBN 9781317461296 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Hyŏn - hŭi ; Pak , Sŏng - su ; Yun , Nae - hyŏn . New history of Korea . Jimoondang . p. 201 . ISBN 9788988095850 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 04 . He launched a military expedition to expand his territory , opening the golden age of Goguryeo . Jump up ^ Hall , John Whitney . The Cambridge History of Japan . Cambridge University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780521223522 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Embree , Ainslie Thomas . Encyclopedia of Asian history . Scribner . p. 324 . ISBN 9780684188997 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Warren I. East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World . Columbia University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780231502511 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jinwung . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0253000781 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings and Queens of Korea '' . KBS World Radio . Korea Communications Commission . Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ki - Baik ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0674615762 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Hugh Dyson . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . p. 104 . ISBN 9781477265161 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Hugh Dyson . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . p. 161 . ISBN 9781477265178 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . Atrocities : The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 78 . ISBN 9780393081923 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Reg G. 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History . Universe Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 9780789322333 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bedeski , Robert . Human Security and the Chinese State : Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty . Routledge . p. 90 . ISBN 9781134125975 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities , with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao - hsi , in 598 . The Sui emperor , Wen Ti , launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course . Yang Ti , the next Sui emperor , proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude , marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men . And when his armies failed to take Liao - tung Fortress ( modern Liao - yang ) , the anchor of Koguryŏ 's first line of defense , he had a nearly a third of his forces , some 300,000 strong , break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P'yŏngyang . But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk , and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu ( Ch'ŏngch'ŏn ) River . It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back , and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao - tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper . Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success , and before long his war - weakened empire crumbled . Jump up ^ Nahm , Andrew C. ( 2005 ) . A Panorama of 5000 Years : Korean History ( Second revised ed . ) . Seoul : Hollym International Corporation . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0930878689 . China , which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century , was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century . Soon after that , Sui China mobilized a large number of troops and launched war against Koguryŏ . However , the people of Koguryŏ were united and they were able to repel the Chinese aggressors . In 612 , Sui troops invaded Korea again , but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere . General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River ( now Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River ) with his ingenious military tactics . Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea . The Sui dynasty , which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ , fell in 618 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2009 - 12 - 23 ) . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABC - CLIO . p. 406 . ISBN 9781851096725 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Hugh Dyson ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . p. 161 . ISBN 9781477265178 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 214 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0253000781 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ring , Trudy ; Watson , Noelle ; Schellinger , Paul ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Routledge . p. 486 . ISBN 9781136639791 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Injae , Lee ; Miller , Owen ; Jinhoon , Park ; Hyun - Hae , Yi ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) . Korean History in Maps . Cambridge University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 9781107098466 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0253000781 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Djun Kil ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) . The History of Korea , 2nd Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 49 . ISBN 9781610695824 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Loath to let slip such an opportunity , T'ang mounted a fresh invasion under Li Chi in 667 and Silla launched a coordinated offensive . This time the T'ang army received every possible assistance from the defector Namsaeng , and although Koguryŏ continued to hold out for another year , the end finally came in 668 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Jonathan W. Best , A History of the Early Korean Kingdom of Paekche , together with an annotated translation of `` The Paekche Annals '' of the `` Samguk sagi '' ( Harvard East Asian Monographs , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ The National Folk Museum of Korea ( South Korea ) ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature : Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol . III . 길잡이 미디어 . p. 41 . ISBN 9788928900848 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 202 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 123 . ISBN 9780618133840 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa , Joseph . The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture . Routledge . p. 348 . ISBN 9781136875908 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Volume I : To 1800 . Cengage Learning . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1111808150 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Seoul Times , 2006 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Asia Society Museum Jump up ^ Kanji Archived 2012 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , JapanGuide.com Jump up ^ Pottery - MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . `` The pottery of the Yayoi culture ( 300 ? BC - AD 250 ? ) , made by a Mongol people who came from Korea to Kyūshū , has been found throughout Japan . '' Jump up ^ History of Japan Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , JapanVisitor.com Jump up ^ Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Korea . Ewha Womans University Press . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 9788973006199 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Yu , Chai - Shin . The New History of Korean Civilization . iUniverse . p. 27 . ISBN 9781462055593 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Baekje history Archived 2009 - 02 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Baekje History & Culture Hall Jump up ^ Kenneth B. Lee ( 1997 , pp. 48 -- 49 ) Jump up ^ Sarah M. Nelson , ( 1993 , pp. 243 -- 258 ) Jump up ^ Kim , Jinwung . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0253000248 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wells , Kenneth M. Korea : Outline of a Civilisation . BRILL . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 9789004300057 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 222 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 159 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 241 -- 242 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Jill . Korea . Marshall Cavendish . p. 22 . ISBN 9780761417866 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Randel , Don Michael . The Harvard Dictionary of Music . Harvard University Press . p. 273 . ISBN 9780674011632 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopfner , Jonathan . Moon Living Abroad in South Korea . Avalon Travel . p. 21 . ISBN 9781612386324 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Djun Kil . The History of Korea . ABC - CLIO . p. 47 . ISBN 9780313038532 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Isabella Bird ( 9 January 2014 ) . `` 1 '' . Korea and Her Neighbours. : A Narrative of Travel , with an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country . With a Preface by Sir Walter C. Hillier . Adegi Graphics LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 543 - 01434 - 4 . Jump up ^ Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple Archived 2016 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , UNESCO Jump up ^ `` Cultural ties put Iran , S Korea closer than ever for cooperation '' . Tehran Times . 2016 - 05 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa , Joseph . The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture . Routledge . p. 348 . ISBN 9781136875908 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gernet , Jacques . A History of Chinese Civilization . Cambridge University Press . p. 291 . ISBN 9780521497817 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Reischauer , Edwin Oldfather . Ennins Travels in Tang China . John Wiley & Sons Canada , Limited . pp. 276 -- 283 . ISBN 9780471070535 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . From what Ennin tells us , it seems that commerce between East China , Korea and Japan was , for the most part , in the hands of men from Silla . Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world , they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes . This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources ... While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China , there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores ... The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered , but in Ennin 's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world . Jump up ^ Kim , Djun Kil . The History of Korea , 2nd Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 3 . ISBN 9781610695824 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. A Concise History of Korea : From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 65 . ISBN 9780742540057 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Neil . A History of the World in 100 Objects . Penguin UK . ISBN 9780141966830 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Chŏng , Yang - mo ; Smith , Judith G. ; Metropolitan Museum of Art ( New York , N.Y. ) . Arts of Korea . Metropolitan Museum of Art . p. 230 . ISBN 9780870998508 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ International , Rotary . The Rotarian . Rotary International . p. 28 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alan . After Pusan . Faber & Faber . ISBN 9780571299355 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , David A. `` Gyeongju , Korea 's treasure house '' . Korea.net . Korean Culture and Information Service ( KOCIS ) . Archived from the original on 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Edward Ben . Koreaʾs pottery heritage . Seoul International Pub . House . p. 53 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Mun , Chanju ; Green , Ronald S. Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice . Blue Pine Books . p. 147 . ISBN 9780977755301 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntire , Suzanne ; Burns , William E. Speeches in World History . Infobase Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438126807 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Robert E. Buswell ; Jr , Donald S. Lopez . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . p. 187 . ISBN 9781400848058 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Poceski , Mario . Ordinary Mind as the Way : The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780198043201 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Wu , Jiang ; Chia , Lucille . Spreading Buddha 's Word in East Asia : The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon . Columbia University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 9780231540193 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Dale S . The Zen Canon : Understanding the Classic Texts . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199882182 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Su - il , Jeong . The Silk Road Encyclopedia . Seoul Selection . ISBN 9781624120763 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Nikaido , Yoshihiro . Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 137 . ISBN 9783847004851 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Leffman , David ; Lewis , Simon ; Atiyah , Jeremy . China . Rough Guides . p. 519 . ISBN 9781843530190 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Leffman , David ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) . The Rough Guide to China . Penguin . ISBN 9780241010372 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : China . Penguin. 2016 - 06 - 21 . p. 240 . ISBN 9781465455673 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 266 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Old records of Silla 新羅 古 記 ( Silla gogi ) : ... 高麗 舊 將 祚 榮 Jump up ^ Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王 韻 紀 ( Jewang ungi ) : ... 前 麗 舊 將 大 祚 榮 Jump up ^ Solitary Cloud 孤雲 集 ( Gounjib ) : ... 渤海 之 源流 也 句 驪 未 滅 之 時 本 爲 疣 贅 部落 靺 羯 之 屬 寔 繁 有 徒 是 名栗 末 小 蕃 甞 逐 句 驪 , 內 徙 其 首領 乞 四 羽 及 大 祚 榮 等 至 武后 臨 朝 之 際 自 營 州 作 孼 而 逃 輒 據 荒 丘 始 稱 振 國 時 有 句 驪 遺 燼 勿 吉 雜 流 梟 音 則 嘯聚 白山 鴟 義則 喧 張 黑 姶 與 契丹 濟 惡 旋 於 突厥 通謀 萬里 耨 苗 累 拒 渡 遼 之 轍 十 年 食 葚 晚 陳 降 漢 之 旗 . Jump up ^ Solitary Cloud 孤雲 集 ( Gounjip ) : ... 其 酋長 大 祚 榮 , 始 受 臣 藩 第 五 品 大 阿 餐 之 秩 Jump up ^ Comprehensive Institutions 通 典 ( Tongdian ) : ... 渤海 夲 栗 末 靺鞨 至 其 酋 祚 榮 立國 自 號 震 旦 , 先天 中 玄宗 王子 始 去 靺鞨 號 專 稱 渤海 ^ Jump up to : Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 244 -- 248 Jump up ^ Injae , Lee ; Miller , Owen ; Jinhoon , Park ; Hyun - Hae , Yi ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) . Korean History in Maps . Cambridge University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 9781107098466 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : North Korea : A Country Study . Government Printing Office . p. 12 . ISBN 9780160882784 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 후삼국 시대 ( 後 三國 時代 ) '' . Encyclopedia of Korean Culture ( in Korean ) . Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 일리 천 ( 一 利川 ) 전투 '' . 문화 콘텐츠 닷컴 ( in Korean ) . Korea Creative Content Agency . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ 이상각 ( 2014 ) . 고려사 - 열정 과 자존 의 오백년 ( in Korean ) . 들녘 . ISBN 9791159250248 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 2 ) 건국 ― 호족 들 과 의 제휴 '' . 우리 역사넷 ( in Korean ) . National Institute of Korean History . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ 장덕호 ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` 한반도 중심 에 터 닦으 니 화합 통합 의 새시대 ' 활짝 ' '' . 중앙 일보 ( in Korean ) . JoongAng Ilbo . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ 박 , 종기 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) . 고려사 의 재발견 : 한반도 역사상 가장 개방 적이고 역동적 인 500 년 고려 역사 를 만나다 ( in Korean ) . 휴머니스트 . ISBN 9788958629023 . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , Morris ( 1983 - 05 - 20 ) . China Among Equals : The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors , 10th - 14th Centuries . University of California Press . p. 323 . ISBN 9780520045620 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Djun Kil ( 2005 - 01 - 30 ) . The History of Korea . ABC - CLIO . p. 57 . ISBN 9780313038532 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Grayson , James H. Korea - A Religious History . Routledge . p. 79 . ISBN 9781136869259 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Korea at Doosan Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 360 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a , pp. 122 -- 123 . 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Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne . East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1285528670 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard ; Crossley , Pamela ; Headrick , Daniel ; Hirsch , Steven ; Johnson , Lyman . The Earth and Its Peoples , Brief : A Global History . Cengage Learning . p. 264 . ISBN 9781285445519 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Warren I. East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World . Columbia University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780231502511 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kenneth B. Korea and East Asia : The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 61 . ISBN 9780275958237 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowman , John . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 9780231500043 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Kenneth B. Korea and East Asia : The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 9780275958237 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 343 -- 350 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a , pp. 142 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Currie , Lorenzo . Through the Eyes of the Pack . Xlibris Corporation . p. 181 . ISBN 9781493145164 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 351 -- 353 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a , pp. 152 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 369 -- 370 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 165 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Literally `` old Joseon '' , the term was first coined in the 13th century AD to differentiate the ancient kingdom from Wiman Joseon and is now used to differentiate it from the Joseon dynasty . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a , pp. 160 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 371 -- 375 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Kenneth B. Korea and East Asia : The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 86 . ISBN 9780275958237 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 알고 싶은 한글 '' . 국립 국어원 . National Institute of Korean Language . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Haralambous , Yannis ; Horne , P. Scott . Fonts & Encodings . `` O'Reilly Media , Inc . '' . p. 155 . ISBN 9780596102425 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Selin , Helaine . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science , Technology , and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 505 -- 506 . ISBN 9789401714167 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 413 -- 416 . Jump up ^ Foreword by William Haboush , in JaHyun Kim Haboush ( 2016 ) . The Great East Asian War and the Birth of the Korean Nation . Columbia UP . p. ix . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Korea . Ewha Womans University Press . ISBN 9788973006199 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 421 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 469 -- 470 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 391 -- 401 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a , pp. 168 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 387 -- 389 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , pp. 435 -- 437 . Jump up ^ Hawley 2005 , p. 195f . Jump up ^ Turnbull 2002 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Roh , Young - koo : `` Yi Sun - shin , an Admiral Who Became a Myth '' , The Review of Korean Studies , Vol. 7 , No. 3 ( 2004 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Seth 2010 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Schmid 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005b , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005b , pp. 51 - 55 . Jump up ^ Association of Korean History Teachers 2005b , pp. 58 - 61 . Jump up ^ Lee Ki - baik 1984 , pp. 309 -- 317 . ^ Jump up to : Hoare & Pares 1988 , pp. 50 -- 67 Jump up ^ An Jung - geun , Korea.net Jump up ^ Kawasaki , Yutaka ( July 1996 ) . `` Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally ? '' . Murdoch University Journal of Law . 3 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Japan 's Annexation of Korea ' Unjust and Invalid ' Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Chosun Ilbo , 2010 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) After the reconstruction Gyeongbok Palace of 1865 -- 1867 at Doosan Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` March 1st Movement '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Ki - baik , pp. 340 -- 344 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Korea : Preamble Archived 2012 - 07 - 10 at Archive.is , The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea . ( In English ) Jump up ^ Miyata 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Kay Itoi ; B.J. Lee ( 2007 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Korea : A Tussle over Treasures -- Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lost treasures make trip home Archived 2016 - 06 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Korea Times , 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Yamawaki 1994 . Jump up ^ Japan court rules against ' comfort women ' Archived 2006 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , CNN , 2001 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Congress backs off of wartime Japan rebuke Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , The Boston Globe , 2006 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues , Inc '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Danielle Kane , and Jung Mee Park , `` The Puzzle of Korean Christianity : Geopolitical Networks and Religious Conversion in Early Twentieth - Century East Asia '' , American Journal of Sociology ( 2009 ) 115 # 2 pp 365 -- 404 Jump up ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette , A History of the Expansion of Christianity : Volume VII : Advance through Storm : A.D. 1914 and after , with concluding generalizations ( 1945 ) 7 : 401 -- 407 Jump up ^ Lee Hyun - hee 2005 , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Cairo Conference is held Archived 2013 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Timelines ; Cairo Conference Archived 2011 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Jump up ^ `` The Avalon Project : Yalta ( Crimea ) Conference '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2007 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941 - 1949 - Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers , Moscow '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 195 , UN Third General Assembly '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 23 . Bibliography ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Association of Korean History Teachers ( 2005a ) . Korea through the Ages , Vol 1 Ancient . Seoul : Academy of Korean Studies . ISBN 9788 - 9710 - 5545 - 8 . Association of Korean History Teachers ( 2005b ) . Korea through the Ages , Vol. 2 Modern . Seoul : Academy of Korean Studies . ISBN 9788 - 9710 - 5546 - 5 . Buzo , Adrian . The Making of Modern Korea ( Routledge , 2002 ) online Cha M.S. ; Kim N.N. `` Korea 's first industrial revolution , 1911 -- 1940 , '' Explorations in Economic History ( 2012 ) 49 # 1 pp 60 -- 74 Connor , Mary E. ( 2002 ) . The Koreas , A global studies handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 307 . ISBN 9781 - 5760 - 7277 - 6 . Cumings , Bruce . ( 2005 ) Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History ( 2nd ed . WW Norton , 2005 ) . Eckert , Carter J. ; Lee , Ki - Baik ( 1990 ) . Korea , old and new : a history . Korea Institute Series . Published for the Korea Institute , Harvard University by Ilchokak . p. 454 . ISBN 9780 - 9627 - 7130 - 9 . Hoare , James ; Pares , Susan ( 1988 ) . Korea : an introduction . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780 - 7103 - 0299 - 1 . Hwang , Kyung - moon ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea , An Episodic Narrative . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 328 . ISBN 9780230364530 . Kim , Chong Ik Eugene ; Han - Kyo Kim ( 1967 ) . Korea and the Politics of Imperialism , 1876 - 1910 . Korea National University of Education . Atlas of Korean History ( 2008 ) Lee Ki - baik ( 1984 ) . A new history of Korea . Cambridge : Harvard UP . ISBN 9780 - 6746 - 1576 - 2 . Lee , Kenneth B. ( 1997 ) . Korea and East Asia : the story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780 - 2759 - 5823 - 7 . Lee , Chong - Sik ( 1963 ) . The Politics of Korean Nationalism ( University of California Press ) , online Lee , Yur - Bok and Wayne Patterson . One Hundred Years of Korean - American Relations , 1882 - 1982 ( 1986 ) online Lee , Hyun - hee ; Park , Sung - soo ; Yoon , Nae - hyun ( 2005 ) . New History of Korea . Paju : Jimoondang . ISBN 9788 - 9880 - 9585 - 0 . Lee , Hong - yung ; Ha , Yong - Chool ; Sorensen , Clark W. , eds. ( 2013 ) . Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea , 1910 - 1945 . U of Washington Press . ISBN 9780 - 2959 - 9216 - 7 . Li , Narangoa and Robert Cribb . Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia , 1590 - 2010 : Korea , Manchuria , Mongolia , Eastern Siberia ( 2016 ) ISBN 0231160704 Nahm , Andrew C. ; Hoare , James ( 2004 ) . Historical dictionary of the Republic of Korea . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780 - 8108 - 4949 - 5 . Nelson , Sarah M. ( 1993 ) . The archaeology of Korea . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . p. 1013 . ISBN 9780 - 5214 - 0783 - 0 . Pratt , Keith ( 2007 ) . Everlasting Flower : A History of Korea . Reaktion Books . p. 320 . ISBN 9781861893352 . Robinson , Michael Edson ( 2007 ) . Korea 's twentieth - century odyssey . Honolulu : U of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9780 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Schmid , Andre ( 2002 ) . Korea Between Empires , 1895 -- 1919 . New York : Columbia UP . ISBN 9780 - 2311 - 2538 - 3 . Seth , Michael J. ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of Korea . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780 - 7425 - 4005 - 7 . Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 520 . ISBN 9780 - 7425 - 6716 - 0 . Sin , Hyong - sik ( 2005 ) . A Brief History of Korea . The Spirit of Korean Cultural Roots. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Seoul : Ewha Womans University Press . ISBN 9788 - 9730 - 0619 - 9 . Yang , Sung - chul ( 1999 ) . The North and South Korean political systems : A comparative analysis . Seoul : Hollym . ISBN 9781 - 5659 - 1105 - 5 . Historiography ( edit ) Em , Henry H. ( 2013 ) . The Great Enterprise : Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea . Duke University Press . p. 272 . ISBN 9780 - 8223 - 5372 - 0 . Examines how Korean national ambitions have shaped the work of the country 's historians . Hong Sung - gi . `` Trends in Western historiography on Korea , '' Korea Journal ( 1999 ) 39 # 3 pp 377 Kim , Han Kyo . Studies on Korea : A Scholar 's Guide ( 1980 ) ; 458pp comprehensive guide ; ISBN 0824806735 Kim , Duol , and Ki - Joo Park . `` A Cliometric Revolution in the Economic History of Korea : A Critical Review , '' Australian Economic History Review ( 2012 ) 52 # 1 pp 85 -- 95 Yuh , Leighanne ( 2010 ) . `` The Historiography of Korea in the United States '' . International Journal of Korean History . 15 # 2 : 127 -- 144 . Primary sources ( edit ) Lee , Peter H. and Wm . Theodore De Bary , eds . Sources of Korean Tradition ( 2 vol. 1997 ) 472 pages vol 1 online Other Books used in this page ( edit ) Cwiertka , Katarzyna J. ( 2012 ) . Cuisine , Colonialism , and Cold War : Food in Twentieth - Century Korea . Reaktion Books and University of Chicago Press . p. 237 . ISBN 9781 - 7802 - 3025 - 2 . Scholarly study of how food reflects Korea 's history Hawley , Samuel ( 2005 ) . The Imjin War . Japan 's Sixteenth - Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China . The Royal Asiatic Society , Korea Branch , Seoul . ISBN 978 - 89 - 954424 - 2 - 5 . Kim , Byung - Kook ; Vogel , Ezra F. ( 2011 ) . The Park Chung Hee Era : The Transformation of South Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 744 . ISBN 9780 - 6740 - 5820 - 0 . Studies of on modernization under Park , 1961 -- 1979 . Peterson , Mark ; Margulies , Phillip ( 2009 ) . A Brief History of Korea . Infobase Publishing . p. 328 . ISBN 9781 - 4381 - 2738 - 5 . Stark , Miriam T. ( 2005 ) . Archaeology Of Asia . Boston : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0212 - 4 . Turnbull , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Samurai Invasion . Japan 's Korean War 1592 -- 98 . London : Cassell & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35948 - 6 . C. / J. / k Books ( edit ) Byeon Tae - seop ( 변태섭 ) ( 1999 ) . 韓國 史 通論 ( Hanguksa tongnon ) ( Outline of Korean history ) , 4th ed ( in Korean ) . Seoul : Samyeongsa . ISBN 978 - 89 - 445 - 9101 - 3 . Yamawaki , Keizo ( 1994 ) . Japan and Foreign Laborers : Chinese and Korean Laborers in the late 1890s and early 1920s ( 近代 日本 と 外国 人 労働 者 ― 1890 年代 後半 と 1920 年代 前半 における 中国 人 ・ 朝鮮 人 労働 者 問題 ) ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Akashi - shoten ( 明石 書店 ) . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7503 - 0568 - 4 . Miyata , Setsuko ( 1992 ) . Creating Surnames and Changing Given Names ( 創 氏 改名 ) . Tokyo : Akashi - shoten ( 明石 書店 ) . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7503 - 0406 - 9 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 2016 ) . North Korea : A Country Study . Nova Science Publishers . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1590334430 . `` Han Chinese built four commanderies , or local military units , to rule the peninsula as far south as the Han River , with a core area at Lolang ( Nangnang in Korean ) , near present - day P'yongyang . It is illustrative of the relentlessly different historiography practiced in North Korea and South Korea , as well as both countries ' dubious projection backward of Korean nationalism , that North Korean historians denied that the Lolang district was centered in Korea and placed it northwest of the peninsula , possibly near Beijing . '' Connor , Edgar V. ( 2003 ) . Korea : Current Issues and Historical Background . Nova Science Publishers . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1590334430 . `` They place it northwest of the peninsula , possibly near Beijing , in order to de - emphasize China 's influence on ancient Korean history . '' Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 ) . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0253000248 . `` Immediately after destroying Wiman Chosŏn , the Han empire established administrative units to rule large territories in the northern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria . '' Hyung , Hyung Il ( 2000 ) . Constructing `` Korean '' Origins . Harvard University Press . p. 129 . ISBN 9780674002449 . `` When material evidence from the Han commandery site excavated during the colonial period began to be reinterpreted by Korean nationalist historians as the first full - fledged `` foreign '' occupation in Korean history , Lelang 's location in the heart of the Korean peninsula became particularly irksome because the finds seemed to verify Japanese colonial theories concerning the dependency of Korean civilization on China . '' Hyung , Hyung Il ( 2000 ) . Constructing `` Korean '' Origins . Harvard University Press . p. 128 . ISBN 9780674002449 . `` At present , the site of Lelang and surrounding ancient Han Chinese remains are situated in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang . Although North Korean scholars have continued to excavate Han dynasty tombs in the postwar period , they have interpreted them as manifestations of the Kochoson or the Koguryo kingdom . '' Xu , Stella Yingzi ( 2007 ) . That glorious ancient history of our nation . University of California , Los Angeles . p. 223 . ISBN 9780549440369 . `` Lelang Commandery was crucial to understanding the early history of Korea , which lasted from 108 BCE to 313 CE around the P'yongyang area . However , because of its nature as a Han colony and the exceptional attention paid to it by Japanese colonial scholars for making claims of the innate heteronomy of Koreans , post 1945 Korean scholars intentionally avoided the issue of Lelang . '' Lee , Peter H. ( 1993 ) . Sourcebook of Korean Civilization . Columbia University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0231079129 . `` But when Emperor Wu conquered Choson , all the small barbarian tribes in the northeastern region were incorporated into the established Han commanderies because of the overwhelming military might of Han China . '' Barnes , Gina ( 2000 ) . State Formation in Korea . Routledge . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0700713233 . `` Despite recent suggestions by North Korean scholars that Lelang was not a Chinese commandery , the traditional view will be adhered to here . Lelang was one of four commanderies newly instituted by the Han Dynasty in 108 BC in the former region of Chaoxian . Of these four commanderies , only two ( Lelang and Xuantu ) survived successive reorganizations ; and it seems that even these had their headquarters relocated once or twice . '' Ch'oe , Yŏng - ho ( May 1981 ) , `` Reinterpreting Traditional History in North Korea '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , 40 ( 3 ) : 509 , doi : 10.2307 / 2054553 , JSTOR 2054553 . `` North Korean scholars , however , admit that a small number of items in these tombs resemble those found in the archaeological sites of Han China . These items , they insist , must have been introduced into Korea through trade or other international contacts and `` should not by any means be construed as a basis to deny the Korean characteristics of the artifacts '' found in the P'yongyang area . '' Jr . Clemens , Walter C. ( 2016 ) . North Korea and the World : Human Rights , Arms Control , and Strategies for Negotiation . University Press of Kentucky . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0813167466 . `` Chinese forces subsequently conquered the eastern half of the peninsula and made lolang , near modern Pyongyang , the chief base for Chinese rule . Chinese sources recall how China used not only military force but also assassination and divide - and - conquer tactics to subdue Chosŏn and divide the territory into four commanderies . '' Seth , Michael J. ( 2016 ) . A Concise History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1442235175 . `` For the next four centuries a northwestern part of the Korean peninsula was directly incorporated in to the Chinese Empire ... The Taedong River basin , the area where the modern city of P'yongyang is located , became the center of the Lelang commandery . '' Seth , Michael J. ( 2016 ) . A Concise History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1442235175 . `` The way of life maintained by the elite at the capital in the P'yongyang area , which is known from the tombs and scattered archaeological remains , evinces a prosperous , refined , and very Chinese culture . '' Seth , Michael J. ( 2016 ) . A Concise History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1442235175 . `` The Chinese , having conquered Choson , set up four administrative units called commanderies . The Lelang commandery was located along the Ch'ongch'on and Taedong rivers from the coast to the interior highlands . Three other commanderies were organized : Xuantu , Lintun , and Zhenfan . Lintun and originally Xuantu were centered on the east coast of northern Korea . Zhenfan was probably located in the region south of Lelang , although there is some uncertainty about this . After Emperor Wu 's death in 87 BCE a retrenchment began under his successor , Emperor Chao ( 87 - 74 BCE ) . In 82 BCE Lintun was merged into Xuantu , and Zhenfan into Lelang . Around 75 BCE Xuantu was relocated most probably in the Tonghua region of Manchuria and parts of old Lintun merged into Lelang . Later a Daifang commandery was created south of Lelang in what was later Hwanghae Province in northern Korea . Lelang was the more populous and prosperous outpost of Chinese civilization . '' Bowman , John Stewart ( 2000 ) . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0231110044 . `` Han China resumes its effort to subdue Korea , launching two military expeditions that bring much of the peninsula under Chinese control ; it sets up four commanderies in conquered Korea . '' Bowman , John Stewart ( 2000 ) . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0231110044 . `` After a period of decline , Old Choson falls to Wiman , an exile from the Yan state in northern China . Wiman proves to be a strong ruler , but his ambitious program of expansion eventually brings him into conflict with the Han dynasty of China . The Han defeats Wiman Choson and establishes a protectorate over northern Korea in 108 b.c. Resistance to Chinese hegemony , however , is strong , and China reduces the territory under its active control to Nang - nang colony with an administrative center near modern Pyongyang . '' Lee , Kenneth B. ( 1997 ) . Korea and East Asia : The Story of a Phoenix . Praeger . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0275958237 . `` Chinese civilization had started to flow into the Korean Peninsula through Nang - nang . This was the only time in Korean history that China could establish its colonies in the central part of Korea , where occupation forces were stationed . The Han Empire not only occupied Korea , but expanded westward to Persia and Afghanistan . '' Buckley , Patricia ( 2008 ) . Pre-Modern East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Volume I : To 1800 . Cengage Learning . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0547005393 . `` Lelang commandery , with its seat in modern Pyongyang , was the most important of the four . '' Brian , Brian M. ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology . Oxford University Press . p. 361 . ISBN 9780195076189 . `` Chinese commanderies at Lelang ( modern Pyongyang ) functioned as the political and military arm of Chinese dynasties , beginning with Han , as well as the major contact point between the advanced Chinese civilization and the local population . '' Mark E Byington , Project Director of the Early Korea Project ( 2009 ) . Early Korea 2 : The Samhan Period in Korean History . Korea Institute , Harvard University . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0979580031 . `` The latter , associated with Han China , are important , as their discovery permits us to infer the existence of relations between the Han commanderies and the Samhan societies . '' Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 1998 ) . Hair : Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures . State University of New York Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0791437421 . `` These tombs are associated with the Lelang commandery , which was established by the Han dynasty of China , successor to the Qin . Han generals conquered the armies of Wiman 's grandson Ugo and established control over the northern part of the Korean peninsula . '' Preucel , Robert W. ( 2010 ) . Contemporary Archaeology in Theory : The New Pragmatism . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5832 - 9 . `` The Wei Ji ( compiled 233 -- 97 ) places the Yemaek in the Korean peninsula at the time of the Han commanderies in the first century BC , giving them a specifically Korean identity at least by that time . '' Dr. Brian , Fagan ( 2016 ) . Ancient Civilizations . Routledge . p. 365 . ISBN 978 - 1138181632 . `` In 108 B.C. most of the Korean peninsula was divided into four Han commanderies , the most important of which was Lelang . '' Tuan , Yi - Fu ( 2008 ) . A Historical Geography of China . Aldine Transaction . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0202362007 . `` Northeastwards Emperor Wu 's forces conquered northern Korea in 108 b.c. and established four command headquarters there . '' Kang , Jae - eun ( 2006 ) . The Land of Scholars : Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism . Homa & Seka Books . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1931907309 . `` Nangnang commandery centered around Pyeong'yang was established when Emperor Wu of Han China attacked Gojoseon in 108 BC and was under the rule of Wei from 238 . Wei is the country that destroyed the Later Han dynasty . '' Armstrong , Charles K. ( 1995 ) , `` Centering the Periphery : Manchurian Exile ( s ) and the North Korean State '' ( PDF ) , Korean Studies , 19 : 1 -- 16 , doi : 10.1353 / ks. 1995.0017 `` North Korean historiography from the 1970s onward has stressed the unique , even sui generis , nature of Korean civilization going back to Old Chosön , whose capital , Wanggömsöng , is now located in the Liao River basin in Manchuria rather than near Pyongyang . Nangnang , then , was not a Chinese commandery but a Korean kingdom , based in the area of Pyongyang . '' Pratt , Keith ( 2006 ) . Everlasting Flower : A History of Korea . Reaktion Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1861892737 . `` 108 BC : Han armies invade Wiman Choson ; Chinese commanderies are set up across the north of the peninsula '' Nelson , Sarah Milledge ( 1993 ) . The Archaeology of Korea . Cambridge University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 9780521407830 . `` The Chinese commanderies did not extend to the southern half of the peninsula , stretching perhaps as far south as the Han river at the greatest extent , but they did reach the northeast coast . '' Jones , F.C. ( 1966 ) . The Far East : A Concise History . Pergamon Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0080116419 . `` He then divided the country into military districts , of which the most important was that of Lolang , or Laklang , with headquarters near the modern Pyongyang . Tomb excavations in this area have produced much evidence of the influence of Han civilization in northern Korea . '' Stark , Miriam T. ( 2008 ) . Archaeology of Asia . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1405102131 . `` The best known of these commanderies is Lelang , centered on the present city of Pyongyang , now the capital of North Korea . '' Swanström , Niklas ( 2009 ) . Sino - Japanese Relations : The Need for Conflict Prevention and Management . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1847186201 . `` Under Emperor Wu - ti , Han China extended her influence into Korea , and in 108 B.C. , the peninsula became a part of the Chinese Empire , with four dependent provinces under the Chinese charge . '' Meyer , Milton W. ( 1997 ) . Asia : A Concise History . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0847680634 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 10 . `` In southern Manchuria , and northern and central Korea , the Chinese established four commanderies , which were subdivided into prefectures . '' Olsen , Edward ( 2005 ) . Korea , the Divided Nation . Praeger . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0275983079 . `` The Han dynasty created four outposts in Korea to control that portion of its border . '' Clemens Jr , Walter C. ( 2009 ) . Getting to Yes in Korea . Routledge . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1594514067 . `` Chinese forces subsequently conquered the eastern half of the peninsula and made Lolang , near modern Pyongyang , the chief center of Chinese rule . '' Hwang , Kyung Moon ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea : An Episodic Narrativea . Palgrave MacMillan . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0230205451 . `` In the corridor between the peninsula and northeast China , the Chinese Han dynasty established four `` commanderies '' that ruled over parts of the peninsula and Manchuria , much as modern imperial powers governed their colonies . '' Tennant , Charles Roger ( 1996 ) . A history of Korea . Kegan Paul International . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0532 - 9 . `` Soon after , the Wei fell to the Jin and Koguryŏ grew stronger , until in 313 they finally succeeded in occupying Lelang and bringing to an end the 400 years of China 's presence in the peninsula , a period sufficient to ensure that for the next 1,500 it would remain firmly within the sphere of its culture . '' Eckert , Carter J. ( 1991 ) . Korea Old and New : A History . Ilchokak Publishers . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0962771309 . `` The territorial extent of the Four Chinese Commanderies seems to have been limited to the area north of the Han River . '' Eckert , Carter J. ( 1991 ) . Korea Old and New : A History . Ilchokak Publishers . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0962771309 . `` As its administrative center , the Chinese built what was inessence a Chinese city where the governor , officials , merchants , and Chinese colonists lived . Their way of life in general can be surmised from the investigation of remains unearthed at T'osong - ni , the site of the Lelang administrative center near modern P'yongyang . The variety of burial objects found in their wooden and brickwork tombs attests to the lavish life syle of these Chinese officials , merchants , and colonial overloads in Lelang 's capital ... The Chinese administration had considerable impact on the life of the native population and ultimatedly the very fabric of Gojoseon society became eroded . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Korea . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for History of Korea . the National Institute of Korean History . Korean History online , Korean History Information Center Timeline of Korean Dynasties Kyujanggak Archive , pdf files of Korean classics in their original written classical Chinese Korean History : Bibliography , Center for Korean Studies , University of Hawaii at Manoa History of Korea , KBS World History of Corea , Ancient and Modern ; with Description of Manners and Customs , Language and Geography by John Ross , 1891 <Th_colspan="2"> Korea topics <Td_colspan="2"> South Korea North Korea <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History <Td_colspan="2"> General Timeline Monarchs Military Chronology Gojoseon Wiman Joseon / Jin Proto -- Three Kingdoms Buyeo / Okjeo / Dongye / Samhan / Chinese Commanderies Three Kingdoms Goguryeo / Baekje / Silla / Gaya North -- South States Period Unified Silla / Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Taebong / Later Baekje / Silla Goryeo Joseon Korean Empire Japanese rule Provisional Government Division of Korea USAMGIK / SCA / Korean War South Korea / North Korea <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography <Td_colspan="2"> General Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) Islands Korean Peninsula Lakes Mountains Provinces Regions Special cities South Korea North Korea Rivers North Korea Administrative divisions Cities South Korea Administrative divisions Cities Environment <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Politics <Td_colspan="2"> North Korea Constitution Foreign relations Government President Premier Human rights Juche Military National Defence Commission Nuclear program Politics Elections Political parties Workers ' Party of Korea Supreme People 's Assembly South Korea Constitution Foreign relations Government President Prime Minister Human rights Military National Assembly Politics Elections Presidential elections Legislative elections Political parties <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Economy <Td_colspan="2"> North Korea Agriculture Automotive industry Energy Famine Informal economy Mining Special economic zone Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Won ( currency ) South Korea Car industry Chaebol Energy Financial services Fishing `` Miracle on the Han River '' Real estate Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Won ( currency ) 1997 financial crisis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Demographics <Td_colspan="2"> Koreans list Koreatown Language Hangul Hanja Names North Korea South Korea adoptees <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Culture <Td_colspan="2"> General Cinema Cuisine Martial arts Mythology Philosophy Religion Ssireum ( wrestling ) Swords Tea ceremony Arts Architecture Calligraphy Drama Literature Music Painting Pottery North Korea Arirang Festival Education Juche Propaganda Religion Smoking Sports South Korea Education K - pop Korean Wave Marriage Religion Sexuality Smoking Sports <Th_colspan="2"> History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&oldid=854751131 '' Categories : History of Korea Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Korean - language external links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Articles with short description All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Tok Pisin Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. History of Korea up to the division in 1945
2. Prehistoric and Antiquity period in Korea
3. Gojoseon and Jin State
4. Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla
5. Modern history: Korean Empire, Japanese rule, and division of Korea
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when will the next generation science standards be implemented
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Next Generation Science Standards - wikipedia Next Generation Science Standards The Next Generation Science Standards is a multi-state effort in the United States to create new education standards that are `` rich in content and practice , arranged in a coherent manner across disciplines and grades to provide all students an internationally benchmarked science education . '' The standards were developed by a consortium of 26 states and by the National Science Teachers Association , the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the National Research Council , and Achieve , a nonprofit organization that was also involved in developing math and English standards . The public was also invited to review the standards , and organizations such as the California Science Teachers Association encouraged this feedback . The final draft of the standards was released in April 2013 . Contents 1 Goal 2 The Standards 3 Adoption 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Goal ( edit ) The purposes of the standards include combatting ignorance of science , creating common standards for teaching in the U.S. , and developing greater interest in science among students so that more of them choose to major in science and technology in college . Overall , the guidelines are intended to help students deeply understand core scientific concepts , to understand the scientific process of developing and testing ideas , and to have a greater ability to evaluate scientific evidence . Curricula based on the standards may cover fewer topics , but will go more deeply into specific topics , possibly using a case - study method and emphasizing critical thinking and primary investigation . Possible approaches to implementing the standards may even include replacing traditionally isolated high school courses such as biology and chemistry with a case - study approach that uses a more holistic method of teaching science to consider both ( or more ) topics within a single classroom structure . Many education supply companies have already started offering NGSS - aligned products and resources to help teachers implement these new principles . The Standards ( edit ) The Next Generation Science Standards ( NGSS ) are based on the `` Framework K -- 12 Science Education '' that was created by the National Research Council . They have three dimensions that are integrated in instruction at all levels . The first is core ideas , which consists of specific content and subject areas . The second is science and engineering practices . Students are expected not just to learn content but to understand the methods of scientists and engineers . The third is cross-cutting concepts : key underlying ideas that are common to a number of topics . The NGSS give equal emphasis to engineering design and to scientific inquiry . In addition , they are aligned with the Common Core State Standards by grade and level of difficulty . The standards describe `` performance expectations '' for students in the area of science and engineering . They define what students must be able to do in order to show competency . An important facet of the standards is that teaching of content is integrated with teaching the practices of scientists and engineers . This is a change from traditional teaching , which typically either dealt with these topics separately or did n't attempt to teach practices . According to NGSS , it is through the integration of content and practice `` that science begins to make sense and allows students to apply the material . '' Adoption ( edit ) Over 40 states have shown interest in the standards , and as of November 2017 , 19 states , along with the District of Columbia ( D.C. ) , have adopted the standards : Arkansas , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Hawaii , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Mexico , New Jersey , Oregon , Rhode Island , Vermont , and Washington . These represent over 35 % of the students in U.S. Unlike the earlier roll - out of the Common Core ( CC ) math and English standards , states have no financial incentives from federal grants to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards . Previously , adoption of the CC standards was incentivized through states accepting federal grants during the 2009 TARP bailouts . Once states accepted the grant , they accepted the responsibility to adopt `` college and career readiness '' standards , which did n't have to be CC , but most states chose CC anyway . The 26 states involved in developing the NGSS , called Lead State Partners , were Arizona , Arkansas , California , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Montana , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , South Dakota , Tennessee , Vermont , Washington , and West Virginia . When the standards were released in April 2013 , many states were expected to adopt them within one - to - two years . However , according to the New York Times , it would take several more years to actually develop curricula based on the new guidelines , to train teachers in implementing them , and to revise standardized tests . In addition , the pace of adoption is expected to be slower than was seen with the Common Core State Standards because , unlike Common Core , in which the states had financial incentives to adopt , there are no similar incentives for the NGSS . Many education supply companies have started offering NGSS - aligned products and resources to help teachers adopt NGSS . Reception ( edit ) News reports have suggested there will likely be resistance towards the Next Generations Science Standards from conservatives due to the inclusion of anthropogenic climate change and evolution . For example , the New Mexico Public Education Department initially attempted to make changes and deletions in the standards prior to adopting them . According to Skeptical Inquirer , the `` proposed changes would have deleted key terms and concepts such as evolution and the 4.6 - billion - year age of the Earth . Specifically , ' evolution ' would be called ' biological diversity , ' the specific age of the Earth would be changed to ' geologic history , ' and a ' rise in global temperatures ' would be changed to ' temperature fluctuations . ' '' Following significant protests by the New Mexico Academy of Science , New Mexicans for Science and Reason , the Coalition for Excellence in Science and Engineering as well as scientists , educators , and faith leaders , the department announced in October 2017 that it would adopt the standards in their entirety . See also ( edit ) Common Core State Standards Initiative References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Next Generation Science Standards '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gillis , Justin ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` New Guidelines Call for Broad Changes in Science Education '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation Science Standards '' . Illinois State Board of Education . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robelen , Erik ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Who Is Writing the ' Next Generation ' Science Standards ? '' . Education Week . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Revkin , Andrew ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` New Classroom Science Standards Up for Review '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Education Officials Seek Public Comment on Science Standards '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation Science Standards '' . California Science Teachers Association . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robelen , Erik ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Common Science Standards Make Formal Debut '' . Education Week . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MudWatt NGSS Science Kit '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Next Generation Science Standards : Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Next Generation Science Standards . June 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution and climate change in the NGSS '' . National Center for Science Education . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Adopts NGSS for grades K - 8 '' . NSTA . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Generation Science Standards ( NGSS ) were adopted by unanimous vote of the Connecticut State Board of Education '' . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heitin , Liana ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hawaii Adopts the Next Generation Science Standards '' . Education Week . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heitin , Liana ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Illinois Adopts Common Science Standards '' . Education Week . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Becomes 15th State to Adopt Next Generation Science Standards '' . Education Week . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://ped.state.nm.us/ped/NMSTEMReadyScienceStandards.html accessdate = November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Oregon adopts the Next Generation Science Standards as the new Oregon Science Standards ! '' . Oregon Department of Education . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heitin , Liana ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Nevada Adopts Common Science Standards '' . Education Week . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Amanda ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` The New Smart Set : What Happens When Millions of Kids Are Asked to Master Fewer Things More Deeply ? '' . Time . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Higgins , John ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Washington to adopt ' Next Gen ' science standards '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware 7th State to Adopt NGSS '' . Next Generation Science Standards . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NSTA . `` NGSS Hub '' . ngss.nsta.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ . Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bob-williams/common-core-standards_b_3461006.html . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lead State Partners '' . Next Generation Science Standards . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Open NGSS Resources '' . Jump up ^ Richmond , Emily ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Students Would Learn about Climate Change Under New Teaching Guidelines '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , Teresa ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` New science standards call for teaching climate change and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Toppo , Greg ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` National science standards likely to raise ' ruckus ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Partners '' . Next Generation Science Standards . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Kendrick ( 2018 ) . `` New Mexico Scientists , Teachers Stop Attempt to Taint Science Standards '' . Skeptical Inquirer. 42 ( 2 ) : 13 . External links ( edit ) Next Generation Science Standards website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_Science_Standards&oldid=859195071 '' Categories : Science education Education reform Education in the United States Science education in the United States Standards - based education Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 11 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Next Generation Science Standards
2. Multi-state effort
3. Coherent science education
4. Core scientific concepts
5. Adoption and reception of the standards
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6,072,069,314,539,430,000 |
individual states may pass their own right-to-work laws
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United states labor law - wikipedia United states labor law The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of people who migrated to America for work , saying `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free ... '' In 2013 , in a 155.5 million working population , union membership was 35.9 % in the public sector , 6.6 % in the private sector . In 2017 , unemployment was 4.3 % , excluding people in prison . The US ranks 19th in the world inequality - adjusted human development index . United States labor law sets the rights and duties for employees , labor unions , and employers in the United States . Labor law 's basic aim is to remedy the `` inequality of bargaining power '' between employees and employers , especially employers `` organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association '' . Over the 20th century , federal law created minimum social and economic rights , and encouraged state laws to go beyond the minimum to favor employees . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 requires a federal minimum wage , currently $7.25 but higher in 28 states , and discourages unhealthy working weeks over 40 hours through time - and - a-half overtime pay . There are no federal or state laws requiring paid holidays or paid family leave : the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 creates a limited right to 12 weeks of unpaid leave in larger employers . There is no automatic right to an occupational pension beyond federally guaranteed social security , but the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 requires standards of prudent management and good governance if employers agree to provide pensions , health plans or other benefits . The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 requires employees have a safe system of work . A contract of employment can always create better terms than statutory minimum rights . But to increase their bargaining power to get better terms , employees organize labor unions for collective bargaining . The Clayton Act of 1914 guarantees all people the right to organize , and the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 creates rights for most employees to organize without detriment through unfair labor practices . Under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 , labor union governance follows democratic principles . If a majority of employees in a workplace support a union , employing entities have a duty to bargain in good faith . Unions can take collective action to defend their interests , including withdrawing their labor on strike . There are not yet general rights to directly participate in enterprise governance , but many employees and unions have experimented with securing representation on corporate boards . Since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , all employing entities and labor unions have a duty to treat employees equally , without discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' There are separate rules for sex discrimination in pay under the Equal Pay Act of 1963 . Additional groups with `` protected status '' were added by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . There is no federal law banning all sexual orientation or identity discrimination , but 22 states had passed laws by 2016 . These equality laws generally prevent discrimination in hiring , terms of employment , and make discharge because of a protected characteristic unlawful . There is no federal law against unjust discharge , and most states also have no law with full protection against wrongful termination of employment . Collective agreements made by labor unions and some individual contracts require people are only discharged for a `` just cause '' . The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 requires employing entities give 60 days notice if more than 50 or one third of the workforce may lose their jobs . Federal law has aimed to reach full employment through monetary policy and spending on infrastructure . Trade policy has attempted to put labor rights in international agreements , to ensure open markets in a global economy do not undermine fair and full employment . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contract and rights at work 2.1 Scope of protection 2.2 Contract of employment 2.3 Wages and pay 2.4 Working time and family care 2.5 Pensions 2.6 Health and safety 2.7 Income tax 2.8 Civil liberties 3 Workplace participation 3.1 Labor unions 3.2 Collective bargaining 3.3 Right to organize 3.4 Collective action 3.5 Right to vote at work 4 Equality and discrimination 4.1 Constitutional rights 4.2 Equal treatment 4.3 Equal impact and remedies 4.4 Affirmative action 4.5 Free movement and immigration 5 Job security 5.1 Dismissal protections 5.2 Redundancies 5.3 Unemployment 5.4 Trade and international law 6 Labor law in individual states 6.1 California 6.2 New Jersey 6.3 Laws restricting unions 7 Enforcement of rights 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of labor law in the United States and Labor history of the United States After the Declaration of Independence , slavery in the US was progressively abolished in the north , but only finished by the 13th Amendment in 1865 near the end of the American Civil War . Modern US labor law mostly comes from statutes passed between 1935 and 1974 , and changing interpretations of the US Supreme Court . However , laws regulated the rights of people at work and employers from colonial times on . Before the Declaration of Independence in 1776 , the common law was either uncertain or hostile to labor rights . Unions were classed as conspiracies , and potentially criminal . It tolerated slavery and indentured servitude . From the Pequot War in Connecticut from 1636 onwards , Native Americans were enslaved by European settlers . More than half of the European immigrants arrived as prisoners , or in indentured servitude , where they were not free to leave their employers until a debt bond had been repaid . Until its abolition , the Atlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to do forced labor in the Americas . However , in 1772 , the English Court of King 's Bench held in Somerset v Stewart that slavery was to be presumed unlawful at common law . Charles Stewart from Boston , Massachusetts had bought James Somerset as a slave and taken him to England . With the help of abolitionists , Somerset escaped and sued for a writ of habeas corpus ( that `` holding his body '' had been unlawful ) . Lord Mansfield , after declaring he should `` let justice be done whatever be the consequence '' , held that slavery was `` so odious '' that nobody could take `` a slave by force to be sold '' for any `` reason whatever '' . This was a major grievance of southern slave owning states , leading up to the American Revolution in 1776 . The 1790 United States Census recorded 694,280 slaves ( 17.8 per cent ) of a total 3,893,635 population . After independence , the British Empire halted the Atlantic slave trade in 1807 , and abolished slavery in its own territories , by paying off slave owners in 1833 . In the US , northern states progressively abolished slavery . However , southern states did not . In Dred Scott v Sandford the Supreme Court held the federal government could not regulate slavery , and also that people who were slaves had no legal rights in court . The American Civil War was the result . President Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 made abolition of slavery a war aim , and the Thirteenth Amendment of 1865 enshrined the abolition of slavery in the Constitution . Former slave owners were further prevented from holding people in involuntary servitude for debt by the Peonage Act of 1867 . In 1868 , the Fourteenth Amendment ensured equal access to justice , and the Fifteenth Amendment required that everyone would have the right to vote . The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was also meant to ensure equality in access to housing and transport , but in the Civil Rights Cases , the Supreme Court found it was `` unconstitutional '' , ensuring that racial segregation would continue . In dissent , Harlan J said the majority was leaving people `` practically at the mercy of corporations '' . Even if people were formally free , they remained factually dependent on property owners for work , income and basic services . Labor is prior to and independent of capital . Capital is only the fruit of labor , and could never have existed if labor had not first existed . Labor is the superior of capital , and deserves much the higher consideration ... The prudent , penniless beginner in the world labors for wages awhile , saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land for himself , then labors on his own account another while , and at length hires another new beginner to help him . This is the just and generous and prosperous system which opens the way to all , gives hope to all , and consequent energy and progress and improvement of condition to all . No men living are more worthy to be trusted than those who toil up from poverty ; none less inclined to take or touch aught which they have not honestly earned . Let them beware of surrendering a political power which they already possess , and which if surrendered will surely be used to close the door of advancement against such as they and to fix new disabilities and burdens upon them till all of liberty shall be lost . Abraham Lincoln , First Annual Message ( 1861 ) Like slavery , common law repression of labor unions was slow to be undone . In 1806 , Commonwealth v Pullis held that a Philadelphia shoemakers union striking for higher wages was an illegal `` conspiracy '' , even though corporations - combinations of employers - were lawful . Unions still formed and acted . The first federation of unions , the National Trades Union was established in 1834 to achieve a 10 hour working day , but it did not survive the soaring unemployment from the financial Panic of 1837 . In 1842 , Commonwealth v Hunt , held that Pullis was wrong , after the Boston Journeymen Bootmakers ' Society struck for higher wages . The first instance judge said unions would `` render property insecure , and make it the spoil of the multitude , would annihilate property , and involve society in a common ruin '' . But in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , Shaw CJ held people `` are free to work for whom they please , or not to work , if they so prefer '' and could `` agree together to exercise their own acknowledged rights , in such a manner as best to subserve their own interests . '' This stopped criminal cases , although civil cases persisted . In 1869 an organisation called the Knights of Labor was founded by Philadelphia artisans , joined by miners 1874 , and urban tradesmen from 1879 . It aimed for racial and gender equality , political education and cooperative enterprise , yet it supported the Alien Contract Labor Law of 1885 which suppressed workers migrating to the US under a contract of employment . Industrial conflicts on railroads and telegraphs from 1883 led to the foundation of the American Federation of Labor in 1886 , with the simple aim of improving workers wages , housing and job security `` here and now '' . It also aimed to be the sole federation , to create a strong , unified labor movement . Business reacted with litigation . The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 , which was intended to sanction business cartels acting in restraint of trade , was applied to labor unions . In 1895 , the US Supreme Court in In re Debs affirmed an injunction , based on the Sherman Act , against the striking workers of the Pullman Company . The strike leader Eugene Debs was put in prison . In notable dissent among the judiciary , Holmes J argued in Vegelahn v Guntner that any union taking collective action in good faith was lawful : even if strikes caused economic loss , this was equally legitimate as economic loss from corporations competing with one another . Holmes J was elevated to the US Supreme Court , but was again in a minority on labor rights . In 1905 , Lochner v New York held that New York limiting bakers ' working day to 60 hours a week violated employers ' freedom of contract . The Supreme Court majority supposedly unearthed this `` right '' in the Fourteenth Amendment , that no State should `` deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . '' With Harlan J , Holmes J dissented , arguing that the `` constitution is not intended to embody a particular economic theory '' but is `` made for people of fundamentally differing views '' . On questions of social and economic policy , courts should never declare legislation `` unconstitutional '' . The Supreme Court , however , accelerated its attack on labor in Loewe v. Lawlor , holding that triple damages were payable by a striking union to its employers under the Sherman Act of 1890 . This line of cases was finally quashed by the Clayton Act of 1914 § 6 . This removed labor from antitrust law , affirming that the `` labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce '' and nothing `` in the antitrust laws '' would forbid the operation of labor organizations `` for the purposes of mutual help '' . Play media In his State of the Union address of 1944 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt urged that America develop Second Bill of Rights through legislation , including the right to fair employment , an end to unfair competition , to education , health and social security . Throughout the early 20th century , states enacted labor rights to advance social and economic progress . But despite the Clayton Act , and abuses of employers documented by the Commission on Industrial Relations from 1915 , the Supreme Court struck labor rights down as unconstitutional , leaving management powers virtually unaccountable . In this Lochner era , the Courts held that employers could force workers to not belong to labor unions , that a minimum wage for women and children was void , that states could not ban employment agencies charging fees for work , that workers could not strike in solidarity with colleagues of other firms , and even that the federal government could not ban child labor . It also imprisoned socialist activists , who opposed the fighting in World War One , meaning that Eugene Debs ran as the Socialist Party 's candidate for President in 1920 from prison . Critically , the courts held state and federal attempts to create social security to be unconstitutional . Because they were unable to save in safe public pensions , millions of people bought shares in corporations , causing massive growth in the stock market . Because the Supreme Court precluded regulation for good information on what people were buying , corporate promoters tricked people into paying more than stocks were really worth . The Wall Street Crash of 1929 wiped out millions of people 's savings . Business lost investment and fired millions of workers . Unemployed people had less to spend with businesses . Business fired more people . There was a downward spiral into the Great Depression . This led to the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt for President in 1932 , who promised a `` New Deal '' . Government committed to create full employment and a system of social and economic rights enshrined in federal law . But despite the Democratic Party 's overwhelming electoral victory , the Supreme Court continued to strike down legislation , particularly the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 , which regulated enterprise in an attempt to ensure fair wages and prevent unfair competition . Finally , after Roosevelt 's second overwhelming victory in 1936 , and Roosevelt 's threat to create more judicial positions if his laws were not upheld , one Supreme Court judge switched positions . In West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish the Supreme Court found that minimum wage legislation was constitutional , letting the New Deal go on . In labor law , the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 guaranteed every employee the right to unionize , collectively bargain for fair wages , and take collective action , including in solidarity with employees of other firms . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 created the right to a minimum wage , and time - and - a-half overtime pay if employers asked people to work over 40 hours a week . The Social Security Act of 1935 gave everyone the right to a basic pension and to receive insurance if they were unemployed , while the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ensured buyers of securities on the stock market had good information . The Davis -- Bacon Act of 1931 and Walsh -- Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 required that in federal government contracts , all employers would pay their workers fair wages , beyond the minimum , at prevailing local rates . To reach full employment and out of depression , the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 enabled the federal government to spend huge sums of money on building and creating jobs . This accelerated as World War Two began . In 1944 , his health waning , Roosevelt urged Congress to work towards a `` Second Bill of Rights '' through legislative action , because `` unless there is security here at home there can not be lasting peace in the world '' and `` we shall have yielded to the spirit of Fascism here at home . '' Play media President Lyndon B. Johnson explains the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as it was signed , to end discrimination and segregation in voting , education , public services , and employment . Although the New Deal had created a minimum safety net of labor rights , and aimed to enable fair pay through collective bargaining , a Republican dominated Congress revolted when Roosevelt passed away . Against the veto of President Truman , the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 limited the right of labor unions to take solidarity action , and enabled states to ban unions requiring all people in a workplace becoming union members . A series of Supreme Court decisions , held the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 not only created minimum standards , but stopped or `` preempted '' states enabling better union rights , even though there was no such provision in the statute . Labor unions became extensively regulated by the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 . Post-war prosperity had raised people 's living standards , but most workers who had no union , or job security rights remained vulnerable to unemployment . As well as the crisis triggered by Brown v Board of Education , and the need to dismantle segregation , job losses in agriculture , particularly among African Americans was a major reason for the civil rights movement , culminating in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom led by Martin Luther King Jr ... Although Roosevelt 's Executive Order 8802 of 1941 had prohibited racial discrimination in the national defense industry , people still suffered discrimination because of their skin color across other workplaces . Also , despite the increasing numbers of women in work , sex discrimination was endemic . The government of John F. Kennedy introduced the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , requiring equal pay for women and men . Lyndon B. Johnson introduced the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , finally prohibiting discrimination against people for `` race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' Slowly , a new generation of equal rights laws spread . At federal level , this included the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 , the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 , now overseen by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Play media Bernie Sanders became the most successful Democratic Socialist presidential candidate since Eugene Debs . He won 22 states and 43.1 % of votes in the 2016 Democratic primary . He co-authored the 2016 Democratic platform , before Hillary Clinton lost the electoral college to Donald Trump . Although people , in limited fields , could claim to be equally treated , the mechanisms for fair pay and treatment were dismantled after the 1970s . The last major labor law statute , the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 created rights to well regulated occupational pensions , although only where an employer had already promised to provide one : this usually depended on collective bargaining by unions . But in 1976 , the Supreme Court in Buckley v Valeo held anyone could spend unlimited amounts of money on political campaigns , apparently as a part of the First Amendment right to `` freedom of speech '' . From this point , big business was able to lobby all politicians to stop any further progression of labor rights . After the Republican President Reagan took office in 1981 , he dismissed all air traffic control staff who went on strike for fair wages , and replaced the National Labor Relations Board members with pro-management men . Dominated by Republican appointees , the Supreme Court suppressed labor rights , removing rights of professors , religious school teachers , or undocumented migrants to organize in a union , allowing employees to be searched at work , and eliminating employee rights to sue for medical malpractice in their own health care . Only limited statutory changes were made . The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 criminalized large numbers of migrants . The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 guaranteed workers some notice before a mass termination of their jobs . The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 guaranteed a right to just 12 weeks leave to take care for children after birth , all unpaid . The Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 cut the minimum wage , by enabling employers to take the tips of their staff to subsidize the minimum wage . A series of proposals by Democrat and independent politicians to advance labor rights were not enacted , and the United States began to fall behind all other developed countries in labor rights , with stagnating real income growth , and lower human development , lower life expectancy , and higher poverty . Contract and rights at work ( edit ) See also : UK labour law , Canadian labour law , Australian labour law , European labour law , German labour law , French labour law , Indian labour law , and South African labour law Eleanor Roosevelt believed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 `` may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere . '' Based on the President 's call for a Second Bill of Rights in 1944 , articles 22 -- 24 elevated rights to `` social security '' , `` just and favourable conditions of work '' , and the `` right to rest and leisure '' to be as important as the `` right to own property '' . Contracts between employees and employers ( mostly corporations ) usually begin an employment relationship , but are often not enough for a decent livelihood . Because individuals lack bargaining power , especially against wealthy corporations , labor law creates legal rights that override unjust market outcomes . Historically , the law faithfully enforced property rights and freedom of contract on any terms , even if this was inefficient , exploitative and unjust . In the early 20th century , as more people favored the introduction of democratically determined economic and social rights over rights of property and contract in unequal markets , state and federal governments introduced law reform . First , the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 created a minimum wage ( now $7.25 at federal level , higher in 28 states ) and overtime pay of one and a half times . Second , the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 creates very limited rights to take unpaid leave . In practice , good employment contracts improve on these minimums . Third , while there is no right to an occupational pension or other benefits , the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ensures employers guarantee those benefits if they are promised . Fourth , the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 demands a safe system of work , backed by professional inspectors . Individual states are often empowered to go beyond the federal minimum , and function as laboratories of democracy in social and economic rights , where they have not been constrained by the US Supreme Court . Scope of protection ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Workplace protection cases <Td_colspan="2"> United States v Silk , 331 US 704 ( 1947 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Hearst Publications , Inc , 322 US 111 ( 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Golden State Bottling Co Inc v NLRB , 414 US 168 ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> South Prairie Co v Local No 627 IUOE , 425 US 800 ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Yeshiva University , 444 US 672 ( 1980 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Lemmerman v AT Williams Oil Co , 350 SE 2d 83 ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Community for Creative Non-Violence v Reid , 490 US 730 ( 1989 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Nationwide Mut . Ins. Co. v Darden , 503 US 318 ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Castillo v Case Farms of Ohio , 96 F Supp . 2d 578 ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Clackamas Gastroenterology Ass v Wells , 538 US 440 ( 2003 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Christopher v SmithKline Beecham Corp , 567 US __ ( 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and inequality of bargaining power See also : Worker , Employee , and Inequality of bargaining power Common law , state and federal statutes usually confer labor rights on `` employees '' , but not people who are autonomous and have sufficient bargaining power to be `` independent contractors '' . In 1994 , the Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker - Management Relations : Final Report recommended a unified definition of an employee under all federal labor laws , to reduce litigation , but this was not implemented . As it stands , Supreme Court cases have stated various general principles , which will apply according to the context and purpose of the statute in question . In NLRB v Hearst Publications , Inc , newsboys who sold newspapers in Los Angeles claimed that they were `` employees '' , so that they had a right to collectively bargain under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 . The newspaper corporations argued the newsboys were `` independent contractors '' , and they were under no duty to bargain in good faith . The Supreme Court held the newsboys were employees , and common law tests of employment , particularly the summary in the Restatement of the Law of Agency , Second § 220 , were no longer appropriate . They were not `` independent contractors '' because of the degree of control employers had . But the National Labor Relations Board could decide itself who was covered if it had `` a reasonable basis in law . '' Congress reacted , first , by explicitly amending the NLRA § 2 ( 1 ) so that independent contractors were exempt from the law while , second , disapproving that the common law was irrelevant . At the same time , the Supreme Court decided United States v Silk , holding that `` economic reality '' must be taken into account when deciding who is an employee under the Social Security Act of 1935 . This meant a group of coal loaders were employees , having regard to their economic position , including their lack of bargaining power , the degree of discretion and control , and the risk they assumed compared to the coal businesses they worked for . By contrast , the Supreme Court found truckers who owned their own trucks , and provided services to a carrier company , were independent contractors . Thus , it is now accepted that multiple factors of traditional common law tests may not be replaced if a statute gives no further definition of `` employee '' ( as is usual , e.g. , the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 , Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ) . Alongside the purpose of labor legislation to mitigate inequality of bargaining power and redress the economic reality of a worker 's position , the multiple factors found in the Restatement of Agency must be considered , though none is necessarily decisive . `` Newsboys '' in L.A. were held in the leading case , NLRB v Hearst Publications , Inc , to be employees with labor rights , not independent contractors , on account of their unequal bargaining power . Common law agency tests of who is an `` employee '' take account of an employer 's control , if the employee is in a distinct business , degree of direction , skill , who supplies tools , length of employment , method of payment , the regular business of the employer , what the parties believe , and whether the employer has a business . Some statutes also make specific exclusions that reflect the common law , such as for independent contractors , and others make additional exceptions . In particular , the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § 2 ( 11 ) exempts supervisors with `` authority , in the interest of the employer '' , to exercise discretion over other employees ' jobs and terms . This was originally a narrow exception . Controversially , in NLRB v Yeshiva University , a 5 to 4 majority of the Supreme Court held that full time professors in a university were excluded from collective bargaining rights , on the theory that they exercised `` managerial '' discretion in academic matters . The dissenting judges pointed out that management was actually in the hands of university administration , not professors . In NLRB v Kentucky River Community Care Inc , the Supreme Court held , again 5 to 4 , that six registered nurses who exercised supervisory status over others fell into the `` professional '' exemption . Stevens J , for the dissent , argued that if `` the ' supervisor ' is construed too broadly '' , without regard to the Act 's purpose , protection `` is effectively nullified '' . Similarly , under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , in Christopher v SmithKline Beecham Corp , the Supreme Court held 5 to 4 that a traveling medical salesman for GSK of four years was an `` outside salesman '' , and so could not claim overtime . People working unlawfully are often regarded as covered , so as not to encourage employers to exploit vulnerable employees . For instance in Lemmerman v AT Williams Oil Co , under the North Carolina Workers ' Compensation Act an eight - year - old boy was protected as an employee , even though children working under the age of 8 was unlawful . However , in Hoffman Plastic Compounds v NLRB , the Supreme Court held 5 to 4 that an undocumented worker could not claim back pay , after being discharged for organizing in a union . The gradual withdrawal of more and more people from the scope of labor law , by a slim majority of the Supreme Court since 1976 , means that the US falls below international law standards , and standards in other democratic countries , on core labor rights , including freedom of association . With national protests , the California Labor Commission held the taxi corporation Uber to be using sham self - employment , as drivers are controlled and sanctioned by the network monopoly . Common law tests were often important for determining who was , not just an employee , but the relevant employers who had `` vicarious liability '' . Potentially there can be multiple , joint - employers could who share responsibility , although responsibility in tort law can exist regardless of an employment relationship . In Ruiz v Shell Oil Co , the Fifth Circuit held that it was relevant which employer had more control , whose work was being performed , whether there were agreements in place , who provided tools , had a right to discharge the employee , or had the obligation to pay . In Local 217 , Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union v MHM Inc the question arose under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 whether a subsidiary or parent corporation was responsible to notify employees that the hotel would close . The Second Circuit held the subsidiary was the employer , although the trial court had found the parent responsible while noting the subsidiary would be the employer under the NLRA . Under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , 29 USC § 203 ( r ) , any `` enterprise '' that is under common control will count as the employing entity . Other statutes do not explicitly adopt this approach , although the NLRB has found an enterprise to be an employer if it has `` substantially identical management , business purpose , operation , equipment , customers and supervision . '' In South Prairie Construction Co v Local No 627 , the Supreme Court found that the DC Circuit had legitimately identified two corporations as a single employer given that they had a `` very substantial qualitative degree of centralized control of labor '' , but that further determination of the relevant bargaining unit should have been remitted to the NLRB . When employees are hired through an agency , it is likely that the end - employer will be considered responsible for statutory rights in most cases , although the agency may be regarded as a joint employer . Contract of employment ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Employment contract cases <Td_colspan="2"> JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board , 321 US 322 ( 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Torosyan v Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma , Inc , 662 A2d 89 ( 1995 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Demasse v ITT Corp , 984 P2d 1138 ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Asmus v Pacific Bell , 999 P2d 71 ( 2000 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Stark v Circle K Corp , 751 P2d 162 ( 1988 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Foley v Interactive Data Corp , 765 P2d 373 ( 1988 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Alexander v Gardner - Denver Co , 415 US 36 ( 1974 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 14 Penn Plaza LLC v Pyett , 556 US 247 ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and inequality of bargaining power See also : United States contract law When people start work , there will almost always be a contract of employment that governs the relationship of employee and the employing entity ( usually a corporation , but occasionally a human being ) . A `` contract '' is an agreement enforceable in law . Very often it can be written down , or signed , but an oral agreement is also a fully enforceable contract . Based on the reasoning that the party with less bargaining power benefits from having the range of acceptable contracts limited to a set that has been vetted to exclude allegedly exploitative terms , and the fact that employees have unequal bargaining power to almost all employing entities , most employment contracts are `` standard form '' . Most terms and conditions are photocopied or reproduced for many people . Genuine negotiation is rare , unlike in commercial transactions between two business corporations . This has been the main justification for enactment of rights in federal and state law . The federal right to collective bargaining , by a labor union elected by its employees , is meant to reduce the inherently unequal bargaining power of individuals against organizations to make collective agreements . The federal right to a minimum wage , and increased overtime pay for working over 40 hours a week , was designed to ensure a `` minimum standard of living necessary for health , efficiency , and general well - being of workers '' , even when a person could not get a high enough wage by individual bargaining . These and other rights , including family leave , rights against discrimination , or basic job security standards , were designed by the United States Congress and state legislatures to replace individual contract provisions . Statutory rights override even an express written term of a contract , usually unless the contract is more beneficial to an employee . Some federal statutes also envisage that state law rights can improve upon minimum rights . For example , the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 entitles states and municipalities to set minimum wages beyond the federal minimum . By contrast , other statutes such as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 , and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 , have been interpreted in a series of contentious judgments by the US Supreme Court to `` preempt '' state law enactments . These interpretations have had the effect to `` stay experimentation in things social and economic '' and stop states wanting to `` serve as a laboratory '' by improving labor rights . Where minimum rights do not exist in federal or state statutes , principles of contract law , and potentially torts , will apply . Employment contracts are subject to minimum rights in state and federal statute , and those created by collective agreements . Aside from terms in oral or written agreements , terms can be incorporated by reference . Two main sources are collective agreements and company handbooks . In JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board an employing corporation argued it should not have to bargain in good faith with a labor union , and did not commit an unfair labor practice by refusing , because it had recently signed individual contracts with its employees . The US Supreme Court held unanimously that the `` very purpose '' of collective bargaining and the National Labor Relations Act 1935 was `` to supersede the terms of separate agreements of employees with terms which reflect the strength and bargaining power and serve the welfare of the group '' . Terms of collective agreements , to the advantage of individual employees , therefore supersede individual contracts . Similarly , if a written contract states that employees do not have rights , but an employee has been told they do by a supervisor , or rights are assured in a company handbook , they will usually have a claim . For example , in Torosyan v Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals , Inc the Supreme Court of Connecticut held that a promise in a handbook that an employee could be dismissed only for a good reason ( or `` just cause '' ) was binding on the employing corporation . Furthermore , an employer had no right to unilaterally change the terms . Most other state courts have reached the same conclusion , that contracts can not be altered , except for employees ' benefit , without new consideration and true agreement . By contrast , a slight majority on the California Supreme Court , appointed by Republican governors , held in Asmus v Pacific Bell that a company policy of indefinite duration can be altered after a reasonable time with reasonable notice , if it affects no vested benefits . The four dissenting judges , appointed by Democratic governors , held this was a `` patently unfair , indeed unconscionable , result -- permitting an employer that made a promise of continuing job security ... to repudiate that promise with impunity several years later '' . In addition , a basic term of good faith which can not be waived , is implied by common law or equity in all states . This usually demands , as a general principle that `` neither party shall do anything , which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party , to receive the fruits of the contract '' . The term of good faith persists throughout the employment relationship . It has not yet been used extensively by state courts , compared to other jurisdictions . The Montana Supreme Court has recognized that extensive and even punitive damages could be available for breach of an employee 's reasonable expectations . However others , such as the California Supreme Court limit any recovery of damages to contract breaches , but not damages regarding the manner of termination . By contrast , in the United Kingdom the requirement for `` good faith '' has been found to limit the power of discharge except for fair reasons ( but not to conflict with statute ) , in Canada it may limit unjust discharge also for self - employed persons , and in Germany it can preclude the payment of wages significantly below average . Finally , it was traditionally thought that arbitration clauses could not displace any employment rights , and therefore limit access to justice in public courts . However , in 14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett , in a 5 to 4 decision under the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 , individual employment contract arbitration clauses are to be enforced according to their terms . The four dissenting judges argued that this would eliminate rights in a way that the law never intended . Wages and pay ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Wage regulation sources <Td_colspan="2"> West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish , 300 US 379 ( 1937 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , 29 USC § § 201 - 211 <Td_colspan="2"> ILO Minimum Wage Fixing Convention 1970 ( no 131 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Walling v Jacksonville Paper Co , 317 US 564 ( 1943 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Auer v Robbins , <Td_colspan="2"> Long Island Care at Home Ltd v Coke , <Td_colspan="2"> Jewell Ridge Coal Corp v UMW , <Td_colspan="2"> Anderson v Mount Clemens Pottery Co , <Td_colspan="2"> Armour & Co v Wantock , 323 US 126 ( 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Steiner v Mitchell , 350 US 247 ( 1956 ) <Td_colspan="2"> FLSA 1938 , 29 USC § § 203 - 207 <Td_colspan="2"> Walling v Helmerich and Payne Inc , 323 US 37 ( 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Christensen v Harris County , <Td_colspan="2"> Portal to Portal Act of 1947 , 29 USC § § 251 - 262 <Td_colspan="2"> Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 , 15 USC § § 1671 - 1675 <Td_colspan="2"> Skidmore v Swift & Co , <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Main articles : Fair Labor Standards Act , Minimum wage in the US , List of U.S. minimum wages , and Executive pay in the US While contracts often determine wages and terms of employment , the law refuses to enforce contracts that do not observe basic standards of fairness for employees . Today , the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 aims to create a national minimum wage , and a voice at work , especially through collective bargaining should achieve fair wages . A growing body of law also regulates executive pay , although a system of `` maximum wage '' regulation , for instance by the former Stabilization Act of 1942 , is not currently in force . Historically , the law actually suppressed wages , not of the highly paid , by ordinary workers . For example , in 1641 the Massachusetts Bay Colony legislature ( dominated by property owners and the official church ) required wage reductions , and said rising wages `` tende to the ruin of the Churches and the Commonwealth '' . In the early 20th century , democratic opinion demanded everyone had a minimum wage , and could bargain for fair wages beyond the minimum . But when states tried to introduce new laws , the US Supreme Court held them unconstitutional . A right to freedom of contract , argued a majority , could be construed from the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment 's protection against being deprived `` of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law '' . Dissenting judges argued that `` due process '' did not affect the legislative power to create social or economic rights , because employees `` are not upon a full level of equality of choice with their employer '' . The real federal minimum wage has declined by one third since 1969 . After the Wall Street Crash , and the New Deal with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the majority in the US Supreme Court was changed . In West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish Hughes CJ held ( over four dissenters still arguing for Freedom of Contract ) that a Washington law setting minimum wages for women was constitutional because the state legislatures should be enabled to adopt legislation in the public interest . This ended the `` Lochner era '' , and Congress enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Under § 202 ( a ) the federal minimum wage aims to ensure a `` standard of living necessary for health , efficiency and general well being '' . Under § 207 ( a ) ( 1 ) , most employees ( but with many exceptions ) working over 40 hours a week must receive 50 per cent more overtime pay on their hourly wage . Nobody may pay lower than the minimum wage , but under § 218 ( a ) states and municipal governments may enact higher wages . This is frequently done to reflect local productivity and requirements for decent living in each region . However the federal minimum wage has no automatic mechanism to update with inflation . Because the Republican Party has opposed raising wages , the federal real minimum wage is over 33 per cent lower today than in 1968 , among the lowest in the industrialized world . People have campaigned for a $15 an hour minimum wage , because the real minimum wage has fallen by more than 33 % compared to 1968 . In `` tipped '' jobs , some states still enable employers to take their workers ' tips for between $2.13 and the $7.25 minimum wage per hour . Although there is a federal minimum wage , it has been restricted in ( 1 ) the scope of who it covers , ( 2 ) the time that counts to calculate the hourly minimum wage , and ( 3 ) the amount that employers ' can take from their employees ' tips or deduct for expenses . First , five US Supreme Court judges held in Alden v Maine that the federal minimum wage can not be enforced for employees of state governments , unless the state has consented , because that would violate the Eleventh Amendment . Souter J , joined by three dissenting justices , held that no such `` sovereign immunity '' existed in the Eleventh Amendment . Twenty - eight states , however , did have minimum wage laws higher than the federal level in 2016 . Further , because the US Constitution , article one , section 8 , clause 3 only allows the federal government to `` regulate Commerce ... among the several States '' , employees of any `` enterprise '' under $500,000 making goods or services that do not enter commerce are not covered : they must rely on state minimum wage laws . FLSA 1938 § 203 ( s ) explicitly exempts establishments whose only employees are close family members . Under § 213 the minimum wage may not be paid to 18 categories of employee , and paying overtime to 30 categories of employee . This include under § 213 ( a ) ( 1 ) employees of `` bona fide executive , administrative , or professional capacity '' . In Auer v Robbins police sergeants and lieutenants at the St Louis Police Department , Missouri claimed they should not be classed as executives or professional employees , and should get overtime pay . Scalia J held that , following Department of Labor guidance , the St Louis police commissioners were entitled to exempt them . This has encouraged employers to attempt to define staff as more `` senior '' and make them work longer hours while avoiding overtime pay . Another exemption in § 213 ( a ) ( 15 ) is for people `` employed in domestic service employment to provide companionship services '' . In Long Island Care at Home Ltd v Coke , a corporation claimed exemption , although Breyer J for a unanimous court agreed with the Department of Labor that it was only intended for carers in private homes . While a minority argue it causes unemployment , modern economic theory holds that a reasonable minimum wage stimulates growth because labor markets are monopsonistic through unequal bargaining power . If poorer workers have more to spend it stimulates effective aggregate demand for goods and services and grows the economy . Second , because § 206 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( C ) says the minimum wage is $7.25 per hour , courts have grappled with which hours count as `` working '' . Early cases established that time traveling to work did not count as work , unless it was controlled by , required by , and for the benefit of an employer , like traveling through a coal mine . For example , in , Anderson v Mount Clemens Pottery Co a majority of five to two justices held that employees had to be paid for the long walk to work through an employer 's Mount Clemens Pottery Co facility . According to Murphy J this time , and time setting up workstations , involved `` exertion of a physical nature , controlled or required by the employer and pursued necessarily and primarily for the employer 's benefit . '' In Armour & Co v Wantock firefighters claimed they should be fully paid while on call at their station for fires . The Supreme Court held that , even though the firefighters could sleep or play cards , because `` ( r ) eadiness to serve may be hired quite as much as service itself '' and time waiting on call was `` a benefit to the employer '' . By contrast , in 1992 the Sixth Circuit controversially held that needing to be infrequently available by phone or pager , where movement was not restricted , was not working time . Time spent doing unusual cleaning , for instance showering off toxic substances , does count as working time , and so does time putting on special protective gear . Under § 207 ( e ) pay for overtime should be one and a half times the regular pay . In Walling v Helmerich and Payne Inc , the Supreme Court held that an employer 's scheme of paying lower wages in the morning , and higher wages in the afternoon , to argue that overtime only needed to be calculated on top of ( lower ) morning wages was unlawful . Overtime has to be calculated based on the average regular pay . However , in Christensen v Harris County six Supreme Court judges held that police in Harris County , Texas could be forced to use up their accumulated `` compensatory time '' ( allowing time off with full pay ) before claiming overtime . Writing for the dissent , Stevens J said the majority had misconstrued § 207 ( o ) ( 2 ) , which requires an `` agreement '' between employers , unions or employees on the applicable rules , and the Texas police had not agreed . Third , § 203 ( m ) allows employers to deduct sums from wages for food or housing that is `` customarily furnished '' for employees . The Secretary of Labor may determine what counts as fair value . Most problematically , outside states that have banned the practice , they may deduct money from a `` tipped employee '' for money over the `` cash wage required to be paid such an employee on August 20 , 1996 '' -- and this was $2.13 per hour . If an employee does not earn enough in tips , the employer must still pay the $7.25 minimum wage . But this means in many states tips do not go to workers : tips are taken by employers to subsidize low pay . Under FLSA 1938 § 216 ( b ) - ( c ) the Secretary of State can enforce the law , or individuals can claim on their own behalf . Federal enforcement is rare , so most employees are successful if they are in a labor union . The Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 limits deductions or `` garnishments '' by employers to 25 per cent of wages , though many states are considerably more protective . Finally , under the Portal to Portal Act of 1947 , where Congress limited the minimum wage laws in a range of ways , § 254 puts a two - year time limit on enforcing claims , or three years if an employing entity is guilty of a willful violation . Working time and family care ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Working time law sources <Td_colspan="2"> ILO Holidays with Pay Convention 1970 ( no 132 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 5 USC § § 6103 - 6304 <Td_colspan="2"> Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , 29 USC § 207 <Td_colspan="2"> Lochner v New York , 300 US 379 ( 1937 ) <Td_colspan="2"> West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish , 300 US 379 ( 1937 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 , 29 USC § 2601 <Td_colspan="2"> Ragsdale v Wolverine World Wide , Inc , 535 US 81 ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Main articles : Public holidays in the United States , Maternity leave in the United States , and Work -- family balance in the United States The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 article 23 requires `` reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay '' , but there is no federal or state right to paid annual leave : Americans have the least in the developed world . People in the United States work among the longest hours per week in the industrialized world , and have the least annual leave . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 article 24 states : `` Everyone has the right to rest and leisure , including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay . '' However , there is no general federal or state legislation requiring paid annual leave . Title 5 of the United States Code § 6103 specifies ten public holidays for federal government employees , and provides that holidays will be paid . Many states do the same , however , no state law requires private sector employers to provide paid holidays . Many private employers follow the norms of federal and state government , but the right to annual leave , if any , will depend upon collective agreements and individual employment contracts . State law proposals have been made to introduce paid annual leave . A 2014 Washington Bill from United States House of Representatives member Gael Tarleton would have required a minimum of 3 weeks of paid holidays each year to employees in businesses of over 20 staff , after 3 years work . Under the International Labour Organization Holidays with Pay Convention 1970 three weeks is the bare minimum . The Bill did not receive enough votes . By contrast , employees in all European Union countries have the right to at least 4 weeks ( i.e. 28 days ) of paid annual leave each year . Furthermore , there is no federal or state law on limits to the length of the working week . Instead , the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 § 207 creates a financial disincentive to longer working hours . Under the heading `` Maximum hours '' , § 207 states that time and a half pay must be given to employees working more than 40 hours in a week . It does not , however , set an actual limit , and there are at least 30 exceptions for categories of employee which do not receive overtime pay . Shorter working time was one of the labor movement 's original demands . From the first decades of the 20th century , collective bargaining produced the practice of having , and the word for , a two - day `` weekend '' . State legislation to limit working time was , however , suppressed by the US Supreme Court in Lochner v New York . The New York State Legislature had passed the Bakeshop Act of 1895 , which limited work in bakeries to 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week , to improve health , safety and people 's living conditions . After being prosecuted for making his staff work longer in his Utica , Mr Lochner claimed that the law violated the Fourteenth Amendment on `` due process '' . Despite the dissent of four judges , a majority of five judges held that the law was unconstitutional . The whole Lochner era of jurisprudence was reversed by the US Supreme Court in 1937 , but experimentation to improve working time rights , and `` work - life balance '' has not yet recovered . Because there is no right to education and child care for children under five , the costs of child care fall on parents . But in 2016 , four states had legislated for paid family leave . Just as there are no rights to paid annual leave or maximum hours , there are no rights to paid time off for child care or family leave in federal law . There are minimal rights in some states . Most collective agreements , and many individual contracts , provide paid time off , but employees who lack bargaining power will often get none . There are , however , limited federal rights to unpaid leave for family and medical reasons . The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 generally applies to employers of 50 or more employees in 20 weeks of the last year , and gives rights to employees who have worked over 12 months and 1250 hours in the last year . Employees can have up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for child birth , adoption , to care for a close relative in poor health , or because of an employee 's own poor health . Child care leave should be taken in one lump , unless agreed otherwise . Employees must give notice of 30 days to employers if birth or adoption is `` foreseeable '' , and for serious health conditions if practicable . Treatments should be arranged `` so as not to disrupt unduly the operations of the employer '' according to medical advice . Employers must provide benefits during the unpaid leave . Under § 2652 ( b ) states are empowered to provide `` greater family or medical leave rights '' . In 2016 California , New Jersey , Rhode Island and New York had laws for paid family leave rights . Under § 2612 ( 2 ) ( A ) an employer can make an employee substitute the right to 12 unpaid weeks of leave for `` accrued paid vacation leave , personal leave or family leave '' in an employer 's personnel policy . Originally the Department of Labor had a penalty to make employers notify employees that this might happen . However , five judges in the US Supreme Court in Ragsdale v Wolverine World Wide , Inc held that the statute precluded the right of the Department of Labor to do so . Four dissenting judges would have held that nothing prevented the rule , and it was the Department of Labor 's job to enforce the law . After unpaid leave , an employee generally has the right to return to his or her job , except for employees who are in the top 10 % of highest paid and the employer can argue refusal `` is necessary to prevent substantial and grievous economic injury to the operations of the employer . '' Employees or the Secretary of Labor can bring enforcement actions , but there is no right to a jury for reinstatement claims . Employees can seek damages for lost wages and benefits , or the cost of child care , plus an equal amount of liquidated damages unless an employer can show it acted in good faith and reasonable cause to believe it was not breaking the law . There is a two - year limit on bringing claims , or three years for willful violations . Despite the lack of rights to leave , there is no right to free child care or day care . This has encouraged several proposals to create a public system of free child care , or for the government to subsize parents ' costs . Pensions ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Pension sources <Td_colspan="2"> Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 § 1003 ( a ) <Td_colspan="2"> ERISA 1974 § § 1022 - 1133 and 1052 - 9 <Td_colspan="2"> Guidry v Sheet Metal Workers Pension Fund 493 US 365 ( 1990 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Lockheed Corp v Spink 517 US 882 ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Mead Corp v Tilley 490 US 714 ( 1989 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ERISA 1974 § § 1081 - 1102 and 1140 <Td_colspan="2"> Peacock v Thomas 516 US 349 ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ERISA 1974 § § 1102 - 1132 <Td_colspan="2"> Donovan v Bierwirth 680 F2d 263 ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Varity Corp v Howe 516 US 489 ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Local 144 , Nursing Home Pension v Demisay 508 US 581 ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Labor Management Reporting and Disc Act of 1959 § § 401 - 531 <Td_colspan="2"> ERISA 1974 § 1144 <Td_colspan="2"> Shaw v Delta Air Lines , Inc 463 US 85 ( 1983 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Metropolitan Life Insurance Co v Massachusetts 471 US 724 ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> FMC Corp v Holliday 498 US 52 ( 1990 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Ingersoll - Rand Co v McClendon 498 US 133 ( 1990 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Egelhoff v Egelhoff 532 US 141 ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Rush Prudential HMO , Inc. v Moran 536 US 355 ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ERISA 1974 § § 1102 - 3 and LMRA 1947 § 186 ( c ) ( 5 ) ( B ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Amax Coal Co 453 US 322 ( 1981 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and pensions Main articles : Pensions in the United States , List of largest pension schemes in the US , and Investment manager In the early 20th century , the possibility of having a `` retirement '' became real as people lived longer , and believed the elderly should not have to work or rely on charity until they died . The law maintain an income in retirement in three ways ( 1 ) through public social security created by the Social Security Act of 1935 , ( 2 ) occupational pensions managed through the employment relationship , and ( 3 ) private pensions or life insurance that individuals buy themselves . At work , most occupational pension schemes originally resulted from collective bargaining during the 1920s and 1930s . Unions usually bargained to have employers across a sector to pool funds , so that employees could keep their pensions if they moved jobs . Multi-employer retirement plans , set up by collective agreement became known as `` Taft - Hartley plans '' after the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 required joint management of funds by employees and employers . Many employers also voluntarily choose to provide pensions . For example , the pension for professors , now called TIAA , was established on the initiative of Andrew Carnegie in 1918 with express requirement for participants to have voting rights for the plan trustees . These could be collective and defined benefit schemes : a percentage of one 's income ( e.g. 67 % ) is replaced for retirement , however long the person lives . But more recently more employers have only provided individual `` 401 ( k ) '' plans . These are named after the Internal Revenue Code § 401 ( k ) , which allows employers and employees to pay no tax on money that is saved in the fund , until an employee retires . The same tax deferral rule applies to all pensions . But unlike a `` defined benefit '' plan , a 401 ( k ) only contains whatever the employer and employee contribute . It will run out if a person lives too long , meaning the retiree may only have to rely only on minimum social security . The Pension Protection Act of 2006 § 902 codified a model for employers to automatically enroll their employees in a pension , with a right to opt out . There is no right to an occupational pension , but the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 does create a series of rights for employees if one is set up . It also applies to health care or any other `` employee benefit '' plan . Investment managers , like Morgan Stanley and all pension trustees , are fiduciaries . This means they must avoid conflicts of interest . During a takeover bid , Donovan v Bierwirth held trustees must take advice or not vote on corporate stocks if in doubt about conflicts . Five main rights for beneficiaries in ERISA 1974 include information , funding , vesting , anti-discrimination , and fiduciary duties . First , each beneficiary should receive a `` summary plan description '' in 90 days of joining , plans must file annual reports with the Secretary of Labor , and if beneficiaries make claims any refusal must be justified with a `` full and fair review '' . If the `` summary plan description '' is more beneficial than the actual plan documents , because the pension fund makes a mistake , a beneficiary may enforce the terms of either . If an employer has pension or other plans , all employees must be entitled to participate after at longest 12 months , if working over 1000 hours . Second , all promises must be funded in advance . The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation was established by the federal government to be an insurer of last resort , but only up to $60,136 per year for each employer . Third , employees ' benefits usually can not be taken away ( they `` vest '' ) after 5 years , and contributions must accrue ( i.e. the employee owns contributions ) at a proportionate rate . If employers and pension funds merge , there can be no reduction in benefits , and if an employee goes bankrupt their creditors can not take their occupational pension . However , the US Supreme Court has enabled benefits to be withdrawn by employers simply amending plans . In Lockheed Corp v Spink a majority of seven judges held that an employer could alter a plan , to deprive a 61 - year - old man of full benefits when he was reemployed , unbound by fiduciary duties to preserve what an employee had originally been promised . In dissent , Breyer J and Souter J reserved any view on such `` highly technical , important matters '' . Steps to terminate a plan depend on whether it is individual , or multi-employer , and Mead Corp v Tilley a majority of the US Supreme Court held that employers could recoup excess benefits paid into pension plans after PBGC conditions are fulfilled . Stevens J , dissenting , contended that all contingent and future liabilities must be satisfied . Fourth , as a general principle , employees or beneficiaries can not suffer any discrimination or detriment for `` the attainment of any right '' under a plan . Fifth , managers are bound by responsibilities of competence and loyalty , called `` fiduciary duties '' . Under § 1102 , a fiduciary is anyone who administers a plan , its trustees , and investment managers who are delegated control . Under § 1104 , fiduciaries must follow a `` prudent '' person standard , involving three main components . First , a fiduciary must act `` in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan '' . Second , they must act with `` care , skill and diligence '' , including `` diversifying the investments of the plan '' to `` minimize the risk of large losses '' . Liability for carelessness extends to making misleading statements about benefits , and have been interpreted by the Department of Labor to involve a duty to vote on proxies when corporate stocks are purchased , and publicizing a statement of investment policy . Third , and codifying fundamental equitable principles , a fiduciary must avoid any possibility of a conflict of interest . He or she must act `` solely in the interest of the participants ... for the exclusive purpose of providing benefits '' with `` reasonable expenses '' , and specifically avoiding self - dealing with a related `` party in interest '' . For example , in Donovan v Bierwirth , the Second Circuit held that trustees of a pension which owned shares in the employees ' company as a takeover bid was launched , because they faced a potential conflict of interest , had to get independent legal advice on how to vote , or possibly abstain . Remedies for these duties have , however , been restricted by the Supreme Court to disfavor damages . In these fields , according to § 1144 , ERISA 1974 will `` supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan '' . ERISA did not , therefore , follow the model of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 or the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 , which encourage states to legislate for improved protection for employees , beyond the minimum . The preemption rule led the US Supreme Court to strike down a New York that required giving benefits to pregnant employees in ERISA plans . It held a case under Texas law for damages for denying vesting of benefits was preempted , so the claimant only had ERISA remedies . It struck down a Washington law which altered who would receive life insurance designation on death . However , under § 1144 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( A ) this does not affect ' any law of any State which regulates insurance , banking , or securities . ' So , the Supreme Court has also held valid a Massachusetts law requiring mental health to be covered by employer group health policies . But it struck down a Pennsylvania statute which prohibited employers becoming subrogated to ( potentially more valuable ) claims of employees for insurance after accidents . Yet more recently , the court has shown a greater willingness to prevent laws being preempted , however the courts have not yet adopted the principle that state law is not preempted or `` superseded '' if it is more protective to employees than a federal minimum . The Workplace Democracy Act of 1999 , proposed by Bernie Sanders but not yet passed , would give every employee the representatives on boards of their pension plans , to control how vote are cast on corporate stocks . Currently investment managers control most voting rights in the economy using `` other people 's money '' . The most important rights that ERISA 1974 did not cover were who controls investments and securities that beneficiaries ' retirement savings buy . The largest form of retirement fund has become the 401 ( k ) . This is often an individual account that an employer sets up , and an investment management firm , such as Vanguard , Fidelity , Morgan Stanley or BlackRock , is then delegated the task of trading fund assets . Usually they also vote on corporate shares , assisted by a `` proxy advice '' firm such as ISS or Glass Lewis . Under ERISA 1974 § 1102 ( a ) , a plan must merely have named fiduciaries who have `` authority to control and manage the operation and administration of the plan '' , selected by `` an employer or employee organization '' or both jointly . Usually these fiduciaries or trustees , will delegate management to a professional firm , particularly because under § 1105 ( d ) , if they do so , they will not be liable for an investment manager 's breaches of duty . These investment managers buy a range of assets , particularly corporate stocks which have voting rights , as well as government bonds , corporate bonds , commodities , real estate or derivatives . Rights on those assets are in practice monopolized by investment managers , unless pension funds have organized to take voting in house , or to instruct their investment managers . Two main types of pension fund to do this are union organized Taft - Hartley plans , and state public pension plans . Under the amended National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § 302 ( c ) ( 5 ) ( B ) a union bargained plan has to be jointly managed by representatives of employers and employees . Although many local pension funds are not consolidated and have had critical funding notices from the Department of Labor , more funds with employee representation ensure that corporate voting rights are cast according to the preferences of their members . State public pensions are often larger , and have greater bargaining power to use on their members ' behalf . State pension schemes invariably disclose the way trustees are selected . In 2005 , on average more than a third of trustees were elected by employees or beneficiaries . For example , the California Government Code § 20090 requires that its public employee pension fund , CalPERS has 13 members on its board , 6 elected by employees and beneficiaries . However , only pension funds of sufficient size have acted to replace investment manager voting . Furthermore , no general legislation requires voting rights for employees in pension funds , despite several proposals . For example , the Workplace Democracy Act of 1999 , sponsored by Bernie Sanders then in the US House of Representatives , would have required all single employer pension plans to have trustees appointed equally by employers and employee representatives . There is , furthermore , currently no legislation to stop investment managers voting with other people 's money as the Dodd - Frank Act of 2010 § 957 banned broker - dealers voting on significant issues without instructions . This means votes in the largest corporations that people 's retirement savings buy are overwhelmingly exercised by investment managers , whose interests potentially conflict with the interests of beneficiaries ' on labor rights , fair pay , job security , or pension policy . Health and safety ( edit ) Main articles : Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 , US tort law , and Affordable Care Act of 2010 The Occupational Safety and Health Act , signed into law in 1970 by President Richard Nixon , creates specific standards for workplace safety . The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene . The Act also provides for protection for `` whistleblowers '' who complain to governmental authorities about unsafe conditions while allowing workers the right to refuse to work under unsafe conditions in certain circumstances . The Act allows states to take over the administration of OSHA in their jurisdictions , so long as they adopt state laws at least as protective of workers ' rights as under federal law . More than half of the states have done so . Child labor laws in the United States Income tax ( edit ) Main article : Income tax in the United States The federal income tax rate for high earners was dramatically cut , while it has remained relatively high for the lowest workers . Income tax in the United States Legal history of income tax in the United States State income tax Civil liberties ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Liberty at work cases <Td_colspan="2"> First Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment <Td_colspan="2"> Pickering v Board of Education <Td_colspan="2"> Connick v Myers <Td_colspan="2"> Rankin v McPherson <Td_colspan="2"> O'Connor v Ortega <Td_colspan="2"> Waters v Churchill <Td_colspan="2"> Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 <Td_colspan="2"> Huffman v Office of Personnel Management , 263 F3d 1341 ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> City of San Diego , California v Roe <Td_colspan="2"> Garcetti v Ceballos <Td_colspan="2"> Ontario v Quon <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and civil liberties Pickering v Board of Education , 391 US 563 ( 1968 ) 8 to 1 , a public school teacher was dismissed for writing a letter to a newspaper that criticized the way the school board was raising money . This violated the First Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment Connick v Myers , 461 U.S. 138 ( 1983 ) 5 to 4 , a public attorney employee was not unlawfully dismissed after distributing a questionnaire to other staff on a supervisor 's management practices after she was transferred under protest . In dissent , Brennan J held that all the matters were of public concern and should therefore be protected by the First Amendment Rankin v McPherson , 483 U.S. 378 ( 1987 ) 5 to 4 , a Texas deputy constable had a First Amendment right to say , after the assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan `` Shoot , if they go for him again , I hope they get him . '' Dismissal was unlawful and she had to be reinstated because even extreme comments ( except potentially advocating actual murder ) against a political figure should be protected . She could not be fired for merely exercising a right in the Constitution . Waters v Churchill , 511 U.S. 661 ( 1994 ) 7 to 2 , a public hospital nurse stating , outside work at dinner , that the cross-checking policies of the hospital were flawed , could be dismissed without any violation of the First Amendment because it could be seen as interfering with the employer 's operations Garcetti v Ceballos , 547 U.S. 410 ( 2006 ) 5 to 4 , no right against dismissal or protected speech when the speech relates to a matter in one 's profession Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 Huffman v Office of Personnel Management , 263 F. 3d 1341 ( Fed . Cir. 2001 ) O'Connor v Ortega , 480 U.S. 709 ( 1987 ) searches in the workplace Ontario v Quon , 130 S. Ct. 2619 , ( 2010 ) the right of privacy did not extend to employer owned electronic devices so an employee could be dismissed for sending sexually explicit messages from an employer owned pager . Heffernan v. City of Paterson , 578 US __ ( 2016 ) Workplace participation ( edit ) See also : Collective bargaining , US corporate law , Codetermination , and Work council The US Supreme Court 's policy of preemption since 1953 means federal collective bargaining rules cancel state rules , even if state law is more beneficial to employees . Despite preemption , many unions , corporations , and states have experimented with direct participation rights , to get a `` fair day 's wage for a fair day 's work '' . The central right in labor law , beyond minimum standards for pay , hours , pensions , safety or privacy , is to participate and vote in workplace governance . The American model developed from the Clayton Act of 1914 , which declared the `` labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce '' and aimed to take workplace relations out of the reach of courts hostile to collective bargaining . Lacking success , the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 changed the basic model , which remained through the 20th century . Reflecting the `` inequality of bargaining power between employees ... and employers who are organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association '' , the NLRA 1935 codified basic rights of employees to organize a union , requires employers to bargain in good faith ( at least on paper ) after a union has majority support , binds employers to collective agreements , and protects the right to take collective action including a strike . Union membership , collective bargaining , and standards of living all increased rapidly until Congress forced through the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 . Its amendments enabled states to pass laws restricting agreements for all employees in a workplace to be unionized , prohibited collective action against associated employers , and introduced a list of unfair labor practices for unions , as well as employers . Since then , the US Supreme Court chose to develop a doctrine that the rules in the NLRA 1935 preempted any other state rules if an activity was `` arguably subject '' to its rights and duties . While states were inhibited from acting as `` laboratories of democracy '' , and particularly as unions were targeted from 1980 and membership fell , the NLRA 1935 has been criticized as a `` failed statute '' as US labor law `` ossified '' . This has led to more innovative experiments among states , progressive corporations and unions to create direct participation rights , including the right to vote for or codetermine directors of corporate boards , and elect work councils with binding rights on workplace issues . Labor unions ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Sources on labor unions <Td_colspan="2"> First Amendment to the US Constitution <Td_colspan="2"> ILO Freedom of Association Convention 1948 ( c 87 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 <Td_colspan="2"> Trbovich v. United Mine Workers , 404 U.S. 528 ( 1972 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Dunlop v. Bachowski , 421 U.S. 560 ( 1975 ) <Td_colspan="2"> De Veau v. Braisted , 363 U.S. 144 ( 1960 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Brown v. Hotel and Rest . Employees , 468 U.S. 491 ( 1984 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Machinists v. Street , 367 U.S. 740 ( 1961 ) <Td_colspan="2"> CWA v. Beck , 487 U.S. 735 ( 1988 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Locke v. Karass , 555 U.S. 207 ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Abood v. Detroit Board of Education , 431 U.S. 209 ( 1977 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n , 551 U.S. 177 ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Janus v. AFSCME , 585 U.S. ___ ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor and unions Main articles : Labor unions in the US and List of labor unions in the US Freedom of association in labor unions has always been fundamental to the development of democratic society , and is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution . In early colonial history , labor unions were routinely suppressed by the government . Recorded instances include cart drivers being fined for striking in 1677 in New York City , and carpenters prosecuted as criminals for striking in Savannah , Georgia in 1746 . After the American Revolution , however , courts departed from repressive elements of English common law . The first reported case , Commonwealth v Pullis in 1806 did find shoemakers in Philadelphia guilty of `` a combination to raise their wages '' . Nevertheless , unions continued , and the first federation of trade unions was formed in 1834 , the National Trades ' Union , with the primary aim of a 10 - hour working day . In 1842 the Supreme Court of Massachusetts held in Commonwealth v Hunt that a strike by the Boston Journeymen Bootmakers ' Society for higher wages was lawful . Chief Justice Shaw held that people `` are free to work for whom the please , or not to work , if they so prefer '' and `` to agree together to exercise their own acknowledged rights '' . The abolition of slavery by Abraham Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation during the American Civil War was necessary to create genuine rights to organize , but was not sufficient to ensure freedom of association . Using the Sherman Act of 1890 , which was intended to break up business cartels , the Supreme Court imposed an injunction on striking workers of the Pullman Company , and imprisoned the leader , and future presidential candidate , Eugene Debs . The Court also enabled unions to be sued for triple damages in Loewe v Lawlor , a case involving a hat maker union in Danbury , Connecticut . The President and United States Congress responded by passing the Clayton Act of 1914 to take labor out of antitrust law . Then , after the Great Depression passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 to positively protect the right to organize and take collective action . After that , the law increasingly turned to regulate unions ' internal affairs . The Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 regulated how members can join a union , and the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 created a `` bill of rights '' for union members . Richard Trumka is the President of the AFL - CIO , a federation of unions , with 12.5 m members . The Change to Win Federation has 5.5 m members in affiliated unions . The two have negotiated merging to create a united American labor movement . While union governance is founded upon freedom of association , the law requires basic standards democracy and accountability to ensure members are truly free in shaping their associations . Fundamentally , all unions are democratic organizations , but they divide between those where members elect delegates , who in turn choose the executive , and those where members directly elect the executive . In 1957 , after the McClellan Committee of the US Senate found evidence of two rival Teamsters Union executives , Jimmy Hoffa and Dave Beck , falsifying delegate vote counts and stealing union funds , Congress passed the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 . Under § 411 , every member has the right to vote , attend meetings , speak freely and organize , not have fees raised without a vote , not be deprived of the right to sue , or be suspended unjustly . Under § 431 , unions should file their constitutions and bylaws with the Secretary of Labor and be accessible by members : today union constitutions are online . Under § 481 elections must occur at least every 5 years , and local officers every 3 years , by secret ballot . Additionally , state law may bar union officials who have prior convictions for felonies from holding office . As a response to the Hoffa and Beck scandals , there is also an express fiduciary duty on union officers for members ' money , limits on loans to executives , requirements for bonds for handling money , and up to a $10,000 fine or up to 5 years prison for embezzlement . These rules , however , restated most of what was already the law , and codified principles of governance that unions already undertook . On the other hand , under § 501 ( b ) to bring a lawsuit , a union member must first make a demand on the executive to correct wrongdoing before any claim can be made to a court , even for misapplication of funds , and potentially wait four months ' time . The Supreme Court has held that union members can intervene in enforcement proceedings brought by the US Department of Labor . Federal courts may review decisions by the Department to proceed with any prosecutions . The range of rights , and the level of enforcement has meant that labor unions display significantly higher standards of accountability , with fewer scandals , than corporations or financial institutions . Sharan Burrow leads the International Trade Union Confederation , which represents labor union members worldwide , via each national group including the AFL - CIO . Beyond members rights within a labor union , the most controversial issue has been how people become members in unions . This affects union membership numbers , and whether labor rights are promoted or suppressed in democratic politics . Historically , unions made collective agreements with employers that all new workers would have to join the union . This was to prevent employers trying to dilute and divide union support , and ultimately refuse to improve wages and conditions in collective bargaining . However , after the Taft - Hartley Act 1947 , the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § 158 ( a ) ( 3 ) was amended so that employers could not refuse to hire a non-union employee . An employee can be required to join the union ( if such a collective agreement is in place ) after 30 days . But § 164 ( b ) was added to codify a right of states to pass so called `` right to work laws '' that prohibit unions making collective agreements to register all workers as union members , or collect fees for the service of collective bargaining . Over time , as more states with Republican governments passed laws restricting union membership agreements , there has been a significant decline of union density . Unions have not , however , yet experimented with agreements to automatically enroll employees in unions with a right to opt out . In Machinists v Street , a majority of the US Supreme Court , against three dissenting justices , held that the First Amendment precluded making an employee be a union member against their will , but it would be lawful to collect fees to reflect the benefits from collective bargaining : fees could not be used for spending on political activities without the member 's consent . Unions have always been entitled to publicly campaign for members of Congress or Presidential candidates that support labor rights . But the urgency of political spending was raised when in 1976 Buckley v Valeo decided , over powerful dissents of White J and Marshall J , that candidates could spend unlimited money on their own political campaign , and then in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , that corporations could engage in election spending . In 2010 , over four dissenting justices , Citizens United v FEC held there could be essentially no limits to corporate spending . By contrast , every other democratic country caps spending ( usually as well as regulating donations ) as the original Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 had intended to do . A unanimous court held in Abood v Detroit School Board that union security agreements to collect fees from non-members were also allowed in the public sector . However , in Harris v Quinn five US Supreme Court judges reversed this ruling apparently banning public sector union security agreements , and were about to do the same for all unions in Friedrichs v California Teachers Association until Scalia J died , halting an anti-labor majority on the Supreme Court . Another case , Janus v AFSCME was heard by the Supreme Court in 2018 . This led campaign finance reform to be one of the most important issues in the 2016 US Presidential election , for the future of the labor movement , and democratic life . Collective bargaining ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Collective bargain sources <Td_colspan="2"> First Amendment <Td_colspan="2"> ILO Collective Bargaining Convention 1949 c 98 <Td_colspan="2"> National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § § 157 , 159 and 185 <Td_colspan="2"> JI Case Co v NLRB 321 US 332 ( 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wallace Corp v NLRB 323 US 248 ( 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Sands Manufacturing Co 306 US 332 ( 1939 ) <Td_colspan="2"> New Process Steel LP v NLRB 560 US 674 ( 2010 ) <Td_colspan="2"> United Steelworkers v American Manufact. Co 363 US 564 ( 1960 ) <Td_colspan="2"> United Steelworkers v Warrior & Gulf Nav. Co 363 US 574 ( 1960 ) <Td_colspan="2"> United Paperworkers v Misco , Inc 484 US 29 ( 1987 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and unions Main articles : Collective bargaining , Arbitration in the US , National Labor Relations Act 1935 , Taft - Hartley Act 1947 , Federal Labor Relations Act of 1978 , and Railway Labor Act of 1926 Since the industrial revolution , collective bargaining has been the main way to get fair pay , improved conditions , and a voice at work . The need for positive rights to organize and bargain was gradually appreciated after the Clayton Act of 1914 . Under § 6 , labor rights were declared to be outside of antitrust law , but this did not stop hostile employers and courts suppressing unions . In Adair v United States , and Coppage v Kansas , the US Supreme Court , over powerful dissents , asserted the Constitution empowered employers to require employees to sign contracts promising they would not join a union . These `` yellow dog contracts '' were offered to employees on a `` take it or leave it '' basis , and effectively stopped unionization . They lasted until the Great Depression when the Norris -- La Guardia Act of 1932 banned them . This also prevented the courts from issuing any injunctions or enforcing any agreements in the context of a labor dispute . After the landslide election of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was drafted to create positive rights for collective bargaining in most of the private sector . It aimed to create a unified federal system so that , under § 157 , employees would gain the legal `` right to self - organization '' , `` to bargain collectively '' and use `` concerted activities '' including strikes for `` mutual aid or other protection '' . The Act was meant to increase bargaining power of employees to get better terms in than individual contracts with employing corporations . However § 152 excluded many groups of workers , such as state and federal government employees , railway and airline staff , domestic and agriculture workers . These groups depend on special federal statutes like the Railway Labor Act of 1926 or state law rules , like the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975 . In 1979 , five US Supreme Court judges , over four forceful dissents , also introduced an exception for church operated schools , apparently because of `` serious First Amendment questions '' . Furthermore , `` independent contractors '' are excluded , even though many are economically dependent workers . Some courts have attempted to expand the `` independent contractor '' exception . In 2009 , in FedEx Home Delivery v NLRB the DC Circuit , adopting submissions of FedEx 's lawyer Ted Cruz , held that post truck drivers were independent contractors because they took on `` entrepreneurial opportunity '' . Garland J dissented , arguing the majority had departed from common law tests . The `` independent contractor '' category was estimated to remove protection from 8 million workers . While many states have higher rates , the US has an 11.1 per cent unionization rate and 12.3 per cent rate of coverage by collective agreement . This is the lowest in the industrialized world . After 1981 air traffic control strike , when Ronald Reagan fired every air traffic controller , the National Labor Relations Board was staffed by people opposed to collective bargaining . Between 2007 and 2013 the NLRB was shut down as the President and then Senate refused to make appointments . At any point employers can freely bargain with union representatives and make a collective agreement . A collective agreement will often be long , but aim to get rights including a fair day 's wage for a fair day 's work , reasonable notice and severance pay before any necessary layoffs , just cause for any job termination , and arbitration to resolve disputes . A union can encourage an employing entity through collective action to sign a deal , without using the NLRA 1935 procedure . But , if an employing entity refuses to deal with a union , and a union wishes , the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) may oversee a legal process up to the conclusion of a legally binding collective agreement . By law , the NLRB is meant to have five members `` appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate '' , and play a central role in promoting collective bargaining . First , the NLRB will determine an appropriate `` bargaining unit '' of employees with employers ( e.g. , offices in a city , or state , or whole economic sector ) , The NLRB favors `` enterprise bargaining '' over `` sectoral collective bargaining '' , which means US unions have traditionally been smaller with less bargaining power by international standards . Second , a union with `` majority '' support of employees in a bargaining unit become `` the exclusive representatives of all the employees '' . But to ascertain majority support , the NLRB supervises the fairness of elections among the workforce . It is typical for the NLRB to take six weeks from a petition from workers to an election being held . During this time , managers may attempt to persuade or coerce employees using high - pressure tactics or unfair labor practices ( e.g. threatening job termination , alleging unions will bankrupt the firm ) to vote against recognizing the union . The average time for the NLRB to decide upon complaints of unfair labor practices had grown to 483 days in 2009 when its last annual report was written . Third , if a union does win majority support in a bargaining unit election , the employing entity will have an `` obligation to bargain collectively '' . This means meeting union representatives `` at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages , hours , and other terms '' to put in a `` written contract '' . The NLRB can not compel an employer to agree , but it was thought that the NLRB 's power to sanction an employer for an `` unfair labor practice '' if they did not bargain in good faith would be sufficient . For example , in JI Case Co v NLRB the Supreme Court held an employer could not refuse to bargain on the basis that individual contracts were already in place . Crucially , in Wallace Corp v NLRB the Supreme Court also held that an employer only bargaining with a company union that it dominated was an unfair labor practice , as it should have recognized the truly independent union affiliated to the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) . However , in NLRB v Sands Manufacturing Co the Supreme Court held an employer did not commit an unfair trade practice by shutting down a water heater plant , while the union was attempting to prevent new employees being paid less . Moreover , after 2007 President George W. Bush and the Senate refused to make any appointments to the Board , and it was held by five judges , over four dissents , in New Process Steel LP v NLRB that rules made by two remaining members were ineffective . While appointments were made in 2013 , agreement was not reached on one vacant seat . Increasingly it has been made politically unfeasible for the NLRB to act to promote collective bargaining . The proposed Employee Free Choice Act , sponsored repeatedly by Hillary Clinton , Bernie Sanders and Democrat representatives , would require employers to bargain in 90 days or go to arbitration , if a simple majority of employees sign cards supporting the union . It has been blocked by Republicans in Congress . Once collective agreements have been signed , they are legally enforceable , often through arbitration , and ultimately in federal court . Federal law must be applied for national uniformity , so state courts must apply federal law when asked to deal with collective agreements or the dispute can be removed to federal court . Usually , collective agreements include provisions for sending grievances of employees or disputes to binding arbitration , governed by the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 . For example , in United Steelworkers v Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co a group of employees at a steel transportation works in Chickasaw , Alabama requested the corporation go to arbitration over layoffs and outsourcing of 19 staff on lower pay to do the same jobs . The United Steelworkers had a collective agreement which contained a provision for arbitration . Douglas J held that any doubts about whether the agreement allowed the issue to go to arbitration `` should be resolved in favor of coverage . '' An arbitrator 's award is entitled to judicial enforcement so long as its essence is from the collective agreement . Courts can decline to enforce an agreement based on public policy , but this is different from `` general considerations of supposed public interests '' . But while federal policy had encouraged arbitration where unions and employers had made agreements , the US Supreme Court drew a clear distinction for arbitration over individual statutory rights . In Alexander v Gardner - Denver Co an employee claimed he was unjustly terminated , and suffered unlawful race discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The Supreme Court held that he was entitled to pursue remedies both through arbitration and the public courts , which could re-evaluate the claim whatever the arbitrator had decided . But then , in 2009 in 14 Penn Plaza LLC v Pyett Thomas J announced with four other judges that apparently `` ( n ) othing in the law suggests a distinction between the status of arbitration agreements signed by an individual employee and those agreed to by a union representative . '' This meant that a group of employees were denied the right to go to a public court under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 , and instead potentially be heard only by arbitrators their employer selected . Stevens J and Souter J , joined by Ginsburg J , Breyer J dissented , pointing out that rights can not be waived even by collective bargaining . An Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011 has been proposed to reverse this , urging that `` employees have little or no meaningful choice whether to submit their claims to arbitration '' . It remains unclear why NLRA 1935 § 1 , recognizing workers ' `` inequality of bargaining power '' was not considered relevant to ensure that collective bargaining can only improve upon rights , rather than take them away . To address further perceived defects of the NLRA 1935 and the US Supreme Court 's interpretations , major proposed reforms have included the Labor Reform Act of 1977 , the Workplace Democracy Act of 1999 , and the Employee Free Choice Act of 2009 . All focus on speeding the election procedure for union recognition , speeding hearings for unfair labor practices , and improving remedies within the existing structure of labor relations . Right to organize ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Right to organize sources <Td_colspan="2"> ILO Freedom of Association Convention 1948 c 87 <Td_colspan="2"> National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § 158 <Td_colspan="2"> Lechmere , Inc. v NLRB , 502 U.S. 527 ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Hague v. CIO , 307 U.S. 496 ( 1939 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Hoffman Plastic Inc v NLRB , 535 U.S. 137 ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v J Weingarten , Inc , 420 U.S. 251 ( 1975 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Garner v Teamsters Local 776 346 US 485 ( 1953 ) <Td_colspan="2"> San Diego Building Unions v Garmon 359 US 236 <Td_colspan="2"> Machinists v Wisconsin ERC 427 US 132 ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Golden State Transit Corp v Los Angeles 475 US 608 ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Chamber of Commerce v Brown 522 US 60 ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Building Trades Council v ABC Inc 507 US 218 ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and unions Main articles : Freedom of association , Unfair labor practice , and Federal preemption To ensure that employees are effectively able to bargain for a collective agreement , the NLRA 1935 created a group of rights in § 158 to stall `` unfair labor practices '' by employers . These were considerably amended by the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 , where the US Congress over the veto of President Harry S. Truman decided to add a list of unfair labor practices for labor unions . This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers can not afford . The fundamental principle of freedom of association , however , is recognized worldwide to require various rights . It extends to the state , so in Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization held the New Jersey mayor violated the First Amendment when trying to shut down CIO meetings because he thought they were `` communist '' . Among many rights and duties relating to unfair labor practices , five main groups of case have emerged . Unfair labor practices , made unlawful by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § 153 , prohibit employers discriminating against people who organize a union to get a voice at work . First , under § 158 ( a ) ( 3 ) - ( 4 ) a person who joins a union must suffer no discrimination or retaliation in their chances for being hired , terms of their work , or in termination . For example , in one of the first cases , NLRB v Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp , the US Supreme held that the National Labor Relations Board was entitled to order workers be rehired after they had been dismissed for organizing a union at their plant in Aliquippa , Pennsylvania . It is also unlawful for employers to monitor employees who are organizing , for instance by parking outside a union meeting , or videotaping employees giving out union fliers . This can include giving people incentives or bribes to not join a union , so in NLRB v Erie Resistor Corp the Supreme Court held it was unlawful to give 20 years extra seniority to employees who crossed a picket line while the union had called a strike . Second , and by contrast , the Supreme Court had decided in Textile Workers Union of America v Darlington Manufacturing Co Inc that actually shutting down a recently unionized division of an enterprise was lawful , unless it was proven that the employer was motivated by hostility to the union . Third , union members need the right to be represented , in order to carry out basic functions of collective bargaining and settle grievances or disciplinary hearings with management . This entails a duty of fair representation . In NLRB v J Weingarten , Inc the Supreme Court held that an employee in a unionized workplace had the right to a union representative present in a management interview , if it could result in disciplinary action . Although the NLRB has changed its position with different political appointees , the DC Circuit has held the same right goes that non-union workers were equally entitled to be accompanied . Fourth , under § 158 ( a ) ( 5 ) it is an unfair labor practice to refuse to bargain in good faith , and out of this a right has developed for a union to receive information necessary to perform collective bargaining work . However , in Detroit Edison Co v NLRB the Supreme Court divided 5 to 4 on whether a union was entitled to receive individual testing scores from a program the employer used . Also , in Lechmere , Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board the Supreme Court held 6 to 3 that an employer was entitled to prevent union members , who were not employees , from entering the company parking lot to hand out leaflets . Fifth , there are a large group of cases concerning `` unfair '' practices of labor organizations , listed in § 158 ( b ) . For example , in Pattern Makers League of North America v NLRB an employer claimed a union had committed an unfair practice by attempting to enforce fines against employees who had been members , but quit during a strike when their membership agreement promised they would not . Five judges to four dissents held that such fines could not be enforced against people who were no longer union members . As union membership declined income inequality rose , because labor unions have been the main way to participate at work . The US does not yet require employee representatives on boards of directors , or elected work councils . The US Supreme Court policy of preemption , developed from 1953 , means that states can not legislate where the NLRA 1935 does operate . The NLRA 1935 contains no clause requiring preemption as is found , for example , in the Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 § 218 ( a ) where deviations from the minimum wage or maximum hours are preempted , unless they are more beneficial to the employee . The first major case , Garner v Teamsters Local 776 , decided a Pennsylvania statute was preempted from providing superior remedies or processing claims quicker than the NLRB because `` the Board was vested with power to entertain petitioners ' grievance , to issue its own complaint '' and apparent `` Congress evidently considered that centralized administration of specially designed procedures was necessary to obtain uniform application of its substantive rules '' . In San Diego Building Trades Council v Garmon , the Supreme Court held that the California Supreme Court was not entitled to award remedies against a union for picketing , because if `` an activity is arguably subject to § 7 or § 8 of the Act , the States as well as the federal courts must defer to the exclusive competence of the National Labor Relations Board '' . This was true , even though the NLRB had not given any ruling on the dispute because its monetary value was too small . This reasoning was extended in Lodge 76 , International Association of Machinists v Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission , where a Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission sought to hold a union liable for an unfair labor practice , by refusing to work overtime . Brennan J held that such matters were to be left to `` be controlled by the free play of economic forces '' . While many of these judgments appeared beneficial to unions against hostile state courts or bodies , supportive actions also began to be held preempted . In Golden State Transit Corp v City of Los Angeles a majority of the Supreme Court held that Los Angeles was not entitled to refuse to renew a taxi company 's franchise license because the Teamsters Union had pressured it not to until a dispute was resolved . Most recently in Chamber of Commerce v Brown seven judges on the Supreme Court held that California was preempted from passing a law prohibiting any recipient of state funds either from using money to promote or deter union organizing efforts . Breyer J and Ginsburg J dissented because the law was simply neutral to the bargaining process . State governments may , however , use their funds to procure corporations to do work that are union or labor friendly . Collective action ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Collective action sources <Td_colspan="2"> National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § § 157 - 158 <Td_colspan="2"> New Negro Alliance v Sanitary Grocery Co 303 US 552 ( 1938 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co 304 US 333 ( 1938 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Fansteel Metallurgical Corp 306 US 240 ( 1939 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co 306 US 292 ( 1939 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Thornhill v Alabama 310 US 88 ( 1940 ) <Td_colspan="2"> US v Congress of Industrial Organizations 335 US 106 ( 1948 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Truck Drivers Local 449 353 US 87 ( 1957 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and unions Main articles : Strike action and Collective action The Norris - LaGuardia Act of 1932 outlawed the issuance of injunctions in labor disputes by federal courts . While the Act does not prevent state courts from issuing injunctions , it ended what some observers called `` government by injunction '' , in which the federal courts used injunctions to prevent unions from striking , organizing and , in some cases , even talking to workers or entering certain parts of a state . Roughly half the states have enacted their own version of the Norris - LaGuardia Act . Eugene V. Debs , founder of the American Railway Union and five - time presidential candidate , was jailed twice for organizing the Pullman Strike and denouncing World War I. His life story is told in a documentary by Bernie Sanders . Pullman Strike Boston Police Strike Truax v Corrigan 257 US 312 ( 1921 ) per Brandeis J , dissenting Protected concerted activity . § 8 ( g ) for health care , 10 days notice . New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co. , 303 U.S. 552 ( 1938 ) United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations , 335 U.S. 106 ( 1948 ) , holding that unions advocating members vote for particular Congress candidates did not violate the Federal Corrupt Practices Act as amended by the Labor Management Relations Act NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co. 304 U.S. 333 ( 1938 ) striking workers remain as employees while on strike , and so it is an unfair labor practice under NLRA 1935 § 7 to discriminate in reinstating the workers . However , it was not unfair to hire new workers to break the strike , or to not discharge the strike breakers in order to reinstate the former workers National Labor Relations Board v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation , 306 U.S. 240 ( 1939 ) employees who took part in an unlawful sit down strike , after the employer had attempted to set up a company union , were not entitled to reinstatement in their jobs . Engaging in an unlawful strike meant losing the protection of the NLRA 1935 . Cesar Chavez organized the United Farm Workers and campaigned for social justice under the slogan `` Yes we can '' and `` Sí , se puede '' . NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 , 353 U.S. 87 ( 1957 ) temporary lockout held to be lawful Thornhill v. Alabama , 310 U.S. 88 ( 1940 ) picketing could not be restricted by state law , as that would violate the First Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment , so long as the picket was related to a labor dispute in issue . National Labor Relations Board v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co. , 306 U.S. 292 ( 1939 ) 5 to 2 , held the NLRB had not produced the requisite `` substantial evidence '' that an employer had acted unlawfully and in directing employment to resume and a lockout to end . The NLRB had attempted to negotiate with an employer on a union 's behalf during a lockout . NLRB v Electrical Workers 346 US 464 ( 1953 ) Eastex , Inc v NLRB 437 US 556 ( 1978 ) NLRB v City Disposal Systems , Inc 465 US 822 ( 1984 ) protected an unprotected concerted activity Trans World Airlines , Inc v Flight Attendants 489 US 426 ( 1989 ) employers could promise younger workers senior jobs if they broke a strike . Brennan J , Marshall J , Blackmun J dissented . Right to vote at work ( edit ) See also : Economic democracy , US corporate law , Codetermination , and Work council `` ... while there are many contributing causes to unrest ... one cause ... is fundamental . That is the necessary conflict -- the contrast between our political liberty and our industrial absolutism . We are as free politically , perhaps , as free as it is possible for us to be ... On the other hand , in dealing with industrial problems , the position of the ordinary worker is exactly the reverse . The individual employee has no effective voice or vote . And the main objection , as I see it , to the very large corporation is , that it makes possible -- and in many cases makes inevitable -- the exercise of industrial absolutism ... The social justice for which we are striving is an incident of our democracy , not its main end ... the end for which we must strive is the attainment of rule by the people , and that involves industrial democracy as well as political democracy . '' Louis Brandeis , Testimony to Commission on Industrial Relations ( 1916 ) vol 8 , 7659 -- 7660 <Th_colspan="2"> Workplace votes sources <Td_colspan="2"> Delaware General Corporation Law § 141 ( a ) <Td_colspan="2"> General Laws of Massachusetts Part I , Title XII , ch 156 , § 23 <Td_colspan="2"> Dodd - Frank Act of 2010 § 971 <Td_colspan="2"> National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § 8 ( a ) ( 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NLRB v Newport News Shipbuilding Co 308 US 241 ( 1939 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Control Council Law No 22 ( 1946 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Electromation Inc 309 NLRB No 163 ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> EI du Pont de Nemours 311 NLRB No 88 ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Dunlop Report ( 1994 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and codetermination While collective bargaining was stalled by US Supreme Court preemption policy , a dysfunctional National Labor Relations Board , and falling union membership rate since the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 , employees have sought voting rights for corporate boards of directors and in work councils . Labor law has increasingly converged with corporate law , and in 2018 the first federal proposal was made by three US senators to enable employees to vote for one third of the directors on boards of listed companies . In 1919 , under the Republican governor Calvin Coolidge , Massachusetts became the first state with a right for employees in manufacturing companies to have employee representatives on the board of directors , but only if corporate stockholders voluntarily agreed . Also in 1919 both Procter & Gamble and the General Ice Delivery Company of Detroit had employee representation on boards . Board representation for employees spread through the 1920s , many without requiring any employee stock ownership plan . In the early 20th century , labor law theory split between those who advocated collective bargaining backed by strike action , those who advocated a greater role for binding arbitration , and proponents of codetermination as `` industrial democracy '' . Today , these methods are seen as complements , not alternatives . A majority of countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have laws requiring direct participation rights . In 1994 , the Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker - Management Relations : Final Report examined law reform to improve collective labor relations , and suggested minor amendments to encourage worker involvement . Congressional division prevented federal reform , but labor unions and state legislatures have experimented . Four US Senators , including Elizabeth Warren , sponsored the Reward Work Act in 2018 to require one third of boards are elected by employees . In 1980 the United Auto Workers collectively agreed Chrysler Corp employees would be on the board of directors . Today , shareholding intermediaries monopolize voting rights in most corporations through other people 's retirement savings . Corporations are chartered under state law , the larger mostly in Delaware , but leave investors free to organize voting rights and board representation as they choose . Because of unequal bargaining power , but also historic caution of labor unions , shareholders monopolize voting rights in American corporations . From the 1970s employees and unions sought representation on company boards . This could happen through collective agreements , as it historically occurred in Germany or other countries , or through employees demanding further representation through employee stock ownership plans , but they aimed for voice independent from capital risks that could not be diversified . By 1980 , workers had attempted to secure board representation at corporations including United Airlines , the General Tire and Rubber Company , and the Providence and Worcester Railroad . However , in 1974 the Securities and Exchange Commission , run by appointees of Richard Nixon , had rejected that employees who held shares in AT&T were entitled to make shareholder proposals to include employee representatives on the board of directors . This position was eventually reversed expressly by the Dodd - Frank Act of 2010 § 971 , which subject to rules by the Securities and Exchange Commission entitles shareholders to put forward nominations for the board . Instead of pursuing board seats through shareholder resolutions the United Auto Workers , for example , successfully sought board representation by collective agreement at Chrysler in 1980 . The United Steel Workers secured board representation in five corporations in 1993 . Some representation plans were linked to employee stock ownership plans , and were open to abuse . At the energy company , Enron , workers were encouraged by management to invest an average of 62.5 per cent of their retirement savings from 401 ( k ) plans in Enron stock against basic principles of prudent , diversified investment , and had no board representation . When Enron collapsed in 2003 , employees lost a majority of their pension savings . For this reason , employees and unions have sought representation because they invest their labor in the firm , and do not want undiversifiable capital risk . Empirical research suggests by 1999 there were at least 35 major employee representation plans with worker directors , though often linked to corporate stock . Powered by a solar farm , the Volkswagen plant at Chattanooga , Tennessee has debated introducing work councils to give employees and its labor union more of a voice at work . As well as representation on a corporation 's board of directors , or top management , employees have sought binding rights ( for instance , over working time , break arrangement , and layoffs ) in their organizations through elected work councils . After the National War Labor Board was established by the Woodrow Wilson administration , firms established work councils with some rights throughout the 1920s . Frequently , however , management refused to concede the `` right to employ and discharge , the direction of the working forces , and the management of the business '' in any way , which from the workforce perspective defeated the object . As the US presidency changed to the Republican party during the 1920s , work `` councils '' were often instituted by employers that did not have free elections or proceedings , to forestall independent labor unions ' right to collective bargaining . For this reason , the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 § 158 ( a ) ( 2 ) ensured it was an unfair labor practice for an employer `` to dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization , or contribute financial or other support to it '' . This was designed to enable free work councils , genuinely independent from management , but not dominated work councils or so called `` company unions '' . For example , a work council law was passed by the US government in Allied - occupied Germany called Control Council Law , No 22 . This empowered German workers to organize work councils if elected by democratic methods , with secret ballots , using participation of free labor unions , with basic functions ranging from how to apply collective agreements , regulating health and safety , rules for engagements , dismissals and grievances , proposals for improving work methods , and organizing social and welfare facilities . These rules were subsequently updated and adopted in German law , although American employees themselves did not yet develop a practice of bargaining for work councils , nor did states implement work council rules , even though neither were preempted by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 . In 1992 , the National Labor Relations Board in its Electromation , Inc , and EI du Pont de Nemours , decisions confirmed that while management dominated councils were unlawful , genuine and independent work councils would not be . The Dunlop Report in 1994 produced an inconclusive discussion that favored experimentation with work councils . A Republican Congress did propose a Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995 to repeal § 158 ( a ) ( 2 ) , but this was vetoed by President Bill Clinton as it would have enabled management dominated unions and councils . In 2014 , workers at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , sought to establish a work council . This was initially supported by management , but its stance changed in 2016 , after the United Auto Workers succeeded in winning a ballot for traditional representation in an exclusive bargaining unit . As it stands , employees have no widespread right to vote in American workplaces , which has increased the gap between political democracy and traditional labor law goals of workplace and economic democracy . Equality and discrimination ( edit ) See also : US employment discrimination law , European labour law , and UK employment discrimination law Since the US Declaration of Independence in 1776 proclaimed that `` all men are created equal '' , the Constitution was progressively amended , and legislation was written , to spread equal rights to all people . While the right to vote was needed for true political participation , the `` right to work '' and `` free choice of employment '' came to be seen as necessary for `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' . After state laws experimented , President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Executive Order 8802 in 1941 set up the Fair Employment Practice Committee to ban discrimination by `` race , creed , color or national origin '' in the defense industry . The first comprehensive statutes were the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , to limit discrimination by employers between men and women , and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , to stop discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' In the following years , more `` protected characteristics '' were added by state and federal acts . The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 protects people over age 40 . The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 requires `` reasonable accommodation '' to include people with disabilities in the workforce . Twenty two state Acts protect people based on sexual orientation in public and private employment , but proposed federal laws have been blocked by Republican opposition . There can be no detriment to union members , or people who have served in the military . In principle , states may require rights and remedies for employees that go beyond the federal minimum . Federal law has multiple exceptions , but generally requires no disparate treatment by employing entities , no disparate impact of formally neutral measures , and enables employers to voluntarily take affirmative action favoring under - represented people in their workforce . The law has not , however , succeeded in eliminating the gender pay gap , and disparities in income by race , health , age or socio - economic background . Constitutional rights ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Equality sources <Td_colspan="2"> Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution <Td_colspan="2"> Civil Rights Act of 1866 , 42 USC § 1981 ( a ) <Td_colspan="2"> Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co 323 US 192 ( 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Johnson v Railway Express Agency 421 US 454 ( 1975 ) <Td_colspan="2"> California Fed Savings and Loan Ass v Guerra 479 US 272 ( 1987 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ILO Equal Remuneration Convention 1951 <Td_colspan="2"> ILO Discrimination Convention 1958 <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and civil rights See also : Equal opportunity and Discrimination The right to equality in employment in the United States comes from at least six major statutes , and limited jurisprudence of the US Supreme Court , leaving the law inconsistent and full of exceptions . Originally , the US Constitution entrenched gender , race and wealth inequality by enabling states to maintain slavery , reserve the vote to white , property owning men , and enabling employers to refuse employment to anyone . After the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 in the American Civil War , the Thirteenth , Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments attempted to enshrined equal civil rights for everyone , while the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , and 1875 spelled out that everyone had the right to make contracts , hold property and access accommodation , transport and entertainment without discrimination . However , in 1883 the US Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases put an end to development by declaring that Congress was not allowed to regulate the actions of private individuals rather than public bodies . In his dissent , Harlan J would have held that no `` corporation or individual wielding power under state authority for the public benefit '' was entitled to `` discriminate against freemen or citizens , in their civil rights '' . A constitutional right to equality , based on the equal protection clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments has been disputed . 125 years after Harlan J wrote his famous dissent that all social institutions should be bound to equal rights , Barack Obama won election for President . By 1944 , the position had changed . In Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co , a Supreme Court majority held a labor union had a duty of fair representation and may not discriminate against members based on race under the Railway Labor Act of 1926 ( or the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 . Murphy J would have also based the duty on a right to equality in the Fifth Amendment . Subsequently , Johnson v Railway Express Agency admitted that the old Enforcement Act of 1870 provided a remedy against private parties . However , the Courts have not yet accepted a general right of equality , regardless of public or private power . Legislation will usually be found unconstitutional , under the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment if discrimination is shown to be intentional , or if it irrationally discriminates against one group . For example , in Cleveland Board of Education v LaFleur the Supreme Court held by a majority of 5 to 2 , that a school 's requirement for women teachers to take mandatory maternity leave was unconstitutional , against the Due Process Clause , because it could not plausibly be shown that after child birth women could never perform a job . But while the US Supreme Court has failed , against dissent , to recognize a constitutional principle of equality , federal and state legislation contains the stronger rules . In principle , federal equality law always enables state law to create better rights and remedies for employees . Equal treatment ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Equal treatment <Td_colspan="2"> Equal Pay Act of 1963 , 29 USC § 206 ( d ) <Td_colspan="2"> Corning Glass Works v Brennan 417 US 188 ( 1974 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 , 29 USC § § 621 - 634 <Td_colspan="2"> Texas Dept of Community Affairs v Burdine 450 US 248 ( 1981 ) <Td_colspan="2"> St Mary 's Honor Center v Hicks 509 US 502 ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 23 <Td_colspan="2"> International Brotherhood of Teamsters v US 431 US 324 ( 1977 ) <Td_colspan="2"> General Telephone Co of Southwest v Falcon 457 US 147 ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson 477 US 57 ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Harris v Forklift Systems , Inc 510 US 17 ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Faragher v City of Boca Raton 524 US 775 ( 1998 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and civil rights See also : Disparate treatment , Bona fide occupational qualification , Harassment , and Retaliation ( law ) Today legislation bans discrimination , that is unrelated to an employee 's ability to do a job , based on sex , race , ethnicity , national origin , age and disability . The Equal Pay Act of 1963 banned gender pay discrimination , amending the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Plaintiffs must show an employing entity pays them less than someone of the opposite sex in an `` establishment '' for work of `` equal skill , effort , or responsibility '' under `` similar working conditions '' . Employing entities may raise a defense that pay differences result from a seniority or merit system unrelated to sex . For example , in Corning Glass Works v Brennan the Supreme Court held that although women plaintiffs worked at different times in the day , compared to male colleagues , the working conditions were `` sufficiently similar '' and the claim was allowed . One drawback is the equal pay provisions are subject to multiple exemptions for groups of employees found in the FLSA 1938 itself . Another is that equal pay rules only operate within workers of an `` enterprise '' , so that it has no effect upon high paying enterprises being more male dominated , nor child care being unequally shared between men and women that affects long term career progression . Sex discrimination includes discrimination based on pregnancy , and is prohibited in general by the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Rosie the Riveter symbolized women factory workers in World War II . The Equal Pay Act of 1963 banned pay discrimination within workplaces . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a general anti-discrimination statute . Titles I to VI protects the equal right to vote , to access accommodation , public services , schools , it strengthens the Civil Rights Commission , and requires equality in federally funded agencies . Title VII bans discrimination in employment . Under § 2000e - 2 , employers must not refuse to hire , discharge or discriminate `` against any individual with respect to his compensation , terms , conditions or privileges of employment , because of such individual 's race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' Segregation in employment is equally unlawful . The same basic rules apply for people over 40 years old , and for people with disabilities . Although states may go further , a significant limit to federal law is a duty only falls on private employers of more than 15 staff , or 20 staff for age discrimination . Within these limits , people can bring claims against disparate treatment . In Texas Dept of Community Affairs v Burdine the US Supreme Court held plaintiffs will establish a prima facie case of discrimination for not being hired if they are in a protected group , qualified for a job , but the job is given to someone of a different group . It is then up to an employer to rebut the case , by showing a legitimate reason for not hiring the plaintiff . However , in 1993 , this position was altered in St Mary 's Honor Center v Hicks where Scalia J held ( over the dissent of four justices ) that if an employer shows no discriminatory intent , an employee must not only show the reason is a pretext , but show additional evidence that discrimination has taken place . Souter J in dissent , pointed out the majority 's approach was `` inexplicable in forgiving employers who present false evidence in court '' . Disparate treatment can be justified under CRA 1964 § 2000e - 2 ( e ) if an employer shows selecting someone reflects by `` religion , sex , or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise . '' Race is not included . For example , in Dothard v Rawlinson the state of Alabama prohibited women from working as prison guards in `` contact '' jobs , with close proximity to prisoners . It also had minimum height and weight requirements ( 5 `` 2 and 120 lbs ) , which it argued were necessary for proper security . Ms Rawlinson claimed both requirements were unlawful discrimination . A majority of 6 to 3 held that the gender restrictions in contact jobs were a bona fide occupational qualification , because there was a heightened risk of sexual assault , although Stewart J suggested the result might have differed if the prisons were better run . A majority held the height and weight restrictions , while neutral , had a disparate impact on women and were not justified by business necessity . By contrast , in Wilson v Southwest Airlines Co , a Texas District Court held an airline was not entitled to require women only to work as cabin attendants ( who were further required to be `` dressed in high boots and hot - pants '' ) even if it could show a consumer preference . The essence of the business was transporting passengers , rather than metaphorically `` spreading love all over Texas '' , so that there was no `` bona fide occupational requirement '' . Under the ADEA 1967 , age requirements can be used , but only if reasonably necessary , or compelled by law or circumstance . For example , in Western Air Lines , Inc v Criswell the Supreme Court held that airlines could require pilots to retire at age 60 , because the Federal Aviation Authority required this . It could not , however , refuse to employ flight engineers over 60 because there was no comparable FAA rule . `` We are confronted by powerful forces telling us to rely on the good will and understanding of those who profit by exploiting us . They deplore our discontent , they resent our will to organize , so that we may guarantee that humanity will prevail and equality will be exacted . They are shocked that action organizations , sit - ins , civil disobedience , and protests are becoming our everyday tools , just as strikes , demonstrations and union organization became yours to insure that bargaining power genuinely existed on both sides of the table ... '' Martin Luther King Jr , Speech to the Fourth Constitutional Convention AFL - CIO Miami , Florida ( 11 December 1961 ) In addition to prohibitions on discriminatory treatment , harassment and detriment in retaliation for asserting rights is prohibited . In Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson the Supreme Court unanimously held that a bank manager who coerced a woman employee into having sex with him 40 to 50 times , including rape on multiple occasions , had committed unlawful harassment within the meaning of 42 USC § 2000e . If employees or managers create a `` hostile or offensive working environment '' , this counts as discrimination . In Harris v Forklift Systems , Inc the Court held that a `` hostile environment '' did not have to `` seriously affect employees ' psychological well - being '' to be unlawful . If the environment `` would reasonably be perceived , and is perceived , as hostile or abusive '' this is enough . Standard principles of agency and vicariously liability apply , so an employer is responsible for the actions of its agents , But according to Faragher v City of Boca Raton an employing entity can avoid vicarious liability if it shows it ( a ) exercised reasonable care to prevent and promptly correct any harassment and ( b ) a plaintiff unreasonably failed to take advantage of opportunities to stop it . In addition , an employing entity may not retaliate against an employee for asserting his or her rights under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 . In University of Pennsylvania v Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , the Supreme Court held that a university was not entitled to refuse to give up peer review assessment documents in order for the EEOC to investigate the claim . Furthermore , in Robinson v Shell Oil Company the Supreme Court held that writing a negative job reference , after a plaintiff brought a race discrimination claim , was unlawful retaliation : employees were protected even if they had been fired . It has also been held that simply being reassigned to a slightly different job , operating forklifts , after making a sex discrimination complaint could amount to unlawful retaliation . This is all seen as necessary to make equal rights effective . Equal impact and remedies ( edit ) See also : Disparate impact <Th_colspan="2"> Disparate impact <Td_colspan="2"> Griggs v Duke Power Co , 401 US 424 ( 1971 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 ( k ) <Td_colspan="2"> Dothard v Rawlinson ( 1977 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and civil rights In addition to disparate treatment , employing entities may not use practices having an unjustified disparate impact on protected groups . In Griggs v Duke Power Co , a power company on the Dan River , North Carolina , required a high school diploma for staff to transfer to higher paying non-manual jobs . Because of racial segregation in states like North Carolina , fewer black employees than white employees had diplomas . The Court found a diploma was wholly unnecessary to perform the tasks in higher paying non-manual jobs . Burger CJ , for a unanimous Supreme Court , held the `` Act proscribes not only overt discrimination , but also practices that are fair in form , but discriminatory in operation . '' An employer could show that a practice with disparate impact followed `` business necessity '' that was `` related to job performance '' but otherwise such practices would be prohibited . It is not necessary to show any intention to discriminate , just a discriminatory effect . Since amendments by the Civil Rights Act of 1991 , if disparate impact is shown the law requires employers `` to demonstrate that the challenged practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity '' and that any non-discriminatory `` alternative employment practice '' is not feasible . On the other hand , in Ricci v DeStefano five Supreme Court judges held the City of New Haven had acted unlawfully by discarding test results for firefighters , which it concluded could have had an unjustified disparate impact by race . In a further concurrence , Scalia J said `` resolution of this dispute merely postpones the evil day '' when a disparate impact might be found unconstitutional , against the equal protection clause because , in his view , the lack of a good faith defense meant employers were compelled to do `` racial decision making '' that `` is ... discriminatory . '' In dissent , Ginsburg J pointed out that disparate impact theory advances equality , and in no way requires behavior that is not geared to identifying people with skills necessary for jobs . The Paycheck Fairness Act , repeatedly proposed by Democrats such as Hillary Clinton , would prevent employer defenses to sex discrimination that are related to gender . It has been rejected by Republicans in the United States Congress . Both disparate treatment and disparate impact claims may be brought by an individual , or if there is a `` pattern or practice '' by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , the Attorney General , and by class action . Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , Rule 23 a class of people who share a common claim must be numerous , have `` questions of law or fact common to the class '' , have representatives typical of the claimants , who would `` fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class '' . Class actions may be brought , even in favor of people who are not already identified , for instance , if they have been discouraged from applying for jobs , so long as there is sufficiently specific presentation of issues of law and fact to certify the action . Bennett Amendment Affirmative action ( edit ) Main articles : Affirmative action in the US , Board diversity , Disability in the US , Reasonable accommodation , and Positive action <Th_colspan="2"> Affirmative action sources <Td_colspan="2"> Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - ( j ) <Td_colspan="2"> United Steelworkers of America v Weber , 443 US 193 ( 1979 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bushey v New York State Civil Service Comm , 733 F2d 220 ( 1984 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Johnson v Transportation Agency , Santa Clara 480 US 616 ( 1987 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wygant v Jackson Board of Education 476 US 267 ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> United States v Paradise 480 US 149 ( 1987 ) <Td_colspan="2"> City of Richmond v J.A. Croson Co. , 488 US 469 ( 1989 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Adarand Constructors , Inc. v. Peña , 515 US 200 ( 1995 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Morton v Mancari 417 US 535 ( 1974 ) <Td_colspan="2"> EEOC , Guidelines on Affirmative Action ( 2009 ) 29 CFR <Td_colspan="2"> OFCCP Regulations , 41 CFR § 60 <Td_colspan="2"> See US labor law and civil rights Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - ( j ) United Steelworkers of America v. Weber , 443 U.S. 193 ( 1979 ) 5 to 3 held that the Civil Rights Act did not prohibit preference being given to under - represented groups as a temporary measure to correct historical disadvantage . Black workers were assured half the places in an on the job training program , pursuant to a collective agreement . Rehnquist J dissented . Bushey v New York State Civil Service Commission , 733 F2d 220 ( 2nd 1984 ) the use of a separate grading curve on the New York Civil Service Commission entrance test for minority candidates was legitimate Johnson v Transportation Agency , Santa Clara County 480 US 616 ( 1987 ) 7 to 2 , White J and Scalia J dissenting an employer was entitled to give preference to women who possessed qualifications for a job , even if not equally qualified . Local No. 93 , International Association of Firefighters v City of Cleveland 478 US 501 ( 1986 ) a consent decree giving preference in promotions to black fireman in Cleveland was lawful under Title VII , although a District Court would not be entitled to impose a similar preference . Local 28 , Sheet Metal Workers ' International Association v EEOC 478 US 421 ( 1986 ) a district court could have a goal of minority membership in a union that had a history of race discrimination in the construction industry . Wygant v Jackson Board of Education 476 US 267 ( 1986 ) a preference for teachers to be laid off in reverse order of seniority unless this would reduce the percentage of minority teachers was collectively agreed . Held , under strict scrutiny , the preference was unlawful under the Fourteenth Amendment because it was not based on evidence of past discrimination . Marshall J , joined by Brennan J , Blackmun J , Stevens J dissented US v Paradise 480 US 149 ( 1987 ) a judicially ordered preference to remedy longstanding discrimination in the Alabama Department of Public Safety hiring and promotion of state troopers was lawful . City of Richmond v J.A. Croson Co. , 488 US 469 ( 1989 ) 6 to 3 , government contracting according to diversity criteria unlawful . Race preference is subject to strict scrutiny , or more difficult to justify than other remedies for discrimination . Adarand Constructors , Inc. v. Peña , 515 US 200 ( 1995 ) federal agency contracts and subcontracts Piscataway School Board v. Taxman , 91 F3d 1547 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) case dropped , on affirmative action Morton v Mancari 417 US 535 ( 1974 ) held preference of Native Americans in the Bureau of Indian Affairs was compatible with Title VII and the Fifth Amendment , as it was `` reasonably designed to further the cause of Indian self - government and to make the BIA more responsive to the needs of its constituent groups . '' EEOC , Guidelines on Affirmative Action ( 2009 ) 29 CFR § 1608 OFCCP Regulations , 41 CFR § 60 based on Executive Order 11246 , 3 CFR 339 Franklin Delano Roosevelt , suffering from polio , required a wheelchair through his Presidency . Veterans ' Preference Act of 1944 Rehabilitation Act of 1973 , 29 USC § § 705 , 791 - 794e Borkowski v Valley Central School District 63 F3d 131 ( 2nd 1995 ) burden of proof Vande Zande v Wisconsin Department of Administration 44 F3d 538 ( 7th 1995 ) Southeastern Community College v Davis 442 US 397 ( 1979 ) a duty of reasonable accommodation did not apparently amount to a duty of affirmative action under § § 501 -- 3 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 , 42 USC § § 12101 - 12213 Cleveland v Policy Management Systems Corp 562 US 795 ( 1999 ) Sutton v United Airline , Inc 527 US 471 ( 1999 ) Albertson 's Inc v Kirkingburg 527 US 555 ( 1999 ) Murphy v United Parcel Service 527 US 516 ( 1999 ) Toyota Motor Manufacturing Co v Williams 534 US 184 ( 2002 ) US Airways Inc v Barnett 535 US 391 ( 2002 ) bad back , request for transfer against seniority system . Breyer J saying that ( apparently ) seniority systems `` encourage employees to invest in the employing company , accepting ' less than their value to the firm early in their careers ' in return for greater benefits in later years . '' New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer 440 U.S. 568 ( 1979 ) Civil Rights Act of 1964 , legality of discrimination against methadone users Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 , Equality Act of 2015 Free movement and Immigration ( edit ) Main articles : Freedom of movement under United States law , Immigration law , and Immigration to the United States Corfield v. Coryell , 6 Fed . Cas. 546 ( 1823 ) Paul v. Virginia , 75 U.S. 168 ( 1869 ) Hoffman Plastic Compounds , Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board , 535 U.S. 137 ( 2002 ) 5 to 4 , an immigrant worker , who had arrived without permission , denied effective rights under the NLRA 1935 for helping in union organizing . History of immigration to the United States Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 , 8 USC § 1324b and § 1324a `` unlawful employment of aliens '' Illegal immigration to the United States Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 Job security ( edit ) The rate of unemployment in the US with incarceration 1892 - 2016 . Post-WW2 , Democratic administrations have pushed the unemployment rate persistently down , while under Republican presidents the unemployment rate consistently rose . Transfer of employees Howard Johnson Co v Detroit Local Joint Executive Board , 417 US 249 ( 1974 ) 8 to 1 , no duty to bargain in good faith with employees of a transferred restaurant and motor lodge business , where the new employer had retained 9 out of 53 former employees and hired 45 of his own new staff . Dismissal protections ( edit ) See also : Wrongful dismissal , Unfair dismissal , and At - will employment Some state and federal laws presume workers who are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement or an individual employment agreement have `` at - will employment '' . This is a policy that employees ' may be dismissed without notice and for no stated reason . However state and federal laws prohibiting discrimination or protecting the right to organize or engage in whistleblowing activities modify that rule by providing that discharge or other forms of discrimination are illegal if undertaken on grounds specifically prohibited by law . An employment relationship could be terminated by either party at any time without a reason . Starting in 1941 , a series of laws prohibited certain discriminatory firings . That is , in most states , absent an express contractual provision to the contrary , an employer can still fire an employee for no or any reason , as long as it is not a reason in violation of public policy . Most states have modified the general rule that employment is at will by holding that employees may , under that state 's common law , have implied contract rights to fair treatment by their employers . US private - sector employees thus do not have the indefinite contracts ( similar to US academic tenure ) traditionally common in many European countries , Canada and New Zealand . Public employees in both federal and state government are also typically covered by civil service systems that protect them from unjust discharge . Public employees who have enough rights against unjustified discharge by their employers may also acquire a property right in their jobs , which entitles them in turn to additional protections under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Sheets v. Teddy 's Frosted Foods , Inc. 179 Conn. 471 , 427 A. 2d 385 ( 1980 ) Magnan v. Anaconda Industries , Inc 193 Conn. 558 , 479 A. 2d 781 ( 1984 ) the Connecticut Supreme Court held that good faith was a rule of construction , which could not contradict the express terms of a contract . However , the rule of good faith did not require a good reason for a discharge under Connecticut law . Bammert v. Don 's Super Valu , Inc. , 646 N.W. 2d 365 ( Wis . 2002 ) the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that it was not contrary to public policy for an employer to dismiss an employee on grounds of her husband 's drunk driving charge Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet 113 Wis. 2d 561 ( Wis . 1983 ) the Wisconsin Supreme Court acknowledged there could be public policy reasons to hold a dismissal is unlawful . The employer dismissed and employee after another worker sued for sex discrimination and the case had to be settled : dismissal was justified in this case . Fortunato v. Office of Stephen M. Silston , D.D.S. , 856 A. 2d 530 ( Conn . Super . 2004 ) the Connecticut Supreme Court held that it was contrary to public policy for an employer to dismiss his dental assistant because her daughter was contemplating bringing a medical malpractice against him . It was contrary to public policy because it frustrated a person 's right to access the courts . Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. Mine Workers , 531 U.S. 57 ( 2000 ) the right to be dismissed for a `` just cause '' under a collective agreement contained the remedy of reinstatement . The employee tested positive for marijuana twice . The arbitrator found he was discharged without just cause and ordered reinstatement . The Supreme Court held that this could not be found contrary to public policy . Labriola v. Pollard Group , Inc. , 152 Wash. 2d 828 ( 2004 ) there was insufficient consideration to add a non-compete clause to an at - will employee 's contract . Fortune v National Cash Register Co , 373 Mass 96 , 364 NE 2d 1251 ( 1977 ) the employee 's employment was terminated shortly before a large commission on sales fell due . Held that this breached an obligation to perform the contract in good faith . Redundancies ( edit ) Main article : Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act ( the WARN Act ) requires private sector employers to give sixty days ' notice of large - scale layoffs and plant closures ; it allows a number of exceptions for unforeseen emergencies and other cases . Several states have adopted more stringent requirements of their own . Unemployment ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment in the United States The Works Progress Administration , created by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 , created 8.5 m jobs spending $1.3 bn a year to get out of the Great Depression . ... my friends , after this war , there will be a great unemployment problem . The munition plants will be closed and useless , and millions of munitions workers will be thrown out upon the market . And then the time will come to show whether you strikers and you workers believe one hundred per cent for organized labor or only 35 per cent ... First they ignore you . Then they ridicule you . And then they attack you and want to burn you . And then they build monuments to you . And that is what is going to happen to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America . And I say , courage to the strikers , and courage to the delegates , because great times are coming , stressful days are here , and I hope your hearts will be strong , and I hope you will be one hundred per cent union when it comes ! Nicholas Klein , Biennial Convention of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America ( 1918 ) Employment agency Truax v Raich , 239 US 33 ( 1915 ) the right to work is `` of the very essence of the personal freedom and opportunity that it was the purpose of the ( Fourteenth ) Amendment to secure '' Massachusetts Board of Retirement v Murgia 427 US 307 ( 1976 ) no right to a job simply from being a citizen . Brazee v. Michigan , 241 US 340 ( 1916 ) Adams v. Tanner , 244 U.S. 590 ( 1917 ) JR Commons , Principles of Labor Legislation ch VI Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 Reconstruction Finance Corporation and Federal Emergency Relief Administration Works Progress Administration American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Federal Reserve Act 1913 , as amended by the Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 , ( 12 USC § 225a ) , `` The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintain long run growth of the monetary and credit aggregates commensurate with the economy 's long run potential to increase production , so as to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment , stable prices , and moderate long - term interest rates . '' Marriner Stoddard Eccles , Beckoning Frontiers : Public and Personal Recollections ( 1951 ) `` As mass production has to be accompanied by mass consumption , mass consumption , in turn , implies a distribution of wealth ... to provide men with buying power ... Instead of achieving that kind of distribution , a giant suction pump had by 1929 -- 30 drawn into a few hands an increasing portion of currently produced wealth ... The other fellows could stay in the game only by borrowing . When their credit ran out , the game stopped . '' Employment Act of 1946 and the Humphrey -- Hawkins Full Employment Act of 1978 in the United States , and full employment Automatic stabilisers , effective aggregate demand , fiscal stimulus , natural rate of unemployment Trade and International law ( edit ) Main articles : International labor law and International trade law ( The International Labour Organization ... ) `` has for its object the establishment of universal peace , and such a peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice ... conditions of labor exist involving such injustice , hardship , and privation to large numbers of people ... and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required : as , for example , by ... a maximum working day and week , the regulation of the labor supply , the prevention of unemployment , the provision of an adequate living wage , the protection of the worker against sickness , disease and injury arising out of his employment , the protection of children , young persons and women , provision for old age and injury , protection of the interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own , recognition of the principle of freedom of association , the organization of vocational and technical education ... '' Versailles Treaty of 1919 Part XIII US Constitution , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 , Congress has the power : `` To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes . '' Article IV , Section 2 , Clause 1 , `` The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States . '' Freedom of movement under United States law Gibbons v. Ogden , 22 US 1 ( 1824 ) and Paul v Virginia , 75 US 168 ( 1869 ) Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 International Labour Organization and international labor standards Bargaining power , race to the bottom , foreign direct investment , human development , technological change , global workforce , immigration Tariff Act of 1890 , Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 , Great Depression United States free trade agreements , United States International Trade Commission , 19 USC Trade Act of 1974 , Trade Agreements Act of 1979 , Trade Act of 2002 , Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 and Fast track ( trade ) North American Free Trade Agreement , 19 USC ch 21 , § 3301 World Trade Organization and Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 Permanent normal trade relations Trans - Pacific Partnership and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Three potential views are : ( 1 ) expansion of trade is good because it increases the scope for division of labor and expanding markets . So , all customs , taxes , and equivalent restrictions against market access should be dismantled ( 2 ) free trade is bad because it exacerbates labor 's inequality of bargaining power against global capital . Trade should be limited and regulated by systems of taxes and tariffs according to the state of other countries ' development ( 3 ) trade , without barriers to movement of capital , goods and services , improves living standards if labor standards are improved in all countries . This ( a ) discourages emigration from poorer countries : as people 's lives improve they may not want to leave ( b ) requires standards are improved at a rate to ensure stability in capital and labor flows ( c ) in turn requires that standard should not enable workers to be paid less than is necessary for human development and the workers ' rate of productivity . Labor law in individual states ( edit ) California ( edit ) Main articles : California Labor Code and California Department of Fair Employment and Housing In 1959 , California added the Division of Fair Employment Practices to the California Department of Industrial Relations . The Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1980 gave the division its own Department of Fair Employment and Housing , with the stated purpose of protecting citizens against harassment and employment discrimination on the basis of : age , ancestry , color , creed , denial of family and medical care leave , disability ( including HIV / AIDS ) , marital status , medical condition , national origin , race , religion , sex , transgender and orientation . Sexual orientation was not specifically included in the original law but precedent was established based on case law . On October 9 , 2011 , California Governor Edmund G. `` Jerry '' Brown signed into law Assembly Bill No. 887 alters the meaning of gender for the purposes of discrimination laws that define sex as including gender so that California law now prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender identity and gender expression . The state also has its own labor law covering agricultural workers , the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act . New Jersey ( edit ) In 1945 , New Jersey enacted the first statewide civil rights act in the entire nation . with the purpose of protecting citizens against harassment and employment discrimination on the basis of : age , color , nationality , age , disability , creed , national origin , ancestry , sex , pregnancy , domestic partnership , sexual orientation , perceived sexual orientation , civil union status , marital status , affectional orientation , gender identity or expression , genetic information , military service , or mental or physical disability , AIDS and HIV related illnesses and atypical hereditary cellular or blood traits . Laws restricting unions ( edit ) Main article : Right - to - work law Right - to - work states shown in turquoise As of 2017 , twenty - eight states plus Guam prevent trade unions from signing collective agreements with employers requiring employees pay fees to the union when they are not members ( frequently called `` right - to - work '' laws by their political proponents ) . In 2010 , the organization `` Save Our Secret Ballot '' pushed four states : Arizona , South Carolina , South Dakota , and Utah to pass constitutional amendments to ban Card check . Enforcement of rights ( edit ) United States Department of Labor National Labor Relations Board Ford Motor Co. v. NLRB , 305 U.S. 364 ( 1939 ) the right of the NLRB to withdraw its submissions to the Court were at the court 's discretion In re NLRB , 304 U.S. 486 ( 1938 ) to enforce an order , the NLRB must file a petition and transcript with the courts Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Elgin v. Department of Treasury , 567 U.S. ___ ( 2012 ) 6 to 3 , under the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 federal employees have no recourse to the federal courts over wrongful discharge cases , but must instead go to the Merit Systems Protection Board . United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs , 383 U.S. 715 ( 1966 ) state and federal jurisdiction in labor disputes See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Labor law European labour law UK labour law Social law Child labor laws in the United States Organizations American Rights at Work , a charity supporting union rights Congress of Industrial Organizations International Society for Labor Law and Social Security National Labor Federation , an organization supporting workers outside the protection of federal labor laws United States Department of Labor , includes a list of labor legislation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See International Labour Organization , Recent US Labor Market Data ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , 29 USC § 141 Jump up ^ Most statutes explicitly encourage this , including the FLSA 1938 , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 . `` Federal preemption '' rules have , however , restricted experimentation in key areas . These include the National Labor Relations Act 1935 , as the US Supreme Court developed a doctrine not found in the Act , and Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 . Jump up ^ 42 USC § § 301 -- 306 on federally funded state programs and § § 401 -- 434 on federal old age , survivors and disability insurance benefits . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 17 , `` The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce . Nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor , agricultural , or horticultural organizations , instituted for the purposes of mutual help , and not having capital stock or conducted for profit , or to forbid or restrain individual members of such organizations from lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof ; nor shall such organizations , or the members thereof , be held or construed to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade , under the antitrust laws . '' Jump up ^ CRA 1964 § 703 ( a ) ( 1 ) , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 ( a ) , `` Employers must not refuse to hire , discharge or otherwise discriminated ' against any individual with respect to his compensation , terms , conditions or privileges of employment , because of such individual 's race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' Jump up ^ cf International Labour Organization , Termination of Employment Convention , 1982 setting out general principles on fair reasons for discharge of workers . Jump up ^ The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 to the last major statute Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 . CL Estlund , ' The Ossification of American Labor Law ' ( 2002 ) 102 Columbia Law Review 1527 argues that collective labor right `` ossified '' with the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 , after which there was a `` longstanding political impasse at the national level '' . E McGaughey , ' Fascism - Lite in America ( or the Social Ideal of Donald Trump ) ' ( 2018 ) 7 ( 1 ) British Journal of American Legal Studies , 14 , argues that since 1976 , `` No modern judiciary had engaged in a more sustained assault on democracy and human rights . In particular , its attack on labor and democratic society made inequality soar . '' Jump up ^ See JV Orth , Combination and conspiracy : a legal history of trade unionism , 1721 - 1906 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ R v Journeymen - Taylors of Cambridge ( 1721 ) 8 Mod 10 , 88 ER 9 Jump up ^ C Tomlins , ' Reconsidering Indentured Servitude : European Migration and the Early American Labor Force , 1600 -- 1775 ' ( 2001 ) 42 Labor History 5 Jump up ^ ( 1772 ) 98 ER 499 Jump up ^ AW Blumrosen , ' The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield 's Decision in Somerset v Stuart ' ( 2007 ) 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645 Jump up ^ Slave Trade Act 1807 Jump up ^ The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 distributed around £ 20 million , around $3 billion in 2017 dollars . See the UCL Legacies of British Slave - ownership page . Jump up ^ 60 US 393 ( 1857 ) Jump up ^ See also JR Commons , Principles of Labor Legislation ( 1916 ) ch II , 38 - 40 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Cases , 109 US 3 ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ S Perlman , A History of Trade Unionism in the United States ( 1922 ) Jump up ^ 3 Doc Hist 59 ( 1806 ) Jump up ^ 45 Mass . 111 , 4 Metcalf 111 ( 1842 ) Jump up ^ See EE Witte , ' Early American Labor Cases ' ( 1926 ) 35 Yale Law Journal 829 , employers brought at least three successful claims against their employees before 1863 , and fifteen up to 1880 for `` conspiracy '' . See also FB Sayre , ' Criminal Conspiracy ' ( 1922 ) 35 Harvard Law Review 393 . W Holt , ' Labor Conspiracy Cases in the United States , 1805 - 1842 : Bias and Legitimation in Common Law Adjudication ' ( 1984 ) 22 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 591 . ' Tortious Interference with Contractual Relations in the Nineteenth Century ' ( 1980 ) 93 Harvard Law Review 1510 . Jump up ^ L Fink , Workingmen 's Democracy : The Knights of Labor and American Politics ( 1983 ) xii - xiii , it declined due to a ' titanic ' lack of leadership , and divisions . Members turned over quickly . Jump up ^ See U.S. Congress , Senate , Final Report and Testimony Submitted to Congress by the Commission on Industrial Relations ( Government Printing Office , 1916 ) 64th Cong. , 1st sess. , S. Doc . 415 , 2 , 1526 -- 1529 Jump up ^ See TW Hazlett , ' The Legislative History of the Sherman Act Re-examined ' ( 1992 ) 30 Economic Inquiry 263 , 266 and H Hovenkamp , ' Labor Conspiracies in American Law , 1880 - 1930 ' ( 1988 ) 66 Texas Law Review 919 Jump up ^ 64 Fed 724 ( CC Ill 1894 ) , 158 U.S. 564 ( 1895 ) imposed an injunction on the striking workers of the Pullman Company , leading to Eugene Debs being imprisoned . See the Documentary by Bernie Sanders ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ 167 Mass . 92 ( 1896 ) See also Plant v Woods , 176 Mass 492 , 57 NE 1011 ( 1900 ) Jump up ^ 198 US 45 ( 1905 ) Jump up ^ 208 U.S. 274 ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ Now 15 USC § 17 Jump up ^ On the `` science '' of management that developed , see FW Taylor , The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) . Contrast LD Brandeis , ' The Fundamental Cause of Industrial Unrest ' ( 1916 ) vol 8 , 7659 - 7660 from the US Commission on Industrial Relations , Final Report and Testimony ( Government Printing Office 1915 ) Jump up ^ Adair v. United States 208 US 161 ( 1908 ) on yellow - dog contracts being banned in the Erdman Act of 1898 § 10 for railroads , not reversed until the Norris - LaGuardia Act . Also Coppage v Kansas 236 US 1 ( 1915 ) Holmes J , Hughes J and Day J dissenting . Jump up ^ Adkins v Children 's Hospital , 261 US 525 ( 1923 ) Jump up ^ Adams v Tanner , 244 US 590 ( 1917 ) Jump up ^ Duplex Printing Press Co v Deering , 254 US 443 ( 1921 ) Jump up ^ Hammer v. Dagenhart , 247 US 251 ( 1918 ) on the Keating - Owen Act of 1916 . Bailey v Drexel Furniture Co , 259 US 20 ( 1922 ) on federal tax . Jump up ^ See Debs v. United States , 249 US 211 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ State Board of Control v Buckstegge , 158 Pac 837 , 842 ( 1916 ) Arizona Supreme Court striking down a new state pension law . Railroad Retirement Board v Alton Railroad Co , 295 US 330 ( 1935 ) striking down a compulsory contributory pension scheme for rail workers . Jump up ^ See GC Means , ' The Separation of Ownership and Control in American Industry ' ( 1931 ) 46 ( 1 ) The Quarterly Journal of Economics 68 and LD Brandeis , Other People 's Money And How the Bankers Use It ( 1914 ) Jump up ^ See FD Roosevelt , Campaign Address on Progressive Government at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco , California ( 1932 ) written by AA Berle . Jump up ^ ALA Schechter Poultry Corp v US , 295 US 495 ( 1935 ) Jump up ^ 300 US 379 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ See also Copeland `` Anti-kickback '' Act of 1934 , 18 USC § 874 and McNamara -- O'Hara Service Contract Act of 1965 wage rates to be paid as prevail in the locality . Jump up ^ Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Eleventh State of the Union Address ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ See San Diego Building Trades Council v Garmon 359 US 236 ( 1959 ) but contrast Chamber of Commerce v Brown , 522 US 60 ( 2008 ) where Breyer J and Ginsburg J dissented . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education of Topeka , 347 US 483 ( 1954 ) Jump up ^ See 2016 Democratic Party Platform ( July 21 , 2016 Archived November 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ NLRB v Yeshiva University , 444 US 672 , ( 1980 ) , NLRB v Catholic Bishop of Chicago , 440 US 490 ( 1979 ) 5 to 4 on the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , and Hoffman Plastic Compounds v NLRB , 535 US 137 ( 2002 ) 5 to 4 under the NLRA of 1935 Jump up ^ Brown v Hotel and Restaurant Employees , 468 US 491 ( 1984 ) 5 to 4 on the NLRA of 1935 Jump up ^ Mertens v Hewitt Associates , 508 US 248 ( 1993 ) 5 to 4 under ERISA 1974 . See further , E McGaughey , ' Fascism - Lite in America ( or the Social Ideal of Donald Trump ) ' ( 2018 ) 7 ( 1 ) British Journal of American Legal Studies , 14 Jump up ^ e.g. the Dunlop Report of 1994 , Workplace Democracy Act of 1999 , Employee Free Choice Act , Paycheck Fairness Act , Equality Act of 2015 Jump up ^ See Z Adams , L Bishop and S Deakin , CBR Labour Regulation Index ( Dataset of 117 Countries ( Cambridge , Centre for Business Research 2016 ) 761 , United States of America Jump up ^ UDHR 1948 art 17 Jump up ^ See Lochner v New York 198 US 45 ( 1905 ) Jump up ^ 322 U.S. 111 ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ 331 U.S. 704 ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ See also Goldberg v Whitaker House Cooperative , Inc , 366 US 28 ( 1961 ) , on homeworkers making ' knitted , crocheted , and embroidered goods of all kinds . ' Jump up ^ Nationwide Mut Ins Co v Darden , 503 U.S. 318 ( 1992 ) employee under ERISA , rejecting two - prongs of the Fourth Circuit 's substitute test , based on expectations and reliance . Jump up ^ 322 U.S. 111 ( 1944 ) , confirmed in United States v Silk , 331 U.S. 704 ( 1947 ) and Nationwide Mut Ins Co v Darden , 503 U.S. 318 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Restatement of the Law of Agency , Second § 220 and Community for Creative Non-Violence v Reid , 490 US 730 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ 444 U.S. 672 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ 532 U.S. 706 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ cf Clackamas Gastroenterology Associates v Wells , 538 U.S. 440 ( 2003 ) a majority of the Supreme Court held four physician shareholders could potentially be `` employees '' under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . Ginsburg J , joined by Breyer J dissenting on reasoning , held it was clear that they were . Jump up ^ 567 US __ ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ 350 S.E. 2d 83 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 535 U.S. 137 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ See International Labour Organization , Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention , 1948 C087 and Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention , 1949 C098 Jump up ^ Reported in A Hern , ' Uber driver declared employee as the company loses another ruling ' ( September 11 , 2015 ) The Guardian Jump up ^ 413 F. 2d 310 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ See also , Zheng v Liberty Apparel Co , 335 F3d 61 ( 2003 ) Second Circuit , Cabranes J finding joint employment . Jump up ^ 976 F. 2d 805 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Advance Electric , 268 NLRB 1001 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ 425 US 800 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Local No International Union of Operating Engineers v National Labor Relations Board , 518 F. 2d 1040 ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ e.g. Castillo v Case Farms of Ohio , 96 F Supp . 2d 578 ( 1999 ) an employer who used an employment agency called `` American Temp Corps '' , was responsible for how migrant farm workers hired in Texas to work in an Ohio chicken factory , were packed into sub-human transport and living conditions in violation of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers Protection Act of 1983 . Jump up ^ If there is no contract ( written , oral , or by conduct ) a quantum meruit claim for restitution can be available . Jump up ^ See F Kessler , ' Contracts of Adhesion -- Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract ' ( 1943 ) 43 ( 5 ) Columbia Law Review 629 Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Act 1935 § 1 , 29 USC § 151 , `` The inequality of bargaining power between employees who do not possess full freedom of association or actual liberty of contract , and employers who are organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association substantially burdens and affects the flow of commerce , and tends to aggravate recurrent business depressions , by depressing wage rates and the purchasing power of wage earners in industry and by preventing the stabilization of competitive wage rates and working conditions within and between industries . '' Jump up ^ Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 , 29 USC § 202 Jump up ^ e.g. Gade v National Solid Wastes Management Association , 505 US 88 ( 1992 ) holding 5 to 4 that OSHA 1970 preempted Illinois state law that improved training and handling hazardous waste materials . Jump up ^ e.g. Ingersoll - Rand Co v McClendon , 498 US 133 ( 1990 ) holding 6 to 3 that ERISA 1974 precluded a Texas wrongful termination action for denying an employee benefit from the federal statute on general grounds in § 514 . The minority only endorsed preemption on specific ground in § 510 . Jump up ^ See generally BI Sachs , ' Despite Preemption : Making Labor Law in Cities and States ' ( 2011 ) 124 Harvard Law Review 1153 Jump up ^ cf New State Ice Co v Liebmann , 285 US 262 ( 1932 ) per Brandeis J `` To stay experimentation in things social and economic is a grave responsibility . Denial of the right to experiment may be fraught with serious consequences to the nation . It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous State may , if its citizens choose , serve as a laboratory ; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country . This Court has the power to prevent an experiment . '' Jump up ^ JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board 321 US 322 ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ 321 US 322 ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ See McLain v Great American Insurance Co , 208 Cal . App . 3d 1476 ( 1989 ) holding the parol evidence presumption will rarely apply to employment . Jump up ^ 662 A2d 89 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ e.g. Demasse v ITT Corp , 984 P2d 1138 ( 1999 ) in the Arizona Supreme Court Jump up ^ 999 P2d 71 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ See Kirke La Shelle Company v The Paul Armstrong Company et al 263 NY 79 ( 1933 ) and see Restatement ( Second ) of Contracts § 205 Jump up ^ Stark v Circle K Corp , 230 Mont 468 , 751 P2d 162 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ See Foley v Interactive Data Corp , 765 P2d 373 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ This is also referred to as `` mutual trust and confidence '' . See Eastwood v Magnox Electric plc ( 2004 ) UKHL 35 , per Lord Steyn Jump up ^ See Wilson v Racher ( 1974 ) ICR 428 Jump up ^ Johnson v Unisys Limited ( 2001 ) UKHL 13 Jump up ^ Bhasin v Hrynew ( 2014 ) SCR 494 Jump up ^ Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch § 138 . See also Italian Constitution , art 36 Jump up ^ e.g. Alexander v Gardner - Denver Co , 415 U.S. 36 ( 1974 ) state policy favoring arbitration , but arbitrator decision can be reviewed de novo on employment rights . Jump up ^ 556 U.S. 247 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ See also AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion , 563 U.S. 333 ( 2011 ) 5 to 4 , binding arbitration can be imposed in class action cases for employment and consumer rights Jump up ^ On economic and political theory , see JS Mill , Principles of Political Economy ( 1848 ) Book V , ch XI , § § 9 -- 11 and generally Shelley v. Kraemer , 334 US 1 ( 1948 ) Jump up ^ Massachusetts Bay Colony Records ( 1641 ) vol I , 223 . See also JR Commons , History of Labor in the United States ( Macmillan 1918 ) vol I , ch II , 50 Jump up ^ Adkins v Children 's Hospital , ( www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1923/78.html 261 US 525 ) ( 1923 ) per Taft CJ ( dissenting ) . The majority held a minimum wage passed by Congress for young people and women in Washington DC was unconstitutional . Continued in Murphy v Sardell , 269 US 530 ( 1925 ) wage laws for young people struck down , Brandeis J dissenting and Holmes J objecting . Jump up ^ 300 US 379 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ United States v Darby Lumber Co , 312 US 100 ( 1941 ) dismissed a challenge to the FLSA 1938 being constitutional . Jump up ^ FLSA 1938 , 29 USC § 202 ( a ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 207 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 218 ( a ) . Jump up ^ See the California Labor Code § 1182.12 , requiring a $10 per hour wage from 2016 . New York Consolidated Laws LAB art 19 , requires $9 per hour from 2016 . Lawsuits from business groups have mostly been rejected , e.g. in New Mexicans for Free Enterprise v Santa Fe , 138 NM 785 ( 2005 ) the City of Santa Fe enacted a minimum wage ordinance , above the federal and state wages . Businesses challenged it as being beyond the City 's powers . Fry J held that the ordinance was lawful and constitutional . Jump up ^ 527 US 706 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Souter J , Stevens J , Ginsburg J , Breyer J dissented . Jump up ^ This brought the effective position back to National League of Cities v Usery , 426 US 833 ( 1976 ) where 5 judges to 4 , held the FLSA 1938 could not be constitutionally applied to state governments . Brennan , White , Marshall , Stevens J dissenting . Yet in Garcia v San Antonio Metro Transit Authority , 469 US 528 ( 1985 ) 5 judges to 4 upheld extension of the FLSA 1938 to state and local government workers . There was authority under the FLSA consistent with the Tenth Amendment to extend the Act 's protection to public transport employees . Blackmun J gave the majority opinion . Powell , Burger , Rehnquist , O'Connor J dissenting . Jump up ^ See today FLSA 1938 , 29 USC § 203 ( r ) - ( s ) . Previously , Walling v Jacksonville Paper Co , 317 US 564 ( 1943 ) . See also AB Kirschbaum Co v Walling 316 US 517 ( 1942 ) , workers building for firms that would not do interstate commerce were not covered , and Borden Co v Borella 325 US 679 ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ FLSA 1938 , 29 USC § 203 ( s ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 213 n.b. the statute does not make clear what justifications there are for any exemptions . Jump up ^ 519 US 452 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ See Adams v United States , 44 Fed Claims 772 ( 1999 ) and Erichs v Venator Group , Inc 128 F Supp 2d 1255 ( ND Cal 2001 ) Jump up ^ 551 U.S. 158 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ These theories , although not accompanied by empirical evidence , include M Friedman , ' The Methodology of Positive Economics ' in M Friedman , Essays in Positive Economics ( University of Chicago Press 1953 ) 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ e.g. DE Card and AB Krueger , Myth and Measurement : The New Economics of the Minimum Wage ( 1995 ) and S Machin and A Manning , ' Minimum wages and economic outcomes in Europe ' ( 1997 ) 41 European Economic Review 733 Jump up ^ Under 29 USC § 211 ( c ) employers must keep payroll records for evidence of working time . Jump up ^ Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America 325 US 161 ( 1945 ) time traveling to work through the coal mine did count as working because it ( 1 ) required physical and mental exertion that was ( 2 ) controlled and required by the employer ( 3 ) for the employer 's benefit . See also , Tennessee Coal , Iron & Railroad Co v Muscoda Local No 123 , 321 US 590 ( 1944 ) travel to work , once underground , was working time . Jump up ^ 328 US 680 ( 1946 ) Jump up ^ 328 US 680 ( 1946 ) per Murphy J. See also Morillion v Royal Packing Co , 22 Cal 4th 575 ( 2000 ) the California Supreme Court held an employer must pay for hours traveling on company vehicles . Jump up ^ 323 U.S. 126 ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ See Martin v Onion Turnpike Commission 968 F2d 606 ( 6th 1992 ) See also Merrill v Exxon Corp , 387 FSupp 458 ( SD Tex 1974 ) while pep meetings are working , but Department of Labor approved standard apprenticeship mandatory training was not working time . Jump up ^ Steiner v Mitchell 350 US 247 ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ IBP Inc v Alvarez , 546 US 21 ( 2005 ) Stevens J for a unanimous court . Jump up ^ 323 US 37 ( 1944 ) Murphy J holding that higher afternoon wages did not count as `` premium '' pay that could be ignored . Jump up ^ 529 US 576 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ See also Skidmore v Swift & Co , 323 US 134 ( 1944 ) the Department of Labor 's recommendations over what counted as overtime would be given a level of deference commensurate with its persuasiveness , the thoroughness of investigation , its consistency , and the validity of its reasoning . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 1672 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 254 . See McLaughlin v Richland Shoe Co , 468 US 128 ( 1988 ) Stevens J , ' willful ' means reckless disregard for whether conduct was forbidden by the state . Brennan J and Blackmun J dissented . Jump up ^ See R Ray , M Sanes and J Schmitt , ' No Vacation Nation Revisited ' ( Washington DC 2013 ) Center for Economic and Policy Research 1 , `` the average worker in the private sector in the United States receives only about ten days of paid vacation and about six paid holidays per year '' . Jump up ^ See the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , ' Average annual hours actually worked per worker ' ( Retrieved August 9 , 2016 ) showing 1790 hours per year in the US , 1674 hours in the UK , and 1371 in Germany . OECD , ' Society at a glance 2009 : OECD social indicators ' ( 2009 ) 39 , Figure 2.17 Jump up ^ See also the International Labour Organization , Holidays with Pay Convention 1970 ( http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C132 no 132 ) ) art 3 , which requires members to specify paid annual leave , and says `` The holiday shall in no case be less than three working weeks for one year of service . '' The US has not ratified this convention , although it is a founding member of the International Labour Organization . Jump up ^ See 5 USC § 6303 . These are ( 1 ) New Year 's Day ( 2 ) Martin Luther King Jr 's Birthday ( 3 ) Washington 's Birthday ( 4 ) Memorial Day ( 5 ) Independence Day ( 6 ) Labor Day ( 7 ) Columbus Day ( 8 ) Veterans Day ( 9 ) Thanksgiving Day ( 10 ) Christmas Day . Jump up ^ Holidays with Pay Convention 1970 ( no 132 ) Jump up ^ See HB 2238 Jump up ^ See the Working Time Directive 2003 art 7 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 207 Jump up ^ FLSA 1938 , 29 USC § 213 Jump up ^ See FT de Vyver , ' The Five - Day Week ' ( 1930 ) 33 ( 2 ) Current History 223 . Rybczynski , Waiting for the Weekend ( 1991 ) 142 Jump up ^ 198 US 45 ( 1905 ) Jump up ^ West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish , 300 US 379 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ California , New Jersey , Rhode Island and New York Jump up ^ On the economic effects of rules , see J Frieson , ' The Response of Wages to Protective Labor Legislation : Evidence from Canada ' ( 1996 ) 49 ( 2 ) ILR Review 243 ( showing empirical evidence that wages do not fall in unionized workplaces where workers have sufficient bargaining power ) . Contrast L Summers , ' Some simple economics of mandated benefits ' ( 1989 ) 79 ( 2 ) American Economic Review 177 ( theorizing ( without evidence ) that pay will fall to compensate for the cost of any mandated benefit , such as family and medical leave ) . Jump up ^ But under 29 USC § 2611 ( 2 ) employees `` at which such employer employs less than 50 employees if the total number of employees employed by that employer within 75 miles of that worksite is less than 50 . '' Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2512 ( a ) ( 2 ) and on adoption , see Kelley v Crosfield Catalysts 135 F2d 1202 ( 7th Circuit 1998 ) The same rules for federal employees were codified in 5 USC § § 6381 -- 6387 . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2612 ( a ) ( 2 ) and 29 USC § 2612 ( f ) mothers and fathers must share time if they work for the same employer . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2612 ( e ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2612 ( e ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2614 ( c ) . If an employee quits , the employer is enabled to recoup costs . Jump up ^ 535 US 81 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2614 ( b ) . Under 29 USC § 2612 ( b ) ( 2 ) employers may transfer employees to another position with similar pay and benefits if health absences could be intermittent . Under § 2618 special rules apply for employees of local educational agencies . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2617 , and see Frizzell v Southwest Motor Freight , 154 F3d 641 ( 6th Circuit 1998 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2617 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( iii ) Jump up ^ See Moore v Payless Shoe Source ( 8th Circuit 1998 ) Jump up ^ e.g. D Paquette , ' The enormous ambition of Hillary Clinton 's child - care plan ' ( May 12 , 2016 ) The Washington Post Jump up ^ See generally WC Greenough and FP King , Pension plans and public policy ( 1976 ) , S Sass , The Promise of Private Pensions : The First 100 Years ( Harvard University Press 1997 ) Jump up ^ See JR Commons and JB Andrews , Principles of Labor Legislation ( 1920 ) 423 -- 438 Jump up ^ See 42 USC ch 7 Jump up ^ See L Conant , A Critical Analysis of Industrial Pension Systems ( 1922 ) and MW Latimer , Trade Union Pension Systems ( 1932 ) Jump up ^ See LMRA 1947 , 29 USC § 186 ( c ) ( 5 ) ( B ) Jump up ^ This followed Carnegie 's attendance the Commission on Industrial Relations in 1916 to explain labor unrest . See W Greenough , It 's My Retirement Money -- Take Good Care of It : The TIAA - CREF Story ( Irwin 1990 ) 11 -- 37 , and E McGaughey , Participation in Corporate Governance ( 2014 ) ch 6 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ 26 USC § 401 ( k ) Jump up ^ On the theory behind automatic enrolment , see R Thaler and S Benartzi , ' Save more tomorrow : Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Savings ' ( 2004 ) 112 ( 1 ) Journal of Political Economy 164 and E McGaughey , ' Behavioural economics and labour law ' ( 2014 ) LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 20 / 2014 Jump up ^ This could include any Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association , such as for child care cover , sick leave , fringe benefits or extra unemployment insurance . Jump up ^ 680 F2d 263 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ ERISA 1974 , 29 USC § § 1022 -- 1133 Jump up ^ Rhorer v Raytheon Engineers and Constructors , Inc 181 F3d 364 ( 5th 1999 ) a plan beneficiary can enforce terms in the summary plan description , even if the underlying document conflicts . Jump up ^ ERISA 1974 , 29 USC § 1052 Jump up ^ ERISA 1974 , 29 USC § 1081 -- 1102 , containing detailed rules . Jump up ^ ERISA 1974 , 29 USC § 1053 . The employer can extend to 7 years , with staggered vesting and a labor union can collectively agree for up to 10 years . Most will seek the shortest period of time . Jump up ^ ERISA 1974 , 29 USC § 1054 Jump up ^ ERISA 1974 , 29 USC § 1058 Jump up ^ Patterson v Shumate , 504 US 753 ( 1992 ) Blackmun J , a pension is treated like a right under a spendthrift trust , so in bankruptcy proceedings , pensions can not be taken away . Scalia J concurred . See again , Guidry v Sheet Metal Workers National Pension Fund , 493 US 365 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ 517 US 882 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ cf Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd ( 1991 ) 1 WLR 589 and Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman ( 2000 ) UKHL 39 Jump up ^ 490 US 714 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 1140 , however see the highly controversial case McGann v H&H Music Co ( 5th 1991 ) where a man diagnosed HIV positive , filed for treatment under work health care plan . The employer changed the plan to limit AIDS treatment to $5000 . Fifth Circuit held the employer 's motive was not specifically to injure the worker but to control costs and apparently lawful . Jump up ^ See EP Serota and FA Brodie ( eds ) , ERISA Fiduciary Law ( 2nd edn 2007 ) . In general , people who manage other people 's money will be a `` fiduciary '' in law , and bound by special duties . The core duty is to avoid any possibility of a conflict of interest . Other duties that fiduciaries have ( but any agent may also have ) include the duty of care , skill and competence ( i.e. not to be negligent ) and the duty to follow the terms of one 's assignment . Discussed further in Peacock v Thomas 516 US 349 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 1104 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( D ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 1104 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( B ) - ( C ) Jump up ^ Varity Corp v Howe 516 US 489 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ United States Department of Labor , Interpretive bulletin relating to written statements of investment policy , including proxy voting policy or guidelines ( 1994 ) 29 CFR 2509.94 -- 2 , `` The fiduciary duties described at ERISA Sec. 404 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) and ( B ) , require that , in voting proxies , the responsible fiduciary consider those factors that may affect the value of the plan 's investment and not subordinate the interests of the participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income to unrelated objectives . These duties also require that the named fiduciary appointing an investment manager periodically monitor the activities of the investment manager with respect to the management of plan assets , including decisions made and actions taken by the investment manager with regard to proxy voting decisions . The named fiduciary must carry out this responsibility solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries and without regard to its relationship to the plan sponsor . '' Jump up ^ See Meinhard v Salmon , 164 NE 545 ( NY 1928 ) and Keech v Sandford ( 1726 ) EWHC Ch J76 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 1104 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 1106 Jump up ^ 680 F2d 263 ( 1982 ) per Friendly J , `` We do not mean by this either that trustees confronted with a difficult decision need always engage independent counsel or that engaging such counsel and following their advice will operate as a complete whitewash ... perhaps , after the events of late September , resignation was the only proper course . '' Jump up ^ e.g. Local 144 , Nursing Home Pension Fund v Demisay , 508 US 581 ( 1992 ) and Great - West Life & Annuity Insurance Co v Knudson 534 US 204 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 1144 Jump up ^ Shaw v Delta Air Lines , Inc , 463 US 85 ( 1983 ) per Blackmun J Jump up ^ Ingersoll - Rand Co v McClendon , 498 US 133 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Egelhoff v Egelhoff , 532 US 141 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Metropolitan Life Insurance Co v Massachusetts 471 US 724 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ FMC Corp v Holliday 498 US 52 ( 1990 ) per O'Connor J. Stevens J dissented . See also District of Columbia v Greater Washington Board of Trade , 506 US 125 ( 1992 ) Stevens J dissented . Jump up ^ Rush Prudential HMO , Inc. v. Moran , 536 US 355 ( 2002 ) Souter J , 5 to 4 , held an Illinois statute requiring ' independent medical review ' of a denial of a claim for treatment under an HMO contract was not preempted because it was insurance regulation . Jump up ^ See HR 1277 , Title III , § 301 Jump up ^ See earlier , LD Brandeis , Other People 's Money And How the Bankers Use It ( 1914 ) an JS Taub , ' Able but Not Willing : The Failure of Mutual Fund Advisers to Advocate for Shareholders ' Rights ' ( 2009 ) 34 ( 3 ) The Journal of Corporation Law 843 , 876 Jump up ^ ERISA 1974 , 29 USC § 1102 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 1105 ( d ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 302 ( c ) ( 5 ) ( B ) Jump up ^ See US Department of Labor , Critical , Endangered and WRERA Status Notices ' ( Retrieved August 11 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ See D Hess , ' Protecting and Politicizing Public Pension Fund Assets : Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Governance Structures and Practices ' ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 39 UC Davis LR 187 , 195 . The recommended Uniform Management of Public Employee Retirement Systems Act of 1997 § 17 ( c ) ( 3 ) suggested funds publicize their governance structures . This was explicitly adopted by a number of states , while others already followed the same best practice . Jump up ^ See , sponsored by Peter Visclosky , Joint Trusteeship Bill of 1989 HR 2664 . See further R Cook , ' The Case for Joint Trusteeship of Pension Plans ' ( 2002 ) WorkingUSA 25 . Most recently , the Employees ' Pension Security Act of 2008 ( HR 5754 ) § 101 would have amended ERISA 1974 § 403 ( a ) to insert ' The assets of a pension plan which is a single - employer plan shall be held in trust by a joint board of trustees , which shall consist of two or more trustees representing on an equal basis the interests of the employer or employers maintaining the plan and the interests of the participants and their beneficiaries . ' Jump up ^ See HR 1277 , Title III , § 301 Jump up ^ This inserted a new Securities Exchange Act of 1934 § 6 ( b ) ( 10 ) Jump up ^ Text of the Occupational Safety and Health Act Jump up ^ `` U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History , 1913 -- 2011 '' . Tax Foundation . September 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See San Diego Building Trades Council v Garmon 359 US 236 ( 1959 ) but contrast Chamber of Commerce v Brown , 522 US 60 ( 2008 ) where Breyer J and Ginsburg J dissented . Jump up ^ See E Appelbaum and LW Hunter , ' Union Participation in Strategic Decisions of Corporations ' in RB Freeman ( ed ) , Emerging labor market institutions for the twenty - first century ( 2005 ) and LW Hunter , ' Can Strategic Participation be Institutionalized ? Union Representation on American Corporate Boards ' ( 1998 ) 51 ( 4 ) Industrial and Labor Relations Review 557 Jump up ^ A Cox , DC Bok , MW Finkin and RA Gorman , Labor Law : Cases and Materials ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ 15 USC § 17 Jump up ^ NLRA 1935 , 29 USC § 151 Jump up ^ See San Diego Building Trades Council v Garmon 359 US 236 ( 1959 ) and previously Garner v Teamsters Local 776 , 346 US 485 , 490 ( 1953 ) and most recently Chamber of Commerce v Brown , 522 US 60 ( 2008 ) Breyer J and Ginsburg J dissented . Jump up ^ BI Sachs , ' Revitalizing labor law ' ( 2010 ) 31 ( 2 ) Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 333 and CL Estlund , ' The Ossification of American Labor Law ' ( 2002 ) 102 Columbia LR 1527 . See further BI Sachs , ' Despite Preemption : Making Labor Law in Cities and States ' ( 2011 ) 1224 Harvard Law Review 1153 , 1162 - 3 , ' Scholars have repeatedly noted the central problems . When it comes to the rules of organizing , the regime provides employers with too much latitude to interfere with employees ' efforts at self - organization , while offering unions too few rights to communicate with employees about the merits of unionization . The NLRB 's election machinery is dramatically too slow , enabling employers to defeat organizing drives through delay and attrition . The NLRB 's remedial regime is also too weak to protect employees against employer retaliation . And , with respect to the statute 's goal of facilitating collective bargaining , the regime 's `` good faith '' bargaining obligation is rendered meaningless by the Board 's inability to impose contract terms as a remedy for a party 's failure to negotiate in good faith . ' Jump up ^ See NAACP v Alabama , 357 US 449 ( 1958 ) referring to the `` constitutionally protected right of association '' . Jump up ^ JR Commons , History of Labor in the United States ( Macmillan 1918 ) vol I , ch 1 , 25 Jump up ^ JB Commons , A Documentary History of American Industrial Society ( 1910 ) Jump up ^ A Cox , DC Bok , MW Finkin and RA Gorman , Labor Law : Cases and Materials ( 2006 ) 11 . The federation collapsed during the Panic of 1837 . Jump up ^ 45 Mass . 111 , 4 Metcalf 111 ( 1842 ) See further EE Witte , ' Early American Labor Cases ' ( 1926 ) 35 Yale Law Journal 829 , finding that only three cases on conspiracy were brought between 1842 and 1863 . But at least 15 cases were brought between 1863 and 1880 . Jump up ^ In re Debs , 64 Fed 724 ( CC Ill 1894 ) , 158 U.S. 564 ( 1895 ) Jump up ^ 208 US 274 ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ cf ILO Freedom of Association Convention 1948 c 87 , art 3 ( 1 ) `` Workers ' and employers ' organisations shall have the right to draw up their constitutions and rules , to elect their representatives in full freedom , to organise their administration and activities and to formulate their programmes . '' Jump up ^ See historically TW Glocker , The Government of American Trade Unions ( 1913 ) ch XI , and American Civil Liberties Union , Democracy in Trade Unions : A survey , with a program of action ( 1943 ) Jump up ^ See the McClellan Committee , Interim Report of the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field , S Rep No 1417 , 85th Cong , 2d Sess 60 ff . Summarized by JR Grodin , Union Government and the Law : British and American Experiences ( 1961 ) 158 -- 159 . There was minor wrongdoing found in four other unions , recounted in RF Kennedy , The Enemy Within ( 1960 ) 190 -- 212 . At the Bakery and Confectionary Workers , the president had doubled his salary . At the Allied Trades Unions the Vice President made a self - dealing transaction . At the International Union of Operating Engineers officials had extorted money from employers . At the United Textile Workers Union , the president and treasurer bought second homes . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 411 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 481 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 481 Jump up ^ De Veau v. Braisted , 363 U.S. 144 ( 1960 ) 5 to 3 , the dissenting judges argued that state law could introduce no additional requirement to those in the NLRA 1935 . See also Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees , 468 US 491 ( 1984 ) 4 to 3 , New Jersey could impose a requirement that all union officials in a casino had no association with organized crime , consistently with NLRA 1935 § 7 . The dissent argued that the requirement was disproportionate because it applied penalties to the whole union rather than the officials . Jump up ^ e.g. JR Grodin , Union Government and the Law : British and American Experiences ( 1961 ) 159 , `` there is little doubt that in nearly every case ( against Beck ) a court would agree that conduct found by the committee to be `` improper '' was also a violation of the union officer 's fiduciary obligation . So far as substance , as distinguished from remedy , is concerned , it appears that existing common law ( was ) probably adequate . '' Jump up ^ Trbovich v. United Mine Workers , 404 U.S. 528 ( 1972 ) See also Hall v Cole , 412 U.S. 1 ( 1973 ) holding that if plaintiffs are successful , they can be awarded fees . Jump up ^ Dunlop v. Bachowski , 421 U.S. 560 ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ For a contrasting set of views , compare MJ Nelson , ' Slowing Union Corruption : Reforming the Landrum - Griffin Act to Better Combat Union Embezzlement ' ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 8 George Mason Law Review 527 Jump up ^ See the ITUC , Constitution ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 158 ( a ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 164 ( b ) Jump up ^ 367 US 740 ( 1961 ) , states that `` a union may constitutionally compel contributions from dissenting nonmembers in an agency shop only for the costs of performing the union 's statutory duties as exclusive bargaining agent . '' See also Lincoln Fed Labor Union 19129 v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co , 335 US 525 ( 1949 ) . Communications Workers of America v. Beck , 487 US 735 ( 1988 ) 5 to 3 that unions could have an agreement with employers that fees be collected to pay for the union 's activities , but only up to the point that it was necessary to cover its costs . Locke v. Karass , 129 S Ct 798 ( 2008 ) legitimate costs included the Maine State Employees Association 's costs for in national arbitration litigation . Jump up ^ United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations , 335 U.S. 106 ( 1948 ) there was no violation of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act 1910 in a union publicly advocating for particular Congress members to be elected . Jump up ^ Buckley v Valeo , 424 US 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ 435 US 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ 558 US 310 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ 431 US 209 ( 1977 ) See further Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Association , 500 US 507 ( 1991 ) 5 to 4 , the union can require nonmembers to give service fee contributions only for its activities as an exclusive bargaining agent , and not for political activities . Also Davenport v. Washington Education Association , 551 US 177 ( 2007 ) state legislation could require , consistently with the First Amendment , that a union member opts into the fund for political expenditure . Jump up ^ 573 US __ ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ 578 US __ ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ 15 USC § 17 Jump up ^ 208 US 161 ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ 236 US 1 ( 1915 ) Jump up ^ In Adair , from Holmes J and McKenna J , and in Coppage from Holmes J , Day J and Hughes J Jump up ^ 29 USC § § 101 -- 115 . This was approved and applied by New Negro Alliance v Sanitary Grocery Co , 303 US 552 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 104 Jump up ^ This reenacted labor provisions from the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 , after A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp v United States , 295 US 495 ( 1935 ) struck it down . Jump up ^ NLRA 1935 , 29 USC § 157 , `` Employees shall have the right to self - organization , to form , join , or assist labor organizations , to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing , and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection . '' Jump up ^ NLRA 1935 , 29 USC § 152 ( 2 ) . See the Federal Labor Relations Act of 1978 . There are special rules for the United States Department of Homeland Security . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 152 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 158 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ 440 US 490 ( 1979 ) Brennan J for the four dissenting justices said an exception for this employer was not in § 152 ( 2 ) , it was twice rejected in 1935 and 1947 , it was `` invented by the Court for the purpose of deciding this case '' , and was a `` cavalier exercise in statutory interpretation '' . Joined by White J , Marshall J , Blackmun J . Jump up ^ 563 F3d 492 ( DC 2009 ) Jump up ^ R Eisenbrey and L Mishel , ' Supervisor in Name Only : Union Rights of Eight Million Workers at Stake in Labor Board Ruling ' ( 2006 ) Economic Policy Institute Issue Brief # 225 Jump up ^ See Bureau of Labor Statistics , ' Union Members -- 2015 ' ( January 28 , 2016 ) recording 14.8 m union members , 16.4 m people covered by collective bargaining or union representation . Union membership was 7.4 % in private sector , but 39 % in the public sector . In the five largest states , California has 15.9 % union membership , Texas 4.5 % , Florida 6.8 % , New York 24.7 % ( the highest in the country ) , and Illinois 15.2 % . See further OECD , Trade Union Density ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Jump up ^ See HS Farber and B Western , ' Ronald Reagan and the Politics of Declining Union Organization ' ( 2002 ) 40 ( 3 ) British Journal of Industrial Relations 385 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 153 Jump up ^ 29 USC § 159 ( b ) . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 159 ( a ) Jump up ^ BI Sachs , ' Revitalizing labor law ' ( 2010 ) 31 ( 2 ) BJELL 335 -- 6 Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board , Seventy Fourth Annual Report ( 2009 ) 152 Jump up ^ 321 US 332 ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ 323 US 248 ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ 306 US 332 ( 1939 ) 5 to 2 Jump up ^ 560 US 674 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ H.R. 1409 , S. 560 . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 185 and see Textile Workers Union of America v Lincoln Mills 353 US 448 ( 1957 ) holding federal law is to be applied to promote national uniformity and carry out policies in the national labor laws . Jump up ^ Charles Dowd Box Co v Courtney , 368 US 502 ( 1962 ) Also Avco Corporation v Machinists , Aero Lodge 735 , 390 US 557 ( 1968 ) suits to enforce collective agreements may be removed from state court to federal court . Jump up ^ 9 USC § § 1 ff Jump up ^ 363 US 574 ( 1960 ) See also United Steelworkers v American Manufacturing Co 363 US 564 ( 1960 ) construction or interpretation of an agreement is for the arbitrator , not the court to decide , and the court must order arbitration even if a claim made seems frivolous . Jump up ^ United Steelworkers v Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp 363 US 593 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ United Paperworkers v Misco , Inc 484 US 29 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ 415 US 36 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ 556 U.S. 247 ( 2009 ) joined by Roberts CJ , Scalia J , Kennedy J and Alito J Jump up ^ See also AT&T Mobility v Concepcion , 563 U.S. 333 ( 2011 ) another 5 to 4 decision on consumers . Jump up ^ S. 987 and H.R. 1873 Jump up ^ HR 8410 , 95th Cong ( 1977 ) S 1883 , 95th Cong ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ HR 1409 . S 560 . Jump up ^ 307 US 496 ( 1939 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 158 Jump up ^ 301 US 1 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ Filler Products Inc v NLRB 376 F2d 369 ( 4th 1967 ) Jump up ^ e.g. Sunbelt Manufacturing Inc , AFL - CIO , 308 NLRB 780 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ 373 US 221 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ 380 US 263 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Inc. , 525 US 33 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ 420 US 251 ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Epilepsy Foundation of North - east Ohio v NLRB ( DC 2001 ) Jump up ^ 440 US 301 ( 1979 ) Stevens , White , Brennan , Marshall J dissented . Jump up ^ 502 US 527 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ 473 US 95 ( 1985 ) Blackmun , Brennan , Marshall , Stevens J dissented . Jump up ^ Sources : E McGaughey , ' Do corporations increase inequality ? ' ( 2015 ) TLI Think ! Paper 32 / 2016 , 29 . Bureau of Labor Statistics , Series D 940 -- 945 and Thomas Piketty ( 2014 ) Technical Appendices , Table S9. 2 Jump up ^ See further RL Hogler and GJ Grenier , Employee Participation and Labor Law in the American Workplace ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ See A Cox and MJ Seidman , ' Federalism and Labor Relations ' ( 1950 ) 64 Harvard Law Review 211 called for ' an integrated public labor policy ' and warned ' enforcement of ... state regulation will thwart the development of federal policy . ' A Cox , Federalism in the Law of Labor Relations ( 1954 ) 67 Harvard Law Review 1297 argued for a ' rule of total federal preemption ' for ' uniformity ' . A Cox , ' Labor Law Preemption Revisited ' ( 1972 ) 85 Harvard Law Review 1337 . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 218 ( a ) . Jump up ^ 346 US 485 ( 1953 ) per Jackson J Jump up ^ 359 US 236 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ 359 US 236 ( 1959 ) as Frankfurter J put it , `` because the amount of interstate commerce involved did not meet the Board 's monetary standards in taking jurisdiction ... '' Jump up ^ 427 US 132 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ 475 US 608 ( 1986 ) Rehnquist J dissented . Jump up ^ 522 US 60 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Building & Construction Trades Council v Associated Builders & Contractors of Massachusetts / Rhode Island , Inc 507 US 218 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders and Jane Sanders , Eugene V. Debs Documentary ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ See ' Cesar Chavez Explains Boycotts ' and ' Cesar Chavez speaking at UCLA 10 / 11 / 1972 ' . Jump up ^ See generally RL Hogler and GJ Grenier , Employee Participation and Labor Law in the American Workplace ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ See the popular text by the former Dean of Harvard Law School , RC Clark , Corporate Law ( 1986 ) 32 , ' even if your aim is not to understand all of law 's effects on corporate activities but only to grasp the basic legal ' constitution ' or make - up of the modern corporation , you must , at the very least , also gain a working knowledge of labor law . ' Jump up ^ See the Reward Work Act , S. 2605 , sponsored by Tammy Baldwin , Elizabeth Warren , Brian Schatz , joined by Kirsten Gillibrand . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Laws , General Laws , Part I Administration of the Government , Title XII Corporations , ch 156 Business Corporations , § 23 . This was originally introduced by An Act to enable manufacturing corporations to provide for the representation of their employees on the board of directors ( April 3 , 1919 ) Chap. 0070 . For an example , see C Magruder , ' Labor Copartnership in Industry ' ( 1921 ) 35 Harvard Law Review 910 , 915 , mentioning the Dennison Manufacturing Co at Framingham . Jump up ^ NM Clark , Common Sense in Labor Management ( 1919 ) 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ See WO Douglas and CM Shanks , Cases and Materials on the Law of Management of Business Units ( Callaghan 1931 ) ch 1 ( 7 ) 130 and JR Commons , Industrial Government ( 1921 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ See generally JR Commons and JB Andrews , Principles of Labor Legislation ( 1920 ) and US Congress , Report of the Committee of the Senate Upon the Relations between Labor and Capital ( Washington DC 1885 ) vol II , 806 on Straiton & Storm . Jump up ^ See Commission on Industrial Relations , Final Report and Testimony ( 1915 ) vol 1 , 92 ff , and LD Brandeis , The Fundamental Cause of Industrial Unrest ( 1916 ) vol 8 , 7672 , C Magruder , ' Labor Copartnership in Industry ' ( 1921 ) 35 Harvard Law Review 910 and S Webb and B Webb , The History of Trade Unionism ( 1920 ) Appendix VIII Jump up ^ See further , www.worker-participation.eu , E McGaughey , ' Votes at Work in Britain : Shareholder Monopolisation and the ' Single Channel ' ( 2018 ) 15 ( 1 ) Industrial Law Journal 76 and ' The Codetermination Bargains : The History of German Corporate and Labour Law ' ( 2016 ) 23 ( 1 ) Columbia Journal of European Law 135 . Jump up ^ Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker - Management Relations : Final Report ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ See the Reward Work Act , S. 2605 , sponsored by Tammy Baldwin , Elizabeth Warren , Brian Schatz , joined by Kirsten Gillibrand . Jump up ^ See further JR Commons , Industrial Government ( 1921 ) ch 6 and LD Brandeis , Other People 's Money And How the Bankers Use It ( 1914 ) Jump up ^ n.b. The New Jersey Revised Statute ( 1957 ) § 14.9 -- 1 to 3 expressly empowered employee representation on boards , but has subsequently been left out of the code . See further JB Bonanno , ' Employee Codetermination : Origins in Germany , present practice in Europe and applicability to the United States ' ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 14 Harvard Journal on Legislation 947 Jump up ^ e.g. RA Dahl , ' Power to the Workers ? ' ( November 19 , 1970 ) New York Review of Books 20 Jump up ^ See B Hamer , ' Serving Two Masters : Union Representation on Corporate Boards of Directors ' ( 1981 ) 81 ( 3 ) Columbia Law Review 639 , 640 and ' Labor Unions in the Boardroom : An Antitrust Dilemma ' ( 1982 ) 92 ( 1 ) Yale Law Journal 106 Jump up ^ American Telephone & Telegraph Company , CCH Federal Securities Law Reporter 79,658 ( 1974 ) see JW Markham , ' Restrictions on Shared Decision - Making Authority in American Business ' ( 1975 ) 11 California Western Law Review 217 , 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ This was stalled by litigation in Business Roundtable v SEC , 647 F3d 1144 ( DC Cir 2011 ) Jump up ^ JD Blackburn , ' Worker Participation on Corporate Directorates : Is America Ready for Industrial Democracy ? ' ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 18 Houston Law Review 349 Jump up ^ ' The Unions Step on Board ' ( October 27 , 1993 ) Financial Times Jump up ^ PJ Purcell , ' The Enron Bankruptcy and Employer Stock in Retirement Plans ' ( March 11 , 2002 ) CRS Report for Congress and JH Langbein , SJ Stabile and BA Wolk , Pension and Employee Benefit Law ( 4th edn Foundation 2006 ) 640 -- 641 Jump up ^ See RB McKersie , ' Union - Nominated Directors : A New Voice in Corporate Governance ' ( April 1 , 1999 ) MIT Working Paper . Further discussion in E Appelbaum and LW Hunter , ' Union Participation in Strategic Decisions of Corporations ' ( 2003 ) NBER Working Paper 9590 Jump up ^ See E Schelzig , ' Volkswagen powers up 33 - acre solar park in Tenn . ' ( January 23 , 2013 ) USA Today Jump up ^ National Industrial Conference Board , Works Councils in the United States ( 1919 ) Research Report Number 21 , 13 , found that in 1919 in a survey of 225 work council plans , 120 were created under Federal government supervision , and 105 on employers initiative . Jump up ^ NICB , Works Council Manual ( 1920 ) Supplemental to Research Report No 21 , 25 , Appendix , Model Article II ( 1 ) Jump up ^ NLRA 1935 § 158 ( a ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ See further NLRB v Newport News Shipbuilding Co 308 US 241 ( 1939 ) Jump up ^ Control Council Law No 22 Works Councils ( April 10 , 1946 ) in Official Gazette of the Control Council for Germany ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 43 ( R498 ) arts III - V . Jump up ^ See San Diego Building Trades Council v Garmon 359 US 236 ( 1959 ) holding that state laws are only preempted for bargaining , rather than outcomes ( like setting minimum wages , pension rights , health and safety , or workplace representation ) which are protected by `` § 7 of the National Labor Relations Act , or constitute an unfair labor practice under § 8 ... When an activity is arguably subject to § 7 or § 8 of the Act , the States as well as the federal courts must defer to the exclusive competence of the National Labor Relations Board if the danger of state interference with national policy is to be averted . '' Jump up ^ 309 NLRB No 163 , 142 LRRM 1001 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ 311 NLRB No 88 , 143 LRRM 1121 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ US Department of Labor and US Department of Commerce , Commission on the Future of Worker - Management Relations : Final Report ( 1994 ) 22 , 27 , 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ J Ramsey , ' VW Chattanooga plant union votes to approve collective bargaining ' ( December 6 , 2015 ) autoblog.com and NE Boudette , ' Volkswagen Reverses Course on Union at Tennessee Plant ' ( April 25 , 2016 ) NY Times Jump up ^ US Declaration of Independence , `` We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ... Jump up ^ See the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the Second Bill of Rights of 1944 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act of 1964 § 703 ( a ) ( 1 ) , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 ( a ) , `` Employers must not refuse to hire , discharge or otherwise discriminated ' against any individual with respect to his compensation , terms , conditions or privileges of employment , because of such individual 's race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 ( j ) Jump up ^ See Dred Scott v Sandford , 60 US 393 ( 1857 ) . US Constitution Article IV , Section 2 , `` no person held to service or labor in one state , under the laws thereof , escaping into another , shall , in consequence of any law or regulation therein , be discharged from such service or labor , but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due . '' This was extended by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 , limited by Prigg v Pennsylvania , 41 US 539 ( 1842 ) , restored by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and entrenched by Ableman v Booth , 62 US 506 ( 1859 ) Jump up ^ On the end of this , see Harper v Virginia Board of Elections , 383 US 663 ( 1966 ) and contrast Yick Wo v Hopkins 118 US 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) referring to ' the political franchise of voting ' as a ' fundamental political right , because ( it is ) preservative of all rights . ' Jump up ^ Contrast the Slaughter - House Cases , 83 US 36 ( 1873 ) holding that states were entitled to regulate or shut down slaughter houses , causing pollution , without violating the Fourteenth Amendment 's clause that `` No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States '' . Jump up ^ 42 USC § 1981 ( a ) Jump up ^ 109 US 3 ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ See also Plessy v Ferguson , 163 US 537 ( 1896 ) holding that state laws segregating black from white people in public places ( or `` Jim Crow laws '' ) , such as Louisiana 's Separate Car Act of 1890 , were constitutional . Harlan J dissented . See also Lochner v New York 198 US 45 ( 1905 ) Jump up ^ See the Civil Rights Cases 109 US 3 ( 1883 ) where the majority struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 Jump up ^ 323 US 192 ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ 421 US 454 ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ See Washington v Davis 426 US 229 ( 1976 ) holding that a prima facie case of unconstitutionality would be established by evidence of intent . It was not enough that verbal tests had a disparate impact . Brennan J and Marshall J dissented . Jump up ^ 414 US 632 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ See Massachusetts Board of Retirement v Murgia , 427 US 307 ( 1976 ) and Regents of the University of California v Bakke 438 US 265 ( 1978 ) . Contrast Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG ( 2010 ) C - 555 / 07 affirming a constitutional equality principle in EU law and Matadeen v Pointu ( 1998 ) UKPC 9 , per Lord Hoffmann discussing the principle of equality as it is potentially seen in Commonwealth jurisdictions . Jump up ^ California Fed Savings and Loan Ass v Guerra 479 US 272 ( 1987 ) holding the California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959 § 12945 ( b ) ( 2 ) was not preempted . Jump up ^ e.g. Saint Francis College v al - Khazraji , 481 US 604 ( 1987 ) an Arabic man was protected from race discrimination under CRA 1964 Jump up ^ Contrast ILO Discrimination Convention 1958 c 111 , art 1 ( 1 ) ( b ) applying to `` such other distinction , exclusion or preference which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation '' . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 206 ( d ) ( 1 ) , `` No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate , within any establishment in which such employees are employed , between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill , effort , and responsibility , and which are performed under similar working conditions , except where such payment is made pursuant to ( i ) a seniority system ; ( ii ) a merit system ; ( iii ) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production ; or ( iv ) a differential based on any other factor other than sex : Provided , That an employer who is paying a wage rate differential in violation of this subsection shall not , in order to comply with the provisions of this subsection , reduce the wage rate of any employee . '' § 206 ( d ) ( 2 ) expressly prevents any discrimination caused by labor unions also . Jump up ^ 417 US 188 ( 1974 ) See also Schultz v Wheaton Glass Co. , 421 F2d 259 ( 3rd 1970 ) if work is `` substantially equal '' then the work must be paid the same , regardless of the job title . See also County of Washington v Gunther , 452 US 161 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ FLSA 1938 , 29 USC § 203 ( r ) Jump up ^ After the Supreme Court held by 6 to 3 in Geduldig v Aiello 417 US 484 ( 1974 ) that pregnancy was not included in the concept of sex , Congress reversed the decision by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 . But see AT&T Corporation v Hulteen , 556 U.S. 701 ( 2009 ) 7 to 2 , holding that maternity leave taken before the Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1978 did not need to count as time worked that will contribute to pension earnings . Jump up ^ CRA 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 Jump up ^ cf ILO Equal Remuneration Convention 1951 c 100 , art 2 ( 2 ) requiring the principle of equal pay through `` ( a ) national laws or regulations ; ( b ) legally established or recognised machinery for wage determination ; ( c ) collective agreements between employers and workers '' . Jump up ^ CRA 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 ( a ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ CRA 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 ( a ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ADEA 1967 , 29 USC § § 623 and 631 Jump up ^ ADA 1990 , 42 USC § 12112 ( a ) - ( b ) Jump up ^ CRA 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e ( b ) . See Walters v Metropolitan Educational Enterprises , Inc 519 US 202 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ 450 US 248 ( 1981 ) and see previously McDonnell Douglas Corp v Green , 411 US 792 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ 509 US 502 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Contrast O'Connor v Consolidated Coin Caterers Corporation 517 US 308 ( 1996 ) on age discrimination Jump up ^ CRA 1965 , 42 USC § 2000e - 2 ( e ) Jump up ^ 433 US 321 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ 517 FSupp 292 ( ND Tex 1981 ) Jump up ^ 472 US 400 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ 477 US 57 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 510 US 17 ( 1993 ) reversing the Sixth Circuit . Jump up ^ Burlington Industries Inc v Ellerth 524 US 742 ( 1998 ) relying on Restatement of Torts § 219 Jump up ^ 524 US 775 ( 1998 ) n.b. Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services , 523 US 75 ( 1998 ) sexual harassment was possible between members of the same sex . Jump up ^ CRA 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e - 3 Jump up ^ Gomez - Perez v. Potter , 553 US 474 ( 2008 ) 6 to 3 . Jump up ^ 493 US 182 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ 519 US 337 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Burlington Northern & Santa Fe ( BNSF ) Railway Co. v. White , 548 US 53 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ At the time , 34 % of white men and only 12 % of black men had high school diplomas : U.S. Bureau of the Census , U.S. Census of Population ( 1960 ) vol 1 , Characteristics of the Population , pt. 35 , Table 47 . Jump up ^ 401 US 424 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Overturning Wards Cove Packing Co , Inc v Atonio 490 US 642 ( 1989 ) where it was held 5 to 4 that employees had the burden of showing a disparate impact did not serve an employer 's `` legitimate employment goals '' . Jump up ^ CRA 1964 , 42 USC § 2000e -- 2 ( k ) ( 1 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ 557 U.S. 557 ( 2009 ) Kennedy J giving the first judgment . Jump up ^ 557 U.S. ( ( ( ( 5 ) ) ) 2009 ) 557 ( dissent ) Ginsburg J , joined by Stevens J , Souter J and Breyer J Jump up ^ 42 USC § § 2000e - 5 to 2000e - 6 Jump up ^ Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 23 Jump up ^ e.g. International Brotherhood of Teamsters v US 431 US 324 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ See General Telephone Co of Southwest v Falcon 457 US 147 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E McGaughey , ' Will Robots Automate Your Job Away ? Full Employment , Basic Income , and Economic Democracy ' ( 2018 ) Centre for Business Research , University of Cambridge , Working Paper no . 496 Jump up ^ Typically justified by reference to HG Wood , Master and Servant ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Finduslaw.com Jump up ^ The Fair Employment and Housing Act Jump up ^ Details of law from the DFEH website Jump up ^ Barnes & Thornburg LLP ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` California Enacts 22 New Employment Laws Impacting All Companies Doing Business in the State '' . The National Law Review . Jump up ^ The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination Jump up ^ Details of law from the References ( edit ) Books JR Commons , Principles of Labor Legislation ( 1916 ) JR Commons , History of Labor in the United States ( Macmillan 1918 ) vol I and vol II R Covington , Employment Law in a Nutshell ( 3rd edn 2009 ) A Cox , DC Bok , MW Finkin and RA Gorman , Labor Law : Cases and Materials ( 2011 ) KG Dau - Schmidt , MH Malin , RL Corrada and CDR Camron , Labor Law in the Contemporary Workplace ( 4th edn 2009 ) MA Rothstein and L Liebman , Employment Law Cases and Materials ( 7th edn Foundation 2011 ) G Rutherglen , Employment Discrimination Law : Visions of Equality in Theory and Doctrine ( 3rd edn 2010 ) Articles JM Feinman , ' The Development of the Employment at Will Rule ' ( 1976 ) 20 ( 2 ) The American Journal of Legal History 118 H Hovenkamp , ' Labor Conspiracies in American Law , 1880 -- 1930 ' ( 1988 ) 66 Texas Law Review 919 CW Summers , ' Democracy in a One - Party State : Perspectives from Landrum - Griffin ' ( 1984 ) 43 Maryland Law Review 93 External links ( edit ) Labor laws of Federal and State legislatures on law.cornell.edu Synopses of US Employment Law Cases Typical benefits of a union contract Federal employment discrimination law office Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_labor_law&oldid=849664251 '' Categories : United States labor law Labour relations Business law Legal history of the United States Labour law by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 14 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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1. United States labor law
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who wrote the book the handmaid's tale
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The Handmaid 's Tale - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale For the television series , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with The Handmaiden . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Handmaid 's Tale <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the first edition Author Margaret Atwood Cover artist Tad Aronowicz , design ; Gail Geltner , collage ( first edition , hardback ) Country Canada Language English Genre Dystopian novel speculative fiction Publisher McClelland and Stewart Publication date 1985 ( hardcover ) Pages 311 ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 The Handmaid 's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood , originally published in 1985 . It is set in a near - future New England , in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy , which has overthrown the United States government . The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred . Her name derives from the possessive form `` of Fred '' ; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male , or master , whom they serve . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women attempt to gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc . ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , night and other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the handmaids ' tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of the life which she now lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a television series , and other media . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Offred 2.2 The Commander 2.3 Serena Joy 2.4 Ofglen 2.5 Nick 2.6 Moira 2.7 Luke 2.8 Professor Pieixoto 3 Setting 3.1 Politics 3.2 Religion 3.3 Caste and class 3.4 Sex and occupation 3.5 Legitimate women 3.6 Illegitimate women 3.7 Men 3.8 Babies 3.9 The Ceremony 3.10 Language 4 Genre classification 4.1 Historical context 5 Critical reception 5.1 Feminist reading 5.2 Race 5.3 Awards 6 Academic reception 6.1 Other use in academia 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Audio 7.5 Stage 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead , a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America . Beginning with a staged attack that kills the President and most of Congress , a radical political group calling itself the `` Sons of Jacob '' and exploiting religious ideology that closely resemble some traits of Christian fundamentalism ( and especially of Christian Reconstructionism ) launches a revolution and suspends the United States Constitution under the pretext of restoring order . They quickly abolish women 's rights , largely attributed to financial records being stored electronically and labelled by sex . The new regime , the Republic of Gilead , moves quickly to consolidate its power , including overtaking all pre-existing religious groups , including traditional Christian denominations , and reorganize society along a new militarized , hierarchical model of Old Testament - inspired social and religious fanaticism among its newly created social classes . In this society , human rights are severely limited and women 's rights are strictly curtailed . For example , women are forbidden to read , and anyone caught in homosexual acts would be hanged for `` gender treachery '' . The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred . The character is one of a class of women with healthy reproductive systems , in an era of declining birth rates owing to increasing infertility . These women are forcibly assigned to produce children for the ruling class and are known as `` handmaids '' , based on the biblical story of Rachel and her handmaid Bilhah . Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid , in this case to Fred Waterford ( referred to as `` The Commander '' ) . Interspersed with her narratives of her present - day experiences are flashback discussions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution , when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband , their failed attempt to escape to Canada , and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government - trained women called `` Aunts '' . Offred describes the structure of Gilead 's society , including the different classes of women and their lives within the new theonomy . The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing -- blue , red , green , striped and white -- to signify social class and assigned position , ranked highest to lowest . The Commanders ' wives are dressed in blue , handmaids in red , Marthas ( cooks and maids ) in green . Striped clothing is for all other women ( called `` Econowives '' ) who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere . Young , unmarried girls are dressed in white . The Commander is a high - ranking official in Gilead . Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to `` the ceremony '' , a ritual of rape intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present , he begins an illegal relationship with Offred . Secret meetings occur in his study , which the Commander 's wife is not permitted to enter . The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house . During these meetings , he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games such as Scrabble with her . He also lets and watches her read , another offense , as women are not permitted to read and write . The Commander offers her contraband products , such as old ( 1970s ) fashion magazines and cosmetics . Finally , he gives her lingerie and takes her to a government - run brothel called Jezebel 's . This brothel is meant to add variety to men 's sex lives which , as claimed by the Commander , is necessary . At Jezebel 's , Offred encounters her friend , Moira , who had escaped from the handmaid training center , and learns how she came to be there . Moira explains that defiant women who could not adjust to the new society might be offered work at Jezebel 's rather than be forced to work in the Colonies , cleaning up radioactive waste . The women in the brothels are allowed alcohol and drugs , a freedom Offred notes . Though they are allowed to choose their patrons , they are discouraged from refusing a man 's advances . The Commander 's wife , Serena Joy , is a minor antagonist . Offred remembers her as a Christian media personality who supported women 's domesticity and subordinate role well before Gilead was established . Serena is clearly bored and unhappy -- that she was taken at her word , Offred assumes -- and hates sharing her husband with a handmaid . Ironically , though , Serena also has secret interactions with Offred , arranging for her to sleep with Nick , the Commander 's driver , in an effort to get Offred pregnant . In return , Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo . Offred has not seen her child since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead . After Offred 's initial meeting with Nick , they begin to meet more frequently . Offred discovers she enjoys sex with him , despite her indoctrination and her memories of her husband . She shares potentially dangerous information about her past with him . Through her shopping partner , a woman called Ofglen , Offred learns of the Mayday resistance , an underground network working to overthrow the Republic of Gilead . Shortly after Ofglen 's disappearance ( later revealed as a suicide ) , the Commander 's wife finds evidence of the relationship between Offred and the Commander . Offred contemplates suicide . As the novel concludes , Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant . Shortly afterwards , she is taken away by men wearing the uniform of the secret police , the Eyes of God , known informally as `` the Eyes '' . As she is led to a waiting van , Nick tells her to trust him and go with the men . It is unclear whether the men are actually Eyes , or members of the Mayday resistance . Offred is unsure if Nick is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one , and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture . She enters the van with her future uncertain . The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called `` the Gilead Period '' . The epilogue is `` a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies '' written in 2195 and hosted by Professor Maryann Crescent Moon . According to the symposium 's `` keynote speaker '' Professor James Darcy Pieixoto , he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred 's story recorded onto cassette tapes . They transcribed the tapes , calling them collectively `` the handmaid 's tale '' . Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book , the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued , and Pieixoto discusses his team 's search for the characters named in the Tale , and the impossibility of proving the tapes ' authenticity . However , the existence of tapes does imply that Offred escaped and survived for at least a time and thus that the Eyes that collected her were , in fact , part of Mayday . The epilogue also suggests that , following the collapse of the theonomic Republic of Gilead , a more equal society re-emerged -- though not the United States that had previously existed -- with a restoration of full rights for women and freedom of religion . Characters ( edit ) Offred ( edit ) Offred is the protagonist and narrator . She was labeled a `` wanton woman '' when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced . All divorces were nullified by the new government , meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife , making Offred an adulteress . In trying to escape Gilead , she was separated from her husband and daughter . She is part of the first generation of Gilead 's women , those who remember pre-Gilead times . Proved fertile , she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a handmaid in the home of the Commander Fred Waterford and his wife Serena Joy , to bear a child for them ( Serena Joy is believed to be infertile ) . Offred is a slave name that describes her function : she is `` of Fred '' ( i.e. , she belongs to Fred , her commander , and is considered a concubine ) . In the novel , Offred says that she is not a concubine , but a tool ; a `` two legged womb '' . The Handmaids ' names say nothing about who the women really are ; their only identity is as the Commander 's property . `` Offred '' is also a pun on the word `` offered '' , as in `` offered as a sacrifice '' , and `` of red '' because the red dress assigned for the handmaids in Gilead . The women in training to be handmaids whisper names across their beds at night . The names are `` Alma . Janine . Dolores . Moira . June , '' and all are later accounted for except June . In addition , one of the Aunts tells the handmaids - in - training to stop `` mooning and June - ing '' . From this and other references , some readers have inferred that her birth name could be `` June '' . Miner suggests that `` June '' is a pseudonym . As `` Mayday '' is the name of the Gilead resistance , June could be an invention by the protagonist . The Nunavut conference covered in the epilogue takes place in June . When the Hulu TV series chose to state outright that Offred 's real name is June , Atwood wrote that it was not her original intention to imply that Offred 's real name is June `` but it fits , so readers are welcome to it if they wish '' . The Commander ( edit ) The Commander says that he is a sort of scientist and was previously involved in something similar to market research , pre-Gilead . Later , it is hypothesized , but not confirmed , that he might have been one of the architects of the Republic and its laws . Presumably , his first name is `` Fred '' , though that , too , may be a pseudonym . He engages in forbidden intellectual pursuits with Offred , such as playing Scrabble , and introduces her to a secret club that serves as a brothel for high - ranking officers . Offred learns that the Commander carried on a similar relationship with his previous handmaid and that she killed herself when his wife found out . In the epilogue the academics speculate that one of two figures , both instrumental in the establishment of Gilead , may have been Fred , based on his first name . It is strongly suggested that the Commander was a man named Frederick R. Waterford who was killed in a purge shortly after Offred was taken away , charged with harboring an enemy agent . Serena Joy ( edit ) Serena Joy is a former televangelist and the Commander 's wife in the fundamentalist theonomy . The state took away her power and public recognition , and tries to hide her past as a television figure . Offred identifies her master 's wife by recalling seeing her on TV when she was a little girl early on Saturday mornings while waiting for the cartoons to air . Believed to be sterile ( although the suggestion is made that the Commander is sterile , Gileadean laws attribute sterility only to women ) , she is forced to accept that he has use of a handmaid . She resents having to take part in the monthly fertility ritual . She strikes a deal with Offred to arrange for her to have sex with Nick in order to become pregnant . According to Professor Pieixoto in the epilogue , `` Serena Joy '' or `` Pam '' are pseudonyms ; the character 's real name is implied to be Thelma . Ofglen ( edit ) Ofglen is a neighbour of Offred 's and a fellow Handmaid . She is partnered with Offred to do the daily shopping . Handmaids are never alone and are expected to police each other 's behaviour . Ofglen is a member of the Mayday resistance . In contrast to Offred , she is daring . She knocks out a Mayday spy who is to be tortured and killed in order to save him the pain of a violent death . Offred is told that when Ofglen vanishes , it is because she has committed suicide before the government can take her into custody due to her membership in the resistance , possibly to avoid giving away any information . A new handmaid , also called Ofglen , takes Ofglen 's place , and is assigned as Offred 's shopping partner . She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance . She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen . Nick ( edit ) Nick is the Commander 's chauffeur , who lives above the garage . By Serena Joy 's arrangement , he and Offred start a sexual relationship to increase her chance of getting pregnant . If she were unable to bear the Commander a child , she would be declared sterile and shipped to the ecological wastelands of the Colonies . Offred begins to develop feelings for him . Nick is an ambiguous character , and Offred does not know if he is a party loyalist or part of the resistance , though he identifies himself as the latter . The epilogue suggests that he really was part of the resistance , and aided Offred in escaping the Commander 's house . Moira ( edit ) Moira has been a close friend of Offred 's since college . A lesbian , she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society . Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred . She escapes by stealing an Aunt 's pass and clothes , but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party - run brothel . She was caught and chose the brothel rather than to be sent to the Colonies . Luke ( edit ) Luke was Offred 's husband prior to the formation of Gilead , having divorced his first wife to marry her . Under Gilead , all divorces were retroactively nullified , resulting in Offred being considered an adulteress and their daughter illegitimate . Offred was forced to become a Handmaid and her daughter was given to a loyalist family . Since their attempt to escape to Canada , Offred has heard nothing of Luke . Professor Pieixoto ( edit ) Pieixoto is the `` co-discoverer ( with Professor Knotly Wade ) of Offred 's tapes '' . In his presentation at an academic conference , he talks about `` the ' Problems of Authentication in Reference to The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Pieixoto is therefore the person who is retelling Offred 's story , and so makes the narration even more unreliable than it was originally . Setting ( edit ) The novel is set in an indeterminate future , speculated to be around the year 2005 , with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead . Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions . Complex dress codes play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex , occupation , and caste . The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Atwood studied at Radcliffe College , located in this area . Politics ( edit ) In Gilead , the bodies of fertile women are politicized and controlled . The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile ( though in Gilead , legally , it is only women who can be the cause of infertility ) . Gilead 's treatment of women is based upon a narrow , fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible , meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband , father , or head of household . They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system . They are not allowed to vote , hold a job , read , possess money , or own anything , among many other restrictions . A particular quote from The Handmaid 's Tale sums this up : `` The Republic of Gilead , said Aunt Lydia , knows no bounds . Gilead is within you '' ( HT 5.2 ) . This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government . Handmaids , being not allowed to wed , are given two - year assignments with a commander , and lose their own name : they are called `` Of ( their Commander 's first name ) '' , such as the novel 's protagonist , known only as Offred . When a handmaid is reassigned , her name changes with her . Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed , although while being reeducated as handmaids , they surreptitiously share their names with each other . In this book , the government appears to be strong though `` no one in Gilead seems to be a true believer in its revolution '' ( Beauchamp ) . The Commanders , portrayed via Commander Fred , do not agree with their own doctrines . The commander takes Offred at one point to a brothel in order to have sex with her in an informal setting apart from the Ceremony . The wives , portrayed via Serena Joy , former television evangelist , disobey the rules set forth by their commander husbands . Serena smokes black market cigarettes and expresses the forbidden idea that men may be infertile , and schemes to get Offred impregnated by her chauffeur . Religion ( edit ) Bruce Miller , the executive producer of The Handmaid 's Tale television serial , declared with regard to Atwood 's book , as well as his series , that Gilead is `` a society that 's based kind of in a perverse misreading of Old Testament laws and codes '' . The author explains that Gilead tries to embody the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th - century régimes , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Both Atwood and Miller stated that the people running Gilead are `` not genuinely Christian '' . The group running Gilead , according to Atwood , is `` not really interested in religion ; they 're interested in power . '' In fact , in her prayers to God , Offred , reflecting on Gilead , prays `` I do n't believe for an instant that what 's going on out there is what You meant ... . I suppose I should say I forgive whoever did this , and whatever they 're doing now . I 'll try , but it is n't easy . '' Margaret Atwood , writing on this , says that `` Offred herself has a private version of the Lord 's Prayer and refuses to believe that this regime has been mandated by a just and merciful God . '' Christian churches that do not support the actions of the Sons of Jacob are systematically demolished , and the people living in Gilead are never seen attending church . Christian denominations , including Quakers , Baptists and Roman Catholics , are specifically named as enemies of the Sons of Jacob . Nuns who refuse conversion are considered `` Unwomen '' and banished to the Colonies , owing to their reluctance to marry and refusal ( or inability ) to bear children . Priests unwilling to convert are executed and hanged from the Wall . Atwood pits Quaker Christians against the régime by having them help the oppressed , something she feels they would do in reality : `` The Quakers have gone underground , and are running an escape route to Canada , as -- I suspect -- they would . '' Jews are named an exception and classified Sons of Jacob . Offred observes that Jews refusing to convert are allowed to emigrate to Israel , and most choose to leave . However , in the Epilogue , Professor Pieixoto reveals that many of the emigrating Jews ended up being dumped into the sea while on the ships ostensibly tasked with transporting them to Israel , due to privatization of the `` repatriation program '' and capitalists ' effort to maximize profits . Offred mentions that many Jews who chose to stay were caught secretly practicing Judaism and executed . Caste and class ( edit ) African Americans , the main non-white ethnic group in this society , are called the Children of Ham . A state TV broadcast mentions they have been relocated en masse to `` National Homelands '' in the Midwest , which are suggestive of the Apartheid - era homelands set up by South Africa . Sex and occupation ( edit ) The sexes are strictly divided . Gilead 's society values reproduction by white women most highly . Women are categorised `` hierarchically according to class status and reproductive capacity '' as well as `` metonymically colour - coded according to their function and their labour '' ( Kauffman 232 ) . The Commander expresses the prevailing opinion that women are considered intellectually and emotionally inferior to men . Women are segregated by clothing , as are men . With rare exception , men wear military or paramilitary uniforms . All classes of men and women are defined by the colors they wear ( as in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian Brave New World ) , drawing on colour symbolism and psychology . All lower - status individuals are regulated by this dress code . All `` non-persons '' are banished to the `` Colonies '' . Sterile , unmarried women are considered to be non-persons . Both men and women sent there wear grey dresses . Legitimate women ( edit ) The bonnets that Handmaids wear are modeled on Old Dutch Cleanser 's faceless mascot , which Atwood in childhood found frightening . Wives The top social level permitted to women , achieved by marriage to higher - ranking officers . Wives always wear blue dresses and cloaks , suggesting traditional depictions of the Virgin Mary in historic Christian art . When a Commander dies , his Wife becomes a Widow and must dress in black . Daughters The natural or adopted children of the ruling class . They wear white until marriage , which is now arranged . The narrator 's daughter may have been adopted by an infertile Wife and Commander and she is shown in a photograph wearing a long white dress . Handmaids Fertile women whose social function is to bear children for infertile Wives . Handmaids dress in ankle - length red dresses , white caps , and heavy boots . In summer , they change into lighter - weight ( but still ankle - length ) dresses and slatted shoes . When in public , in winter , they wear ankle - length red cloaks , red gloves , and heavy white bonnets , which they call `` wings '' because the sides stick out , blocking their peripheral vision and shielding their faces from view . Handmaids are women of proven fertility who have broken the law . The law includes both gender crimes , such as lesbianism ; and religious crimes , such as adultery ( redefined to include sexual relationships with divorced partners since divorce is no longer legal ) . The Republic of Gilead justifies the use of the handmaids for procreation by referring to two biblical stories : Genesis 30 : 1 -- 13 and Genesis 16 : 1 - 4 . In the first story , Jacob 's infertile wife Rachel offers up her handmaid Bilhah to be a surrogate mother on her behalf , and then her sister Leah does the same with her own handmaid Zilpah ( even though Leah has already given Jacob many sons ) . In the other story , which appears earlier in Genesis but is cited less frequently , Abraham has sex with his wife 's handmaid , Hagar . Handmaids are assigned to Commanders and live in their houses . When unassigned , they live at training centers . Handmaids who successfully bear children continue to live at their commander 's house until their children are weaned , at which point they are sent to a new assignment . Those who do produce children , however , will never be declared `` Unwomen '' or sent to the Colonies , even if they never have another baby . Aunts Trainers of the Handmaids . They dress in brown . Aunts promote the role of Handmaid as an honorable way for a sinful woman to redeem herself . They also police the Handmaids , beating some and ordering the maiming of others . The aunts have an unusual amount of autonomy , compared to other women of Gilead . They are the only class of women permitted to read . ( `` The Aunts are allowed to read and write . '' Vintage Books , p. 139 . However , on p. 100 of the Vintage Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a disc ; the voice was a man 's . '' In the Anchor Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a tape , so not even an Aunt would be guilty of the sin of reading . The voice was a man 's . ( p. 89 . ) '' ) Marthas They are older infertile women who have domestic skills and are compliant , making them suitable as servants . They dress in green smocks . The title of `` Martha '' is based on a story in Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , where Jesus visits Mary , sister of Lazarus and Martha ; Mary listens to Jesus while Martha works at `` all the preparations that had to be made '' . Econowives Women married to men of lower - rank , not members of the elite . They are expected to perform all the female functions : domestic duties , companionship , and child - bearing . Their dress is multicoloured red , blue , and green to reflect these multiple roles , and is made of notably cheaper material . The division of labour among the women generates some resentment . Marthas , Wives and Econowives perceive Handmaids as promiscuous and are taught to scorn them . Offred mourns that the women of the various groups have lost their ability to empathize with each other . They are divided in their oppression . Illegitimate women ( edit ) Unwomen Sterile women , the unmarried , some widows , feminists , lesbians , nuns , and politically dissident women : all women who are incapable of social integration within the Republic 's strict gender divisions . Gilead exiles Unwomen to `` the Colonies '' , areas both of agricultural production and deadly pollution . Joining them are handmaids who fail to bear a child after three two - year assignments . Jezebels Women forced to become prostitutes and entertainers . They are available only to the Commanders and to their guests . Offred portrays Jezebels as attractive and educated ; they may be unsuitable as handmaids due to temperament . They have been sterilized , a surgery that is forbidden to other women . They operate in unofficial but state - sanctioned brothels , unknown to most women . Jezebels , whose title also comes from the Bible ( note Queen Jezebel in the Books of Kings ) , dress in the remnants of sexualized costumes from `` the time before '' , such as cheerleaders ' costumes , school uniforms , and Playboy Bunny costumes . Jezebels can wear make - up , drink alcohol and socialize with men , but are tightly controlled by the Aunts . When they pass their sexual prime and / or their looks fade , they are discarded without any precision as to whether they are killed or sent to the Colonies in the novel . Men ( edit ) Men are classified into four main categories : Commanders of the Faithful The ruling class . Because of their status , they are entitled to establish a patriarchal household with a Wife , a Handmaid if necessary , Marthas ( female servants ) and Guardians . They have a duty to procreate , but many may be infertile , as a possible result of exposure to a biological agent in pre-Gilead times . They wear black to signify superiority . Eyes The secret police attempting to discover those violating the rules of Gilead . Angels Soldiers who fight in the wars in order to expand and protect the country 's borders . Angels may be permitted to marry . Guardians ( of the Faith ) Soldiers `` used for routine policing and other menial functions '' . They are unsuitable for other work in the republic being `` stupid or older or disabled or very young , apart from the ones that are Eyes incognito '' ( chapter 4 ) . Young Guardians may be promoted to Angels when they come of age . They wear green uniforms . Men who engage in homosexuality or related acts are declared `` gender traitors '' ; they are either hanged or sent to the Colonies to die a slow death . Babies ( edit ) In this society , birth defects have become increasingly common . There are two main categories of human children : Unbabies , also known as `` shredders '' Babies born physically deformed or with some other birth defect . They do not last but Offred does not know what happens to them . Pregnant Handmaids fear giving birth to a damaged child , or unbaby . Gilead forbids abortion and all tests to determine prenatal health of a fetus . Keepers Babies that are born alive with no defects . The ceremony ( edit ) `` The Ceremony '' is a non-marital sexual act sanctioned for reproduction . The ritual requires the Handmaid to lie on her back between the legs of the Wife during the sex act as if they were one person . The Wife has to invite the Handmaid to share her power this way ; many Wives consider this both humiliating and offensive . Offred describes the ceremony : My red skirt is hitched up to my waist , though no higher . Below it the Commander is fucking . What he is fucking is the lower part of my body . I do not say making love , because this is not what he 's doing . Copulating too would be inaccurate , because it would imply two people and only one is involved . Nor does rape cover it : nothing is going on here that I have n't signed up for . Language ( edit ) In the novel 's fictional fundamentalist society , sterile is an outlawed word . In this society , there is no such thing as a sterile man . In this culture , women are either fruitful or barren , the latter of which are declared to be `` unwomen '' and are sent to the colonies with the rest of the `` unwomen '' to do life - threatening work until their death , which is , on average , three years . Atwood emphasises how changes in context affect behaviours and attitudes by repeating the phrase `` Context is all '' throughout the novel , establishing this precept as a motif . Playing the game of Scrabble with her Commander illustrates the key significance of changes in `` context '' ; once `` the game of old men and women '' , the game became forbidden for women to play and therefore `` desirable '' . Through living in a morally rigid society , Offred has come to perceive the world differently from earlier . Offred expresses amazement at how `` It has taken so little time to change our minds about things '' . Wearing revealing clothes and makeup had been part of her former life , but when she sees Japanese tourists dressed that way , she now feels the women are inappropriately dressed . Offred can read but not translate the phrase `` nolite te bastardes carborundorum '' carved into the closet wall of her small bedroom ; this mock - Latin aphorism signifies `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . The significance of this phrase is intensified by the challenges the book has faced , creating a `` Mise en abyme '' as both the protagonist and the reader decipher subversive texts . Genre classification ( edit ) See also : Social science fiction In interviews and essays Atwood has discussed generic classification of The Handmaid 's Tale as `` science fiction '' or `` speculative fiction '' , observing : I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Hugo - winning science fiction critic David Langford observed in a column : `` The Handmaid 's Tale won the very first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 . She 's been trying to live this down ever since . '' He says : Atwood prefers to say that she writes speculative fiction -- a term coined by SF author Robert A. Heinlein . As she told the Guardian , `` Science fiction has monsters and spaceships ; speculative fiction could really happen . '' She used a subtly different phrasing for New Scientist , `` Oryx and Crake is not science fiction . It is fact within fiction . Science fiction is when you have rockets and chemicals . '' So it was very cruel of New Scientist to describe this interview in the contents list as : `` Margaret Atwood explains why science is crucial to her science fiction . '' ... Play it again , Ms Atwood -- this time for the Book - of - the - Month Club : `` Oryx and Crake is a speculative fiction , not a science fiction proper . It contains no intergalactic space travel , no teleportation , no Martians . '' On BBC1 Breakfast News the distinguished author explained that science fiction , as opposed to what she writes , is characterized by `` talking squids in outer space '' . In distinguishing between these genre labels science fiction and speculative fiction , Atwood acknowledges that others may use the terms interchangeably . But she notes her interest in this type of work to explore themes in ways that `` realistic fiction '' can not do . Historical Context ( edit ) Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid 's Tale is a work of speculative fiction , not science fiction , Atwood 's novel offers a satirical view of various social , political , and religious trends of the 1980s United States . Further , Atwood questions what would happen if these trends , and especially `` casually held attitudes about women '' were taken to their logical end . Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid 's Tale have actually occurred in real life -- in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake , Atwood maintains that `` As with The Handmaid 's Tale , I did n't put in anything that we have n't already done , we 're not already doing , we 're seriously trying to do , coupled with trends that are already in progress ... So all of those things are real , and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil . '' Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction 's basis in reality . Atwood has explained that The Handmaid 's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive , totalitarian , and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years `` ca n't happen here '' -- but in this work , she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out . Atwood 's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard , which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship . Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans -- that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society -- is misleading , and that instead , these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be tolerated . Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans , and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster , who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging . Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society , Atwood , in creating the setting , drew from the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Atwood has argued that a coup , such as the one depicted in The Handmaid 's Tale , would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends : ... if you wanted to seize power in the US , abolish liberal democracy and set up a dictatorship , how would you go about it ? What would be your cover story ? It would not resemble any form of communism or socialism : those would be too unpopular ... Nations never build apparently radical forms of government on foundations that are n't there already . Thus China replaced a state bureaucracy with a similar state bureaucracy under a different name , the USSR replaced the dreaded imperial secret police with an even more dreaded secret police , and so forth . The deep foundation of the US -- so went my thinking -- was not the comparatively recent 18th - century Enlightenment structures of the republic , with their talk of equality and their separation of church and state , but the heavy - handed theocracy of 17th - century Puritan New England , with its marked bias against women , which would need only the opportunity of a period of social chaos to reassert itself . Like any theocracy , this one would select a few passages from the Bible to justify its actions , and it would lean heavily towards the Old Testament , not towards the New . Atwood , with respect to those leading Gilead , further stated : I do n't consider these people to be Christians because they do not have at the core of their behavior and ideologies what I , in my feeble Canadian way , would consider to be the core of Christianity ... and that would be not only love your neighbors but love your enemies . That would also be ' I was sick and you visited me not ' and such and such ... And that would include also concern for the environment , because you ca n't love your neighbor or even your enemy , unless you love your neighbor 's oxygen , food , and water . You ca n't love your neighbor or your enemy if you 're presuming policies that are going to cause those people to die. ... Of course faith can be a force for good and often has been . So faith is a force for good particularly when people are feeling beleaguered and in need of hope . So you can have bad iterations and you can also have the iteration in which people have got too much power and then start abusing it . But that is human behavior , so you ca n't lay it down to religion . You can find the same in any power situation , such as politics or ideologies that purport to be atheist . Need I mention the former Soviet Union ? So it is not a question of religion making people behave badly . It is a question of human beings getting power and then wanting more of it . In the same vein , Atwood also declared that `` In the real world today , some religious groups are leading movements for the protection of vulnerable groups , including women . '' Atwood also draws connections between the ways in which Gilead 's leaders maintain their power and other examples of actual totalitarian governments . In her interviews , Atwood offers up Afghanistan as examples of religious theocracies forcing women out of the public sphere and into their homes , as in Gilead . The `` state - sanctioned murder of dissidents '' was inspired by the Philippines , and the last General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Nicolae Ceaușescu 's obsession with increasing the birth rate led to the strict policing of pregnant women and the outlawing of birth control and abortion . However , Atwood clearly explains that many of these deplorable acts were not just present in other cultures and countries , `` but within Western society , and within the ' Christian ' tradition itself '' . The Republic of Gilead struggles with infertility , making Offred 's services as a Handmaid vital to producing children and thus reproducing the society . Handmaids themselves are `` untouchable '' , but their ability to signify status is equated to that of slaves or servants throughout history . Atwood connects their concerns with infertility to real - life problems our world faces , such as radiation , chemical pollution , and venereal disease ( HIV / AIDS is specifically mentioned in the `` Historical Notes '' section at the end of the novel , which was a relatively new disease at the time of Atwood 's writing whose long - term impact was still unknown ) . Atwood 's strong stance on environmental issues and their negative consequences for our society has presented itself in other works such as her MaddAddam trilogy , and refers back to her growing up with biologists and her own scientific curiosity . Critical reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale was well received by critics , helping to cement Atwood 's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century . Not only was the book deemed well - written and compelling , but Atwood 's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia . Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing , a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid 's Tale . Indeed , many have placed The Handmaid 's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty - Four and Brave New World , with the added feature of confronting patriarchy , a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews . Even today , many reviewers hold that Atwood 's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever , largely because of its basis in historical fact . Yet when her book was first published in 1985 , not all reviewers were convinced of the `` cautionary tale '' Atwood presented . For example , Mary McCarthy 's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid 's Tale lacked the `` surprised recognition '' necessary for readers to see `` our present selves in a distorting mirror , of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue '' . In the aftermath of the television series ' debut in 2017 , there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , this book ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Feminist reading ( edit ) Much of the discussion about The Handmaid 's Tale has centered on its categorization as feminist literature . Atwood does not see the Republic of Gilead as a purely feminist dystopia , as not all men have greater rights than women . Instead , this society presents a typical dictatorship : `` shaped like a pyramid , with the powerful of both sexes at the apex , the men generally outranking the women at the same level ; then descending levels of power and status with men and women in each , all the way down to the bottom , where the unmarried men must serve in the ranks before being awarded an Econowife '' . Additionally , Atwood has argued that while some of the observations that informed the content of The Handmaid 's Tale may be feminist , her novel is not meant to say `` one thing to one person '' or serve as a political message -- instead , The Handmaid 's Tale is `` a study of power , and how it operates and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime '' . Some scholars have offered such a feminist interpretation , however , connecting Atwood 's use of religious fundamentalism in the pages of The Handmaid 's Tale to a condemnation of their presence in current American society . Yet others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale critiques typical notions of feminism , as Atwood 's novel appears to subvert the traditional `` women helping women '' ideals of the movement and turn toward the possibility of `` the matriarchal network ... and a new form of misogyny : women 's hatred of women '' . Race ( edit ) Other critics have characterized The Handmaid 's Tale as `` white feminism '' , noting that Atwood does away with black people in a few lines by relocating the `` Children of Ham '' while borrowing heavily from the African - American experience and applying it to white women . Other critics have noted the parallels with apartheid and that it misrepresents how black people resist in times of crisis . The writer Mikki Kendall said about the book , It requires me to believe that not only are my people gone , but often that they vanished quietly without any real resistance . As if . Like ... Black people did not survive slavery , Jim Crow & the War on Drugs to be taken out by a handful of white boys with guns . Awards ( edit ) 1985 -- Governor General 's Award for English language fiction ( winner ) 1986 -- Booker Prize ( nominated ) 1986 -- Nebula Award ( nominated ) 1987 -- Arthur C. Clarke Award ( winner ) 1987 -- Prometheus Award ( nominated ) Commonwealth Literature Prize ( winner ) Welsh Arts Council International Writer 's Prize ( winner ) Academic reception ( edit ) Atwood 's novels , and especially her works of speculative fiction The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake , are frequently offered as examples for the final , open - ended question on the North American Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition exam each year . As such , her books are often assigned in high - school classrooms to students taking this Advanced Placement course , despite the mature themes the work presents . Atwood herself has expressed surprise that her books are being assigned to high - school audiences , largely due to her own censored education in the 1950s , but she has assured readers that this increased attention from high - school students has not altered the material she has chosen to write about since . Many people have expressed discontent at The Handmaid 's Tale 's presence in the classroom , as it has been frequently challenged or banned over the last 30 years . Some of these challenges have come from parents concerned about the explicit sexuality and other adult themes represented in the book . Others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale depicts a negative view of religion , a view supported by several academics who propose that Atwood 's work satirizes contemporary religious fundamentalists in the United States , offering a feminist critique of the trends this movement to the Right represents . The American Library Association ( ALA ) lists The Handmaid 's Tale as number 37 on the `` 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Atwood participated in discussing The Handmaid 's Tale as the subject of an ALA discussion series titled `` One Book , One Conference '' . Some complaints have included : 1990 : Challenged at Rancho Cotate High School , Rohnert Park , California , as too explicit for students . 1992 : Challenged in schools in Waterloo , Iowa , reportedly because of profanity , lurid passages about sex , and statements defamatory to minorities , God , women , and the disabled . 1993 : Removed because of profanity and sex from the Chicopee , Massachusetts , high - school English class reading list . 1998 : Challenged for use in Richland , Washington , high - school English classes , along with six other titles determined to be `` poor quality literature and ( that ) stress suicide , illicit sex , violence , and hopelessness '' . 1999 : Challenged because of graphic sex , but retained on the advanced placement English list , at George D. Chamberlain High School in Tampa , Florida . 2000 : Downgraded from `` required '' to `` optional '' on the summer reading list for eleventh graders in the Upper Moreland School District near Philadelphia due to `` age - inappropriate '' subject matter . 2001 : Challenged , but retained , in the Dripping Springs , Texas , senior Advanced Placement English course as an optional reading assignment . Some parents were offended by the book 's descriptions of sexual encounters . 2006 : Initially banned by Superintendent Ed Lyman from an advanced placement English curriculum in the Judson independent school district in Texas after a parent complained . Lyman had overruled the recommendation of a committee of teachers , students , and parents ; the committee appealed the decision to the school board , which overturned his ban . 2012 : Challenged as required reading for a Page High School International Baccalaureate class and as optional reading for Advanced Placement reading courses at Grimsley High School in Greensboro , North Carolina because the book is `` sexually explicit , violently graphic and morally corrupt '' . Some parents thought the book is `` detrimental to Christian values '' . According to Education Reporter Kristin Rushowy of the Toronto Star ( 16 January 2009 ) , in 2008 a parent in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , wrote a letter to his son 's high school principal , asking that the book no longer be assigned as required reading , stating that the novel is `` rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression '' . Rushowy quotes the response of Russell Morton Brown , a retired University of Toronto English professor , who acknowledged that `` The Handmaid 's Tale was n't likely written for 17 - year - olds , but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school , like Shakespeare ... And they are all the better for reading it . They are on the edge of adulthood already , and there 's no point in coddling them , '' he said , adding , `` they are n't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway '' ... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and , more recently , anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed ... But that `` misses the point '' , said Brown . `` It 's really anti-fundamentalism . '' In her earlier account ( 14 January 2009 ) , Rushowy reported that a Toronto District School Board committee was `` reviewing the novel '' . While noting that `` The Handmaid 's Tale is listed as one of the 100 ' most frequently challenged books ' from 1990 to 1999 on the American Library Association 's website '' , Rushowy reports that `` The Canadian Library Association says there is ' no known instance of a challenge to this novel in Canada ' but says the book was called anti-Christian and pornographic by parents after being placed on a reading list for secondary students in Texas in the 1990s . '' In November 2012 two parents in Guilford County , North Carolina protested against inclusion of the book on a required reading list at a local high school . The parents presented the school board with a petition signed by 2,300 people , prompting a review of the book by the school 's media advisory committee . According to local news reports , one of the parents said `` she felt Christian students are bullied in society , in that they 're made to feel uncomfortable about their beliefs by non-believers . She said including books like The Handmaid 's Tale contributes to that discomfort , because of its negative view on religion and its anti-biblical attitudes toward sex . '' Other use in academia ( edit ) In institutions of higher education , professors have found The Handmaid 's Tale to be useful , largely because of its historical and religious basis and Atwood 's captivating delivery . The novel 's teaching points include : introducing politics and the social sciences to students in a more concrete way ; demonstrating the importance of reading to our freedom , both intellectual and political ; and acknowledging the `` most insidious and violent manifestations of power in Western history '' in a compelling manner . The chapter entitled `` Historical Notes '' at the end of the novel also represents a warning to academics who run the risk of misreading and misunderstanding historical texts , pointing to the satirized Professor Pieixoto as an example of a male scholar who has taken over and overpowered Offred 's narrative with his own interpretation . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( film ) The 1990 film The Handmaid 's Tale was based on a screenplay by Harold Pinter and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . It stars Natasha Richardson as Offred , Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy , and Robert Duvall as The Commander ( Fred ) . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Hulu has produced a television series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred . The first three episodes were released on April 26 , 2017 , with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis . Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer . The show won eight Emmys in 2017 , including best outstanding drama series , outstanding lead actress in a drama series ( Elisabeth Moss ) , outstanding writing for a drama series ( Bruce Miller ) , outstanding supporting actress in a drama series ( Ann Dowd ) , and outstanding directing for a drama series ( Reed Morano ) . The show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on April 25 , 2018 , and in May 2018 , Hulu announced renewal for a third season . Radio ( edit ) A dramatic adaptation of the novel for radio was produced for BBC Radio 4 by John Dryden in 2000 . A Canadian dramatic adaptation for radio was written by playwright Michael O'Brien and produced on CBC Radio in 2002 . Audio ( edit ) An audiobook of the unabridged text , read by Claire Danes ( ISBN 9781491519110 ) , won the 2013 Audie Award for fiction . In 2014 , Canadian band Lakes of Canada released their album Transgressions , which is intended to be a concept album inspired by The Handmaid 's Tale . Stage ( edit ) A stage adaptation written and directed by Bruce Shapiro played at Tufts University in 1989 . An operatic adaptation , The Handmaid 's Tale , by Poul Ruders , premiered in Copenhagen on 6 March 2000 , and was performed by the English National Opera , in London , in 2003 . It was the opening production of the 2004 -- 2005 season of the Canadian Opera Company . A stage adaptation of the novel , by Brendon Burns , for the Haymarket Theatre , Basingstoke , England , toured the UK in 2002 . A ballet adaptation choreographed by Lila York and produced by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet premiered on 16 October 2013 . Amanda Green appeared as Offred and Alexander Gamayunov as The Commander . A one - woman stage show , adapted from the novel , by Joseph Stollenwerk premiered in the U.S. in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) Canada portal 1980s portal Novels portal Implosion - a novel with a similar premise and themes Canadian literature Feminist science fiction Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction Persepolis ( comics ) Greybeard ( 1964 ) by Brian Aldiss , a science fiction novel set in an Earth with an ageing and sterile population Pregnancy in science fiction The White Plague ( 1982 ) by Frank Herbert , a science fiction novel in which a dedicated bio-terrorism weapon kills all women on earth , subjecting the entire human race to certain extinction The Children of Men - Another future dystopian novel where nearly all are sterile . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Handmaid 's Tale is the inaugural winner of this award for the best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom during the previous year . Jump up ^ The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given out annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes a quarterly journal , Prometheus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosstick , Ruth ( January 1986 ) . `` Book review : The Handmaids Tale '' . Vol. 14 no . 1 . CM Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Tad Aronowicz 's jaggedly surrealistic cover design is most appropriate . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : About Speculative Fiction '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Aliens have taken the place of angels '' . The Guardian . UK . If you 're writing about the future and you are n't doing forecast journalism , you 'll probably be writing something people will call either science fiction or speculative fiction . I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Some use speculative fiction as an umbrella covering science fiction and all its hyphenated forms -- science fiction fantasy , and so forth -- and others choose the reverse ... I have written two works of science fiction or , if you prefer , speculative fiction : The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake . Here are some of the things these kinds of narratives can do that socially realistic novels can not do . ^ Jump up to : Langford 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Douthat , Ross ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale and Ours ' '' . The New York Times . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( 22 June 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grace , DM ( 1998 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale Historical Notes and Documentary Subversion '' . Science Fiction Studies . Science Fiction Studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 94 . JSTOR 4240726 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : Character List '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Offred 's Real Name In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Is The Only Piece Of Power She Still Holds '' by Dana Getz , Bustle , April 26 , 2017 , `` In Margaret Atwood 's original novel , Offred 's real name is never revealed . Many eagle - eyed readers deduced that it was June based on contextual clues : Of the names the Handmaids trade in hushed tones as they lie awake at night , `` June '' is the only one that 's never heard again once Offred is narrating . '' https://www.bustle.com/p/offreds-real-name-in-the-handmaids-tale-is-the-only-piece-of-power-she-still-holds-53607 Jump up ^ Madonne 1991 Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , An Interview : ' Q : We can figure out that the main character lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts ' Jump up ^ Mccarthy , Mary ( 1986 - 02 - 09 ) . `` No Headline - The New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' on Hulu : What Should Catholics Think ? '' . Faith & Family Media Blog . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucie - Smith , Alexander ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Should Catholics watch The Handmaid 's Tale ? '' . The Catholic Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 144 , 192 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 178 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood 1998 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 235 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Public Library . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Susanne ( 2004 ) . `` '' People confuse interpersonal relations with legal structures . '' An Interview with Margaret Atwood `` . Gender Forum . Archived from the original on 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Shirley ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Mervyn ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 1994 ) . Nicholson , Colin , ed . Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees . Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson interviews Margaret Atwood about ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Recently , someone said , `` Religion does n't radicalize people , people radicalize religion . '' So you can use any religion as an excuse for being repressive , and you can use any religion as an excuse for resisting repression ; it works both ways , as it does in the book . So that was one set of inspirations . Jump up ^ Curwood , Steve ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Gayle ( July 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books . JSTOR 4019952 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Jane ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' `` . Social Justice . JSTOR 29766564 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( May 2004 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' `` . PMLA . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 20 December 2014 ) . `` Does The Handmaid 's Tale hold up ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Charlotte ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Book Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hines , Molly ( 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' : Fundamentalist religiosity and the oppression of women `` . Angelo State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer , Naomi ( 2013 ) . `` '' Subversive Feminist Thrusts `` : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' , Louise Marley 's `` The Terrorists of Irustan '' , Marge Piercy 's `` He , She and It '' , and Sheri S. Tepper 's `` Raising the Stones '' `` . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Alanna ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A White Feminist Dystopia '' . theestablishment.co . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mikki ( June 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale 's Greatest Failing Is How It Handles Race '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Mikki Kendall @ Karnythia '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AP English Literature and Composition Exam '' . College Board . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2002 -- 2003 : One Book , One Conference '' . American Library Association . June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Concerns inaugural program featuring Margaret Atwood held in Toronto , 19 -- 25 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Robert P. ( 2017 ) . Banned Books : Defending Our Freedom to Read . American Library Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8389 - 8962 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy 2009 : `` Committee reviews ' fictional drivel ' alleged to violate board policy on respect , profanity '' . ( In his letter to his son 's school principal ( quoted by Rushowy ) , a parent , Robert Edwards , observes that The Handmaid 's Tale ) `` is rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression ... I ca n't really understand what it is my son is supposed to be learning from this fictional drivel ... I have a major problem with a curriculum book that can not be fully read out loud in class , in front of an assembly , directly to a teacher , a parent , or , for that matter , contains attitudes and words that can not be used by students in class discussion or hallway conversation . Let alone a description of situations that must be embarrassing and uncomfortable to any young woman in that class -- and probably the young men , too . '' ( Rushowy reports : ) `` According to Toronto District School board policy , any complaint that ca n't be solved at the school level goes to a review committee ... Such a committee is now reviewing The Handmaid 's Tale ... It met yesterday ( 15 January 2009 ) ... and will eventually make a recommendation to the director of education . If Edwards still is n't satisfied , he can appeal to trustees . '' Jump up ^ Rushowy 2009b : `` Committee to consider objection to book ; concern may centre on sexuality , religion . '' Jump up ^ Carr , Mitch ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Guilford County moms want reading list criteria changed '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burack , Cynthia ( Winter 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal . 1 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 283 . JSTOR 4315901 . Jump up ^ Laz , Cheryl ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . JSTOR 1318898 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Harriet ( December 1989 ) . `` '' Teaching Them to Read `` : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English . JSTOR 378090 . Jump up ^ Larson , Janet ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion and Literature . Jump up ^ Stein , Karen ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Hulu is adapting Margaret Atwood 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe . `` ' Hulu Carried to Emmys Glory by Eight Wins for ' Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Variety = 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gummere , Joe . `` 2013 Audie Awards ® Finalists by category '' . joeaudio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artists : Lakes of Canada '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tufts University : Department of Drama and Dance : Performances & Events '' . dramadance.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 5 April 2003 ) . `` Classical music & opera '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Littler , William ( 15 December 2004 ) , Opera Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's tale '' . UKTW . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale debuts as ballet in Winnipeg '' . CA : CBC News . 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lyman , David ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' offers extreme view of future '' . Cincinnati.com . Works cited ( edit ) ( 17 June 2005 ) , `` Aliens Have Taken the Place of Angels '' , The Guardian ( 14 Jan 2009 ) , `` Complaint Spurs School Board to Review Novel by Atwood '' , The Toronto Star . Alexander , Lynn ( 22 May 2009 ) , `` The Handmaid 's Tale Working Bibliography '' , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Hyperlinked to online resources for Alexander , Dr Lynn ( Spring 1999 ) , Women Writers : Magic , Mysticism , and Mayhem ( course ) . Includes entry for book chap . by Kauffman . An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale ( n.d. ) . In Nashville Public Library . Armrbuster , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Social Justice 17 ( 3 ) , 146 -- 52 . Atwood , Margaret ( 1985 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 ( 1986 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books. ( 1998 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books ( div. of Random House ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49081 - 8 . Parenthetical page references are to the 1998 ed . Digitized 2 June 2008 by Google Books ( 311 pp . ) ( 2005 ) , La Servante écarlate ( The Handmaid 's Tale ) ( in French ) , Rué , Sylviane transl , Paris : J'ai Lu , ISBN 978 - 2 - 290 - 34710 - 2 . Atwood , M. ( 2004 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' . PMLA , 119 ( 3 ) , 513 -- 517 . Atwood , M. ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Bergmann , H.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching Them to Read : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English , 51 ( 8 ) , 847 -- 854 . Burack , C. ( 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal 1 ( 2 ) , 274 -- 83 . Callaway , A.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Curwood , Steve . ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . n.p. Evans , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees '' . In C. Nicholson ( Ed . ) , Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity ( pp. 177 -- 188 ) . London , United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan UK . Greene , Gayle. ( 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books 3 ( 10 ) , 14 -- 15 . Gruss , S. ( 2004 ) . `` People confuse personal relations with legal structures '' . An Interview with Margaret Atwood . In Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Hines , M.E. ( 2006 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale : Fundamentalist Religiosity and the Oppression of Women . N.p. : Angelo State University . Kauffman , Linda ( 1989 ) , `` 6 . Special Delivery : Twenty - First Century Epistolarity in The Handmaid 's Tale '' , in Goldsmith , Elizabeth , Writing the Female Voice : Essays on Epistolary Literature , Boston : Northeastern University Press , pp. 221 -- 44 . Cited in Alexander . Langford , David ( Aug 2003 ) , `` Bits and Pieces '' , SFX ( UK : Ansible ) ( 107 ) . Larson , J.L. ( 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion & Literature 21 ( 1 ) , 27 -- 61 . Laz , C. ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) , 54 -- 63 . Lewis , Lapham H. ( September 2004 ) . `` Tentacles of rage : The Republican propaganda mill , a brief history '' . Harper 's Magazine . Mercer , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Subversive Feminist Thrusts '' : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , Louise Marley 's The Terrorists of Irustan , Marge Piercy 's He , She and I. Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin . Miner , Madonne ( 1991 ) , `` ' Trust Me ' : Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Twentieth Century Literature 37 : 148 -- 68 , doi : 10.2307 / 441844 . Morris , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Margaret Atwood , The Art of Fiction No. 121 '' . The Paris Review . Neuman , S.C. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly , 75 ( 3 ) , 857 -- 868 . Oates , J.C. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Perry , D. ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Rothstein , Mervyn. ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Rushowy , Kristin ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Atwood Novel Too Brutal , Sexist For School : Parent '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Stein , K.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Canadian Literature , 148 , 57 -- 72 . The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , American Library Association , 2009 . Andriano , Joseph . `` The Handmaid 's Tale as Scrabble Game . '' Critical Insights : The Handmaid 's Tale , edited by J. Brooks Bouson , Salem , 2009 . Salem Online . Elliott , John . `` A Watershed Moment for Atwood '' The Ottawa Citizen , December 5 , 2004 , pp. A3 . ProQuest , . Further reading ( edit ) Adami , Valentina ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Through Literature : Margaret Atwood 's Cautionary Tales . Trier : WVT . Atwood , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Handmaid 's Tale . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . Cooper , Pamela ( 1997 ) . `` ' A Body Story with a Vengeance ' : Anatomy and Struggle in The Bell Jar and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Women 's Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1997. 9979152 . Dopp , Jamie ( 1994 ) . `` Subject - Position as Victim - Position in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Studies in Canadian Literature. 19 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . Gardner , Laurel J ( 1994 ) . `` Pornography as a Matter of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Notes on Contemporary Literature. 24 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 7 . Garretts - Petts , WF ( 1988 ) . `` Reading , Writing and the Postmodern Condition : Interpreting Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Open Letter . Seventh . I . Geddes , Dan ( January 2001 ) . `` Negative Utopia as Polemic : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Satirist . Hammer , Stephanie Barbé ( 1990 ) . `` The World as It Will Be ? Female Satire and the Technology of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Modern Language Studies . XX ( 2 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194826 . Malak , Amin ( 1987 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition '' . Canadian Literature. 112 : 9 -- 16 . McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` No Headline : The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin ) '' . The New York Times ( review ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Mohr , Dunja M. ( 2005 ) , Worlds Apart : Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias , Jefferson , NC : McFarland 2005 Long chapter on The Handmaid 's Tale as utopia and dystopia . Myrsiades , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` Law , Medicine , and the Sex Slave in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . In Myrsiades , Kostas ; Myrsiades , Linda . Un-Disciplining Literature : Literature , Law , and Culture . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 219 -- 45 . Stanners , Barbara ; Stanners , Michael ; Atwood , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale . Top Notes Literature Guides . Seven Hills , NSW , Australia : Five Senses Education . External links ( edit ) Atwood , Margaret ( April 2003 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale ( Audio file format ) . World Book Club . BBC World Service ... The Handmaid 's Tale ballet at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet The Handmaid 's Tale Epub ( 27 , February 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Margaret Atwood Novels The Edible Woman ( 1969 ) Surfacing ( 1972 ) Lady Oracle ( 1976 ) Life Before Man ( 1979 ) Bodily Harm ( 1981 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1988 ) The Robber Bride ( 1993 ) Alias Grace ( 1996 ) The Blind Assassin ( 2000 ) Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Year of the Flood ( 2009 ) MaddAddam ( 2013 ) The Heart Goes Last ( 2015 ) Hag - Seed ( 2016 ) Short fiction collections Dancing Girls ( 1977 ) Murder in the Dark ( 1983 ) Bluebeard 's Egg ( 1983 ) Wilderness Tips ( 1991 ) Good Bones ( 1992 ) Good Bones and Simple Murders ( 1994 ) The Labrador Fiasco ( 1996 ) The Tent ( 2006 ) Moral Disorder ( 2006 ) Stone Mattress ( 2014 ) Short stories `` Rape Fantasies '' ( 1977 ) `` The Resplendent Quetzal '' ( 1977 ) `` Happy Endings '' ( 1983 ) `` Unearthing Suite '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeforall '' ( 1986 ) Poetry collections Double Persephone ( 1961 ) The Circle Game ( 1964 ) Expeditions ( 1965 ) Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein ( 1966 ) The Animals in That Country ( 1968 ) The Journals of Susanna Moodie ( 1970 ) Procedures for Underground ( 1970 ) Power Politics ( 1971 ) Two - Headed Poems ( 1978 ) True Stories ( 1981 ) Interlunar ( 1984 ) Morning in the Burned House ( 1995 ) The Door ( 2007 ) Non-fiction Survival : A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature ( 1972 ) Negotiating with the Dead : A Writer on Writing ( 2002 ) Writing with Intent : Essays , Reviews , Personal Prose -- 1983 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Payback : Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth ( 2008 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Winners of the Governor General 's Award for English - language fiction 1930s Bertram Brooker , Think of the Earth ( 1936 ) Laura Salverson , The Dark Weaver ( 1937 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Swiss Sonata ( 1938 ) Franklin D. McDowell , The Champlain Road ( 1939 ) 1940s Ringuet , Thirty Acres ( 1940 ) Alan Sullivan , Three Came to Ville Marie ( 1941 ) G. Herbert Sallans , Little Man ( 1942 ) Thomas Head Raddall , The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek ( 1943 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Earth and High Heaven ( 1944 ) Hugh MacLennan , Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) Winifred Bambrick , Continental Revue ( 1946 ) Gabrielle Roy , The Tin Flute ( 1947 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Precipice ( 1948 ) Philip Child , Mr. Ames Against Time ( 1949 ) 1950s Germaine Guèvremont , The Outlander ( 1950 ) Morley Callaghan , The Loved and the Lost ( 1951 ) David Walker , The Pillar ( 1952 ) David Walker , Digby ( 1953 ) Igor Gouzenko , The Fall of a Titan ( 1954 ) Lionel Shapiro , The Sixth of June ( 1955 ) Adele Wiseman , The Sacrifice ( 1956 ) Gabrielle Roy , Street of Riches ( 1957 ) Colin McDougall , Execution ( 1958 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Watch That Ends the Night ( 1959 ) 1960s Brian Moore , The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1960 ) Malcolm Lowry , Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place ( 1961 ) Kildare Dobbs , Running to Paradise ( 1962 ) Hugh Garner , Hugh Garner 's Best Stories ( 1963 ) Douglas LePan , The Deserter ( 1964 ) ( no award ) ( 1965 ) Margaret Laurence , A Jest of God ( 1966 ) ( no award ) ( 1967 ) Alice Munro , Dance of the Happy Shades ( 1968 ) Robert Kroetsch , The Studhorse Man ( 1969 ) 1970s Dave Godfrey , The New Ancestors ( 1970 ) Mordecai Richler , St. Urbain 's Horseman ( 1971 ) Robertson Davies , The Manticore ( 1972 ) Rudy Wiebe , The Temptations of Big Bear ( 1973 ) Margaret Laurence , The Diviners ( 1974 ) Brian Moore , The Great Victorian Collection ( 1975 ) Marian Engel , Bear ( 1976 ) Timothy Findley , The Wars ( 1977 ) Alice Munro , Who Do You Think You Are ? ( 1978 ) Jack Hodgins , The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne ( 1979 ) 1980s George Bowering , Burning Water ( 1980 ) Mavis Gallant , Home Truths : Selected Canadian Stories ( 1981 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Man Descending ( 1982 ) Leon Rooke , Shakespeare 's Dog ( 1983 ) Josef Skvorecky , The Engineer of Human Souls ( 1984 ) Margaret Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Alice Munro , The Progress of Love ( 1986 ) M.T. Kelly , A Dream Like Mine ( 1987 ) David Adams Richards , Nights Below Station Street ( 1988 ) Paul Quarrington , Whale Music ( 1989 ) 1990s Nino Ricci , Lives of the Saints ( 1990 ) Rohinton Mistry , Such a Long Journey ( 1991 ) Michael Ondaatje , The English Patient ( 1992 ) Carol Shields , The Stone Diaries ( 1993 ) Rudy Wiebe , A Discovery of Strangers ( 1994 ) Greg Hollingshead , The Roaring Girl ( 1995 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , The Englishman 's Boy ( 1996 ) Jane Urquhart , The Underpainter ( 1997 ) Diane Schoemperlen , Forms of Devotion ( 1998 ) Matt Cohen , Elizabeth and After ( 1999 ) 2000s Michael Ondaatje , Anil 's Ghost ( 2000 ) Richard B. Wright , Clara Callan ( 2001 ) Gloria Sawai , A Song for Nettie Johnson ( 2002 ) Douglas Glover , Elle ( 2003 ) Miriam Toews , A Complicated Kindness ( 2004 ) David Gilmour , A Perfect Night to Go to China ( 2005 ) Peter Behrens , The Law of Dreams ( 2006 ) Michael Ondaatje , Divisadero ( 2007 ) Nino Ricci , The Origin of Species ( 2008 ) Kate Pullinger , The Mistress of Nothing ( 2009 ) 2010s Dianne Warren , Cool Water ( 2010 ) Patrick deWitt , The Sisters Brothers ( 2011 ) Linda Spalding , The Purchase ( 2012 ) Eleanor Catton , The Luminaries ( 2013 ) Thomas King , The Back of the Turtle ( 2014 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Daddy Lenin and Other Stories ( 2015 ) Madeleine Thien , Do Not Say We Have Nothing ( 2016 ) Joel Thomas Hynes , We 'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Arthur C. Clarke Award <Td_colspan="2"> The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1987 ) The Sea and Summer ( 1988 ) Unquenchable Fire ( 1989 ) The Child Garden ( 1990 ) Take Back Plenty ( 1991 ) Synners ( 1992 ) Body of Glass ( 1993 ) Vurt ( 1994 ) Fools ( 1995 ) Fairyland ( 1996 ) The Calcutta Chromosome ( 1997 ) The Sparrow ( 1998 ) Dreaming in Smoke ( 1999 ) Distraction ( 2000 ) Perdido Street Station ( 2001 ) Bold As Love ( 2002 ) The Separation ( 2003 ) Quicksilver ( 2004 ) Iron Council ( 2005 ) Air ( 2006 ) Nova Swing ( 2007 ) Black Man ( 2008 ) Song of Time ( 2009 ) The City & the City ( 2010 ) Zoo City ( 2011 ) The Testament of Jessie Lamb ( 2012 ) Dark Eden ( 2013 ) Ancillary Justice ( 2014 ) Station Eleven ( 2015 ) Children of Time ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad ( 2017 ) BNF : cb12398637r ( data ) GND : 4460070 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&oldid=856620977 '' Categories : 1985 science fiction novels 1985 Canadian novels Novels set in Boston Canadian novels adapted into films Canadian speculative fiction novels Debut speculative fiction novels Dystopian novels Feminist science fiction novels Fictional states of the United States Governor General 's Award - winning novels McClelland & Stewart books Metafictional novels Novels about totalitarianism Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Margaret Atwood Novels set in the future Philosophical novels Post-apocalyptic novels Feminist fiction Religion in science fiction Sterilization in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 14 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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1. The Handmaid's Tale - dystopian novel
2. Margaret Atwood - Canadian author
3. Women in subjugation - patriarchal society
4. Offred - protagonist and narrator
5. Gilead - totalitarian state
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who plays the krill in happy feet 2
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Happy Feet Two - Wikipedia Happy Feet Two Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Happy Feet Two <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by George Miller Produced by George Miller Bill Miller Doug Mitchell Written by George Miller Gary Eck Warren Coleman Paul Livingston Starring Elijah Wood Robin Williams Hank Azaria Alecia Moore ( P ! nk ) Brad Pitt Matt Damon Sofia Vergara Common Hugo Weaving Richard Carter Magda Szubanski Anthony LaPaglia Music by John Powell Cinematography David Dulac David Peers Edited by Christian Gazal Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Kennedy Miller Mitchell Dr. D Studios Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Roadshow Entertainment ( Australia & New Zealand ) Release date November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) ( United States ) December 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 26 ) ( Australia ) Running time 100 minutes Country Australia United States Language English Budget $135 million Box office $150.4 million Happy Feet Two is a 2011 3D computer - animated family comedy film directed , produced and co-written by George Miller . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Happy Feet , and features Elijah Wood , Robin Williams , Hugo Weaving , Magda Szubanski and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first film . Pink voiced Gloria due to Brittany Murphy 's death in 2009 , and Richard Carter who portrayed a human character and voiced Barry in the first film , voices Bryan the beachmaster in this one , respectively . Common also replaced Fat Joe as Seymour . The original cast is joined by new characters voiced by Hank Azaria , Brad Pitt , Matt Damon , and Sofía Vergara . Kennedy Miller Mitchell and Dr. D Studios from Sydney , Australia , produced the film , which premiered in North American theaters on November 18 , 2011 in Digital 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released with a Looney Tunes short called I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat starring Sylvester Cat and Tweety Bird . The film received mixed reviews and grossed just $150 million against its $135 million budget , losing the studio $40 million and resulting in the immediate closure of Miller 's Dr. D Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Video game 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Track list 7.2 Charts 8 Possible sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Erik , son of the penguins Mumble and Gloria , is unable to dance like the other penguins . Erik and his two best friends , Bodicea and Atticus , follow Ramon to Adélie - Land and find that Adélie - Land has been ruled by a God - like `` penguin '' named Sven . Sven is actually a puffin in Adélie - Land who survived the loss of his native fishing grounds due to his `` miraculous '' ability to fly . Erik instantly becomes enamored with Sven , who takes a liking to him . Sven and Lovelace tell the others that they were saved by humans . The two eventually flee ( under Sven 's mistaken assumption that the humans were going to eat them ) and end up on Antarctica , where Sven performs his first miracle by revealing moss to the local penguins . Sven uses his power of `` Sven Think '' to help Ramon find a mate . Ramon instantly falls in love with Carmen , another Adélie penguin who is uninterested . Mumble follows the chicks ' footprints to Adélie - Land and orders them to return to Emperor - Land , but they refuse . Sven sends Erik back to Emperor - Land with Mumble . Meanwhile , a couple of krill are in the midst of a swarm . Will is an adventurous and existentialist krill determined to discover what lies beyond the swarm . His friend , Bill , reluctantly follows him to ensure his safety . Once separated from the swarm , Will and Bill realize that krill are at the bottom of the food chain , created to be eaten . Inspired , Will ventures out to evolve and `` move up the food chain '' by eating a real creature instead of being eaten . Mumble tells Erik that he is unique to the world and that he will someday find his calling , but Erik is oblivious . While trying to cross a perilous ice bridge , the penguins encounter Elephant Seal Bryan the Beach Master and his two young sons , who refuse to let the penguins pass . Suddenly the ice gives away and Bryan is trapped in a deep crevice below the ice . Mumble sets out to free Bryan by luring a leopard seal to chase him down . Seeking acceptance from Erik , Mumble is devastated to learn Erik attributed the feat of courage to Sven Think . Bryan returns to the southern elephant seal beach . When the penguins return to Emperor - Land they discover that a large iceberg has trapped the emperor penguin population below large walls of ice . Bo ventures out to Adélie - Land to recruit the help of Ramon , the Amigos and the Adélie penguins to bring fish to the doomed Emperor penguins . Meanwhile , Mumble , Erik and Atticus deliver meager supplies of fish to the trapped penguins . Erik attempts to deliver a fish to Gloria by flying and nearly tossing himself over the edge of the iceberg . Mumble scolds Erik for his beliefs , saying that no penguin can fly and that none of the emperor penguins will be able to escape . Once Erik realizes Emperor - Land is destined to die , he begins to break down . Gloria sends Mumble off to hunt for fish , calming Erik and the rest of the hysterical Emperor - Land . In the process , Bill becomes inspired to create another swarm of krill but Will refuses , preferring to adhere to his new predator lifestyle . The next morning , a large flock of skua attack the trapped Emperor - Land . Noah the Elder encourages the penguins to stand up to the birds through perseverance and unity . When all hope seems lost , Bo returns with the entire Adélie - Land , led by Sven , to aid the trapped emperor penguins . Sven orchestrates a cooperative effort to feed the trapped emperor penguins through hunting and bringing back a flow of fish from the sea . Meanwhile , Will becomes increasingly agitated with Bill 's behavior and leaves him into the Adélie feeding swarm , to join `` fellow predators '' . In the process he is attached to a fish carried by Sven and down into the trapped Emperor - Land . The humans who saved Sven and Lovelace come to Antarctica again to help the penguins find a way out . However , a blizzard approaches and causes the humans to flee and not return . Sven reports that the ocean has frozen over significantly and there is no chance of the humans returning or the Adélie penguins transporting food over such a distance . Erik urges Sven to teach the penguins how to fly , but Sven reveals that he is not a penguin but a puffin . He admits that after the loss of Svenland , he was lonely and grew to love the penguins who accepted him as a family . Mumble , after watching snow fall into a crevice between chunks of iceberg , begins to tap - dance on the ice and lead the Adélie penguins in a dance to force snow between the ice and weaken it . The plan works until several chunks break loose , sending Bo , Atticus , and a portion of the Adélies as well as several chinstrap , little blue and Magellanic penguins into the doomed crevice . Erik and Lovelace tumble towards the edge , and Mumble grabs the thread from Lovelace 's vest . The thread snaps and Lovelace falls on Sven . Mumble and the Amigos pull on the thread that Erik is holding onto and pull him up but Mumble injures his foot , unable to dance and lead the Adélies . Ramon realizes Carmen is trapped below and , risking his own life , jumps off the iceberg to be with her and professes their love to each other . Sven becomes aware of the dancing and proves himself to be a worthy dancer despite public outcry against him . He leads the remaining Adélies in dance while Erik and Mumble venture off to the elephant seal beach . Meanwhile , Will , weary from the dangers he experienced as a predator on the surface , ventures back into the sea to find Bill , but not before experiencing the penguin 's dancing . He is suddenly forced down a crack in the ice and into the sea beneath Emperor - Land . Reuniting with Bill and his swarm , the krill enter the inaccessible ice below Emperor - Land . Mumble and Erik arrive at Elephant Seal Beach where Bryan is in the middle of a fight of dominance between another large male . Mumble pleads to the elephant seals to help free the emperor penguins . Hesitant to return a favor at such a pivotal time of the year , Bryan declines . Using his singing abilities , Erik commends Mumble for his bravery and lectures Bryan for his lack of kindness . The elephant seals travel en - masse to Emperor - Land . The penguins and the seals begin slamming the ice to the beat of Queen 's song Under Pressure , joined by Will , Bill and their krill swarm below the ice . Finally , the iceberg crumbles enough for the emperor penguins to climb out of the crevice and reunite with their families . Cast ( edit ) Elijah Wood as Mumble , husband of Gloria and father of Erik Robin Williams , who voiced Ramon and Lovelace , at the film 's Australian premiere in Sydney Robin Williams as Ramon and Lovelace , This was Williams ' last animated feature before his death in 2014 Hank Azaria as The Mighty Sven , an Atlantic puffin Alecia Moore ( Pink ) as Gloria , wife of Mumble and mother of Erik ( replacing Brittany Murphy ) Brad Pitt as Will the Krill Matt Damon as Bill the Krill Sofia Vergara as Carmen , Ramon 's love interest Common as Seymour ( Atticus 's father ) ( replacing Fat Joe ) Hugo Weaving as Noah the Elder Richard Carter as Bryan the Beach Master Magda Szubanski as Miss Viola ( Bo 's mother ) Anthony LaPaglia as Alpha Skua Ava Acres as Erik , only son of Gloria and Mumble and Memphis and Norma Jean 's grandson . ( singing by E.G. Daily ) Meibh Campbell as Bodicea `` Bo '' , daughter of Miss Viola , and Erik 's best friend . ( singing by E.G. Daily ) Benjamin `` Lil ' P - Nut '' Flores Jr. as Atticus , son of Seymour , and Erik 's best friend . Jai Sloper and Oscar Beard as Weaner Pups Carlos Alazraqui as Nestor Johnny A. Sanchez as Lombardo Lombardo Boyar as Raul Jeffrey Garcia as Rinaldo Danny Mann as Brokebeak Lee Perry as Francesco , Wayne the Challenger , Eggbert and Leopard seal Live action cast featured Septimus Caton as the guitarist and Ivan Vunich as the beanie man . Production ( edit ) Director George Miller at the film 's Australian premiere in Sydney Elijah Wood , Robin Williams , Magda Szubanski and Hugo Weaving reprised their previous performances as Mumble , Ramón , Lovelace , Ms. Viola and Noah . Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman make a brief cameo as Norma Jean and Memphis . Also returning for the film are Carlos Alazraqui , Johnny A. Sanchez , Lombardo Boyar and Jeffrey Garcia as Nestor , Lombardo , Raul , and Rinaldo . No other actors repeated their earlier performances . Miriam Margolyes did n't come back for the sequel as Mrs Astrakhan before she was written out of the sequel . Fat Joe was replaced by Common as Seymour . Brittany Murphy , who originally voiced Mumble 's love interest Gloria , was set to reprise her role and scheduled to begin recording some time in 2010 , but died from pneumonia and anemia on December 20 , 2009 . Steve Irwin , who voiced Trev the elephant seal and an albatross , died of a stingray injury on September 4 , 2006 . Pink replaced Murphy 's roles ( Pink had already contributed a song `` Tell Me Something Good '' to the soundtrack of the first film ) . Brad Pitt and Matt Damon voiced the tiny krill , Will and Bill . Hank Azaria also signed on to voice The Mighty Sven . E.G. Daily , who played young Mumble in the previous film , played the vocals for Mumble 's choreophobic son Erik and the daughter of Miss Viola , Boadicea , as well as additional voices . Sofía Vergara appears in the film as a new character . There is a live action scene in the movie as in the first Happy Feet . Mitchell Hicks signed up as the movie 's choreographer . Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) The DVD , Blu - ray , and 3D Blu - ray release of Happy Feet Two were released on March 13 , 2012 from Warner Home Video . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $64 million in the United States along with $86 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $150.4 million . Produced on a budget of $135 million , the film ended up losing the studio around $40 million . On its opening weekend , Happy Feet Two earned $21,237,068 while playing on 3,606 screens . This was barely half of the $41,533,432 that the first Happy Feet made on its opening weekend in November 2006 . Approximately 50 % of Happy Feet Two 's box - office take came from the 2,825 screens that showed it in 3D . Thus , when adjusted for ticket price inflation , Happy Feet Two achieved less than 45 % of the attendance figures of its predecessor . Major box - office prediction websites were almost unanimously predicting an opening weekend of $35 million - $45 million , so Happy Feet Two 's box - office performance has thus far been underwhelming . Among 2011 's animated films , Happy Feet Two 's opening weekend ranks 8th . Kurt Orzeck of the Vancouver Sun has reported that `` due to the poor performance of Happy Feet Two , 600 of the 700 employees at the Sydney - based Dr. D. Studios , the digital production studio behind the animated movie , have reportedly received their walking papers . '' Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 46 % of critics gave positive reviews , based on 111 reviews , with a general consensus being that `` the animation is as eye - popping as ever , but Happy Feet Two 's narrative is too noisily incoherent to recapture the Oscar - winning charm of its predecessor . '' Happy Feet Two currently holds a Metascore of 50 out of 100 on Metacritic . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review and said that Miller is `` not content to duplicate the pleasures of his first penguin film ; he dares to go bigger , deeper , higher -- happier . '' However , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two - and - a-half stars ( out of four ) stating that `` The animation is bright and attractive , the music gives the characters something to do , but the movie has too much dialogue in the areas of philosophy and analysis . '' Similarly , British newspaper The Telegraph named Happy Feet Two one of the ten worst films of 2011 , saying `` Happy Feet Two is an appalling 3D animated sequel about a colony of all ‐ singin ' , all - dancin ' , all - infuriatin ' penguins . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Winner / Nominee Result Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards Actor of the Year Brad Pitt ( also for The Tree of Life and Moneyball ) Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Best Animated Film Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Best Animated Film Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` Bridge of Light '' by Pink and Billy Mann Nominated Video Game ( edit ) Happy Feet Two : The Video Game was developed by KMM Games for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Wii . WayForward Technologies developed the Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS versions . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Happy Feet Two <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by John Powell Released November 15 , 2011 Recorded 2011 Genre Score Length 73 : 00 Label WaterTower Music , Atlantic Producer John Powell <Th_colspan="2"> John Powell film scores chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 2011 Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Lorax 2012 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Happy Feet Two <Td_colspan="2"> `` Bridge of Light '' Released : December 2 , 2011 <Td_colspan="2"> The soundtrack album for the film was released by WaterTower Music on CD on November 21 , 2011 and on iTunes on November 15 , 2011 . Unlike the previous film 's two album releases -- one for its songs and one for its score -- both the songs and John Powell 's score are included on this album . The songs `` Happy Feet Two Opening Medley , '' `` Bridge of Light , '' and `` Under Pressure / Rhythm Nation '' are led by Pink , who lends her vocals to the character Gloria , taking the place of Brittany Murphy from the first film . Track list ( edit ) `` Happy Feet Two Opening Medley '' -- P ! nk , Common , Lil ' P - Nut , & the Happy Feet Two Chorus `` The Mighty Sven '' -- Robin Williams , Hank Azaria , and the Happy Feet Two Chorus `` Bridge of Light '' -- Pink , featuring the Happy Feet Two Chorus `` Papa Oom Mow Mow '' -- Happy Feet Two Chorus `` Dragostea Din Tei '' -- Hank Azaria & the Happy Feet Two Chorus `` Erik 's Opera '' -- E.G. Daily and Omar Crook ( based on the Puccini aria `` E lucevan le stelle '' ) `` Rawhide '' -- Elephant Seal Chorus `` Under Pressure / Rhythm Nation '' -- P ! nk , & the Happy Feet Two Chorus ( the film version also features Lil ' P - Nut , Common , E.G Daily , Robin Williams , Brad Pitt and Matt Damon ; that version is only heard in the film ) ( written by Queen & David Bowie , Janet Jackson , James Harris III , Terry Lewis ) `` Tightrope ( Ice Cold Mix ) ( featuring Lil ' P - Nut & the Happy Feet Two Chorus ) '' -- Janelle Monáe `` In the Hole '' -- John Powell `` Ramon and the Krill '' -- John Powell `` Lovelace Preshow ( feat . Judith Hill ) '' -- John Powell `` Searching for the Kids '' -- John Powell `` The Doomberg Lands '' -- John Powell `` I Do n't Back Up ... '' -- John Powell `` Trapped in Emperor Land '' -- John Powell `` Skua Attack / Adelie Rescue '' -- John Powell `` Dinner a la Sven '' -- John Powell `` We Are the Champions '' -- John Powell ( written by Freddie Mercury ) `` Snow Stops Play ( feat . Steven Pence ) '' -- John Powell `` No Fly Zone '' -- John Powell `` Krill Joy '' -- John Powell `` Tappin ' to Freedom '' -- John Powell The deluxe edition of the album contains an addition of 5 songs performed by Ozomatli ; these songs and more can also be found on the soundtrack for the video game , which was released on iTunes on November 8 , 2011 . Charts ( edit ) Year Chart Peak 2012 Australian ARIA Albums Chart 70 Possible sequel ( edit ) In a 2011 interview director George Miller was asked if he had any plans for Happy Feet Three . `` If you put a gun to my head and said , ' You have to come up with a story for Happy Feet 3 , ' I 'd say shoot me . I would have no idea . I really would have no idea . The stories creep up on you . You just have to allow the stories to come , and then they get in like little ear worms in your head and they wo n't go away . If that happens and we 've got the energy , we 'll do a third one . If it does n't happen , it does n't happen . That 's the only way you can do it . It has to be authentic . I really wanted to make this film better than the first one . Otherwise , at my age , what 's the point ? You really want to make it better . If something comes up that 's really exciting and I can convey that enthusiasm to other people , then there would be a third one . '' -- George Miller . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Film - Happy Feet '' . Motion Picture Distributors Association of Australia . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Breaking Dawn ' to suck life out of ' Happy Feet ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy Feet Two '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bullbeck , Pip ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` From ' Great Gatsby ' to ' Happy Feet Two ' : 7 Hot Movies , Series Coming Out of Australia '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ B. Vary , Adam ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tweety Bird and Sylvester the Cat do battle in new Looney Tunes short -- EXCLUSIVE CLIP '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Karl ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Happy feet no longer tapping as animation studio sells up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Another New Character '' . Trailers.Apple.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy Feet 2 's first look at Pitt , Damon '' . RTÉ Ten . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vegara 's role in Happy Feet Two revealed '' . News.com.au . June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hugo Weaving 's confirmed '' . CineMovie.tv . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More Cast '' . HappyFeetTwo.WarnerBros.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Happy Feet Two - Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record Brilliance , Feb 4 , 2010 '' . Malamar.BlogSpot.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ; Crawford , Carly ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Brittany Murphy planned to have New Year in Australia '' . News.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Enticing glimpse of projected triumphs '' . TheAustralian.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Miller Casting : Teresa Palmer in Mad Max 4 : Fury Road , Matt Damon and Brad Pitt in Happy Feet 2 '' . / Film . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Antonette Collins ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sydney welcomes patter of Happy Feet 2 '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara Joins The Smurfs & Happy Feet 2 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garth Franklin ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Live action in Happy Feet Two ? '' . DarkHorizons.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A New Dancing Expert '' . TheSauce.info . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarto , Dan ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Happy Feet Two Arrives onto Blu - Ray , DVD and Digital Download on March 13 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Midyear Awards Report : Warner Bros. ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Breaking Dawn 's Huge Debut Just Shy of ' Twilight ' Record - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Orzeck , Kurt ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Happy Feet Two ' flop leads to 600 layoffs : Report '' . Vancouver Sun , accessed November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet Two Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet Two '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Happy Feet Two : Mr. Miller 's Poppy Penguins Save Their Own Planet -- Entertainment -- TIME.com '' . Time . November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Happy Feet Two '' . Chicago Sun - Times . rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten worst films of 2011 '' . The Telegraph . London . December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Video Game of Happy Feet 2 '' . PRNewsWire.com . May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ARIA Report 1141 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Director George Miller Talks HAPPY FEET TWO , MAD MAX , and JUSTICE LEAGUE '' . collider.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Happy Feet Two . Official website Happy Feet Two at Box Office Mojo Happy Feet Two on IMDb Happy Feet Two at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Happy Feet Films Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) Video games Happy Feet Songs `` The Song of the Heart '' `` Hit Me Up '' `` Bridge of Light '' <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by George Miller <Td_colspan="2"> Mad Max ( 1979 ) Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) 40,000 Years of Dreaming ( 1997 ) Babe : Pig in the City ( 1998 ) Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Feet_Two&oldid=842613569 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s buddy films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s sequel films 2011 3D films 2011 animated films 2011 computer - animated films American 3D films American animated films American buddy films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American musical comedy films American sequel films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated musical films Animated films about animals Animated films about penguins Australian films Australian 3D films Australian animated films Australian children 's films Films about animals Films about penguins Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films with live action and animation IMAX films Jukebox musical films Village Roadshow Pictures animated films Films directed by George Miller Films scored by John Powell Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Use mdy dates from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaelg 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Happy Feet Two - a 2011 animated film directed by George Miller
2. Plot - the storyline of the film involving penguins and their adventures
3. Cast - the actors who voiced the characters in the film
4. Box office - the financial performance of the film
5. Critical response - the reviews and reception of the film by critics and audiences
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-3,985,070,372,983,508,500 |
what's in a manhattan drink on the rocks
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Manhattan ( cocktail ) - wikipedia Manhattan ( cocktail ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Manhattan cocktail '' redirects here . For the 1928 film , see Manhattan Cocktail ( film ) . Manhattan <Th_colspan="2"> IBA Official Cocktail <Td_colspan="2"> A classic 2 : 1 Manhattan , made with Canadian whisky , sweet vermouth , bitters and a cherry Type Cocktail Primary alcohol by volume Whiskey Served Straight up ; without ice Standard garnish Maraschino cherry Standard drinkware Cocktail glass IBA specified ingredients 5 cL Rye whiskey 2 cL Sweet red vermouth Dash Angostura bitters Preparation Stirred over ice , strained into a chilled glass , garnished , and served up . Timing Before Dinner <Td_colspan="2"> Manhattan recipe at International Bartenders Association A Manhattan served in a cocktail glass A Manhattan is a cocktail made with whiskey , sweet vermouth and bitters . While rye is the traditional whiskey of choice , other commonly used whiskeys include Canadian whisky , bourbon , blended whiskey and Tennessee whiskey . The cocktail is usually stirred then strained into a cocktail glass and garnished with a Maraschino cherry . A Manhattan may also be served on the rocks in a lowball glass . The whiskey - based Manhattan is one of five cocktails named for a New York City borough . It is closely related to the Brooklyn cocktail , which uses dry vermouth and Maraschino liqueur in place of the Manhattan 's sweet vermouth , and Amer Picon in place of the Manhattan 's angostura bitters . The Manhattan is one of six basic drinks listed in David A. Embury 's classic The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and history 2 Traditions 3 Variations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin and history ( edit ) A popular history suggests that the drink originated at the Manhattan Club in New York City in the early 1870s , where it was invented by Dr. Iain Marshall for a banquet hosted by Jennie Jerome ( Lady Randolph Churchill , mother of Winston ) in honor of presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden . The success of the banquet made the drink fashionable , later prompting several people to request the drink by referring to the name of the club where it originated -- `` the Manhattan cocktail '' . However , Lady Randolph was in France at the time and pregnant , so the story is likely a fiction . However , there are prior references to various similar cocktail recipes called `` Manhattan '' and served in the Manhattan area . By one account it was invented in the 1860s by a bartender named Black at a bar on Broadway near Houston Street . The original `` Manhattan cocktail '' was a mix of `` American Whiskey , Italian Vermouth and Angostura bitters '' . During Prohibition ( 1920 -- 1933 ) Canadian whisky was primarily used because it was available . An early record of the cocktail can be found in William Schmidt 's `` The Flowing Bowl '' , published in 1891 . In it , he details a drink containing 2 dashes of gum ( gomme syrup ) , 2 dashes of bitters , 1 dash of absinthe , ⁄ portion of whiskey and ⁄ portion of vermouth . The same cocktail appears listed as a `` Tennessee Cocktail '' in Shake ' em Up ! by V. Elliott and P. Strong , copyright 1930 ( p. 39 ) : `` Two parts of whiskey , one part of Italian Vermouth and a dash of bitters poured over ice and stirred vigorously . '' Traditions ( edit ) On the small North Frisian island of Föhr , the Manhattan cocktail is a standard drink at almost every cafe , restaurant , and `` get together '' of locals . The story goes , that many of the people of Föhr emigrated to Manhattan during deep sea fishing trips , took a liking to the drink , and brought it back to Föhr with them . The drink is usually mixed 1 part ( the ' perfect ' is said to be half white / half red ) vermouth to 2 parts whiskey , with a dash of bitters , served ice cold , in an ice cold glass , or with ice and a cherry garnish . Variations ( edit ) A Manhattan served in a coupe Traditional views insist that a Manhattan be made with American rye whiskey . However it can also be made with bourbon or Canadian whisky . The Manhattan is subject to considerable variation and innovation , and is often a way for the best bartenders to show off their creativity . Some shake the ingredients with ice in a cocktail shaker instead of stirring it , creating a froth on the surface of the drink . Angostura is the classic bitters , but orange bitters or Peychaud 's Bitters may be used . Some make their own bitters and syrups , substitute comparable digestifs in place of vermouth , specialize in local or rare whiskeys , or use other exotic ingredients . A lemon peel may be used as garnish . Some add juice from the cherry jar or Maraschino liqueur to the cocktail for additional sweetness and color . Originally , bitters were considered an integral part of any cocktail , as the ingredient that differentiated a cocktail from a sling . Over time , those definitions of cocktail and sling have become archaic , as sling has fallen out of general use ( other than in certain drink names ) , and cocktail can mean any drink that resembles a martini , or simply any mixed drink . The following are other variations on the classic Manhattan : A Rob Roy is made with Scotch whisky . A Dry Manhattan is made with dry vermouth instead of sweet vermouth , usually also replacing the maraschino cherry with a twist in keeping with the overall principle of reducing the cocktail 's sweetness . A Manhattan made with dry vermouth but retaining the cherry rather than twist is sometimes known as a `` half - dry Manhattan , '' but this name risks confusion with the `` Perfect Manhattan '' ( see below ) , whose quantity of vermouth consists of equal parts sweet vermouth and dry vermouth . A Perfect Manhattan is made with equal parts sweet and dry vermouth . A Brandy Manhattan is made with Brandy instead of whiskey and is very popular in Wisconsin and Minnesota . A Metropolitan is similar to a brandy Manhattan , but with a 3 - to - 1 ratio of brandy to vermouth . A Cuban Manhattan is a Perfect Manhattan with dark rum as its principal ingredient . A Tijuana Manhattan is made with an Añejo Tequila . The Fourth Regiment is a classic ( ca . 1889 ) cocktail that uses a 1 : 1 ratio of whiskey and vermouth , and uses three dashes of three different bitters -- orange bitters , celery bitters , and Peychaud 's Bitters . See also ( edit ) List of cocktails List of cocktails named after New York City boroughs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Recipe for a Manhattan Cocktail from about.com Jump up ^ http://mybestcocktails.com/recipe-21-Manhattan.html Recipe for a classic Manhattan Cocktail Jump up ^ The Brooklyn Cocktail Serious Eats : Recipes Jump up ^ Holiday Cocktail Party from CocktailTimes.com ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Murphy 's The Barman 's Corner '' . Buckeye Tavern. 15 March 1945 . pg. 6 , col. 2 . qtd. in `` Moscow Mule ; Molotov Cocktail ; Manhattan Cocktail '' . The Linguist List . American Dialect Society . 28 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Winston Churchill , My Early Life ^ Jump up to : Regan , Gary ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Manhattan project : A bartender spills his secrets on the king of cocktails '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bonisteel , Sara ( 22 May 2006 ) . `` Tipplers Toast the Cocktail on Its 200th ' Anniversary ' '' . Fox News Network . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan '' . Cocktail Times . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Bar Mixer Has Spoken ... retrieved March 6 2013 Jump up ^ Essen und Trinken from Föhr-Digital.de Jump up ^ Levin , Steve ( May 12 , 2006 ) . `` The Origin of Cocktails '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ OnMilwaukee.com Bars & Clubs : Wisconsinites love affair with brandy Jump up ^ Felten , Eric ( September 8 , 2007 ) . `` In a League of Their Own : The Ivy League , That Is '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan '' . Great Cocktails . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Donohue , Peter ( Feb 2011 ) Azul 17 Tequila Lounge Jump up ^ How to make the Fourth Regiment Cocktail -- The Cocktail Spirit with Robert Hess External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manhattan ( cocktail ) . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) International Bartenders Association Official Cocktails <Td_colspan="2"> List of IBA official cocktails The Unforgettables Alexander Americano Angel Face Aviation Bacardi cocktail Between the Sheets Casino Clover Club Daiquiri Derby Dry Martini Gin Fizz John Collins Manhattan Mary Pickford Monkey Gland Negroni Old Fashioned Paradise Planter 's Punch Porto flip Ramos Fizz Rusty Nail Sazerac Screwdriver Sidecar Stinger Tuxedo Whiskey Sour White Lady Contemporary Classics Bellini Black Russian Bloody Mary Caipirinha Champagne cocktail Cosmopolitan Cuba Libre French Connection French 75 Godfather Godmother Golden Dream Grasshopper Harvey Wallbanger Hemingway Special Horse 's Neck Irish coffee Kir Long Island Iced Tea Mai Tai Margarita Mimosa Mint julep Mojito Moscow mule Piña colada Rose Sea Breeze Sex on the Beach Singapore Sling Tequila Sunrise New Era Drinks Barracuda Bramble B - 52 Dark ' n ' Stormy Dirty Martini Espresso Martini French Martini Kamikaze Lemon Drop Martini Pisco Sour Russian Spring Punch Spritz Veneziano Tommy 's Margarita Vampiro Vesper Yellow Bird See also List of cocktails Classic cocktails <Td_colspan="2"> Liquor portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manhattan_(cocktail)&oldid=832436872 '' Categories : Cocktails with bitters Cocktails with vermouth Cocktails with whisky Hidden categories : Articles with hRecipes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 00 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Manhattan cocktail
2. Whiskey
3. Sweet vermouth
4. Bitters
5. Garnish
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-2,002,956,000,167,307,500 |
who holds the major league baseball record for most consecutive wins
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List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the longest team winning streaks or unbeaten streaks in Major League Baseball history . Streaks started at the end of one season are carried over into the following season . The lists below include streaks that consist entirely of regular - season games , streaks from the predecessor National Association ( 1871 -- 1875 ) , streaks of playoff games and World Series games , and streaks that include both regular - season and postseason games . The 1916 New York Giants hold the record for the longest unbeaten streak in MLB history at 26 , with a tie in - between the 14th and 15th win . The record for the longest winning streak by an American League team is held by the 2017 Cleveland Indians at 22 . The Chicago Cubs franchise has won 21 games twice , once in 1880 when they were the Chicago White Stockings and once in 1935 . The longest winning streak consisting only of playoff games stands at 12 consecutive wins , by the 1927 , 1928 and 1932 New York Yankees ( who swept the World Series all three seasons ) and tied by the 1998 -- 99 Yankees . For streaks that have included both regular and postseason games , the 1970 and 1971 Baltimore Orioles hold the top two positions with 17 and 16 consecutive victories , respectively . Several entries in the table are denoted as including ties . In the early days of baseball , a game that was postponed due to weather or darkness was replayed from the beginning ( instead of being resumed from that point ) , but all statistics from the game were counted . In official records , the game is unofficial but is listed as a tie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Game streaks 2.1 Regular season 2.1. 1 National Association 2.2 Postseason 2.3 World Series 2.4 Regular season and postseason 3 Series streaks 3.1 Postseason 4 See also 5 References Key ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> Denotes streaks that contain unofficial tie ( s ) not included in the win totals <Td_colspan="2"> * * Denotes streaks that spanned over two seasons <Td_colspan="2"> Denotes streaks that are currently in progress <Td_colspan="2"> * Denotes season in which team won the World Series Game streaks ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) This list contains the top 30 streaks consisting entirely of regular - season games . Rank Games Team Season ( s ) Season record ( s ) Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent <Th_colspan="3"> Beginning ( first victory ) <Th_colspan="3"> End ( first defeat ) 26 ^ New York Giants 1916 86 -- 66 000000001916 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1916 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Robins 000000001916 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1916 3 -- 8 Boston Braves 22 Cleveland Indians 2017 102 -- 60 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2017 13 -- 6 Boston Red Sox 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2017 3 -- 4 Kansas City Royals 7000200000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 21 ^ Chicago White Stockings 1880 67 -- 17 000000001880 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1880 5 -- 4 Boston Braves 000000001880 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1880 0 -- 2 Cleveland Spiders 7000200000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 21 Chicago Cubs 1935 100 -- 54 000000001935 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1935 8 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 000000001935 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1935 5 -- 7 ( 11 ) St. Louis Cardinals 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 20 St. Louis Maroons 1884 94 -- 19 000000001884 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1884 7 -- 2 Chicago / Pittsburgh 000000001884 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1884 1 -- 8 Boston Reds 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 20 Providence Grays 1884 84 -- 28 000000001884 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1884 4 -- 2 New York Giants 000000001884 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1884 0 -- 2 Buffalo Bisons 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 20 Oakland Athletics 2002 103 -- 59 000000002002 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 2002 5 -- 4 Toronto Blue Jays 000000002002 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2002 0 -- 6 Minnesota Twins 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 19 ^ Chicago White Sox 1906 * 93 -- 58 000000001906 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1906 3 -- 0 Boston Americans 000000001906 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1906 4 -- 5 Washington Senators 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 19 New York Yankees 1947 * 97 -- 57 000000001947 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1947 3 -- 1 Washington Senators 000000001947 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 1947 0 -- 8 Detroit Tigers 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 Chicago White Stockings 1885 87 -- 25 000000001885 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1885 6 -- 0 Detroit Wolverines 000000001885 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1885 0 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 ^ Boston Beaneaters 1891 87 -- 51 000000001891 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1891 7 -- 2 Chicago Colts 000000001891 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1891 3 -- 5 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 New York Giants 1904 106 -- 47 000000001904 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1904 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals 000000001904 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1904 5 -- 6 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 New York Yankees 1953 * 99 -- 52 000000001953 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1953 3 -- 1 Washington Senators 000000001953 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1953 1 -- 3 St. Louis Browns 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 St. Louis Browns 1885 79 -- 33 000000001885 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1885 12 -- 4 Louisville Colonels 000000001885 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1885 1 -- 7 Baltimore Orioles 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Boston Beaneaters 1897 93 -- 39 000000001897 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1897 25 -- 5 St. Louis Cardinals 000000001897 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1897 4 -- 7 Brooklyn Bridegrooms 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 New York Giants 1907 82 -- 71 000000001907 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 1907 6 -- 3 Philadelphia Phillies 000000001907 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1907 4 -- 6 St. Louis Cardinals 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Washington Senators 1912 91 -- 61 000000001912 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1912 5 -- 0 Boston Red Sox 000000001912 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1912 1 -- 2 Philadelphia Athletics 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 New York Giants 1916 86 -- 66 000000001916 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1916 13 -- 5 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001916 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1916 1 -- 5 Philadelphia Phillies 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Philadelphia Athletics 1931 107 -- 45 000000001931 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1931 4 -- 1 Boston Red Sox 000000001931 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1931 2 -- 6 New York Yankees 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Pittsburgh Pirates * * 1937 1938 86 -- 68 86 -- 64 000000001937 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1937 8 -- 2 Cincinnati Reds 000000001938 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1938 3 -- 5 ( 10 ) Chicago Cubs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 St. Louis Maroons 1884 94 -- 19 000000001884 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1884 5 -- 4 Chicago / Pittsburgh 000000001884 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1884 2 -- 4 Washington Nationals 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 ^ Philadelphia Quakers 1887 75 -- 48 000000001887 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1887 8 -- 4 Indianapolis Hoosiers 000000001888 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1888 3 -- 4 Boston Beaneaters 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Philadelphia Phillies 1890 78 -- 53 000000001890 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1890 9 -- 4 Cincinnati Reds 000000001890 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1890 4 -- 12 Chicago Colts 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Philadelphia Phillies 1892 87 -- 66 000000001892 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1892 7 -- 1 Cleveland Spiders 000000001892 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1892 1 -- 9 Boston Beaneaters 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 * 110 -- 42 000000001909 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1909 3 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds 000000001909 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1909 7 -- 8 New York Giants 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 New York Giants 1912 103 -- 48 000000001912 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1912 6 -- 5 Boston Braves 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 4 -- 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 New York Yankees 1926 91 -- 63 000000001926 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1926 13 -- 9 Detroit Tigers 000000001926 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1926 1 -- 2 Philadelphia Athletics 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 New York Giants 1951 98 -- 59 000000001951 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1951 3 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 000000001951 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1951 0 -- 2 Pittsburgh Pirates 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Kansas City Royals 1977 102 -- 60 000000001977 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1977 5 -- 4 Texas Rangers 000000001977 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1977 1 -- 4 Seattle Mariners 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Milwaukee Brewers * * 1986 77 -- 84 91 -- 71 000000001986 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1986 4 -- 1 Toronto Blue Jays 000000001987 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1987 1 -- 7 Chicago White Sox National Association ( edit ) Rank Games Team Season ( s ) Season record ( s ) Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent <Th_colspan="3"> Beginning ( first victory ) <Th_colspan="3"> End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 26 ^ Boston Red Stockings 1875 71 -- 8 000000001875 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1875 6 -- 0 New Haven Elm Citys 000000001875 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1875 4 -- 5 St. Louis Brown Stockings 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 18 Boston Red Stockings 1872 39 -- 8 000000001872 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1872 23 -- 3 Brooklyn Atlantics 000000001872 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1872 10 -- 17 Troy Trojans 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 15 Hartford Dark Blues * * 1874 1875 16 -- 37 54 -- 28 000000001874 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1874 10 -- 3 Philadelphia Whites 000000001875 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1875 5 -- 10 Boston Red Stockings 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 15 Boston Red Stockings 1875 71 -- 8 000000001875 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1875 9 -- 4 Philadelphia Whites 000000001875 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1875 8 -- 9 Hartford Dark Blues Denotes season in which team won a pennant in the American Association Postseason ( edit ) This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason games . Rank <Th_colspan="1"> Games <Th_colspan="2"> Team <Th_colspan="3"> Beginning ( first victory ) <Th_colspan="3"> End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 12 New York Yankees 1927 -- 28 , 1932 000000001927 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1927 5 -- 4 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001936 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1936 1 -- 6 New York Giants 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 12 New York Yankees 1998 -- 99 000000001998 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1998 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians 000000001999 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1999 1 -- 13 Boston Red Sox 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 11 Kansas City Royals 1985 , 2014 000000001985 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1985 6 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals 000000002014 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2014 1 -- 7 San Francisco Giants 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 10 New York Yankees 1937 -- 39 , 1941 000000001937 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1937 4 -- 2 New York Giants 000000001941 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1941 2 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 10 Oakland Athletics 1989 -- 90 000000001989 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1989 6 -- 5 Toronto Blue Jays 000000001990 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1990 0 -- 7 Cincinnati Reds 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 10 San Francisco Giants 2012 , 2014 000000002012 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2012 5 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 000000002014 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2014 1 -- 4 Washington Nationals 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9 Boston Red Sox 2007 -- 08 000000002007 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2007 7 -- 1 Cleveland Indians 000000002008 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2008 4 -- 5 ( 12 ) Los Angeles Angels 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Cincinnati Reds 1975 -- 76 000000001975 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1975 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox 000000001979 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1979 2 -- 5 ( 11 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Cincinnati Reds 1990 , 1995 000000001990 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1990 2 -- 1 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001995 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1995 1 -- 2 ( 11 ) Atlanta Braves 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Boston Red Sox 000000002004 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2004 6 -- 4 ( 12 ) New York Yankees 000000002005 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2005 2 -- 14 Chicago White Sox 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Chicago White Sox 2005 000000002005 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2005 2 -- 1 Los Angeles Angels 000000002008 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2008 4 -- 6 Tampa Bay Rays World Series ( edit ) This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of World Series games . Rank Games Team Series Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent <Th_colspan="3"> Beginning ( first victory ) <Th_colspan="3"> End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 14 New York Yankees 1996 , 1998 -- 2000 000000001996 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1996 5 -- 2 Atlanta Braves 000000002000 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2000 2 -- 4 New York Mets 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 12 New York Yankees 1927 -- 28 , 1932 000000001927 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1927 13 -- 6 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001936 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1936 1 -- 6 New York Giants 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 10 New York Yankees 1937 -- 39 , 1941 000000001937 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1937 3 -- 2 New York Giants 000000001941 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1941 2 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers 4 ( tie ) 9 Cincinnati Reds 1975 -- 76 , 1990 October 22 , 1975 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox 4 ( tie ) 9 Boston Red Sox 2004 , 2007 , 2013 000000002004 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2004 8 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals 000000002013 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2013 2 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 7 New York Yankees 1949 -- 50 000000001949 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1949 5 -- 2 Brooklyn Dodgers 000000001951 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1951 1 -- 5 New York Giants 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 7 San Francisco Giants 2010 , 2012 , 2014 000000002010 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2010 7 -- 1 Texas Rangers 000000002014 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2014 2 -- 7 Kansas City Royals 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 6 Chicago Cubs 1907 -- 08 000000001907 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1907 6 -- 1 Detroit Tigers 000000001908 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1908 3 -- 8 Detroit Tigers 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 6 Los Angeles Dodgers 1981 , 1988 000000001981 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1981 6 -- 0 New York Yankees 000000001988 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1988 1 -- 2 Oakland Athletics 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 6 New York Yankees 1978 , 1981 000000001978 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1978 3 -- 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 000000001981 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1981 4 -- 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Baltimore Orioles 1966 , 1969 000000001966 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1966 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers 000000001969 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1969 1 -- 2 New York Mets 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Boston Americans 1903 , 1912 000000001903 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1903 11 -- 2 Pittsburg Pirates 000000001912 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1912 6 -- 6 ( tie ) New York Giants 000000001912 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1912 1 -- 2 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Boston Braves 1912 , 1914 000000001912 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1912 3 -- 1 Philadelphia Athletics 000000001915 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1915 1 -- 3 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Boston Red Sox 1915 -- 16 000000001915 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1915 6 -- 5 Brooklyn Robins 000000001916 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1916 5 -- 6 Boston Red Sox 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 1959 , 1963 000000001959 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1959 2 -- 1 Chicago White Sox 000000001965 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1965 2 -- 8 Minnesota Twins 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 New York Yankees 1943 , 1947 000000001943 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1943 10 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals 000000001947 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1947 8 -- 9 Brooklyn Dodgers Regular season and postseason ( edit ) This list includes streaks that involve both regular season games and games which occurred in the postseason . Rank Total games Playoff games Team Season ( s ) Season record ( s ) Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent <Th_colspan="3"> Beginning ( first victory ) <Th_colspan="3"> End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 17 6 Baltimore Orioles 1970 108 -- 54 000000001970 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1970 7 -- 0 Cleveland Indians 000000001970 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1970 5 -- 6 Cincinnati Reds 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 16 5 Baltimore Orioles 1971 101 -- 57 000000001971 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1971 8 -- 1 Detroit Tigers 000000001971 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1971 1 -- 5 Pittsburgh Pirates 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12 New York Yankees 1927 1928 110 -- 44 101 -- 53 000000001927 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1927 7 -- 4 Philadelphia Athletics 000000001928 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1928 6 -- 7 Boston Red Sox 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 11 New York Yankees 1932 1933 107 -- 47 91 -- 59 000000001932 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1932 12 -- 6 Chicago Cubs 000000001933 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1933 4 -- 5 Washington Senators 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 11 New York Yankees 1998 114 -- 48 000000001998 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1998 10 -- 4 Cleveland Indians 000000001998 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1998 1 -- 4 ( 12 ) Cleveland Indians 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 Baltimore Orioles 91 -- 71 000000001974 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1974 7 -- 2 Boston Red Sox 000000001974 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1974 0 -- 5 Oakland Athletics 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 7 Cincinnati Reds 1976 1977 102 -- 60 88 -- 74 000000001976 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1976 11 -- 1 Atlanta Braves 000000001977 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1977 3 -- 6 San Diego Padres 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 Atlanta Braves 1998 106 -- 56 000000001998 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1998 5 -- 0 Arizona Diamondbacks 000000001998 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1998 2 -- 3 ( 10 ) San Diego Padres 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 7 Colorado Rockies 2007 90 -- 73 000000002007 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2007 11 -- 1 Arizona Diamondbacks 000000002007 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2007 1 -- 13 Boston Red Sox 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 New York Giants ^ 1922 1923 93 -- 61 95 -- 58 000000001922 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1922 3 -- 0 Boston Braves 000000001923 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1923 2 -- 9 Boston Braves 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 Detroit Tigers 1984 1985 104 -- 58 84 -- 77 000000001984 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1984 5 -- 2 San Diego Padres 000000001985 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1985 0 -- 2 Milwaukee Brewers 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 San Francisco Giants 2002 95 -- 66 000000002002 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2002 5 -- 1 Milwaukee Brewers 000000002002 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2002 3 -- 7 Atlanta Braves 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 8 Chicago White Sox 2005 2006 99 -- 63 90 -- 72 000000002005 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2005 2 -- 1 Los Angeles Angels 000000002006 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2006 2 -- 8 Cleveland Indians 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 8 Kansas City Royals 2014 89 -- 73 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 6 -- 4 Chicago White Sox 000000002014 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2014 1 -- 7 San Francisco Giants 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 Chicago Cubs 2015 97 -- 65 000000002015 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2015 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000002015 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2015 0 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 6 Cleveland Indians 2016 94 -- 67 000000002016 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2016 7 -- 2 Kansas City Royals 000000002016 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2016 1 -- 5 Toronto Blue Jays Series streaks ( edit ) Postseason ( edit ) This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason series . For the purpose of this list , one - game wild card matchups , such as the 2012 Cardinals ' win , and the Giants ' wild card wins in 2014 and 2016 , are counted . Rank <Th_colspan="1"> Series <Th_colspan="2"> Team <Th_colspan="3"> Beginning ( first victory ) <Th_colspan="3"> End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 11 New York Yankees 1998 -- 2001 1998 ALDS 3 -- 0 Texas Rangers 2001 WS 3 -- 4 Arizona Diamondbacks 7000200000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 11 San Francisco Giants 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 2010 NLDS 3 -- 1 Atlanta Braves 2016 NLDS 1 -- 3 Chicago Cubs 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 8 New York Yankees 1927 -- 28 , 1932 , 1936 -- 39 , 1941 1927 WS 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 1942 WS 1 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7 New York Yankees 1943 , 1947 , 1949 -- 53 1943 WS 4 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals 1955 WS 3 -- 4 Brooklyn Dodgers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 6 Oakland Athletics 1972 -- 74 1972 ALCS 3 -- 2 Detroit Tigers 1975 ALCS 0 -- 3 Boston Red Sox 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 6 Florida Marlins * 1997 , 2003 1997 NLDS 3 -- 0 San Francisco Giants 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Boston Red Sox 1903 , 1912 , 1915 -- 16 , 1918 1903 WS 5 -- 3 Pittsburgh Pirates 1946 WS 3 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Atlanta Braves 1995 -- 96 1995 NLDS 3 -- 1 Colorado Rockies 1996 WS 2 -- 4 New York Yankees 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Minnesota Twins 1987 , 1991 , 2002 1987 ALCS 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers 2002 ALCS 1 -- 4 Anaheim Angels 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 -- 09 2008 NLDS 3 -- 1 Milwaukee Brewers 2009 WS 2 -- 4 New York Yankees 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 St. Louis Cardinals 2011 -- 12 2011 NLDS 3 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 2012 NLCS 3 -- 4 San Francisco Giants See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball longest losing streaks 1869 - 1870 Cincinnati Red Stockings , an 84 - game winning streak including a 65 game perfect season . Moneyball ( 2011 film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brisbee , Grant . `` The Indians ' winning streak needs to reach 26 to be a record '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Baseball-Reference.com -- Team Winning and Losing Streaks Analyzer MLB.com -- Longest winning streaks : A breakdown of the longest winning streaks in the history of every club <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball records <Td_colspan="2"> Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_longest_winning_streaks&oldid=804951658 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 14 . About Wikipedia
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1. Major League Baseball winning streaks
2. Longest unbeaten streak in MLB history
3. Record for the longest winning streak by an American League team
4. Longest winning streak consisting only of playoff games
5. Streaks that include both regular-season and postseason games
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using the prototype model how would one form a concept of a fish
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Prototype theory - wikipedia Prototype theory Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Linguistics Theoretical Cognitive Constraint - based Generative Structuralist Quantitative Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics Descriptive Anthropological Comparative Historical Etymology Graphetics Phonetics Sociolinguistics Cherology Applied and experimental Computational Contrastive Evolutionary Forensic Internet Language acquisition Second - language acquisition Language assessment Language development Language education Linguistic anthropology Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics Related articles History of linguistics Linguistic prescription List of linguists Unsolved linguistics problems Origin of language Origin of speech Linguistics portal Prototype theory is a mode of graded categorization in cognitive science , where some members of a category are more central than others . For example , when asked to give an example of the concept furniture , chair is more frequently cited than , say , stool . Prototype theory has also been applied in linguistics , as part of the mapping from phonological structure to semantics . As formulated in the 1970s by Eleanor Rosch and others , prototype theory was a radical departure from traditional necessary and sufficient conditions as in Aristotelian logic , which led to set - theoretic approaches of extensional or intensional semantics . Thus instead of a definition based model -- e.g. a bird may be defined as elements with the features ( + feathers ) , ( + beak ) and ( + ability to fly ) , prototype theory would consider a category like bird as consisting of different elements which have unequal status -- e.g. a robin is more prototypical of a bird than , say , a penguin . This leads to a graded notion of categories , which is a central notion in many models of cognitive science and cognitive semantics , e.g. in the work of George Lakoff ( Women , Fire and Dangerous Things , 1987 ) or Ronald Langacker ( Foundations of Cognitive Grammar , vol. 1 / 2 1987 / 1991 ) . The term prototype has been defined in Eleanor Rosch 's study `` Natural Categories '' ( 1973 ) and was first defined as a stimulus , which takes a salient position in the formation of a category as it is the first stimulus to be associated with that category . Later , she redefined it as the most central member of a category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Categories 1.1 Basic level categories 1.2 Prototype and category formation and autism 2 Distance between concepts 3 Combining categories 4 See also 5 Literature Categories ( edit ) In her 1975 paper , Cognitive Representation of Semantic Categories ( J Experimental Psychology v. 104 : 192 - 233 ) , Eleanor Rosch asked 200 American college students to rate , on a scale of 1 to 7 , whether they regarded the following items as a good example of the category furniture . This ranged from chair and sofa , ranked number 1 , to a love seat ( number 10 ) , to a lamp ( number 31 ) , all the way to a telephone , ranked number 60 . While one may differ from this list in terms of cultural specifics , the point is that such a graded categorization is likely to be present in all cultures . Further evidence that some members of a category are more privileged than others came from experiments involving : 1 . Response Times : in which queries involving a prototypical members ( e.g. is a robin a bird ) elicited faster response times than for non-prototypical members . 2 . Priming : When primed with the higher - level ( superordinate ) category , subjects were faster in identifying if two words are the same . Thus , after flashing furniture , the equivalence of chair - chair is detected more rapidly than stove - stove . 3 . Exemplars : When asked to name a few exemplars , the more prototypical items came up more frequently . Subsequent to Rosch 's work , prototype effects have been investigated widely in areas such as colour cognition ( Brent Berlin and Paul Kay , 1969 ) , and also for more abstract notions . Subjects may be asked , e.g. `` to what degree is this narrative an instance of telling a lie ? '' ( Coleman / Kay : 1981 ) . Similarly work has been done on actions ( verbs like look , kill , speak , walk ( Pulman : 83 ) ) , adjectives like `` tall '' ( Dirven / Taylor : 88 ) , etc . Another aspect in which Prototype Theory departs from traditional Aristotelian categorization is that there do not appear to be natural kind categories ( bird , dog ) vs. artifacts ( toys , vehicles ) . A common comparison is the use of prototype or the use of exemplars in category classification . Medin , Altom , and Murphy ( 1984 ) found that using a mixture of prototype and exemplar information , participants were more accurately able to judge categories . Participants who were presented with prototype values classified based on similarity to stored prototypes and stored exemplars , whereas participants who only had experience with exemplar only relied on the similarity to stored exemplars. Smith and Minda ( 2002 ) looked at the use of prototypes and exemplars in dot - pattern category learning . They found that participants used more prototypes than they used exemplars , with the prototypes being the center of the category , and exemplars surrounding it . Basic level categories ( edit ) The other notion related to prototypes is that of a basic level in cognitive categorization . When asked What are you sitting on ? , most subjects prefer to say chair rather than a subordinate such as kitchen chair or a superordinate such as furniture . Basic categories are relatively homogeneous in terms of sensory - motor affordances -- a chair is associated with bending of one 's knees , a fruit with picking it up and putting it in your mouth , etc . At the subordinate level ( e.g. ( dentist 's chairs ) , ( kitchen chairs ) etc . ) hardly any significant features can be added to that of the basic level ; whereas at the superordinate level , these conceptual similarities are hard to pinpoint . A picture of a chair is easy to draw ( or visualize ) , but drawing furniture would be difficult . Rosch ( 1978 ) defines the basic level as that level that has the highest degree of cue validity . Thus , a category like ( animal ) may have a prototypical member , but no cognitive visual representation . On the other hand , basic categories in ( animal ) , i.e. ( dog ) , ( bird ) , ( fish ) , are full of informational content and can easily be categorized in terms of Gestalt and semantic features . Clearly semantic models based on attribute - value pairs fail to identify privileged levels in the hierarchy . Functionally , it is thought that basic level categories are a decomposition of the world into maximally informative categories . Thus , they maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category , and minimize the number of attributes shared with other categories However , the notion of Basic Level is problematic , e.g. whereas dog as a basic category is a species , bird or fish are at a higher level , etc . Similarly , the notion of frequency is very closely tied to the basic level , but is hard to pinpoint . More problems arise when the notion of a prototype is applied to lexical categories other than the noun . Verbs , for example , seem to defy a clear prototype : ( to run ) is hard to split up in more or less central members . Prototype and category formation and autism ( edit ) Autism has been shown to affect category and prototype formation . Gastgeb , Dundas , Minshew , and Strauss ( 2011 ) found that adults with high - functioning autism had difficulty forming categories and prototypes for dot patterns . Compared to those without autism , the pattern of results was the same , but overall performance of the autism groups was significantly lower . Individuals with autism have also been shown to have differences in the formation of prototypes for faces . Gatsgeb , Wilkinson , Minshew , and Strauss ( 2011 ) , in a separate study from the above , found that adults with high - functioning autism have significant difficulty in forming prototypes for faces . After shown a series of faces based on prototypes faces , those with autism had a harder time identifying the prototype faces than those without autism . Children with autism also show prototype effects . Molesworth , Bowler , and Hampton ( 2008 ) found that two - thirds of their sample of autistic children with high - functioning autism did not show diminished prototype effects , while one - third showed no prototype effects . Molesworth , Bowler , and Hampton ( 2005 ) found signs of the prototype effect is children with autism and Asperger syndrome showed signs of prototype effects , yet the effects were not diminished from children without autism or Asperger syndrome . Distance between concepts ( edit ) The notion of prototypes is related to Wittgenstein 's ( later ) discomfort with the traditional notion of category . This influential theory has resulted in a view of semantic components more as possible rather than necessary contributors to the meaning of texts . His discussion on the category game is particularly incisive ( Philosophical Investigations 66 , 1953 ) : Consider for example the proceedings that we call ' games ' . I mean board games , card games , ball games , Olympic games , and so on . What is common to them all ? Do n't say , `` There must be something common , or they would not be called ' games ' '' -- but look and see whether there is anything common to all . For if you look at them you will not see something common to all , but similarities , relationships , and a whole series of them at that . To repeat : do n't think , but look ! Look for example at board games , with their multifarious relationships . Now pass to card games ; here you find many correspondences with the first group , but many common features drop out , and others appear . When we pass next to ball games , much that is common is retained , but much is lost . Are they all ' amusing ' ? Compare chess with noughts and crosses . Or is there always winning and losing , or competition between players ? Think of patience . In ball games there is winning and losing ; but when a child throws his ball at the wall and catches it again , this feature has disappeared . Look at the parts played by skill and luck ; and at the difference between skill in chess and skill in tennis . Think now of games like ring - a-ring - a-roses ; here is the element of amusement , but how many other characteristic features have disappeared ! And we can go through the many , many other groups of games in the same way ; can see how similarities crop up and disappear . And the result of this examination is : we see a complicated network of similarities overlapping and criss - crossing : sometimes overall similarities , sometimes similarities of detail . Clearly , the notion of family resemblance is calling for a notion of conceptual distance , which is closely related to the idea of graded sets , but there are problems as well . Recently , Peter Gärdenfors ( 2004 ) has elaborated a possible partial explanation of prototype theory in terms of multi-dimensional feature spaces called conceptual spaces , where a category is defined in terms of a conceptual distance . More central members of a category are `` between '' the peripheral members . He postulates that most natural categories exhibit a convexity in conceptual space , in that if x and y are elements of a category , and if z is between x and y , then z is also likely to belong to the category . However , in the notion of game above , is there a single prototype or several ? Recent linguistic data from colour studies seem to indicate that categories may have more than one focal element -- e.g. the Tsonga colour term rihlaza refers to a green - blue continuum , but appears to have two prototypes , a focal blue , and a focal green . Thus , it is possible to have single categories with multiple , disconnected , prototypes , in which case they may constitute the union of several convex sets rather than a single one . Combining categories ( edit ) All around us , we find instances where objects like tall man or small elephant combine one or more categories . This was a problem for extensional semantics , where the semantics of a word such as red is to be defined as the set of objects having this property . Clearly , this does not apply so well to modifiers such as small ; a small mouse is very different from a small elephant . These combinations pose a lesser problem in terms of prototype theory . In situations involving adjectives ( e.g. tall ) , one encounters the question of whether or not the prototype of ( tall ) is a 6 foot tall man , or a 400 - foot skyscraper ( Dirven and Taylor 1988 ) . The solution emerges by contextualizing the notion of prototype in terms of the object being modified . This extends even more radically in compounds such as red wine or red hair which are hardly red in the prototypical sense , but the red indicates merely a shift from the prototypical colour of wine or hair respectively . This corresponds to de Saussure 's notion of concepts as purely differential : `` non pas positivement par leur contenu , mais negativement par leurs rapports avec les autres termes du systeme '' ( p. 162 ; not positively , in terms of their content , but negatively by contrast with other terms in the same system ( tr . Harris 83 ) ) . Other problems remain -- e.g. in determining which of the constituent categories will contribute which feature ? In the example of a `` pet bird '' ( Hampton 97 ) , pet provides the habitat of the compound ( cage rather than the wild ) , whereas bird provides the skin type ( feathers rather than fur ) . See also ( edit ) Exemplar theory Family resemblance Folksonomy Semantic feature - comparison model Literature ( edit ) Berlin , B. & Kay , P. ( 1969 ) : Basic Color Terms : Their Universality and Evolution , Berkeley . Dirven , R. & Taylor , J.R. ( 1988 ) : `` The conceptualisation of vertical Space in English : The Case of Tall '' , in : Rudzka - Ostyn , B. ( ed ) : Topics in Cognitive Linguistics . Amsterdam . Gatsgeb , H.Z. , Dundas , E.M. , Minshew , M.J. , & Strauss , M.S. ( 2012 ) . Category formation in autism : Can individuals with autism form categories and prototypes of dot patterns ? . Journal of Autism and Development Disorders , 42 ( 8 ) , 1694 - 1704 . doi : 10.1007 / s10803 - 011 - 1411 - x Gatsgeb , H.Z. , Wilkinson , D.A. , Minshew , M.J. , & Strauss , M.S. ( 2011 ) . Can individuals with autism abstract prototypes of natural faces ? . Journal of Autism and Development Disorders , 41 ( 12 ) , 1609 - 1618 . doi : 10.1007 / s10803 - 011 - 1190 - 4 Gärdenfors , P. ( 2004 ) : Conceptual Spaces : The Geometry of Thought , MIT Press . Lakoff , G. ( 1987 ) : Women , fire and dangerous things : What categories reveal about the mind , London . Medin , D.L. , Altom , M.W. , & Murphy , T.D. ( 1984 ) . Given versus induced category representations : Use of prototype and exemplar information in classification . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition , 10 ( 3 ) , 333 - 352 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.10. 3.333 Molesworth , C.J. , Bowler , D.M. , & Hamptom , J.A. ( 2005 ) . Extracting prototypes from exemplars what can corpus data tell us about concept representation ? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 ( 6 ) , 661 - 672 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7610.2004. 00383. x Molesworth , C.J. , Bowler , D.M. , & Hamptom , J.A. ( 2008 ) . When prototypes are not best : Judgments made by children with autism . Journal of Autism and Development Disorders , 38 ( 9 ) , 1721 - 1730 . doi : 10.1007 / s10803 - 008 - 0557 - 7 Loftus , E.F. , `` Spreading Activation Within Semantic Categories : Comments on Rosch 's `` Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories '' `` , Journal of Experimental Psychology : General , Vol. 104 , No. 3 , ( September 1975 ) , p. 234 - 240 . Rosch , E. , `` Classification of Real - World Objects : Origins and Representations in Cognition '' , pp. 212 -- 222 in Johnson - Laird , P.N. & Wason , P.C. , Thinking : Readings in Cognitive Science , Cambridge University Press , ( Cambridge ) , 1977 . Rosch , E. ( 1975 ) : `` Cognitive Reference Points '' , Cognitive Psychology 7 , 532 - 547 . Rosch , E. , `` Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories '' , Journal of Experimental Psychology : General , Vol. 104 , No. 3 , ( September 1975 ) , pp. 192 -- 233 . Rosch , E.H. ( 1973 ) : `` Natural categories '' , Cognitive Psychology 4 , 328 - 350 . Rosch , E. , `` Principles of Categorization '' , pp. 27 -- 48 in Rosch , E. & Lloyd , B.B. ( eds ) , Cognition and Categorization , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Publishers , ( Hillsdale ) , 1978 . Rosch , E. , `` Prototype Classification and Logical Classification : The Two Systems '' , pp. 73 -- 86 in Scholnick , E.K. ( ed ) , New Trends in Conceptual Representation : Challenges to Piaget 's Theory ? , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Hillsdale , 1983 . Rosch , E. , `` Reclaiming Concepts '' , Journal of Consciousness Studies , Vol. 6 , Nos. 11 - 12 , ( November / December 1999 ) , pp. 61 -- 77 . Rosch , E. , `` Reply to Loftus '' , Journal of Experimental Psychology : General , Vol. 104 , No. 3 , ( September 1975 ) , pp. 241 -- 243 . Rosch , E. & Mervis , C.B. , `` Family Resemblances : Studies in the Internal Structure of Categories '' , Cognitive Psychology , Vol. 7 , No. 4 , ( October 1975 ) , pp. 573 -- 605 . Rosch , E. , Mervis , C.B. , Gray , W. , Johnson , D. , & Boyes - Braem , P. , Basic Objects in Natural Categories , Working Paper No. 43 , Language Behaviour Research Laboratory , University of California ( Berkeley ) , 1975 . Rosch , E. , Mervis , C.B. , Gray , W. , Johnson , D. , & Boyes - Braem , P. , `` Basic Objects in Natural Categories '' , Cognitive Psychology , Vol. 8 , No. 3 , ( July 1976 ) , pp. 382 -- 439 . Smith , J.D. , & Minda , J.P. ( 2002 ) . Distinguishing prototype - based and exemplar - based processes in dot - pattern category learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition , 28 ( 4 ) , 1433 - 1458 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.31. 6.1433 Taylor , J.R. ( 2003 ) : Linguistic Categorization , Oxford University Press . Wittgenstein , L. , Philosophical Investigations ( Philosophische Untersuchungen ) , Blackwell Publishers , 2001 ( ISBN 0 - 631 - 23127 - 7 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prototype_theory&oldid=826595626 '' Categories : Cognitive science Semantics Psychological theories Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 00 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Prototype theory
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which is the largest zone in indian railway
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Zones and divisions of Indian Railways - wikipedia Zones and divisions of Indian Railways Indian Railways divides its operations into zones , which are further sub-divided into divisions , each having a divisional headquarters . There are a total of 73 divisions . Indian Railway Zones Each of the divisions is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager ( DRM ) , who reports to the General Manager ( GM ) of the zone . A DRM can be appointed from any of the eight organized services of Indian Railways , viz . Indian Railway Traffic Service ( IRTS ) , Indian Railway Accounts Service ( IRAS ) , Indian Railway Personnel Service ( IRPS ) , Indian Railway Service of Engineers ( IRSE ) , Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers ( IRSME ) , Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers ( IRSEE ) , Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers ( IRSSE ) and Indian Railway Stores Service ( IRSS ) for the tenure of three years , but it can be exceeded on the recommendation of Railway Board . The DRM is assisted by one or two Additional Divisional Railway Managers ( ADRM ) in the working of the division . Divisional officers heading all departments viz . engineering , mechanical , electrical , signal and telecommunication , accounts , personnel , operating , commercial , safety , medical , security branches report to the Divisional Railway Manager . Contents 1 List of zones and its divisions 1.1 Departments 1.2 Control Room 1.3 Accident Relief Trains 1.4 Locomotive Sheds 1.5 Coaching Depots and Sick Lines 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of zones and its divisions ( edit ) The 16 zones and the 68 divisions are listed below , Kolkata Metro is the 17th zone : Indian Railways Zones & Divisions List of IR Zones Railway Zoe Code Zone Headquarters <Th_colspan="4"> Operational Statistics ( in FY 2011 - 12 ) Railway Divisions Route length ( km ) Number of Stations Revenue Passenger Carried ( million ) 01 . Northern Railway NR Delhi 6,968 1142 ₹ 89,246 million ( US $1.2 billion ) 685 Delhi , Ambala , Firozpur , Lucknow NR , Moradabad 02 . North Eastern Railway NER Gorakhpur 3,667 537 ₹ 17,667 million ( US $250 million ) 250 Izzatnagar , Lucknow NER , Varanasi 03 . Northeast Frontier Railway NFR Guwahati 3,907 690 ₹ 21,079 million ( US $290 million ) 88 Alipurduar , Katihar , Rangiya , Lumding , Tinsukia 04 . Eastern Railway ER Kolkata 2,414 576 ₹ 37,254 million ( US $520 million ) 1,173 Howrah , Sealdah , Asansol , Malda 05 . South Eastern Railway SER Kolkata 2,631 353 ₹ 73,721 million ( US $1.0 billion ) 263 Adra , Chakradharpur , Kharagpur , Ranchi 06 . South Central Railway SCR Secunderabad 6,137 883 ₹ 89,114 million ( US $1.2 billion ) 378 Secunderabad , Hyderabad , Vijayawada , Guntakal , Guntur , Nanded 07 . Southern Railway SR Chennai 6,844 890 ₹ 81,820 million ( US $1.1 billion ) 406 Chennai , Tiruchirappalli , Madurai , Palakkad , Salem , Thiruvananthapuram 08 . Central Railway CR Mumbai 3,905 612 ₹ 75,447 million ( US $1.1 billion ) 1,675 Mumbai , Bhusawal , Pune , Solapur , Nagpur 09 . Western Railway WR Mumbai 6,182 1046 ₹ 82,167 million ( US $1.1 billion ) 1,654 Mumbai WR , Ratlam , Ahmedabad , Rajkot , Bhavnagar , Vadodara 10 . South Western Railway SWR Hubballi 3,177 456 ₹ 26,384 million ( US $370 million ) 181 Hubballi , Bengaluru , Mysuru , 11 . North Western Railway NWR Jaipur 5,459 663 ₹ 36,240 million ( US $500 million ) 157 Jaipur , Ajmer , Bikaner , Jodhpur 12 . West Central Railway WCR Jabalpur 2,965 372 ₹ 65,135 million ( US $910 million ) 138 Jabalpur , Bhopal , Kota 13 . North Central Railway NCR Allahabad 3,151 435 ₹ 87,796 million ( US $1.2 billion ) 182 Allahabad , Agra , Jhansi 14 . South East Central Railway SECR Bilaspur 2,447 358 ₹ 63,402 million ( US $880 million ) 126 Bilaspur , Raipur , Nagpur SEC 15 . East Coast Railway ECoR Bhubaneswar 2,572 342 ₹ 87,884 million ( US $1.2 billion ) 86 Khurda Road , Sambalpur , Waltair 16 . East Central Railway ECR Hajipur 3,628 800 ₹ 59,386 million ( US $830 million ) 222 Danapur , Dhanbad , Mughalsarai , Samastipur , Sonpur Departments ( edit ) Departments & Roles A typical division has an average track length of about 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) and staff strength of about 15,000 . All the departments and services of the Indian Railways are represented in a Division . Sl . No Name of Department Headed by Abbre . Role and function 1 . Engineering Department Senior Divisional Engineer Sr. DEN Maintenance of all fixed assets of the Division , i.e. Track , Bridges , Buildings , Roads , Water supply etc . 2 . Mechanical Engineering & Power ( Transportation ) Department Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer Sr. DME Maintenance of all rolling stock of the Division ( except electric locos and EMU / MEMUs ) , i.e. locomotives , passenger and freight cars ; and technical super etc . 3 . Electrical Engineering Department Senior Divisional Electrical Engineer Sr. DEE Maintenance of all electric locomotives , EMUs / MEMUs and fixed electrical assets of the Division , i.e. Overhead equipment , lighting and power for railway establishments etc . 4 . Signal & Telecommunication Engineering Department Senior Divisional Signal & Telecommunication Engineer Sr. DSTE Management of the Signalling and Telecommunication ( S&T ) infrastructure of the division for Safe Train operations ; 5 . Operating and Traffic ( Transportation ) Department Senior Divisional Operations Manager Sr. DOM Train operations 6 . Commercial Department Senior Divisional Commercial Manager Sr. DCM Passenger ticketing , ticket checking , booking of freight rakes and collecting fares 7 . Medical Department Chief Medical Superintendent CMS Providing medical facilities to railway employees and their families 8 . Safety Department Senior Divisional Safety Officer Sr. DSO Ensuring safety of train operations 9 . Stores Department Senior Divisional Material Manager Sr. DMM Ensuring material for maintenance of trains ( material for all departments except the Engineering Department ) 10 . Accounts Department Senior Divisional Finance Manager Sr. DFM Financial management of the division 11 . Personnel Department Senior Divisional Personnel Officer Sr. DPO HR functions 12 . Security Department Senior Divisional Security Commissioner Sr. DSC Security of railway material , passenger and passenger belongings 13 . Managing Department Additional Divisional Railway Manager ADRM Control Room ( edit ) Every division has a Control Room for train operations , where all the trains in the division are controlled and monitored . There are different types of control rooms such as engineering control , mechanical control etc. which coordinate with operating control and employees of the respective department . Accident Relief trains ( edit ) Every division has Accident Relief Trains ( ARTs ) , Accident Relief Medical Vans ( ARMVs ) and Breakdown Cranes for assisting in disaster management . These are under the supervision of the Senior Divisional Manager of Engineering ( SrDME ) of the Division , who is also the head of Division . Locomotive Sheds ( edit ) The Diesel Locomotive Sheds and Electric Locomotive Sheds on the division maintain diesel and electric locomotives respectively . Their administrative control is with the Divisional Railway Manager ( DRM ) . Coaching depots and sick lines ( edit ) Every division has some coaching depots to maintain its passenger cars and sick lines to maintain freight cars which are found unfit at the freight examination points . See also ( edit ) Indian Railways organisational structure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INDIAN RAILWAY 'S ZONE 'S & THEIR DIVISIONS WITH HEAQUARTERS '' ( PDF ) . indianrail.gov.in . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Organization Structure '' ( PDF ) . Indian Railways. 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways Report '' ( PDF ) . Indian Railways. 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All India and Zone-wise Passengers / Goods Carried And Earnings Derived By Railways '' ( xls ) . report . Government of India . 2015 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Northern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ambala Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Northern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firozpur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Northern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucknow Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Northern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Moradabad Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Northern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Izzatnagar Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucknow Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Varanasi Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Northeast Frontier Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 3 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howrah Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sealdah Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asansol Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malda Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adra Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chakradharpur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 30 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adra Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adra Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Eastern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secunderabad Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vijayawada Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guntakal Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guntur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nanded Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Southern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchirappalli Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Southern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madurai Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Southern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Palakkad Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Southern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salem Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Southern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thiruvananthapuram Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Southern Railway zone . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bhusawal Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pune Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solapur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai WR Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratlam Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rajkot Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bhavnagar Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vadodara Railway Division '' . Railway Board . Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hubballi Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 19 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mysore Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 19 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaipur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ajmer Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bikaner Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jodhpur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 3 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jabalpur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bhopal Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kota Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Western Railway zone . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allahabad Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agra Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jhansi Railway Division '' . Railway Board . North Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bilaspur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raipur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpur SEC Railway Division '' . Railway Board . South East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khurda Road Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Coast Railway zone . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sambalpur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Coast Railway zone . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waltair Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Coast Railway zone . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danapur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dhanbad Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mughalsari Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samastipur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sonpur Railway Division '' . Railway Board . East Central Railway zone . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rooting for the railways '' . The Hindu . 2004 - 03 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Officer '' . Khabar Express . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Organisation of Indian Railways '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ G. Raghuram ( February 2007 ) , `` ' Turnaround ' of Indian Railways : A Critical Appraisal of Strategies and Processes '' ( PDF ) , Working Paper No. 2007 - 02 - 03 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Ahmedabad , India : Indian Institute of Management External links ( edit ) Zones & Divisions of Indian Railways <Th_colspan="2"> Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Related organisations BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . CCI DFCCI HSRI IRFC IRCTC Ircon International KRC MRVC RVNL RailTel RITES CORE COFMOW RDSO CRIS RRCB RLDA Zones Central Railway East Central Railway East Coast Railway Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Eastern Railway North Western Railway Northeast Frontier Railway Northern Railway South Central Railway South East Central Railway South Eastern Railway South Western Railway Southern Railway West Central Railway Western Railway Konkan Railway Rolling stock ICF coaches LHB coaches Locomotives of India MEMU Wagon numbering system in India Manufacturing units Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , Chittaranjan Diesel Locomotive Factory , Marhowra Diesel Locomotive Works , Varanasi Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala Electric Locomotive Factory , Madhepura Integral Coach Factory , Chennai Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Wheel Factory , Bengaluru Rail Wheel Plant , Bela Railway depots Diesel Abu Road Agra Bandra Marshalling Yard Bhagat ki Kothi Ernakulam Erode Golden Rock Gooty Guntakal Kalyan Mhow Pune Samastipur Ratlam Vatwa Phulera Kurla Itarsi Tughlakabad Raipur Tondiarpet Kazipet Maula Ali Krishnarajapuram Vishakhapatnam Shakurbasti Ludhiana Lucknow Mughalsarai Jhansi Gwalior Izzatnagar Malda Town Siliguri Howrah Andal Burdwan Jamalpur Patratu Samastipur Kharagpur Bondamunda Bokaro Steel City Neral Hubli Electric Ajni Bhusawal Kalyan Angul Visakhapatnam Mughal Sarai Asansol Howrah Jhansi Gonda Ghaziabad Khanalampura Ludhiana Vijayawada Kazipet Lalaguda Bhilai Bokaro Steel City Bondamunda Santragachi Tatanagar Arakkonam Erode Royapuram Itarsi New Katni Tuglakabad Valsad Vadodara Gomoh MEMU Kollam Vadodara Bhilai Rajahmundry Asansol Palakkad EMU Mumbai Central Kandivali Virar Rajahmundry Sanpada Kalwa Tambaram Avadi Maula Ali Ghaziabad Gholsapur Barasat Bandel Howrah Sealdah Sonarpur Tikiapara Panskura Kharagpur Kurla Shakurbasti Main lines and suburban lines Chennai Suburban Railway Chennai MRTS Delhi Suburban Railway Howrah -- Allahabad -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Chennai main line Howrah -- Delhi main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Hyderabad MMTS Kolkata Suburban Railway Mumbai -- Chennai line Mumbai Suburban Railway New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Pune Suburban Railway Passenger trains Slow Trains Fast Passenger MEMU Slow Passenger Suburban trains Express Speed Express / Mail trains Intercity Express Jan Sadharan Express Kavi Guru Express Superfast Express Speed Antyodaya Express AC Express Double Decker Express Garib Rath Express Intercity Express Jan Shatabdi Express Mahamana Express Premium Express ( Suvidha Express ) Rajya Rani Express Sampark Kranti Express Superfast Express / Mail Trains Swatantra Sainani Vivek Express Yuva Express Semi-High Speed Duronto Gatimaan Express Humsafar Express Rajdhani Express Shatabdi Express Tejas Express Uday Express Luxury trains Fairy Queen Deccan Odyssey Maharajas ' Express Palace on Wheels Royal Orient Train Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Golden Chariot Mahaparinirvan Express Special trains Lifeline Express Red Ribbon Express Sanskriti Express Science Express Training institutes Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications Indian Railway Institute of Transportation Management Railway Protection Force Academy Railway Staff College Trade unions All India Station Masters ' Association ( AISMA ) All India Railwaymen 's Federation ( AIRF ) All India Railway Employees ' Confederation ( AIREC ) Related articles Railway Budget Railway Schools Last vehicle board RailRadar Indian Railways Fan Club <Td_colspan="2"> Templates Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zones_and_divisions_of_Indian_Railways&oldid=859459748 '' Categories : Divisions of Indian Railways Zones of Indian Railways Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 05 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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1. Zones and divisions of Indian Railways
2. Divisional Railway Manager (DRM)
3. Departments and roles in Indian Railways
4. Control Room for train operations
5. Accident Relief Trains and Locomotive Sheds
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